historic resources protection plan for the Lake Erie Coastal Zone as part of the implementation of the Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management Program

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

AN HISTORIC RESOUR.CES PROTECTION
PLAN FOR THE LAKE ERIE
COASTAL ZONE

as part of the implementation of the
PENNSYLVANIA COASTAL ZONE
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

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Submitted to:

Pennsylvania Historical and
Museum Commission
Bureau for Historic Preservation
William Penn Memorial Museum
Submitted by: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120

NORTHWEST
INSTITUTE
F OF RESEARCH
157 434 West Eighth Street
E6 Erie, Pennsylvania 16502
W65
1983
ptl

AN HISTORIC RESOURCES PROTECTION PLAN
FOR THE LAKE ERIE COASTAL ZONE

as part of the implernentation of the
PENNSYLVANIA COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Submitted To:

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
1A Bureau for Historic Preservation
William Penn Memorial Museum
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
3.

t-- LA

Prepared By:

Renata B. Wolynec, Ph.D.
David S. Brose, Ph.D.

Submitted By:

Northwest Institute of Research
434 West 8th Street
Erie, Pennsylvania 16502

April 1, 1983

The preparation of this report was financed through the Pennsylvania
Coastal Zone Management Program under provisions of the Federal Coastal
Zone 1-tanagement Act of 1972, as amended, administered by the Division
of Coastal Zone Management, Bureau of Water Resources Management9
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. Matching funds
were also provided by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.

ACKNOWLEDGERENTS

The preparation of this report was financed through the

Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management Program under provisions of

the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,

administered by the Division of Coastal Zone Management, Bureau

of Water Resources Management, Pennsylvania Department of Environ-

mental Resources. Matching funds were also provided by the

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.

This project, like any other, is a product to which many minds

have contributed to assure its accomplishments.

Great appreciation is due to the Pennsylvania Historical and

Museum Commission and especially to Ms. Brenda Barrett, Mr. William

McLaughlin and Kurt Carr. Without such support, this study could

not have been carried out.

Deep appreciation is also due to the City of Erie, Office of

Policy Planning and Management, especially to Mr. Dennis DelPorto

and Mr. Norbert Juniewicz who put at our disposal the necessary

information.

Appreciation is extended to the staff who worked diligently on

several aspects of the study, especially Carl Franl@, Tom Weber and

Robyn Combe.

Our gratitude and warmest thanks to the Northwest Institute of

Research staff whose diligence and enthusiasm contributed so much

to the completion of this study.

LFA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

KaZ e

Acknowledgements

1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1 Project Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Defining Cultural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
1.4 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
1.5 Study Area Boundaries and Description . . . . . . . 1-7
1.6 Summary of General Methodology: Consolidating
and Identifying Cultural Resources . . . . . . . . 1-13

2.0 PART 1: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.1 Background: Defining Archaeological Data
and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1.1 Defining the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
2.1.2 Classes of Archaeological Data . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
2.1.3 Classes of Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
2.1.4 Discovering Archaeological Data . . . ... . . . . . 2-12
2.1.4.1 Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
2.1.4.2 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
2.1.5 Judging the Significance of a Site . . . . . . . . . 2-14
2.2 The Prehistoric Cultur&s of the Area . . . . . . . . 2-17
2.2.1 Paleo-Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
2.2.2 Archaic Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
2.2.3 Woodland Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
2.2.4 Contact Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
2.3 Summary and Evaluation of Previous
Archaeological Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27
2.4 Development of a Predictive Model . . . . . . . . . 2-32
2.4.1 Testing the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-40
2.4.2 Identification of Sensitive Areas for
Planning Purposes . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 2-42
2.5 Prehistoric Archaeological Resources . . . . . . . . 2-42
2.5.1 Paleo-Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43
2.5.1.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43
2.5.2 Archaic . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 2-44
2.5.2.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-44
2.5.3 Transitional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45
2.5.3.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45
L, L

Table of Contents (continued)
Page

2.5.4 Woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45
2.5.4.1 Early Woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45
2.5.4.1.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-46
2.5.4.2 Middle Woodland . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 2-46
2.5.4.2.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-46
2.5.4.3 Late Woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-46
2.5.4.3.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-47
2.5.5 Multicomponent Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . 2-47
2.6 Historical Archaeological Resources . ... . . . . 2-48
2.6.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-48
2.6.2 Status, Recognition, Protection .
and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-49
2.7 Summary, Recommendations and Conclusions . . . . . 2-49
2.7.1 Prehistoric Archaeological Resources . . . . . . . 2-49
2.7.2 Historic Archaeological Resources . . . . . . . . 2-50

3.0 PART 2: HISTORIC RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1 Historic Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.1.1 Antecedents to Settlement, Prior to 1800 . . . . . 3-1
3.1.2 Settlement Patterns, 1800-1850 . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.1.2.1 Political Developments, 1800-1850 . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.1.2.2 Transportation Trends, 1800-1850 . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.1.2.3 Economic Development, 1800-1850 . . . . . . . . . 3-9
3.1.2.4 Population Trends, 1800-1850 . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
3.1.3 Settlement Patterns, 1850-1900 . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
3.1.3.1 Political Development, 1850-1900 . . . .. . . . . . 3-13
3.1.3.2 Transportation Trends, 1850-1900 . . . . . . . . . 3-13
3.1.3.3 Economic Development, 1850-1900 . . . . . . . . . 3-15
3.1.3.4 Population Trends, 1850-1900 . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
3.1.4 Settlement Patterns, 1900-1950 . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.1.4.1 Political Developments, 1900-1950 . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.1.4.2 Transportation Trends, 1900-1950 . . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.1.4.3 Economic Developments, 1900-1950 . . . . . . . ... 3-19
3.1.4.4 Population Trends, 1900-1950 . . . . . ... I . . . . 3-21
3.1.5 Post 1950 Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22
3.2 Summary and Evaluation of Previous
Historical Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26
3.3 Methodology: Conducting the Historic Survey in
the Eastern Portion of the Coastal Zone . . . . 3-32
3.3.1 Resources Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-32

Table of Contents (continued)
Page

3.4 Results: Historic Resources Inventoried . . . . . . 3-41
3.4.1 Potential Historic Districts . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
3.4.2 Evaluation of Historical Context . . . . . . . . . 3-42
3.4.3 Mercantilism/Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-44
3.4.3.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-44
3.4.3.2 Status, Recognition, Protection, Districts
and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45
3.4.4 Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-52
3.4.4.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 3-52
3.4.4.2 Status, Recognition, Protection and Conclusions . . 3-53
3.4.5 Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-55
3.4.5.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-55
3.4.5.2 Status, Recognition, Protection and Conclusions . . 3-57
3.4.6 Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-61
3.4.6.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-61
3.4.6.2 Status, Recognition, Protection and Conclusions . . 3-64
3.4.7 Public Accommodations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-67
3.4.7.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-67
3.4.7.2 Status, Recognition, Protection and Conclusions . . 3-70
3.4.8 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-73
3.4.8.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-73
3.4.8.2 Status, Recognition, Protection and Conclusions . . 3-75
3.4.9 Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-79
3.4.9.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-79
3.4.9.2 Status, Recognition, Piotection and Conclusions . . 3-81
3.4.10 Residences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-83
3.4.10.1 Resources Inventoried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-83
3.4.10.2 Status, Recognition, Protection, Districts
and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-88
3.4.11 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-98
3.5 Overall Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-100

4.0 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS, RECONX M ATIONS AND
SUGGESTED USE OF REPORT BY PLANNERS . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1 Archaeological Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.2 Historic Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
4.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

5.0 WORKS CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 5-1

FD@

Table of Contents (continued)
Page

Appendices

Appendix A - inventory of Cultural Resources Identified
Appendix B - Annotated Bibliography
Appendix C - Summaries of Pertinent Preservation Legislation

Figures and Tables

Figure 1-1 Map Showing Lake Erie Coastal Zone
Study Area Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Figure 3-la Photograph - Customs House . . . . . . . . 3-44
Figure 3-lb Photograph - Bonnell Block . . . . . . . . 3-44
Figure 3-2 Photograph - Victorian
Eclectic-Counercial Row . . . 3-45
Figure 3-3a Photograph - F. Schneider Store . . . . . . 3-52
Figure 3-3b Photograph - North Park Row . . . . . . . . 3-52
Figure 3-4 Photograph - Octagon Barn . . . . . . . . . 3-53
Figure 3-5 Photograph - United Park Methodist Church .3-57
Figure 3-6 Photograph - St. Mary's College . . . . . . 3-59
Figure 3-7 Photograph - St. Joseph's Apartments . . . 3-60
Figure 3-8 Photograph - Erie County Library,
Main Branch . . . . . . . . . 3-64
Figure 3-9 Photograph - Virefighter's Museum . . . . . 3-66
Figure 3-10a Photograph - Public School No. 3 . . . . . 3-67
Figure 3-10b Photograph - Schoolhouse . . . . . . . . . 3-67
Figure 3-11 Photograph - Perry Memorial House . . . . . 3-70
Figure 3-12 Photograph - Inn in North East . . . . . . 3-72
Figure 3-13 Photograph - Palace Hotel, North East . . . 3-72
Figure 3-14 Photograph - Haynes House . . . . . . . . . 3-73
Figure 3-15 Photograph - Land Lighthouse . . . . . . . 3-75
Figure 3-16a Photograph - Avonia Depot . . . . . . . . . 3-77
Figure 3-16b Photograph - Lakeshore Railway Depot . . . . 3-77
Figure 3-16c Photograph - Nickle Plate Station-. . . . .3-77
Figure 3-17 Photograph - Erie Waterworks . . . . . . . 3-81
Figure 3-18 Photograph - General Electric Complex . . . 3-82
Figure 3-19 Photograph - Modern Tool Building . . . . . 3-82
Figure 3-20a Photograph - John Hill House . . . . . . . 3-88
Figure 3-20b Photograph - Reed Mansion . . . . . . . . . 3-88
Figure 3-20c Photograph - Cashier's House . . . . . . . 3-88
Figure 3-21 Photograph - Hugh Cunningham House . . . . 3-89
Figure 3-22 Photograph - West 6th Street . . . . . . . 3-97
Figure 3-23 Photograph - Flagship Niagara . . . . . . . 3-98

Table of Contents (continued)

Page

Figures and Tables (continued)

Figure A-1 Map Showing Areas of High, Moderate and
Low Archaeology Site Sensitivity

Figure A-2 Map Showing Coastal Zone Study Area
Site Location Map 1, Springfield Township

Figure A-3 Map Showing Coastal Zone Study Area
Site Location Map 2, Girard, Fairview
and Milcreek Townships

Figure A-4 Map Showing Coastal Zone Study Area
Site Location Map 3, Millbreek and
Harborcreek Townships, Lawrence Park,
City of Erie and Presque Isle Peninsula

Figure A-5 Map Showing Coastal Zone Study Area
Site Location Map 4, City of Erie Insert

Figure A-6 Map Sbowing Coastal Zone Study Area
Site Location Map 5, Harborcreek and
North East Townships

Figure A-7 Map Showing Coastal Zone Study Area
Site Location Map 6, North East Borough

Table 1-1 Lake Erie Coastal Zone Acreage/
Population Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Table 2-1 Chronological Chart of Pennsylvania
Prehistory, Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Table 2-2 Chronological Chart of Pennsylvania
Prehistory, Part 2 . . . . . . . .. . . . . 2-4
Table 2-3 Relative Chronologies . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Table 2-4 Coastal Zone Management Summary of
Environmental Ranks . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37
Table 3-1 Definition of Resource Categories . . . . 3-33
Table 3-2 Examples of Themes Covered . . . . . . . . 3-37
Table 3-3 Mercantilism/Commerce, Thematic Breakdown 3-46
Table 3-4 Mercantilism/Commerce, Recommendations 3-49
Table 3-5 Agriculture, Thematic Breakdown . . . . . 3-54
Table 3-6 Agriculture, Recommendations . . . . . . . 3-56

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L

Table of Contents (continued)

Table 3-7 Private Institutions, Thematic Breakdown 3-58
Table 3-8 Private Institutions, Recommendations . . . 3-62
Table 3-9 Public Institutions, Thematic Breakdown . .3-65
Table 3-10 Public Institutions, Recommendations . . . . 3-68
Table 3-11 Public Accommodations, Thematic Breakdown .3-71
Table 3-12 Public Accommodations, Recommendations . . . 3-74
Table 3-13 Transportation, Thematic Breakdown . . . . . 3-76
Table 3-14 Transportation, Recommendations . . . . . . 3-78
Table 3-15 Industry, Thematic Breakdown . . . . . . . . 3-80
Table 3-16 Industry, Recommendations . . . . . . . . . 3-84
Table 3-17 Residences, Thematic Breakdown 3-85
Table 3-18 Residences, Recommendations . . . . . . . . 3-90
Table 3-19 Miscellaneous, Thematic Breakdown . . . . . 3-99
Table 3-20 Miscellaneous, Recommendations . . . . . . . 3-101

Table A-1 Definition of Codes Used on Survey Forms

Tables A-2 through A-10: Specific Sites Which May Merit
Special Attention and Consideration

Table A-2 Mercantilism/Commerce
Table A-3 Agriculture
Table A-4 Private Institutions
Table A-5 Public Institutions
Table A-6 Public Accommodations
Table A-7 Transportation
Table A-8 Industry
Table A-9 Residences
Table A-10 Miscellaneous

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

The preparation of this report was financed through the

Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management Program under provisions of

the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, admin-

istered by the Division of Coastal Zone Management, Bureau of Water

Resources Management, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Re-

sources. Matching funds were also provided by the Pennsylvania

Historical and Museum Commission. This report follows the conditions

outlined in the contractual agreement, No. 819707, and the documents

for Historic Resources Protection Plan for the Lake Erie Coastal

Zone.

1.2 Objectives

Planning specialists at all levels of government require reliable

and detailed data in order to make the most economical and efficient

decisions concerning the growth and development of the geographical

and social units for which they are responsible. Such data concern

a wide variety of social and physical environmental variables.

Among these variables are aspects of the social environment repre-

senting past prehistoric and historic human accomplishments within

a particular target area. These include cultural resources in the

form of prehistoric archaeological sites, historic archaeological

sites and historic sites. This document was created with the express

purpose of providing planners focusing on the Lake Erie Coastal Zone

within Erie County Pennsylvania with such cultural resource data.

It is intended to be used as a multipurpose.tool. First, it

is a tool for identifying the quality, quantity, condition, and

integrity (among other characteristics) of specific known cultural

resources located within this coastal zone area. Second, it eval-

uates the overall quality of past research and recommends possible

future action related to cultural resources located within the Lake

Erie Coastal Zone. Finally, this report details a predictive model

which can be used by planners to identify specific locations which

potentially may contain cultural resources.

The knowledge of where sites are located, the quality of the

data available, the extent of research, and the recognition of areas

potentially bearing cultural resources should assist planners at all

levels of government in making decisions which complement cultural

resource preservation needs with the economic, etc. development of

an area. In addition, it can be used to evaluate the impact upon

resource preservation of plans already confirmed for implementation.

In order to develop this report and enhance its utility as a

planning tool, seven specific objectives were achieved. They were:

1. To consolidate information concerning all known
historic and archaeological resources within the
Lake Erie Coastal Zone.

2. To discover and identify above-ground historic
resources which are potentially eligible for nom-
@fL

ination to the National Register of Historic Places

1-2

in areas within the survey zone where such
surveys and evaluations have not occurred
previously.

3. To identify previously known historic resources
which are potentially eligible for nomination
to the National Register of Historic Places
within the study area.

4. To evaluate the known historical sites in the
context of local and national architectural,
political, economic, religious, etc. events
and trends.

5. To generate, test, and refine a diachronic
predictive model from the analysis of inter-
relationships among classes of archaeological
sites and certain environmental variables.

6. To identify areas of archaeological site
sensitivity within the study area (based upon
the refined predictive model).

7. To use available archaeological site data to
generate descriptive and/or explanatory models
pertaining to the culture-history of the area,
settlement pattern, resource exploitation,
contacts with neighboiing cultures, etc. and
to suggest areas of future research.

1.3 Defining Cultural Resources

For the purposes of this report and for the sake of consistency

of interpretation on the part of reviewers of this report, cultural

resources were defined in the same way as defined in The R,@,source

Protection Plan: A Framework for Decision-Making in Protecting the

Cultural Resources of the Pennsylvania_/Delaware River Coastal Zone

(Cee Jay Frederick Associates with John Milner Associates 1981:1):

"Prehistoric resources refer to sites which contain
1@ @rr@\

evidence of indigenous Indian settlement and related
activity. Generally these sites will date before the

1-3

[D@
R1

first European settlements in the . . . seventeenth
century. Historic archaeological resources are sites
which contain remains from activities subsequent to
European incursion and settlement. Historic resources
refer to above-ground structures which are presently
observable in the Coastal Zone. These historic re-
sources also may serve to identify potential historic
archaeological resources since the sites may likely
contain below-ground evidence of earlier historic
settlement. These three resource groups are collectively
referred to as "cultural resources." All resources may
exist as individual sites, structures, or districts,
encompassing a few or hundreds of acres."

Perhaps the distinction between historic archaeological sites

and historic sites is not entirely clear. The difference lies

primarily in the quality of the remains associated with each class

of sites. Historic archaeological sites contain primarily sub-

surface evidence of historic (including historic indian) activity.

This evidence includes the remains of buildings, outbuildings, walk-

ways, roads, fences, garbage d,isposal areas, etc. Historic sites,

although they may contain archaeological remains,.are primarily

above-ground buildings and remains which maintain some degree of

structural integrity. Perhaps a simple rule of thumb for distinguishing

the two classes of remains would be as follows. If the structure

and organization of a historically or architecturally significant

building and associated constructions can be identified by examining

above-ground remains, then the site is a historic site. If the

structure and organization of a building and associated constructions

cannot be identified by examining above-ground remains but require

1-4

the use of archaeological methods, then the site is an archaeological

historic site.

1.4 Organization

Because this report is to be used as a planning tool, it was

necessary to organize the information presented in it in a form which

was readable. The Introduction details the objectives of this re-

port, its organization, a description of study area and its bound-

aries, and basic approaches to consolidation and identification of

cultural resources within the study area.

The major body of the report is divided into two parts. Part

one (Chapter 2) focuses on archaeological resources (prehistoric and

historic). This chapter includes a summary of the prehistory of

the area (including contact with Europeans), a summary and evaluation

of previous archaeological research in the area, a brief statement

of methodology including the development of the predictive model and

a discussion of archaeological resources inventoried, and recommendations.

Part Two (Chapter 3) focuses on historic resources. This chapter in-

cludes a summary of the history of the area, a discussion of previous

historic researches in the study area, the methodology of '@-ompleting

the historic site inventory within the coastal zone study area, a

thematic breakdown of inventoried sites, and recommendations.

ns,
The concluding chapter (Chapter 4) outlines overall conclusio

recommendations and suggested use of the report by planners. Chapter 5

lists the literature cited.

1-5

Appendix A inventories the cultural resources identified by

this study. Figure A-1 is the predictive sensitivity map. Figures

A-2 through A-7 are maps which locate each inventoried resource.

Appendix B is a thematically organized annotated bibliography.

Appendix C includes summaries and copies of relevant preservation

legislation and information.

To be of most efficient use, the report emphasizes results

as much as possible. Therefore, methodological detail is absent

from this report. It is included in a voluminous technical report

which is available to the interested reader at the Pennsylvania

Historical and Museum Commission, Bureau of Historic Preservation,

located at the William Penn Museum in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

To conclude, the overall emphasis of this document is threefold:

First, it organizes known data on cultural resources. Second,

it generates predictive statements on the probability of occurrence

of archaeological resources. It presents this information on maps

and tables in an accessible format for consultation during the

planning process. Finally, it classifies resources within the

Lake Erie Coastal Zone based on recognized historical themes and

culture periods. Throughout, the narrative and tha graphics minimize

technical jargon and emphasize clear understandable English because

a planning document is useless if only a small group of specialists

can understand it.

This document will be of use to the Division of Coastal Zone
"@i @W[pb-@

Management during its various review and permitting activities. The
1-6

L11 @,

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission will potentially use

the document during environmental impact considerations and preser-

vation planning within the coastal zone in addition. to adding to

the inventory known as the Pennsylvania Historic Resources Survey.

1.5 Study Area Boundaries and Descri2tion

The boundary of the study area known as the Lake Erie Coastal Zone

Erie County, Pennsylvania is detailed as follows (The Pennsylvania

Coastal Zone Management Technical Record, Bureau of Resource Program-

ming, Office of Resource Management, December 1978):

"Beginning in western Erie County, the coastal boundary
follows two principle physical features. The first such
feature is the ConRail right-of-way which extends from the
Ohio State line to Lake City Borough. Most of the coastal
boundary from Lake City to the City of Erie follows West
Lake Road, otherwise known as Route 5 (west of Asbury Road)
and Alternate Route 5 (east of Asbury Road) with the ex-
ception of an area located in portions of Girard and
Fairview Townships. Immediately east of Lake City Borough
the boundary extends sout@wardto Middle Road between the
Lake City Borough line and Avonia Road in Fairview Town-
ship in order to include a GAPC noted for its prime
agricultural capabilities.

"Beginning in Millcreek Township and extending into the
City of Erie the coastal zone narrows to a strip sometimes
reaching a width of only 400 feet. Here the coastal boundary
predominantly follows South Shore Drive and West Second Street,
thus excluding much residential development of limitet: coastal
significance. One exception is an area near C;iscade Creek
where the boundary is extended to West Sixth Street. This
area is as yet a predominantly undeveloped portion of the
City. In east Erie the coastal boundary follows East Second
Street, and at Ash Street jogs south to follow East Third
Street for several blocks. At Hess Avenue the boundary
turns south to East Sixth Street (East Lake Road). From
this point the coastal boundary tollows East Lake Road
for seven miles through Lawrence Park Township and then
midway into Harborcreek Township.

