[Senate Prints 107-62] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] 107th Congress 2nd Session COMMITTEE PRINT S. Prt. 107-62 _______________________________________________________________________ CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: WHAT ROLE FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT? __________ PAPERS SUBMITTED AT A SEMINAR SPONSORED BY THE CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE TO REVIEW FEDERAL POLICIES WITH RESPECT TO THE RISKS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ON CHILDREN AND YOUTH __________ NOVEMBER 30, 2001 __________ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TONGRESS.#13 Printed for the use of the Committee on Environment and Public Works U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 78-328 WASHINGTON : 2002 ____________________________________________________________________________ For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS one hundred seventh congress, second session JAMES M. JEFFORDS, Vermont, Chairman MAX BAUCUS, Montana BOB SMITH, New Hampshire HARRY REID, Nevada JOHN W. WARNER, Virginia BOB GRAHAM, Florida JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma JOSEPH I. LIEBERMAN, Connecticut CRAIG THOMAS, Wyoming BARBARA BOXER, California CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Missouri RON WYDEN, Oregon GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware MICHAEL D. CRAPO, Idaho HILARY RODHAM CLINTON, New York LINCOLN CHAFEE, Rhode Island JON S. CORZINE, New Jersey ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico Ken Connolly, Majority Staff Director Dave Conover, Minority Staff Director (ii) FOREWORD This publication is the culmination of proceedings and papers delivered at a day-long seminar held by the Congressional Research Service: ``Children's Environmental Health: What Role for the Federal Government?'' Senators John H. Chafee of Rhode Island and Max Baucus of Montana, then the chairman and ranking member of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, asked the Library of Congress to provide a scientific forum on this issue. The Committee on Environment and Public Works is the panel of the Senate that oversees the environmental laws of the United States, including the effects of environmental hazards on human health. Federal rules regulating exposure levels to ecological hazards have been developed in law and regulation over the last 30 years by the Environmental Protection Agency. Federal policy makers have relied on the a wide variety of scientific evaluations of the risks posed by environmental causes. Guidelines for setting protective levels against hazardous exposure are designed for application to large population groups. Senator Chafee and Baucus asked the Congressional Research Service to evaluate the impact of Federal regulation of environmental hazards on children and youth. As more research of impacts of environmental hazards on human populations was published, evidence increasingly indicated that children respond differently to environmental hazards than the general population. The request to CRS to sponsor a gathering of experts provided a starting place for review of this issue with the purpose of learning whether refinements were needed in the regulatory process. Since 1996 Senator Boxer has sponsored bills to provide for protection of children against environmental hazards. In the 107th Congress, she introduced S. 855, ``A bill to protect children and other vulnerable subpopulations from exposure to environmental pollutants, to protect children from exposure to pesticides in schools, and to provide parents with information concerning toxic chemicals that pose risks to children, and for other purposes.'' The committee wishes to commend the staff of the Congressional Research Service for their diligence in fulfilling the task given to them by the committee. The national debate on children's health issues has been advanced by the scholarship and high quality of the debate among the participants. Remembering Senator John H. Chafee On behalf of the committee members, I also would like to take this opportunity to recognize the leadership and achievements of Senator John H. Chafee as a vanguard in protecting the nation's children. As a Senator, he was an early advocate for children's rights and health safeguards. He was a leader in the health care and Social Security Act debates of the 1990's. He was one of the anchor members of the ``Centrist Group'' of moderate Senators, of which I was a member. He was a key reformer of the long process to overhaul the nation's health care system. He was instrumental in pointing out the impacts of environmental hazards, such as second-hand tobacco smoke, on children and elderly populations. John sponsored legislation to protect children in foster- care housing, and to prevent the sale of tobacco to minors. He supported the requirements to adjust air bags regulations in automobiles to accommodate children's physical needs, and to require safer safety practices for transporting children on the nation's roads. Senator Baucus said of his work as a Senator who fought for powerless people: ``John spoke for those people in the shadows--the poor, the elderly, and children. Especially children with special needs, whether it was Medicaid or welfare reform, John was a very strong advocate. In fact, he was a stronger advocate by far than most Members of the Senate.'' During the special order of the Senate held after his death on October 24, 1999, at which all the Members of the Senate offered their thoughts on his passing, the comments were universal about John's style of leadership. Senator Bob Graham said, ``John Chafee was a very humble, unassuming giant in the Senate. He had a broad, inclusive vision. He was a principled and thoughtful person. He was kind and generous. He asked and gave the best of himself in everything he did. He never sought recognition. He rolled up his sleeves and went to work.'' Senator Jim Inhofe remarked that in the years that he and Senator Chafee had been members of the Republican Conference, they sometimes disagreed on the issues. By experience, however, Jim had come to appreciate the style of advocacy shown by his friend, ``I would stop and think it over: This is John, so maybe I need to be listening a little bit more. I think he had a greater impact on people who disagreed with him than he did on people who agreed with him.'' Senator Bob Smith, who assumed the chairmanship of the committee for the remainder of the 106th Congress after Senator Chafee's death, remembered Chairman Chafee as a peacemaker and advocate for strongly held views. ``If there was anyone who ever lived who perfected the art of disagreeing without being disagreeable, it was John Chafee. Many times I marveled at his ability to participate in a heated debate, in close quarters, without losing his composure and his good humor.'' John Warner and John Chafee had worked side by side since they were assigned to the Department of the Navy in the Nixon Administration. Reflecting upon John's death, Senator Warner said, ``We have to remember every day in this great institution that, yes, we have our debates, we have our differences, but the man or the woman to your left or right in this magnificent institution could be gone the next day by the will of God. I always think of that. We have to treasure and value every moment we have with each other in this great institution because it brings us together.'' Senator Harry Reid summarized the views of the committee members and the Senate as a whole when he stated, ``Some of the giants of the Senate in the 20th century are people who have served as chairmen of the Environment and Public Works Committee, men such as Robert Stafford of Vermont, Jennings Randolph of West Virginia, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, of New York. John Chafee clearly deserves to be mentioned in the same breath as all of them. He truly was a great Senator. In fact, it is fair to say when we list the great Senators of the 20th century, it would not be complete without the name of John Chafee.'' As a former member of the committee and now returning to it as its chairman in the 107th Congress, I think back to the example of leadership and open hand of friendship that John showed me as a newly elected backbencher from Vermont. The towering legacy left behind by my predecessor in the Senate, Chairman Bob Stafford of Vermont, was a formidable challenge when I first joined the committee. John Chafee was one of the first Senators to seek me out as a friend and colleague. Over the years, our friendship grew and we came to find ourselves increasingly on the same side of issues facing our nation. I always relied on his good judgment, good humor, and good sense. It is with great appreciation that the members of the Committee on Environment and Public Works remember the leadership of Senator John H. Chafee, a patriot, Secretary of the Navy, Governor, and Senator. He continues to inspire us who follow him in this institution with his passion for public service, his consummate skills as a legislator, and his generosity of spirit. JAMES M. JEFFORDS, Vermont. 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