[House Hearing, 113 Congress] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] FINDING YOUR WAY: THE FUTURE OF FEDERAL AIDS TO NAVIGATION ======================================================================= (113-51) HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION OF THE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION __________ FEBRUARY 4, 2014 __________ Printed for the use of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Available online at: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/ committee.action?chamber=house&committee=transportation U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 86-585 WASHINGTON : 2014 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE BILL SHUSTER, Pennsylvania, Chairman DON YOUNG, Alaska NICK J. RAHALL, II, West Virginia THOMAS E. PETRI, Wisconsin PETER A. DeFAZIO, Oregon HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of JOHN J. DUNCAN, Jr., Tennessee, Columbia Vice Chair JERROLD NADLER, New York JOHN L. MICA, Florida CORRINE BROWN, Florida FRANK A. LoBIONDO, New Jersey EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas GARY G. MILLER, California ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland SAM GRAVES, Missouri RICK LARSEN, Washington SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West Virginia MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, Massachusetts CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan TIMOTHY H. BISHOP, New York DUNCAN HUNTER, California MICHAEL H. MICHAUD, Maine ERIC A. ``RICK'' CRAWFORD, Arkansas GRACE F. NAPOLITANO, California LOU BARLETTA, Pennsylvania DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois BLAKE FARENTHOLD, Texas TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota LARRY BUCSHON, Indiana STEVE COHEN, Tennessee BOB GIBBS, Ohio ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey PATRICK MEEHAN, Pennsylvania DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland RICHARD L. HANNA, New York JOHN GARAMENDI, California DANIEL WEBSTER, Florida ANDRE CARSON, Indiana STEVE SOUTHERLAND, II, Florida JANICE HAHN, California JEFF DENHAM, California RICHARD M. NOLAN, Minnesota REID J. RIBBLE, Wisconsin ANN KIRKPATRICK, Arizona THOMAS MASSIE, Kentucky DINA TITUS, Nevada STEVE DAINES, Montana SEAN PATRICK MALONEY, New York TOM RICE, South Carolina ELIZABETH H. ESTY, Connecticut MARKWAYNE MULLIN, Oklahoma LOIS FRANKEL, Florida ROGER WILLIAMS, Texas CHERI BUSTOS, Illinois MARK MEADOWS, North Carolina SCOTT PERRY, Pennsylvania RODNEY DAVIS, Illinois MARK SANFORD, South Carolina VACANCY ------ 7 Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation DUNCAN HUNTER, California, Chairman DON YOUNG, Alaska JOHN GARAMENDI, California HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland FRANK A. LoBIONDO, New Jersey RICK LARSEN, Washington PATRICK MEEHAN, Pennsylvania TIMOTHY H. BISHOP, New York STEVE SOUTHERLAND, II, Florida, LOIS FRANKEL, Florida Vice Chair CORRINE BROWN, Florida TOM RICE, South Carolina JANICE HAHN, California MARK SANFORD, South Carolina NICK J. RAHALL, II, West Virginia BILL SHUSTER, Pennsylvania (Ex (Ex Officio) Officio) VACANCY CONTENTS Page Summary of Subject Matter........................................ iv TESTIMONY Panel 1 Rear Admiral Joseph Servidio, Assistant Commandant for Prevention Policy, United States Coast Guard.............................. 3 Rear Admiral Gerd F. Glang, director, Office of Coast Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration................ 3 James R. Hannon, Chief, Operations and Regulatory, United States Army Corps of Engineers........................................ 3 Panel 2 Dana A. Goward, president and executive director, Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation............................... 20 Larry A. Mayer, Ph.D., professor and director, School for Marine Science; director, Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping; and codirector, NOAA/UNH Joint Hydrographic Center, University of New Hampshire.................................................. 20 Scott Perkins, GISP, on behalf of the Management Association for Private Photogrammetric Surveyors (MAPPS)...................... 20 Captain Lynn Korwatch, executive director, Marine Exchange of the San Francisco Bay Region....................................... 20 PREPARED STATEMENT SUBMITTED BY MEMBER OF CONGRESS Hon. John Garamendi, of California............................... 34 PREPARED STATEMENTS SUBMITTED BY WITNESSES Rear Admiral Joseph Servidio..................................... 35 Rear Admiral Gerd F. Glang....................................... 38 James R. Hannon.................................................. 47 Dana A. Goward................................................... 50 Larry A. Mayer, Ph.D............................................. 53 Scott Perkins, GISP.............................................. 60 Captain Lynn Korwatch............................................ 64 SUBMISSION FOR THE RECORD Captain Lynn Korwatch, executive director, Marine Exchange of the San Francisco Bay Region, answers to questions for the record from Hon. John Garamendi, a Representative in Congress from the State of California............................................ 71 ADDITION TO THE RECORD Boat Owners Association of the United States, written testimony.. 73 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] FINDING YOUR WAY: THE FUTURE OF FEDERAL AIDS TO NAVIGATION ---------- TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 2014 House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Washington, DC. The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:04 a.m. in Room 2253, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Duncan Hunter (Chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Mr. Hunter. The subcommittee will come to order. The subcommittee is meeting today to review the future of the Federal Government's navigation programs. I want to thank and commend Ranking Member Garamendi for requesting the subcommittee hold this hearing and explore this important topic. We rely on the navigation activities of the Coast Guard, the Army Corps of Engineers, and NOAA to provide for a safe, secure, and efficient Marine Transportation System that forms the backbone of our economy. The maritime sector contributes more than $650 billion annually to the U.S. gross domestic product and sustains more than 13 million jobs. Nearly 100 percent of our overseas trade enters or leaves the U.S. by vessels navigating the Marine Transportation System. To maintain this economic output, facilitate the efficient movement of goods, protect the environment, and ensure the safety and security of Marine Transportation System, the navigable waters of the United States are charted, marked, and dredged on a regular basis. NOAA is tasked with surveying and producing over 1,000 nautical charts covering 95,000 miles of shoreline and 3.4 million square nautical miles of waters; the Corps is responsible for surveying and maintaining the depth of nearly 25,000 miles of Federal navigation channels throughout the country; and the Coast Guard is charged with the maintenance of over 50,000 Federal Government-owned buoys, beacons, and other aids to navigation that mark 25,000 miles of waterways. In fiscal year 2013, NOAA, the Corps, and the Coast Guard spent over $2.5 billion to carry out these navigation missions. In light of the current budget environment, I am interested in exploring ways to carry out these missions in a more cost- effective manner, while also ensuring the safety, security, and efficiency of our waterways. In an age of electronic communications and digital technology, I am interested in the savings and efficiencies that can be gained through an E-Navigation system, as well as the progress we have made in implementing E-Navigation. However, I am also concerned that as an E-Navigation system is built out, adequate redundancies and backup systems are put in place to ensure safety. In order to grow jobs and remain competitive in a global economy, we must build and maintain a world-class navigation system. I look forward to hearing from our witnesses what progress they have made toward making such a system a reality. And I have to tell you, too, from my experience as an artillery officer, we went to GPS for artillery. Artillery is the big cannons we use in the Marine Corps, and we shoot with them. But you have to know where you exist on the planet to know where you are shooting at. And we went to GPS in about 2005, and we also went--we still had maps and we still knew how to lay a battery. We knew how to do that, but we switched to GPS so we could do it much faster. If the GPS went down, which the military always thinks of, especially in a combat situation, you are always able to go back and use the old system. And I think that if you can do it in war time, when it comes to shooting giant projectiles at the enemy, you can sure as hell do it in the ocean and have some kind of a backup system to--in case the GPS goes down or the Chinese shoot our satellites out, or whatever. The ability is there. So, I think that we are lagging a little bit behind the times, probably because we haven't been forced to change. I think in the military, especially in a wartime environment, you are forced to change. And I think we are lagging here when it comes to NOAA and the Coast Guard on doing the same thing. And I would like to thank Mr. Garamendi for holding this hearing, for requesting it, and with that I yield to the ranking member. Mr. Garamendi. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And I will try to be brief, because I really want to hear from the witnesses here. Before I begin, I do want to thank you, Mr. Chairman, for following through on my request to convene this morning's hearing. We are in the midst of a revolution. Not a political or social one, which may be of interest to you and I, but, really, one that speaks to technology. It is evident all across this Nation--Sacramento River, where I live, the coastal waters of San Francisco, and even San Diego, which I know you are interested in--this technological revolution can be a major part of our national system and aids to navigation. The emergence and rapid evolution of advanced satellite telecommunications, even GPS, and noting that the Marine Corps is moving rapidly into the modern world. Remote sensing, computer technologies, all this has changed, and it gives us an opportunity to ensure the safe passage of commercial and recreational vessels that transit the coastal inland waters of the United States. This transition to a system of E-Navigation, the tools and technologies offer many advantages over the conventional aids to navigation such as nautical charts, beacons, buoys, and lighthouses that have guided our mariners for generations. But this transition also raises important questions. Are the electronic systems reliable, and is the infrastructure resilient? Can it, or should it, replace our entire system of physical aids to navigation? How are we going to maintain and financially sustain the E-Navigation infrastructure and technologies over time? And finally, what is the appropriate role of the non-Federal partners in this enterprise? The responsibility to ensure the safety of navigation is one of the Federal Government's oldest tasks, dating back even before the coastal survey by Thomas Jefferson in 1807. Fortunately, our system of aids in navigation has proven itself to be one of the best investments ever made by Congress. But how we manage the rapid transition to a world of E-Navigation technologies will affect the future of safety and efficiency of the maritime commerce for decades to come. So, Mr. Chairman, thank you for the hearing, and let's get on with it. Mr. Hunter. I thank the ranking member. And I just want to point out, too, I mean, one of the reasons I am interested in this is DHS has studied the Presidential directive that told them to create a backup system for GPS, and their conclusion was that we needed to study it more. So they did a study, and now we are going to do more studies, and that is the circle loop, the endless loop of stupidity that we have in Congress, instead of just getting something done. Anyway, so with that, our first panel of witnesses today are Rear Admiral Joseph Servidio, Assistant Commandant for Prevention Policy at the United States Coast Guard; Rear Admiral Gerd Glang, director of the Office of Coast Survey of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and Jim Hannon, Chief of Operations and Regulatory for the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Admiral Servidio, you are recognized for your statement. TESTIMONY OF REAR ADMIRAL JOSEPH SERVIDIO, ASSISTANT COMMANDANT FOR PREVENTION POLICY, UNITED STATES COAST GUARD; REAR ADMIRAL GERD F. GLANG, DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF COAST SURVEY, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION; AND JAMES R. HANNON, CHIEF, OPERATIONS AND REGULATORY, UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS Admiral Servidio. Good morning, Chairman Hunter, Ranking Member Garamendi, and distinguished members of