1-7

[D@

"The coastal boundary turns south and follows Bartlett
and Depot Roads to a point which is over three miles
inland. At McGill Road the boundary turns eastward
and follows a line roughly parallel to the Lake Erie
shoreline until it reaches the New York State line.
This east-west boundary extends a distance of over ten
miles and predominantly follows both Sidehill Road and
the 1050 foot ridge line. Concentrated within the
bounds of Erie County from Bartlett Road to the New
York State line is some of the most productive farm-
land in Erie County on which are grown many of the
County's most vital cash crops."

Figure 1-1 shows the approximate location of this boundary.

Previous Coastal Zone Management studies (1978:6-18,6-19) have

divided this coastal zone into three study units for which certain demo-

graphics will be detailed in Table 1-1 and in the following (1978:6-18,6-19):

"A total of ten municipalities and Presque Isle State
Park (officially an unorganized territory) encompass
the final Lake Erie coastal zone.- Together this area
totals approximately 52,800 acres or about 83 square
miles. The population of the final CZM area in 1970
was 22,898. By 1975, it bad grown to 23,569 people,
an increase of 2.9%. The projected Lake Erie coastal
zone population by the year 2000 is 28,337 people, an
increase of 23.8% over the 1970 figure.

"The western Lake Erie coastal zone area includes portions
of Springfield, Girard and Fairview Townships and Lake
City Borough, The 1975 population of this 15,964 acre
area was 3,729 people, a population of .2 persons per
acre. This low overall density is an indication of the
rural character of this part of the coastal zone.
"The central Lake Erie coastal zone area includes portions
of the City of Erie, Millcreek and Lawrence Park Townships
and all of the Presque Isle State Park. With 5,914 acres
and a 1975 population of 9,566 people, there was a density
of 1.6 people per acre. This density is actually quite
low due to the fact that Presque Isle, which i*s basically
uninhabited, is included in this density figure. Exclusing
@fllv`

Presque Isle, the population density of the central area
registers 3.6 persons per acre.

1-8

Table 1-1

SUMMARY OF CERTAIN COASTAL ZONE CHARACTERISTICS
BY TRIPARTITE STUDY AREA *

Townships and Population
Study Area Communities Acreages 1970 1975 2000

West Springfield Township 7,997 404 422 584
Girard Township 4,126 552 588 949
Lake City Borough 508 386 418 607
Fairview Township 3,333 2POO5 2P301 3,493
15,964 3,347 3,729 5,633

Central Millcreek Township 1,457 3,967 4,180 5,135
Presque Isle 3,242 . 34 34 34
Erie City 843 3,883 3,821 3,949
Lawrence Park Twp. 372 1,512 1@531 1,584
5,914 9,396 9,566 10,702

East Harborcreek Twp. 6,276 2,888 3,022 3,805
North East Twp. 23,463 3,421 3,485 4,176
North East Borough 11,227 3P846 3,767 4,021
30,966 10,155 10,274 12,002

Modified from The Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management Technical
Record, December 1978

1-10

"The eastern Lake Erie coastal zone area includes portions
of Harborcreek and North East Townships and all of North
East Borough. This region is 30,966 acres in size with
a total 1975 population of 10,274 persons. Accordingly,
there is a .3 person per acre density, a figure which
closely compares with the density of the western Lake
Erie coastal zone."

The Lake Erie Coastal Zone study area lies within the Central

Lowland physiographic province called the lake plain. This plain

extends southward from the lake for approximately two miles in the

eastern portion of the coastal zone and as much as five miles in

the west. Its elevation is 80 feet or more above lake level. It

terminates along the lake as a cliff. Glacial till is exposed

over most of the cliff as is some bedrock.

The plain itself is flat with the exception of abrupt former

beach ridges. In the southern portion of the plain the surface is

irregular due to uneroded glacial deposits.

Soil in the lake plain varies from sandy near the lake to

gravelly and sandy on the beach ridges to finer textured soils.

Drainage ranges from well but slow along the lake to rapid in the

south to poor in areas of finer textured soils.

The climate of the lake plain is influenced predominartly by

Lake Erie and can be substantially different from the adjoining

uplands to the south. Warm waters in the fall and cool waters in

the spring affect both temperatures and precipitation amountst

especially snowfall, there being less within the plain than in

the uplands to the south.

1-11

Streams cut steep-walled valleys across the plain, cutting into

glacial and/or lake deposits. Bedrock is exposed along stream beds.

Although no major rivers flow into the Lake within the coastal zone

study area, there are close to 50 streams.

A major feature of the coastal zone is the seven-mile long

Presque Isle Peninsula. This recurved sand spit forms Presque Isle

Bay enclosing the harbor of the City of Erie. The channel entrance

to the harbor is regularly dredged and maintained by the U.S. Amy

Corps of Engineers. The Peninsula itself is maintained within the

State Park system and is the prime recreational attraction in the

coastal zone study area. Beaches, dunes, and lagoons characterize

the surface of the peninsula.

The coastal zone is both rural and urban in character. The

major urban development is in the central portion of the zone which

includes the City of Erie. Rural portions of the zone are used for

agriculture and undeveloped forests. Grapes and orchard crops are

especially apparent and encouraged by the moderate temperature

variations.

Throughout the coastal zone, fish and wildlife are ab-.,ndant.

Over forty fish species and over forty wildlife species are found

within the coastal zone. Two hundred thirty-seven species of birds

have been sighted on or in the vicinity of the peninsula. Of these,

seventeen species are permanent residents there.

1-12

A more detailed description of the coastal zone may be found

in Tomikel and Schepps (1967), The Geography and Geology of Erie

County Pennsylvania and Draft Environmental Impact Statement and

the Proposed Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management

Program (1980). The information presented in the preceding

description was gathered from these sources.

1.6 Summary of General Methodology:_ Consolidating and Identifying
Cultural Resources

The consolidation of data was considered to be an important first

step to the development of a useful and efficient tool for manage-

ment of cultural resources within the Lake Erie Coastal Zone within

Erie County, Pennsylvania. In their present form, existing surveys

made an unmanageable planning tool for a number of reasons. First,

although much site information was centrally located, all such in-

formation was not. Second, mok surveys used somewhat different

criteria or standards for including sites in their inventories.

For example, some historic site surveys focused only on sites of

architectural merit or uniqueness, others upon a particular range

of time. Third, there existed inconsistency in observation and

recording among the surveys since many employed their own particular

sets of instructionst methods and goals. Fourth, together the surveys

represented an incomplete and often biased sample of archaeological
@@ @Vrf6x@

and historic resources. Finally, few of the surveys undertaken in

the area were designed specifically to be used as a serious planning

1-13

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INN L n

tool. Evaluations of these surveys and reports enabled the

identification of cultural or geographical gaps in available data.

These gaps were filled wherever appropriate during the research

effort.

The cultural resources selection process for this report

involved two basic tasks:

1. Consolidation of information concerning all known
historic and archaeological resources within the
Lake Erie Coastal Zone.

2. Discovery and identification of above-ground
historic resources in areas within the survey
zone where such surveys and evaluations have
not previously occurred.

The information consolidation effort involved accessing the

following sources:

1. County, State and Federal public records (including the
National Register of Historic Places; the site inven-
tories of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Com-
mission, Bureau of Historic Preservation, and Division
of Archaeology; County-sponsored studies of cultural
resources, city-sponsored studies of cultural resources,
etc.).

2. Records, documents, collections and inventories of public
and private institutions, organizations, and individuals
(including universities and museums that conducted
investigations in the area); County, State and sp--cial
interest historical and archaeological soeieties.

3. Published documents (including books about local
history and prehistory, historic maps, atlases, ethno-
graphies, historical journals, county histories, archeo-
logical journals, local newspapers, etc.).

4. Consultation with individuals who have expertise in
local prehistory, history, architecture, and cultural
resource management of the project area (including

1-14

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LNJ

archaeological collectors, construction firms,
salvage operations, dredging firms, Corps of
Engineers, etc.).

The consolidation effort included mapping the location of all

inventoried archaeological and historic resources on maps which meet

at least minimal standards of the Bureau for Historic Preservation.

Historic sites information was recorded on the Pennsylvania

Historic Resource Survey Form if such a record did not exist.

Archaeological site information was recorded on the Pennsylvania

Archaeological Survey Form if such a record did not exist. Chapters

2 and 3 detail the results of this research effort.

1-15

2.0 PART 1: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

This section of the report focuses upon archaeological resources

found within the Lake Erie Coastal Zone. It includes a summary of

the prehistory of the area, a discussion of previous archaeological

research in the area, a brief statement of methodology including the

development of the predictive model, a discussion of archaeological

resources inventoried, and recommendations. To facilitate understanding

of the prehistoric and historic background of the coastal zone study

area, Tables 2-1 through 2-3 present the cultural chronology of the

study area in tabular form.

2.1 Background: Defining Archaeological Data and Methods

Despite increased professional archaeological activity in the

United States during the past 15 years, there remains a popular mis-

understanding of what archaeologists do. The most popular conception

of archaeologists is that they are treasure hunters. In order to enhance

decision making which effects archaeological resources, it is necessary

that a planner have some minimal understanding of what archaeologists

do and what they work with. This discussion is not meant to instruct

in detail about the variety of archaeological interests and rethods.

It is meant to provide a background against which the planner can place

the succeeding sections of this chapter.

es
The remaining sections of section 2.1 are excerpted from a seri

of lectures (n.d.) compiled by Dr. Renata B. Wolynec, Professor of

Anthropology at Edinboro State College from her personal researches
and basic textbooks in archaeology (Hole and Heizer. 1977; Fagan 1981).
2-1 .j

Table 2-1

CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF PENNSYLVANIA PREHISTORY, PART 1 (KENT, SMITH, AND MCCANN 1971:4)

Culture Settlement and Subsistence
Periods Dates Patterns Characteristic Artifacts

1550 Seasonally sedentary tribes; villages Cord-marked and/or incised decorated pot-
A.D. and hamlets (some stockaded villages); tery; triangular rro4ectfle rcints; bcw E-nd
Late horticulture, hunting and gathering. arrow; elbow and vasiform. pipes; celts;
Woodland various bone tools and ornaments.
1000
rQ A.D.

1000 Incipient tribal village life in western Diversification of cord- and net-impressed
A.D. Pa., supported by horticulture, hunting pottery; side-, corner-, and basal-notched
Middle and gathering; bands in eastern Pa. liv- spearpoints; plat'orm pipes; elbow pipes;
Woodland ing in scattered hamlets, practicing celts; burial mound complexes.
500 hunting and gathering.
b
B.C.

300 Bands of family units living in Interior-exterior cord-mLrked pottery;
B.C. scattered households; persistence of plain flat-bottomed s'6e-nutched
Early hunting and gathering, with a possible and expanded starxaed stnne
Woodland shift in some areas to semi-sedentary pipes; adzes; bar weights,
settlemant due to a more stable economic gorgets.
1000 base.
B.C.

Table 2-1 (continued)

Culture Settlement and Subsistence
Periods Dates Patterns Characteristic Artifacts

800 Far ranging bands of hunters and Fishtail and broad spearpoints; soapstone
B.C. gatherers, occupying temporary hamlets; cooking vessels.
Transitional heavy dependence on riverine resources.
1800
B.C.

1000 Bands of hunters and gatherers, follow- Various spearpoint and knife forms;
B.C. ing patterns of restricted seasonal grooved axes; adzes; atlat! weights;
Archaic wandering. pestles; mullers; choppers.
7000
B.C.

Paleo- 10,000 Bands of nomadic hunters. Fluted points; scrapers; knives; gravers.
Indian B.C.

Table 2-2

CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF PENNSYLVANIA PREHISTORY, PART 2 (KENT, SMITH, AND MCU%N 1971:4)

Culture Major Components and Distributions
Periods West Central East

North McFate Proto-Susquehannock Chance-Munsee
Late Monongahela Chance-Wyoming Kelso
Woodland Owasco Shenks Ferry Owasco
Kelso
Clemson's Island
Owasco

South Monongahela Shenks Ferry Overpeck
Clemson's Island

North Mahoning Kipp Island Bushkill
Diluted Hopewell Point Peninsula
Middle
Woodland Various local developments throughout

South Watson Radford Abbott
Diluted'Hopewell Accokeek Creek

North Middlesex or Local Adena Meadowood Meadowood
Local Adena Middlesex
Early Various local developments throughout
Woodland
South Local Adena 'Marcev Creek Marccy Creek
Half-Moon Half -Moon.

Table 2-2 (continued)

Cultural Major Components and Distributions
Periods West Central East

North Ashatabula Orient-like Orient
Susquehanna Influence Susquehanna Perkiomen
Transitional Lehigh

South Ashtabula Orient-like Orient
Susquehanna 1nfluence Susquehanna Perkiomen
Perkiomen Lehigh

North Laurentian Laurentian Laurentian
Lamoka Lamoka Piedmont
Proto-Laurentian Piedmont
Archaic Various local developments throu-hout

South Proto-Laurentian Laurentian Laurentian
Panhandi-e Piedmont Piedmont

Paleo- -Clovis related cultures throughout;
Indian Enterline industry in central Pa.

Table 2-3

RELATIVE CHRONOLOGIES

Wille.r/Phillips Krieger Willey Griffin Witthoft Ritchie Kent/Smith/McCann
(1958) (1964) (1966) (1964) (1965) (1969) (1971)
Stages Stages Traditions Periods Periods Stages Periods

t t EuropeLn Conquest
Late Woodland Late Woodland Late Woodland
C. 1500-1550 A.D. c. 1000-1550 A.D.

Formative Formative Woodland Middle Woodland Middle Woodland Woodland Middle Woodland
C, t t c. 500 B.C.-500 A.D. c. --ocs-i6oo c, 500 B.C.-iOOO A.D.
t B.C. t
Early Woodland Early Woodland Earlv Woodland
c. 1000-500 B.C. C.
t
"Transitional". Transitional Transitional Transitional
c. 1500-1000 B.C. c. 1300-1000 c. 1800-800 B.C.
t B.C.
Late Archaic Late Archaic t
t -r-. 4000-1500 B.C.
Archaic Archaic Archaic + Archaic Archaic
t Early Archaic Early Archaic 4500-1300 c. 7000-1000 B.C.
Proto-Archaic c. 6000-4000 B.C. B.C.
t
t
Paleo-Indian Late PaJeo-Iadian
t c. 9000-6000 B.C. Paleo-Indian Paleo-Indian
Big Game Fluted Blade t Hun t e r c. 10,000 B.C.
Funting 11unters Middle Paleo-Indian c. 8300 B.C.
Lithicq 11
t Pre-Projectile Early P,,ieo-Indian
Point

2.1.1 Defining the Past

Archaeology has been defined as the systematic study of the past

from the remains of human behavior given certain specified objectives.

For the archaeologist, the past has three aspects: prehistory, history

and the living past.

Prehistory refers to that part of human existence for which no

written documentation exists. This part of the past encompasses

close to 99 percent of human time. Archaeological.methods are the

only ones available, to date, through which this part of the past can

be discovered. The historic past refers to that part of human time

for which written documents are available for study. Because archival

records rarely detail aspects of the life of all social strata within

a particular culture, archaeological methods are necessary to fill in

this detail. For more recent historic times, photographs and infor-

mants can be important sources of data. However, photographs can be

fuzzy and human memory is selective. Therefore, ar-chaeological methods

may again become necessary to resolve a particular aspect of historical

behavior. Archaeology can also be used to verify documented historical

activities.

Most recently, archaeologists have begun to examine the "living"

past. These archaeologists study the remains of human behavior as

they are being produced. Such studies allow the archaeologist to

develop models of debris dispersal, etc. which facilitate the inter-

pretation of remains discovered and observed solely as archaeological

data.

')_ 7

FD@

2.1.2 Classes of Archaeological Data

There are three classes of remains which concern archaeologists:

1. archaeological sites

2. things found in archaeological sites

3. archaeological context

An archaeological site is any place large or small where the re-

mains of human behavior are found. It can be as small as the location

where no more than an arrowhead lies when accidently dropped and lost

in the woods. It can be as large as a city. -Archaeological sites are

classified in a number of ways. They can be classified by location

(e.g. a flood plain site), by archaeological culture (e.g. Archaic),

by function (e.g. campsite), by length of occupation (e.g. seasonal),

and by internal organization (e.g. multi-component (more than one

occupation); stratified (containing more than one cultural or natural

deposit or layer)). Because these are not mutually exclusive cate-

gories, a particular site may be identified as a multicomponent

stratified flood plain seasonal Archaic campsite.

The second category of remains studied by archaeologists includes

things found at archaeological sites. There are three classt-s of

such remains:

1. portable artifacts

2. non-portable artifacts

3. by-product materials.

2-8

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Portable artifacts are those products of human behavior which

were created for a specific purpose. T hey can be transported without

destroying them. Examples of portable artifacts are projectile points,

ceramic vessels, knives, jewelry, etc.

Non-portable artifacts are commonly referred to as features.

Features are created for a particular purpose and cannot be moved

without destroying them. Examples of features are house foundations,

storage pits, threshing floors, wall trenches, pit ovens, burials,

and earth mounds. For the most part, they cannot be moved or ex-

cavated without destroying their structure and organization,

By-product materials are the third class of remains found at

archaeological sites. These are remains which are produced as a

consequence of a particular kind of behavior and are popularly referred

to as garbage. Examples of by-product materials include the bones

which remain after a duck has been eaten; the flakes of stone which

remain after an arrowhead has been manufactured; the charcoal, ash,

and burnt soil which remain after a fire has been burned; the mussel

shells which remain after the flesh has been removed; among many other

examples. By-product materials are a very important source Lf data

for archaeologists concerned with reconstructing diet, tool making,

and the distribution of human activities within a site or geographical

region (among other problem orientations).

Perhaps the source of archaeological data least appreciated and

understood by the layman is archaeological context.* Archaeological

2-9

context is generally defined as the environment.in which all other sources

of data and even whole cultures are found. This includes the environ-

ment of time (e.g. answering the question, "When did this occur?");

the environment of space (e.g. answering the question, "Where did this

occur?"); and the environment of culture (e.g. answering the question,

"What did this occur with?"). It is context which-gives "meaning" to

the other sources of data. For example, a triangular pointed small

pressure-flaked stone object when found embedded in the bone of an

animal might be defined as a hunting tool. An identical object found

in a ceramic vessel inside a burial pit containing human skeleton,

might be defined as a burial offering. Without knowledge of these

associations, the function of each stone object might not be interpreted.

2.1.3 Classes of Objectives

Three general classes of objectives guide archaeological researches:

1. The reconstruction'of culture-history..

2. The reconstruction of lifeways.

3. To describe and explain cultural processes, especially
those concerned with cultural change.

The reconstruction of culture history involves'defining the diag-

nostic characteristics of an archaeological culture, its geo,@-raphical

location, and time of its occurrence. Section 2.2, the Prehistoric

Cultures, is primarily a general presentation of the culture-history

of northwest Pennsylvania, in particular, the coastal zone study area.

The reconstruction of lifeways includes the reconstruction of the
@@ @IlrD@

day-to-day, week-to-week, month-to-month, year-to-year behaviors of a

2-10

@[D

particular culture under study. Among researches associated with

this objective are the reconstruction of diet, tool making, food

preparation, food procurement, clothing manufacture, house construction,

settlement organization, trade networks, social organization, and

religious systems, among many others.

The description and explanation of cultural processes is the

most recently developed area of archaeological inquiry. Researches

focus upon discovering patterned inter-relationships and interactions

among cultural variables, among cultural variables and physical en-

vironmental variables, and among cultural variables and social environ-

mental variables. Such studies iavolve complex environmental re-

constructions and attempts at correlating certain environmental

characteristics with specific cultural characteristics. The develop-

ment of the predictive model for this report involved assumption that

archaeological sites were located in places which provided certain

desirable environmental characteristics.

By discussing this pattern of interrelationship between site

location and certain types of environmental characteristics such as

distance to water, slope of the land, and soil quality, amon.; others,

this report was able to produce a map which identified areas of

probable high, moderate, or low site occurrence. The reader should

be aware that the fact that patterning was discovered does not mean that

it can be explained in other than the most general terms. Explanation

will depend upon a great deal,more research in the coastal zone study

area.

FD@

2.1.4 Discovering Archaeological Data

Although there are many techniques which arch aeologists use to

solve specific research problems, two general classes of methods stand

out in importance:

1. survey

2. excavation

2.1.4.1 Survey

Specific survey techniques vary depending upon the research problem

guiding the survey effort, accessibility, ground cover, the skill of

personnel, amount of time and money available, and availability of

supplementary sources of data such as those gathered from informant

interviews, maps, aerial photographs, and previous researches.

Archaeological survey efforts involve a combination of archival re-

search, informant interviews, and walking the study-area. Indeed, raost

archaeological sites are discovered by foot survey, that is, the

actual examination of the terrain on foot. The surveyor looks at the

surface for the remains of human behavior (e.g. remains of a fire,

dark stains along the surface, pottery remains, food remains, stone

tools, flakes of stone, among a great many others). This is supplemented

by periodic digging of small test squares to discover archaeological

remains which have no surface manifestations. How much land surface

is walked, the distance between and number of test units, etc., again

vary with the particular problem orientation This report documents

throughout all chapters how and why this survey effort was carried

2-12

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out and the sources of data which were accessed. It is important to

note that no survey effort can locate everything.

2.1.4.2 Excavation

A major class of techniques used to discover the structure and

organization of an archaeological site involves excavation, the actual

movement of soil and archaeological remains. Excavation is usually

approached as follows: First the site area is gridded and each square

in the grid is given a unique identified label. Individual squares

are excavated in vertical arbitrary levels which may be altered as

individiaul cultural or natural deposits in the soil are identified.

Ten centimeter or 3 inch vertical levels are in common use. Artifacts

are gathered and stored according to the square and square level they

were found in. Features are identified, drawn, and photographed prior

to and during excavation. Detailed notes are kept for each level.

Artifacts and features may or may not be located exactly in the three

dimensional space of the square depending upon the problem orientation

guiding excavations.

