[House Document 110-50]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
110th Congress Document
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
1st Session No. 110-50
THE
CONSTITUTION
OF THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
As Amended
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Unratified Amendments
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Analytical Index
PRESENTED BY MR. BRADY
OF PENNSYLVANIA
July 25, 2007 Ordered to be printed
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON: 2007
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC
area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC
20402-001
[ISBN 978-0-16-079091-1]
House Doc. 110-50
The printing of the revised version of The Constitution of
the United States of America As Amended (Document Size) is
hereby ordered pursuant to H. Con. Res. 190 as passed on July
25, 2007, 110th Congress, 1st Session. This document was
compiled at the direction of Chairman Robert A. Brady of the
Joint Committee on Printing, and printed by the U.S. Government
Printing Office.
CONTENTS
Historical Note.................................................. v
Text of the Constitution......................................... 1
Amendments....................................................... 13
Proposed Amendments Not Ratified................................. 29
Index to the Constitution and Amendments......................... 33
HISTORICAL NOTE
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The Delegates who convened at the Federal Convention on May
25, 1787, quickly rejected the idea of revising the Articles of
Confederation and agreed to construct a new framework for a
national government. Throughout the summer months at the
Convention in Philadelphia, delegates from 12 States debated
the proper form such a government should take, but few
questioned the need to establish a more vigorous government to
preside over the union of States. The 39 delegates who signed
the Constitution on September 17, 1787, expected the new
charter to provide a permanent guarantee of the political
liberties achieved in the Revolution.
Prior to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, the
Articles of Confederation, drafted by the Continental Congress
and approved by 13 States, provided for a union of the former
British colonies. Even before Maryland became the last State to
accede to the Articles in 1781, a number of Americans,
particularly those involved in the prosecution of the
Revolutionary War, recognized the inadequacies of the Articles
as a national government. In the 1780s these nationally-minded
Americans became increasingly disturbed by the Articles'
failure to provide the central government with authority to
raise revenue, regulate commerce, or enforce treaties.
Despite repeated proposals that the Continental Congress
revise the Articles, the movement for a new national government
began outside the Congress. Representatives of Maryland and
Virginia, meeting at Mt. Vernon to discuss trade problems
between the two States, agreed to invite delegates from all
States to discuss commercial affairs at a meeting in Annapolis,
Maryland, in September 1786. Although delegates from only five
States reached the Annapolis Convention, that group issued a
call for a meeting of all States to discuss necessary revisions
of the Articles of Confederation. Responding to this call and
the endorsement of the Continental Congress, every State except
Rhode Island selected delegates for the meeting in the State
House at Philadelphia.
The document printed here was the product of nearly four
months of deliberations in the Federal Convention at
Philadelphia. The challenging task before the delegates was to
create a republican form of government that could encompass the
13 States and accommodate the anticipated expansion to the
West. The distribution of authority between legislative,
executive, and judicial branches was a boldly original attempt
to create an energetic central government at the same time that
the sovereignty of the people was preserved.
The longest debate of the Convention centered on the proper
form of representation and election for the Congress. The
division between small States that wished to perpetuate the
equal representation of States in the Continental Congress and
the large States that proposed representation proportional to
population threatened to bring the Convention proceedings to a
halt. Over several weeks the delegates developed a complicated
compromise that provided for equal representation of the States
in a Senate elected by State legislature and proportional
representation in a popularly-elected House of Representatives.
The conflict between large and small States disappeared in
the early years of the republic. More lasting was the division
between slave and free States that had been a disturbing
undercurrent in the Convention debates. The Convention's
strained attempt to avoid using the word slavery in the
articles granting recognition and protection to that
institution scarcely hid the regional divisions that would
remain unresolved under the terms of union agreed to in 1787.
The debates in the State ratification conventions of 1787
and 1788 made clear the need to provide amendments to the basic
framework drafted in Philadelphia. Beginning with
Massachusetts, a number of State conventions ratified the
Constitution with the request that a bill of rights be added to
protect certain liberties at the core of English and American
political traditions. The First Congress approved a set of
amendments which became the Bill of Rights when ratified by the
States in 1791. The continuing process of amendment, clearly
described in the note of the following text, has enabled the
Constitution to accommodate changing conditions in American
society at the same time that the Founders' basic outline of
national government remains intact.
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES\1\
----------
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect
Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide
for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure
the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do
ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
America.
Article I.
Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be
vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist
of a Senate and House of Representatives.
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* * * * *
\1\This text of the Constitution follows the engrossed copy signed by
Gen. Washington and the deputies from 12 States. The small superior
figures preceding the paragraphs designate clauses, and were not in the
original and have no reference to footnotes.
* * * * *
The Constitution was adopted by a convention of the States on September
17, 1787, and was subsequently ratified by the several States, on the
following dates: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12,
1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788;
Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788;
Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire,
June 21, 1788.
* * * * *
Ratification was completed on June 21, 1788.
* * * * *
The Constitution was subsequently ratified by Virginia, June 25, 1788;
New York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode
Island, May 29, 1790; and Vermont, January 10, 1791.
* * * * *
In May 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an
alteration in the Articles of Confederation, but no action was taken on
it, and it was left to the State Legislatures to proceed in the matter.
In January 1786, the Legislature of Virginia passed a resolution
providing for the appointment of five commissioners, who, or any three
of them, should meet such commissioners as might be appointed in the
other States of the Union, at a time and place to be agreed upon, to
take into consideration the trade of the United States; to consider how
far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary
to their common interest and their permanent harmony; and to report to
the several States such an act, relative to this great object, as, when
ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress effectually
to provide for the same. The Virginia commissioners, after some
correspondence, fixed the first Monday in September as the time, and
the city of Annapolis as the place for the meeting, but only four other
States were represented, viz: Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania; the commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, North Carolina, and Rhode Island failed to attend. Under the
circumstances of so partial a representation, the commissioners present
agreed upon a report (drawn by Mr. Hamilton, of New York) expressing
their unanimous conviction that it might essentially tend to advance
the interests of the Union if the States by which they were
respectively delegated would concur, and use their endeavors to procure
the concurrence of the other States, in the appointment of
commissioners to meet at Philadelphia on the second Monday of May
following, to take into consideration the situation of the United
States; to devise such further provisions as should appear to them
necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate
to the exigencies of the Union; and to report such an act for that
purpose to the United States in Congress assembled as, when agreed to
by them and afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State,
would effectually provide for the same.
* * * * *
Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor
of a convention, and the Legislatures of those States which had not
already done so (with the exception of Rhode Island) promptly appointed
delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, George
Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the
consideration of the proposed constitution was commenced. On the 17th
of September, 1787, the Constitution as engrossed and agreed upon was
signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of Massachusetts,
and Messrs. Mason and Randolph, of Virginia. The president of the
convention transmitted it to Congress, with a resolution stating how
the proposed Federal Government should be put in operation, and an
explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of September, 1787, directed
the Constitution so framed, with the resolutions and letter concerning
the same, to ``be transmitted to the several Legislatures in order to
be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each State by the
people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention.''
* * * * *
On the 4th of March, 1789, the day which had been fixed for commencing
the operations of Government under the new Constitution, it had been
ratified by the conventions chosen in each State to consider it, as
follows: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787;
New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut,
January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28,
1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788;
Virginia, June 25, 1788; and New York, July 26, 1788.
* * * * *
The President informed Congress, on the 28th of January, 1790, that
North Carolina had ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789; and he
informed Congress on the 1st of June, 1790, that Rhode Island had
ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Vermont, in convention,
ratified the Constitution January 10, 1791, and was, by an act of
Congress approved February 18, 1791, ``received and admitted into this
Union as a new and entire member of the United States.''
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Section 2. \1\The House of Representatives shall be
composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of
the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have
the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous
Branch of the State Legislature.
\2\No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have
attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years
a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when
elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be
chosen.
\3\Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned
among the several States which may be included within this
Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be
determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons,
including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and
excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other
Persons.\2\ The actual Enumeration shall be made within three
Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United
States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such
Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of
Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand,
but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and
until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New
Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts
eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut
five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight,
Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five,
South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
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* * * * *
\2\The part of this clause relating to the mode of apportionment of
representatives among the several States has been affected by section 2
of amendment XIV, and as to taxes on incomes without apportionment by
amendment XVI.
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\4\When vacancies happen in the Representation from any
State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of
Election to fill such Vacancies.
\5\The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker
and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of
Impeachment.
Section 3. \1\The Senate of the United States shall be
composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the
Legislature thereof\3\ for six Years; and each Senator shall
have one Vote.
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\3\This clause has been affected by clause 1 of amendment XVII.
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\2\Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence
of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may
be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first
Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of
the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of
the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that
one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies
happen by Resignation or otherwise, during the Recess of the
Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make
temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the
Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.\4\
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* * * * *
\4\This clause has been affected by clause 2 of amendment XVIII.
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\3\No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained
to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of
the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an
Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
\4\The Vice President of the United States shall be
President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be
equally divided.
\5\The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a
President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or
when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United
States.
\6\The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all
Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on
Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is
tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be
convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members
present.
\7\Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend
further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to
hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the
United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be
liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and
Punishment, according to Law.
Section 4. \1\The Times, Places and Manner of holding
Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed
in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may
at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to
the Places of chusing Senators.
\2\The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year
and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,\5\
unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
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* * * * *
\5\This clause has been affected by amendment XX.
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Section 5. \1\Each House shall be the Judge of the
Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a
Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but
a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be
authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such
Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
\2\Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings,
punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the
Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
\3\Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and
from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may
in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the
Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of
one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
\4\Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall,
without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three
days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses
shall be sitting.
Section 6. \1\The Senators and Representatives shall
receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by
Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.\6\ They
shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the
Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the
Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and
returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either
House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
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* * * * *
\6\This clause has been affected by amendment XXVII.
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\2\No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for
which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under
the Authority of the United States, which shall have been
created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased
during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the
United States, shall be a Member of either House during his
Continuance in Office.
Section 7. \1\All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate
in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or
concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
\2\Every Bill which shall have passed the House of
Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law,
be presented to the President of the United States; If he
approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with
his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated,
who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and
proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two
thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be
sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two
thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such
Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and
Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the
Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House
respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the
President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall
have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like
Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their
Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a
Law.
\3\Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the
Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be
necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be
presented to the President of the United States; and before the
Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being
disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the
Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and
Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
Section 8. \1\The Congress shall have Power To lay and
collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts
and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the
United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be
uniform throughout the United States;
\2\To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
\3\To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the
several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
\4\To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization, and
uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the
United States;
\5\To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of
foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
\6\To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the
Securities and current Coin of the United States;
\7\To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
\8\To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by
securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
\9\To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
\10\To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on
the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;
\11\To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal,
and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
\12\To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of
Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
\13\To provide and maintain a Navy;
\14\To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the
land and naval Forces;
\15\To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the
Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
\16\To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining,
the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be
employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the
States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the
Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline
prescribed by Congress;
\17\To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases
whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square)
as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of
Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United
States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places
purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in
which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines,
Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful buildings;--And
\18\To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper
for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other
Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the
United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Section 9. \1\The Migration or Importation of such Persons
as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit,
shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one
thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be
imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each
Person.
\2\The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be
suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the
public Safety may require it.
\3\No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be
passed.
\4\No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid,
unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before
directed to be taken.\7\
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\7\This clause has been affected by amendment XVI.
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\5\No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from
any State.
\6\No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of
Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of
another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be
obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
\7\No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in
Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular
Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all
public Money shall be published from time to time.
\8\No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United
States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust
under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept
of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind
whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
Section 10. \1\No State shall enter into any Treaty,
Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and
Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but
gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any
Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the
Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
\2\No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay
any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be
absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws: and the
net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on
Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the
United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the
Revision and Control of the Congress.
\3\No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any
Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace,
enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with
a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or
in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
Article II.
Section 1. \1\The executive Power shall be vested in a
President of the United States of America. He shall hold his
Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the
Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as
follows
\2\Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the
Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to
the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the
State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or
Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit
under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
\3\The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and
vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not
be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they
shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the
Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and
certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of
the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate
and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and
the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest
Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a
Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if
there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an
equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall
immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if
no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the
List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President.
But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by
States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A
quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members
from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States
shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice
of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of
Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there
should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate
shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.\8\
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\8\This clause has been superseded by amendment XII.
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\4\The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the
Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes;
which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
\5\No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of
the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this
Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President;
neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall
not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been
fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
\6\In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or
of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers
and Duties of the said Office,\9\ the Same shall devolve on the
Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the
Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the
President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then
act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until
the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
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\9\This clause has been affected by amendment XXV.
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\7\The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his
Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor
diminished during the Period for which he shall have been
elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other
Emolument from the United States, or any of them.
\8\Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall
take the following Oath or Affirmation:--``I do solemnly swear
(or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of
President of the United States, and will to the best of my
Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the
United States.''
Section 2. \1\The President shall be Commander in Chief of
the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of
the several States, when called into the actual Service of the
United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the
principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon
any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices,
and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for
Offences against the United States, except in Cases of
Impeachment.
\2\He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent
of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the
Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with
the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint
Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the
supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States,
whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and
which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law
vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think
proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the
Heads of Departments.
\3\The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies
that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting
Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next
Session.
Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress
Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their
Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and
expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both
Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between
them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn
them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive
Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that
the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the
Officers of the United States.
Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil
Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on
Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other
high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
Article III.
Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall
be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as
the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The
Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold
their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated
Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall
not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Section 2. \1\The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases,
in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of
the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made,
under their Authority;--to all Cases affecting Ambassadors,
other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty
and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to which the
United States will be a party;--to Controversies between two or
more States;--between a State and Citizens of another
State;\10\--between Citizens of different States,--between
Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of
different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof,
and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
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* * * * *
\10\This clause has been affected by amendment XI.
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\2\In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public
Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be
Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In
all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall
have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such
Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall
make.
\3\The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment,
shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State
where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not
committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or
Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.
Section 3. \1\Treason against the United States, shall
consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to
their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be
convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses
to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
\2\The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment
of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption
of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person
attainted.
Article IV.
Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each
State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of
every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws
prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and
Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
Section 2. \1\The Citizens of each State shall be entitled
to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several
States.
\2\A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or
other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in
another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of
the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to
the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
\3\No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under
the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence
of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such
Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the
Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.\11\
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* * * * *
\11\This clause has been affected by amendment XIII.
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Section 3. \1\New States may be admitted by the Congress
into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected
within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be
formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of
States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States
concerned as well as of the Congress.
\2\The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all
needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other
Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this
Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims
of the United States, or of any particular State.
Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State
in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall
protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of
the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature
cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.
Article V.
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem
it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution,
or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the
several States, shall call a Convention for proposing
Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all
Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when
ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several
States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one
or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the
Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to
the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any
Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section
of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent,
shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
Article VI.
\1\All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into,
before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid
against the United States under this Constitution, as under the
Confederation.
\2\This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States
which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties
made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United
States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in
every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the
Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary
notwithstanding.
\3\The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and
the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all
executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and
of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation,
to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever
be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust
under the United States.
Article VII.
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall
be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution
between the States so ratifying the Same.
done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the
Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one
thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence
of the United States of America the Twelfth
In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,
G\O\. WASHINGTON--Presid\t\.
and deputy from Virginia
[Signed also by the deputies of twelve States.]
Delaware
New Hampshire
Geo: Read
John Langdon
Gunning Bedford jun
Nicholas Gilman
John Dickinson
Richard Bassett
Massachusetts
Jaco: Broom
Nathaniel Gorham
Maryland
Rufus King
James M\c\Henry
Connecticut
Dan of S\t\ Tho\s\ Jenifer
Dan\l\ Carroll
W\m\. Sam\l\. Johnson
Roger Sherman
Virginia
New York
John Blair
James Madison Jr.
Alexander Hamilton
North Carolina
New Jersey
W\m\ Blount
Wil: Livingston
Rich\d\. Dobbs Spaight
David Brearley
Hu Williamson
W\m\. Paterson
Jona: Dayton
South Carolina
Pennsylvania
J. Rutledge
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
B Franklin
Charles Pinckney
Thomas Mifflin
Pierce Butler
Rob\t\ Morris
Geo. Clymer
Georgia
Tho\s\. FitzSimons
Jared Ingersoll
William Few
James Wilson
Abr Baldwin
Gouv Morris
Attest: William Jackson Secretary
ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE
LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE
OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION\12\
Article [I.]\13\
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; of the right
of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the
Government for a redress of grievances.
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* * * * *
\12\The first ten amendments of the Constitution of the United States
(and two others, one of which failed of ratification and the other
which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the
legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September
25, 1789. The first ten amendments were ratified by the following
States, and the notifications of ratification by the Governors thereof
were successively communicated by the President to Congress: New
Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North Carolina,
December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire,
January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; New York, February 24,
1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790; Rhode Island, June 7, 1790;
Vermont, November 3, 1791; and Virginia, December 15, 1791.
* * * * *
Ratification was completed on December 15, 1791.
* * * * *
The amendments were subsequently ratified by the legislatures of
Massachusetts, March 2, 1939; Georgia, March 18, 1939; and Connecticut,
April 19, 1939.
* * * * *
\13\Only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th articles of amendment had
numbers assigned to them at the time of ratification.
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Article [II.]
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms,
shall not be infringed.
Article [III.]
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any
house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war,
but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Article [IV.]
The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue,
but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or things to be seized.
Article [V.]
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment
of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval
forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of
War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the
same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor
shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against
himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for
public use, without just compensation.
Article [VI.]
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the
State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed,
which district shall have been previously ascertained by law,
and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation;
to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to
have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.
Article [VII.]
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall
be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise
re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according
to the rules of the common law.
Article [VIII.]
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Article [IX.]
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights,
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by
the people.
Article [X.]
The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved
to the States respectively, or to the people.
Article [XI.]
The Judicial power of the United States shall not be
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or
prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of
another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.
Proposal and Ratification
The eleventh amendment to the Constitution of the United States was
proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Third
Congress, on the 4th of March 1794; and was declared in a message from
the President to Congress, dated the 8th of January, 1798, to have been
ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States. The dates
of ratification were: New York, March 27, 1794; Rhode Island, March 31,
1794; Connecticut, May 8, 1794; New Hampshire, June 16, 1794;
Massachusetts, June 26, 1794; Vermont, between October 9, 1794 and
November 9, 1794; Virginia, November 18, 1794; Georgia, November 29,
1794; Kentucky, December 7, 1794; Maryland, December 26, 1794;
Delaware, January 23, 1795; North Carolina, February 7, 1795.
Ratification was completed on February 7, 1795.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by South Carolina on
December 4, 1797. New Jersey and Pennsylvania did not take action on
the amendment.
Article [XII.]
The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and
vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom,
at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with
themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted
for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for
as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all
persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as
Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which
lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the
seat of the government of the United States, directed to the
President of the Senate;--The President of the Senate shall, in
the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open
all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;--The
person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall
be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole
number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such
majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not
exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President,
the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by
ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes
shall be taken by states, the representation from each state
having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a
member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority
of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the
House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever
the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act
as President, as in the case of the death or other
constitutional disability of the President.\14\--The person
having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be
the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole
number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority,
then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall
choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a
majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.
But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of
President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the
United States.
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\14\This sentence has been superseded by section 3 of amendment XX.
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Proposal and Ratification
The twelfth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was
proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Eighth
Congress, on the 9th of December, 1803, in lieu of the original third
paragraph of the first section of the second article; and was declared
in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of
September, 1804, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 13 of the
17 States. The dates of ratification were: North Carolina, December 21,
1803; Maryland, December 24, 1803; Kentucky, December 27, 1803; Ohio,
December 30, 1803; Pennsylvania, January 5, 1804; Vermont, January 30,
1804; Virginia, February 3, 1804; New York, February 10, 1804; New
Jersey, February 22, 1804; Rhode Island, March 12, 1804; South
Carolina, May 15, 1804; Georgia, May 19, 1804; New Hampshire, June 15,
1804.
Ratification was completed on June 15, 1804.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Tennessee, July 27,
1804.
The amendment was rejected by Delaware, January 18, 1804;
Massachusetts, February 3, 1804; Connecticut, at its session begun May
10, 1804.
Article XIII.
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have
been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or
any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
Proposal and Ratification
The thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-
eighth Congress, on the 31st day of January, 1865, and was declared, in
a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 18th of December,
1865, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the
thirty-six States. The dates of ratification were: Illinois, February
1, 1865; Rhode Island, February 2, 1865; Michigan, February 2, 1865;
Maryland, February 3, 1865; New York, February 3, 1865; Pennsylvania,
February 3, 1865; West Virginia, February 3, 1865; Missouri, February
6, 1865; Maine, February 7, 1865; Kansas, February 7, 1865;
Massachusetts, February 7, 1865; Virginia, February 9, 1865; Ohio,
February 10, 1865; Indiana, February 13, 1865; Nevada, February 16,
1865; Louisiana, February 17, 1865; Minnesota, February 23, 1865;
Wisconsin, February 24, 1865; Vermont, March 9, 1865; Tennessee, April
7, 1865; Arkansas, April 14, 1865; Connecticut, May 4, 1865; New
Hampshire, July 1, 1865; South Carolina, November 13, 1865; Alabama,
December 2, 1865; North Carolina, December 4, 1865; Georgia, December
6, 1865.
Ratification was completed on December 6, 1865.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Oregon, December 8,
1865; California, December 19, 1865; Florida, December 28, 1865
(Florida again ratified on June 9, 1868, upon its adoption of a new
constitution); Iowa, January 15, 1866; New Jersey, January 23, 1866
(after having rejected the amendment on March 16, 1865); Texas,
February 18, 1870; Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected
the amendment on February 8, 1865); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after
having rejected it on February 24, 1865).
The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by
Mississippi, December 4, 1865.
Article XIV.