the subcommittee. It is my pleasure to be here today to discuss the Coast Guard's role in managing and maintaining the Federal navigation system that supports hundreds of billions of dollars of commerce and 13 million jobs in the U.S. The Coast Guard absorbed the Lighthouse Service in 1939. And back then, there were fewer than a quarter of today's 50,000 Federal aids and 50,000 private aids to navigation. Recently, we have implemented numerous functional and environmental improvements to both fixed and floating aids, including solarization, installing the latest day/night LED lighting, transitioning to environmentally friendly codings, and the use of more efficient mooring systems. These improvements enhance performance by increasing visibility, improving reliability, and reducing maintenance. Our vision for a 21st-century navigation system is one that improves safety, recognizes the need for resiliency, and facilitates the flow of commerce through an optimum balance of visual and electronic aids. To achieve this vision, the Coast Guard is integrating electronic positioning and navigation technology, and leveraging investments in infrastructure, such as the automated identification system, or AIS, to provide mariners with the most accurate and timely nav info available. We are also focused on increasing the efficiency of our support system. This includes investing in vessel sustainment programs for our multimission buoy tender fleet, leveraging the relatively low cost, yet highly effective capabilities of our aids-to-navigation teams, and adopting cost-saving best practices at all program echelons. One of the most important considerations for the Coast Guard is the ever-increasing size and number of vessels operating on U.S. waterways. With increased ship size, the margin for error for safe navigation in our waterways is getting increasingly smaller. With the support of the Committee on the Maritime Transportation System, the Coast Guard is working closely with a broad spectrum of Federal agencies and our key partners, the Army Corps of Engineers and NOAA, to identify and mitigate evolving risks on our Nation's waterways. Together, we are engaging the public to ensure that we gather input from the full range of waterway users so we make informed decisions and provide stakeholders with the information they need. Mariners and industry have told me how important timely and accurate information is in managing waterway risks. This is why the Coast Guard is looking to leverage the capability provided by AIS to transmit real-time information directly to the mariner. When fully implemented, we expect the system will be able to provide immediate notification of safety and security zones, hazards to navigation, and special events and operations. Moving forward, we will also continue to leverage the capabilities provided by increasingly sophisticated and affordable electronic chart systems which can display electronic nav aids, radar overlays, and text-capable notifications. Our modernization plan will include opportunities to eliminate unnecessarily or overly redundant visual aids when appropriate. As we take advantage of the capabilities electronics systems provide, it is important to understand that there will always be a need for visual aids to navigation in America's waterways. Electronic aids and information transmitted over AIS can provide vital resiliency, and can be a valuable augmentation tool. However, safe navigation requires visual references to validate position information. Coast Guard efforts have yielded significant results. For example, the use of electronic aid markers during last summer's Americas Cup in San Francisco was widely touted as a great success. We will continue to evaluate lessons learned from this event and integrate them into our developing modernization plans. Together with our key NOAA and Army Corps of Engineers partners, and in coordination with waterway users, we will design and implement a Federal navigation safety system composed of the optimum balance of visual and electronic aids, one well suited for future needs of mariners and navigation. Finally, I would like to thank Congress and this subcommittee in particular for the support and the investments you have made to help us improve our navigation safety programs. I look forward to answering your questions. Mr. Hunter. Thank you, Admiral. Admiral Glang? Admiral Glang. Good morning, Chairman Hunter, Ranking Member Garamendi, and members of the subcommittee, I am Rear Admiral Gerd Glang, director of the Office of Coast Survey at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the Department of Commerce. And in this capacity I also serve as the U.S. National Hydrographer. Thank you for inviting NOAA to testify today on Federal aids to navigation and the products, services, and expertise NOAA provides in support of safe and efficient marine navigation and commerce. I am pleased to join my colleagues from the Coast Guard and the Army Corps of Engineers. Our agencies work together on the water every day, and at higher levels, such as through the interagency Committee on the Marine Transportation System, to maintain and improve maritime infrastructure, protect life and property, and facilitate marine commerce. When you plan a road trip, there are certain things that you need upfront to make your trip safer and more time efficient, such as maps, weather forecasts, and traffic conditions. Mariners rely on similar information before going to sea and while on the water. They need accurate and authoritative nautical charts, marine weather forecasts, and information on tides, currents, waves, and other environmental conditions that could pose navigation challenges. This information becomes even more valuable as ships get larger and larger, and the sea room around them decreases as they seek to gain every inch of available draft. The Federal partners all have important roles to play in maintaining maritime infrastructure and supporting the Marine Transportation System and safe navigation. NOAA plays a critical and unique role in providing the informational infrastructure that makes maritime commerce safer, more reliable, and more efficient. Since Thomas Jefferson called for and Congress authorized a survey of the U.S. coast in 1807, NOAA and its predecessor organizations have been the authoritative Federal source for domestic marine charts, as well as water level and positioning data and services. NOAA maps the sea floor, provides the Nation's nautical charts, and quickly conducts hydrographic surveys following storms or other emergencies. We also work closely with the U.S. Navy and the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, who have responsibilities for hydrography and charting overseas. NOAA is the source of information on tides, water levels, and currents, and provides the Nation's underlying horizontal and vertical positioning framework, which serves as a spatial foundation for all mapping and charting. This framework also informs flood risk determination, transportation planning, and land use decisions. NOAA is responsible for issuing marine weather forecasts and warnings for U.S. coastal waters and Great Lakes, the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and portions of the Arctic Ocean. NOAA is also the lead Federal agency for the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System, or IOOS, a partnership that provides valuable ocean data and services. Lastly, NOAA supports emergency response within U.S. ports and waterways by providing scientific support for hazardous spill response, as well as hydrographic surveys and aerial imagery to support damage assessment and the resumption of maritime commerce. In fulfilling these responsibilities, NOAA sits on the cutting edge of technological development, and uses innovative approaches and partnerships to meet stakeholder needs. For example, NOAA uses the latest multibeam echosounder technology and airborne laser, or LiDAR, technologies to more accurately and efficiently map the sea floor and shoreline, and is deploying new sensors for NOAA's Physical Oceanographic Real- Time System, or PORTS. NOAA is also advancing its charts and other navigation-related products, integrating them where possible, improving their accessibility, their formats, and their use. Our partners and daily interactions with the Coast Guard and Army Corps are essential in assuring our waterways are safe and our products and services are up to date and relevant. As we work through the CMTS and develop these technological advancements that will result in seamlessly integrated Federal navigation support and improved collaboration in collecting and disseminating informational infrastructure. NOAA's strengths include our versatility and responsiveness to customer needs. We regularly seek user feedback on our navigation products, and strive to improve those tools to meet emerging needs. In this effort, we are currently working with the Coast Guard and the Army Corps to plan a series of listening sessions around the Nation. Our goal is to better understand customer needs and identify the navigation improvements that will best meet those needs. As you mentioned, 99 percent of America's overseas trade enters or leaves the U.S. by ships and demands on our waterways and maritime infrastructure will only increase. NOAA continues to work closely with our Federal colleagues to provide that informational infrastructure. I thank you for inviting NOAA to testify today, and I welcome any questions you may have. Mr. Hunter. Thank you, Admiral. We appreciate it. Mr. Hannon, you are recognized. Mr. Hannon. Good morning, Chairman Hunter and Ranking Member Garamendi, and distinguished members of the subcommittee. I am Jim Hannon, Chief of Operations and Regulatory for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. I am honored to be here today to discuss the future of Federal aids to navigation in the United States. The Corps helps facilitate commercial navigation by providing support for safe, reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable waterborne transportation systems. We now invest over $1.8 billion annually to study, construct, replace, rehabilitate, operate, and maintain commercial navigation infrastructure for approximately 13,000 miles of coastal channels and 12,000 miles of inland waterways. The Corps works in partnership with Federal agencies, to include the U.S. Coast Guard and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, as well as stakeholders, to help manage these navigation on these waterways. With respect to Federal aids to navigation, we are responsible for providing surveys to these coastal channels and inland waterways to the Coast Guard, who then deploys its aids to navigation to mark the channel. This information is also then reflected on the coastal nautical charts provided by the NOAA and the inland nautical charts that are provided by the Corps of Engineers. Over the past decade, we have experienced an exponential growth in data we create and use to operate, maintain, and manage these assets. We have also seen this same trend throughout the marine transportation community. Over the past several years, we have developed frameworks and strategies to improve data value by converting raw data into information and knowledge. Our philosophy is to collect data once and use it many times by making it available throughout our organization and to others. E-Navigation is the term we use to define these principles, and the national and international definition of E- Navigation speaks to the harmonizing of this data across the Nation's navigable waterways, and to including all stakeholders, both public and private. The Corps has successfully developed and deployed a number of E-Navigation tools that are in use today. As the U.S. nautical charting authority for the inland waterways, we have created over 7,200 miles of detailed inland electronic navigational charts that support the navigation safety. In 2013, over 1 million mariners downloaded these charts and chart updates, ensuring they had the most up-to-date information for navigating the rivers. Another E-Navigation tool combines our inland electronic charts with U.S. Coast Guard Automatic Identification System, their AIS. The Corps Lock Operations Management Application-- LOMA--visualizes real-time movement of commercial vessels on the inland waterways. LOMA was deliberately designed to be compatible with the U.S. Coast Guard's AIS program to provide real-time quality assurance and long-term data archival and retrieval. In addition to providing both agencies with real-time situational awareness, LOMA also transmits information called river information services directly to the vessels on the inland waterways. This includes transmitting water current velocities at our locks to barge-tow operators, so they are situationally aware of potential unexpected conditions at our lock entrances. We also use the LOMA tool to transmit a range of information such as locations of dredges, construction activities, and to issue other marine notices. We are presently working with the NOAA and with the Coast Guard to create an integrated three-agency