Archaeological excavations can take a number of forms. Individual

test excavations are dug to determine the depth of deposits, the

boundaries of the site, the variety of activities represented, the

number and variety of cultural occupations, among other reasons. Large

scale excavations, called block excavations, consist of excavating a
@
F
11 7i,

large number of adjoining squares. Block excavations allow the arch-

aeologist to examine in detail the structure and organization of a
L_ 2-13

FD
LN11

particular settlement deposit. In particular, the archaeologist can

identify the variety of activities which took place at a certain point

in time and the spatial interrelationships among these activities.

Again, the specific excavation techniques used, the sampling strategies

used, and the number of excavation units attempted depend upon the

problem orientation guiding the excavations, the length of the field

season, the quality of the crew, the amount of money available,

among other variables. The reader should be aware that no matter

how systematic the excavations, the process of excavation is a

destructive one. Indeed, after excavations are completed, the only

fireality" a site maintains exists in the remains collected and in

the records recording the context in which they occurred. These are

analyzed by a number of natural science and cultural specialists using

a multitude of techniques which cannot be adequately discussed here.

2.1.5 Judging the Significance of a Site

A problem of major concern to a planner is to judge the significance

of a site. This is a difficult problem. There are really no specific

rules which can be followed. For example, a stratified site need not

be more significant than an unstratified site. A stratified site

represented by a series of sequential deposits allows the archaeologist

to explore the depth of time and variety of cultural occupations evi-

denced at the site. Certainly such sites are of great value in re-

constructing the culture history of a region. However, such sites may
@D_

not have been occupied continuously nor on the exact same spot at a

particular location.
2-14

Unstratified single occupation sites can be significant because

they yield potentially culturally unmixed deposits. Such sites can

allow the archaeologist to examine details of everyday life and

activity organization. Such sites may also be examples of sites

missing from an incomplete sequence of events present at a stratified

site.

The study of both stratified and unstratified sites is necessary

if the archaeologist is concerned with identifying the full inventory

of activities associated with a particular culture. They are

necessary if one is to determine the pattern of settlement distri-

bution over a geographical space by a culture thereby shedding light

upon the interrelationship between specific cultural characteristics

and environmental variables.

It may also be true that no one type of functional site is more

important than another. Kill sites, burial sites, 'quarry sites, village

sites, butchering sites, trading sites, among others, may all represent

aspects of a culture's diversity of activities throughout the year.

Certainly, village sites are sites which have the potential of yielding

a great deal of data about certain types of day-to-day activfties.

However, one cannot assume that they contains evidence of all varieties

of activity.

If no one type of site need be more significant than another, it is
@@` tv"

also true that no one artifact is necessarily more important than

another, no one feature more important than another.' Burials may yield

2-15

[D)
K,

demographic, physiological, pathological, and sociological data. They

do not necessarily yield data on food procurement and. processing tech-

niques, variety of diet, tool making techniques, etc. Bones, seeds,

pits, stone tools, pottery and buildings each provide data representing

aspects of the diversity of a culture's activities. Too often, amateur

archaeologists, and in some instances professional archaeologists, have

focused upon exotic, unique, or complete portable artifacts. These

extremely biased collections have often led to extremely incomplete

characterizations of prehistory. Certainly there is more to a culture

than changing projectile point shapes and sizes and changing pottery designs!

If no one class of site and no one class of remains within a site

need be more significant than another, then how is the planner to

determine the impact of cultural resources upon planning efforts?

In this instance, the planner should rely upon experts'within the

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission and professional archae-

ologists who have worked within a specific target area. The planner

must remember that the significance of a site must be judged from the

framework of specific problem orientations and research objectives.

Nevertheless, the planner must be aware of the steps which could be

taken to hasten and clarify the determination of a particular site's

significance. A number of these steps will be outlined in Chapter 4

of this report.

2-16

N1 i[D

2.2 The Prehistoric Cultures of the Area

2.2.1 Paleo-Indian

The Paleo-Indian period represents the initial occupation of the

New World. In the region of northwestern Pennsylvania, the period

commences with the melting of Pleistoceme glaciation of the area and

the subsequent draining of a series of elevated pro-glacial lakes which

occupied the Erie basin until about 14,000 B.C. By 12,000 B.C., the

Erie County region represented a cool mixed hardwood-co.nifer forest

with slower rivers flowing to a higher series of lake levels. By

8,000 B.C., a rapid drop in lake levels in less-than-modern elevation

seems to have been accompanied by a shift to a nearly modern flora

through the Great Lakes/Ohio Valley region. It is to'this transitional

period, from 12,000-10,000 B.C., that most of the acceptable evidence

for the first appearance of man in the Erie County,Pennsylvania Lake

Erie Coastal Zone area can be assigned. These "Big Game Hunters"

developed a cultural tradition which may have adapted to a mixed boreal

forest/Pleistocene grassland environment with large Pleistocene mega-

fauna such as mastodon and giant beaver.

Evidence for human occupation during the Paleo-Indian p^riod in

northwestern Pennsylvania is represented by the finds of fluted and

lanceolate projectile points such as Clovis and the slightly later

stemmed and shouldered "Plano" points.

Paleo-Indian sites are presumed to be the remains of temporary,

repeated occupations by small, mobile hunting and gathering groups.

2-17

Nil
I

Distributions of the scattered surface finds tend to favor high bluffs

and terraces overlooking the major waterways.

In Erie County, several of the characteristic projectile points

of the Paleo-Indian period have been recorded, but these cannot be

assigned to any specific site. Recent surveys of the Raccoon and Elk

Creek valleys revealed several possible late Paleo-Indian occupations.

Such finds indicate that the early mobile hunting-gathering bands

did utilize the Lake Erie beaches and the tributary river valleys and

uplands for their subsistence activities, although the only campsites

of this period presently documented in Pennsylvania are far to the

south of the Lake Erie drainage. Indeed, an absence of sites, despite

fairly numerous occurrences of isolated fluted points, is.character-

istic of the entire coastal and upland region across Ohio, Pennsyl-

vania and New York.

It is thus difficult to reconstruct the exact lifestyles of these

early inhabitants. The low density of known early sites is probably

a result of the Paleo-Indian's mobile subsistence-settlement patterns

and of the alteration and destruction of the land surface over the

centuries. Therefore, site locations from these earliest oc2upations

must be considered highly significant.

2.2.2 Archaic Period

During the Early Archaic period, from about 8,000 B.C. to about

5,000 B.C., small mobile 'groups increased in size and density. Increasing
N)
11 TV,

seasonal and geographically restricted hunting-gathering activities

2-18

represent the scheduling of subsistence activities to more well-

exploited, smaller territories with modern flora and fauna. Lake

levels reached their modern elevations and present drainage patterns

became established within the general area.

The Early Archaic Tradition represents a continuation of the

patterns of the earlier Paleo-Indian period variations due to in-

creasingly sophisticated exploitation of the post-glacial environment.

There are clearly resultant changes in the composition and the mor-

phology of the tool assemblages. The Archaic Period may be divided

into the Early, Middle and Late Archaic, more as a convenience to the

archaeologist. The Early Archaic period is characterized by small

bands of semi-nomadic hunters and gathers which increasingly exploit

the local flora and fauna via seasonal scheduling. A broad spectrum

of artifact types was developed. Ground stone adzes, celts, grooved

axes, and chipped stone projectile points frequently stemmed, notched,

or barbed in shape, are common. In northwestern Pennsylvania recent

archaeological surveys have established the presence, in significant

numbers of Early Archaic components. Occupation of the Lake Plain,

however, appears to remain minimal during the period.

The Middle Archaic period (5,000-2,000 B.C.) is characterized by

more prehistoric sites which are larger, suggesting more sedentary

populations who gather seasonally available resources within a diverse,

but limited, area. Larger campsites and an increase of small specialized

economic sites are found with more and varied tool types, such as

2-19

p
L'D@
W

polished igneous stone axes, celts, hammers, and grinding implements.

The end of this period is marked in this area by the initial use of

cold-hammered copper for similar tools. Numerous Middle Archaic sites

have been identified in the project area. These represent large

multi-family campsites and small collecting stations.

Although there were alterations in the environment during the

period after 4,500 B.C., as the result of climatic variations, there

is little evidence for a decrease in population.

The Late Archaic period, from about 2,000 B.C. to 800 B.C., is

characterized by geographically specialized economic patterns with

local styles of tool types.

In general, the trend throughout the Archaic appears to have been

toward more extensive exploitation of diverse but localized resources.

This is accompdnied by archaeological evidence which suggests seasonal

settlement shifting, increased population density, and some regional

stability of local aboriginal groups. In the later Archaic, after

3,500 B.C., there is evidence for warmer drier climate. Most styles of

stone tools became more elaborate and, in the southeastern United

States, pottery made its first appearance. A less nomadic 1-'festyle

appears to have developed, and is represented by the large habitation

sites and large shell middens found in some river valleys south of the

Lake Erie Coastal Zone project area.

At the same time, the Late Archaic period clearly indicates the
ill

beginnings of a long-distance trading System for exotic materials which

2-20

are utilized in burials. The Late Archaic period ends with ritualized

status burials and in some regions of the eastern United States with

the construction of ceremonial burial mounds. Several Late Archaic

sites in the area are represented by collections of chipped stone

tools and flint/chert chippage recovered in plowed fields. Mostly,

these sites are small temporary habitation areas. Archaic upland

small sites are known within southern Erie County, and a number of

relatively large riverine Late Archaic sit es have been reported in

less urbanized portions of northwest Pennsylvania.

2.2.3 Woodland Period

The following Early Woodland period, from 800 B.C. to about A.D.

100, is characterized by increasing elaboration of the ceremonial

exchange and mortuary rituals of the Late Archaic. In the Ohio Valley,

the Adena culture, with small circular earthworks and ritual burial

mounds of varying sizes, is the local Early Woodland expression.

Several new artifact types mark this period, including the manufacture

of crude but elaborately decorated pottery.

Occupation sites from the Early Woodland period are known to occur

on bluffs, upper terraces, and hilltops with a general tende-_,cy to con-

centrate around large river systems. Settlements appear to be scattered

small campsites. The subsistence economy appears to have been based on

intensive hunting, plant food collecting, and fishing, supplemented by
@ I *Ilrfc@

limited plant food production. While seasonal economic activities are

not well known, the presence of early curcurbita.(squash and/or pumpkin)

2-21

'D@

and the limited ceremonial presence of some Zea Maize sug gest limited

horticulture, although not economically significant. Adena burial

practices are often characterized by accretional burial mounds.

Frequently, the initial mound stratum covers a structure which had

been burned after one or more burials had been interred in the floor.

Small circular earthworks may also be associated with this period,

and the ceremonial site may yield various imported andmanufactured

items such as conch shells, cache blades, slate and'copper gadgets

and bracelets, and thick coarsely-tempered pottery.

The Middle Woodland period, from about 100 B.C. to A.D. 500,

continues some tendencies developing through the Early Woodland period.

Almost no data exists for either the economy or settlements in the

Lake Erie Coastal Zone area. Yet, there is some indication of more

nucleated settlements and for greater regional differences in most

areas. There is some evidence to suggest the increasing importance

of horticulture, although subsistence still appears to be based upon

hunting and gathering. There is a culmination in Ohio of the Hopewell

culture with elaborate geometrical earthworks containing large multiple

burial mounds, with status-differentiated burials.

The increase in quantity of exotic items such as copper, mica,

exotic flints, and marine shell indicates intensified long-distance

trade networks. It is clear that one major center of classic Hopewell,

possibly where it achieved its most elaborate manifestations, was the

Scioto River Valley in Ohio. It has been theorized that Hopewellian

2-22

ceremonial or mortuary traits were often incorporated into local

cultures which retained many of their particular cultural patterns.

In the period from A.D. 500 to A.D. 1,000 throughout the Midwest

there is a breakdown of the Hopewellian exchange of exotic material.

There is also a decrease of the mortuary ceremonialism.characteristic

of the Middle Woodland period. This does not indicate cultural dis-

integration, however. No evidence for invasion or'population replace-

ment exists. While local populations did not use elaborate ritual

artifacts, they did increase in density. There appears to be increasing

reliance on maize agriculture and on rescheduling other activities toward

this end. Villages appear to be more substantial and increasingly

sufficient. The material remains of the early Late Woodland period

are rather unspectacular. There is a generAl sameness throughout most

of the eastern United States. Subtle variations in projectile point

and ceramic styles mark local cultural groups.

To some degree this variability is the result of the trend through

time from seasonal village occupations to more stable year-round habi-

tations in selected areas. Corresponding changes in subsistence

patterns are from the rather diffuse economic adaptations of varied

emphases on hunting, gathering, and horticulture, to the increasing

reliance on maize agriculture.

Unfortunately, within the project area, indeed, within this entire

portion of the Great Lakes/Ohio River Valley, few archaeological sites

of the period have been documented.

2-23

'D@
L T,

After A.D. 1,000 in the Mississippi Valley, a new "Mississippian"

culture developed with some MesoAmerican influence. These Mississip-

pian cultures became increasingly urbanized, agriculturally and

socially ranked societies, characterized by population growth; planned

town and temple communities; the construction of monumental multi-

stage platform pyramid mounds; a rapid development of sophisticated

and increasingly specialized ceramic and lithic technology; and pos-

sibly the theocratic organization of the societies. Warfare and

unambiguous defensive fortifications made their appearance at this

time in eastern North America, as does a new burial ceremonial cult

for the elite.

This Mississippian complex does not itself spread far up the

Ohio Valley or into the Great Lakes area. Its influences, however,

can be seen in this region after about A.D.1,000. In southwestern

Pennsylvania and the West Virginia region along the.Ohio Valley, the

regional manifestations are represented by regional phases of Fort

Ancient or Monongahela Culture all with Mississippian influence. One

Fort Ancient variant exists into the Historic period as some portion

of the Shawnee. In New York and northcentral Pennsylvania, this terminal

Late Woodland period sees the diversification of the early Late Wood-

land populations, similar to those in northern Pennsylvania into the

various Iroquoian groups encountered by the French in the eArly

seventeenth century.

In the area of northeastern Ohio, the prehistoric cultures during

the period A.D. 1,200 to A.D. 1,600 are represented by archaeological
2-24

[DR

phases of the Whittlesey focus. Preliminary analyses indicate a number

of small dispersed populations practicing a mixed agricultural and

hunting-gathering economy. This adaptation was predicated upon the

introduction of reliable maize agriculture from earlier more diffuse

economic patterns. During the Late Woodland-period, the human role

within the ecosystem was minimal. Economic activities were scheduled

with summer and early fall occupation in large villages located on

promontories from 1.5 to 20 miles from Lake Erie along the main rivers.

At these villages, agriculture was limited to the floodplains and the

adjacent terraces. Forest-clearing was balanced by hunting restricted

to whitetail deer as the primary game. During the late fall and

winter, villages were supported by a number of family hunting-camps

on adjacent promontories. During this season, the major economic

activity was collecting nuts and hunting elk and bear. During the

early spring, these villages split into a number of small multi-family

groups occupying temporary camps along the bluffs and beaches on river

mouths or on Lake Erie itself, where fish and waterfowl provided the

major food at this season.

Large Late Woodland villages with Iroquoian-related cerimics have

been documented in the Kinzua reservoir regions, southeast of the

Erie County coastal zone area after A.D. 1,100. At'the same time, a

number of additional Late Woodland villages with the McFate ceramics

akin to some-of the Monongahela tradition pottery are reported along

the Erie shoreline near Raccoon and Elk Creeks. They also are found

2-25

FD)

on the north bank of the Allegheny between the mouths of the Conewango

and the Brokenstraw.

Later, by A.D. 1,500, more Iroquoian-looking ceramics analagous

to those referred to as the Erie, have been found in a number of

scattered Late Woodland campsites in the Erie County coastal zone

such as the Griswold Site, the Skyway Theater Site, a component at

the Billings 1 Site and the Elk Creek Site (36Er53), 36Erl6O and

36Erl6l. There is a suggestion of population replacements due to

climate changes which affected the agricultural groups occupying the

Allegheny plateau itself.

2.2.4 Contact Period

The major issue relating to the poorly understood period from

A.D. 1,600 to A.D. 1,740 concerns the connection between the latest

prehistoric population which inhabited the Lake Erie coast, and the

earliest historic accounts of that area. The limited archives document

massive population movement, and many Europeanized names of aboriginal

groups for which there are no firm or even-probable.identifications in

the documents of the later seventeenth century.

One of these groups, traditionally called the Erie Indic-ns, was

completely destroyed by the Seneca by 1654. Although early European

documents suggest their occurrence in the Lake Erie Coastal Zone,

ethnohistoric and archaeological data of their existence in the study

area are scant and inconclusive.

2-26

During the period of acculturation (A.D. 1,600 to A.D. 1,770),

the European fur trade lead to an emphasis on the collection of deer,

bear, and beaver. There was a decrease in the agricultural activities,

especially in clearing upland areas. This resulted in an increase

of secondary or non-climax forest cover. There is a significant

decline in populations of major non-human predators. By the end of

this period, the majority of furs obtained in this'area represent

only small mammals. The human societies display a decrease in seasonal

economic activity. Lakeside sites, and presumably the heavy use of

fish, ceases. Most early village sites were abandoned, and new popu-

lations occur as French and English trading posts. The introduction

of European disease under these conditions resulted in rapid population

decline; further accelerated by conflict over trapping territories;

aboriginal villages were consistently fortified. Major changes in

population concentrations are accompanied by major changes in population.

By 1740, the area is occupied by Iroquoian groups who had been located

in western New York during the 1600's, and the native inhabitants have

disappeared from history.

2.3 Summary and Evaluation of Previous Arcbaeologi-cal Resea--ch

Prior to 1976, systematic archaeological surveys in Erie County,

Pennsylvania were virtually non-existent. Most research was generally

limited to small excavations and nonsystematic surveys undertaken by

area colleges and a few active amateur archaeologists. Exceptions

include the Frontier Forts and Trails survey undertaken under the

2-27

auspices of the Work Projects Administration in the 1930's and 1940's

and Mayer-Oakes (1955) inclusion of the area in his evaluation of the

Upper Ohio Valley. Data from the former survey was often inconsistent,

missing, misplaced and incomplete.

Since 1976, several more systematic archaeologi-cal surveys have

been undertaken. These were generally limited to small areas of the

county which were defined by the need to evaluate properties which are

to be directly impacted by public works projects, urban revitalization,

industrial development, etc. The goal of such surveys has been to

identify sites and to recommend management programs pertaining to

sites within the study areas. Among the surveys were the Survey of

the COHO Generating Station (Lantz 1981), the Primary Study for a

section of the U.S. Steel Environmental Impact Statement (Brose 1978),

the Bayfront Access Highway Survey (Claridge 1982). Johnson et al.

(1979) conducted an archaeological survey which involved ground inspection

and informant interviews for portions of Erie County covered by Fairview

and Albion United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute quadrangle

sheets.

Most recently, Curtis and Hatch (1981) produced a-docum@_-nt for the

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers of the entire Lake Erie coastal zone. This

report includes a general predictive model but is basically an annotated

bibliography. Because this report attempted to deal with the entire
@@ tV

post Pleistocene history of the entire south shore, it necessarily has

2-28

D)
LP

overlooked certain critical data and has oversimplified,other data in

its attempts to find economical syntheses which can-cover the entire

region.

Details of the prehistory are partitioned for this area from north-

east Ohio to Erie and from Erie to the New York lowlands, a decision

reflected in none of the archaeological data themselves collected during

the past three years (c.f. Curtis and Hatch 1981: Sections 3 and 4,

pages 3-2 to 4-25). Certainly the ethnohistoric sections covering the

Lake Erie Coastal Zone region (Kolb 1981 in Curtis and Hatch 1981;

Section 4, pages 4-6 through 4-8) show considerable inconsistency

between maps, text, and reference. Curtis and Hatch (1981: Sections

6.1, 6.2, 8.3.2 and 8.3.3) seem to rely upon the nut-bearing tree/forest

soil type association as the major determinant in prehistoric site pre-

diction. While perhaps unavoidably broad due to the scope of their

project, such reliance cannot be unequivocally supported for either

northeast Ohio or northwest Pennsylvania. Nor indeed do Curtis and Hatch

fail to recognize this problem. They have stated (1981: 6-6 and 6-7)

that factors of stream ranking and defensive topography are central in

this region, concluding that at their level of effort,

"Because of the high sensitivity rating that (they
had) assigned to the entire lakeshore (in this
region,) and the general similarities of key en-
vironmental factors throughout, specific-(sensitiv-
ity) subareas could not be identified."

(Curtis and Hatch 1981: 6-7)
Emphases added

2-29

FD@

Only one County-wide attempt to inventory in detail all known

historic and archaeological sites has been attempted. This was under-

taken by Brose, Werner and Wolynec (1977) as part of the Secondary

Study for a portion of the U.S. Steel Environmental Impact Statement.

The purpose of that effort was:

1. To consolidate all known archaeological and historic
site data in Erie and Crawford Counties, Pennsylvania
and Ashtabula County, Ohio.

2. To identify and describe all known archaeological and
historic sites listed in the National Register 6f
Places, nominated to the Register, or eligible for
inclusion to the Register.

3. To locate all identified sites on a map.

4. To construct preliminary sensitivity maps,for each
county identifying existing and potential areas of
cultural resources which render each area unsuitable
for intensive development.

5. To make recommendations concerning the management and
mitigation of sites tobe impacted by the U.S. Steel
development and to make recommendations c'oncerning
management, etc. of zones of varying cultural resource
sensitivity.

The predictive portion of the analysis consisted of the following

general steps:

1. Environmental data associated with specific site
locations were collected for each site.

2. The statistical significance of all environmental
variables was demonstrated.

3. The key variables and, within them, the specific
attributes which would succinctly characterize
the known sites were isolated. These variables
a_,-,

were "topography" and "distance to water."