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens
of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No
State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person
within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the
several States according to their respective numbers, counting
the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians
not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the
choice of electors for President and Vice President of the
United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and
Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature
thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such
State, being twenty-one years of age,\15\ and citizens of the
United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation
in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation
therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of
such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male
citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
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* * * * *
\15\See amendment XIX and section 1 of amendment XXVI.
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Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative
in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or
hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or
under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a
member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or
as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or
judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of
the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or
rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the
enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of
each House, remove such disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United
States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment
of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing
insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither
the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or
obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against
the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of
any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be
held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Proposal and Ratification
The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-
ninth Congress, on the 13th of June, 1866. It was declared, in a
certificate of the Secretary of State dated July 28, 1868 to have been
ratified by the legislatures of 28 of the 37 States. The dates of
ratification were: Connecticut, June 25, 1866; New Hampshire, July 6,
1866; Tennessee, July 19, 1866; New Jersey, September 11, 1866
(subsequently the legislature rescinded its ratification, and on March
24, 1868, readopted its resolution of rescission over the Governor's
veto, and on November 12, 1980, expressed support for the amendment);
Oregon, September 19, 1866 (and rescinded its ratification on October
15, 1868); Vermont, October 30, 1866; Ohio, January 4, 1867 (and
rescinded its ratification on January 15, 1868); New York, January 10,
1867; Kansas, January 11, 1867; Illinois, January 15, 1867; West
Virginia, January 16, 1867; Michigan, January 16, 1867; Minnesota,
January 16, 1867; Maine, January 19, 1867; Nevada, January 22, 1867;
Indiana, January 23, 1867; Missouri, January 25, 1867; Rhode Island,
February 7, 1867; Wisconsin, February 7, 1867; Pennsylvania, February
12, 1867; Massachusetts, March 20, 1867; Nebraska, June 15, 1867; Iowa,
March 16, 1868; Arkansas, April 6, 1868; Florida, June 9, 1868; North
Carolina, July 4, 1868 (after having rejected it on December 14, 1866);
Louisiana, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on February 6, 1867);
South Carolina, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on December 20,
1866).
Ratification was completed on July 9, 1868.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Alabama, July 13, 1868;
Georgia, July 21, 1868 (after having rejected it on November 9, 1866);
Virginia, October 8, 1869 (after having rejected it on January 9,
1867); Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Texas, February 18, 1870 (after
having rejected it on October 27, 1866); Delaware, February 12, 1901
(after having rejected it on February 8, 1867); Maryland, April 4, 1959
(after having rejected it on March 23, 1867); California, May 6, 1959;
Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on January 8, 1867).
Article XV.
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by
any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
Proposal and Ratification
The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Fortieth
Congress, on the 26th of February, 1869, and was declared, in a
proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated March 30, 1870, to have
been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-nine of the thirty-seven
States. The dates of ratification were: Nevada, March 1, 1869; West
Virginia, March 3, 1869; Illinois, March 5, 1869; Louisiana, March 5,
1869; North Carolina, March 5, 1869; Michigan, March 8, 1869;
Wisconsin, March 9, 1869; Maine, March 11, 1869; Massachusetts, March
12, 1869; Arkansas, March 15, 1869; South Carolina, March 15, 1869;
Pennsylvania, March 25, 1869; New York, April 14, 1869 (and the
legislature of the same State passed a resolution January 5, 1870, to
withdraw its consent to it, which action it rescinded on March 30,
1970); Indiana, May 14, 1869; Connecticut, May 19, 1869; Florida, June
14, 1869; New Hampshire, July 1, 1869; Virginia, October 8, 1869;
Vermont, October 20, 1869; Missouri, January 7, 1870; Minnesota,
January 13, 1870; Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Rhode Island, January
18, 1870; Kansas, January 19, 1870; Ohio, January 27, 1870 (after
having rejected it on April 30, 1869); Georgia, February 2, 1870; Iowa,
February 3, 1870.
Ratification was completed on February 3, 1870, unless the
withdrawal of ratification by New York was effective; in which event
ratification was completed on February 17, 1870, when Nebraska
ratified.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Texas, February 18,
1870; New Jersey, February 15, 1871 (after having rejected it on
February 7, 1870); Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected
it on March 18, 1869); Oregon, February 24, 1959; California, April 3,
1962 (after having rejected it on January 28, 1870); Kentucky, March
18, 1976 (after having rejected it on March 12, 1869); Tennessee, April
8, 1997 (after having rejected it on November 16, 1869).
The amendment was approved by the Governor of Maryland, May 7,
1973; Maryland having previously rejected it on February 26, 1870.
Article XVI.
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on
incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment
among the several States, and without regard to any census or
enumeration.
Proposal and Ratification
The sixteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-
first Congress on the 12th of July, 1909, and was declared, in a
proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of February,
1913, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of
ratification were: Alabama, August 10, 1909; Kentucky, February 8,
1910; South Carolina, February 19, 1910; Illinois, March 1, 1910;
Mississippi, March 7, 1910; Oklahoma, March 10, 1910; Maryland, April
8, 1910; Georgia, August 3, 1910; Texas, August 16, 1910; Ohio, January
19, 1911; Idaho, January 20, 1911; Oregon, January 23, 1911;
Washington, January 26, 1911; Montana, January 30, 1911; Indiana,
January 30, 1911; California, January 31, 1911; Nevada, January 31,
1911; South Dakota, February 3, 1911; Nebraska, February 9, 1911; North
Carolina, February 11, 1911; Colorado, February 15, 1911; North Dakota,
February 17, 1911; Kansas, February 18, 1911; Michigan, February 23,
1911; Iowa, February 24, 1911; Missouri, March 16, 1911; Maine, March
31, 1911; Tennessee, April 7, 1911; Arkansas, April 22, 1911 (after
having rejected it earlier); Wisconsin, May 26, 1911; New York, July
12, 1911; Arizona, April 6, 1912; Minnesota, June 11, 1912; Louisiana,
June 28, 1912; West Virginia, January 31, 1913; New Mexico, February 3,
1913.
Ratification was completed on February 3, 1913.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts, March 4,
1913; New Hampshire, March 7, 1913 (after having rejected it on March
2, 1911).
The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by
Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah.
Article [XVII.]
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for
six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors
in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in
the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue
writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the
legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to
make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies
by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the
election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid
as part of the Constitution.
Proposal and Ratification
The seventeenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-
second Congress on the 13th of May, 1912, and was declared, in a
proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 31st of May, 1913, to
have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The
dates of ratification were: Massachusetts, May 22, 1912; Arizona, June
3, 1912; Minnesota, June 10, 1912; New York, January 15, 1913; Kansas,
January 17, 1913; Oregon, January 23, 1913; North Carolina, January 25,
1913; California, January 28, 1913; Michigan, January 28, 1913; Iowa,
January 30, 1913; Montana, January 30, 1913; Idaho, January 31, 1913;
West Virginia, February 4, 1913; Colorado, February 5, 1913; Nevada,
February 6, 1913; Texas, February 7, 1913; Washington, February 7,
1913; Wyoming, February 8, 1913; Arkansas, February 11, 1913; Maine,
February 11, 1913; Illinois, February 13, 1913; North Dakota, February
14, 1913; Wisconsin, February 18, 1913; Indiana, February 19, 1913; New
Hampshire, February 19, 1913; Vermont, February 19, 1913; South Dakota,
February 19, 1913; Oklahoma, February 24, 1913; Ohio, February 25,
1913; Missouri, March 7, 1913; New Mexico, March 13, 1913; Nebraska,
March 14, 1913; New Jersey, March 17, 1913; Tennessee, April 1, 1913;
Pennsylvania, April 2, 1913; Connecticut, April 8, 1913.
Ratification was completed on April 8, 1913.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Louisiana, June 11,
1914.
The amendment was rejected by Utah (and not subsequently ratified)
on February 26, 1913.
Article [XVIII.]\16\
Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this
article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of
intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or
the exportation thereof from the United States and all
territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage
purposes is hereby prohibited.
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* * * * *
\16\Repealed by section 1 of amendment XXI.
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Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have
concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it
shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by
the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the
Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
Proposal and Ratification
The eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-
fifth Congress, on the 18th of December, 1917, and was declared, in a
proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 29th of January,
1919, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States.
The dates of ratification were: Mississippi, January 8, 1918; Virginia,
January 11, 1918; Kentucky, January 14, 1918; North Dakota, January 25,
1918; South Carolina, January 29, 1918; Maryland, February 13, 1918;
Montana, February 19, 1918; Texas, March 4, 1918; Delaware, March 18,
1918; South Dakota, March 20, 1918; Massachusetts, April 2, 1918;
Arizona, May 24, 1918; Georgia, June 26, 1918; Louisiana, August 3,
1918; Florida, December 3, 1918; Michigan, January 2, 1919; Ohio,
January 7, 1919; Oklahoma, January 7, 1919; Idaho, January 8, 1919;
Maine, January 8, 1919; West Virginia, January 9, 1919; California,
January 13, 1919; Tennessee, January 13, 1919; Washington, January 13,
1919; Arkansas, January 14, 1919; Kansas, January 14, 1919; Alabama,
January 15, 1919; Colorado, January 15, 1919; Iowa, January 15, 1919;
New Hampshire, January 15, 1919; Oregon, January 15, 1919; Nebraska,
January 16, 1919; North Carolina, January 16, 1919; Utah, January 16,
1919; Missouri, January 16, 1919; Wyoming, January 16, 1919.
Ratification was completed on January 16, 1919. See Dillon v.
Gloss, 256 U.S. 368, 376 (1921).
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Minnesota on January 17,
1919; Wisconsin, January 17, 1919; New Mexico, January 20, 1919;
Nevada, January 21, 1919; New York, January 29, 1919; Vermont, January
29, 1919; Pennsylvania, February 25, 1919; Connecticut, May 6, 1919;
and New Jersey, March 9, 1922.
The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Rhode
Island.
Article [XIX.]
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State
on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
Proposal and Ratification
The nineteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-
sixth Congress, on the 4th of June, 1919, and was declared, in a
proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 26th of August, 1920,
to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The
dates of ratification were: Illinois, June 10, 1919 (and that State
readopted its resolution of ratification June 17, 1919); Michigan, June
10, 1919; Wisconsin, June 10, 1919; Kansas, June 16, 1919; New York,
June 16, 1919; Ohio, June 16, 1919; Pennsylvania, June 24, 1919;
Massachusetts, June 25, 1919; Texas, June 28, 1919; Iowa, July 2, 1919;
Missouri, July 3, 1919; Arkansas, July 28, 1919; Montana, August 2,
1919; Nebraska, August 2, 1919; Minnesota, September 8, 1919; New
Hampshire, September 10, 1919; Utah, October 2, 1919; California,
November 1, 1919; Maine, November 5, 1919; North Dakota, December 1,
1919; South Dakota, December 4, 1919; Colorado, December 15, 1919;
Kentucky, January 6, 1920; Rhode Island, January 6, 1920; Oregon,
January 13, 1920; Indiana, January 16, 1920; Wyoming, January 27, 1920;
Nevada, February 7, 1920; New Jersey, February 9, 1920; Idaho, February
11, 1920; Arizona, February 12, 1920; New Mexico, February 21, 1920;
Oklahoma, February 28, 1920; West Virginia, March 10, 1920; Washington,
March 22, 1920; Tennessee, August 18, 1920.
Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Connecticut on September
14, 1920 (and that State reaffirmed it on September 21, 1920); Vermont,
February 8, 1921; Delaware, March 6, 1923 (after having rejected it on
June 2, 1920); Maryland, March 29, 1941 (after having rejected it on
February 24, 1920, ratification certified on February 25, 1958);
Virginia, February 21, 1952 (after having rejected it on February 12,
1920); Alabama, September 8, 1953 (after having rejected it on
September 22, 1919); Florida, May 13, 1969; South Carolina, July 1,
1969 (after having rejected it on January 28, 1920, ratification
certified on August 22, 1973); Georgia, February 20, 1970 (after having
rejected it on July 24, 1919); Louisiana, June 11, 1970 (after having
rejected it on July 1, 1920); North Carolina, May 6, 1971; Mississippi,
March 22, 1984 (after having rejected it on March 29, 1920).
Article [XX.]
Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President
shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of
Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January,
of the years in which such terms would have ended if this
article had not been ratified; and the terms of their
successors shall then begin.
Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in
every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day
of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the
term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the
Vice President elect shall become President. If a President
shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the
beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have
failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as
President until a President shall have qualified; and the
Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a
President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have
qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the
manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such
person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice
President shall have qualified.
Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of
the death of any of the persons from whom the House of
Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of
choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the
death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a
Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved
upon them.
Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th
day of October following the ratification of this article.
Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it
shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by
the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within
seven years from the date of its submission.
Proposal and Ratification
The twentieth amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the
legislatures of the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on
the 2d day of March, 1932, and was declared, in a proclamation by the
Secretary of State, dated on the 6th day of February, 1933, to have
been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of
ratification were: Virginia, March 4, 1932; New York, March 11, 1932;
Mississippi, March 16, 1932; Arkansas, March 17, 1932; Kentucky, March
17, 1932; New Jersey, March 21, 1932; South Carolina, March 25, 1932;
Michigan, March 31, 1932; Maine, April 1, 1932; Rhode Island, April 14,
1932; Illinois, April 21, 1932; Louisiana, June 22, 1932; West
Virginia, July 30, 1932; Pennsylvania, August 11, 1932; Indiana, August
15, 1932; Texas, September 7, 1932; Alabama, September 13, 1932;
California, January 4, 1933; North Carolina, January 5, 1933; North
Dakota, January 9, 1933; Minnesota, January 12, 1933; Arizona, January
13, 1933; Montana, January 13, 1933; Nebraska, January 13, 1933;
Oklahoma, January 13, 1933; Kansas, January 16, 1933; Oregon, January
16, 1933; Delaware, January 19, 1933; Washington, January 19, 1933;
Wyoming, January 19, 1933; Iowa, January 20, 1933; South Dakota,
January 20, 1933; Tennessee, January 20, 1933; Idaho, January 21, 1933;
New Mexico, January 21, 1933; Georgia, January 23, 1933; Missouri,
January 23, 1933; Ohio, January 23, 1933; Utah, January 23, 1933.
Ratification was completed on January 23, 1933.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts on January
24, 1933; Wisconsin, January 24, 1933; Colorado, January 24, 1933;
Nevada, January 26, 1933; Connecticut, January 27, 1933; New Hampshire,
January 31, 1933; Vermont, February 2, 1933; Maryland, March 24, 1933;
Florida, April 26, 1933.
Article [XXI.]
Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the
Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.
Section 2. The transportation or importation into any
State, Territory, or possession of the United States for
delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation
of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it
shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by
conventions in the several States, as provided in the
Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
Proposal and Ratification
The twenty-first amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the
several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 20th day of
February, 1933, and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of
State, dated on the 5th day of December, 1933, to have been ratified by
36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Michigan, April
10, 1933; Wisconsin, April 25, 1933; Rhode Island, May 8, 1933;
Wyoming, May 25, 1933; New Jersey, June 1, 1933; Delaware, June 24,
1933; Indiana, June 26, 1933; Massachusetts, June 26, 1933; New York,
June 27, 1933; Illinois, July 10, 1933; Iowa, July 10, 1933;
Connecticut, July 11, 1933; New Hampshire, July 11, 1933; California,
July 24, 1933; West Virginia, July 25, 1933; Arkansas, August 1, 1933;
Oregon, August 7, 1933; Alabama, August 8, 1933; Tennessee, August 11,
1933; Missouri, August 29, 1933; Arizona, September 5, 1933; Nevada,
September 5, 1933; Vermont, September 23, 1933; Colorado, September 26,
1933; Washington, October 3, 1933; Minnesota, October 10, 1933; Idaho,
October 17, 1933, Maryland, October 18, 1933; Virginia, October 25,
1933; New Mexico, November 2, 1933; Florida, November 14, 1933; Texas,
November 24, 1933; Kentucky, November 27, 1933; Ohio, December 5, 1933;
Pennsylvania, December 5, 1933; Utah, December 5, 1933.
Ratification was completed on December 5, 1933.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Maine, on December 6,
1933, and by Montana, on August 6, 1934.
The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by South
Carolina, on December 4, 1933.
Article [XXII.]
Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the
President more than twice, and no person who has held the
office of President, or acted as President, for more than two
years of a term of which some other person was elected
President shall be elected to the office of the President more
than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person
holding the office of President when this Article was proposed
by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be
holding the office of President, or acting as President, during
the term within which this Article becomes operative from
holding the office of President or acting as President during
the remainder of such term.
Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it
shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by
the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within
seven years from the date of its submission to the States by
the Congress.
Proposal and Ratification
This amendment was proposed to the legislatures of the several
States by the Eightieth Congress on March 21, 1947 by House Joint Res.
No. 27, and was declared by the Administrator of General Services, on
March 1, 1951, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the
48 States. The dates of ratification were: Maine, March 31, 1947;
Michigan, March 31, 1947; Iowa, April 1, 1947; Kansas, April 1, 1947;
New Hampshire, April 1, 1947; Delaware, April 2, 1947; Illinois, April
3, 1947; Oregon, April 3, 1947; Colorado, April 12, 1947; California,
April 15, 1947; New Jersey, April 15, 1947; Vermont, April 15, 1947;
Ohio, April 16, 1947; Wisconsin, April 16, 1947; Pennsylvania, April
29, 1947; Connecticut, May 21, 1947; Missouri, May 22, 1947; Nebraska,
May 23, 1947; Virginia, January 28, 1948; Mississippi, February 12,
1948; New York, March 9, 1948; South Dakota, January 21, 1949; North
Dakota, February 25, 1949; Louisiana, May 17, 1950; Montana, January
25, 1951; Indiana, January 29, 1951; Idaho, January 30, 1951; New
Mexico, February 12, 1951; Wyoming, February 12, 1951; Arkansas,
February 15, 1951; Georgia, February 17, 1951; Tennessee, February 20,
1951; Texas, February 22, 1951; Nevada, February 26, 1951; Utah,
February 26, 1951; Minnesota, February 27, 1951.
Ratification was completed on February 27, 1951.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by North Carolina on
February 28, 1951; South Carolina, March 13, 1951; Maryland, March 14,
1951; Florida, April 16, 1951; Alabama, May 4, 1951.
The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by
Oklahoma in June 1947, and Massachusetts on June 9, 1949.
Certification of Validity
Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of
General Services that the amendment had become valid was made on March
1, 1951, F.R. Doc. 51-2940, 16 F.R. 2019.
Article [XXIII.]
Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government
of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the
Congress may direct:
A number of electors of President and Vice President equal
to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress
to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but
in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be
in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be
considered, for the purposes of the election of President and
Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they
shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided
by the twelfth article of amendment.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
Proposal and Ratification
This amendment was proposed by the Eighty-sixth Congress on June
17, 1960 and was declared by the Administrator of General Services on
April 3, 1961, to have been ratified by 38 of the 50 States. The dates
of ratification were: Hawaii, June 23, 1960 (and that State made a
technical correction to its resolution on June 30, 1960);
Massachusetts, August 22, 1960; New Jersey, December 19, 1960; New
York, January 17, 1961; California, January 19, 1961; Oregon, January
27, 1961; Maryland, January 30, 1961; Idaho, January 31, 1961; Maine,
January 31, 1961; Minnesota, January 31, 1961; New Mexico, February 1,
1961; Nevada, February 2, 1961; Montana, February 6, 1961; South
Dakota, February 6, 1961; Colorado, February 8, 1961; Washington,
February 9, 1961; West Virginia, February 9, 1961; Alaska, February 10,
1961; Wyoming, February 13, 1961; Delaware, February 20, 1961; Utah,
February 21, 1961; Wisconsin, February 21, 1961; Pennsylvania, February
28, 1961; Indiana, March 3, 1961; North Dakota, March 3, 1961;
Tennessee, March 6, 1961; Michigan, March 8, 1961; Connecticut, March
9, 1961; Arizona, March 10, 1961; Illinois, March 14, 1961; Nebraska,
March 15, 1961; Vermont, March 15, 1961; Iowa, March 16, 1961;
Missouri, March 20, 1961; Oklahoma, March 21, 1961; Rhode Island, March
22, 1961; Kansas, March 29, 1961; Ohio, March 29, 1961.
Ratification was completed on March 29, 1961.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by New Hampshire on March
30, 1961 (when that State annulled and then repeated its ratification
of March 29, 1961).
The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by
Arkansas on January 24, 1961.
Certification of Validity
Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of
General Services that the amendment had become valid was made on April
3, 1961, F.R. Doc. 61-3017, 26 F.R. 2808.
Article [XXIV.]
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to
vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice
President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for
Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure
to pay any poll tax or other tax.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
Proposal and Ratification
This amendment was proposed by the Eighty-seventh Congress by
Senate Joint Resolution No. 29, which was approved by the Senate on
March 27, 1962, and by the House of Representatives on August 27, 1962.
It was declared by the Administrator of General Services on February 4,
1964, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 38 of the 50 States.
This amendment was ratified by the following States: Illinois,
November 14, 1962; New Jersey, December 3, 1962; Oregon, January 25,
1963; Montana, January 28, 1963; West Virginia, February 1, 1963; New
York, February 4, 1963; Maryland, February 6, 1963; California,
February 7, 1963; Alaska, February 11, 1963; Rhode Island, February 14,
1963; Indiana, February 19, 1963; Utah, February 20, 1963; Michigan,
February 20, 1963; Colorado, February 21, 1963; Ohio, February 27,
1963; Minnesota, February 27, 1963; New Mexico, March 5, 1963; Hawaii,
March 6, 1963; North Dakota, March 7, 1963; Idaho, March 8, 1963;
Washington, March 14, 1963; Vermont, March 15, 1963; Nevada, March 19,
1963; Connecticut, March 20, 1963; Tennessee, March 21, 1963;
Pennsylvania, March 25, 1963; Wisconsin, March 26, 1963; Kansas, March
28, 1963; Massachusetts, March 28, 1963; Nebraska, April 4, 1963;
Florida, April 18, 1963; Iowa, April 24, 1963; Delaware, May 1, 1963;
Missouri, May 13, 1963; New Hampshire, June 12, 1963; Kentucky, June
27, 1963; Maine, January 16, 1964; South Dakota, January 23, 1964;
Virginia, February 25, 1977.