marine safety information notice for broadcast on all of the coastal and inland ports and channels. This will provide commercial mariners and the public a single notice that includes all three agencies' information. We expect the first version to be operational by the end of the year. We utilize a coastal E-Navigation tool called E-Hydro to provide our channel condition surveys to NOAA. This tool assembles and disseminates consistent and reliable surveys from across the Corps by formatting the data into international standards to meet NOAA's nautical charting needs. E-Hydro is Internet-based, so it significantly reduces the amount of time it once took us to provide this data. In closing, the Corps is actively engaged in developing and improving and deploying digital navigation information by harmonizing this data through our E-Navigation principles. Through a working group of the Committee on the Marine Transportation System, we have been working with the U.S. Coast Guard, NOAA, and other Federal agencies to use their data, make our data and information available, link this information, and then provide it to mariners and operators with the goal of improving the safety of our Nation's channels and waterways. Mr. Chairman, this concludes my statement. Again, I appreciate the opportunity to be here and testify today, and be pleased to answer any questions you may have. Thank you. Mr. Hunter. Thanks, Mr. Hannon. We are going to begin questioning now. I just have a quick one. What is the overlap? Or is there no overlap? Is there any redundancy? Does everybody have a lane and they stay in it, and it complements everybody else's? Admiral Glang. Chairman, let me take a crack at that answer, and maybe the others, as well. So, we work very hard to stay in our lanes. That is probably a good way to describe it. So with the Army Corps, for instance--I will draw you a mental picture--approaching the Chesapeake Bay, there is a Federal channel, that is the Army Corps' responsibility. As you come in that Federal channel, you will see the aids to navigation, or the lighthouses. That is the Coast Guard's responsibility. And then, to bring all that information together on a nautical chart, that is NOAA's information. Mr. Hunter. Got you. Mr. Hannon. Sir, I would also echo what Admiral Glang says. We do the surveys on inland and coastal. We provide the information to the Coast Guard and to the NOAA to be able to do the coastal charts, which we don't do. And then we use that information to do the inland charts. Then again, Mr. Chairman, the Corps provides that information so both the NOAA and the Coast Guard can provide the aids to navigation. Admiral Servidio. Mr. Chairman, I guess I would say that if there is any overlap, we are doing whatever we can to see which agency is the most effective and efficient at doing that and reducing that. We have met monthly. We are going right from here to an infrastructure investment roundtable together. We work closely together to see that we leverage each of our capabilities, which are unique, in managing our waterways. Because the resources are not limitless. So we recognize the need to, again, work together for the mariners and look at the future of what our navigation needs are. Mr. Hunter. So let me ask you. The U.S. Geological Survey has a different coastline than you do on their maps, for instance. There is two different coastlines if you look at yours and you look at theirs. My question would be--I will wait until the admiral is finished getting his answer. I am just kidding. [Laughter.] Mr. Hunter. I am sure he wasn't telling them--did you hear the question? The coastline differs with different surveys and different maps. Admiral Glang. That is right. So it is my understanding that it is the shoreline on NOAA nautical charts that is used for the purpose of legal issues. And it is certainly the National Geodetic Survey, which is our sister program within NOAA who maintains the national shoreline. So it is my understanding that USGS is actually getting some of their shoreline data from us. Mr. Hunter. But they are different. I am just bringing up-- you don't have to have the answer for that, because there probably isn't one, but that is just an example. Really quick, when it comes to the E stuff, when it comes to the GPS, there is about 13 million fun boaters out there. You thinking of anything like an iPhone app? And not one that we develop for $5 billion, but like a $500 iPhone app that allows them to see stuff and download? And to go along with that, do you ever see a time where you don't need visual cues, where it is all electronic? Or is part of being on the ocean that you are going to have visual aids because we had them 5,000 years ago and we are going to have them now? Mr. Hannon. Let me take the first question regarding applications and recreation boaters on our inland navigation systems. It is about sharing--our E-Navigation is about sharing that data and making it available. And we are working to have some smartphone applications. In fact, I was just looking at a couple yesterday that cost about $10 to download those apps. Of course, to be able to print the charts, you still have to pay to print the charts. But we are working to move in that direction, where we make it more accessible to folks to have ease of getting that information for inland waterway and navigation systems. Admiral Servidio. Mr. Chairman, I think your question is on point with regards to the different needs of the different waterway users. There is a number of people now--kayaking and paddle boats are the biggest growth area, as far as recreational vessels go. So they have very different capabilities than that pilot bringing a deep draft vessel in that has a pilot laptop. We need to make sure our navigation system meets all of those users' needs. Now, it might not be Federal aids to navigation. It might be private aids to navigation. There might be a whole spectrum that we need to look at. But we recognize the waterway users-- there is a number of them--and they all have different capabilities. And we need to make sure that our nav system of the future addresses those various user needs and their capabilities. Mr. Hunter. I would say lastly--I am out of time--but, Admiral, when you just--in your comments, when you said when you go on a road trip you make sure that you have a map and all this stuff, and my--what I told John was, no, you just--an iPhone. And that is true, I think, for everybody. I mean, you know, 10 years ago we would go buy the road atlas and make sure that we turn--watch our odometer. But I don't think you do that anymore. I think that is one of the points of this hearing, is to establish that. And, with that, I yield to the ranking member. Mr. Garamendi. Let's carry on where you left off, Chairman Hunter. And if you would like some more time to carry it on, please do. But there is a opportunity here for public-private partnership. It is obviously taking place with various kinds of apps that can be purchased. But all of that is dependent upon the database and the ability for these private sector entrepreneurs and companies to access that database. How is that working? Is the database available for these private organizations to get that information and then to publish it? And what problems might there be, as a result of that? Any one of you want to start with that? Admiral? Admiral Glang. Yes, sir, thank you. So this is actually kind of the exciting part of the future of navigation. At NOAA we make available for free the raster version, which is kind of an image version of our electronic charts, and our electronic navigation charts for free to the public, and that has been available now for at least a dozen years. And what we are seeing is a large entrepreneurship out there where folks are building things like smartphone apps or GPS-based chart plotter systems, and they take up our charts in either of those formats--or, in some cases, in both--and then they add value to it and make that product available to the boater or to the mariner. A new product we just rolled out is making our charts available in pdf, which is the portable document format form, so mariners can actually print a chart out at home, if they want to do that. PDF will not meet carriage for the regulatory requirement, but it is certainly a way to get the chart into as many hands of as many boaters as possible for as low a cost as possible. Mr. Garamendi. Pick up that regulatory piece of it. Admiral Glang. Yes, sir. So ships that need to meet carriage requirements under the SOLAS agreements and the IMO are required to carry navigation charts from an authorized hydrographic office. So for U.S. waters that is the National Ocean Service. And at the moment, the state of play is shippers are required to have paper charts. And there is a transition process now where they are using electronic systems. Mr. Garamendi. I will just go Coast Guard and then Army Corps of Engineers. Same subject matter, availability of the database for private entrepreneurs and others that want to develop an application. Admiral Servidio. Yes, sir. Generally, what the Coast Guard does when it comes to regulatory, we look at international standards. And the international standards are the ones that are overarching for the AIS system, for GPS, for raster, for radars on vessels and other types of information displays, so that you can take that information, you can use them in multiple sources. As other GPS regimes come on board, there will be an international standard for how they need to be transmitting data, so again we can use--so others can look at that. Mr. Garamendi. Are private entities able to access this information? Any problem in doing so? Admiral Servidio. Well, the security of some of the information, that is part of the reason why we have a Government function to oversee some of the security for AIS and other things in our ports, sir. It is a transparent system, so that every vessel can see the information provided by other vessels, but there are spoofing, and there is other types of things, and that is why we have capabilities in place to address that. Mr. Garamendi. Army Corps? Mr. Hannon. Yes, sir. As I mentioned, our information is provided across the Internet, Web-based services, which was really how the two apps were developed, so private industry could pick up that information and then they can have that information printed off for anyone who goes to those apps. Mr. Garamendi. OK. Is there a need for a formal advisory committee that would assist the three entities in developing additional information and making it more readily available, and also updating or upgrading this information? Admiral Servidio. Sir, the Coast Guard has a Federal advisory committee, NAVSAC, Navigation Safety Advisory Committee, that we consult with. And they give us regular recommendations with regards to transitioning, what is acceptable, what is not acceptable. Mr. Hannon. Yes, sir. I would also offer that. I believe the work that we are involved in with the Coast Guard and NOAA, as well as other Federal agencies within the Committee on the Marine Transportation System and this E-Navigation action team that is assimilating information and pulling information together, is a good way to address your question, as well, sir. And, of course, we all reach out to various stakeholders, navigation industry, international industries, as well, to get information and plug back in to those---- Mr. Garamendi. Is that a formal process, or is it ad hoc, that advisory--from the private sector? Mr. Hannon. Reaching out? At least with us, the Corps of Engineers, it is through our various meetings that we have with our industry partners, with the navigation industry, the various industry partners, with PIANC, the international navigation association. I wouldn't call it ad hoc; we intentionally reach out and, through those dialogues, get that information. Admiral Servidio. Ranking Member, sir, I believe one of the members of the second panel actually serves on NAVSAC. So they might be---- Mr. Garamendi. Thank you. Would you recommend any changes in the law or the regulations to further the purpose of E- Navigation? And, if so, what are those changes that you might think necessary, besides more money? Or maybe we ought to just focus on more money. Admiral Servidio. Sir, I do think that your--as you mentioned, the money aspect. People think that electronic aids to navigation is going to be a money saver. I am not sure whether that is going to be the case, as we go forward. I am not aware of any laws that need to be changed at this point in time, sir. But I am not sure whether the future will be cheaper than what the present system is, because---- Mr. Garamendi. Well, what hindrances are there in the present system that would delay or cause not to occur E- Navigation and the integration of E-Navigation with the other navigational aids? Admiral Servidio. Sir, I think the greatest issue right now is the needs of the various segment of users of our waterways. When I go to pilots, they will identify certain buoys that could be removed. If I go to recreational boaters, they will say those are the buoys that need to stay, those are the systems. So, I think we need to have that discussion, and this is what we are looking to do, both NOAA, the Army Corps, and the Coast Guard, to have public listening sessions, to have an outreach, to recognize that there are electronic systems that are everywhere now that were nonexistent 20 years ago. And we need to transition into what the new navigation system looks like, and take our current system and see how we can transition to what is necessary for the future, sir. Mr. Garamendi. Any other comments on that? Admiral Glang. Yes, sir. So I am not aware of any laws or regulations at this point that we would want to change. I think of E-Navigation as an evolution. And maybe an analogy is the Internet, and how we have learned to use that and exploit it. And I think if you broadly equate E-Navigation with a marine intranet, then one of the things that comes to mind is having a reliable and robust way to get that information ashore, or among ships through the Internet. And to enable that, you have to think about some kind of a coastal infrastructure to support that kind of marine Internet out to, say, 30 nautical miles. So that is the kind of infrastructure, the big pieces, I think, that would really enable us to fully take advantage of E- Navigation. Mr. Hannon. Sir, we have not seen any laws, regulations, or policies that create any challenges or impediments. I think one of the challenges for us just becomes priorities. We interact with our various stakeholders to understand what their needs are, and then collaboratively work with them to address those needs. I think the other part is just your basic firewall IT challenges, as we learn and grow. Mr. Garamendi. I yield back, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Hunter. Thank the ranking member. The gentleman from the Carolinas is recognized, Mr. Rice. Mr. Rice. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I want to start out by saying that I am very blessed to live in a coastal area, and have spent a lot of time on the waterways, offshore and inshore, and am so very impressed with what you all have been able to do, the navigation aids here. And I have also had the pleasure of being able to navigate in places other than the United States, and I can tell you that it sure is a lot easier to navigate here with the aids that you do have. And, you know, I can sit here with my smartphone today and access the data from a NOAA buoy 40 miles offshore and see what the wind is doing and the waves are doing, and I can look at a weather satellite and see what the water temperatures are, and it is fascinating, what you have been able to do. I also see, not with respect to navigational aids, but my primary concern here, as a congressperson, is jobs. I think that is what our country is concerned about, and making this country competitive. And when I see things, what we have done with the Port of Miami, and it has taken 15 years to get a permit to dredge that port, what we are dealing with at the Port of Charleston right now, I know there are a lot of ways that we can make us more efficient, because if we can't get these ports dredged, we can't use the post-Panamax ships. It costs $500, $700 less to ship a container from Charleston to Singapore with a post-Panamax ship than it does with the ships we currently use. So if we can't get these ports dredged, then, obviously, we are putting our manufacturers in the United States at a huge disadvantage to the rest of the world. So, here is my question to you with respect to navigational aids. What are you doing right now, how will this make us more competitive, how will this make our ports more accessible to international trade, and create American jobs? That is my primary concern. That is what I want to hear about. And how can I help you do that? Admiral Servidio. Sir, let me take a shot at that. I can tell you right now, NOAA puts out ports data, which is real- time information on the height of the water. St. Lawrence Seaway is allowing vessels to have certain equipment on board to load 3 inches deeper. That is significant, when you end up looking at the efficiency of our ports and commerce and jobs and other things that go with it. From this meeting, sir, this afternoon, the Committee on Maritime Transportation Systems has a meeting on infrastructure investment. We are going to have a roundtable that all of us are going to be participating in, looking at how we most effectively use the Federal dollars that go into infrastructure investment. But---- Mr. Hunter. We didn't get our invite to that, just so you know. [Laughter.] Mr. Hunter. That is OK. Admiral Servidio. We will let you know the results, sir. Mr. Hunter. I am sure you will. Admiral Servidio. So I have recognized the need for it. Vessels, again, the new Panamax vessels, are going to be 1,150 feet long, as opposed to--two decades ago we saw about 820- foot-long ships. And the new Panamax vessels are 50 percent wider. So we do need to look at those types of investments, sir, because our infrastructure is designed for a smaller vessel at the present point in time. Mr. Rice. Well, it would appear to me that would just be moving the markers around. I mean what can we do to make it more efficient? What can we do to make it easier here than anywhere else? What can we do to make it cheaper here than anywhere else to pass cargo in and out? You guys are the experts. Mr. Hannon. Let me discuss our inland navigation system, with our locks and dams. We have 197 locks on our inland navigation system. The majority of those locks are over 50 years old, our infrastructure is aging. One of the benefits that we see with our E-Navigation--and I mentioned this in my testimony on our river information services--is our ability to transmit to the tow operators real- time current velocities that are at the entrances to our locks. So they know, as they approach our lock and dams, what is happening there, and can gauge and adjust as they come in. This means less collisions or ``allisions,'' as we say in the industry, which means less opportunity to have already aging infrastructure further damaged. Mr. Rice. Kind of like timing your stop lights? Mr. Hannon. Yes, sir, that is. We also see opportunities to see what traffic is moving up and down the waterways, and to work with industry to be more efficient in how we move those tows through our locks and dams on our inland system. We also are able to share information in real-time about what are those conditions that are taking place, like dredges that might be in an area, so vessel operators would know as they were approaching and can make adjustments. Mr. Rice. I should know this, but I am a freshman, so you forgive me. Is the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund monies--are they available for maintenance and improvement of your navigational aids? Mr. Hannon. They are for the coastal channels and coastal ports, but not for the inland channels. Admiral Servidio. And not for the navigation aids, sir. Mr. Rice. OK. Not for the navigation aids? Admiral Servidio. For the channels, sir, not for the aids to navigation. Mr. Rice. OK. So do you have ample funds to maintain your navigational aids? Admiral Servidio. We have ample funds at present, sir, to maintain our navigational system. We are going to be doing listening sessions and seeing what the needs are in the future. And again, right now we have ample funds to maintain the system we have, sir. Mr. Rice. Is LORAN still operational? Please tell me no. Admiral Servidio. LORAN is not operational, sir. The Nation made a decision to do away with LORAN. And, as such, we are no longer transmitting over LORAN, sir, in the U.S. Mr. Rice. OK. Thank you very much. Mr. Hunter. I thank the gentleman. Hey, we are just going to--I am sure Mr. Garamendi has got some more questions. I just want to ask really quickly. You said that--you talked about the Panamax ships, and the Army Corps says that is something we are going to look at. Why aren't we fast-tracking this? Why is it taking 10 or 15 years? Why hasn't the Coast Guard come out vocally for fast-tracking this stuff, and NOAA and, together with the Army Corps, doing everything that you can to make sure that the U.S. isn't left in the international dust or wake, I guess you would say, right, international wake? But why aren't we doing that? I mean, we can obviously say that we need to do this, and doggone it, we are going to look at it. We all know what the ship sizes are going to be, we all know what their drafts are. We know what our port needs--which ports need to be dredged for what ships. So why don't we just do it? The problem is that we aren't. We are going to talk about it and plan for it and study it, and we will be about 10 to 20 years behind everybody. So, that is my question. Why aren't we doing it? And why--I mean I haven't seen anything on my desk for a fast-track authority for the Army Corps of Engineers to be able to do this so that we are prepared, like the rest of the world is. I haven't seen that. It might be at this meeting you are going to later that we are not going to. Mr. Hannon. Mr. Chairman, one of the things that we are doing within the Army Corps of Engineers addresses our civil works transformation. Within our civil works transformation, we are able to get from a planning feasibility study, which I think you are making reference to, to construction on the ground quicker. We are implementing a program across the Nation where we can do studies and have them completed within 3 years with less than $3 million, with complete vertical and horizontal coordination, so we move faster and quicker, from feasibility to starting the design and construction. This includes all planning studies for our ports, as well. Mr. Hunter. Let me mention, too, there is--there are companies out there that can do dredging without stirring up PCBs. They have kind of whirlwind technology that is--they are able to dredge in a harbor like San Diego, where we dumped a bunch of World War II munitions over the side, and we got to be really careful, and super strict and stringent environmental regulations. There are companies out there that are able to do that now fairly cheaper. I am just wondering. Have you heard of them? Or, I mean, you guys know of that, and I am telling you what you already know? Mr. Hannon. Sir, we work with various companies that do that work. In fact, the preponderance of dredging that we do from an operation and maintenance perspective is done by contracting out. And so, we work with those dredging companies and corporations to employ the latest technologies to be able to do those things that you are talking about. Mr. Hunter. Admirals? Admiral Servidio. Coast Guard doesn't authorize the dredging, sir, we don't permit the dredging. From a nav safety standpoint, obviously we are concerned about it. I will say, sir, I think some of the U.S. Government's decisions are going to be how many ports do we need to have ready for the new Panamax vessels. I believe New York, Baltimore, Norfolk, and I think Miami, are going to be capable of handling them. The question will be how many other ports we might need to invest in. And I don't have the answer to that, sir. Mr. Hunter. With that, I yield to the ranking member. Mr. Garamendi. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. The issue of dredging is really an issue of Congress. We authorize and we haven't authorized much recently. There are no earmarks and there are no--the no new start policy has been in place for the last 3 years, and so a lot of this is--the problem lies with the 435 Members of this House and the Senate that have not authorized. The three-by-three issue that the Corps just talked about is operating. But again, it is not really moving very fast because there is no money. And in many cases, there is no authorization. The new WRRDA bill, which is in process in the conference committee, does address some of this. But, again, it is going to come down to money. At the end of the day, we have been reducing the amount of money available for almost all infrastructure, including much of what is being discussed here in terms of dredging locks and the rest. So, if we really want to advance this, we are going to have to pony up the money and to make it available. And if the new three-by-three works as it seems to be, it will deal with some of the problems of getting these things done on time. We need to watch that. The questions really go into a lot of detail, here, and I think we can probably spend several hours on it. But there is the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System, known as PORTS. I think it is operating in just three ports in the United States--three places, I guess, is the right way to say that, three locations. And it seems to have been very successful in reducing groundings and providing information. Could we discuss that and what it would take to--if, in fact, it is successful, what it would take to implement that in more locations? Admiral Glang. Yes, sir. So PORTS is operational in 22 locations around the country. A PORTS system for a particular port will--it is a suite of sensors, so there will be water- level gauges, weather gauges, tides and current gauges. And those--the actual collection of systems that are being observed, or observations in each port, that will vary. So some ports will have fog sensors, some will have air gap sensors under bridges, and things like that. Mr. Garamendi. So it works, and it is successful? Admiral Glang. It works---- Mr. Garamendi. And it reduces problems of all kinds? Admiral Glang. Absolutely. We hear first-hand from pilots around the country. There will be major ship movements that rely on the air draft sensors under the bridges that come safely in and out of port. Mr. Garamendi. OK. Should it be expanded? Are there any impediments to its use, and---- Admiral Glang. So PORTS funding is probably the issue that we are getting at here. There is a distinct separation on the role that NOAA takes in the PORTS system. So we will oversee the collection of the data, the project management of the system, and the dissemination of the data. The funding of the system and the operations and maintenance of the sensors, that is the responsibility of the partners in a particular port. And we have lots of different examples of local partners. Some of them are port authorities, some are Federal agencies. In some cases it is the pilots who are also involved. So there are different models in different areas for those partnerships. Mr. Garamendi. So no changes in that system are recommended. Admiral Glang. Well, certainly it would be great if port systems were fully federally funded. That would certainly strengthen the reliability of the system. However, the reality is that we do rely on these partnerships right now. Mr. Garamendi. Very good. Admiral? Admiral Servidio. Sir, what I can say is, from a captain in the port--and I have been a captain of the port in a number of different ports--it allows you to reduce some of the safety margins that you would have in place if you have real-time information. So you really know how much under-keel clearance you need, as opposed to estimating it. So there is an economic advantage to having PORTS available, and there is a safety advantage to having it, too. It allows us to reduce some of those safety margins. Mr. Garamendi. One final question has to do with the security of these systems. We are moving more and more to E- Navigational systems, as we should. The question of cyber security comes up. If you could, address that issue. How do we provide the security that the information is real, that it is not false and leading to some sort of accident? Mr. Hannon. Sir, from the Corps of Engineers' perspective, the majority of what we are putting out right now is really Internet-based via Web services. At this point in time, we are working within the information security requirements and are not having any real challenges with that. I think part of our challenge will be ensuring that as we are putting information out, we are making sure everyone understands what is authoritative data and work to provide quality assurance on what we put out to ensure there is no misinformation. Mr. Garamendi. Admiral, Admiral? Which one would like to go first? Admiral Servidio. Sure, sir. Mr. Garamendi. Coast Guard? Admiral Servidio. I think, overall, in all of the maritime we need to be more cyber security aware. I think it is a growing area that people are starting to understand. I think that is one of the reasons why the Coast Guard is the competent agency for managing AIS. We have it as a Federal function, so we can ensure that we have that cyber security backbone in place, as we roll out the E-Navigation types of systems. Mr. Garamendi. And you will be somewhat more successful than Target? Admiral Servidio. We recognize it is a concern, sir, and we will be addressing that concern. Mr. Garamendi. I want to learn more about that. But let's go ahead--NOAA? Admiral Glang. Yes, sir. I am not sure how much more I can add. There are Federal standards for IT security. We are always having to grow those and improve those, of course, because vulnerabilities are always being uncovered. So the intent is to try and stay ahead of those vulnerabilities. Mr. Garamendi. There would seem to be--an additional area of concern is that the more we rely upon the entrepreneurs and individual companies that are providing applications using the basic data, the opportunity for problems would seem to increase. I think there was some discussion about this--let's just quickly revisit that. How do you doublecheck? Is that a responsibility that you have? Or is that the responsibility of the entrepreneur, and the potential for a significant lawsuit if they have bad information? What do we have here? Mr. Hannon. Sir, with the Corps, putting information on the Internet, anyone can take that information and use it. I think our responsibility is to ensure that we continue to communicate well with folks that use our data. Our partners know that we are the ones that do the surveys, that provide information for the charts, and so, we are communicating with our industry partners. We are continuing to communicate with our Federal partners, and making information available to the public about what new advances we are making within the E-Navigation realm. That way they have a source to come back to us to ask questions and get clarification, if there is a need. Admiral Servidio. We do have the regulatory regime, sir, the international regs, the national regs, the industry best practices, with regards to cyber security and others. Keeping current with what the vulnerabilities are, as Admiral Glang testified to, is going to be a challenge, but it is one that we are going to have to address, sir. Mr. Garamendi. I--Admiral Glang, want to add anything here? [No response.] Mr. Garamendi. It just seems that we want--it seems we would want to have private companies take the data, the information, and then use it in developing applications of various kinds. But the application could be incorrect, could be troublesome. Not that I am suggesting a new regulatory regime, but this--there is a potential problem here that is buyer beware, I mean, as to those applications. I will let it go at that. I don't know, it is a concern that is going to be, I think, increasing as private companies take this data and provide applications of it that will be available to various users. I yield back. Mr. Hunter. Thank the ranking member. Explain now on this last note. There is a requirement, if you are a tanker you have to use NOAA-approved stuff. But if you are a jet skier, you can use your iPhone, right? There is less gas or oil involved in a spill, right? One last question I have got. How do you allocate the money spent on intercoastal versus ocean coastal, outercoastal--I don't know what the word is, but coastal waterways, meaning the ocean coast and the inner coastal stuff. How do you allocate the money? Mr. Hannon. Sir, within the Corps of Engineers, we look at the highest usage areas in regards to inland waterways and in regards to coastal. So we have about five inland systems that carry about 95 percent of the commerce. And the same for our coastal system, there is a smaller number of costal areas that carry most of the commerce. Our first priorities are at those highest use areas. Then, with moderate and lower use, we still are able to fund some of those, as well. But, our first priority is to the higher use areas. Mr. Hunter. So, like, the Northeast and the lock system coming down from Pennsylvania, moving south? Are you familiar with what I am talking about, the lock system, the intercoastal lock system that they have? Mr. Hannon. On our lock and dam systems, we look at where we have our highest use areas to prioritize the need for repairs and for operation and maintenance. Our lower use systems would have a lesser level of service, as far as the time that a lock was actually open and available. But it is based on the use and the need, primarily to the commercial aspects of things, and then with our recreation community to be able to make that service available, as well. Mr. Hunter. Got you. Admiral Servidio. Mr. Chairman, our aids navigation is a national system. Our AIS system is a national system. So we use those assets where they are needed. For example, we can have a buoy tender that is up in New England that could, if necessary, be servicing aids elsewhere. We think the resiliency that comes with that system is very apropos. Mr. Hunter. Great. And Mr. Rice asked about the LORAN, long-range--LORAD? Admiral Servidio. LORAN. Mr. Hunter. LORAN, sorry, LORAN. And he said, ``I hope it is done with''--so that was the backup for using GPS. So the idea was to go GPS. You have to have a backup for it, right, in case the satellites go down or there is a problem with it. And LORAN was the backup for that, right? Or e-LORAN, it was low radio frequency backup for GPS. That is what it was supposed to be, or no? Admiral Servidio. LORAN was an older system, sir. I think it was operational in the 1970s and 1980s, when I was first assigned to a cutter. Those were---- Mr. Hunter. What am I talking about, then? That is---- Admiral Servidio. eLORAN. Mr. Hunter [continuing]. eLORAN, right. Admiral Servidio. It is something that the Nation was looking at as a possible backup. To be honest, sir, it is a national decision. I believe that, with the classification levels involved and others, I am not sure how much I could---- Mr. Hunter. Well, you can tell me this. If you are going to go GPS, if you are going to go full GPS at some point, you have got to have a backup for that. Right? Admiral Servidio. We have visual aids to navigation, sir. We have a number---- Mr. Hunter. So the visual aid is the backup. Admiral Servidio. But I believe for the Nation, sir, I believe that it has been studied, and there has been determinations made as to whether eLORAN is necessary or not, sir. Mr. Garamendi. Call in the Marines. Mr. Hunter. Yes, right. [Laughter.] Mr. Hunter. Gentlemen, thank you all for your time and your testimony, and for what you do for the country. We appreciate it. And thanks for being so forthcoming. And we have a second panel. Do I end this? Do I bang the gavel here, or we just go to the second panel? OK, second panel. We are going to take a break here for 5 minutes, too. [Recess.] Mr. Hunter. The subcommittee will come to order again. Our second panel of witnesses today includes Mr. Dana Goward, president and executive director of the Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation; Dr. Larry Mayer, professor and director, School for Marine Science; director, Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping; and codirector, NOAA/UNH Joint Hydrographic Center, University of New Hampshire; Mr. Scott Perkins, testifying on behalf of the Management Association for Private Photogrammetric Surveyors; and Captain Lynn Korwatch, executive director of the Marine Exchange of the San Francisco Bay Region. We have everybody. Mr. Goward, you are recognized first. Thanks for being here to all of you. TESTIMONY OF DANA A. GOWARD, PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, RESILIENT NAVIGATION AND TIMING FOUNDATION; LARRY A. MAYER, PH.D., PROFESSOR AND DIRECTOR, SCHOOL FOR MARINE SCIENCE; DIRECTOR, CENTER FOR COASTAL AND OCEAN MAPPING; AND CODIRECTOR, NOAA/UNH JOINT HYDROGRAPHIC CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE; SCOTT PERKINS, GISP, ON BEHALF OF THE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION FOR PRIVATE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYORS (MAPPS); AND CAPTAIN LYNN KORWATCH, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, MARINE EXCHANGE OF THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION Mr. Goward. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member. Thank you very much for the opportunity to be here today. By way of introduction, my last job was as the director of Marine Transportation Systems for the United States Coast Guard. I now head an educational and scientific nonprofit, the Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation. And it is a pleasure to be here representing that organization today. And let me say right off that, Mr. Chairman and Ranking Member, you are welcome to any of our meetings any time, and I will ensure that you get invitations. Unlike the Government, we are very open on that sort of thing. In 2009, officials at the Newark International Airport were puzzled as to why a newly installed landing system would periodically malfunction. After much effort, and working with the FAA and the FCC, they finally discovered it was a driver passing by on I-95 with a GPS jamming device that he had illegally purchased on the Internet to hide his activities from his employer. They have since protected their landing system to most GPS jamming, but they still detect about five jammers going by on I-95 every day. In London, The Economist magazine reports that the stock exchange loses GPS timing about 20 minutes a day, probably for the same kind of reasons. North Korea periodically jams GPS, in South Korea. The Russian military, as a matter of doctrine, believes that their forces will not have access to space signals when they go into combat, because they are so easy to interfere with. And a professor at the University of Texas has shown how easy it is to spoof GPS receivers and essentially take over drone aircraft and some ships. So I mention these stories to make three very important points. First, GPS is by far the most important and significant Federal aid to navigation, bar none. Not only is it essential transportation infrastructure, but it is also essential to telecommunications, cell phones, to the Internet, financial transactions, electrical power distribution, and even precision agriculture. It enables about a 30-percent efficiency in the agriculture of this Nation. So it is really a silent utility, much like running water. Something we can do without for short periods, but even then things get fairly unpleasant pretty quickly. And extended disruptions could be disastrous. So, my second point is that the United States Government has known about this for quite some time. And in 2008, as I think was mentioned, the Federal Government decided to establish enhanced LORAN, eLORAN, much different from the old LORAN, much more precise, much less expensive, much more automated. They decided to establish eLORAN as a terrestrial augmentation for GPS. It is a high-power signal, very difficult to disrupt. Unfortunately, nothing became of those plans, even though it was publicly announced. At the same time, many other nations--Russia, China, Saudi Arabia, all of northwestern Europe, led by the United Kingdom--have either retained or are building eLORAN systems, because they don't want to be so dependant on space as we are. In fact, South Korea and India also have plans that they are actively engaged in to construct eLORAN systems. My final point is that we could have an enhanced LORAN system here in the continental United States and reduce the threat and the risk to the American people for about $40 million--that is $40 million with an M. Mr. Garamendi. We don't deal in numbers that small. [Laughter.) Mr. Goward. I am sorry, sir, that is part of the problem. Exactly. And we could do it by rehabilitating unused existing infrastructure that is in the possession of the Federal Government. This would actually save the Federal Government money in the long run, because it wouldn't be necessary to go through the expense of disposing of that infrastructure, and it would also allow agencies like the FAA and the USCG to reduce their dependance on old, industrial-age navigation systems that they must maintain right now, because GPS is a single point of failure. Unfortunately, rather than rehabilitating this infrastructure, the Department of Homeland Security is in the process of dismantling and disposing of it. We, in the RNT Foundation, think this is not a proper use of public funds, it will cost the Government more in the long run. And, in fact, we encourage an immediate halt to that activity. In fact, we believe so much in the Federal Government's decision to establish eLORAN, that in order to reduce the burden on Government we have proposed a public-private partnership so as to quickly establish the system within this country, provide a second navigation timing signal for all critical infrastructure, and reduce the risk to the American people as quickly as possible. I have some reference material I will leave for the staffs. I would like to submit the rest of my comments for the record. And thank you very much, again, for the opportunity to be here with you. Mr. Hunter. Thank you. Dr. Mayer, you are recognized. I am looking at the wrong--Dr. Mayer. Go ahead, Doctor. Mr. Mayer. OK, thank you. Mr. Hunter. Sure, and then we will jump around a little bit. Mr. Mayer. Chairman Hunter, Ranking Member Garamendi, my name is Larry Mayer. I am the director for the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, and codirector of the NOAA Joint Hydrographic Center at the University of New Hampshire. These centers serve NOAA, other Federal agencies, and the private sector through the development of new tools and protocols that support a range of ocean and coastal mapping applications, including safe navigation. Particularly relevant to our discussion today are the Center's efforts in collaboration with NOAA, to ensure that we have the best tools possible to map hazards on the sea floor and in the water column. And, as the complexity of the data that we collect increases, that we can present those data to mariners and others in ways that are easy to interpret for the safest operation of vessels in all circumstances. In support of these goals, we have embarked on a project we call the chart of the future, aimed at taking advantage of the advances in sea floor mapping, in navigation systems, positioning systems, water level measurements, all the things we have heard about today, and exploring how these many sources of information can be integrated and displayed in the most useful and intuitive fashion. What I would like to do today is build on the remarks of my colleagues and take advantage of the tremendous infrastructure they are supporting, and data they are providing, envision what the chart of the future might look like, and the services it might provide. To illustrate this, I have brought this little video clip to give you a tangible idea of the concepts I am describing. As you look at the video, I want to emphasize that what you are seeing is not a cartoon or an artist's rendition. It is the product of real data, collected and provided by our lab and many of the agencies represented here today. As you see, our vision of the chart of the future seeks to provide the mariner with a complete picture of the sea floor, the surrounding shoreline, and other relevant features. It takes advantage of the fact that our modern, multibeam mapping systems can provide complete coverage of the sea floor, rather than the sparse samples that earlier lead-lines and single-beam echosounders produced. Mariners will no longer need to mentally integrate numbers and contours displayed on charts to determine the relationship of their vessel's keel to the sea floor. But rather, they will be able to clearly see, in an intuitive perspective view, the relationship of the keel to the sea floor and other hazards. The displays will be interactive and will be able to bring in the most relevant information for the task at hand. Information about fisheries habitat or sand or gravel resources can be superimposed on the depth information, providing those charged with the protection of the environment or the exploitation of resources the critical information they need. The fundamental issue for safe navigation is the distance between the sea floor and the bottom of the vessel. This distance is constantly changing with the tides, and yet our charts are static products. We envision a chart of the future that is dynamic and tide-aware. The chart will receive NOAA tide data through the AIS system, and update itself to display the actual under-keel clearance at a given time and location. As the vessel enters a harbor or approaches a coast, a collection of fully geo-referenced images can be displayed in a 3D context, creating what is, in essence, a digital, 3D coast pilot. A click on a feature described in the text will instantly bring up an image of that feature in a 3D map, and a click on the image will instantly bring up the text describing that feature. Finally, we can also bring in full 360-degree panoramas of our harbors and coastlines. With these images incorporated into the chart of the future, the mariner can enter unfamiliar harbors at night or in fog, and still see a clear picture of the surroundings. I presented a vision of what the chart of the future might be, a vision that we believe will provide the mariner and the Nation with an enhanced level of safety and security, as well as support multiple uses of the data. What we have described is quite doable. But to make this vision a broader reality, we need to ensure that our Nation continues to support and upgrade the critical infrastructure that it depends on. We must ensure continued provision and upgrade of high- precision positioning systems, just as we have been hearing, tide measurement systems, the support of AIS, smart buoys, enhanced weather, wave, and current measurements. Most importantly, we have to strive to provide full bottom coverage to our critical waterways, harbors, and coastal areas, remembering that many of these areas are dynamic. And that we will also need to understand how they change with time or in response to events like Superstorm Sandy. And, above all, we have to ensure that the data collected are of the highest quality and meet the highest standards. If this can be done, we are confident that the future of maritime navigation will be bright and safe. I thank you for the opportunity to share this vision with you, and I am happy to answer any questions you may have. Mr. Hunter. Thank you, Doctor. I appreciate it. That is pretty amazing. Mr. Perkins, do you have a video? Mr. Perkins. Pardon? Mr. Hunter. Do you have a video? Mr. Perkins. No, sir. Mr. Hunter. OK. That was fun. [Laughter.] Mr. Perkins. Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, I am Scott Perkins. I am a geospatial professional out of Mission, Kansas, testifying today on behalf of the MAPPS Association, a national association of private-sector geospatial firms. Serving and mapping in geospatial data supports a variety of maritime functions, such as port and harbor maintenance, dredging, and that facilitates 98 percent of our international trade. Federal Government has had a historically important role in providing those aids to navigation, the ATONs. Coast Guard performs the necessary beneficial service for the Nation in servicing and maintaining those aids to navigation. They are an integral component of facilitating the safe movement of goods and people through that 45,000 miles of maritime transportation system and throughout the Great Lakes. The reliance on ATONs by mariners and recreational boaters has steadily changed with the expanded capabilities and the use of the modern positioning and timing systems, as my colleague has already mentioned, systems that were built upon GPS and LORAN and other data and services. This has directly contributed to the draw-down on the number of the aids to navigation that the Coast Guard has had to maintain. That is a positive draw-down. We recommend that the Coast Guard publish weekly changes to the list as a Web service, so that anyone can use that data so that they can update it on to their Web applications, their desk top, their smartphones, and increase the ease of use of that data. GPS forever changed the use of the compass. The electronic chart has forever changed the use of the paper chart. Autonomous underwater vehicles are going to change the ATONs and the large navigational buoys, as we know them. The AUVs are coming at an amazing rate. There are already thousands of these autonomous vehicles on the water's surface and underneath the water's surface. These systems will become what were known as the light ships of our future, replacing or reducing the large navigational buoys that the Coast Guard has to maintain. These new ATONs are going to be equipped with the hydrographic surveying tools my colleague on my right has showed you, such as depth measuring devices, the capability to stay positioned over a fixed hazard or a coastal rock, the ability to renavigate over top of a moving river bottom on the inland waterways. The future ATON is going to be built upon this AUV-type technology. It is going to recognize changing water levels, changing currents, atmosphere conditions, and provide near real-time positioning. This is a more dynamic and responsive system of aids to navigation. However, NOAA, working with its contractors, cannot meet the demand for authoritative hydrographic data at the current level of funding for navigation, observations, and positioning programs. Services are crucial to the future development to these aids to navigations and AUV deployment, such National Ocean Service programs as GRAV-D and coastal LiDAR, that provide the baseline data that is critically important to transportation in our economy. These activities need to be funded at the present level of higher. It is also important that Congress properly reauthorize the Hydrographic Services Improvement Act, H.R. 1399, that was introduced by Representative Young. And we also recommend passing of H.R. 1382, the Digital Coast Act, that was introduced by Representative Ruppersberger of Maryland and Representative Young. Enactment of these bills will go a long way towards a coordinated and comprehensive national mapping effort for coastal, State, and territorial waters of the United States. It is going to better integrate these navigational and nonnavigational geospatial activities in NOAA. We emphasize the need to better coordinate geospatial activities among the various agencies and numerous programs and the applications. This has already been noted in several GAO reports. One solution that we recommend would be the enactment of a provision similar to the one included in the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012. Develop