2-30

[D)

4. They and their attributes were then strictly defined
as parameters so that they could be used to demarcate
geographic areas suspected of harboring unknown sites.

5. The geographic areas were ranked a'ccording to their
sensitivity or, in other words, the degree to which
they predict sites.

6. Finally, parameters using "topography" and "distance
to water" were tested using the 161 positive-yield
samples from the primary study area (2,91,6 uniform
grid samples) of the plant site proper. Since the
positive samples were all found in extreme and highly
sensitive areas (of a total of 4 areas), it was
possible to calculate an actual probability for
finding archaeological sites there.

Although Johnson et al. (1979) do not specifically reference this

predictive sensitivity analysis, it appears that they used portions of

the model to guide aspects of their survey- "Extensive survey work

in Ashtabula County in 1971 and particularly around Conneaut, Ohio,

and West Springfield, Pennsylvania, in 1977 suggested that this area

along with the various late Pleistocene beach strands are the two areas

of highest archaeological site sensitivity' (1979:5) (emphasis ours).
With completion of this project, considerable information will be

added to the already growing body of site.information and a more re-
fined model for major episodes of human prehistoric*and historic
settlement in the coastal zone will be developed. Such modt--ling may

be crucial to the development of a cultural resource management program

within the coastal zone area.
One aspect of the specific research objectives and methodologies
proposed for the completion of a useful Historic Resourc .es Protection
Plan for the Lake Erie Coastal.Zone was the effort to generate, test,

2-31

and refine a diachronic predictive model from the analysis of inter-

relationships among classes of archaeological sites and certain

environmental variables. This was to be followed by investigations

structured to identify areas of archaeological site sensitivity within

the study area (based upon the refined predictive model).

2.4 Development of a Predictive Model

A major premise underlying any attempt to predict archaeological

site locations is that human behavior is patterned. This patterning

is a product of the dynamics of interaction of a cultural system with

its social and physical environments.

The Lake Erie Coastal Zone in Erie County, Pennsylvania is repre-

sented by a varied and rich inventory of environmental variables

according to the Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management Program Technical

Record (draft) (1978).

The character of the lake pAain separated from the lake by a system

of steep bluffs, about 50 minor streams which flow into the lake, the

uniqueness of Presque Isle Peninsula, the climate along the lake zone,

the quality of the soils, the abundance of a great variety of flora

and fauna, among other variables have made this area attractive for

human settlement throughout prehistoric and.historic times. By examining

the interrelationships among environmental variables at given site

locations, for a large sample of sites, it was possible to generate a

predictive model describing the pattern of site locations for specific

classes of functional sites for a variety of cultural periods. The
TIT

2-32

construction of a predictive model was crucial to the production of

a meaningful areal management program. Predictive models generated

in the past from neighboring study areas were used in conjunction

with coastal zone specific data to develop a synthetic diachronic

predictive model for the coastal zone in Erie.County. The resulting

model was then tested and refined.

To date, there have been several attempts at site prediction

for areas which are adjacent to Erie County, Pennsylvania, or which

overlap a part with access within Erie County itself. These are

discussed in detail in the following documents:

1. Cultural Resource Overview of the Allegheny National
Forest, Watren, Elk, Forest and McKean Counties,.
Pennsylvania. (Wolynec et al. 1978)

2. NOITS and Crisis Area Investigation: Study of Arch-
eological Sensitivity, Lake County, Ohio. (Lee 1981)

3. Archaeological Investig'ations in the Cuyahoga Valley
National Recreational Area. (Brose 1981) '

4. Discriminate archaeological analyses of Ashtabula
County, Ohio, Crawford and Erie Counties, Pennsyl-
vania. (Brose, Werner, Wolynec 1977)

5. Regional SH10 Survey in Northwest Pennsylvania.
(Johnson, Richardson and Bohnert 1979)

Each of these research areas shared certain environmental char-

acteristics with the others to a greater or lesser extent. Although

each study area was different in many respects from the coastal zone,

there were sufficient similarities in environmental characteristics

to warrant a closer examination of the applicability of aspects of

2-33

N' FD
K

each predictive model to the problem of developing a predictive

model for the Lake Erie Coastal Zone.

Each predictive model was based upon a variety of factors in-

cluding, but not limited to, specific site locations, environmental

variables, availability of natural resources (past and present) and

land form data (past and present).

Preliminary steps to the development of a predictive model were

as follows:

1. To define exactly the geographical area included in the
Lake Erie Coastal Zone.

2. To identify and locate major environmental characteristics
within the coastal zone.

3. To identify and locate known archaeological sites within
the coastal zone.

4. To identify, where possible from available existing data,
cultural episodes associated with each known archaeological
site within the coastafzone (e.g. Paleo-Indian; early,
middle, late Archaic; Transitional Archaic; early, middle,
late Woodland (including more specific "cultural desig-
nations such as Adena, Hopewell, etc.); protohistoric
and historic Indian).

5. To identify, where possible from available existing data,
functional characteristics of sites associated with different
cultural episodes.

6. To define the set of environmental variables which define
the location of each archaeological site within the coastal
zone.

These data were gathered and organized, and the examination and appli-

cation of existing predictive models from neighboring areas was
initiated. FPD,
2-34

[@D)
L

Comparisons made among the four previously cited predictive models

were structured:

1. To identify classes of environmental zones which occur in
all five product areas being compared with tho'se which
occur in the coastal zone.

2. To compare predicted patterns of archaeological site
locations defined for classes of environmental zones which
occur in all five project areas and compare these to distri-
butions of sites within similar environmental zones lo-
cated in the coastal zone.

3. To identify classes of environmental zones which are unique
to each of the five areas but which occur in the coastal

zone.

4. To compare predicted patterns of ar chaeological site
locations defined for classes of environmental zones
unique to each zone but which occur in the coastal zone
and compare these to distributions of sites within
similar environmental zones located in the coastal zone.

On the basis of such comparisons, an initial synthetic predictive

model was developed which was tested and refined as follows:

1. By identifying and plotting areas within the coastal zone
which represent environmental conditions on-a scale
ranging from most important (extreme.sensitivity) for
prediction to least important (minimal sensitivity) for
prediction of site location.

2. By looking for corresponding correspondence between pre-
dicted site locations and actual known site locations in
the coastal zone:

(a) To identify areas where sites are present or
absent as predicted.

N To locate areas where the model defines a high
probability of site occurrence but where no
sites are known to exist.

2-35

rD)

Initially, a summary synthetic environmental ranking system was

created. This system is shown as Table 2-4. Next, the requisite

environmental variables were plotted as a series of Mylar overlays

at a 1:50,,000 scale (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environ-

mental Resources Topographic and Geologic Survey map of Erie County

Pennsylvania)for the entire Lake Erie Coastal Zone study area. An

arbitrary selection of 12 known sites (two in the Borough of North

East, six in the City of Erie, and four in Girard Township) had had

a summary synthetic environmental ranking calculated. All of these

known sites were located in zones of moderate, high, or extreme

sensitivity. Refinement of the model through field investigations

took place during the remaining phases of the project.

The examination of areas where site occurrences are not as

predicted further contributed to refining the model. First, specific

environmental areas were identified for which a disparity occurred

between predicted site location and actual site location. The dis-

parities were then evaluated on the basis of ground inspection

and subsurface testing. Specific test areas were selected from a

selection of environmental areas where disparities were ideiitified.

Additional selection criteria for a test area included the integrity

of the surface (e.g. least disturbance), quality of ground cover, and

accessibility, among other considerations. Each selected test area

was gridded into 20 meter squares and visual surface inspections of

each square were supplemented by excavation tests at 20 meter intervals.

2-36

Table 2-4

ERIE COUNTY COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY OF SYNTHETIC ENVIRONMENTAL RANKS
D
NR

WEIGHTED RANKING

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Fossil Glacial Lake Beach Ridge 1
Kame and/or Kame Terrace 4
Recent Alluvial Formations 9
Outwash Plain/Morain 16
Lake Bed Deposits 25

SOIL TEXTURE CLASS

Well Drained/Sands over Gravel 1
Moderately Well Drained/Sands or Sandy Loams 4
Poorly Drained/Silt Loams or Clay Loams 9
Very Poorly Drained/Silty Clays or Clay 16
No Drainage/Bogs, Muck, Gleyed Soils 25

TOPOGRAPHY

Modern Lakeshore Bar, Beach Ridge or Dunes 1
Active River Terrace (T1, T2 or T3) 4
River Bluff Edge 9
Floodplain (T0) 16
Other 25

AREA DISTANCE TO KNOWN SITE

150 to 350 meters 1
less than 149 meters 4
351 to 500 meters 9
501 to 700 meters 16
greater than 700 meters 25

FIRST DRAINAGE SYSTEM (less than 350 meters) X JUNCTION OF SECOND SYSTEM
Primary Tributary 1 2

Lake Erie 2 1
Second Order Creeks 3 4
Bog/Kettle/Pond 4 3
Third Order Stream 5 5
None 6 6
(Cross multiply tehen prouct= weighted rank)

2-37

Table 2-4
ERIE COUNTY COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT FD@
SUMMARY OF SYNTHETIC ENVIRONMENTAL RANKS N'

(continued)

RELATIVE DEGREE OF DISSECTION SYSTEM 16RA Areas)

Difference in Elevation X Average Slope of Area

30 to 60 feet 1 0 to 60 1
0 0
60 to 80 feet 2 6 to 12 2
:3 $4 0 0
0 to 30 feet 3 '4110 12 to 17 3
0 q@ 0 0
80 to 120 feet 4 P W 17 to 22 4
P@ 4.1
120 feet 5 rp 4 -7220
W
0
14

All missing data get weighted rank of 12

For each area, compile preliminary weighted sum score by multiplying
each of the six environmental weighted ranks.

Then take log (base X) of square root of- preliminary weighted sum score.

Below is a table of possible values:

All Environmental Preliminary Weighted
Weighted Ranks Sum Score,(PWSS) 1EPESSF

1 1 1 .0
4 4096 64 4.16
9 531441 729 6.59
16 16777216 4096 8.32
25 244140625 15625 9.66
25 or more 351562500 18750 9.84

Where all values are missing, logx = 7.45
Where 3 values = 1 and 3 values = 4, then logx 2.08

2-38

Table
ERIE COUNTY COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT rD)
SUMMARY OF SYNTHETIC ENVIRONMENTAL RANKS

(continued)

AREA SITE SENSITIVITY RANKING FOR FINAL VALUES
Extreme Sensitivity 0 to 2.08
High Sensitivity 2.08 to 4.16
Moderate Sensitivity 4.16 to 6.59
Fair Sensitivity 6.59 to 7.45
Poor Sensitivity 7.45 to 8.32
Minimal Sensitivity 8.32 to 9.84

If further grouping is needed,
we would go:
High 0 to 4.16
Moderate 4.16 to 7.45

Low 7.45 to 9.84

2-39

FD@
M

Such examinations facilitated a determination if a disparity is

due to specific unique local environmental variables or an indivi-

dual site's uniqueness (among other sources). Further testing of

the predictive model was undertaken in areas of the coastal zone

where little or no archaeological site data were available using

the techniques and judgements outlined above. Consequently, the

model was further refined. Archaeological site, or historical site

data discovered during the testing phase have been recorded on the

appropriate State of Pennsylvania Survey forms.

Although the predictive model was developed from archaeological

site data, it is expected that it may be of some use in predicting

locations of historic sites. Certain environmental characteristics

may have been attractive for settlement throughout the duration of

human occupation in the area. This possibility should be examined

in future studies.

2.4.1 Testing the Model

Having developed a ranking for potential archaeological sensitivity

of all areas of the Lake Erie Coastal Zone study area, it was necessary

to test the results initially by determining whether those 1;reviously

known archaeological sites in Erie County, Pennsylvania actually

occurred in areas which the model predicted.to have high archaeological

sensitivity. It should be noted that this step in model verification

was not tautological. The known Erie County-sites were not the known
@ t_v,

sites used for the predictive model development but rather represented

2-40

F\1 I FD@
N

an independent data set for testing. It was thus gratifying to

discover that 48 out of 62 known archaeological sites (77.4 percent)

within the study area (see Appendix A) occurred in'areas of high

sensitivity. The only known site which occurred outside of these

areas, Site 35Erl2l, appears to be a small, plow disturbed, lithic

scatter with few diagnostic materials which were attributed to a

general Archaic time period. It was located in an area predicted

to have moderate archaeological sensitivity.

The accuracy rate of over 98 percent was considered to be an

excellent result. It is, however, likely tha t a number of additional

small archaic upland sites may also occur in similar upland areas of

moderate archaeological sensitivity. It does not appear that such

sites are rich enough in recoverable data, or would sufficiently re-

tain horizontal context to render them eligible for inclusion on the

National Register of Historic Places.

Because this document is to be used as a planning tool, additional

detail concerning the development of the predictive model and various

testing phases associated with its development were not included in

this discussion. This detail is available in the Technical Report

on file with the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, located

in the William Penn Museum, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
@@ @Iiv

2-41

2.4.2 Identification of Sensitive Areas for Planning Purposes

Once the predictive model was tested and refined, the information

was organized into a visually accessible form. Areis of high, moder-

ate, and low probability of site occurrences were plotted on a map

(Figure A-1). It is this map which should be of great utility to

the planner. Given a specific area targeted.for a particular project

the planner will be able to examine the specific location on the map

and thereby determine whether or not the target area is likely to

yield archaeological resources, If the area is coded as high

sensitivity, there is a strong likelihood that archaeological sites

will be found. If the area is coded as moderately sensitive, arch-

aeological sites are less likely to occur than in highly sensitive

areas. If the area is coded as low sensitivity, then there is little

likelihood that a site may be found there.

Chapter 4 discusses specific courses of action.open to the planner

for examination of high, moderate, or low sensitivity areas.

2.5 frehistoric Archaeological Resources

Although Erie County, which includes the coastal zone study area,

has attracted little systematic archaeological inquiry, it ray be

assumed that general patterns of socio-cultural development in pre-

historic times follow general patternsin better documented surrounding

areas in the Eastern Woodlands. Consequently, cultural assignments of

sites (and consequently temporal assignments) have been traditionally

made by comparing remains to those found in a study area with better

2-42

documentated sites in adjacent areas of New York, Pennsylvania and

Ohio.

Three major cultural periods have been identified as potentially

representing cultural behavior within Erie County and therefore within

the coastal zone study area. These cultural periods will serve as the

organizational framework for presenting the inventoried prehistoric

sites. The summary information defining each period is taken from

Kent, Smith and McCann (1971: 4). Because specific paleoenvironmental

data are lacking for this area, these will not be speculated upon

in this summary.

Altogether, 59 prehistoric archaeological sites were inventoried.

Of these, 14 were discovered by the study team while in the process

of testing the predictive model. A thematic summary follows in the

succeeding section.

2.5.1 Paleo-Indian (c. 10,000 B.C. - 7,000 B.C.)

The Paleo-Indian cultural period is the least known of all possible

cultural periods in the study area. Based upon general characteristics

from neighboring areas, the following characteristics might be appli-

cable:
Social organization: Band
Subsistence: Hunting and gathering
Artifacts: Fluted points; scrapers; knives; gravers

2.5.1.1 Resources Inventoried

No known Paleo-Indian sites were found. Indeed, if Paleo-Indian

cultures were attracted to the lakeshore in the past, it is unlikely

that their remains exist to be found by archaeologists. According

2-43

to Dr. Paul Knuth of the Edinboro State College Geosciences Department,

the shoreline 9000 years ago was three miles further into Lake Erie

(personal communications). Therefore, any sites located within

this three mile area would, of course, have been washed away as

the shoreline eroded. Extensive erosion and rechanneling of most

stream beds in the coastal zone have obliterated evidence of early

sites along their banks.

2.5.2 Archaic (7,000 B.C. - 1,000 B.C.)

Social organization: Band
Subsistence: Hunting and gathering
Mobility: Restricted seasonal wandering.scheduled
according to the availability of resources
Artifacts: Various spearpoint and knife forms (often
notched); grooved axes; adzes; atlatl weights;
pestles; mullers; choppers

2.5.2.1 Resources Inventoried

Twelve possible Archaic sites were discovered prior to this study.

Two of these, the Phillips Site (36 Er8) and the Peterson Site (36Er88)

may have been destroyed by gravelling and bulldozihg activities.

The sites found represent, with two exceptions data gathered from

surface finds and some testing. Some excavation has taken place at

the Elk Creek Terrace Site (36Erl6l) and 36Erl54. The latt@-_r, Sommer-

heim. Park Locus 1, has had paperwork submitted.for consideration of

inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Four additionai

possible Archaic sites were found while testing the predictive model

for this report. Evidence of Archaic activity is present in definite

multicomplnent sites to be discussed separately.

2-44

FD@
Lf\
Shoreline erosion may have destroyed many Archaic sites.

According to Knuth, the shoreline was one and a half miles further

into the lake 3,000 years ago.

2.5.3 Transitional (1,800 B.C. - 800 B.C.).

Although the transitional period is often included in Late

Archaic or Terminal Archaic, its continued traditional use within the

study area by amateur and professional archaeologists requires its

inclusion as a distinct cultural period.
Social organization: Band
Subsistence: Hunting and gathering; a heavy dependence on
riverine resources
Mobility: Far ranging mobility; some occupation of temporary
hamlets
Artifacts: Fishtail and broad speArpoints; soapstone cooking
vessels

2.5.3.1 Resources Inventoried

Only one possible Transitional Period site was discovered. This

was found while testing the predictive model along Twelvemile Creek.

Evidence of possible Transitional period is found in multicomponent

sites to be discussed later.

2.5.4 Woodland (1,000 B.C. - A.D. 1,550)
Because of major changes in development, the Woodland Period is

divided into three parts.

2.5.4.1 Early Woodland (1,000 B.C. - 300 B.C.)

Social organization: Bands of family units living in
scattered households
Subsistence: Hunting and gathering
Mobility: Possible shift in some areas to semi-sedentary
settlement due to more stable economic base
Artifacts: Interior-exterior cord-marked pottery; plain
flat-bottomed vessels; side-notched and expanded
stemmed points; tubular stone pipes; adzes; net
weights; birdstones; gorgets.

2-45

2.5.4.1.1 Resources Inventoried

Three possible Early Woodland sites were.inventoried prior to

this study. One of these, the Payne-Spicer Mound (36Erl46), is a

questionable site. Dr. Charles Kolb of Behrend College (see inventory

form) believes it to be a glacial drumlin. No artifacts have ever
been found in association with the disputed "mound.'@ Early Wood-

land components have also been identified in multicomponent sites

to be discussed later.

2.5.4.2 Middle Woodland (500 B.C. - A.D. 1,000)

Social organization: Incipient tribal village life in
western Pennsylvania
Subsistence: Horticulture; hunting and gathering
Mobility: Seasonally sedentary
Artifacts: Diversification of cord- and net-impressed
pottery; side-, corner-, and basal-notched
spearpoints; platform pipes, elbow pipes;
celts; burial mound complexes.

2.5.4.2.1 Resources Inventoried

With the exception of a small number of multicomponent sites which

include Middle Woodland Period components, no sites representing this

cultural period were inventoried.

2.5.4.3 Late Woodland (A.D. 1,000 - A.D. 1,500)

Social organization: Tribe
Subsistence: Horticulture, hunting and gathering.
Mobility: Seasonally sedentary villages and hamlets
(some stockaded villages)
Artifacts: Cord-marked and/or incised decorated pottery;
triangular projectile points; bow and arrow;
elbow and vasiform. pipes; celts; various bone
tools and ornaments.
@ @JrD

2-46

L f N@

2.5.4.2.1 Resources Inventoried

Two sites have been inventoried. Of these, one, the Griswold

Site (36Er62), is a site well-tested by Dr. William Englebrecht in

association with Edinboro State College. Additional evidence of this

cultural period was found at multi-component sites to be discussed

later.

Three additional sites were identified in the inventory as either

Woodland or Proto-Iroquois (Proto-Erie). Of these UI-3 (no other name)

(35Er55), is now a housing development.

Two other sites were identified as Late Prehistoric. There is

currently insufficient evidence to identify these site's as Erie.

2.5.5 Multicomponent Resources Inventoried

Sixteen multicomponent sites were identified including two while

testing the predictive model.

These range from Early Archaic through historic times. The majority

of the multicomponent evaluations of these sites are based upon surface

scatter. Two sites, the Sommerheim. Park Locus 2 (36Erl55) and the

nearby Sommerheim Site (36Er68) have been tested (the latter excavated).

Both have been suggested for evaluation of eligibility for -;*.nclusion

in the National Register of Historic Places.

Sixteen additional sites were inventoried which were of unknown

affiliation. Of these, Sommerheim. Park 4 (36Erl47) has been suggested

for evaluation of eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of

Historic Places. Of these, seven were discovered when testing the

2-47

predictive model. Appendix A includes the survey forms representing

all sites inventoried. Figures A-2 through A-7 show their location.

2.6 Historical Archaeological Resources

2.6.1 Resources Inventoried

Few archaeological resources have been inventoried representing

historic remains. Only recently, given archaeological survey re-

quirements associated with environmental impact statements, have

such sites been recognized as worthy of survey att.ention. For example,

Claridge (1982) identifies a number of potential archaeological sites

of historical significance within the bayfront highway access area in

the City of Erie. These include the Cascade Shipyards at the mouth

of Cascade Creek in Erie (one of the two shipyards that were established

at Erie to construct Perry's Fleet in 1812-13); the northern terminus

of the Beaver to Erie Canal at the foot of Sassafras Street in Erie;

the navy receiving yard (the other shipyard established in Erie Harbor

to built Perry's fleet); the French and British Forts Presque Isle

at the foot of Parade Street in Erie.

. Altogether, ten sites were inventoried from existing State survey

records, Claridge's report (1982) and the City of Erie [email protected] Sites

Survey (Wolynec 1982). Resources represented in the inventory include

a hospital and store house, forts, a ship's graveyard, a cemetery

and site of a log church, a "dump," a surface scatter of debris,

shipbuilding yards, and the terminus to the Beaver to Erie Canal.