Ratification was completed on January 23, 1964.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by North Carolina on May 3,
1989.
The amendment was rejected by Mississippi (and not subsequently
ratified) on December 20, 1962.
Certification of Validity
Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of
General Services that the amendment had become valid was made on
February 5, 1964, F.R. Doc. 64-1229, 29 F.R. 1715.
Article [XXV.]
Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from
office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall
become President.
Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the
Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President
who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of
both Houses of Congress.
Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the
President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the
House of Representatives his written declaration that he is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and
until he transmits to them a written declaration to the
contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the
Vice President as Acting President.
Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of
either the principal officers of the executive departments or
of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to
the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the
House of Representatives their written declaration that the
President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers
and duties of the office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President
pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives his written declaration that no inability
exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office
unless the Vice President and a majority of either the
principal officers of the executive department\17\ or of such
other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four
days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker
of the House of Representatives their written declaration that
the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of
his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue,
assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in
session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt
of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in
session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to
assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the
President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same
as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the
powers and duties of his office.
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* * * * *
\17\So in original. Probably should be ``departments''.
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Proposal and Ratification
This amendment was proposed by the Eighty-ninth Congress by Senate
Joint Resolution No. 1, which was approved by the Senate on February
19, 1965, and by the House of Representatives, in amended form, on
April 13, 1965. The House of Representatives agreed to a Conference
Report on June 30, 1965, and the Senate agreed to the Conference Report
on July 6, 1965. It was declared by the Administrator of General
Services, on February 23, 1967, to have been ratified by the
legislatures of 39 of the 50 States.
This amendment was ratified by the following States: Nebraska, July
12, 1965; Wisconsin, July 13, 1965; Oklahoma, July 15, 1965;
Massachusetts, August 9, 1965; Pennsylvania, August 18, 1965; Kentucky,
September 15, 1965; Arizona, September 22, 1965; Michigan, October 5,
1965; Indiana, October 20, 1965; California, October 21, 1965;
Arkansas, November 4, 1965; New Jersey, November 29, 1965; Delaware,
December 7, 1965; Utah, January 17, 1966; West Virginia, January 20,
1966; Maine, January 24, 1966; Rhode Island, January 28, 1966;
Colorado, February 3, 1966; New Mexico, February 3, 1966; Kansas,
February 8, 1966; Vermont, February 10, 1966; Alaska, February 18,
1966; Idaho, March 2, 1966; Hawaii, March 3, 1966; Virginia, March 8,
1966; Mississippi, March 10, 1966; New York, March 14, 1966; Maryland,
March 23, 1966; Missouri, March 30, 1966; New Hampshire, June 13, 1966;
Louisiana, July 5, 1966; Tennessee, January 12, 1967; Wyoming, January
25, 1967; Washington, January 26, 1967; Iowa, January 26, 1967; Oregon,
February 2, 1967; Minnesota, February 10, 1967; Nevada, February 10,
1967.
Ratification was completed on February 10, 1967.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Connecticut, February
14, 1967; Montana, February 15, 1967; South Dakota, March 6, 1967;
Ohio, March 7, 1967; Alabama, March 14, 1967; North Carolina, March 22,
1967; Illinois, March 22, 1967; Texas, April 25, 1967; Florida, May 25,
1967.
Certification of Validity
Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of
General Services that the amendment had become valid was made on
February 25, 1967, F.R. Doc. 67-2208, 32 F.R. 3287.
Article [XXVI.]
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who
are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of
age.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
Proposal and Ratification
This amendment was proposed by the Ninety-second Congress by Senate
Joint Resolution No. 7, which was approved by the Senate on March 10,
1971, and by the House of Representatives on March 23, 1971. It was
declared by the Administrator of General Services on July 5, 1971, to
have been ratified by the legislature of 39 of the 50 States.
This amendment was ratified by the following States: Connecticut,
March 23, 1971; Delaware, March 23, 1971; Minnesota, March 23, 1971;
Tennessee, March 23, 1971; Washington, March 23, 1971; Hawaii, March
24, 1971; Massachusetts, March 24, 1971; Montana, March 29, 1971;
Arkansas, March 30, 1971; Idaho, March 30, 1971; Iowa, March 30, 1971;
Nebraska, April 2, 1971; New Jersey, April 3, 1971; Kansas, April 7,
1971; Michigan, April 7, 1971; Alaska, April 8, 1971; Maryland, April
8, 1971; Indiana, April 8, 1971; Maine, April 9, 1971; Vermont, April
16, 1971; Louisiana, April 17, 1971; California, April 19, 1971;
Colorado, April 27, 1971; Pennsylvania, April 27, 1971; Texas, April
27, 1971; South Carolina, April 28, 1971; West Virginia, April 28,
1971; New Hampshire, May 13, 1971; Arizona, May 14, 1971; Rhode Island,
May 27, 1971; New York, June 2, 1971; Oregon, June 4, 1971; Missouri,
June 14, 1971; Wisconsin, June 22, 1971; Illinois, June 29, 1971;
Alabama, June 30, 1971; Ohio, June 30, 1971; North Carolina, July 1,
1971; Oklahoma, July 1, 1971.
Ratification was completed on July 1, 1971.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Virginia, July 8, 1971;
Wyoming, July 8, 1971; Georgia, October 4, 1971.
Certification of Validity
Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of
General Services that the amendment had become valid was made on July
7, 1971, F.R. Doc. 71-9691, 36 F.R. 12725.
Article [XXVII.]
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the
Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an
election of Representatives shall have intervened.
Proposal and Ratification
This amendment, being the second of twelve articles proposed by the
First Congress on Sept. 25, 1789, was declared by the Archivist of the
United States on May 18, 1992, to have been ratified by the
legislatures of 40 of the 50 States.
This amendment was ratified by the following States: Maryland,
December 19, 1789; North Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina,
January 19, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; Vermont, November 3,
1791; Virginia, December 15, 1791; Ohio, May 6, 1873; Wyoming, March 6,
1978; Maine, April 27, 1983; Colorado, April 22, 1984; South Dakota,
February 21, 1985; New Hampshire, March 7, 1985; Arizona, April 3,
1985; Tennessee, May 23, 1985; Oklahoma, July 10, 1985; New Mexico,
February 14, 1986; Indiana, February 24, 1986; Utah, February 25, 1986;
Arkansas, March 6, 1987; Montana, March 17, 1987; Connecticut, May 13,
1987; Wisconsin, July 15, 1987; Georgia, February 2, 1988; West
Virginia, March 10, 1988; Louisiana, July 7, 1988; Iowa, February 9,
1989; Idaho, March 23, 1989; Nevada, April 26, 1989; Alaska, May 6,
1989; Oregon, May 19, 1989; Minnesota, May 22, 1989; Texas, May 25,
1989; Kansas, April 5, 1990; Florida, May 31, 1990; North Dakota, March
25, 1991; Alabama, May 5, 1992; Missouri, May 5, 1992; Michigan, May 7,
1992; New Jersey, May 7, 1992.
Ratification was completed on May 7, 1992.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by Illinois on May 12, 1992
and California on June 26, 1992.
Certification of Validity
Publication of the certifying statement of the Archivist of the
United States that the amendment had become valid was made on May 18,
1992, F.R. Doc. 92-11951, 57 F.R. 21187.
[Editorial note: There is some conflict as to the exact
dates of ratification of the amendments by the several States.
In some cases, the resolutions of ratification were signed by
the officers of the legislatures on dates subsequent to that on
which the second house had acted. In other cases, the Governors
of several of the States ``approved'' the resolutions (on a
subsequent date), although action by the Governor is not
contemplated by article V, which required ratification by the
legislatures (or conventions) only. In a number of cases, the
journals of the State legislatures are not available. The dates
set out in this document are based upon the best information
available.]
PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION NOT RATIFIED BY THE STATES
During the course of our history, in addition to the 27
amendments that have been ratified by the required three-
fourths of the States, six other amendments have been submitted
to the States but have not been ratified by them.
Beginning with the proposed Eighteenth Amendment, Congress
has customarily included a provision requiring ratification
within seven years from the time of the submission to the
States. The Supreme Court in Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433
(1939), declared that the question of the reasonableness of the
time within which a sufficient number of States must act is a
political question to be determined by the Congress.
In 1789, twelve proposed articles of amendment were
submitted to the States. Of these, Articles III-XII were
ratified and became the first ten amendments to the
Constitution, popularly known as the Bill of Rights. In 1992,
proposed Article II was ratified and became the 27th amendment
to the Constitution. Proposed Article I which was not ratified
is as follows:
``Article the first
``After the first enumeration required by the first article of the
Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty
thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the
proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not
less than one-hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative
for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives
shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so
regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred
Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty
thousand persons.''
------
Thereafter, in the 2d session of the Eleventh Congress, the
Congress proposed the following article of amendment to the
Constitution relating to acceptance by citizens of the United
States of titles of nobility from any foreign government.
The proposed amendment, which was not ratified by three-
fourths of the States, is as follows:
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, two thirds of both houses
concurring, That the following section be submitted to the legislatures
of the several states, which, when ratified by the legislatures of
three fourths of the states, shall be valid and binding, as a part of
the constitution of the United States.
If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive or
retain any title of nobility or honour, or shall, without the consent
of Congress, accept and retain any present, pension, office or
emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince or
foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United
States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit
under them, or either of them.
The following amendment to the Constitution relating to
slavery was proposed by the 2d session of the Thirty-sixth
Congress on March 2, 1861, when it passed the Senate, having
previously passed the House on February 28, 1861. It is
interesting to note in this connection that this is the only
proposed (and not ratified) amendment to the Constitution to
have been signed by the President. The President's signature is
considered unnecessary because of the constitutional provision
that on the concurrence of two-thirds of both Houses of
Congress the proposal shall be submitted to the States for
ratification.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That the following article be
proposed to the Legislatures of the several States as an amendment to
the Constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three-
fourths of said Legislatures, shall be valid, to all intents and
purposes, as part of the said Constitution, viz:
``Article Thirteen
``No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will
authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within
any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of
persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.''
------
A child labor amendment was proposed by the 1st session of
the Sixty-eighth Congress on June 2, 1926, when it passed the
Senate, having previously passed the House on April 26, 1926.
The proposed amendment, which has been ratified by 28 States,
to date, is as follows:
Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the
United States
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House
concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an
amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which, when
ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States,
shall be valid to all intends and purposes as a part of the
Constitution:
``Article--.
``Section 1. The Congress shall have power to limit, regulate, and
prohibit the labor of persons under eighteen years of age.
``Section 2. The power of the several States is unimpaired by this
article except that the operation of State laws shall be suspended to
the extent necessary to give effect to legislation enacted by the
Congress.''
------
An amendment relative to equal rights for men and women was
proposed by the 2d session of the Ninety-second Congress on
March 22, 1972, when it passed the Senate, having previously
passed the House on October 12, 1971. The seven-year deadline
for ratification of the proposed amendment was extended to June
30, 1982, by the 2d session of the Ninety-fifth Congress. The
proposed amendment, which was not ratified by three-fourths of
the States by June 30, 1982, is as follows:
Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the
United States Relative to Equal Rights for Men and Women
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House
concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an
amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be
valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when
ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States
within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress:
``Article--
``Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
``Sec. 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
``Sec. 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date
of ratification.''
------
An amendment relative to voting rights for the District of
Columbia was proposed by the 2d session of the Ninety-fifth
Congress on August 22, 1978, when it passed the Senate, having
previously passed the House on March 2, 1978. The proposed
amendment, which was not ratified by three-fourths of the
States within the specified seven-year period, is as follows:
Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution to Provide
for Representation of the District of Columbia in the Congress.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House
concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an
amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be
valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when
ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States
within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress:
``Article--
``Section 1. For purposes of representation in the Congress,
election of the President and Vice President, and article V of this
Constitution, the District constituting the seat of government of the
United States shall be treated as though it were a State.
``Sec. 2. The exercise of the rights and powers conferred under
this article shall be by the people of the District constituting the
seat of government, and as shall be provided by the Congress.
``Sec. 3. The twenty-third article of amendment to the Constitution
of the United States is hereby repealed.
``Sec. 4. This article shall be inoperative, unless it shall have
been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures
of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date
of its submission.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
\1\Article of original Constitution or of amendment.
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article\1\ Section Clause
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A
Abridged. The privileges or immunities of 14 1 ......
citizens of the United States shall not
be. [Amendments].........................
Absent members, in such manner and under 1 5 1
such penalties as it may provide. Each
House is authorized to compel the
attendance of............................
Accounts of receipts and expenditures of 1 9 7
public money shall be published from time
to time. A statement of the..............
Accusation. In all criminal prosecutions 6 ....... ......
the accused shall be informed of the
cause and nature of the. [Amendments]....
Accused shall have a speedy public trial. 6 ....... ......
In all criminal prosecutions the.
[Amendments].............................
He shall be tried by an impartial jury 6 ....... ......
of the State and district where the
crime was committed. [Amendments]....
He shall be informed of the nature of 6 ....... ......
the accusation. [Amendments].........
He shall be confronted with the 6 ....... ......
witnesses against him. [Amendments]..
He shall have compulsory process for 6 ....... ......
obtaining witnesses in his favor.
[Amendments].........................
He shall have the assistance of 6 ....... ......
counsel for his defense. [Amendments]
Actions at common law involving over 7 ....... ......
twenty dollars shall be tried by jury.
[Amendments].............................
Acts, records, and judicial proceedings of 4 1 ......
another State. Full faith and credit
shall be given in each State to the......
Acts. Congress shall prescribe the manner 4 1 ......
of proving such acts, records, and
proceedings..............................
Adjourn from day to day. A smaller number 1 5 1
than a quorum of each House may..........
Adjourn for more than three days, nor to 1 5 4
any other place than that in which they
shall be sitting. Neither House shall,
during the session of Congress, without
the consent of the other.................
Adjournment, the President may adjourn 2 3 ......
them to such time as he shall think
proper. In case of disagreement between
the two Houses as to.....................
Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. The 3 2 1
judicial power shall extend to all cases
of.......................................
Admitted by the Congress into this Union, 4 3 1
but no new States shall be formed or
erected within the jurisdiction of any
other State. New States may be...........
Nor shall any State be formed by the 4 3 1
junction of two or more States, or
parts of States, without the consent
of the legislatures and of Congress..
Adoption of the Constitution shall be 6 ....... 1
valid. All debts and engagements
contracted by the confederation and
before the...............................
Advice and consent of the Senate. The 2 2 2
President shall have power to make
treaties by and with the.................
To appoint ambassadors or other public 2 2 2
ministers and consuls by and with the
To appoint all other officers of the 2 2 2
United States not herein otherwise
provided for by and with the.........
Affirmation. Senators sitting to try 1 3 6
impeachments shall be on oath or.........
To be taken by the President of the 2 1 8
United States. Form of the oath or...
No warrants shall be issued but upon 4 ....... ......
probable cause and on oath or.
[Amendments].........................
To support the Constitution. Senators 6 ....... 3
and Representatives, members of State
legislatures, executive and judicial
officers, both State and Federal,
shall be bound by oath or............
Age. No person shall be a Representative 1 2 2
who shall not have attained twenty-five
years of.................................
No person shall be a Senator who shall 1 3 3
not have attained thirty years of....
Right of citizens of the United 26 1 ......
States, who are eighteen years of age
or older, to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or
any State on account of age.
[Amendments].........................
Agreement or compact with another State 1 10 3
without the consent of Congress. No State
shall enter into any.....................
Aid and comfort. Treason against the 3 3 1
United States shall consist in levying
war against them, adhering to their
enemies, and giving them.................
Alliance or confederation. No State shall 1 10 1
enter into any treaty of.................
Ambassadors, or other public ministers and 2 2 2
consuls. The President may appoint.......
The judicial power of the United 3 2 1
States shall extend to all cases
affecting............................
Amendments to the Constitution. Whenever 5 ....... ......
two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it
necessary, Congress shall propose........
On application of the legislatures of 5 ....... ......
two-thirds of the States, Congress
shall call a convention to propose...
Shall be valid when ratified by the 5 ....... ......
legislatures of, or by conventions
in, three-fourths of the States......
Answer for a capital or infamous crime 5 ....... ......
unless on presentment of a grand jury. No
person shall be held to. [Amendments]....
Except in cases in the land or naval 5 ....... ......
forces, or in the militia when in
actual service. [Amendments].........
Appellate jurisdiction both as to law and 3 2 2
fact, with such exceptions and under such
regulations as Congress shall make. In
what cases the Supreme Court shall have..
Application of the legislature or the 4 4 ......
executive of a State. The United States
shall protect each State against invasion
and domestic violence on the.............
Application of the legislatures of two- 5 ....... ......
thirds of the States, Congress shall call
a convention for proposing amendments to
the Constitution. On the.................
Appointment. Of officers and authority to 1 8 16
train the militia reserved to the States
respectively.............................
Of such inferior officers as they may 2 2 2
think proper in the President alone.
Congress may by law vest the.........
In the courts of law or in the heads 2 2 2
of departments. Congress may by law
vest the.............................
Of Presidential and Vice-Presidential 23 1 ......
electors. District of Columbia to
have power of. [Amendments]..........
Apportionment of representation and direct 1 2 3
taxation among the several States.
Provisions relating to the...............
Congress shall have power to lay and 16 ....... ......
collect taxes on incomes, from
whatever source derived, without
apportionment among the several
States. [Amendments].................
Of Representatives among the several 14 ....... ......
States. Provisions relating to the.
[Amendments]...........................
Appropriate legislation. Congress shall 1 8 18
have power to make all laws necessary and
proper for carrying into execution the
foregoing powers, and all other powers
vested by the Constitution in the
Government of the United States, or on
any department or officer thereof........
Congress shall have power to enforce 13 2 ......
the thirteenth article, prohibiting
slavery by. [Amendments].............
Congress shall have power to enforce 14 5 ......
the provisions of the fourteenth
article by. [Amendments].............
Congress shall have power to enforce 15 2 ......
the provisions of the fifteenth
article by. [Amendments].............
Congress and the several States shall 18 2 ......
have concurrent power to enforce the
provisions of the eighteenth article.
[Amendments].........................
Congress shall have power to enforce 19 ....... ......
the provisions of the nineteenth
article. [Amendments]................
Congress shall have power to enforce 23 2 ......
the provisions of the twenty-third
article by. [Amendments].............
Congress shall have power to enforce 24 2 ......
the provisions of the twenty-fourth
article by. [Amendments].............
Congress shall have power to enforce 26 2 ......
the provisions of the twenty-sixth
article by. [Amendments].............
Appropriation of money for raising and 1 8 12
supporting armies shall be for a longer
term than two years. But no..............
Appropriations made by law. No money shall 1 9 7
be drawn from the Treasury but in
consequence of...........................
Approve and sign a bill before it shall 1 7 2
become a law. The President shall........
He shall return it to the House in 1 7 2
which it originated with his
objections, if he does not...........
Armies, but no appropriation for that use 1 8 12
shall be for a longer term than two
years. Congress shall have power to raise
and support..............................
Armies. Congress shall make rules for the 1 8 14
government and regulation of the land and
naval forces.............................
Arms shall not be infringed. A well- 2 ....... ......
regulated militia being necessary to the
security of a free State, the right of
the people to keep and bear. [Amendments]
Arrest during their attendance at the 1 6 1
session of their respective Houses, and
in going to and returning from the same.
Members shall in all cases, except
treason, felony, and breach of the peace,
be privileged from.......................
Arsenals. Congress shall exercise 1 8 17
exclusive authority over all places
purchased for the erection of............
Articles exported from any State. No tax 1 9 5
or duty shall be laid on.................
Arts by securing to authors and inventors 1 8 8
their patent rights. Congress may promote
the progress of science and the useful...
Assistance of counsel for his defense. In 6 ....... ......
all criminal prosecutions the accused
shall have the. [Amendments].............
Assumption of the debt or obligations 14 4 ......
incurred in aid of rebellion or
insurrection against the United States.
Provisions against the. [Amendments].....
Attainder of treason shall not work 3 3 2
corruption of blood or forfeiture, except
during the life of the person attainted..
Attainder or ex post facto law shall be 1 9 3
passed. No bill of.......................
Attainder, ex post facto law, or law 1 10 1
impairing the obligation of contracts. No
State shall pass any bill of.............
Authors and inventors the exclusive right 1 8 8
to their writings and inventions.
Congress shall have power to secure to...
B
Bail. Excessive bail shall not be 8 ....... ......
required, nor excessive fines nor cruel
and unusual punishments imposed.
[Amendments].............................
Ballot for President and Vice President. 12 ....... ......
The electors shall vote by. [Amendments].
Ballot. If no person have a majority of 12 ....... ......
the electoral votes for President and
Vice President, the House of
Representatives shall immediately choose
the President by. [Amendments]...........
Bankruptcies. Congress shall have power to 1 8 4
pass uniform laws on the subject of......
Basis of representation among the several 14 2 ......
States. Provisions relating to the.
[Amendments].............................
Bear arms shall not be infringed. A well- 2 ....... ......
regulated militia being necessary to the
security of a free State, the right of
the people to keep and. [Amendments].....
Behavior. The judges of the Supreme and 3 1 ......
inferior courts shall hold their offices
during good..............................
Bill of attainder or ex post facto law 1 9 3
shall be passed. No......................
Bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or 1 10 1
law impairing the obligation of
contracts. No State shall pass any.......
Bills of credit. No State shall emit...... 1 10 1
Bills for raising revenue shall originate 1 7 1
in the House of Representatives. All.....
Bills which shall have passed the Senate 1 7 2
and House of Representatives shall,
before they become laws, be presented to
the President............................
If he approve, he shall sign them: if 1 7 2
he disapprove, he shall return them,
with his objections, to that House in
which they originated................