deep, cross- cutting, joint-funding strategies to leverage and coordinate the budgets and expenditures. Recommend the similar legislative position with regard to the geospatial data and charting in the aids to navigation. There is an enormous capacity and capability in the private sector to provide the Government agencies the geospatial services that are needed to support aids to navigation and E- Nav. MAPPS urges Congress to enact legislation to accelerate and complete the transition from Government and university performance of commercially available activities to the contractor performance, while refocusing the agencies back on inherently governmental activities. In summary, the aid to navigation of the future can be and should be a smaller, lighter, more agile, more self-sustaining system than the current large navigational buoys. The new public-private partnership is the key to success here. Thank you for the opportunity to provide these comments, and I look forward to your questions. Mr. Hunter. Thank you, Mr. Perkins. Captain Korwatch, you are recognized. Captain Korwatch. Good morning. My name is Captain Lynn Korwatch, and I thank you for the opportunity to speak to you today. I am the executive director of the Marine Exchange of the San Francisco Bay Region. The Marine Exchange is a nonprofit trade association, and our membership is comprised of maritime labor, tug companies, pilots, port authorities, and the many, many organizations that provide services and support to ships in the San Francisco Bay region. As strictly an honest broker of information, the Marine Exchange is often called upon to participate in activities that support the health and success of our region. These include managing the NOAA PORTS system, acting as secretariat for our Maritime Security Committee and Harbor Safety Committee, sponsoring a local Trade Facilitation Committee, and managing, on behalf of FEMA, over $95 million of port security grant money. Since the Exchange is considered a neutral party in the region, I was asked to chair the local Harbor Safety Committee. The committee is sponsored by the California Office of Spill Prevention and Response, and is comprised of representatives of every maritime segment in San Francisco, including labor, tanker, and dry cargo operators, tug companies, fishermen, and recreational boaters. State agencies such as the State Lands Commission, and Federal partners such as the Coast Guard, NOAA, and the Army Corps of Engineers all have a seat at the table. This committee tackles a wide variety of issues during our meetings and our work groups, and we spend a significant portion of our time focusing on prevention measures. Needless to say, the topic of navigation aids is one that we address frequently. With the wide diversity of waterway users comes an equally wide diversity of experience and technology. The pilots on the large ships have sophisticated systems available to assist them in guiding their vessels through the narrow channels and the bridges of the bay. And this electronic technology can be useful. Small vessels, on the other hand, often have nothing more than a chart book identifying the markers and buoys around the channel. This disparity in training and technology creates some challenges in our region and nationwide. Mariners rely on a multiple layer of information to establish their positions, and the foundational layer they depend upon most is the physical objects they see out the window and are marked on charts in the same way you look at road signs when you are driving. Just as paper charts should not be used solely for navigation, neither should electronics be the only navigation tools in our toolbox. Without markers and buoys to mark the channels or areas of safe passage, the challenge of relying on undependable signal is exponentially more hazardous, hazardous to the boat operator, hazardous to their passengers and crew, hazardous to the other operators in the area, and hazardous to the environment of our region. There is no question that maintaining buoys, towers, lights, lighthouses, daymarks and shapes is an expensive and labor-intensive undertaking. But the unalterable fact is that these physical aids are essential to the safety of navigation on our waterways. Funding this infrastructure is always going to be a challenge. It is my opinion that the Coast Guard is the best organization to provide national-international continuity, and they should receive sufficient funding to provide for the continued maintenance of these critical navigation items. This is not to say that the use of navigation aids should not be explored. On the contrary, newer technologies have greatly enhanced maritime safety, and there is no reason to think that the future does not hold further improvements. A blend of these two systems is most likely the future of safe navigation on our waterways. Perhaps a better way to serve users is to use electronic aids as a way to augment and enhance navigation, versus solely eliminating aids as a way to reduce costs. I believe that we must develop a national strategy that is transparent and inclusive to the use of all users. Outreach to local stakeholders to get their input and expertise will help to ensure the success and acceptance of changes to our waterways. There is an expression that is often quoted in our industry: ``If you have seen one port, you have seen one port.'' As each port region is unique, this must be factored into the decisionmaking regarding the configuration of future aids. Moving with deliberation and due consideration of the traditions and proven success of our industry will ultimately result in the improvement of our waterways and provide a safe operating environment for all users. I wish to thank you, Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Garamendi, for the opportunity to testify today on behalf of the Marine Exchange of the San Francisco Bay Area, and the Harbor Safety Committee. I look forward to answering any questions you might have. Mr. Hunter. Thank you, Captain. Question. What are you a captain of? Captain Korwatch. I went to the California Maritime Academy, graduated from there, and was captain of a very large container ship that ran between the west coast of the United States and Hawaii. Mr. Hunter. For how long? Captain Korwatch. And I was the first American U.S. captain. Mr. Hunter. Got you. Captain Korwatch. Female U.S. captain. Mr. Hunter. Got you. That is great. OK, thank you very much. Thank all of you. It seems like, I think, you are all right. And I want to start really quick with the eLORAN system. Why did they stop it? Because DHS said they needed to do a study about their study regarding their study? Mr. Goward. Yes, sir. My understanding was that it was a budget issue, small though the numbers may be. And I would offer that, regardless of the wisdom of the decision at the time, since then new threats--as I think you understand--have arisen. And new needs for mission assurance across both civilian and military applications have arisen. And I would offer it is time to reconsider that decision quite seriously. Mr. Hunter. Regarding the unmanned vehicles in your video, there is a company in California called Liquid Robotics, right, and they have a self-perpetuating wave rider surfboard, right? So I went and saw their stuff. We had a hearing about 6 months ago, and the Coast Guard said that they could not implement any of those systems because right now their regulations described them as floating debris. So that because they literally didn't have a word for this new technology, in their legalese it was called floating debris, and they had no way to implement floating debris into any of their systems, hopefully they are moving on this. But I guess I would ask that, from your point of view, what are you doing to make inroads? And I would ask all of you. What are you doing to make inroads on things like this, where you have a technology that is super cheap, super easy, you can put any sensor package load you want to on this thing, you can keep it in one place for 2 years, or you can have it go around the globe five times, whatever you want, how do you make this--from an industry side, or an academic perspective, what do you do? Mr. Perkins. Chairman Hunter, what we do in the private sector is we implement that new technology, and we put it into our toolbox, and we go out there and we make revenue with it. It is happening right now. There are commercial firms in the Midwest that are using these systems already on inland waterways. They are being used in ports and harbors in the coastal areas. The technology is already fully implemented in use. What is lagging behind is the governmental rulemaking process on what type of lights and what type of flagging, antiquated regulations regarding flagging and lighting. Mr. Hunter. Lights and flagging on the automated, unmanned systems? Mr. Perkins. That is correct. I attended the NAVSAC, the Navigation Safety Advisory Committee, meeting in Norfolk, Virginia, 2 months ago. And that dominated the topic of conversation. That is the Coast Guard Federal advisory committee. They are talking about the lights and what type of flags, because they think of these as vessels, and they don't-- and, as you mentioned, they don't fit the definition of vessel. You know, private sector has a tremendous capacity here to move forward and implement this technology. We are on the cutting edge of it. It is being used right now. And the regulation isn't there, you know, to maintain that---- Mr. Hunter. How much money could the Coast Guard save if their buoys put themselves in place? Mr. Perkins. I am not an economist, sir, but---- Mr. Hunter. Probably a lot. Mr. Perkins [continuing]. I can take the task of trying to get you an answer on that. Mr. Hunter. Got you. OK. Thank you. Doctor? Mr. Mayer. Yes. From an academic perspective, it is the exact same answer. The technologies are there, they are implemented. We can work in between the regulatory issues, but to implement this in a Federal sense, there are tremendous constraints, because, as Mr. Perkins said, the regulations are far behind the technology. And I think it is something we do really need to address. Mr. Hunter. And, Captain, I think your statements about the road signs--your iPhone still tells you which road to turn right on. It tells you when it is coming up, but you still have to look at it. And I am just curious, too, what everybody else's thoughts are on how do you keep the old system so that the old man on the sea can still look at what he needs to look at, but the new kid out there on his sailboat can look at his iPhone and be able to navigate, and have it--have all of it without spending twice the money and having too much redundancy. Right? How do you do that? I mean is it possible for the Government to do that, or you think that it will just make everything redundant and cost twice as much, because then they are going to have two systems fully funded and fully in place that really don't--that do complement each other, but not because they made it that way, simply because they complement each other? Right? Mr. Perkins. Chairman, on the aviation side, in our aircraft, we are now using electronic charts on iPads. You know, it is no longer a requirement that we load the cockpit with the paper charts. But we still put them in the cockpit. There is still that redundancy. So, in the case of our aircraft, our privately owned commercial aircraft, we are using electronic charts first, paper charts as the backup, and there is still a compass in the dash of the cockpit. Mr. Hunter. Sure. Mr. Goward. Sir, it is a complicated question, and I will try to give a not-too-complicated an answer. Part of it deals with the way that Federal maritime aids to navigation are provided. There was talk about the 50,000 buoys, lights, and such that the Coast Guard provides. There is also another 50,000 in the United States that are privately provided. And so, there is a--when users are required to come forward and validate the need for an aid to navigation, they frequently do. The problem with the 50,000 that the Coast Guard provides is they are provided as a free good. And so, there is a real reluctance on the part of any user group to give up something that is provided for free. Now, if you contrast that with the United Kingdom, where aids to navigation are provided by a nongovernmental organization and paid for by vessels that pay light fees when they come into the ports, the United Kingdom actually made a conscious trade-off between electronic and physical aids to navigation. They did a study and they said, ``We think you can find your way from port to port with GPS, but part of the problem is the GPS is a single point of failure. What we would propose is to establish this enhanced LORAN system to complement GPS so that you have two signals. And then we will be able to do away with a lot of these large buoys offshore, a lot of these large buoy tenders offshore, a lot of the lighthouses. And then, as a result, our cost, as the NGO, will go down and your light fees will go down. How many people are in favor of that?'' Well, you can imagine there wasn't a hand in the room that didn't