2-48

F_D@
LNJ IfA

2.6.2 Status, Recognition, Protection'and Conclusions

No historic archaeological sites in the.coastal zone study area

are on the National Register of Historic Places. There is insuf-

ficient evidence from either test squares or excavations to deter-

mine the condition or extent of many of these sites let alone their

eligibility for the Register. One site, the historic dump, 35Erl58,

has been included in the possible Sommerheim Park Archaeolo&ical

district.

2.7 Summary, Recommendations and Conclusions

2.7.1 Prehistoric Archaeological Resources

The previous thematic summary is obviously incomplete and certainly

potentially misleading. The majority of cultural period assignments

listed on the inventoried forms are based upon a paucity of infor-

mation. For example, the Ingersoll Ridge #2 (36Er87), is listed as

a multicomponent Archaic campsite and a historic site represented by

an old farmhouse. The data upon which this determination was made

consisted of "only flint chippage was excavated around the foundation

of an old farmhouse" (see inventory form 36Er87). Certainly, "flint

chippage" is not exclusive to the Archaic nor is it diagnostic of a

campsite. Such casual determinations are not unique within the inventory.

Very few sites have been tested systematically let alone systematically

excavated. Among the noteworthy exceptions are sites located at the

mouth of Elk Creek, the proposed Sommerheim Archaeological District,

and the Griswold Site. The Sommerheim Park group of sites has been

2-49

recommended to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission by

Mr. Jude Kirkpatrick, project director, Gannon University, for in-

clusion in the National Register of Historic Places.

The Elk Creek Public Access Site located within the Elk Creek

Complex has been recommended for inclusion in the Register by Dr. David

Brose, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, for the Northwest Institute

of Research, as part of this contract with the Pennsylvania Historical

and Museum Commission and the Division of Coastal Zone Management

(Brose 1982). The Griswold Site is being evaluated by Dr. William

Englebrecht, State University College of New York at Buffalo (excava-

tions having been done under the sponsorship of Edinboro State College).

It is possible that this site will also be eligible for the Register.

Given the quality of data represented by most sites inventoried

and the often casual determinations of cultural affiliation and

function of sites, one can legitimately conclude that very little is

currently known of the prehistoric peoples who occupied the coastal

zone study area. What is known is that prehistoric people did occupy

the coastal zone and there there appeared to be a certain amount of

patterning to the location of their sites of activ ity. Thi--. patterning

was indicated by the success of developing the predictive model for

this report.

2.7.2 Historic Archaeological Resources

The small number of historic archaeological sites inventoried is
@f
rD

not a fair sample of the potential number of such resources nor their

2-50

potential quality. It is expected that systematic surveys would

uncover remains of the earliest settlers to the coastalzone, especially

at stream mouths where the earliest settlements occurred. Mills,

residences, stores, and outbuildings are among the resources to be

potentially discovered.

Even such well known historically significant sites as the

French and British Forts Presque Isle require serious systematic

excavation so that the extent to which their remains are still in-

tact can be determined. The excavation of these sites may yield

valuable insights into daily life at the forts, their physical form,

etc. as well as data concerning the earliest American settlers to

the area.

Certainly, the coastal zone study area should hold great rewards

for the professional archaeologists who pursues historic data. Un-

fortunately, to date, historical archaeology within the coastal zone

study area has been almost non-existent.

2-51

3.0 PART 2: HISTORIC RESOURCES

This section of the report focuses upon the above-ground

historic resources found within the Lake Erie Coastal Zone. It

includes a summary of the history of the area, a discussion of

previous historic researches in the area, the methodology of com-

pleting the historic state inventory of sites within the coastal

zone, a thematic breakdown of inventoried sites, and recommendations

for consideration of sites for inclusion in the National Register

of Historic Places. For the purposes of this report, an above-

ground historic site is defined as a structure, building, monu-

ment, object, etc. which is currently visible within the Lake Erie

Coastal Zone dating from the initial years of European contact and

settlement in the area to the present.

3.1 Historic Background

3.1.1 Antecedents to Settlement, prior to 1800

Both the French and the British actively contended for the study

area. Early in 1753, an advance party of a 2,200-man French military

expedition landed at Presque Isle Peninsula and at the mouth of the

stream eventually known as Mill Creek, thus ushering in thQ era of

European occupation of the coastal zone. Their purpose was to con-

struct a chain of forts from Lake Erie to the forks of the Ohio

River to secure the area from English-American penetration from the

east (Kent 1954).

3-1

K11
They built Fort Presque Isle on the west bluff of Mill Creek

near its mouth. A portage road was erected between it and another

fort, Fort LeBoeuf (at present-day Waterford) some 14 miles to its

south (Kent 1954; Schoenfeld 1979).

The French maintained their forts in the area until 1759 until

British military pressure, related to the French and Indian War,

forced them to abandon and destroy both Forts Presque Isle and LeBoeu".

In 1760, the British erected new forts at the locations of their

French predecessors. Both British forts were burned by Indians in

1763 as part of a general uprising known as Pontiac's Rebellion

(Whitman 1884).

Neither military occupation brought with it non-military colonists.

Not until the 1790� did settlers, Americans in this instance, arrive

in the area.

The coastal zone is located in northern Erie County, part of
an area once referred to as the Erie Triangle. A number of states,
including Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania
claimed the triangle as their own. To facilitate matters, the
Federal government acquired the triangle area which it in turn sold
to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. This gave the Commoniqe*alth a
potential future port on the Great Lakes. To assure the develop-
ment of the port as.quickly as possible, the General Assembly of
Pennsylvania adopted legislation in 1792, amended in 1795, reserving
@@ @Tr@

an area for the future City of Erie and providing for a systematic

street survey of the community (Whitman 1884).

3-2

The survey was undertaken by General William Irvine and Andrew

Ellicott in June 1795. Ellicott had extensive survey planning

experience including the layout of the streets of Washington, D.C.

The northern half of each of three surveyed sections was located in

the coastal zone, as was the northern portion of an out-lot area

(Ellicott's Map 1795; Whitman 1884).

ln the spring of 1795, before the surveyors arrived, a detail

from General Anthony Wayne's western army built a blockhouse to the

east of Mill Creek. A sawmill, the first in Erie County, was built

at the mouth of Mill Creek the following year thus giving the name

to the stream. Wayne, himself, arrived at the blockhouse in December

1796 on his way home to southern Pennsylvania. He died there due

to serious illness and was buried beneath the blockhouse. A replica

of the blockhouse, built in 1880, now stands on or near the site of

the original structure on the grounds of the Pennsylvania Soldiers

and Sailors Home (Miller 1909).

Despite this activity, by 1800 less than 100 persons lived

within the area defined for the City of Erie. Outside the area of

the city plan, settlement activities concentrated along strLam. and

stream mouths where sawmills and grist mills eventually sprang up.

Farming was a major activity. This pattern of urban-rural develop-

ment persisted within the coastal zone to the present day. The

City of Erie remains the focal point of political, economic, social,

etc. activity within the coastal zone.

3-3

3.1.2 Settlement Patterns,.1800-1850

3.1.2.1 Political Developments, 1800-1850

In March, 1800, the Pennsylvania General Assembly created Erie

County. However, since Erie County was too sparsely populated at the

time (there were only 1,468 people in Erie County in 1800) to maintain

a county government, it was attached to Crawford County in April, 1801.

In 1803, Erie County was reorganized with the village of Erie desig-

nated as the county seat of government.

In March, 1805, the Pennsylvania General Assembly adopted legis-

lation incorporating the Borough of Erie. The new borough consisted

of the first section of Andrew Ellicott's 1795 survey. The government

of the borough as originally established consisted of a Burgess and

a Town Council of five. This form of government was maintained until

Erie became incorporated as a tjiird-class city in 1851.

The Borough of North East was incorporated in 1834; Girard in

1846.

3.1.2.2 Transportation Trends, 1800-1850

Erie County's first overland route was the road constructed by

the French in 1753.

With the beginning of the salt trade around 1800, the Old French

Road proved to be a most unsatisfactory route. Barrels of salt were

brought from western New York State by boat on Lake Erie to the village

of Erie. The salt was transferred to ox-drawn wagons and hauled over-

land to Waterford. At Waterford, the salt was loaded on flatboats or

3-4

keelboats and floated down French Creek and the Allegheny River to

Pittsburgh. Because of its use as a preservative, salt was at the

time an especially valuable commodity and was even used in early Erie

as a medium of exchange because of the dearth of money in the frontier

community. In 1806, work was begun on a turnpike to replace the road

and it was completed in 1809. The turnpike was to the west of the

Old French Road and ran generally parallel to it; present Route 19 is

to a considerable extent a modern-day replication of the turnpike

(Whitman 1884).

During the heyday of the salt trade, as many as one hundred wagons

could be viewed on the turnpike at one time. Three warehouses were

erected at Erie near the mouth of Mill Creek (the original harbor of

Erie) to store the salt before its transshipment south. In 1813,

salt was discovered near Pittsburgh and by 1819 tfie salt trade through

Erie County had all but ceased to exist. While it lasted, it pro-

vided employment for many local residents and contributed consider-

ably to the economy of early Erie (Rosenburg 1974).

In 1805, two important roads were opened which eventually con-

nected Erie County with Buffalo, New York to the east and Cleveland,

Ohio to the west. The Buffalo Road (present Route 20) followed the

first ridge running south from the lake shore. It was opened in

1805 and provided an overland route from Erie eastward to the New

York State line. Originally, the Buffalo Road terminated at the

Borough of Wesleyville just east of Erie. Travelers had to go north

from Wesleyville to the Lake Road and follow it into Erie at Sixth

1) r

Street. In 1812, the Buffalo Road was extended directly westward

from Wesleyville and entered Erie at Eighteenth Street, following

that route until it intersected with Parade Street. The Ridge Road,

also opened in 1805, was virtually a westward extension of the Buffalo

Road, running along Twenty-sixth Street from its intersection with

Peach Street through Fairview, Girard and Springfield Townships to

Ohio. In 1806, the above-mentioned Lake Road was laid out entering

Erie from the east at Sixth Street and exiting west at Eighth Street.

Thus, this road was located somewhat to the north of both the Buffalo

and Ridge Roads and approximates Route 5A through Erie today.

The Buffalo and Ridge Roads were a major route of stage travel

between Buffalo and Cleveland. Wayside inns and stage stops sprang

up along its extent. Indeed, the development of certain communities

such as East and West Springfield was encouraged by the popularity

of their public houses among travelers of these roads.

The early phases of development of the Borough of North East

were also encouraged and strengthened by its strategic location

along the eastern portion of the road.

In December, 1844, the coastal zone was introduced to the canal

era when two horse-towed canal boats--one hauling coal from Mercer,

Pennsylvania, and the other carrying passengers--arrived in the City

of Erie on the recently completed Erie Extension Canal, the northern-

most section of the Beaver and Lake Erie Canal system. Erie became

the northernmost terminus of a canal system which linked the Ohio

3-6

@@Z54

River west of Pittsburgh with Lake Erie. The project was begun in

1831 at the Ohio River and was extended northward over a period of

fourteen years. The canal system was originally financed and owned

by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. In 1842, the State deemed that

the venture was too expensive and decided not to complete it. By

this time, the State had expended four million dollars. There were

less than forty miles of the canal unfinished. At this point, a group

of enterprising Erie entrepreneurs had formed the Erie Canal Company

with Rufus Seth Reed as president and his son Charles Mannin.q Reed as

treasurer. By arrangement with the Commonwealth, the Erie Canal

Company agreed to finance completion of the project and when this

was done, the State would turn the entire canal system over to this

private concern. The arrival of the two canal boats in December,

1844, heralded the completion of the canal system to Erie (Whitman

1884).

The Erie Extension Canal entered Erie County at its southwest

corner in Conneaut Township, ran through the boroughs of Albion,

Cranesville, and Lockport (Platea) diagonally in a northeast di-

rection, then headed more directly north through the'borough of

Girard, from whence it continued on a more easterly course (running

north of the borough of Fairview) until it reached Erie. The canal

terminated in a large boat basin circumscribed by loading docks at

the bay between Peach and Sassafras Streets (Brenner 1967).

3-7

@, 44

Within the City of Erie, there were a number of locks while

bridges over the canal were located at Fourth, Sixth, and Eighth

Streets. In an area bounded generally by Seventh, Eighth, Chestnut

and Myrtle Streets was located the so-called "Weigh-lock Basin,"

which was the final destination for many of the canal boats. Passen-

gers disembarked from the packets at this point. Coal and iron were

among the more important commodities carried by the canal boats.

Between Tenth Street and the bay a number of commercial enterprises

were established along the route of the canal including warehouses,

coal yards, mills, potteries, malt-houses, a cooperage, a sash

factory, a refinery, and a large gas works that served the city.

Erie was not the only community to benefit from the canal.

Throughout its extent, especially in areas associated with locks

and crossroads with roadways suth as Ridge Road (e.g., Girard),

settlers and enterprises were attracted and communities strengthened.

The Erie Extension Canal remained in operation until September,

1871. At that time, an aqueduct spanning Elk Creek west of the City

of Erie collapsed. The Pennsylvania Railroad, which had acquired

the canal in 1870, decided not to repair the aqueduct and the canal

was closed forever. Prior to that, the canal had been confronted

with stiff competition from the railroads. The canal boats were

too slow and too small to ward off this technologically superior

challenger.

3-8

@441_1_

3.1.2.3 Economic Development, 1800-1850

As was typical of frontier communities with an abundance of

timber and water power, the first "manufacturing" enterprises in the

coastal zone were sawmills. Initially, the earliest settlers were

often attracted to the mouths of streams along the coastal zone where

they built their sawmills and adjoining grist or flour mills. These

attracted other commercial enterprises such as taverns. These lo-

calities served as foci of early community development throughout the

coastal zone, outside the future City of Erie. Aside from industries

which catered to local building and farming needs, additional industries

sprang up throughout the coastal zone such as a tannery at 5th and

Holland in Erie (1800), a brickyard in Erie east of Parade Street

between 2nd and 3rd Streets (1803), a foundry in North East Township

(1824), and a papermill at the mouth of Walnut Creek (1829) among

a number of others.

By the 1840's a number of commercial enterprises were thriving

along the Erie Extension Canal as mentioned previously (Miller 1909;

Spencer 1962).

Erie remained the focal point of economic devel opment even though

boroughs such as North East were developing rapidly. Special

opportunities tied to its stragetic position along the lake enhanced

Erie's position in the economic area.

Because of Erie's fine harbor, it was only natural that ship-

building would become one of the city's early enterprises. The first
3-9

vessel built at Erie was the Good Intent, a one-masted, wooden sloop

constructed in 1799 at the mouth of Mill Creek. Shortly other sloops

ranging in length from about forty to fifty feet were also built at

Erie. Several years later, sixty to seventy feet long, two-masted

schooners were being built at Erie (J. DeGeorge 1975). it was because

of Erie's outstanding harbor facilities and abundance of timber that

the community was chosen as the site of the construction of the Amer-

ican Lake Erie fleet during the War of 1812. The details of this

momentous event in Erie's history are well known and will be described

only briefly here to illustrate patterns of settlement. Although Erie

was little more than a frontier village in 1812, with only about four

hundred permanent residents, the U.S. government authorized Erie

native Daniel Dobbins to build a small fleet of ships there. Work

was begun in September, 1812 and completed in July, 181@. Three

vessels were built in the harbor at the mouth of Lee's Run (which

later became part of the Erie Extension Canal), while three more

were constructed at the mouth of Cascade Creek about one mile to the

west. The largest of these ships were the two brigs, Niagara and

Lawrence, whose decks were only one hundred feet in length. The

victory of this American fleet, commanded by Commodore Oliver Hazard

Perry over a British fleet in September, 1813, unfortunately often

overshadows Erie's significant contribution in building the fleet

(Rosenburg 1974).

3-10

Erie was initiated into the age of steam power in 1818 when the

Walk-in-the-Water, the first steamboat on Lake Erie, visited the port

of Erie on its maiden voyage from Buffalo, New York. By 1826, the

first Erie-built steamboat, the William Penn, had been launched.

After that in the 1820's and 1830's, a number of other steamboats

were built in the harbor of Erie. The Reed family of Erie was especially

prominent in the building of steamboats in their hometown and operated

a successful line of commercial steam vessels on the Great Lakes,

helping to enhance Erie's position as a lake port. In 1843, the first

iron-clad, steam-powered ship to operate on Lake Erie, the U.S.S.

Michigan (later renamed the Wolverine) was assembled at the foot of

Peach Street in the Erie harbor. It was used by the U.S. Navy for

eighty-one years to patrol the Great Lakes. Every winter, the Michigan

was stationed at the Port of Erie (Whitman 1884; Spencer 1962).

3.1.2.4 Population Trends, 1800-1850

The population of Erie burgeoned temporarily while the fleet was

under construction in 1812-1813 as shipbuilders, sailors and soldiers

were brought in. Erie did not benefit greatly from the War of 1812

as far as permanent population growth was concerned. In 1820, the

population of the community had stabilized at 635. In the 1820's,

e
several neighborhoods developed which were gradually absorbed by th

expansion of the built-up portions of Erie.

The maturation of the City of Erie was symbolized by the establish-

ment of a branch of the United States Bank of Philadelphia in 1839.

This magnificant Greek Doric structure, built to house the bank, still

stands on the east side of State Street between Fourth and Fifth

Streets. When the parent bank failed, the building containing the

Erie branch was eventually sold to the United States Government in

1849. It was used as a custom house (and for awhile also as a post

office) until the 1880's.

By the 1840's, a significant amount of development could be found

along the Erie Extension Canal as previously indicated. The growth of

the population of the west side of Erie was reflected by the con-

struction of a substantial brick public school building in 1848 at

Seventh and Myrtle Streets.

Not only had the population increased, but the ethnic and

religious character of early Erieites also experienced a significant

metamorphosis. During the early years of the nineteenth century,

Erie's people remained largely English and Scot-Irish in ancestry

and protestant in religion. In the 1830's and 1840's, substantial

numbers of Germans arrived in Erie, many of them of the Roman Catholic

persuasion. Churches and schools formed the nuclei of their communities.

Erie's social development was paralleled to some exten," through-

out the coastal zone. Whenever centers of commercial development were

found, churches were organized, schools were built and new settlers

were attracted, necessitating more schools, a post office, more

churches, etc. Indeed, education and religion were'two very apparent

and important axes of social organization. For example, the first school

3-12

building to be used exclusively for school purposes was built in 1789,

two miles west of North East Borough along Buffalo Road.

The first church in North East was built in 1804. Indeed, the

North East area experienced an early population expansion very evident

in the number and diversity of churches which sprang up in the early

1800's and continued in strength into this century.

3.1.3 Settlement Patterns, 1850-1900

3.1.3.1 Political Development, 1850-1900

The second half of the nineteenth century found the coastal zone

communities continuing their growth both in population and in enter-

prise. The focus of this growth and development remained within the

City of Erie. By 1851, its population had grown sufficiently to warrant

the incorporation of Erie as a third-class city. The Office of Mayor

was created to replace that of Burgess. This form of government con-

tinued until 1913 (Behan 1974). To accommodate the increase in muni-

cipal business due to Erie's enlarged population, a new city hall was

completed in 1895 at the southeast corner of South Park Row and Peach

Street.

Population increases in the City of Erie and in nearby communities

in the coastal zone were spurred by increased economic activity which

in turn was spurred by new opportunities for transportation. Fair-

view was incorporated in 1868 and East Springfield in 1887.

3.1.3.2 Transportation Trends, 1850-1900

As the new roads and the canal played an important part in com-

munity growth in the first half of the nineteenth century, so was the
3-13

railroad an important growth factor during the second half of the

century. The first railroad into Erie was the Erie and Northeast

Railroad completed in January, 1852. This connected the City of Erie

eastward to the Pennsylvania-New York State line. In November, 1852,

another railroad line was completed into Erie. This, the Franklin

Canal Company (a subsidiary of the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula)

linked Erie westward to the Pennsylvania-Ohio border. Both the

Franklin Canal Company and the Erie and Northeast Railroads went

through several consolidations before both became part of the Lake

Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad in 1869. Eventually, this latter

line was absorbed into the New York Central system (Miller 1909).

Two other railroads extended their lines to the Er ie bayfront. The

first was the Sunburg and Erie Railroad (incorporated into the

Philadelphia and Erie Railroad in 1861) in 1859, terminating near

the bayfront at the company's freight depot at the foot of State

Street. The second to reach the bayfront, the Erie and Pittsburgh,

completed a spur into the City in 1864. This originally terminated

at the foot of Cascade Street where a large docking facility was

maintained. By 1870, the line had been extended eastward to the foot

of Myrtle Street. Eventually, the Erie and Pittsburgh and the Erie and

Philadelphia lines were consolidated into the Pennsylvania Railroad and

their tracks joined at the bayfront. In 1882, the New York, Chicago

and St. Louis Railroad (i.e. the Nickle Plate) was completed through

Erie south of the coastal zone. Communities such as* Girard and North
3-14

East benefited as well as the City of Erie from railroad traffic.

The railroads connected these communities with major markets (such

as New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, etc.). Railway lines to the

bayfront of Erie served a similar function. Consequently, industrial/

commercial development within the communities of the coastal zone

increased.

3.1.3.3 Economic Development, 1850-1900

By 1890, metalworking had become the backbone of Erie's industrial

economy with 49 percent of the City's workers involved in the manu-

facturing of iron and brass products. Toward the end of the nineteenth

century, Erie claimed the title of the world's engine and boiler

capital. Many of these industries were established close to the

railroad tracks.

Despite the growing importance of the foundry industry, Erie's

economy in the second half of the nineteenth century was quite diver-

sified. Briefly, Erie boasted the distinction of being the oil re-

fining center of the world. Soon after the first oil well was

drilled in 1859 near Titusville, Pennsylvania, refineries sprang up

in Erie, many of them along Mill Creek. Although the intensity of

the refining effort was short-lived, Erie's iron foundries and

engine and boiler works continued to supply oil drillers with equip-

ment for some time to come (Beers 1865; Miller 1909; Miller 1974).