Upon the reconsideration of a bill 1 7 2
returned by the President with his
objections, if two-thirds of each
House agree to pass the same, it
shall become a law...................
Upon the reconsideration of a bill 1 7 2
returned by the President, the
question shall be taken by yeas and
nays.................................
Not returned by the President within 1 7 2
ten days (Sundays excepted) shall,
unless Congress adjourn, become laws.
Borrow money on the credit of the United 1 8 2
States. Congress shall have power to.....
Bounties and pensions, shall not be 14 4 ......
questioned. The validity of the public
debt incurred in suppressing insurrection
and rebellion against the United States,
including the debt for. [Amendments].....
Breach of the peace, shall be privileged 1 6 1
from arrest while attending the session,
and in going to and returning from the
same. Senators and Representatives,
except for treason, felony, and..........
Bribery, or other high crimes and 2 4 ......
misdemeanors. The President, Vice
President, and all civil officers shall
be removed on impeachment for and
conviction of treason....................
C
Capital or otherwise infamous crime, 5 ....... ......
unless on indictment of a grand jury,
except in certain specified cases. No
person shall be held to answer for a.
[Amendments].............................
Capitation or other direct tax shall be 1 9 4
laid unless in proportion to the census
or enumeration. No.......................
Captures on land and water. Congress shall 1 8 11
make rules concerning....................
Casting vote. The Vice President shall 1 3 4
have no vote unless the Senate be equally
divided..................................
Census or enumeration. Of the inhabitants 1 2 3
shall be made within three years after
the first meeting of Congress, and within
every subsequent term of ten years
thereafter...............................
No capitation or other direct tax 1 9 4
shall be laid except in proportion to
the..................................
Chief Justice shall preside when the 1 3 6
President of the United States is tried
upon impeachment. The....................
Choosing the electors and the day on which 2 1 4
they shall give their votes, which shall
be the same throughout the United States.
Congress may determine the time of.......
Citizen of the United States at the 2 1 5
adoption of the Constitution shall be
eligible to the office of President. No
person not a natural-born................
No person shall be a Senator who shall 1 3 3
not have attained the age of thirty
years, and been nine years a.........
No person shall be a Representative 1 2 2
who shall not have attained the age
of twenty-five years, and been seven
years a..............................
Right of citizens to vote shall not be 19 ....... ......
denied or abridged by the United
States or any State on account of
sex. [Amendments]....................
Right to vote shall not be denied or 24 1 ......
abridged by the United States or any
State for failure to pay any poll tax
or other tax. [Amendments]...........
Right to vote shall not be denied or 26 1 ......
abridged by the United States or any
State to any citizen eighteen years
or older, on account of age.
[Amendments].........................
Citizens or subjects of a foreign state. 11 ....... ......
The judicial power of the United States
shall not extend to suits in law or
equity brought against one of the States
by the citizens of another State or by.
[Amendments].............................
Citizenship. Citizens of each State shall 4 2 1
be entitled to all the privileges and
immunities of citizens of the several
States...................................
All persons born or naturalized in the 14 1 ......
United States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of
the United States and of the State in
which they reside. [Amendments]......
No State shall make or enforce any law 14 1 ......
which shall abridge the privileges or
immunities of citizens of the United
States. [Amendments].................
Nor shall any State deprive any person 14 1 ......
of life, liberty, or property without
due process of law. [Amendments].....
Nor deny to any person within its 14 1 ......
jurisdiction the equal protection of
the laws. [Amendments]...............
Civil officers of the United States shall, 2 4 ......
on impeachment for and conviction of
treason, bribery, and other high crimes
and misdemeanors be removed. All.........
Claims of the United States or any 4 3 2
particular State in the territory or
public property. Nothing in this
Constitution shall be construed to
prejudice................................
Classification of Senators. Immediately 1 3 2
after they shall be assembled after the
first election, they shall be divided as
equally as may be into three classes.....
The seats of the Senators of the first 1 3 2
class shall be vacated at the
expiration of the second year........
The seats of the Senators of the 1 3 2
second class at the expiration of the
fourth year..........................
The seats of the Senators of the third 1 3 2
class at the expiration of the sixth
year.................................
Coin a tender in payment of debts. No 1 10 1
State shall make anything but gold and
silver...................................
Coin money and regulate the value thereof 1 8 5
and of foreign coin. Congress shall have
power to.................................
Coin of the United States. Congress shall 1 8 6
provide for punishing the counterfeiting
the securities and current...............
Color, or previous condition of servitude. 15 1 ......
The right of citizens of the United
States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or any
State on account of race. [Amendments]...
Comfort. Treason against the United States 3 3 1
shall consist in levying war against
them, and giving the enemies aid and.....
Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, 2 2 1
and of their militia when in actual
service. The President shall be..........
Commerce with foreign nations, among the 1 8 3
States, and with Indian tribes. Congress
shall have power to regulate.............
Commerce or revenue. No preference shall 1 9 6
be given to the ports of one State over
those of another by any regulation of....
Vessels clearing from the ports of one 1 9 6
State shall not pay duties in those
of another...........................
Commissions to expire at the end of the 2 2 3
next session. The President may fill
vacancies that happen in the recess of
the Senate by granting...................
Common defense, promote the general ........... ....... ......
welfare, &c. To insure the. [Preamble]...
Common defense and general welfare. 1 8 1
Congress shall have power to provide for
the......................................
Common law, where the amount involved 7 ....... ......
exceeds twenty dollars, shall be tried by
jury. Suits at. [Amendments].............
No fact tried by a jury shall be 7 ....... ......
otherwise reexamined in any court of
the United States than according to
the rules of the. [Amendments].......
Compact with another State. No State 1 10 3
shall, without consent of Congress, enter
into any agreement or....................
Compact with a foreign power. No state 1 10 3
shall, without the consent of Congress,
enter into any agreement or..............
Compensation of Senators and 1 6 1
Representatives to be ascertained by law.
Compensation of the President shall not be 2 1 7
increased nor diminished during the
period for which he shall be elected.....
Compensation of the judges of the Supreme 3 1 ......
and inferior courts shall not be
diminished during their continuance in
office...................................
Compensation. Private property shall not 5 ....... ......
be taken for public use without just.
[Amendments].............................
Compulsory process for obtaining witnesses 6 ....... ......
in his favor. In criminal prosecutions
the accused shall have. [Amendments].....
Confederation. No State shall enter into 1 10 1
any treaty, alliance, or.................
All debts contracted and engagements 6 ....... 1
entered into before the adoption of
this Constitution shall be valid
against the United States under it,
as under the.........................
Confession in open court. Conviction of 3 3 1
treason shall be on the testimony of two
persons to the overt act, or upon........
Congress of the United States. All 1 1 ......
legislative powers shall be vested in a..
Shall consist of a Senate and House of 1 1 ......
Representatives......................
Shall assemble at least once in every 1 4 2
year, which shall be on the first
Monday of December, unless they by
law appoint a different day..........
May at any time alter regulations for 1 4 1
elections of Senators and
Representatives, except as to the
places of choosing Senators..........
Each House shall be the judge of the 1 5 1
elections, returns, and
qualifications of its own members....
A majority of each House shall 1 5 1
constitute a quorum to do business...
A smaller number may adjourn from day 1 5 1
to day and compel the attendance of
absent members.......................
Each House may determine the rules of 1 5 2
its proceedings, punish its members
for disorderly behavior, and, with
the concurrence of two-thirds, expel
a member.............................
Each House shall keep a journal of its 1 5 3
proceedings..........................
Neither House, during the session of 1 5 4
Congress, shall, without the consent
of the other, adjourn for more than
three days...........................
Senators and Representatives shall 1 6 1
receive a compensation to be
ascertained by law...................
They shall in all cases, except 1 6 1
treason, felony, and breach of peace,
be privileged from arrest during
attendance at their respective
Houses, and in going to and returning
from the same........................
No Senator or Representative shall, 1 6 2
during his term, be appointed to any
civil office which shall have been
created, or of which the emoluments
shall have been increased, during
such term............................
No person holding any office under the 1 6 2
United States, shall, while in
office, be a member of either House
of Congress..........................
All bills for raising revenue shall 1 7 1
originate in the House of
Representatives......................
Proceedings in cases of bills returned 1 7 2
by the President with his objections.
Shall have power to lay and collect 1 8 1
duties, imposts, and excises, pay the
debts, and provide for the common
defense and general welfare..........
Shall have power to borrow money on 1 8 2
the credit of the United States......
To regulate foreign and domestic 1 8 3
commerce, and with the Indian tribes.
To establish uniform rule of 1 8 4
naturalization and uniform laws on
the subject of bankruptcies..........
To coin money, regulate its value and 1 8 5
the value of foreign coin, and to fix
the standard of weights and measures.
To punish counterfeiting of securities 1 8 6
and current coin of the United States
To establish post-offices and post- 1 8 7
roads................................
To promote the progress of science and 1 8 8
the useful arts......................
To constitute tribunals inferior to 1 8 9
the Supreme Court....................
To define and punish piracies and 1 8 10
felonies on the high seas and to
punish offenses against the law of
nations..............................
To declare war, grant letters of 1 8 11
marque and reprisal, and make rules
concerning captures on land and water
To raise and support armies, but no 1 8 12
appropriation of money to that use
shall be for a longer term than two
years................................
To provide and maintain a Navy........ 1 8 13
To make rules for the government of 1 8 14
the Army and Navy....................
To call out the militia to execute the 1 8 15
laws, suppress insurrections, and
repeal invasions.....................
To provide for organizing, arming, and 1 8 16
equipping the militia................
To exercise exclusive legislation over 1 8 17
the District fixed for the seat of
government, and over forts,
magazines, arsenals, and dockyards...
To make all laws necessary and proper 1 8 18
to carry into execution all powers
vested by the Constitution in the
Government of the United States......
No person holding any office under the 1 9 8
United States shall accept of any
present, emolument, office, or title
of any kind from any foreign state,
without the consent of...............
May determine the time of choosing the 2 1 4
electors for President and Vice
President and the day on which they
shall give their votes...............
The President may, on extraordinary 2 3 ......
occasions, convene either House of...
The manner in which the acts, records, 4 1 ......
and judicial proceedings of the
States shall be prescribed by........
New States may be admitted by Congress 4 3 1
into this Union......................
Shall have power to make all needful 4 3 2
rules and regulations respecting the
territory or other property belonging
to the United States.................
Amendments to the Constitution shall 5 ....... ......
be proposed whenever it shall be
deemed necessary by two-thirds of
both Houses of.......................
Shall have power to enforce, by 13 2 ......
appropriate legislation, the
thirteenth amendment. [Amendments]...
Persons engaged in insurrection or 14 3 ......
rebellion against the United States
disqualified for Senators or
Representatives in. [Amendments].....
But such disqualification may be 14 3 ......
removed by a vote of two-thirds of
both Houses of. [Amendments].........
Shall have power to enforce, by 14 5 ......
appropriate legislation, the
fourteenth amendment. [Amendments]...
Shall have power to enforce, by 15 2 ......
appropriate legislation, the
fifteenth amendment. [Amendments]....
Shall have power to enforce, by 19 ....... ......
appropriate legislation, the
nineteenth amendment. [Amendments]...
Sessions, time of assembling. 20 2 ......
[Amendments].........................
To direct appointment of electors for 23 1 ......
President and Vice President by
District of Columbia. [Amendments]...
Shall have power to enforce, by 23 2 ......
appropriate legislation, the twenty-
third amendment. [Amendments]........
Shall have power to enforce, by 24 2 ......
appropriate legislation, the twenty-
fourth amendment. [Amendments].......
Confirmation by majority vote of Vice 25 2 ......
President nominated by the President
where vacancy in office occurs.
[Amendments].........................
Shall decide the issue of the 25 4 ......
inability of the President to
discharge the powers and duties of
his office. [Amendments].............
Shall have power to enforce, by 26 2 ......
appropriate legislation, the twenty-
sixth amendment. [Amendments]........
No law, varying the compensation for 27 ....... ......
the services of the Senators and
Representatives, shall take effect,
until an election of Representatives
shall have intervened. [Amendments]..
Consent. No State shall be deprived of its 5 ....... ......
equal suffrage in the Senate without its.
Consent of Congress. No person holding any 1 9 8
office of profit or trust under the
United States shall accept of any
present, emolument, office, or title of
any kind whatever, from any king, prince,
or foreign potentate, without the........
No State shall lay any imposts, or 1 10 2
duties on imports, except what may be
absolutely necessary for executing
its inspection laws, without the.....
No State shall lay any duty of 1 10 3
tonnage, keep troops or ships of war
in time of peace, without the........
No State shall enter into any 1 10 3
agreement or compact with another
State, or with a foreign power,
without the..........................
No State shall engage in war unless 1 10 3
actually invaded, or in such imminent
danger as will not admit of delay,
without the..........................
No new State shall be formed or 4 3 1
erected within the jurisdiction of
any other State, nor any State be
formed by the junction of two or more
States, or parts of States, without
the consent of the legislatures
thereof, as well as the..............
Consent of the legislature of the State in 1 8 17
which the same may be. Congress shall
exercise exclusive authority over all
places purchased for the erection of
forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards,
and other needful buildings by the.......
Consent of the legislatures of the States 4 3 1
and of Congress. No States shall be
formed by the junction of two or more
States or parts of States without the....
Consent of the other. Neither House, 1 5 4
during the session of Congress, shall
adjourn for more than three days, nor to
any other place than that in which they
shall be sitting, without the............
Consent of the owner. No soldier shall be 3 ....... ......
quartered in time of peace in any house
without the. [Amendments]................
Consent of the Senate. The President shall 2 2 2
have power to make treaties, by and with
the advice and...........................
The President shall appoint 2 2 2
ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls, judges of the Supreme
Court, and all other officers created
by law and not otherwise herein
provided for, by and with the advice
and..................................
Constitution, in the Government of the 1 8 18
United States, or in any department or
officer thereof. Congress shall have
power to pass all laws necessary to the
execution of the powers vested by the....
Constitution, shall be eligible to the 2 1 5
office of President. No person except a
natural-born citizen, or a citizen at the
time of the adoption of the..............
Constitution. The President, before he 2 1 8
enters upon the execution of his office,
shall take an oath to preserve, protect,
and defend the...........................
Constitution, laws, and treaties of the 3 2 1
United States. The judicial power shall
extend to all cases arising under the....
Constitution shall be so construed as to 4 3 2
prejudice any claims of the United
States, or of any State (in respect to
territory or other property of the United
States). Nothing in the..................
Constitution. The manner in which 5 ....... ......
amendments may be proposed and ratified..
Constitution as under the Confederation 6 ....... 1
shall be valid. All debts and engagements
contracted before the adoption of the....
Constitution and the laws made in 6 ....... 2
pursuance thereof, and all treaties made,
or which shall be made, by the United
States, shall be the supreme law of the
land. The................................
The judges in every State, anything in 6 ....... 2
the constitution or laws of a State
to the contrary notwithstanding,
shall be bound thereby...............
Constitution. All officers, legislative, 6 ....... 3
executive, and judicial, of the United
States, and of the several States, shall
be bound by an oath to support the.......
But no religious test shall ever be 6 ....... 3
required as a qualification for any
office or public trust...............
Constitution between the States so 7 ....... ......
ratifying the same. The ratification of
the conventions of nine States shall be
sufficient for the establishment of the..
Constitution, of certain rights, shall not 9 ....... ......
be construed to deny or disparage others
retained by the people. The enumeration
in the. [Amendments].....................
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the 10 ....... ......
States, are reserved to the States
respectively or to the people. Powers not
delegated to the United States by the.
[Amendments].............................
Constitution, and then engaged in 14 3 ......
rebellion against the United States.
Disqualification for office imposed upon
certain class of persons who took an oath
to support the. [Amendments].............
Constitution. Done in convention by the 7 ....... 2
unanimous consent of the States present,
September 17, 1787.......................
Contracts. No State shall pass any ex post 1 10 1
facto law, or law impairing the
obligation of............................
Controversies to which the United States 3 2 1
shall be a party: between two or more
States; between a State and citizens of
another State; between citizens of
different States; between citizens of the
same State claiming lands under grants of
different States; between a State or its
citizens and foreign states, citizens, or
subjects. The judicial power shall extend
to.......................................
Convene Congress or either House, on 2 3 ......
extraordinary occasions. The President
may......................................
Convention for proposing amendments to the 5 ....... ......
Constitution. Congress, on the
application of two-thirds of the
legislatures of the States, may call a...
Convention, by the unanimous consent of 7 ....... 2
the States present on the 17th of
September, 1787. Adoption of the
Constitution in..........................
Conventions of nine States shall be 7 ....... ......
sufficient for the establishment of the
Constitution. The ratification of the....
Conviction in cases of impeachment shall 1 3 6
not be had without the concurrence of two-
thirds of the members present............
Copyrights to authors for limited times. 1 8 8
Congress shall have power to provide for.
Corruption of blood. Attainder of treason 3 3 2
shall not work...........................
Counsel for his defense. In all criminal 6 ....... ......
prosecutions the accused shall have the
assistance of. [Amendments]..............
Counterfeiting the securities and current 1 8 6
coin of the United States. Congress shall
provide for the punishment of............
Courts. Congress shall have power to 1 8 9
constitute tribunals inferior to the
Supreme Court............................
Courts as Congress may establish. The 3 1 ......
judicial power of the United States shall
be vested in one Supreme Court and such
inferior.................................
Courts. The judges of the Supreme and 3 1 ......
inferior courts shall hold their offices
during good behavior.....................
Their compensation shall not be 3 1 ......
diminished during their continuance
in office............................
Courts of law. Congress may by law vest 2 2 2
the appointment of such inferior officers
as they think proper in the President
alone, in the heads of departments, or in
the......................................
Credit. No State shall emit bills of...... 1 10 1
Credit of the United States. Congress 1 8 2
shall have power to borrow money on the..
Credit shall be given in every other State 4 1 ......
to the public acts, records, and judicial
proceedings of each State. Full faith and
Crime, unless on a presentment of a grand 5 ....... ......
jury. No person shall be held to answer
for a capital or otherwise infamous.
[Amendments].............................
Except in cases in the military and 5 ....... ......
naval forces, or in the militia when
in actual service. [Amendments]......
Crimes, except in cases of impeachment, 3 2 3
shall be tried by jury. All..............
They shall be tried in the State 3 2 3
within which they may be committed...
When not committed in a State, they 3 2 3
shall be tried at the places which
Congress may by law have provided....
Crimes and misdemeanors. The President, 2 4 ......
Vice President, and all civil officers
shall be removed on impeachment for and
conviction of treason, bribery, or other.
Criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 6 ....... ......
have a speedy and public trial by jury in
the State and district where the crime
was committed. In all. [Amendments]......
He shall be informed of the nature and 6 ....... ......
cause of the accusation. [Amendments]
He shall be confronted with the 6 ....... ......
witnesses against him. [Amendments]..
He shall have compulsory process for 6 ....... ......
obtaining witnesses in his favor.
[Amendments].........................
He shall have the assistance of 6 ....... ......
counsel in his defense. [Amendments].
Criminate himself. No person as a witness 5 ....... ......
shall be compelled to. [Amendments]......
Cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 8 ....... ......
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor.
[Amendments].............................
D
Dangers as will not admit of delay. No 1 10 3
State shall, without the consent of
Congress, engage in war, unless actually
invaded, or in such imminent.............
Day on which they shall vote for President 2 1 4
and Vice President, which shall be the
same throughout the United States.
Congress may determine the time of
choosing the electors, and the...........
Day to day, and may be authorized to 1 5 1
compel the attendance of absent members.
A smaller number than a quorum of each
House may adjourn from...................
Death, resignation, or inability of the 2 1 6
President. In case of, powers and duties
of his office shall devolve on the Vice
President................................
[Amendments]............................ 25 ....... ......
Congress may provide by law for the 2 1 6
case of the removal..................
[Amendments]........................ 25 ....... ......
Debt of the United States, including debts 14 4 ......
for pensions and bounties incurred in
suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
shall not be questioned. The validity of
the public. [Amendments].................
Debts. No State shall make anything but 1 10 1
gold and silver coin a tender in payment
of.......................................
Debts and provide for the common defense 1 8 1
and general welfare of the United States.
Congress shall have power to pay the.....
Debts and engagements contracted before 6 ....... 1
the adoption of this Constitution shall
be as valid against the United States,
under it, as under the Confederation.....
Debts or obligations incurred in aid of 14 4 ......
insurrection or rebellion against the
United States, or claims for the loss or
emancipation of any slave. Neither the
United States nor any State shall assume
or pay any. [Amendments].................
Declare war, grant letters of marque and 1 8 11
reprisal, and make rules concerning
captures on land and water. Congress
shall have power to......................
Defense, promote the general welfare, &c. ........... ....... ......
To insure the common. [Preamble].........
Defense and general welfare throughout the 1 8 1
United States. Congress shall have power
to pay the debts and provide for the
common...................................
Defense. In all criminal prosecutions the 6 ....... ......
accused shall have the assistance of
counsel for his. [Amendments]............
Delaware entitled to one Representative in 1 2 3
the first Congress.......................
Delay. No State shall, without the consent 1 10 3
of Congress, engage in war unless
actually invaded, or in such imminent
danger as will not admit of..............
Delegated to the United States, nor 10 ....... ......
prohibited to the States, are reserved to
the States or to the people. The powers
not. [Amendments]........................
Deny or disparage others retained by the 9 ....... ......
people. The enumeration in the
Constitution of certain rights shall not
be construed to. [Amendments]............
Departments upon any subject relating to 2 2 1
their duties. The President may require
the written opinion of the principal
officers in each of the executive........
Departments. Congress may by law vest the 2 2 2
appointment of inferior officers in the
heads of.................................
Direct tax shall be laid unless in 1 9 4
proportion to the census or enumeration.
No capitation or other...................
Direct taxes and Representatives, how 1 2 3
apportioned among the several States.....
Disability of the President and Vice 2 1 6
President. Provisions in case of the.....