go up. The U.S. Coast Guard and the United States Government doesn't have that luxury, because the users don't directly pay for and have a financial stake in the 50,000 aids that are provided by the Federal Government. So, while providing a secondary electronic system will be good, and will allow the Coast Guard and the FAA and others to start to move more towards electronic navigation, you won't be able to have that direct trade-off until the Government sees itself more as the navigation authority, as opposed to the navigation--or the aids-to-navigation authority, as opposed to the aids-to- navigation provider. And I would argue that having the appropriate infrastructure will provide you the base where you can shift more of those physical aids to navigation to local control and local decision, as to whether or not they should stay in place, and whether or not those bills should be paid. But right now, the system that we have is very much biased towards the Federal Government doing it all. Mr. Hunter. So--and, Captain, if you could respond to that--I think the last part of what you said is important, where you let San Francisco decide what San Francisco Port wants, you let San Diego decide what they want. But what you are saying is, if your iPhone goes down, then you could turn on an AM station and it will say, ``Turn right now.'' But what you are talking about is taking down the street signs. Mr. Goward. Well, so, I would offer, sir, that your iPhone would have two sources of information. And if one of them goes down, the other would automatically come in. And I would argue that---- Mr. Hunter. The enhanced---- Mr. Goward. The enhanced LORAN or GPS---- Mr. Hunter. Enhanced LORAN is not as sophisticated, though, as the GPS, right? Mr. Goward. Yes, sir. It is, essentially, as sophisticated as GPS. Mr. Hunter. It is? Mr. Goward. Yes, sir. Mr. Hunter. OK. Mr. Goward. It can get you within 8 to 10 meters. Mr. Hunter. OK. Mr. Goward. Which is perfectly fine for maritime aids to navigation. And I agree that you would never do away with all the buoys and the lighthouses, and so forth. But rather than having the decision made in Washington, DC, as to whether or not all--which buoys and lighthouses needed to be there, you would---- Mr. Hunter. What are John and I supposed to do, then? We could work that out. Mr. Goward. I think there is lots of work to be done, so-- yes, sir, besides that. But then the Government, the Federal Government, would say, ``We have provided these two electronic aids to navigation. We think there is a baseline, a certain minimum number of physical aids to navigation. If there are others, let's talk about who pays for them, and whether or not they stay in place,'' and so forth. But right now that--it is very difficult, if not impossible, to have that conversation. Mr. Hunter. And, Captain, that is my question to you, and then I am--I will yield to the ranking member. Captain Korwatch. And I think, you know, certainly one of the issues that our industry deals with, just as I mentioned in San Francisco, we have a wide diversity of users. We have those large, commercial vessels who have the technology. Those operators have paid for that technology to be able to determine and identify these electronic aids. On the other side, we have--just as I think Admiral Servidio mentioned--we have a significant number of kayakers. We have a significant number of paddle boaters. We have small recreational boaters. And now you are telling them, ``You have to buy this technology.'' They can't all afford the technology. And the same way we do not tell passengers or drivers in cars, ``You all have to have this technology in order to navigate our roads,'' I mean, I think that we still have to have those baseline aids so that people can look out their porthole, their window, and see the buoy, and know when to turn, what area to stay out of, what area they are allowed to transit in. I had a conversation with our local Coast Guard, who said that there was some attempt to remove some aids in sort of the very south part of our San Francisco Bay, where no commercial vessels go. The water is very shallow there. And when recreational boaters run aground, the only way they can get to them is pulling them out by helicopter, a significant cost associated with that. Whereas, if we had maintained the buoys down there, perhaps we wouldn't have to pay and put personnel at risk by lifting them out of there with a helicopter. Mr. Hunter. Mr. Garamendi? Mr. Garamendi has got to go, and he has somebody waiting for him in his office. If you have anything you would like to add, please---- Mr. Garamendi. First, I thank you for the hearing, Mr. Chairman, very important information available from the witnesses here. They have given us some data, some information in their written testimony. I would like them to follow up with specific things. I have a series of questions for, I think, all of you. I would like to have that--we will get those to you, and if you can get that back in writing, it would be very helpful. I am particularly interested in the way in which you have this public-private partnership in the bay area. Is that a model for other places? It may address some of the issues you have talked about, Mr. Goward. Also, the eLORAN issue, I think, is going to be extremely important. One thing we know for certain is that the GPS system is going to go down, some time, some place, in a very inopportune moment. Is there a backup available? The answer is there could be at what appears to be a very minimum cost, if we do not destroy the apparatus that is presently in place. And so I think we ought to get on that right away. And I would like to work with you, Mr. Chairman, on querying the Department of Homeland Security about that issue, and perhaps finding $40 million to provide an alternative to the GPS system. And then--I have got to go. My apologies. Mr. Hunter. Thank you. I thank the ranking member. The last panel that we had, they spent about $2.5 billion together, those three groups--NOAA, the Army Corps, and the Coast Guard-- $2.5 billion a year, upkeeping all of this stuff that we are talking about. Right? That could give us an icebreaker. That is $1 billion. That is an icebreaker, or two icebreakers. There is a lot of stuff you could do with that. You could do the eLORAN. I guess the big question is, or one thing we may want to do, is put us in the same room with the Coast Guard and the Army Corps. And instead of having them speak first and then leave, everybody kind of sit around. What kind of interaction have you had with them when it comes to going back and forth with the Coast Guard, with the Army Corps, with NOAA? Besides kind of the industry-to-Big Government, ``Hey, here is what we have,'' and they say, ``Thank you, we will do a study,'' and then you leave. Captain Korwatch. If I may, certainly in San Francisco Bay we have a very, very close working relationship with our Coast Guard partners, as well as our Army Corps and NOAA. They all sit, as I indicated, on our Harbor Safety Committee. We discuss these issues on a monthly basis. They are very responsive to issues that we raise. We have a significant amount of problems with dredging, of course, like most port regions. We have a significant amount of problems with run-off coming from the mountains, assuming we have rain, which--not necessarily this year. But we do have a very close working relationship with them, and they are very responsive if we have issues that come up. They have been known to put a buoy back when they have discovered that it really does need to be put back in place. So, I think, from a local level, all of the Marine Exchanges around the country are incomparable relationships with our local sectors. There are 12 Marine Exchanges around the country, and we all have that same dialogue going on. Mr. Hunter. So more explicitly at the 50,000-foot view, the interaction between kind of technology and what is happening in the private sector, compared to what they are doing, what is the dialogue there? Mr. Perkins. The MAPPS Association holds a Federal conference twice a year, and we invite in our Government counterparts, so that the MAPPS Association has a very close working relationship with NOAA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and other agencies. And the Coast Guard has not been part of that, but we will do some outreach, and we will try to get them to the table, maybe getting to the heart of the matter, you know, of the expense. Right? And---- Mr. Hunter. Well, let me stop you there. I mean when the--6 months ago the Coast Guard called a surface unmanned vehicle ``floating debris,'' so you must not be getting through to them, is what I am saying. I mean there must be some hangup if you are talking to them twice a year, and they still think it is the equivalent of a floating log. Mr. Perkins. Pardon me. They are not coming to our meetings, presently. Mr. Hunter. I got you, OK. Mr. Perkins. So we need to do--our association needs to do some outreach and get Coast Guard at the table, right, to help work on solving that. One thing that the MAPPS Association has suggested is the idea of a simple user fee for all GPS-enabled devices. A user fee. Just think of the economic driver---- Mr. Hunter. We call that a tax here, but go ahead. Mr. Perkins. I understand that---- Mr. Hunter. I am kidding, I am kidding. Go ahead. Mr. Perkins. I understand that. But if there were a simple user fee, for simplicity's sake, of $1 for a new device that is navigationally, you know, capable, that would--if that were to go into a trust fund, that would provide a pool to replace these buoys, keep these markers updated, to provide authoritative geospatial data that is necessary for the chart of the future. It sounds a lot like a tax, I don't deny that. But a user fee is different than a tax. User fees work very well for the recreational sportsmen in this country. It has led to habitat preservation. I don't need to lecture you on the benefits of what the sportsmen have been able to do with those type of fees. Thank you. Mr. Hunter. Absolutely. Mr. Mayer. And if I could just comment in terms of interactions with these agencies from an academic perspective, the interaction has been quite good. They support much of our research, across the board, all the agencies we saw here today. The issue is always that we tend to be--in the academic perspective, we are looking far ahead. The agencies are constrained by their regulations, by international regulations. And it is kind of progressing through that---- Mr. Hunter. They are also constrained by their culture, in that they have done it before, so they are going to keep on doing it. Mr. Mayer. Yes, but from my interaction, they have been very open-minded, at least in terms of listening to what the future could hold and, again, trying to find how, while we are thinking 10 years ahead, how they can implement some of that in a much shorter timeframe. Mr. Goward. Yes, sir. If I could preface that, while I have talked much about eLORAN today, we in the Foundation believe there is room for all navigation and timing systems that serve a purpose, and that we need as many of them as possible to ensure our resilience and that our Nation is secure. That said, on the eLORAN issue, even though we are system agnostic, we note that the United States has decided this is the right way to go, as have many other nations, and so we are fully supportive of that, and we want to help the Federal Government get to where the Nation needs to be. We have discussed this with the Department of Defense, with the Department of Transportation. The staffers in both of those departments are very supportive. We have not received any responses from our inquiries to the Department of Homeland Security. We are hoping to reverse that, and that they will come to the table and---- Mr. Hunter. They are a very new department. They have only been around 10 years. You have got to give them time. Mr. Goward. Yes, sir. Mr. Hunter. In 20 or 30 years, they will respond. Mr. Goward. It is probably the backlog of correspondence. Mr. Hunter. Yes, right. Mr. Goward. Yes, sir. So, we are hoping to talk with them, as well as the other two lead departments in this role, but it is difficult finding someone that wants to take a leadership role for this, which is essentially a commons issue. It is like maritime or the Internet or space. Everyone wants to use it, but no one necessarily wants to be responsible for it and pay for it, as inexpensive as it may be. Mr. Hunter. It is multiagency, too. Mr. Goward. Absolutely multiagency. It cuts across every facet of American society. Mr. Hunter. Which makes things harder, yes. Mr. Goward. Yes, sir. Absolutely. So that, and the fact that it is so low cost is--really is the crux of the problem. It doesn't--until there is a failure, it doesn't rise to the larger consciousness. Mr. Hunter. Got you. OK. I have got to run, too. So, Captain, Doctor, gentlemen, thank you very much. Thanks for your testimony, and have a great day. Captain Korwatch. Thank you. Mr. Hunter. With that, the subcommittee is adjourned. [Whereupon, at 11:50 a.m., the subcommittee was adjourned.]