Further diversity was demonstrated by Erie's extensive brewing

industry (Whitman 1896; Miller 1909). Pipe organ companies were also
3-15

established at this time (Kane 1979). Just before the nineteenth

century ended, the Hammermill Paper Company was founded along the bay-

front. It eventually became the second largest employer in the Erie

area (Federal Writers Project 1938).

The bayfront experienced a transformation during the second half

of the nineteenth century. Both the Philadelphia and Erie and Pitts-

burgh and Erie Railroads erected docking facilities, freight ware-

houses, and other related structures at the bayfront. The Erie and

Western Transportation Company, commonly known as the "Anchor Line,"

built three large grain elevators and several other warehouses on

forty acres of dock property. Docking facilities for coal were

developed by the Carnegie Company, the W.L. Scott Company, among

others. Erie's harbor became an important link between the iron ore

ranges of northern Michigan and-Minnesota and the steel mills of

Pittsburgh. Commercial fishing became an industry of some conse-

quence as a number of fishing companies built structures at the

bayfront. By the end of the century, Erie fishermen were taking

the largest catches on the lake (Whitman 1896).

Communities, other than Erie, in or near the coastal zone such

as North East, Girard, Fairview, East and West Springfield, exhib-

ited a similar level of diversity in industrial activity. Aside from

lumber and grist mills, industrial development included paper mills,

woolen mills, breweries, cider and vinegar mills, tanneries, pump

factories, pipe organ factories, creameries, brickyards, canning

3-16

works, copper works, novelty companies, cheese factories, tile works,

a wrench factory, agricultural implement factories, gasoline engine

manufacturing, electric generator factories, among many others.

Manufacturing was not the only area to undergo development within

the coastal zone communities. Business,districts expanded to include

a great variety of stores and new hotels. Existing commercial banking

operations expanded while new ones started. A number of newspapers

were published, among other developments.

Outside the organized communities, the coastal zone remained

essentially agricultural. In 1857, in the eastern part of the coastal

zone experiments in grape growing were initiated whose eventual

success transformed the area into a major grape growing area. Grapes

were shipped as far as Seattle and Europe from North East and Harbor-

creek (Miller 1909).

3. 1. 3. 4 Population Trends , 1850-1900

The largest amount of population growth occured within the City

of Erie, from a borough of 5,858 people to a city of 52,733. Polish,

Slovak and Italian immigrants began to make their appearance within

the coastal zone. As the population increased, existing church

congregations expanded and new ones were organized. Hospitals were

organized. A public school system was established in addition to

private schools. A number of fine private academies flourished

throughout the coastal zone (e.g. three academies in North and East

Springfield). The most extravagant of these academies was the Lake
3-17

Shore Seminary in North East. It was opened by the Methodist Episcopal

Church in 1869. It was sold in 1881 to the Redemptorist Fathers to

be used for training young priests and renamed Saint Mary's College.

3.1.4 Settlement Patternsl 1900-1950

3.1.4.1 Political Developments, 1900-1950

In 1913, Commonwealth legislation was passed which required all

third-class cities in the Commonwealth, such as Erie, to adopt a city

ordinance. Thus, Erie was forced to abandon the Mayor-Council form of

government which it had since 1851 in favor of a twentieth century

innovation in municipal management. This new form of government did

not so much reflect Erie's population growth--the community had

66,626 people in 1910--as it did a trend in the United States at that

time to make municipal government more streamlined and efficient. In

1961, after forty-seven years of the City Commission form of govern-

ment, Erie returned to the Mayor-Council system (Garvey 1973).

Lake City (formerly North Girard) was incorporated in 1925.

3.1.4.2 Transportation Trends, 1900-1950

The major transportation innovations of the first half of the

twentieth century were land vehicles propelled by internal uombustion

engines--such as automobiles, buses and trucks--and the airplane.

The increase in the use of privately owned automobiles and gasoline

engine street buses gradually led to the demise of the electric

trolley in Erie as in the nation as a whole. In December, 1925, the

first gasoline engine buses began operation on Erie streets. A decade
3-18

later, in May, 1935, the electric street car system was discontinued

in Erie. Long-distance trucks and buses, powered by internal com-

bustion engines and the airplane gradually contributed to the decline

of railroads in the coastal zone and in the nation as a whole.

In 1937, the City of Erie, with financial assistance from the

Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA), completed Port Erie, the

original name for Erie's municipal airport, west of the city limits on

Twelfth Street. Until 1951, the facility was operated by the Port

Erie Corporation (Federal Writers Project 1938; Gortzinger 1975;

Spencer 1962).

3.1.4.3 Economic Developments, 1900-1950

The communities within the Lake Eric Coastal Zone of Erie County,

as was true of the nation as a whole, were affected economically

during the first half century of the 1900's by four major events:

(1) World War 1, (2) the prosperity boom of the 1920's, (3) the Great

Depression of the 1930's, and (4) World War Il. Yet through it all,

the economy maintained the diversity so characteristic of these com-

munities in the nineteenth century.

During the twentieth century, Erie's economy increasingly de-

pended upon the production of heavy or durable goods. Iron foundries,

machine shops, and engine and boiler factories continued to employ

a substantial proportion of the Erie work force. In 1910, 40 percent

of Erie's eleven thousand workers were employed in'the city's iron

foundries and machine shops (Jones 1972). Throughout the period,

3-19

rN@

this figure remained fairly constant, although it had dropped to

around 32 percent by 1940. Erie became an important manufacturer of

power shovels and cranes in the twentieth century. The Bucyrus-Erie

Company plant at Twelfth and Cranberry Streets became a leading pro-

ducer of these items (Federal Writers Project 1938).

In 1909, the General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York

built its first plant in Erie. When the company expanded its facilities

in 1913, it was not in the city of Erie, however, but was outside the

city limits to the east of Erie. In fact, a new po litical subdivision,

Larwence Park Township, was created to accommodate the hugh G.E.

facility. General Electric produced refrigeration units in the Erie

area until the 1950's, but increasingly began to concentrate its

efforts on the manufacture of electric and diesel locomotives. In

time, General Electric became far and away the largest employer of

Erie area people (Spencer 1962).

The docks continued to provide employment for Erie people but

never achieved the potential in the twentieth century that was ex-

pected. During the period 1890 to 1930, Erie became the largest

fresh water commercial fishing port in the world (Federal Wiiters

Project 1938; Wellejus 1980).

Agricultural effort, especially in the form of grape vineyards

and orchards,continued to develop especially in the eastern portion

of the coastal zone. Grape cooperatives, such as the Keystone

Cooperative Grape Association, had their roots in earlier cooperative

3-20

efforts. Fruit and vegetable processing companies,such as Welch's

in North East, became important employers in the area.

In the west part of the coastal zone, Lake City and Girard

actualized plans for controlled industrial complexes.

3.1.4.4 Population Trends, 1900-1950

During the first half of the twentiety century, the City of Erie

passed the 100,000 mark in terms of populati-on. Large influxes of

immigrants, especially Poles and Italians, continued. By 1940, it was

estimated that the Polish-Slovak faction made up fourteen percent of

Erie's population, while Italians contributed another seven percent.

It was early in the twentieth century that Erie lost one of its

natural landmarks. Mill Creek, a stream that had played such an im-

portant part in Erie's early growth and development, literally dis-

appeared from the face of the earth. In August, 1915, Mill Creek

flooded as the result of an extremely heavy rainfall. According to

the event's most recent historian, twenty-nine people were killed as

a consequence of the flood. After that, Erie city officials decided

to encase the stream in a concrete tube to prevent such a disaster

from recurring (Mehler 1979).

An important landmark in social development was the founding of

colleges in the Erie metropolitan area in the twentieth century.

These include Mercyhurst College, Villa Maria College and Gannon

University. Gannon University was the largest of these. Established
3-21

ILIN-1

in 1939 as Cathedral College, the institution was moved into the

Strong Mansion at the corner of Peach and Sixth Streets in 1941.

In 1944, it was chartered as Gannon College (Spencer 1962).

3.1.5 Post 1950 Development

By 1950 many of the major industries which exist today had been

established and Erie had built a reputation for diversification of

manufactured products. The population of Erie by 1960 reached

250,682, primarily as a result of the "post war baby boom."

During the 1960's and throughout the 1970's, the City of Erie,

including the central coastal zone study area, had experienced an

exodus of people from the central city to the outlying suburbs. This

movement has resulted in very definite residential development patterns

for the Lake Erie Coastal Zone.

In general, the central study area represents "metropolitan" char-

acteristics with no clear distinction in municipal boundaries. The

east and west study areas, unlike the central, are rural in nature.

The majority of residences, industries and commercial establishments

are located within borough boundaries and along major routes.

The western study area has experienced approximately a 10 percent

growth in population between 1970 and 1975 and is esLimated to increase

approximately 51 percent by the year 2000. Population figures through-

out this section are found in Table 1-1. Undoubtedly, this increase

will be absorbed by the various boroughs and in newer subdivisions

around these boroughs.

3-22

[D)

The rural nature of the western study area is a result of the

agrarian economy. The majority of the land (about 80 percent of the

total land in the western study area) is devoted to fruit and vege-

table farming and/or undeveloped land. A considerable amount of land

has been removed from agricultural use to accommodate future develop-

ments such as the proposed U.S. Steel plant complex on the lakeshore

in Springfield Township (i.e. over 4,000 acres). The Pennsylvania

Electric Company has planned development of 550 acres on the Lake

Erie Coast on the Springfield/Girard border (Claridge 1979). The

Coastal Zone Management program has identified these areas as Development

Opportunity Areas. If one or both of these developments ever become

a reality, the rural character of the western study area will be

greatly altered.

Like residential development, large industrial development has

concentrated in the boroughsor along U.S. 20 and Route 5. The largest

of these firms is Copes-Vulcan Company which employs approximately 700.

The eastern study area is very similar to the western study area

in development patterns. It too is primarily an agricultural region

producing fruits and vegetables. This area is well known as one of

the top grape producing areas of the country. The grapes are used

in making wine and juices. Welch Foods, Inc. has a processing plant

located in North East Borough which employes approximately 300.

Unlike the western study area, the future outlook of the eastern

study area seems as though it will stay rural in nature. Population

3-23

projectionists estimate this area will grow by 17 percent by the year

2000, a much slower rate.

The central study area, which includes Millcreek Township,

Presque Isle State Park, Erie City and Lawrence Park Township, is

entirely urban in nature. There has not been much development since

the 1960's with only a .02 percent population increase between 1970

and 1975.

Residential development is the dominant land use in the central

study area. Older housing stock is located within the city while

newer suburban-type homes are found in the outlying municipality of

Millcreek.

Included in the area are the two largest industrial firms in

the entire Lake Erie Coastal Zone - General Electric Company and

Hammermill Paper Company. Although the recession has hurt both these

companies, it seems probable both will survive the current times and

once again be major employers in the area. The coastal zone within

the City of Erie is occupied by activities associated with lake trans-

port of raw materials and finished goods. The Erie International

Marine Terminal is the principal shipping and docking termin-1. Ship-

building, which was once an important bayfront activity, is practically

non-existent. Indeed,the Port of Erie is not currently being used to

capacity.

The City of Erie has been the hardest hit of all the municipalities
A

within the coastal zone by the current economic times, but new hope has

3-24

come from civic and governmental leaders who have begun efforts to

revitalize and redevelop the City. Of prime concern are the bayfront

and State Street areas. The Erie-Western Pennsylvania Port Authority

has initiated a study to examine the market potential of the bayfront

and port. From this report, specific industrial development and

recreational plans are being drawn.

The stagnation of commercial growth in the central business

district, is being reversed by the City of Erie. A specific strategy

of downtown revitalization is underway with the construction of the

Erie Civic and Convention Center, along with encouragement to convert

existing, but empty, complexes to new uses. The Erie Insurance Ex-

change has expanded their facilities and are actively involved in the

lower east side redevelopment. Upon approval and construction of the

Bayfront-Port Access Road, access to the central coastal zone study

area will be improved and activate the development pace of the bayfront

and downtown areas.
"1 71; r

3-25

3.2 Summary and Evaluation of Previous Historical Surveys

A number of historical and architectural surveys have been

conducted in Erie County, Pennsylvania since the 1930's which included

the coastal zone study area. These include the Historic American

Buildings Survey (1941), the Frontier Fort and Trails Survey (1930's),

Erie County Historical and Architectural Preservation Plan (Erie

County Metropolitan Planning commission 1976), Wolynec's "paper" survey

(1977) of Erie and Crawford Counties for a section of the U.S. Steel

Environmental Impact Statement (Little 1978), the Urban Development

Action Grant Survey (Heidt, Evans, Salata 1979), Historic Resources

Survey - West Erie County (Claridge 1979), The Coastal Zone Develop-

ment Plan for the West Bay Front Area of the City of Erie (Becht

1981), Historic Sites Survey, City of Erie, Pennsylvania (Wolynec

1982) and Cultural Resource Management Study for Bayfront-Port Access

Road Project Legislative Route 1003, Section AOO, Erie, Pennsylvania

(Claridge 1982).

Private survey efforts include the late Erie architect Robert

Krider's unpublished bicentennial survey of architectural sites,

survey efforts undertaken by Preservation Project, Inc., and a var-

iety of researches undertaken by the Erie County Historical Society.

A brief summary of selected survey efforts follows below with an

emphasis upon researches undertaken in the past ten years.

The Erie County Historical and Architectural Preservation Plan

(1976) was intended for use as a preservation planning document by

3-26

municipalities within Erie County. The document included an in-

ventory of sites located throughout Erie County. The site selection

process involved no direct survey effort. Sites which Mr. Krider

and members of the Erie County Historical Society identified as

significant were included in the inventory.

This document, along with site data available at the Office of

Policy Planning and Management, City of Erie, formed the core of

the Coastal Zone Development Plan for the West Bay Front Area of the

City of Erie (Becht 1981) historic site evaluation. No survey,

independent of existing inventories, was undertaken for this plan.

The purpose of the effort was to identify historical and architectural

sites which would be potentially impacted by redevelopment of the

west bayfront area.

The Wolynec (1977) "paper" survey was undertaken as part of the

evaluation of the secondary impact area associated with the proposed

development of the U.S. Steel plant in Conneaut, Ohio. The survey

was actually a compilation of already existing inventories including

the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission inventory and the

County inventory (1979). There was no survey done to identify new

resources. The survey contributed information which was important

to the section on impacted cultural resources in the U.S. Steel En-

vironmental Impact Statement (Little 1978).

The West Erie County Historic Sites Survey (Claridge 1979) was

undertaken by the Erie County Historical Society for the Erie County

3-27

Department of Recreation and Cultural Affairs, The survey was

undertaken following guidelines set forth by the Pennsylvania Histor-

ical Survey. Certain sites identified during this survey, and placed

on the Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey, are located within the

Lake Erie Coastal Zone. These will be included in this document.

The Urban Development Action Grant Survey was directed by

architect Herbert Heidt (Heidt, Evans, Salata 1979) in the east bay-

front area. The survey was done as a requirement of the Urban Develop-

ment Action Grant. Actual physical inspection of buildings in the

area by architects Heidt and Krider was undertaken as was an exam-

ination of existing inventories. The purpose of the effort was to

identify historical and architectural sites worthy of preservation

consideration.

The Cultural Resource Management Study for Bayfront-Port Access

Road Project Legislative Route 1003, Section AOO Erie, Pennsylvania

was prepared for Power Allen and Associates by John Claridge of the

Erie County Historical Society (1982). This study focused upon

identifying known historical and archaeological sites which would

potentially be impacted by the proposed highway project. Si-ce these

sites are found within the Lake Erie Coastal Zone, tney will be in-

cluded in this report.

The City of Erie Historic Sites Survey, conducted by the North-

west Institute of Research (Wolynec 1982) was funded by the City of

Erie, Office of Policy Planning and Management and supervised by

3-28

-WL

Pennsylvania Bureau of Historic Preservation. The survey was undertaken

within the inner city area of the City of Erie, following guidelines

set forth by the Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey. The survey

was intended to provide the City of Erie, Office of Policy Planning

and Management with data concerning potential historically and

architecturally significant sites. Sites identified during this

survey, and placed on the Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey, are

located within the Lake Erie Coastal Zone. These will be included in

this report.

Probably the best known private survey effort is architect Robert

Krider's county-wide bicentennial survey. He, along with a number of

volunteers, most notably Mrs. Andrews of the Erie County Historical

Society, identified close to 400 architecturally significant sites

built prior to 1865 in Erie County. Of this number, less than a dozen

were identified within the City of Erie because the survey emphasized

County sites. Mr. Krider's data has been accessed on a number of

occasions by other survey or inventorying efforts (as indicated above).

The newest and perhaps the most important private organization

to be involved in preservation-related activities is Preserv,tion

Project, Inc.

The purpose of this organization is not to discover new sites,

as such, but to focus efforts towards preservation of known sites. To

this end, since its incorporation in 1980, members have successfully

3-29

IrD)
LT

applied themselves to the research and effort necessary to place

buildings and districts on the National Register of Historic Places.

Recently, the organization was given a $15,000 grant from the Pennsyl-

vania Division of Coastal Zone Management to do an architectural and

engineering study of the Modern Tool Building in the City of Erie.

This study will explore the feasibility of renovating the building

for modern use while preserving its basic integrity. Preservation

Project published its first book in January of 1982 as part of their

effort to educate the public about historic preservation. Twenty-

four architecturally significant buildings located throughout the

County were highlighted. Succeeding books will detail other sites

with a variety of areas and themes the focus of interest.

The Erie County Historical Society has no official survey program

sponsored by the Society according to Mr. John Claridge, the Director

of the Society. Nevertheless, the Society and its members have made

important contributions to other survey and inventorying efforts.

For example, members of the Society worked with Mr. Krider on the

county-wide bicentennial survey (notably Mrs. Andrews). Mr. Claridge

assisted architects Heidt and Krider in gathering survey inf-rmation

for the Urban Development Action Grant Survey. Recently, the Society

was involved in an environmental impact study of a portion of the

bayfront redevelopment area. In 1979, the Historical Society undertook

the survey of the western portion of the County under the auspices

of the County government and the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum

3-30

Commission, Bureau of Historic Preservation. The So-ciety has become

a repository of site information because of its position as an im-

portant source of archival information. Organizations and individuals

requiring research information on certain buildings, including deeds

and records searches, often go to the Society for assistance.

With two relevant exceptions, the studies briefly mentioned

above were inventories of already known sites and not actual survey

efforts. Both the West County Historic Sites Survey (Claridge 1979)

and the City of Erie Historic Sites Survey (Wolynec 1982) were survey

efforts following guidelines established by the Pennsylvania Historic

Resource Survey. Both survey efforts were approved by the Pennsyl-

vania Historical and Museum Commission. These surveys together over-

lap the west and central portions of the coastal zone study area in

Erie County. The remaining east third of the coastal zone had not been

studied by any Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission-sanctioned

survey effort.

3-31

3.3 Methodology: Conducting the Historic Survey in the Eastern
Portion of the Coastal Zone

3.3.1 Resources Selected

A historic site survey of the remaining unsurveyed east third of

the coastal zone study area was undertaken for this report. This

survey effort complied with the Specifications and Requirements of

the Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey and Comprehensive Statewide

Historic Sites Survey Program. The following basic steps were taken

to complete the survey:

1. A "windshield survey" was conducted of every street
and road to identify structures of "noteworthy"
architectural, structural, material, and construction
characteristics (among possible others) without pre-
judice against recent (within 50 years) construction.

2. Sources of additional information were accessed such
as historical documents, maps, etc. (The reader is
referred to Section 1.6 for a complete list of sources
which were accessed.)

During the site selection process, which consisted primarily of

a windshield survey, the following resources were selected: buildings,

sites, objects, structures, and districts. Table 3-1 defines each

of these resource categories. (These resources and definitions are

recommended by the National Register of Historic Places in G-idelines

for Local Surveys: A Basis for Preservation Planning (Derry et al.

1977).

Table 3-2 lists the themes covered by this survey and examples

of each theme. (These themes are listed in Comprehensive Statewide

Historic Sites Survey Program and Guidelines (no date; see Appendix C
for a copy of these guidelines). 3-32

Table 3-1 Types and definitions of historic resources
(from Derry et al. 1977: 22-23).

'IISTORIC RESOURCE CATEGORY EXAMPLES OF CATEGORY

Building 1. Notable examples of architectural styles and
periods or methods of construction, particularly
local or regional types.

2. Buildings showing the history and development
of such diverse areas as communications, community
planning, government, conservation, economics,
education, literature, music, and landscape archi-
tecture,

3, Stores and businesses and other properties
that provide a physical record of the experience
of particular ethnic groups.

4. Markets and commercial structures of blocks.

5. Buildings by great architects or master
builders and important works by minor ones.

6. Architectural curiosities, one-of-a-kind
buildings.

7. Sole or rare survivors of an important archi-
tectural type or tNlpes.

8. Studios of American artists, writers, or
musicians during years of significant activity.

9. Tnstitutions that provide evidence of the
cultural history of a community (churches, uni-
versities, art centers, theaters, and entertain-
ment halls).

Table 3-1 (Continued)

HISTORIC RESOURCE CATEGORY EXANPLES OF CATEGORY

Building (continued) 10. Places where significant technological
advances or inventions in any field occurred
(agricultural experiment stations, labora-
tories, etc.).

Site 1. Archaeological sites containing information
of known or potential value in answering scientific
research questions.

2. Archaeological sites containing information
that may shed light on local, state, or national
history.

3. Sites of cultural importance to local people
or social or ethnic groups, such as locations of
important events in their history, historic or
prehistoric cemeteries, or shrines.