[Amendments]............................ 25 ....... ......
Disability. No person shall be a Senator 14 3 ......
or Representative in Congress, or
presidential elector, or hold any office,
civil or military, under the United
States, or any State, who having
previously taken an oath as a
legislative, executive, or judicial
officer of the United States, or of any
State, to support the Constitution,
afterward engaged in insurrection or
rebellion against the United States.
[Amendments].............................
But Congress may, by a vote of two- 14 3 ......
thirds of each House, remove such.
[Amendments].........................
Disagreement between the two Houses as to 2 3 ......
the time of adjournment, the President
may adjourn them to such time as he may
think proper. In case of.................
Disorderly behavior. Each House may punish 1 5 2
its members for..........................
And with the concurrence of two-thirds 1 5 2
expel a member.......................
Disparage others retained by the people. 9 ....... ......
The enumeration in the Constitution of
certain rights shall not be construed to
deny or. [Amendments]....................
Disqualification. No Senator or 1 6 2
Representative shall, during the time for
which he was elected, be appointed to any
office under the United States which
shall have been created or its emoluments
increased during such term...............
No person holding any office under the 1 6 2
United States shall be a member of
either House during his continuance
in office............................
No person shall be a member of either 14 3 ......
House, presidential elector, or hold
any office under the United States,
or any State, who, having previously
sworn to support the Constitution,
afterward engaged in insurrection or
rebellion. [Amendments]..............
But Congress may, by a vote of two- 14 3 ......
thirds of each House, remove such
disability. [Amendments].............
District of Columbia. Congress shall 1 8 17
exercise exclusive legislation in all
cases over the...........................
Electors for President and Vice 23 1 ......
President, appointment in such manner
as the Congress may direct.
[Amendments].........................
Dockyards. Congress shall have exclusive 1 8 17
authority over all places purchased for
the erection of..........................
Domestic tranquility, provide for the ........... ....... ......
common defense, &c. To insure. [Preamble]
Domestic violence. The United States shall 4 4 ......
protect each State against invasion and..
Due process of law. No person shall be 5 ....... ......
compelled, in any criminal case, to be a
witness against himself, nor be deprived
of life, liberty, or property without.
[Amendments].............................
No State shall deprive any person of 14 1 ......
life, liberty, or property without.
[Amendments].........................
Duties, imposts, and excises. Congress 1 8 1
shall have power to lay and collect taxes
Shall be uniform throughout the United 1 8 1
States...............................
Duties shall be laid on articles exported 1 9 5
from any State. No tax or................
Duties in another State. Vessels clearing 1 9 6
in the ports of one State shall not be
obliged to pay...........................
On imports and exports, without the 1 10 2
consent of Congress, except where
necessary for executing its
inspection laws. No State shall lay
any..................................
The net produce of all such duties 1 10 2
shall be for the use of the Treasury
of the United States.................
All laws laying such duties shall be 1 10 2
subject to the revision and control
of Congress..........................
Duties and powers of the office of 2 1 6
President, in case of his death, removal,
or inability to act, shall devolve on the
Vice President...........................
[Amendments]............................ 25 ....... ......
In case of the disability of the 2 1 6
President and Vice President,
Congress shall declare what officer
shall act............................
[Amendments]........................ 25 ....... ......
Duty of tonnage without the consent of 1 10 3
Congress. No State shall lay any.........
E
Eighteenth Amendment. Repeal. [Amendments] 21 1 ......
Election of President and Vice President. 2 1 4
Congress may determine the day for the...
Shall be the same throughout the 2 1 4
United States. The day of the........
Elections. The right of citizens of the 24 1 ......
United States to vote in shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States
or any State by reason of failure to pay
any poll tax or other tax. [Amendments]..
Elections for Senators and 1 4 1
Representatives. The legislatures of the
States shall prescribe the times, places,
and manner of holding....................
But Congress may, at any time, alter 1 4 1
such regulations, except as to the
places of choosing Senators..........
Returns and qualifications of its own 1 5 1
members. Each House shall be the
judge of the.........................
Senators elected by the people. 17 1 ......
[Amendments].........................
Electors for members of the House of 1 2 1
Representatives. Qualifications of.......
Electors for Senators. Qualifications of. 17 1 ......
[Amendments].............................
Electors for President and Vice President. 2 1 2
Each State shall appoint, in such manner
as the legislature thereof may direct, a
number of electors equal to the whole
number of Senators and Representatives to
which the State may be entitled in the
Congress.................................
But no Senator or Representative, or 2 1 2
person holding an office of trust or
profit under the United States, shall
be appointed an elector..............
Congress may determine the time of 2 1 4
choosing the electors and the day on
which they shall give their votes....
Which day shall be the same throughout 2 1 4
the United States....................
The electors shall meet in their 12 ....... ......
respective States and vote by ballot
for President and Vice President, one
of whom, at least, shall not be an
inhabitant of the same State with
themselves. [Amendments].............
The District of Columbia to appoint, 23 1 ......
in such manner as the Congress may
direct, a number of electors equal to
the whole number of Senators and
Representatives to which the District
would be entitled if a State.
[Amendments].........................
Electors shall name, in their ballots, the 12 ....... ......
person voted for as President; and in
distinct ballots the person voted for as
Vice President. [Amendments].............
They shall make distinct lists of the 12 ....... ......
persons voted for as President and of
persons voted for as Vice President,
which they shall sign and certify,
and transmit sealed to the seat of
government, directed to the President
of the Senate. [Amendments]..........
No person having taken an oath as a 14 3 ......
legislative, executive or judicial
officer of the United States, or of
any State, and afterwards engaged in
insurrection or rebellion against the
United States, shall be an elector...
But Congress may, by a vote of two- 14 3 ......
thirds of each House, remove such
disability. [Amendments].............
Emancipation of any slave shall be held to 14 4 ......
be illegal and void. Claims for the loss
or. [Amendments].........................
Emit bills of credit. No State shall...... 1 10 1
Emolument of any kind from any king, 1 9 8
prince, or foreign state, without the
consent of Congress. No person holding
any office under the United States shall
accept any...............................
Enemies. Treason shall consist in levying 3 3 1
war against the United States, in
adhering to, or giving aid and comfort to
their....................................
Engagements contracted before the adoption 6 ....... 1
of this Constitution shall be valid. All
debts and................................
Enumeration of the inhabitants shall be 1 2 3
made within three years after the first
meeting of Congress, and within every
subsequent term of ten years thereafter..
Ratio of representation not to exceed 1 2 3
one of every 30,000 until the first
enumeration shall be made............
Income tax authorized without regard 16 ....... ......
to. [Amendments].....................
Enumeration in the Constitution of certain 9 ....... ......
rights shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.
The. [Amendments]........................
Equal protection of the laws. No State 14 1 ......
shall deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the. [Amendments]...........
Equal suffrage in the Senate. No State 5 ....... ......
shall be deprived without its consent, of
its......................................
Establishment of this Constitution between 7 ....... ......
the States ratifying the same. The
ratification of nine States shall be
sufficient for the.......................
Ex post facto law shall be passed. No bill 1 9 3
of attainder or..........................
Ex post facto law, or law impairing the 1 10 1
obligation of contracts. No State shall
pass any bill of attainder...............
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 8 ....... ......
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and
unusual punishments inflicted.
[Amendments].............................
Excises. Congress shall have power to lay 1 8 1
and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and..
Shall be uniform throughout the United 1 8 1
States. All duties, imposts, and.....
Exclusive legislation, in all cases, over 1 8 17
such district as may become the seat of
government. Congress shall exercise......
Over all places purchased for the 1 8 17
erection of forts, magazines,
arsenals, dock-yards and other
needful buildings. Congress shall
exercise.............................
Executive and judicial officers of the 6 ....... 3
United States and of the several States
shall be bound by an oath to support the
Constitution.............................
Executive departments. On subjects 2 2 1
relating to their duties the President
may require the written opinions of the
principal officers in each of the........
Congress may by law vest the 2 2 2
appointment of inferior officers in
the heads of.........................
Executive of a State. The United States 4 4 ......
shall protect each State against invasion
and domestic violence, on the application
of the legislature or the................
Executive power shall be vested in a 2 1 1
President of the United States of
America. The.............................
Expel a member. Each House, with the 1 5 2
concurrence of two-thirds, may...........
Expenditures of public money shall be 1 9 7
published from time to time. A regular
statement of the receipts and............
Exportations from any State. No tax or 1 9 5
duty shall be laid on....................
Exports or imports, except upon certain 1 10 2
conditions. No State shall, without the
consent of Congress, lay any duties on...
Laid by any State, shall be for the 1 10 2
use of the Treasury. The net produce
of all duties on.....................
Shall be subject to the revision and 1 10 2
control of Congress. All laws of the
States laying duties on..............
Extraordinary occasions. The President may 2 3 ......
convene both Houses, or either House of
Congress, on.............................
F
Faith and credit in each State shall be 4 1 ......
given to the acts, records, and judicial
proceedings of another State. Full.......
Felonies committed on the high seas. 1 8 10
Congress shall have power to define and
punish piracies and......................
Felony, and breach of the peace. Members 1 6 1
of Congress shall not be privileged from
arrest for treason.......................
Fines. Excessive fines shall not be 8 ....... ......
imposed. [Amendments]....................
Foreign coin. Congress shall have power to 1 8 5
coin money, fix the standard of weights
and measures, and to regulate the value
of.......................................
Foreign nations, among the States, and 1 8 3
with the Indian tribes. Congress shall
have power to regulate commerce with.....
Foreign power. No State shall, without the 1 10 3
consent of Congress, enter into any
compact or agreement with any............
Forfeiture, except during the life of the 3 3 2
person attainted. Attainder of treason
shall not work...........................
Form of government. The United States 4 4 ......
shall guarantee to every State in this
Union a republican.......................
And shall protect each of them against 4 4 ......
invasion; and on application of the
legislature or of the executive (when
the legislature cannot be convened),
against domestic violence............
Formation of new States. Provisions 4 3 1
relating to the..........................
Forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, 1 8 17
and other needful buildings. Congress
shall exercise exclusive authority over
all places purchased for the erection of.
Free State, the right of the people to 2 ....... ......
keep and bear arms shall not be
infringed. A well-regulated militia being
necessary to the security of a.
[Amendments].............................
Freedom of speech or the press. Congress 1 ....... ......
shall make no law abridging the.
[Amendments].............................
Fugitives from crime found in another 4 2 2
State shall, on demand, be delivered up
to the authorities of the State from
which they may flee......................
Fugitives from service or labor in one 4 2 3
State, escaping into another State, shall
be delivered up to the party to whom such
service or labor may be due..............
G
General welfare and secure the blessings ........... ....... ......
of liberty, &c. To promote the.
[Preamble.]..............................
General welfare. Congress shall have power 1 8 1
to provide for the common defense and....
Georgia entitled to three Representatives 1 2 3
in the first Congress....................
Gold and silver coin a tender in payment 1 10 1
of debts. No State shall make anything
but......................................
Good behavior. The judges of the Supreme 3 1 ......
and inferior courts shall hold their
offices during...........................
Government. The United States shall 4 4 ......
guarantee to every State in this Union a
republican form of.......................
And shall protect each of them against 4 4 ......
invasion, and on application of the
legislature or of the executive (when
the legislature cannot be convened)
against domestic violence............
Grand jury. No person shall be held to 5 ....... ......
answer for a capital or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on the presentment
of a. [Amendments].......................
Except in cases arising in the land 5 ....... ......
and naval forces, and in the militia
when in actual service. [Amendments].
Guarantee to every State in this Union a 4 4 ......
republican form of government. The United
States shall.............................
And shall protect each of them against 4 4 ......
invasion; and on application of the
legislature or of the executive (when
the legislature cannot be convened),
against domestic violence............
H
Habeas corpus shall not be suspended 1 9 2
unless in cases of rebellion or invasion.
The writ of..............................
Heads of departments. Congress may, by 2 2 2
law, vest the appointment of inferior
officers in the..........................
On any subject relating to their 2 2 1
duties, the President may require the
written opinion of the principal
officers in each of the executive
departments..........................
High crimes and misdemeanors. The 2 4 ......
President, Vice President, and all civil
officers shall be removed on impeachment
for and conviction of treason, bribery,
or other.................................
House of Representatives. Congress shall 1 1 ......
consist of a Senate and..................
Shall be composed of members chosen 1 2 1
every second year....................
Qualifications of electors for members 1 2 1
of the...............................
No person shall be a member who shall 1 2 2
not have attained the age of twenty-
five years, and been seven years a
citizen of the United States.........
The executives of the several States 1 2 4
shall issue writs of election to fill
vacancies in the.....................
Shall choose their Speaker and other 1 2 5
officers.............................
Shall have the sole power of 1 2 5
impeachment..........................
Shall be the judge of the elections, 1 5 1
returns, and qualifications of its
own members..........................
A majority shall constitute a quorum 1 5 1
to do business.......................
Less than a majority may adjourn from 1 5 1
day to day, and compel the attendance
of absent members....................
May determine its own rules of 1 5 2
proceedings..........................
May punish its members for disorderly 1 5 2
behavior, and, with the concurrence
of two-thirds, expel a member........
Shall keep a journal of its 1 5 3
proceedings..........................
Shall not adjourn for more than three 1 5 4
days during the session of Congress
without the consent of the Senate....
Members shall not be questioned for 1 6 1
any speech or debate in either House
or in any other place................
No person holding any office under the 1 6 2
United States shall, while holding
such office, be a member of the......
No person, while a member of either 1 6 2
House, shall be appointed to an
office which shall have been created
or the emoluments increased during
his membership.......................
All bills for raising revenue shall 1 7 1
originate in the.....................
The votes for President and Vice 12 ....... ......
President shall be counted in the
presence of the Senate and.
[Amendments].........................
If no person have a majority of 12 ....... ......
electoral votes, then from the three
highest on the list the House of
Representatives shall immediately, by
ballot, choose a President.
[Amendments].........................
They shall vote by States, each State 12 ....... ......
counting one vote. [Amendments]......
A quorum shall consist of a member or 12 ....... ......
members from two-thirds of the
States, and a majority of all the
States shall be necessary to the
choice of a President. [Amendments]..
No person having as a legislative, 14 3 ......
executive, or judicial officer of the
United States, or of any State, taken
an oath to support the Constitution,
and afterwards engaged in
insurrection or rebellion against the
United States, shall be a member of
the. [Amendments]....................
But Congress may, by a vote of two- 14 3 ......
thirds of each house, remove such
disability. [Amendments].............
I
Imminent danger as will not admit of 1 10 3
delay. No State shall, without the
consent of Congress, engage in war,
unless actually invaded or in such.......
Immunities. Members of Congress shall, in 1 6 1
all cases except treason, felony, and
breach of the peace, be privileged from
arrest during their attendance at the
session of their respective houses, and
in going and returning from the same.....
No soldier shall be quartered in any 3 ....... ......
house without the consent of the
owner in time of peace. [Amendments].
No person shall be twice put in 5 ....... ......
jeopardy of life and limb for the
same offense. [Amendments]...........
All persons born or naturalized in the 14 1 ......
United States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of
the United States and of the State in
which they reside. [Amendments]......
No State shall make or enforce any law 14 1 ......
which shall abridge the privileges or
immunities of citizens of the United
States. [Amendments].................
Nor shall any State deprive any person 14 1 ......
of life, liberty, or property without
due process of law. [Amendments].....
Nor deny to any person within its 14 1 ......
jurisdiction the equal protection of
the law. [Amendments]................
Impeachment. The President may grant 2 2 1
reprieves and pardons except in cases of.
The House of Representatives shall 1 2 5
have the sole power of...............
Impeachment for and conviction of treason, 2 4 ......
bribery, and other high crimes and
misdemeanors. The President, Vice
President, and all civil officers shall
be removed upon..........................
Impeachments. The Senate shall have the 1 3 6
sole power to try all....................
The Senate shall be on oath, or 1 3 6
affirmation, when sitting for the
trial of.............................
When the President of the United 1 3 6
States is tried the Chief Justice
shall preside........................
No person shall be convicted without 1 3 6
the concurrence of two-thirds of the
members present......................
Judgment shall not extend beyond 1 3 7
removal from office and
disqualification to hold office......
But the party convicted shall be 1 3 7
liable to indictment and punishment
according to law.....................
Importation of slaves prior to 1808 shall 1 9 1
not be prohibited by the Congress........
But a tax or duty of ten dollars for 1 9 1
each person may be imposed on such...
Imports or exports except what may be 1 10 2
absolutely necessary for executing its
inspection laws. No State shall, without
the consent of Congress, lay any imposts
or duties on.............................
Imports or exports laid by any State shall 1 10 2
be for the use of the Treasury. The net
produce of all duties on.................
Imports or exports shall be subject to the 1 10 2
revision and control of Congress. All
laws of States laying duties on..........
Imposts and excises. Congress shall have 1 8 1
power to lay and collect taxes, duties...
Shall be uniform throughout the United 1 8 1
States. All taxes, duties............
Inability of the President. The powers and 2 1 6
duties of his office shall devolve on the
Vice President. In case of the death,
resignation, or..........................
[Amendments]............................ 25 ....... ......
The Vice President shall succeed to 25 ....... ......
the office of the President. In case
of the death, resignation, or
removal, or [Amendments].............
Inability of the President or Vice 2 1 6
President. Congress may provide by law
for the case of the removal, death,
resignation, or..........................
[Amendments]............................ 25 ....... ......
Income taxes. Congress shall have power to 16 ....... ......
lay and collect without apportionment
among the several States, and without
regard to any census or enumeration.
[Amendments].............................
Indian tribes. Congress shall have power 1 8 3
to regulate commerce with the............
Indictment or presentment of a grand jury. 5 ....... ......
No person shall be held to answer for a
capital or infamous crime unless on
[Amendments].............................
Except in cases arising in the land 5 ....... ......
and naval forces, and in the militia
when in actual service. [Amendments].
Indictment, trial, judgment, and 1 3 7
punishment, according to law. The party
convicted in case of impeachment shall
nevertheless be liable and subject to....
Infamous crime unless on presentment or 5 ....... ......
indictment of a grand jury. No person
shall be held to answer for a capital or
[Amendments].............................
Inferior courts. Congress shall have power 1 8 9
to constitute tribunals inferior to the
Supreme Court............................
Inferior courts as Congress may establish. 3 1 ......
The judicial power of the United States
shall be vested in one Supreme Court and
such.....................................
The judges of both the Supreme and 3 1 ......
inferior courts shall hold their
offices during good behavior.........
Their compensation shall not be 3 1 ......
diminished during their continuance
in office............................
Inferior officers, Congress, if they think 2 2 2
proper, may by law vest the appointment
of in the President alone, in the courts
of law, or in the heads of Departments...
Inhabitant of the State for which he shall 1 3 3
be chosen. No person shall be a Senator
who shall not have attained the age of
thirty years, been nine years a citizen
of the United States, and who shall not,
when elected, be an......................
Insurrection or rebellion against the 14 3 ......
United States. No person shall be a
Senator or Representative in Congress, or
presidential elector, or hold any office,
civil or military, under the United
States, or any State, who, having taken
an oath as a legislative, executive, or
judicial officer of the United States, or
of a State, afterwards engaged in.
[Amendments].............................
But Congress may, by a vote of two- 14 3 ......
thirds of each House, remove such
disabilities. [Amendments]...........
Debts declared illegal and void which 14 4 ......
were contracted in aid of.
[Amendments].........................
Insurrections and repel invasions. 1 8 15
Congress shall provide for calling forth
the militia to suppress..................
Intoxicating liquors. Prohibition of 18 1 ......
manufacture, sale, transportation,
importation, or exportation of.
[Amendments].............................
Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment. 21 1 ......
[Amendments].........................
Transportation or importation into any 21 2 ......
State, Territory or possession, for
delivery or use therein in violation
of their laws, prohibited.
[Amendments].........................
Invasion. No State shall, without the 1 10 3
consent of Congress, engage in war unless
actually invaded, or in such imminent
danger as will not admit of delay........
The writ of habeas corpus shall not be 1 9 2
suspended unless in case of rebellion
or...................................
Invasion and domestic violence. The United 4 4 ......
States shall protect each State against..
Invasions. Congress shall provide for 1 8 15
calling forth the militia to suppress
insurrections and repel..................
Inventors and authors in their inventions 1 8 8
and writings. Congress may pass laws to
secure for limited times exclusive rights
to.......................................
Involuntary servitude, except as a 13 1 ......
punishment for crime, abolished in the
United States. Slavery and. [Amendments].
J
Jeopardy of life and limb for the same 5 ....... ......
offense. No person shall be twice put in.
[Amendments].............................
Journal of its proceedings. Each House 1 5 3
shall keep a.............................
Judges in every State shall be bound by 6 ....... 2
the Constitution, the laws and treaties
of the United States, which shall be the
supreme law of the land..................
Judges of the Supreme and inferior courts 3 1 ......
shall hold their offices during good
behavior.................................
Their compensation shall not be 3 1 ......
diminished during their continuance
in office............................
Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not 1 3 7
extend further than to removal from
office, and disqualification to hold any
office of honor, trust, or profit under
the United States........................
But the party convicted shall 1 3 7
nevertheless be liable and subject to
indictment, trial, judgment, and
punishment according to law..........
Judicial and executive officers of the 6 ....... 3
United States and of the several States
shall be bound by an oath to support the
Constitution.............................
Judicial power of the United States. 1 8 9
Congress shall have power to constitute
tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court..
The judicial power of the United 3 1 ......
States shall be vested in one Supreme
Court, and in such inferior courts as
Congress may from time to time ordain
and establish........................
The judges of the Supreme and inferior 3 1 ......
courts shall hold their offices
during good behavior.................
Their compensation shall not be 3 1 ......
diminished during their continuance
in office............................
It shall extend to all cases in law 3 2 1
and equity arising under the
Constitution, laws, and treaties of
the United States....................
To all cases affecting ambassadors, 3 2 1
other public ministers, and consuls..
To all cases of admiralty and maritime 3 2 1
jurisdiction.........................
To controversies to which the United 3 2 1
States shall be a party..............
To controversies between two or more 3 2 1
States...............................
To controversies between a State and 3 2 1
citizens of another State............
[Amendments]........................ 11 ....... ......
To controversies between citizens of 3 2 1
different States.....................
To citizens of the same State claiming 3 2 1
lands under grants of different
States...............................
To controversies between a State or 3 2 1
its citizens and foreign states,
citizens, or subjects................
In all cases affecting ambassadors, 3 2 2
other public ministers and consuls,
and those in which a State shall be a
party, the Supreme Court shall have
original jurisdiction................
In all other cases before mentioned, 3 2 2
it shall have appellate jurisdiction,
both as to law and fact, with such
exceptions and under such regulations
as Congress shall make...............
The trial of all crimes, except in 3 2 3
cases of impeachment, shall be by
jury.................................
The trial shall be held in the State 3 2 3
where the crimes shall have been
committed............................
But when not committed in a State, the 3 2 3
trial shall be at such place or
places as Congress may by law have
directed.............................
The judicial power of the United 11 ....... ......
States shall not be held to extend to
any suit in law or equity commenced
or prosecuted against one of the
United States by citizens of another
State, or by citizens or subjects of
any Foreign State. [Amendments]......
Judicial proceedings of every other State. 4 1 ......
Full faith and credit shall be given in
each State to the acts, records, and.....
Congress shall prescribe the manner of 4 1 ......
proving such acts, records, and
proceedings..........................
Judiciary. The Supreme Court shall have 3 2 2
original jurisdiction in all cases
affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers and consuls, and those in which
a State may be a party...................
The Supreme Court shall have appellate 3 2 2
jurisdiction both as to law and fact,
with such exceptions and regulations
as Congress may make.................
Junction of two or more States or parts of 4 3 1
States without the consent of the
legislatures and of Congress. No State
shall be formed by the...................
Jurisdiction of another State. No new 4 3 1
State shall, without the consent of
Congress, be formed or erected within the
Jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, 3 2 2
with such exceptions and under such
regulations as Congress may make. The
Supreme Court shall have appellate.......
Jurisdiction. In all cases affecting 3 2 2
ambassadors and other public ministers
and consuls, and in cases where a State
is a party, the Supreme Court shall have
original.................................
Jury. The trial of all crimes, except in 3 2 3
cases of impeachment, shall be by........
In all criminal prosecutions the 6 ....... ......
accused shall have a speedy and
public trial by. [Amendments]........
All suits at common law, where the 7 ....... ......
value exceeds twenty dollars, shall
be tried by. [Amendments]............
Where a fact has been tried by a jury 7 ....... ......
it shall not be reexamined except by
the rules of the common law.
[Amendments].........................
Just compensation. Private property shall 5 ....... ......
not be taken for public use without.
[Amendments].............................
Justice, insure domestic tranquility, &c. ........... ....... ......
To establish. [Preamble].................
L
Labor, in one State escaping into another 4 2 3
State shall be delivered up to the party
to whom such service or labor may be due.
Fugitives from service or................
Land and naval forces. Congress shall make 1 8 14
rules for the government and regulation
of the...................................
Law and fact, with exceptions and under 3 2 2
regulations to be made by Congress. The
Supreme Court shall have appellate
jurisdiction as to.......................
Law of nations. Congress shall provide for 1 8 10
punishing offenses against the...........
Law of the land. The Constitution, the 6 ....... 2
laws made in pursuance thereof, and
treaties of the United States, shall be
the supreme..............................
The judges in every State shall be 6 ....... 2
bound thereby........................
Laws. Congress shall provide for calling 1 8 15
forth the militia to suppress
insurrection, repel invasion, and to
execute the..............................
Laws necessary to carry into execution the 1 8 18
powers vested in the government, or in
any department or officer of the United
States. Congress shall make all..........
Laws and treaties of the United States. 3 2 1
The judicial power shall extend to all
cases in law and equity arising under the
Constitution, or the.....................
Legal tender in payment of debts. No State 1 10 1
shall make anything but gold and silver
coin a...................................
Legislation in all cases over such 1 8 17
district as may become the seat of
government. Congress shall exercise
exclusive................................
Over all places purchased for the 1 8 17
erection of forts, magazines,
arsenals, dock-yards, and other
needful buildings. Congress shall
exercise exclusive...................
Legislation. Congress shall have power to 1 8 18
make all laws necessary and proper for
carrying into execution all the powers
vested by the Constitution in the
Government of the United States or in any
department or officer thereof............
Congress shall have power to enforce 13 2 ......
the thirteenth amendment, prohibiting
slavery, by appropriate. [Amendments]
Congress shall have power to enforce 14 5 ......
the fourteenth amendment by
appropriate. [Amendments]............
Congress shall have power to enforce 15 2 ......
the fifteenth amendment by
appropriate. [Amendments]............
Congress and the several States shall 18 2 ......
have concurrent power to enforce the
eighteenth amendment by appropriate.
[Amendments].........................
Congress shall have power to enforce 19 ....... ......
the nineteenth amendment by
appropriate. [Amendments]............
Congress shall have power to enforce 23 2 ......
the twenty-third amendment by
appropriate. [Amendments]............
Congress shall have power to enforce 24 2 ......
the twenty-fourth amendment by
appropriate. [Amendments]............
Congress shall have power to enforce 26 2 ......
the twenty-sixth amendment by
appropriate. [Amendments]............
Legislative powers herein granted shall be 1 1 ......
vested in Congress. All..................
Legislature, or the Executive (when the 4 4 ......
legislature cannot be convened). The
United States shall protect each State
against invasion and domestic violence,
on the application of the................
Legislatures of two-thirds of the States, 5 ....... ......
Congress shall call a convention for
proposing amendments to the Constitution.
On the application of the................
Letters of marque and reprisal. Congress 1 8 11
shall have power to grant................
No State shall grant.................. 1 10 1
Liberty to ourselves and our posterity, ........... ....... ......
&c. To secure the blessings of.
[Preamble]...............................
Life or limb for the same offense. No 5 ....... ......
person shall be twice put in jeopardy of.
[Amendments].............................
Life, liberty, and property without due 5 ....... ......
process of law. No person shall be
compelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself, nor be deprived
of. [Amendments].........................
No State shall abridge the privileges 14 1 ......
or immunities of citizens of the
United States, nor deprive any person
of. [Amendments].....................
Loss or emancipation of any slave shall be 14 4 ......
held illegal and void. Claims for the.
[Amendments].............................
M
Magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other 1 8 17
needful buildings. Congress shall have
exclusive authority over all places
purchased for the erection of............
Majority of each House shall constitute a 1 5 1
quorum to do business. A.................
But a smaller number may adjourn from 1 5 1
day to day and may be authorized to
compel the attendance of absent
members..............................
Majority of all the States shall be 12 ....... ......
necessary to a choice. When the choice of
a President shall devolve on the House of
Representatives, a quorum shall consist
of a member or members from two-thirds of
the States; but a. [Amendments]..........
When the choice of a Vice President 12 ....... ......
shall devolve on the Senate, a quorum
shall consist of two-thirds of the
whole number of Senators, and a
majority of the whole number shall be
necessary to a choice. [Amendments]..
Maritime jurisdiction. The judicial power 3 2 1
shall extend to all cases of admiralty
and......................................
Marque and reprisal. Congress shall have 1 8 11
power to grant letters of................
No State shall grant any letters of... 1 10 1
Maryland entitled to six Representatives 1 2 3
in the first Congress....................
Massachusetts entitled to eight 1 2 3
Representatives in the first Congress....
Measures. Congress shall fix the standard 1 8 5
of weights and...........................
Meeting of Congress. The Congress shall 1 4 2
assemble at least once in every year, and
such meeting shall be on the first Monday
in December, unless they shall by law
appoint a different day..................
Meeting of Electors. The Electors shall 12 ....... ......
meet in their respective States and vote
by ballot for President and Vice
President, one of whom, at least, shall
not be an inhabitant of the same State
with themselves. [Amendments]............
District of Columbia, electors for 23 1 ......
President and Vice President
appointed by District. [Amendments]..
Members of Congress and of State 6 ....... 3
legislatures shall be bound by oath or
affirmation to support the Constitution..
Militia to execute the laws, suppress 1 8 15
insurrections, and repel invasions.
Congress shall provide for calling forth
the......................................
Congress shall provide for organizing, 1 8 16
arming, and disciplining the.........
Congress shall provide for governing 1 8 16
such part of them as may be employed
by the United States.................
Reserving to the States the 1 8 16
appointment of the officers and the
right to train the militia according
to the discipline prescribed by
Congress.............................
A well-regulated militia being 2 ....... ......
necessary to the security of a free
State, the right of the people to
keep and bear arms shall not be
infringed. [Amendments]..............
Misdemeanors. The President, Vice 2 4 ......
President, and all civil officers shall
be removed on impeachment for and
conviction of treason, bribery, or other
high crimes and..........................
Money on the credit of the United States. 1 8 2
Congress shall have power to borrow......
Regulate the value thereof and of 1 8 5
foreign coin. Congress shall have
power to coin........................
Shall be drawn from the Treasury but 1 9 7
in consequence of appropriations made
by law. No...........................
Shall be published from time to time. 1 9 7
A regular statement and account of
receipts and expenditures of public..
For raising and supporting armies. No 1 8 12
appropriation of money shall be for a
longer term than two years...........
N
Nations. Congress shall have power to 1 8 3
regulate commerce with foreign...........
Congress shall provide for punishing 1 8 10
offenses against the law of..........
Natural-born citizen, or a citizen at the 2 1 5
adoption of the Constitution, shall be
eligible for the office of President. No
person except a..........................
Naturalization. Congress shall have power 1 8 4
to establish a uniform rule of...........
Naturalized in the United States, and 14 1 ......
subject to their jurisdiction, shall be
citizens of the United States and of the
States in which they reside. All persons
born, or. [Amendments]...................
Naval forces. Congress shall make rules 1 8 14
and regulations for the government and
regulation of the land and...............
Navy. Congress shall have power to provide 1 8 13
and maintain a...........................
New Hampshire entitled to three 1 2 3
Representatives in the first Congress....
New Jersey entitled to four 1 2 3
Representatives in the first Congress....
New States may be admitted by Congress 4 3 1
into this Union..........................
But no new State shall be formed 4 3 1
within the jurisdiction of another
State without the consent of Congress
Nor shall any State be formed by the 4 3 1
junction of two or more States or
parts of States, without the consent
of the legislatures and of Congress..
New York entitled to six Representatives 1 2 3
in the first Congress....................
Nobility shall be granted by the United 1 9 8
States. No title of......................
No State shall grant any title of..... 1 10 1
Nominations for office by the President. 2 2 2
The President shall nominate, and, by and
with the advice and consent of the
Senate, shall appoint ambassadors and
other public officers....................
He may grant commissions to fill 2 2 3
vacancies that happen in the recess
of the Senate, which shall expire at
the end of their next session........
The President shall nominate a 25 2 ......
successor to the Vice President
whenever a vacancy in office occurs
[Amendments].........................
North Carolina entitled to five 1 2 3
Representatives in the first Congress....
Number of electors for President and Vice 2 1 2
President in each State shall be equal to
the number of Senators and
Representatives to which such State may
be entitled in Congress..................
O
Oath of office of the President of the 2 1 8
United States. Form of the...............
Oath or affirmation. No warrants shall be 4 ....... ......
issued but upon probable cause supported
by. [Amendments].........................
Oath or affirmation to support the 6 ....... 3
Constitution. Senators and
Representatives, members of State
legislatures, executive and judicial
officers of the United States and of the
several States, shall be bound by........
But no religious test shall ever be 6 ....... 3
required as a qualification for
office...............................
The Senators when sitting to try 1 3 6
impeachment shall be on..............
Objections. If he shall not approve it, 1 7 2
the President shall return the bill to
the House in which it originated with his
Obligation of contracts. No State shall 1 10 1
pass any ex post facto law, or law
impairing the............................
Obligations incurred in aid of 14 4 ......
insurrection or rebellion against the
United States to be held illegal and
void. All debts or. [Amendments].........
Offense. No person shall be twice put in 5 ....... ......
jeopardy of life or limb for the same.
[Amendments].............................
Offenses against the law of nations. 1 8 10
Congress shall provide for punishing.....
Against the United States, except in 2 2 1
cases of impeachment. The President
may grant reprieves or pardons for...
Office under the United States. No person 1 6 2
shall be a member of either House while
holding any civil........................
No Senator or Representative shall be 1 6 2
appointed to any office under the
United States which shall have been
created, or its emoluments increased,
during the term for which he is
elected..............................
Or title of any kind from any king, 1 9 8
prince, or foreign State, without the
consent of Congress. No person
holding any office under the United
States shall accept any present,
emolument............................
Office of President, in case of his 2 1 6
removal, death, resignation, or
inability, shall devolve on the Vice
President. The powers and duties of the..
[Amendments]............................ 25 ....... ......
During the term of four years. The 2 1 1
President and Vice President shall
hold.................................
Of trust or profit under the United 2 1 2
States shall be an elector for
President and Vice President. No
person holding an....................
Civil or military under the United 14 3 ......
States, or any State, who had taken
an oath as a legislative, executive,
or judicial officer of the United
States, or of any State, and
afterward engaged in insurrection or
rebellion. No person shall be a
Senator, Representative or President
elector, or hold any. [Amendments]...
Officers in the President alone, in the 2 2 2
courts of law, or in the heads of
Departments. Congress may vest the
appointment of inferior..................
Of the United States shall be removed 2 4 ......
on impeachment for and conviction of
treason, bribery, or other high
crimes and misdemeanors. The
President, Vice President, and all
civil................................
The House of Representatives shall 1 2 5
choose their Speaker and other.......
The Senate, in the absence of the Vice 1 3 5
President, shall choose a President
pro tempore, and also their other....
Offices becoming vacant in the recess of 2 2 3
the Senate may be filled by the
President, the commissions to expire at
the end of the next session..............
One-fifth of the members present, be 1 5 3
entered on the journal of each House. The
yeas and nays shall, at the desire of....
Opinion of the principal officers in each 2 2 1
of the Executive Departments on any
subject relating to their duties. The
President may require the written........
Order, resolution, or vote (except on a 1 7 3
question of adjournment) requiring the
concurrence of the two Houses, shall be
presented to the President. Every........
Original jurisdiction, in all cases 3 2 2
affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers, and consuls, and in which a
State may be a party. The Supreme Court
shall have...............................
Overt act, or on confession in open court. 3 3 1
Conviction of treason shall be on the
testimony of two witnesses to the........
P
Pardons, except in cases of impeachment. 2 2 1
The President may grant reprieves and....
Patent rights to inventors. Congress may 1 8 8
pass laws for securing...................
Peace. Members of Congress shall not be 1 6 1
privileged from arrest for treason,
felony, and breach of the................
No State shall, without the consent of 1 10 3
Congress, keep troops or ships of war
in time of...........................
No soldier shall be quartered in any 3 ....... ......
house without the consent of the
owner in time of. [Amendments].......
Pennsylvania entitled to eight 1 2 3
Representatives in the first Congress....
Pensions and bounties shall not be 14 4 ......
questioned. The validity of the public
debt incurred in suppressing insurrection
and rebellion against the United States,
including the debt for. [Amendments].....
People, peaceably to assemble and petition 1 ....... ......
for redress of grievances, shall not be
abridged by Congress. The right of the.
[Amendments].............................
To keep and bear arms shall not be 2 ....... ......
infringed. A well-regulated militia
being necessary to the security of a
free State, the right of the.
[Amendments].........................
To be secure in their persons, houses, 4 ....... ......
papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures
shall not be violated. The right of
the. [Amendments]....................
People. The enumeration of certain rights 9 ....... ......
in the Constitution shall not be held to
deny or disparage others retained by the.
[Amendments].............................
Powers not delegated to the United 10 ....... ......
States, nor prohibited to the States,
are reserved to the States or to the.
[Amendments].........................
Perfect Union, &c. To establish a more. ........... ....... ......
[Preamble]...............................
Persons, houses, papers, and effects 4 ....... ......
against unreasonable searches and
seizures. The people shall be secure in
their. [Amendments]......................
Persons, as any State may think proper to 1 9 1
admit, shall not be prohibited prior to
1808. The migration or importation of
such.....................................
But a tax or duty of ten dollars shall 1 9 1
be imposed on the importation of each
of such..............................
Petition for the redress of grievances. 1 ....... ......
Congress shall make no law abridging the
right of the people peaceably to assemble
and to. [Amendments].....................
Piracies and felonies committed on the 1 8 10
high seas. Congress shall define and
punish...................................
Place than that in which the two Houses 1 5 4
shall be sitting. Neither House during
the session shall, without the consent of
the other, adjourn for more than three
days, nor to any other...................
Places of choosing Senators. Congress may 1 4 1
by law make or alter regulations for the
election of Senators and Representatives,
except as to the.........................
Poll tax. The right of citizens of the 24 1 ......
United States to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or any
State by reason of failure to pay.
[Amendments].............................
Ports of one State over those of another. 1 9 6
Preference shall not be given by any
regulation of commerce or revenue to the.
Vessels clearing from the ports of one 1 9 6
State shall not pay duties in another
Post offices and post roads. Congress 1 8 7
shall establish..........................
Powers herein granted shall be vested in 1 1 ......
Congress. All legislative................
Powers vested by the Constitution in the 1 8 18
Government or in any Department or
officer of the United States. Congress
shall make all laws necessary to carry
into execution the.......................
Powers and duties of the office shall 2 1 6
devolve on the Vice President, on the
removal, death, resignation, or inability
of the President. The....................
[Amendments]............................ 25 ....... ......
Powers not delegated to the United States 10 ....... ......
nor prohibited to the States are reserved
to the States and to the people.
[Amendments].............................
The enumeration of certain rights in 9 ....... ......
this Constitution shall not be held
to deny or disparage others retained
by the people. [Amendments]..........
Preference, by any regulation of commerce 1 9 6
or revenue, shall not be given to the
ports of one State over those of another.
Prejudice any claims of the United States 4 3 2
or of any particular State in the
territory or property of the United
States. Nothing in this Constitution
shall....................................
Present, emolument, office, or title of 1 9 8
any kind whatever from any king, prince,
or foreign State. No person holding any
office under the United States shall,
without the consent of Congress, accept
any......................................
Presentment or indictment of a grand jury, 5 ....... ......
except in cases arising in the land or
naval forces, or in the militia when in
actual service. No person shall be held
to answer for a capital or otherwise
infamous crime unless on a. [Amendments].
President of the United States. The Senate 1 3 5
shall choose a President pro tempore when
the Vice President shall exercise the
office of................................
Additional provision for succession 20 4 ......
through act of Congress. [Amendments]
Succession in case of death. 20 3 ......
[Amendments].........................
Succession in case of failure to be 20 3 ......
chosen or qualified. [Amendments]....
Term of office, beginning and ending. 20 1 ......
[Amendments].........................
The Chief Justice shall preside upon 1 3 6
the trial of the.....................
Shall approve and sign all bills 1 7 2
passed by Congress before they shall
become laws..........................
Shall return to the House in which it 1 7 2
originated, with his objections, any
bill which he shall not approve......
If not returned within ten days 1 7 2
(Sundays excepted), it shall become a
law, unless Congress shall adjourn
before the expiration of that time...
Every order, resolution, or vote which 1 7 3
requires the concurrence of both
Houses, except on a question of
adjournment, shall be presented to
the..................................
If disapproved by him, shall be 1 7 3
returned and proceeded on as in the
case of a bill.......................
The executive power shall be vested in 2 1 1
a....................................
He shall hold his office during the 2 1 1
term of four years...................
In case of the removal of the 2 1 6
President from office, or of his
death, resignation, or inability to
discharge the duties of his office,
the Vice President shall perform the
duties of............................
[Amendments]........................ 25 ....... ......
Congress may declare, by law, in the 2 1 6
case of the removal, death,
resignation, or inability of the
President, what officer shall act as.
[Amendments]........................ 25 ....... ......
The President shall receive a 2 1 7
compensation which shall not be
increased nor diminished during his
term, nor shall he receive any other
emolument from the United States.....
Before he enters upon the execution of 2 1 8
his office he shall take an oath of
office...............................
Shall be Commander in Chief of the 2 2 1
Army and Navy and of the militia of
the States when called into actual
service..............................
He may require the opinion, in 2 2 1
writing, of the principal officer in
each of the Executive Departments....
He may grant reprieves or pardons for 2 2 1
offenses, except in cases of
impeachment..........................
He may make treaties by and with the 2 2 2
advice and consent of the Senate, two-
thirds of the Senators present
concurring...........................
He may appoint, by and with the advice 2 2 2
and consent of the Senate,
ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls, judges of the Supreme
Court, and all other officers whose
appointments may be authorized by law
and not herein provided for..........
Congress may vest the appointment of 2 2 2
inferior officers in the.............
He may fill up all vacancies that may 2 2 3
happen in the recess of the Senate by
commissions which shall expire at the
end of their next session............
He shall give information to Congress 2 3 ......
of the state of the Union, and
recommend measures...................
On extraordinary occasions he may 2 3 ......
convene both Houses or either........
In case of disagreement between the 2 3 ......
two Houses as to the time of
adjournment, he may adjourn them to
such time as he may think proper.....
He shall receive ambassadors and other 2 3 ......
public ministers.....................
He shall take care that the laws be 2 3 ......
faithfully executed..................
He shall commission all the officers 2 3 ......
of the United States.................
On impeachment for, and conviction of, 2 4 ......
treason, bribery, or other high
crimes and misdemeanors, shall be
removed from office. The.............
No person except a natural-born 2 1 5
citizen, or a citizen of the United
States at the adoption of the
Constitution, shall be eligible to
the office of........................
No person shall be elected to office 22 ....... ......
more than twice. [Amendments]........