4. Sites associated with events important in
the history of the community as a whole (battle-
fields, trails, etc.)

Object 1. Objects important to the cultural life of a
community and related to a specific location (totem
poles, fountains, road markers, outdoor sculpture,
etc.)

2. Objects important to scientific, historical,
or art historical research (petroglyph boulders,
bedrock mortars, statuary, ships, railroad engines,
etc.)

Table 3-1 (Continued)

HISTORIC RESOURCE CATEGORY EXANPLES OF CATEGORY

Structure 1. Industrial and engineering structures, including
mills, kilns, quarries, aquaducts, weirs, processing
plants, utility or pumping stations, dams.

2. Transportation structures, including railroads,
turnpikes, canals, tunnels, bridges, roadhouses,
lighthouses, wharves.

District 1. Groups of buildings that physically comprise
a specific environment: groups of related buildings
that represent the standards and tastes of a
Ul community or neighborhood during one period of
history, unrelated structures that represent a pro-
gression of various styles and functions, or cohesive
townscapes or streetscapes that possess an identity
of place.

2. Groups of buildings, structures, and/or sites
representative of or associated with a particular
social, ethnic, or economic group during a particu-
lar period.

3. Agricultural areas or related farm structures
(silos, barns, granaries, irrigation canals).

4. Groups of structures that show the industrial
or technological developments of the community,
state or nation.

5. Groups of buildings representing historical
development patterns (commercial and trade centers,
county seats, mill towns).

Table 3-1 (Continued)

HISTORIC RESOURCE CATEGORY EXAMPLES OF CATEGORY

District (continued) 6. Groups of sites, structures, and/or buildings
containing archaeological data and probably
representing an historic or prehistoric settlement
system or pattern or related activities.

7. Groups of educational buildings (schools,
universities).

Table 3-2 Major themes and types of historic resources (from
Comprehensive Historic Site Survey Program and
Guidelines, n.d., PflMC-OHP).

THEMES TYPES OF HISTORIC SITES

Archaeology Indian sites

Agriculture Farms, barns, smokehouses, out-
buildings

Architecture Buildings by known architects,
buildings of exceptional archi-
tectural merit.

Art Sculptures, structures associated
with artists, etc.

Commerce and Office buildings, warehouses,
Transportation markets, hotels, railroads,
stations.

Conservation Watersheds, parks, gardens

Education Schools, museums, libraries,
universities

Exploration and Early forts, land surveys,
Settlement structures associated with
early settlement and development

Industry Mills, furnaces, factories,
foundaries

Military Arsenals, armories, forts, battle
sites

Politics Government related buildings:
city halls, courthouses, munici-
pal centers

Religion Churches, meetinghouses, synagogues

Science Medical buildings: hospitals,
clinics, laboratories

Society and Utopian communities, lodges
Social Conscience

Technology Bridges, dams, tunnels

Urban Planning Planned areas,-parks, districts

3-37

LINJ Lp

Of these themes, the following were especially evident during

the survey: architecture, commerce, transportation, agriculture, edu-

cation, exploration and settlement, industry, military, politics,

religion and technology. The "windshield survey," in particular,

identified architecturally significant sites. Architecture was used

as an aid to judging age or function. The architectural style book

which was used in the survey was Identifying American Architecture:

A Pictorial Guide to Styles and Terms, 1600-1945, by John J.G. Blum-

enson (1977).

Cultural resources 50 years and older were selected. This is in

conformance with the cut-off date for National Register inclusion

(Derry et al. 1977:41). However, certain younger sites were selected

which would meet the time requirement within the next ten years or

whose inclusion could be strongly justified.

The guide to determining whether a site, etc. should be selected

or not was the criteria for inclusion in the National Register of

Historic Places. The following summary of eligibility is taken dir-

ectly from Derry et al. (1977:8):

National Register Criteria for Evaluation
The following criteria are designed to guida the States,
Federal agencies, and the Secretary of the Interior in eval-
uating potential entries (other than areas of the National
Park System and National Historic Landmarks) for the National
Register:
The quality of significance in American history, archi-
tecture, archaeology, and culture is present in districts,
sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity
of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling,
and association and:

A. that are associated with events that have made a
significant contribution to the broad patterns of
our history; or
B. that are associated with the lives of persons sig-
nificant in our past; or
C. embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,
period, or method of construction, or that represent
the work of a master, or that possess-high artistic
values, or that represent a significant and dis-
tinguishable entity whose components may lack in-
dividual distinction; or
D. that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, in-
formation important in prehistory or history.

Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical
figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for
religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their
original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties
primarily commemorative in nature, and properties that have
achieved significance within the past 50 years shall not be
considered eligible for the National Register. However, such
properties will quality if they are integral parts of districts
that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following
categories:
A. a religious property deriving prima ry significance
from architectural or artistic distinction or histor-
ical importance; or
B. a building or structure removed from its original
location but which is significant primarily for archi-
tectural value, or which is the surviving structure
most importantly associated with a historic person or
event; or
C. a birthplace or grave of a historical figure of out-
standing importance if there is no other appropriate
site or building directly associated w4th his productive
life; or
D. a cemetery that derives its primary significance from
graves of persons or transcendent importance, from age,
from distinctive design features, or from association
with historic events; or
E. a reconstructed building when accurately executed in
a suitable environment and presented in a dignified
manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when
no other building or structure with the same association
has survived; or

[D)
LN-, j

F. a property primarily commemorative in intent if
design, age, tradition, or symbolic value has
invested it with its own historical significance;
or

G. a property achieving significance within the past
50 years if it is of exceptional importance.

Once sites were selected for the inventory, specific data about

each resource were entered upon Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey

Forms. Appendix A contains these forms and otbers-compiled from

previously mentioned surveys along with a key to the code used to

characterize each resource and maps locating each resource (Figures

A-2 through A-7. A photographic record compiled during the survey

effort is on file with the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Com-

mission, Bureau of Historic Preservation.

3-40

3.4 Results: Historic Resources Inventoried

More than 494 sites and three potential districts were compiled

from existing inventories and the windshield survey. Altogether,

they represent a comprehensive historical inventory of the coastal

zone study area. These include 8 sites on the National Register of

Historic Places, 26 sites inventoried during the West Erie County

Survey (Claridge 1979), 241 sites inventoried during the City of

Erie Survey (Wolynec 1982) and 227 sites inventoried from the east

county area by this survey effort.

A number of the sites in the inventory are listed on the Pennsyl-

vania Inventory of Historic Places, Historic American Buildings

Survey (HABS) or the Historic American Engineering Records (HAER).

Figures A-2 through A-7 show the locations of all sites (historic

and archaeological) presented for this inventory. Appendix A docu-

ments each site.

3.4.1 Potential Historic Districts

Three potential historic districts were inventoried within the

coastal zone. Two of these, the lower State Street business district

and the West 6th Street residential district, are located in the City

of Erie. The third is the downtown business district in North East

Borough.

The proposed lower State Street district in Erie represents a

functional and temporal unit (with some exceptions). It is primarily

3-41

a commercial area ranging in time from the early 19th century to the

early 20 century with some more modern buildings included. It is

important to note that many of the buildings within the proposed

district are either on or already determined to be eligible for the

National Register of Historic Places.

The recommended West 6th Street district, between Perry Square

and Gridley Park, represents Erie's version of "Millionaire's Row."

Aside from the architectural variety and integrity of its residences,

this recommended district is rich in the history of people who were

11prime movers" in Erie's development. With very few exceptions,

little demolition has occurred and consequently the street is mostly

intact. A number of residences have already been placed on the

National Register of Historic Places.

The proposed downtown district in North East represents a con-

centration of buildings representing late 19th and early 20th century

commercial development in the borough. Aside from their commercial

importance, a number of the buildings within the downtown area repre-

sent architecturally unique buildings worthy of note and preservation

in their own right. Each potential district is discussed m-re specif-

ically in succeeding sections. Figures A-5 and A--/ show suggested

boundaries of these proposed districts.

3.4.2 Evaluation of Historical Context

Obviously, historic resources were not created in a vacuum. They

were part of a larger pattern of local and national events which

3-42

effected aspects of the human-built environment. Therefore, an

assessment was made of the place of historic resources, located within

the Lake Erie Coastal Zone in Erie County, Pennsylvania in the pattern

of county and national development, as reflected in patterns of style,

function, distribution, ownership, etc. of its structures and as

reflected in changes in settlement pattern. Section 3.1 was meant

to be a backdrop against which the significance of historic resources

could be appreciated.

Upon thorough examination of the historical background of the

coastal zone study area and the inventory of sites representing its

historically and architecturally built environment a number of

organizational units for presenting the data were apparent. These

organizational units follow those used in the The Resource Protection

Plan: A Framework for Decision Making in Protectingthe Cultural

Resources of the Pennsylvania/Delaware River Coastal Zone (Cee Jay

Frederick Associates with John Milner Associates 1981) as recommended

by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. These are

Mercantilism/Commerce, Agriculture, Private Institutions, Public

Institutions, Public Accommodations, Transportation, Tiidust--y, and

Residences. Each of these organizational units can be organized into

temporally distinct units representing the five major episodes of

development in the coastal zone as discussed in the section on

historic background: before 1800, 1800-1850, 1850-.1900, 1900-1950

and post 1950.

3-43

3.4.3 Mercantilism/Commerce

3.4.3.1 Resources Inventoried

Mercantilism and commerce became important to the development

of the coastal zone after 1800. Commercial activities tended to be

concentrated within urban communities and increased in importance with

the development of the Erie Canal, the railroads, and the harbor of the

City of Erie. Resources found within this organizational unit include

banks, a customs house, stores, taverns, newspapers warehouses/gar-

ages, offices and grain elevators.

Four resources were inventoried for the 1800-1850 period. Of

these, the Old Customs House in the City of Erie (049-ER-Z2-1002-211)

(Figure 3-1a), originally a branch of the U.S. Bank of Pennsylvania

(built in 1839), is on the National Register of Historic Places. Both

It and the Bonnell Block (049-ER-Z2-1002-215) (Figure 3-1b) nearby

are part of the proposed lower State Street commercial district dis-

cussed previously.

(7117

(a) (b)

Figure 3-1. The Old Customs House (a)
in the City of Erie, originally a branch
of the U.S. Bank of Pennsylvania (c. 1839)
and the Bonnell Block (b) are located
L i@

within the proposed lower State Street
district.

3-44

Over 30 resources were inventoried for the 1850-1900 temporal

unit. (A more precise number is difficult since some resources were

grouped as one resource.) The majority of these commercial structures

are located within the proposed lower State Street district in the

City of Erie and in the proposed downtown business district in the

Borough of North East. The latter, in particular, contains examples

of late 19th century commercial architecture which are unique both

in their architectural expression and high integrity (Figure 3-2).

Figure 3-2. This Victorian Eclectic
commercial row in North East Borough
is located in,the proposed downtbwn
commercial district.

Twelve resources were inventoried for the 1900-1950 temporal unit.

One additional building was built in 1956 (The Erie Insurance Exchange)

(049-ER-Z2-1005-134). A small number of these are located within the

two districts previously discussed.

Table 3-3 presents a thematic breakdown of resources included in

this unit.

3.4.3.2 Status, Recognition, Protection, Districts and Conclusions

Resources within the mercantilism/commerce organizational unit have
D
"I 71i @Lp

long been recognized as important both locally and by the Pennsylvania

3-45

Table 3-3 j, Tril
THEMATIC BREAKDOVN:

MERCANTILISM AND COMMERCE

Total Number

1. SURVEY UNITS 53

2. *SURVEY UNITS BY TIME PFRIOD
1 (before 1800) 0
2 (1800-1849) .3
3 (1850-1899) 34
4 (1900-1950) 21
Undetermined i

3. CLASSIFICATION
Site 1
Structure 2
Object 0
Building 48
N.R. 0
Undetermined 2
4, *STYLE, DESIGN, FOLK TYPE
Commercial 7
Commercial False Front 4
Victorian Commercial 5
19th Century Commercial Row 1
Victorian Row Commercial I
Late Victorian I
Victorian Industrial I
Victorian Commercial with
Romanesque Decoration I
19th Century Commercial 2
Greek Revival 1
Vernacular 3
Vernacular Commercial 3
Victorian Eclectic 1
Victorian Eclectic Commercial Row I
Federal 1
Victorian Romanesque 1
Neo-Classicism 1
Italianate 1
Undetermined 10
italianate-Commercial 5

3-46

Table 3-3
(continued)

THEMATIC BREAKDOWN: MERCANTILISM AND COMMERCE
(continued)

5. *FUNCTION
Original and/or Present Use
Commercial 43
Commercial Row 1
Single Family 3
Multi-Family 4
Two Family 3
Club 1
Bank 1
Miscellaneous Non-residential 2
Apartment 1
Vacant 1
Undetermined 2

*Because of the fact that a site may have a multiple use,
style, and period, total numbers may exceed total Survey Units.

3-47

.. . .... ...

Historice.1 and Museum Commission. Table 3-4 lists those resources

which are currently on the National Register of Historic Places,

which have been determined eligible for the Register by the Pennsyl-

vania Historical and Museum Commission, and which have been singled

out by this or other studies as deserving more research for possible

determination of eligibility. Each of the two proposed districts

have been inspected by Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission

representatives and determination of their eligibility for district

status is pending. The City of Erie, Office of Policy Planning and

Management has targeted the lower State Street area for intensive

redevelopment efforts. Wherever possible, they are attempting to

encourage preservation and restoration of the buildings within the

area as part of this effort. The area has been in a steady decline

in recent years and has had limLted importance as a contemporary com-

mercial area. Conditions of some buildings in this area have deter-

iorated due to neglect, vandalism, fire, etc. (Figure 3-3a). Some

exceptions include the Customs House which is owned by the Pennsylvania

Historical and Museum Commission and is occupied by the Erie County

Historical Society. Current interest in the area by.developers and

entrepreneurs suggests a possible renaissance for the area for con-

temporary purposes but maintaining or regaining historical integrity

(Figure 3-3b). Confirmation of this area as an Historic District

could encourage and indeed hasten this renaissance.

3-48

[D)
L

Table 3-4

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSIDERATION OF ELIGIBILITY
FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES:

MERCANTILISM AND COMMERCE

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

Joseph Sterret House 414-416 State St. 049-ER-Zl-4002-202
Erie

Old Customs House State St. between 049-ER-Z2-1002-211
4th and 5th
Erie

Patterson Store Old Lake Road at 049-39-3-1-50
Holliday Road
Springfield Twp.

Bonnell Block 419-423 State St. 049-ER-Z2-1002-215
Erie

(Business Bldg.) 425-431 State St. 049-ER-Z2-1002-217
Erie

20 Wall Street 049-NE(35)-7-48-10
North East Boro

21 South Pearl St. 049-NE(35)-7-48-2
North East Boro

St. George's Tavern/ 2 Wall Street 049-NE(35)-7-48-6
General Store North East Boro

8-12 Wall Street 049-NE("5)-7-48-8
North East Boro

North East Breeze 35-37 S. Lake St. 049-NE(35)-5-28-6,7
Publishing Company North East Boro

23 S. Lake St. 049-NE(35)-5-28-1
North East Boro

On National Register
Eligibility for National Register determined by PHMC
3-49

@ 711FD@,
Table 3-4

(continued)

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

25 S. Lake St. 049-NE(35)-5-28-2
North East Boro

1-9, 15-19 W. Main 049-NE(35)-5-29-2 thru 8
North East Boro

S. Lake St. 049-ER(35)-5-28-3
North East Boro

Prozan Furniture 13-15 E. 5th St. 049-ER-Z2-1002-101
and Upholstery Erie

F. Schneider House/ 3 E. 4th St. and 049-ER-Z2-1002-209
Store** 401 STate St.
Erie

6-16 S. Lake St. 049-NE(36)-5-31-14
North East Boro

Webb Block 17-21 E. Main St. 049-NE(36)-5-31-4
North East Boro

19 W, 4th St. 049-ER-Zl-4002-207
Erie

11, 13-1.5 E. Main 049-NE(36)-5-31-2
North East Boro 049-NE(36)-5-31-3

18-20 and 24-28 049-NE(36)-5-31-13
S. Lake St. and 13.01
North East Boro

402-210 State St. 049-ER-Zl-4002-204
Erie

First National Bank 17-19 S. Lake St. 049-NE(35)-5-28-1.01
North East Boro

418-420 State St. 049-ER-Zl-4002-201
Erie

Boston Store Garage 422-24 French St. 049-ER-Z2-1002-202
Erie

3-50

[D
Table 3-4 L
(continued)

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

101 E. 5th St. 049-ER-Z2-1004-217
Erie

Grain Elevator East Bay Front Unknown

North Park Row Perry Square 049-ER-ZI-4002-100
(Business Block #1) Erie -101
-103
-104
-105
-106
-107
-108
-109
-110
-111
-113
7v

3-51

(a) (b)

Figure 3-3. The condition of some
buildings such as (a) former F.
Schneider Store in the proposed
lower State Street district in Erie
are poor; (b) nearby, North Park Row
is undergoing extensive renovation.

The commercial buildings within the proposed North East Borough

business district (with a few exceptions) have maintained their func-

tional and architectural integrity through the years. They have not

suffered from neglect and abandonment to the extent that other business

districts within the coastal zone have. Historic District status would

encourage further improvements or maintenance of the good conditions

and excellent integrity of the buildings in the area.

3.4.4 Agriculture

3.4.4.1 Resources Inventoried

From the very first settlements in the 1790's, farming has been

an important occupation within the coastal zone study area. By the

end of the 19th century, subsistence farming had been' replaced to some

extent by specialization in orchards and vineyards. Although farm-

houses are still abundant throughout the coastal zone, those that were

inventoried either from other surveys or the windshield survey have

been organized into the organizational unit of residences. Often their

importance is not so much that they are farmhouses, but that they were
3-52

the residences of persons important to the development of the area.

Resources which were included in the agricultural organizational

unit are farmhouses and special and multipurpose barns.

Eight sets of resources were inventoried for this unit. All of

these were built after 1840 and most before 1910. One exceptional

set (049-37-17-39-3) consists of an Italianate farmhouse (built in

1840), a brick octagonal barn (built in 1879) and a frame house

(built in 1890). These are located in North East Township. The

barn is the only Octagon Barn in Erie County. This unique building

reflects the German influence on the North East area. Its style and

appearance are similar to buildings of this type seen in Lancaster,

Pennsylvania (Figure 3-4).

Figure 3-4. The Octagon Barn (c. 1840)
reflects the German influence in the
North East area.

Table 3-5 presents a thematic breakdown of resources included in this

unit.

3.4.4.2 Status, Recognition, Protection and Conclusions

No resources from this unit are on the National Register nor have

any been recommended for consideration for inclusion, to date. With one

exception, The Swan Family Barn in Fairview Township (049-21-28-17-6),

3-53

Table 3-5 [D@

THEMATIC BREAKDOWN:

AGRICULTURE

Total Number

1. SURVEY UNITS 8

2. *SURVEY UNITS BY TIME PERIOD
1 (before 1800) 0
2 (1800-1849) 2
3 (1850-1899) 6
4 (1900-1950) 4
Undetermined 0

3. CLASSIFICATION
Site 0
Structure 0
Object 0
Building 8
N.R. 0

4. *STYLE, DESIGN, FOLK TYPE

Italiante 1
Octagon 1
Vernacular 3
Shingle I
Victorian Eclectic 1
Victorian 1
19th Century Utilitarian 2

5. *FUNCTION
Original and/or Present Use

Single family 5
Two family 1
Barn 1
Non-residential 3

*Because of the fact that a site may have a nultiple use, style,
and period, total numbers may exceed total Survey Units.

3-54

all resources were discovered during the windshield survey. Two sets

of properties should be considered for evaluation of inclusion in the

National Register: The Octagon Barn and House (049-37-17-39-3) and

Mead Farms (049-37-17-39-9). Both are good examples of prosperous

farm complexes during the middle and latter half of the 19th century.

Each is in good condition and maintains reasonably good integrity.

Interestingly, each is located on Middle Road in North East Township,

within a short distance of the other. A third complex on the road,

the Orton House and Barn, consisting of an exce llent example of a

Victorian Eclectic home and a modern barn, has not been included be-

cause the dates of construction of the complex are in question

(049-37-5-45-7). If this problem is cleared up, this third complex

might be added to the list for consideration. Table 3-6 tabulates

these recommendations.

3.4.5 Private Institutions

3.4.5.1 Resources Inventoried

Private Institutions were and continue to be important foci for

community development and social life within the coastal zone. Churches,

schools, and social clubs in particular were important to th, develop-

ment of a sense of social and spiritual fellowship since the 1800's.

Resources inventoried within this unit include churches, private schools,

orphanages, children's homes (problem children), hospitals, fraternal

societies and an opera house annex.

3-55

Table 3-6

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSIDERATION OF ELIGIBILITY
FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES:

AGRICULTURE

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

Octagon Barn and Farm 11441 E. Middle Rd. 049-37-17-39-3
North East Twp.

Mead Farms 11725 Middle Rd. 049-37-17-39-9
North East Twp.

11309 Middle Rd. 049-37-5-45-7
North East Twp.

10262 East Lake Rd. 049-37-2-1-36
North East Twp.

On National Register
Eligibility for National Register determined by PHMC
TIT

3-56

One resource, a church, was inventoried for the 1800-1850 tem-

poral unit. Fourteen resources were inventoried for the 1850-1900

temporal unit and three for the 1950-present temporal unit. The

great majority of these resources are churches. Table 3-7 presents

a thematic breakdown of resources included in this unit.

3.4.5.2 Status, Recognition, Protection and Conclusions

The distribution of resources temporally is misleading. Many of

the church congregations have experienced great longevity, being or-

ganized in the early 1800's. As these congregations grew, their needs

grew, and early churches were razed and built anew.or added on to.

Therefore, if one pays attention only to the date of construction

to determine significance, the point of the longevity of a particular

congregation, a very important point, will be lost.