No person who shall not have attained 2 1 5
the age of thirty-five years and been
fourteen years a resident of the
United States shall be eligible for
the office of........................
Congress to decide the issue of the 25 4 ......
President's ability to discharge the
powers and duties of his office.
[Amendments].........................
Declaration of his inability to 25 3 ......
discharge the powers and duties of
his office. [Amendments].............
Nomination of successor to the Vice 25 2 ......
President whenever a vacancy in the
office of the Vice President occurs.
[Amendments].........................
Succession of Vice President to office 25 ....... ......
in case of death, resignation,
removal, or inability of President to
discharge the powers and duties of
his office. [Amendments].............
President and Vice President. Manner of 2 1 2
choosing. Each State by its legislature,
shall appoint a number of electors equal
to the whole number of Senators and
Representatives to which the State may be
entitled in the Congress.................
No Senator or Representative or person 2 1 2
holding an office of trust or profit
under the United States shall be an
elector..............................
Congress may determine the time of 2 1 4
choosing the electors and the day on
which they shall give their votes,
which day shall be the same
throughout the United States.........
The electors shall meet in their 12 ....... ......
respective States and vote by ballot
for President and Vice President, one
of whom, at least, shall not be an
inhabitant of the same State with
themselves. [Amendments].............
They shall name in distinct ballots 12 ....... ......
the person voted for as President and
the person voted for as Vice
President. [Amendments]..............
They shall make distinct lists of the 12 ....... ......
persons voted for as President and as
Vice President, which they shall sign
and certify and transmit sealed to
the President of the Senate at the
seat of government. [Amendments].....
The President of the Senate shall, in 12 ....... ......
the presence of the Senate and House
of Representatives, open all the
certificates, and the votes shall
then be counted. [Amendments]........
The person having the greatest number 12 ....... ......
of votes shall be the President, if
such number be a majority of the
whole number of electors appointed.
[Amendments].........................
If no person have such majority, then 12 ....... ......
from the persons having the highest
numbers, not exceeding three, on the
list of those voted for as President,
the House of Representatives shall
choose immediately, by ballot, the
President. [Amendments]..............
In choosing the President, the votes 12 ....... ......
shall be taken by States, the
representation from each State having
one vote. [Amendments]...............
A quorum for this purpose shall 12 ....... ......
consist of a member or members from
two-thirds of the States, and a
majority of all the States shall be
necessary to a choice. [Amendments]..
But if no choice shall be made before 12 ....... ......
the 4th of March next following, then
the Vice President shall act as
President, as in the case of the
death or disability of the President.
[Amendments].........................
The District of Columbia shall 23 1 ......
appoint, in such manner as the
Congress may direct, a number of
electors equal to the whole number of
Senators and Representatives to which
the District would be entitled if a
State. [Amendments]..................
President of the Senate, but shall have no 1 3 4
vote unless the Senate be equally
divided. The Vice President shall be.....
President pro tempore. In the absence of 1 3 5
the Vice President the Senate shall
choose a.................................
When the Vice President shall exercise 1 3 5
the office of President of the United
States, the Senate shall choose a....
President to transmit his declaration 25 3 ......
of inability to discharge the powers
and duties of his office to.
[Amendments].........................
Vice President and a majority of the 25 4 ......
principal officers of the executive
departments to transmit their
declaration of the President's
inability to discharge the powers and
duties of his office to. [Amendments]
Press. Congress shall pass no law 1 ....... ......
abridging the freedom of speech or of
the. [Amendments]........................
Previous condition of servitude. The right 15 1 ......
of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States, or by any State, on
account of race, color, or. [Amendments].
Primary elections. The right of citizens 24 1 ......
of the United States to vote in shall not
be denied or abridged by the United
States or any State by reason of failure
to pay any poll tax or other tax.
[Amendments].............................
Private property shall not be taken for 5 ....... ......
public use without just compensation.
[Amendments].............................
Privilege. Senators and Representatives 1 6 1
shall, in all cases except treason,
felony, and breach of the peace, be
privileged from arrest during their
attendance at the session of their
respective Houses, and in going to and
returning from the same..................
They shall not be questioned for any 1 6 1
speech or debate in either House in
any other place......................
Privileges and immunities of citizens of 4 2 1
the United States. The citizens of each
State shall be entitled to all the
privileges and immunities of the citizens
of the several States....................
No soldier shall be quartered in any 3 ....... ......
house without the consent of the
owner in time of peace. [Amendments].
No person shall be twice put in 5 ....... ......
jeopardy of life and limb for the
same offense. [Amendments]...........
All persons born or naturalized in the 14 1 ......
United States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of
the United States and of the State in
which they reside. [Amendments]......
No State shall make or enforce any law 14 1 ......
which shall abridge the privileges or
immunities of citizens of the United
States. [Amendments].................
No State shall deprive any person of 14 1 ......
life, liberty, or property without
due process of law. [Amendments].....
Nor deny to any person within its 14 1 ......
jurisdiction the equal protection of
its laws. [Amendments]...............
Prizes captured on land or water. Congress 1 8 11
shall make rules concerning..............
Probable cause. The right of the people to 4 ....... ......
be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable
searches and seizures, shall not be
violated. And no warrant shall issue for
such but upon. [Amendments]..............
Process for obtaining witnesses in his 6 ....... ......
favor. In all criminal prosecutions the
accused shall have. [Amendments].........
Process of law. No person shall be 5 ....... ......
compelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself, nor be deprived
of life, liberty, or property, without
due. [Amendments]........................
No State shall deprive any person of 14 1 ......
life, liberty, or property, without
due. [Amendments]....................
Progress of science and useful arts. 1 8 8
Congress shall have power to promote the.
Property of the United States. Congress 4 3 3
may dispose of and make all needful rules
and regulations respecting the territory
or.......................................
Property, without due process of law. No 5 ....... ......
person shall be compelled in any criminal
case to be a witness against himself; nor
shall he be deprived of his life,
liberty, or. [Amendments]................
No State shall abridge the privileges 14 1 ......
or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor deprive any person
of his life, liberty, or.
[Amendments].........................
Prosecutions. The accused shall have a 6 ....... ......
speedy and public trial in all criminal.
[Amendments].............................
He shall be tried by a jury in the 6 ....... ......
State or district where the crime was
committed. [Amendments]..............
He shall be informed of the nature and 6 ....... ......
cause of the accusation. [Amendments]
He shall be confronted with the 6 ....... ......
witnesses against him. [Amendments]..
He shall have compulsory process for 6 ....... ......
obtaining witnesses. [Amendments]....
He shall have counsel for his defense. 6 ....... ......
[Amendments].........................
Protection of the laws. No State shall 14 1 ......
deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal. [Amendments].....
Public debt of the United States incurred 14 4 ......
in suppressing insurrection or rebellion
shall not be questioned. The validity of
the. [Amendments]........................
Public safety must require it. The writ of 1 9 2
habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when in cases of rebellion or
invasion the.............................
Public trial by jury. In all criminal 6 ....... ......
prosecutions the accused shall have a
speedy and. [Amendments].................
Public use. Private property shall not be 5 ....... ......
taken for, without just compensation.
[Amendments].............................
Punishment according to law. Judgment in 1 3 7
cases of impeachment shall not extend
further than to removal from, and
disqualification for, office; but the
party convicted shall nevertheless be
liable and subject to indictment, trial,
judgment, and............................
Punishments inflicted. Excessive bail 8 ....... ......
shall not be required nor excessive fines
imposed nor cruel and unusual.
[Amendments].............................
Q
Qualification for office. No religious 6 ....... 3
test shall ever be required as a.........
Qualifications of electors of members of 1 2 1
the House of Representatives shall be the
same as electors for the most numerous
branch of the State legislature..........
Qualifications of electors of Senators 17 1 ......
shall be the same as electors of the most
numerous branch of the State legislature.
[Amendments].............................
Qualifications of members of the House of 1 2 2
Representatives. They shall be twenty-
five years of age, seven years a citizen
of the United States, and an inhabitant
of the State in which chosen.............
Of Senators. They shall be thirty 1 3 3
years of age, nine years a citizen of
the United States, and an inhabitant
of the State in which chosen.........
Of its own members. Each House shall 1 5 1
be the judge of the election,
returns, and.........................
Of the President. No person except a 2 1 5
natural-born citizen, or a citizen of
the United States at the time of the
adoption of the Constitution, shall
be eligible to the office of
President............................
Neither shall any person be eligible 2 1 5
to the office of President who shall
not have attained the age of thirty-
five years and been fourteen years a
resident within the United States....
Of the Vice President. No person 12 ....... ......
constitutionally ineligible to the
office of President shall be eligible
to that of Vice President.
[Amendments].........................
Quartered in any house without the consent 3 ....... ......
of the owner in time of peace. No soldier
shall be. [Amendments]...................
Quorum to do business. A majority of each 1 5 1
House shall constitute a.................
But a smaller number than a quorum may 1 5 1
adjourn from day to day and may be
authorized to compel the attendance
of absent members....................
Of the House of Representatives for 12 ....... ......
choosing a President shall consist of
a member or members from two-thirds
of the States, and a majority of all
the States shall be necessary to a
choice. [Amendments].................
Quorum to elect a Vice President by the 12 ....... ......
Senate. Two-thirds of the whole number of
Senators shall be a. [Amendments]........
A majority of the whole number shall 12 ....... ......
be necessary to a choice.
[Amendments].........................
R
Race, color, or previous condition of 15 1 ......
servitude. The right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or by
any State on account of. [Amendments]....
Ratification of amendments to the 5 ....... ......
Constitution shall be by the legislatures
of three-fourths of the several States or
by conventions in three-fourths of the
States, accordingly as Congress may
propose..................................
Ratification of the conventions of nine 7 ....... ......
States shall be sufficient to establish
the Constitution between the States so
ratifying the same.......................
Ratio of representation until the first 1 2 3
enumeration under the Constitution shall
be made not to exceed one for every
thirty thousand..........................
Ratio of representation shall be 14 2 ......
apportioned among the several States
according to their respective numbers,
counting the whole number of persons in
each State, excluding Indians not taxed.
[Amendments].............................
But when the right to vote for 14 2 ......
Presidential electors or members of
Congress, or the legislative,
executive, and judicial officers of
the State, except for engaging in
rebellion or other crime, shall be
denied or abridged by a State, the
basis of representation shall be
reduced therein in the proportion of
such denial or abridgment of the
right to vote. [Amendments]..........
Rebellion against the United States. 14 3 ......
Persons who, while holding certain
Federal and State offices, took an oath
to support the Constitution, afterward
engaged in insurrection or rebellion,
disabled from holding office under the
United States. [Amendments]..............
But Congress may by a vote of two- 14 3 ......
thirds of each House remove such
disability. [Amendments].............
Debts incurred for pensions and 14 4 ......
bounties for services in suppressing
the rebellion shall not be
questioned. [Amendments].............
All debts and obligations incurred in 14 4 ......
aid of the rebellion, and all claims
for the loss or emancipation of
slaves, declared and held to be
illegal and void. [Amendments].......
Rebellion or invasion. The writ of habeas 1 9 2
corpus shall not be suspended except when
the public safety may require it in cases
of.......................................
Receipts and expenditures of all public 1 9 7
money shall be published from time to
time. A regular statement of.............
Recess of the Senate. The President may 2 2 3
grant commissions, which shall expire at
the end of the next session, to fill
vacancies that may happen during the.....
Reconsideration of a bill returned by the 1 7 2
President with his objections.
Proceedings to be had upon the...........
Records, and judicial proceedings of every 4 1 ......
other State. Full faith and credit shall
be given in each State to the acts.......
Congress shall prescribe the manner of 4 1 ......
proving such acts, records, and
proceedings..........................
Redress of grievances. Congress shall make 1 ....... ......
no law abridging the right of the people
peaceably to assemble and to petition for
the. [Amendments]........................
Regulations, except as to the places of 1 4 1
choosing Senators. The time, places, and
manner of holding elections for Senators
and Representatives shall be prescribed
by the legislatures of the States, but
Congress may at any time by law make or
alter such...............................
Regulations of commerce or revenue. 1 9 6
Preference to the ports of one State over
those of another shall not be given by
any......................................
Religion or prohibiting the free exercise 1 ....... ......
thereof. Congress shall make no law
respecting the establishment of.
[Amendments].............................
Religious test shall ever be required as a 6 ....... 3
qualification for any office or public
trust under the United States. No........
Removal of the President from office. The 2 1 6
same shall devolve on the Vice President.
In case of the...........................
[Amendments]............................ 25 ....... ......
The Vice President shall succeed to 25 ....... ......
the office of the President. In case
of the death, resignation, inability,
or. [Amendments].....................
Representation. No State, without its 5 ....... ......
consent, shall be deprived of its equal
suffrage in the Senate...................
Representation and direct taxation, how 1 2 3
apportioned among the several States.....
Representation until the first enumeration 1 2 3
under the Constitution not to exceed one
for every thirty thousand. The ratio of..
Representation in any State. The executive 1 2 4
thereof shall issue writs of election to
fill vacancies in the....................
Representation among the several States 14 2 ......
shall be according to their respective
numbers, counting the whole number of
persons in each State, excluding Indians
not taxed. The ratio of. [Amendments]....
But where the right to vote in certain 14 2 ......
Federal and State elections is
abridged for any cause other than
rebellion or other crime, the basis
of representation shall be reduced.
[Amendments].........................
Representatives. Congress shall consist of 1 1 ......
a Senate and House of....................
Qualifications of electors of members 1 2 1
of the House of......................
No person shall be a Representative 1 2 2
who shall not have attained the age
of twenty-five years, been seven
years a citizen of the United States,
and an inhabitant of the State in
which he shall be chosen.............
And direct taxes, how apportioned 1 2 3
among the several States.............
Executives of the State shall issue 1 2 4
writs of election to fill vacancies
in the House of......................
Shall choose their Speaker and other 1 2 5
officers. The House of...............
Shall have the sole power of 1 2 5
impeachment. The House of............
The times, places, and manner of 1 4 1
choosing Representatives shall be
prescribed by the legislatures of the
States...............................
But Congress may make by law at any 1 4 1
time or alter such regulations except
as to the places of choosing Senators
And Senators shall receive a 1 6 1
compensation, to be ascertained by
law..................................
Shall in all cases, except treason, 1 6 1
felony, and breach of the peace, be
privileged from arrest during
attendance at the session of the
House, and in going to and returning
from the same........................
Shall not be questioned in any other 1 6 1
place for any speech or debate.
Members of the House of..............
No member shall be appointed during 1 6 2
his term to any civil office which
shall have been created, or the
emoluments of which shall have been
increased, during such term..........
No person holding any office under the 1 6 2
United States shall, while holding
such office, be a member of the House
of...................................
All bills for raising revenue shall 1 7 1
originate in the House of............
No Senator or Representative shall be 2 1 2
an elector for President or Vice
President............................
No law, varying the compensation for 27 ....... ......
the services of the Senators and
Representatives, shall take effect,
until an election of Representatives
shall have intervened. [Amendments]..
Representatives shall be bound by an oath 6 ....... 3
or affirmation to support the
Constitution of the United States. The
Senators and.............................
Representatives among the several States. 14 2 ......
Provisions relative to the apportionment
of. [Amendments].........................
Representatives and Senators. Prescribing 14 3 ......
certain disqualifications for office as.
[Amendments].............................
But Congress may, by a vote of two- 14 3 ......
thirds of each House, remove such
disqualification. [Amendments].......
Reprieves and pardons except in cases of 2 2 1
impeachment. The President may grant.....
Reprisal. Congress shall have power to 1 8 11
grant letters of marque and..............
No State shall grant any letters of 1 10 1
marque and...........................
Republican form of government. The United 4 4 ......
States shall guarantee to every State in
this Union a.............................
And shall protect each of them against 4 4 ......
invasion; and on the application of
the legislature, or of the executive
(when the legislature cannot be
convened), against domestic violence.
Reserved rights of the States and the 9 ....... ......
people. The enumeration in the
Constitution of certain rights shall not
be construed to deny or disparage others
retained by the people. [Amendments].....
The powers not delegated to the United 10 ....... ......
States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are
reserved to the States respectively,
or to the people. [Amendments].......
Resignation of the President. The duties 2 1 6
and powers of his office shall devolve on
the Vice President. In case of the death.
Congress may by law provide for the 2 1 6
case of the removal, death...........
The Vice President shall succeed to 25 ....... ......
the office of the President. In case
of the death, removal, inability, or
[Amendments].........................
Resolution, or vote (except on a question 1 7 3
of adjournment) requiring the concurrence
of the two Houses shall, before it
becomes a law, be presented to the
President. Every order...................
Revenue shall originate in the House of 1 7 1
Representatives. All bills for raising...
Revenue. Preference shall not be given to 1 9 6
the ports of one State over those of
another by any regulations of commerce or
Rhode Island entitled to one 1 2 3
Representative in the first Congress.....
Right of petition. Congress shall make no 1 ....... ......
law abridging the right of the people
peaceably to assemble and to petition for
the redress of grievances. [Amendments]..
Right to keep and bear arms. A well- 2 ....... ......
regulated militia being necessary to the
security of a free State, the right of
the people to keep and bear arms shall
not be infringed. [Amendments]...........
Rights in the Constitution shall not be 9 ....... ......
construed to deny or disparage others
retained by the people. The enumeration
of certain. [Amendments].................
Rights not delegated to the United States 10 ....... ......
nor prohibited to the States are reserved
to the States or to the people.
[Amendments].............................
Rules of its proceedings. Each House may 1 5 2
determine the............................
Rules and regulations respecting the 4 3 2
territory or other property of the United
States. Congress shall dispose of and
make all needful.........................
Rules of the common law. All suits 7 ....... ......
involving over twenty dollars shall be
tried by jury according to the.
[Amendments].............................
No fact tried by a jury shall be re- 7 ....... ......
examined except according to the.
[Amendments].........................
S
Science and the useful arts by securing to 1 8 8
authors and inventors the exclusive right
to their writings and discoveries.
Congress shall have power to promote the
progress of..............................
Searches and seizures shall not be 4 ....... ......
violated. The right of the people to be
secure against unreasonable. [Amendments]
And no warrants shall be issued but 4 ....... ......
upon probable cause, on oath or
affirmation, describing the place to
be searched and the persons or things
to be seized. [Amendments]...........
Seat of Government. Congress shall 1 8 17
exercise exclusive legislation in all
cases over such district as may become
the......................................
Securities and current coin of the United 1 8 6
States. Congress shall provide for
punishing the counterfeiting of the......
Security of a free State, the right of the 2 ....... ......
people to keep and bear arms shall not be
infringed. A well-regulated militia being
necessary to the. [Amendments]...........
Senate and House of Representatives. The 1 1 ......
Congress of the United States shall
consist of a.............................
Senate of the United States. The Senate 1 3 1
shall be composed of two Senators from
each State, chosen by the legislature for
six years................................
The Senate shall be composed of two 17 1 ......
Senators from each State, elected by
the people thereof, for six years.
[Amendments].........................
Qualifications of electors of 17 1 ......
Senators. [Amendments]...............
If vacancies happen during the recess 1 3 2
of the legislature of a State, the
executive thereof may make temporary
appointments until the next meeting
of the legislature...................
When vacancies happen the executive 17 2 ......
authority of the State shall issue
writs of election to fill such
vacancies; provided, that the
legislature of any State may empower
the executive thereof to make
temporary appointment until the
people fill the vacancies by election
as the legislature may direct.
[Amendments].........................
The Vice President shall be President 1 3 4
of the Senate, but shall have no vote
unless the Senate be equally divided.
The Senate shall choose their other 1 3 5
officers, and also a President pro
tempore in the absence of the Vice
President or when he shall exercise
the office of President..............
The Senate shall have the sole power 1 3 6
to try all impeachments. When sitting
for that purpose they shall be on
oath or affirmation..................
When the President of the United 1 3 6
States is tried the Chief Justice
shall preside; and no person shall be
convicted without the concurrence of
two-thirds of the members present....
It shall be the judge of the 1 5 1
elections, returns, and
qualifications of its own members....
A majority shall constitute a quorum 1 5 1
to do business, but a smaller number
may adjourn from day to day, and may
be authorized to compel the
attendance of absent members.........
It may determine the rules of its 1 5 2
proceedings, punish a member for
disorderly behavior, and with the
concurrence of two-thirds expel a
member...............................
It shall keep a journal of its 1 5 3
proceedings and from time to time
publish the same, except such parts
as may in their judgment require
secrecy..............................
It shall not adjourn for more than 1 5 4
three days during a session without
the consent of the other House.......
It may propose amendments to bills for 1 7 1
raising revenue, but such bills shall
originate in the House of
Representatives......................
The Senate shall advise and consent to 2 2 2
the ratification of all treaties,
provided two-thirds of the members
present concur.......................
It shall advise and consent to the 2 2 2
appointment of ambassadors, other
public ministers and consuls, judges
of the Supreme Court, and all other
officers not herein otherwise
provided for.........................
It may be convened by the President on 2 3 1
extraordinary occasions..............
No State, without its consent, shall 5 ....... ......
be deprived of its equal suffrage in
the Senate...........................
Senators. They shall, immediately after 1 3 2
assembling, under their first election,
be divided into three classes, so that
the seats of one-third shall become
vacant at the expiration of every second
year.....................................
No person shall be a Senator who shall 1 3 3
not be thirty years of age, nine
years a citizen of the United States,
and an inhabitant when elected of the
State for which he shall be chosen...
The times, places, and manner of 1 4 1
choosing Senators may be fixed by the
legislature of a State, but Congress
may by law make or alter such
regulations, except as the places of
choosing.............................
If vacancies happen during the recess 1 3 2
of the legislature of a State, the
executive thereof may make temporary
appointments until the next meeting
of the legislature...................
If vacancies happen the executive 17 2 ......
authority of the State shall issue
writs of election to fill such
vacancies; provided, that the
legislature of any State may empower
the executive thereof to make
temporary appointment until the
people fill the vacancies by election
as the legislature may direct.
[Amendments].........................
They shall in all cases, except 1 6 1
treason, felony, and breach of the
peace, be privileged from arrest
during their attendance at the
session of the Senate and in going to
and returning from the same..........
Senators and Representatives shall 1 6 1
receive a compensation to be
ascertained by law...................
Senators and Representatives shall not 1 6 1
be questioned for any speech or
debate in either House in any other
place................................
No Senator or Representative shall, 1 6 2
during the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil
office under the United States which
shall have been created, or of which
the emoluments shall have been
increased during such term...........
No person holding any office under the 1 6 2
United States shall be a member of
either House during his continuance
in office............................
No Senator or Representative or person 2 1 2
holding an office of trust or profit
under the United States shall be an
elector for President and Vice
President............................
Senators and Representatives shall be 6 ....... 3
bound by an oath or affirmation to
support the Constitution.............
No person shall be a Senator or 14 3 ......
Representative who, having, as a
Federal or State officer, taken an
oath to support the Constitution,
afterward engaged in rebellion
against the United States.
[Amendments].........................
But Congress may, by a vote of two- 14 3 ......
thirds of each House, remove such
disability. [Amendments].............
No law, varying the compensation for 27 ....... ......
the services of the Senators and
Representatives, shall take effect,
until an election of Representatives
shall have intervened. [Amendments]..
Service or labor in one State, escaping 4 2 3
into another State, shall be delivered up
to the party to whom such service or
labor may be due. Fugitives from.........
Servitude, except as a punishment for 13 1 ......
crime, whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist in the United
States or any place subject to their
jurisdiction. Neither slavery nor
involuntary. [Amendments]................
Servitude. The right of citizens of the 15 1 ......
United States to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or by
any State, on account of race, color, or
previous condition of. [Amendments]......
Sex. Right of citizens to vote shall not 19 ....... ......
be denied or abridged by the United
States or any State on account of.
[Amendments].............................
Ships of war in time of peace, without the 1 10 3
consent of Congress. No State shall keep
troops or................................
Silver coin a tender in payment of debts. 1 10 1
No State shall make anything but gold and
Slave. Neither the United States nor any 14 4 ......
State shall assume or pay any debt or
obligation incurred in aid of
insurrection or rebellion, or any claim
for the loss or emancipation of any.
[Amendments].............................
Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except 13 1 ......
as a punishment for crime, whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist in the United States, or any
places subject to their jurisdiction.
Neither. [Amendments]....................
Soldiers shall not be quartered, in time 3 ....... ......
of peace, in any house without the
consent of the owner. [Amendments].......
South Carolina entitled to five 1 2 3
Representatives in the first Congress....
Speaker and other officers. The House of 1 2 5
Representatives shall choose their.......
Speaker of the House of Representatives. 25 3 ......
President to transmit his declaration of
inability to discharge the powers and
duties of his office to. [Amendments]....
Vice President and a majority of the 25 4 ......
principal officers of the executive
departments to transmit their
declaration of the President's
inability to discharge the powers and
duties of his office to. [Amendments]
Speech or of the press. Congress shall 1 ....... ......
make no law abridging the freedom of.
[Amendments].............................
Speedy and public trial by a jury. In all 6 ....... ......
criminal prosecutions the accused shall
have a. [Amendments].....................
Standard of weights and measures. Congress 1 8 5
shall fix the............................
State legislatures, and all executive and 6 ....... 3
judicial officers of the United States,
shall take an oath to support the
Constitution. All members of the several.
State of the Union. The President shall, 2 3 ......
from time to time, give Congress
information of the.......................
States. When vacancies happen in the 1 2 4
representation from any State, the
executive authority shall issue writs of
election to fill such vacancies..........
When vacancies happen in the 17 2 ......
representation of any State in the
Senate, the executive authority shall
issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies. [Amendments]..............
Congress shall have power to regulate 1 8 3
commerce among the several...........
No State shall enter into any treaty, 1 10 1
alliance, or confederation...........
Shall not grant letters of marque and 1 10 1
reprisal.............................
Shall not coin money.................. 1 10 1
Shall not emit bills of credit........ 1 10 1
Shall not make anything but gold and 1 10 1
silver coin a tender in payment of
debts................................
Shall not pass any bill of attainder, 1 10 1
ex post facto law, or law impairing
the obligation of contracts..........
Shall not grant any title of nobility. 1 10 1
Shall not, without the consent of 1 10 2
Congress, lay any duties on imports
or exports, except what may be
absolutely necessary for executing
its inspection laws..................
Shall not, without the consent of 1 10 3
Congress, lay any duty of tonnage,
keep troops or ships of war in time
of peace, enter into any agreement or
compact with another State or with a
foreign power, or engage in war
unless actually invaded or in such
imminent danger as will not admit of
delay................................
Full faith and credit in every other 4 1 ......
State shall be given to the public
acts, records, and judicial
proceedings of each State............
Congress shall prescribe the manner of 4 1 ......
providing such acts, records, and
proceedings..........................
Citizens of each State shall be 4 2 1
entitled to all privileges and
immunities of citizens in the several
States...............................
New States may be admitted by Congress 4 3 1
into this Union......................
But no new State shall be formed or 4 3 1
erected within the jurisdiction of
another State........................
Nor any State formed by the junction 4 3 1
of two or more States or parts of
States, without the consent of the
legislatures as well as of Congress..
No State shall be deprived, without 5 ....... ......
its consent, of its equal suffrage in
the Senate...........................
Three-fourths of the legislatures of 5 ....... ......
the States, or conventions of three-
fourths of the States, as Congress
shall prescribe, may ratify
amendments to the Constitution.......
The United States shall guarantee a 4 4 ......
republican form of government to
every State in the Union.............
They shall protect each State against 4 4 ......
invasion.............................
And on application of the legislature, 4 4 ......
or the executive (when the
legislature cannot be convened),
against domestic violence............
The ratification by nine States shall 7 ....... ......
be sufficient to establish the
Constitution between the States so
ratifying the same...................
When the choice of President shall 12 ....... ......
devolve on the House of
Representatives, the vote shall be
taken by States. [Amendments]........
But in choosing the President the vote 12 ....... ......
shall be taken by States, the
representation from each State having
one vote. [Amendments]...............
A quorum for choice of President shall 12 ....... ......
consist of a member or members from
two-thirds of the States, and a
majority of all the States shall be
necessary to a choice. [Amendments]..
States or the people. Powers not delegated 10 ....... ......
to the United States, nor prohibited to
the States, are reserved to the.
[Amendments].............................
Succession to the offices of the President 25 ....... ......
and Vice President. [Amendments].........
Suffrage in the Senate. No State shall be 5 ....... ......
deprived without its consent of its equal
No denial of right to vote on account 19 ....... ......
of sex. [Amendments].................
Suits at common law, where the value in 7 ....... ......
controversy shall exceed $20, shall be
tried by jury. [Amendments]..............
In law or equity against one of the 11 ....... ......
States, by citizens of another State,
or by citizens of a foreign State.
The judicial power of the United
States shall not extend to.
[Amendments].........................
Suppress insurrections and repel 1 8 15
invasions. Congress shall provide for
calling forth the militia to execute the
laws.....................................
Suppression of insurrection or rebellion 14 4 ......
shall not be questioned. The public debt,
including the debt for pensions and
bounties, incurred in the. [Amendments]..
Supreme Court. Congress shall have power 1 8 9
to constitute tribunals inferior to the..
And such inferior courts as Congress 3 1 ......
may establish. The judicial power of
the United States shall be vested in
one..................................
The judges of the Supreme Court and 3 1 ......
inferior courts shall hold their
offices during good behavior.........
The compensation of the judges shall 3 1 ......
not be diminished during their
continuance in office................
Shall have original jurisdiction. In 3 2 2
all cases affecting ambassadors,
other public ministers and consuls,
and in which a State may be a party,
the..................................
Shall have appellate jurisdiction, 3 2 2
both as to law and the fact, with
such exceptions and regulations as
Congress may make. The...............
Supreme law of the land. This 6 ....... 2
Constitution, the laws made in pursuance
thereof, and the treaties of the United
States, shall be the.....................
The judges in every State shall be 6 ....... 2
bound thereby........................
T
Tax shall be laid unless in proportion to 1 9 4
the census or enumeration. No capitation
or other direct..........................
Tax on incomes authorized without 16 ....... ......
apportionment among the several States,
and without regard to any census or
enumeration. [Amendments]................
Tax or duty shall be laid on articles 1 9 5
exported from any State. No..............
Tax. The right of citizens of the United 24 1 ......
States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or any
State by reason of failure to pay.
[Amendments].............................
Taxes (direct) and Representatives, how 1 2 3
apportioned among the several States.....
Taxes, duties, imposts, and excises. 1 8 1
Congress shall have power to lay.........
They shall be uniform throughout the 1 8 1
United States........................
Temporary appointments until the next 1 3 2
meeting of the legislature. If vacancies
happen in the Senate in the recess of the
legislature of a State, the executive of
the State shall make.....................
Tender in payment of debts. No State shall 1 10 1
make anything but gold and silver coin a.
Term for which he is elected. No Senator 1 6 2
or Representative shall be appointed to
any office under the United States which
shall have been created or its emoluments
increased during the.....................
Term of office. President, not more than 22 ....... ......
twice. [Amendments]......................
Terms of four years. The President and 2 1 1
Vice President shall hold their offices
for the..................................
Territory or other property of the United 4 3 2
States. Congress shall dispose of and
make all needful rules and regulations
respecting the...........................
Test as a qualification for any office or 6 ....... 3
public trust shall ever be required. No
religious................................
Testimony of two witnesses to the same 3 3 1
overt act, or on confession in open
court. No person shall be convicted of
treason except on the....................
Three-fourths of the legislatures of the 5 ....... ......
States, or conventions in three-fourths
of the States, as Congress shall
prescribe, may ratify amendments to the
Constitution.............................
Tie. The Vice President shall have no vote 1 3 4
unless the Senate be equally divided.....
Times, places, and manner of holding 1 4 1
elections for Senators and
Representatives shall be prescribed in
each State by the legislature thereof....
But Congress may at any time by law 1 4 1
make or alter such regulations,
except as to the places of choosing
Senators.............................
Title of any kind, from any king, prince, 1 9 8
or foreign State, without the consent of
Congress. No person holding any office
under the United States shall accept of
any......................................
Title of nobility. The United States shall 1 9 8
not grant any............................
No State shall grant any.............. 1 10 1
Tonnage without the consent of Congress. 1 10 3
No State shall lay any duty of...........
Tranquility, provide for the common ........... ....... ......
defense, &c. To insure domestic.
[Preamble]...............................
Treason shall consist only in levying war 3 3 1
against the United States, or in adhering
to their enemies, giving them aid and
comfort..................................
No person shall, unless on the 3 3 1
testimony of two witnesses to the
same overt act, or on confession in
open court, be convicted of..........
Congress shall have power to declare 3 3 2
the punishment of....................
Shall not work corruption of blood. 3 3 2
Attainder of.........................
Shall not work forfeiture, except 3 3 2
during the life of the person
attainted. Attainder of..............
Treason, bribery, or other high crimes and 2 4 1
misdemeanors. The President, Vice
President, and all civil officers shall
be removed from office on impeachment for
and conviction of........................
Treason, felony, and breach of the peace. 1 6 1
Senators and Representatives shall be
privileged from arrest while attending or
while going to or returning from the
sessions of Congress, except in cases of.
Treasury, but in consequence of 1 9 7
appropriations made by law. No money
shall be drawn from the..................
Treaties. The President shall have power, 2 2 2
with the advice and consent of the
Senate, provided two-thirds of the
Senators present concur, to make.........
The judicial power shall extend to all 3 2 1
cases arising under the Constitution,
laws, and............................
They shall be the supreme law of the 6 ....... 2
land, and the judges in every State
shall be bound thereby...............
Treaty, alliance, or confederation. No 1 10 1
State shall enter into any...............
Trial, judgment, and punishment according 1 3 7
to law. Judgment in cases of impeachment
shall not extend further than to removal
from, and disqualification for, office;
but the party convicted shall
nevertheless be liable and subject to
indictment...............................
Trial by jury. All crimes, except in cases 3 2 3
of impeachment, shall be tried by jury...
Such trial shall be held in the State 3 2 3
within which the crime shall have
been committed.......................
But when not committed within a State, 3 2 3
the trial shall be at such a place as
Congress may by law have directed....
In all criminal prosecutions the 6 ....... ......
accused shall have a speedy and
public. [Amendments].................
Suits at common law, when the amount 7 ....... ......
exceeds $20, shall be by.
[Amendments].........................
Tribunals, inferior to the Supreme Court. 1 8 9
Congress shall have power to constitute..
Troops or ships of war in time of peace 1 10 3
without the consent of Congress. No State
shall keep...............................
Trust or profit under the United States, 2 1 2
shall be an elector for President and
Vice President. No Senator,
Representative, or person holding any
office of................................
Two-thirds of the members present. No 1 3 6
person shall be convicted on an
impeachment without the concurrence of...
Two-thirds, may expel a member. Each 1 5 2
House, with the concurrence of...........
Two-thirds. A bill returned by the 1 7 2
President with his objections, may be
repassed by each House by a vote of......
Two-thirds of the Senators present concur. 2 2 2
The President shall have power, by and
with the advice and consent of the
Senate, to make treaties, provided.......
Two-thirds of the legislatures of the 5 ....... ......
several States. Congress shall call a
convention for proposing amendments to
the Constitution on the application of...
Two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it 5 ....... ......
necessary. Congress shall propose
amendments to the Constitution whenever..
Two-thirds of the States. When the choice 12 ....... ......
of a President shall devolve on the House
of Representatives, a quorum shall
consist of a member or members from.
[Amendments].............................
Two-thirds of the whole number of 12 ....... ......
Senators. A quorum of the Senate, when
choosing a Vice President, shall consist
of. [Amendments].........................
Two-thirds may remove the disabilities 14 3 ......
imposed by the third section of the
fourteenth amendment. Congress, by a vote
of. [Amendments].........................
Two years. Appropriations for raising and 1 8 12
supporting armies shall not be for a
longer term than.........................
U
Union. To establish a more perfect. ........... ....... ......
[Preamble]...............................
The President shall, from time to 2 3 1
time, give to Congress information of
the state of the.....................
New States may be admitted by Congress 4 3 1
into this............................
But no new States shall be formed or 4 3 1
erected within the jurisdiction of
another..............................
Unreasonable searches and seizures. The 4 ....... ......
people shall be secured in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects against.
[Amendments].............................
And no warrants shall be issued but 4 ....... ......
upon probable cause, supported by
oath or affirmation, and particularly
describing the place to be searched,
and the persons or things to be
seized. [Amendments].................
Unusual punishments inflicted. Excessive 8 ....... ......
bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel and.
[Amendments].............................
Use without just compensation. Private 5 ....... ......
property shall not be taken for public.
[Amendments].............................
Useful arts, by securing for limited times 1 8 8
to authors and inventors the exclusive
right to their writings and inventions.
Congress shall have power to promote the
progress of science and the..............
V
Vacancies happening in the representation 1 2 4
of a State. The executive thereof shall
issue writs of election to fill..........
Vacancies happening in the representation 17 2 ......
of a State in the Senate. The executive
thereof shall issue writs of election to
fill. [Amendments].......................
Vacancies happening in the Senate in the 1 3 2
recess of the legislature of a State. How
filled...................................
Vacancies that happen during the recess of 2 2 3
the Senate, by granting commissions which
shall expire at the end of the next
session. The President shall have power
to fill..................................
Validity of the public debt incurred in 14 4 ......
suppressing insurrection against the
United States, including debt for
pensions and bounties, shall not be
questioned. [Amendments].................
Vessels bound to or from the ports of one 1 9 6
State, shall not be obliged to enter,
clear, or pay duties in another State....
Veto of a bill by the President. 1 7 2
Proceedings of the two Houses upon the...
Vice President of the United States shall 1 3 4
be President of the Senate...............
He shall have no vote unless the 1 3 4
Senate be equally divided............
The Senate shall choose a President 1 3 5
pro tempore in the absence of the....
He shall be chosen for the term of 2 1 1
four years...........................
The number and the manner of 2 1 2
appointing electors for President and
In case of the removal, death, 2 1 6
resignation, or inability of the
President, the powers and duties of
his office shall devolve on the......
[Amendments]........................ 25 ....... ......
Congress may provide by law for the 2 1 6
case of the removal, death,
resignation, or inability both of the
President and........................
[Amendments]........................ 25 ....... ......
On impeachment for and conviction of 2 4 ......
treason, bribery, and other high
crimes and misdemeanors, shall be
removed from office. The.............
Vice President. The manner of choosing 12 ....... ......
the. The electors shall meet in their
respective States and vote by ballot for
President and Vice President, one of
whom, at least, shall not be an
inhabitant of the same State with
themselves. [Amendments].................
Additionial provision for succession 20 4 ......
through act of Congress. [Amendments]
Nomination by President in case of 25 2 ......
vacancy in office. [Amendments]......
Term of office, beginning and ending. 20 1 ......
[Amendments].........................
The electors shall name, in distinct 12 ....... ......
ballots, the person voted for as Vice
President. [Amendments]..............
They shall make distinct lists of the 12 ....... ......
persons voted for as Vice President,
which lists they shall sign and
certify, and send sealed to the seat
of Government, directed to the
President of the Senate. [Amendments]
The President of the Senate shall, in 12 ....... ......
the presence of the Senate and House
of Representatives, open all the
certificates, and the votes shall be
then counted. [Amendments]...........
The person having the greatest number 12 ....... ......
of votes shall be Vice President, if
such number be a majority of the
whole number of electors.
[Amendments].........................
If no person have a majority, then 12 ....... ......
from the two highest numbers on the
list the Senate shall choose the Vice
President. [Amendments]..............
A quorum for this purpose shall 12 ....... ......
consist of two-thirds of the whole
number of Senators; and a majority of
the whole number shall be necessary
to a choice. [Amendments]............
But if the House shall make no choice 12 ....... ......
of a President before the 4th of
March next following, then the Vice
President shall act as President, as
in the case of the death or other
constitutional disability of the
President. [Amendments]..............
No person constitutionally ineligible 12 ....... ......
as President shall be eligible as.
[Amendments].........................
In case of the removal, death, 25 ....... ......
resignation, or inability of the
President, the powers and duties of
his office shall succeed to.
[Amendments].........................
Nomination by President of successor 25 2 ......
in event of vacancy in office of.
[Amendments].........................
Violence. The United States shall 4 4 ......
guarantee to every State a republican
form of government, and shall protect
each State against invasion and domestic.
Virginia entitled to ten Representatives 1 2 3
in the first Congress....................
Vote. Each Senator shall have one......... 1 3 1
The Vice President, unless the Senate 1 3 4
be equally divided, shall have no....
Requiring the concurrence of the two 1 7 3
Houses (except upon a question of
adjournment) shall be presented to
the President. Every order,
resolution, or.......................
Shall not be denied or abridged by the 15 1 ......
United States or by any State on
account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude. The right of
citizens of the United States to.
[Amendments].........................
Right of citizens to vote shall not be 19 ....... ......
denied or abridged by the United
States or any State on account of
sex. [Amendments]....................
Shall not be denied or abridged by the 24 1 ......
United States or any State by reason
of failure to pay any poll tax or
other tax. The right of citizens of
the United States to. [Amendments]...
Right of citizens who are eighteen 26 1 ......
years of age or older to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the
United States or any State, on
account of age. [Amendments].........
Vote of two-thirds. Each House may expel a 1 5 2
member by a..............................
A bill vetoed by the President may be 1 7 2
repassed in each House by a..........
No person shall be convicted on an 1 3 6
impeachment except by a..............
Whenever both Houses shall deem it 5 ....... ......
necessary, Congress may propose
amendments to the Constitution by a..
The President may make treaties with 2 2 2
the advice and consent of the Senate,
by a.................................
Disabilities incurred by participation 14 3 ......
in insurrection or rebellion, may be
relieved by Congress by a.
[Amendments].........................
W
War, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 1 8 11
and make rules concerning captures on
land and water. Congress shall have power
to declare...............................
For governing the land and naval 1 8 14
forces. Congress shall have power to
make rules and articles of...........
No State shall, without the consent of 1 10 3
Congress, unless actually invaded, or
in such imminent danger as will not
admit of delay, engage in............
War against the United States, adhering to 3 3 1
their enemies, and giving them aid and
comfort. Treason shall consist only in
levying..................................
Warrants shall issue but upon probable 4 ....... ......
cause, on oath or affirmation, describing
the place to be searched, and the person
or things to be seized. No. [Amendments].
Weights and measures. Congress shall fix 1 8 5
the standard of..........................
Welfare and to secure the blessings of ........... ....... ......
liberty, &c. To promote the general.
[Preamble]...............................
Welfare. Congress shall have power to 1 8 1
provide for the common defense and
general..................................
Witness against himself. No person shall, 5 ....... ......
in a criminal case, be compelled to be a.
[Amendments].............................
Witnesses against him. In all criminal 6 ....... ......
prosecutions the accused shall be
confronted with the. [Amendments]........
Witnesses in his favor. In all criminal 6 ....... ......
prosecutions the accused shall have
compulsory process for obtaining.
[Amendments].............................
Witnesses to the same overt act, or on 3 3 1
confession in open court. No person shall
be convicted of treason unless on the
testimony of two.........................
Writ of habeas corpus shall not be 1 9 2
suspended unless in case of rebellion or
invasion the public safety may require it
Writs of election to fill vacancies in the 1 2 4
representation of any State. The
executives of the State shall issue......
Written opinion of the principal officer 2 2 1
in each of the Executive Departments on
any subject relating to the duties of his
office. The President may require the....
Y
Yeas and nays of the members of either 1 5 3
House shall, at the desire of one-fifth
of those present, be entered on the
journals.................................
The votes of both Houses upon the 1 7 2
reconsideration of a bill returned by
the President with his objections
shall be determined by...............
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