For example, the congregation of the Presbyterian Church of

North East was the first organized congregation in Erie County, or-

ganized in 1801 (049-NE(35)-5-27-5). The Methodist denomination in

North East Borough, based in the United Park Methodist Church

(049-NE(36)-2-5-36), was organized in 1812 (Figure 3-5).

Figure 3-5. The Methodist denomination
in North East Borough was organized in
1812. It is based in the United Park
Methodist Church.

3-57

Table 3-7
rD)
THEMATIC BREAKDOWN: L'N'@l LT

PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS

Total Number

1. SURVEY UNITS 33

2. *SURVEY UNITS BY TIME PERIOD
1 (before 1800) 0
2 (1800-1849) 2
3 (1850-1899) 14
4 (1900-1950) 16
Undetermined 3

3. CLASSIFICATION
Site 0
Structure 3
Object 0
Building 30
N.R. 0

4. *STYLE, DESIGN, FOLK TYPE
Vernacular 9
Victorian Romanesque 1
Gothic 7
Richardsonian Romanesque 3
Victorian Romanesque I
Victorian Industrial I
Victorian Gothic 3
Victorian Vernacular I
Modernistic 1
Commercial 2
Romanesque Revival 1
1950's Modern Commercial 1
Undetermined 3
5. *FUNCTION
Original and/or Present Use
Church 18
Masonic Temple .1
Commercial 4
Seminary 1
Hospital 1
School 7
Single Family 1
Multi family 3
Orphanage
Miscellaneous Institutional 3
Club I
*Because of the fact that a site may have a multiple use,
style, and period, total numbers may exceed total Survey Units.
3-58

rD
LIT

The Presbyterian congregation at Harborcreek was organized in 1832,

based in the First Presbyterian Church of Harborcreek (049-27-34-33-110).

The Episcopal Congregation of Erie was organized in 1828 and is based

in St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral (049-ER-Zl-4004-204).

Of special interest is the G.C. Church of the Nativity

(049-ER-Z2-1051-108) in the City of Erie. It is one of only four

churches of the Greek Old Orthodox Church ("Oid Believers") in the

United States, which observes the Julian calendar.

Private institutions were not limited to churches. Perhaps the

most notable private school located within the coastal zone is St.

Mary's College (formerly Lakeshore Seminary) (049-37-5-21-1) in North

East Borough (Figure 3-6).

Figure 3-6. St. Mary's College,
formerly the Lakeshore Seminary, in
North East Borough, was originally
opened by the Methodist Episcopal
Church in 1869.

This complex of beautiful Gothic buildings was initially opened by the

Methodist Episcopal Church in 1869. It was sold to the Redemptorist

Fathers in 1881 and is used by them to this day. The condition of

the complex of buildings and integrity of its Gothic architecture

are excellent.

3-59

y@z

Another private institution of note, St. Joseph's Home for

Children in the City of Erie (049-ER-4124-300), was established in

1864 by the Sisters of the Order of St. Joseph. It moved to its

current location on West 6th Street in Erie in 1924. It was supported

by the Erie Diocese of the Catholic Church, by appropriations from

the Board of Commissioners of the 13 counties in the diocese and by

the Erie Community Chest. It is currently an apartment building with

a loss of some integrity due to remodeling (Figure 3-7).

Figure 3-7. St. Joseph Apartments on
West 6th Street in the City of Erie
was originally St. Joseph's Home for
Children (c. 1922-23)

Hamot Hospital, organized in the late 1800's, remains an important

focal point for health services within the City of Erie (049-ER-Z2-1049-100).

A final building worth noting is the annex to the Short Opera House

in North East Borough (049-NE(35)-10-45-2). The opera house was torn

down in 1944, but the annex building stands today as the North East

Athletic Club.

The majority of buildings within this organizational unit have

ral
maintained their architectu and functional integrity with very few

exceptions. Despite the social importance of many of these buildings,

none have been nominated to the National Register of Historic Places

3-60

rNq 1

although a few have been determined to be eligible by the Pennsylvania

Historical and Museum Commission. Table 3-8 lists those resources which

have been determined to be eligible for the Register by the Pennsyl-

vania Historical and Museum Commission and those which have been

singled out by this and other studies as deserving more research for

possible determination of eligibility.

3.4.6 Public Institutions

3.4.6.1 Resources Inventoried

Social organization within the coastal zone was manifested in

governmental responsibility as well as in the private sector. Re-

sources representing this public sector include governmental offices,

convalescent homes, firehouses, courthotises,.post offices, libraries,

and of course public schools. Indeed, the majority of resources

consist of school buildings.

One resource, a school house, was inventoried for the 1800-1850

temporal unit. Fourteen resources were inventoried for the 1850-1900

temporal unit. Ten of these are school houses representing the move-

ment to public education within Pennsylvania at this.time period.

The Erie County Courthouse, Engine Co. No. 4,.The Soldiers a-.,d Sailors

Home, and the Erie County Public Library, Main Library in the City of

Erie are the remaining resources in this temporal unit.

Nine resources are included in the 1900-1950 temporal unit. Of

these, one is a courthouse, two are firehouses (one of these a former

City Hall), one post office and one library. The remaining resources

3-61

1'. rD@
Tab le 3- 8 1
J

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSIDERATION OF ELIGIBILITY
FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES:

PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

Fairplain Methodist- Fairplain Rd. at 049-24-3-10-20
Episcopal Church Old Lake Road
Girard Twp.

United Park 30 North Lake 049-NE(36)-2-15-36
Methodist Church North East Boro

St. Gregory's Church 50 S. Pearl St. 049-NE(35)-10-46-22
North East toro

St. Paul's Episcopal 133 W. 6th St. and 049-ER-Zl-4004-204
Cathedral 134 W. 7th St.
Erie

Josephinum 102 W. 5th St. 049-ER-ZI-4005-200
Erie

Grace Episcopal Church 10121 Hall Ave. 049-28-9-15-1
Lake City Boro

Annex Bldg. to Opera House 86 S. Pearl St. 049-NE(35)-10-45-2
North East Boro

Episcopal Church 51-53 W. Main St. 049-NE(35)-6-26-4
North East Boro

St. Mary's College/ West Division St. 04.9-37-5-21-1
Lakeshore Seminary North East Boro

Presbyterian Church 25 W. Main St. 049-NE('5)-5-27-5
North East Boro

Hamot Hospital 201 State St. 049-ER-Z2-1049-100
Erie

St. Paul's Evangelical 30 Clinton St. 049-NE(35)-6-47-14
Lutheran Church North East Boro

On National Register
Eligibility for National Register determined by PHMC
3-62

Table 3-8 FNI rD)
(continued)
! N IWY@

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

First Baptist Church 43 S. Lake St. 049-NE(35)-5-27-7
North East Boro

G.C.. Church of the Nativity 247 E. Front St. 049-ER-Z2-1051-108
Erie

Swan School and 6390 West Lake Rd. 049-21-29-16-42.01
Taylor Summer House Fairview Twp-

First United 111 W. 5th St. 049-ER-ZI-4005-101
Presbyterian Church Erie

St. Joseph's Home 1926 W. 6th St. 049-ER-4124-300
for Children Erie

St. Patrick's Church 130 E. 4th St. 049-ER-Z2-1006-142
and Rectory Erie and 142.01

First Presbyterian 6722 Buffalo Road 049-27-34-33-110
Church of Harborcreek Harborcreek Twp.

Villa Maria Academy 2403 West Lake Rd. 049-33-31-47-3
Millcreek Twp.

Masonic Temple S. Lake St. 049-NE(35)-5-28-3
Nbrth East Boro

St. Barnabas Home 12430 E. Lake Rd. 049-37-14-25-50
North East Twp.
1 7V

3-63

are schools, Table 3-9 presents a thematic breakdown of resources

included in this unit.

3.4.6.2 Status, Recognition, Protection and Conclusions

To date, only one building from this organizational unit has been

placed on the National Register of Historic Places. This building is

the Erie County Public Library, Main Branch on Perry Square in the

City of Erie (049-ER-Zl-1001-200). The Erie County Public Library,

Main Branch is still in use as a library. However, spatial con-

straints are such at the library accessions may be moved (Figure 3-8).

-4, fill

Figure 3-8. The Main Branch of the
Erie County Public Library on Perry
Square in the City of Erie is on the
National Register of Historic Places.

The Soldiers and Sailors Home is a public building of some note

(049-ER-Zll-1025-105). Initially, in the 1860's it was a hospital for

disabled sailors, on the site of the old American Fort. Part of the

facility was occupied by a city-run hospital and part left unfinished

until money was appropriated by the State legislature in 1885 to com-

plete the building. The home was dedicated in 1887., Recently, the

home has undergone needed structural modifications to meet modern
@DZ

safety and health standards.

3-64

Table 3-9 [D)

THEMATIC BREAKDOTAIN:

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS

Total Number

1. SURVEY UNITS 22

2. *SURVEY UNITS BY TIME PERIOD
1 (before 1800) 0
2 (1800-1849) 1
3 (1850-1899) 12
4 (1900-1950) 12
Undetermined

3. CLASSIFICATION
Site 0
Structure 0
Object 0
Building 22
N.R. 0

4. *STYLE, DESIGN, FOLK TYPE
Vernacular 7
Vernacular School House 4
Greek 2
Commercial 2
Victorian Eclectic 1
Victorian PatterR Book Building 1
Neo-Classicism 2
Colonial Revival 1
Undetermined 1
Richardsonian Romanesque 1
1930's 1

5. *FUNCTION
Originaland/or Present Use
School 13
Governmental 3
Firehouse 3
Multi family 1
Miscellaneous Institutional 2
Miscellaneous Non-residential 4
Single Family 5
Commercial 3
Armory 1

*Because of the fact that a site may have a multiple use, style,
and period, total numbers may exceed total Survey Units.

3-65

[D@

The Erie County Court House (049-ER-ZI-4005-102) was constructed

in 1853 and completed in 1889-90. Recent additions include the Erie

County Jail.

The building currently occupied by the Firefighters Museum in

Erie, Engine Co. No. 4, is among the oldest in the City of Erie

(049-ER-Z5-4014-200). The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission

has determined this building to be eligible for inclusion in the

National Register of Historic Places (Figure 3-9).

mom

Figure 3-9. The Firefighters Museum
in the City of Erie, Engine Co. No. 4,
is among the oldest in the City of
Erie (c. 1873).

The fire station and town hall are significant to the history of

North East Borough (049-NE(36)-5-31-6,7). A number of fires had plagued

the Borough since 1884. As a consequence, a 4,000,000-gallon reservior

was constructed in the hills southeast of town. Subsequently, a fire

station was built in 1900 which was also used as a town hall. The

building remains in use as a fire station.

It was surprising the extent to which the number of schools from
L

the 19th century remained intact (Figure 3-10a). None are currently

3-66

J
D@
LI

used as schools. Many have been converted to private homes, their

integrity diminished by additions and modern conveniences (Figure 3-10b).

A number of these have been converted to "quaint" shops and markets.

Some are used as warehouses or garages.

(a) (b)

Figure 3-10. (a) Public School No. 3 in
Millcreek Township is a Victorian Pattern
Book building (c. 1897) which has main-
tained its exterior integrity despite its
current use as a gift shop. (b) This old
schoolhouse in North East Township has
lost its integrity due to conversion to a
residential dwelling.

Table 3-10 lists those resources which are included in the National

to be eligible for the Register by the Pennsylvania Historical and

Museum Commission, and those which have been singled out by this and

other studies as deserving more research for possible determination of

eligibility.

3.4.7 Public Accommodations

3.4.7.1 Resources Inventoried

Public accommodations were important within the coastal zone since
TWL

the early 1800's. Accommodations were particularly important along

the Buffalo and Ridge Road during the first half of the 19th century

3-67

Table 3-10

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSIDERATION OF ELIGIBILITY
FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES:

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

Schoolhouse built in 1817 111 E. Main Rd. 049-37-17-39-18
North East Twp.

Erie County Courthouse 140 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4005-102
Erie

Firefighters' Museum 428 Chestnut St. 049-ER-Z5-4014-200
Erie

Avonia School 7490 Hathaway Dr. 049-21-10-11-96
Public School No. 1 at Avonia Rd.
Fairview Twp.

Soldiers and Sailors Home 560 E. 3rd St. 049-ER-Zll-1025-105
Erie

School District No. 6 8262 Gulf Rd. 049-37-26-80-4
North East Twp.

Public School No. 4 414 W. 5th St. 049-ER-Z5-4014-211
Erie

Public School N. 3 6610 West Lake Rd. 049-33-22-11-182.02
Millcreek Twp.

Fire Station and Vine St. 049-NE(36)-5-31-6,7
Town Hall North East Boro

Hook and Ladder West side of French 049-ER-Z2-1002-203
No. 1 and No. 2 and 4th and State Sts.
Erie

Josephine E. Scouller N. Lake St. 049-NE(35)-2-16-12
.School North East Boro 13 and 14

On National Register
Eligibility for National Register determined by PHMC
3-68

FD)
Table 3-10

(continued)
Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

Brie County Public 3 S. Perry Square 049-ER-Z2-1001-200
Library, Main Branch Erie

Federal Building and 617 State St. 049-ER-Z2-1001-204
Courthouse Erie

3-69

[D@

and during the railroad era in the latter half of the 19th century.

Accommodations were also important as municipalities grew as com-

mercial centers. Resources inventoried within this organizational

unit are inns and taverns.

Three resources were inventoried for the 1800-1850 temporal unit.

Six resources were inventoried for the 1850-1900 temporal unit, and

one for the 1900-1950 temporal unit. Table 3-11 presents a thematic

breakdown of resources included in this unit.

3.4.7.2 Status, Recognition, Protection and Conclusions

One resource, the Perry Memorial House/Dickson Tavern

(049-ER-Z2-1006-215) in Erie is on the National Register of Historic

Places (Figure 3-11).

,lie I

Figure 3-11. The Perry Memorial House/
Dickson Tavern in the City of Erie is
on the National Register of Historic
Places.

Frank's Hotel (049-ER-Z2-1002-200), also in Erie, had been d-termined

to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places by the

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Structural problems

have made rehabilitation unfeasible, and therefore the building was

demolished. Very few historically significant public accommodations

remain. The majority have been demolished. Some have been converted

3-70

Table 3-11 FD@
THEMATIC BREAKDOWN: i@Njl' UA

PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS

'lotal Number

1 S UIRVEY UNITS 10

2. *SURVEY UNITS BY TIME PERIOD
I (before 1800) 0
2 (1800-1849) 3
3 (1850-1899) 6
4 (1900-1950) 1
Undetermined 1

3. CLASSIFICATION
Site 0
Structure 0
Object .0
Building 10
N.R. 0

4. *STYLE, DESIGN, FOLK TYPE
Vernacular, Greek Revival 1
Vernacular) 19th Century I
Federal 2
Neo-Classicism 1
Commercial 2
Victorian Romanesque I
Victorian Commercial Row 1
Undetermined 2

5. *FUNCTION
Original and/or Present Use
Inn 3
Commercial 7
Apartment 1
Miscellaneous, non-residential 1
Single Family 2

Because of the fact that a site may have a multiple, use, style
\ @Vo@@

and period, total numbers may exceed total Survey Units.

3-71

JrD

to residences. Most of those that remain and were inventoried are

historically significant.

Resource 049-37-16-35-14 was once an inn and tavern situated on

the Buffalo Road in North East Township (built in 1812). Research

was unable to provide the name of this inn. This is perhaps the oldest

remaining inn along the road (Figure 3-12).

Lai" I
ITM

Figure 3-12. This building was once
an inn and tavern situated along the
Buffalo Road in North East Township
(c. 1812).

The Lakeside Motel (049-37-5-6-41), an inn built in 1835 along Old

Freeport Road in North East Town@;hip, was an "underground railroad

station" for run-away slaves.

The Palace Hotel (049-NE(35)-10-45-3) in North East Borough was

built in 1877, the same year as the opera house (Figure 3-13).

Figure 3-13. The Palace Hotel in North
East Borough (c. 1877) was considered a
@q @'Irrcx@@

major social center in the Borough,
growing up around the developing rail-
road.

3-72

RD)
LiNli LIP

These two buildings were considered the social centers of North East,

growing up around the developing railroad. The hotel has been

recently renovated inside and is still in use today. Haynes House

(049-NE(36)-5-31-1) in the potential North East Borough business

district was built in 1890. It remains intact, its street level

partitioned by a number of contemporary businesses (Figure 3-14).

Figure 3-14. The Haynes House (c. 1890)
is part of the proposed commercial district
in North East Borough.

Table 3-12 lists those resources which are included in the National

to be eligible for the Register by the Pennsylvania Historical and

Museum Commission and those which have been singled out by this and

other studies as deserving more research for possible determination of

eligibility.

3.4.8 Transportation

3.4.8.1 Resources Inventoried

Transportation in the coastal zone involved roads, railroads,

and lake transport. Resources inventoried for this organizational

unit include a cobblestone road, lighthouses, canal basins, railroad

depots, a Coast Guard station, a pier, a bridge, and an airport.

3-73

FD)
Table 3-12

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSIDERATION OF ELIGIBILITY
FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES:

PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS

Historic or Common Name Address Survey _Code

Perry Memorial House/ 201 French St. 049-ER-Z2-1006-215
Dickson Tavern Erie

"Unnamed" Inn 12020 E. Main Rd. 049-37-16-35-14
North East Twp.

Lakeside Motel 101 Old Freeport Rd. '049-37-5-6-41
North East Twp.

Frank's Hotel 432-28 French St. 049-ER-Z2-1002-200
Erie

Short's Hotel 90 S. Pearl St. 049-NE(35)-10-45-3
(Palace Hotel) North East Boro

Haynes' House 1-9 E. Main St. 049-NE(36)-5-31-1
North East Boro

On National Register
Eligibility for National Register determined by PHMC

1-74

Three resources were inventoried for the 1800-1850 temporal unit.

Of these, one, Dobbins Lane (049-ER-Zl-4045) in Erie, a cobblestone

road, is possibly of the time period for the 1850-1900 temporal unit.

Five resources were inventoried for the 1850-1900 temporal unit. Three

resources were inventoried for the 1900-1950 temporal unit. Table

3-13 presents a thematic breakdown of resources included in this unit.

3.4.8.2 Status, Recognition, Protection and Conclusions

Only one resource, the Land Lighthouse (049-ER-Zl2-1045-300) of

Erie, is on the National Register of Historic Places (Figure 3-15).

Figure 3-15. The Land Lighthouse of Erie
was the first lighthouse built by the
government on the Great Lakes in 1818.
It is on the National Register of His-
toric Places.

This was the first lighthouse built by the government on the Great Lakes

in 1818. Its integrity has been maintained. Other resources reflect the

development of lake transportation. The East and West Canal Basins

(049-ER-1046-123 and 4049-500), which are located at the north end of

State Street represent the terminal points of the Erie Extension of the

Pennsylvania Canal System. The Presque Isle Lighthouse (049-33-11-35-1)

began operation in 1873. It is now run automatically by a time-clock

system. The Erie Coast Guard Station (049-33-11-35-1) was established

3-75

Table 3-13 @ D-)

THEMATIC BREAKDOWN:

TRANSPORTATION

Total Number

1. SURVEY UNITS 12

2. *SURVEY UNITS BY TIME PERIOD
1 (before 1800) 0
2 (1800-1849) 2
3 (1850-1899) 6
4 (1900-1950) .3
Undetermined 2

3. CLASSIFICATION
Site 2
Structure 2
Object 0
Building 7
N.R. 0
Undetermined 1
4. *STYLE, DESIGN, FOLK TYPE
Vernacular 2
Victorian Utilitarian I
Undetermined 3
Not applicable 6
5. *FUNCTION
Original and/or Present Use
Lighthouse 2
Canal 1
Cobble Street 1
Train Depot 3
Single Family I
Coast Guard 1
Miscellaneous, non-residential 3
Dock 1
Comm 1
Museum 1
Not applicable .3
Undetermined 1

Because of the fact that a site may have a multiple use, style,
and period, total numbers may exceed total Survey Units.
@@ @111T@

3-76

FbZ
LN_ Lp

at the turn of the century. The Public Dock (049-Zl3-4049-100.01) was

established at the foot of State Street in the 1840's and has under-

gone several episodes of rehabilitation since then.

Railroad activity is reflected by three depots built in 1852,

1880 and 1882, respectively. The oldest of these, the Avonia Depot

(049-21-48-000-1.10) in Fairview Township, was the acting train

station for the Avonia section of Fairview. It was also used as a

feed mill. The building is now vacant and in poor condition (Figure

3-16a). The train station (049-NE(36)-7-54-14) in North East Borough

which serves as the Museum of the Lakeshore Railway Historical Society,

is in excellent condition (Figure 3-16b). The "Nickle Plate Station"

(049-NE(36)-10-60-12) (built in 1882) in North East was used for pas-

sengers and freight shipment (Figure 3-16c). Tt is now used for

storage only.

1j,

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3-16. Three depots reflect railroad@activity
during the latter half of the 19th century. (a) Avonia
Depot in Fairview Township (c. 1852), (b) The Museum
of the Lakeshore Railway Historical Society in North
East Borough (c. 1880) and (c) The i'Nickle Plate
Station" (c.1882) in North East Borough.
III[[

- 11L

Table 3-14 lists those resources which are included in the National

3-77

@D)
Table 3-14

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSIDERATION OF ELIGIBILITY
FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES:

TRANSPORTATION

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

Old Land Lighthouse Erie 04@-ER-Z12-1045-300

Dobbins Lane between State and 049-ER-Zl-4045
Sassafras south of
W. Front St.
Erie

Avonia Depot Middle Road off 049-21-48-000-1.10
Avonia Rd.
Fairview Twp.

Presque Isle Lighthouse Presque Isle 049-33-11-35-1
State Park

Museum Station Wall Street 049-NE(36)-7-54-14
North East Boro

Nickle Plate Station N.S. Gramville 049-NE(36)-10-60-12
North East Boro

.East and West Eiie 049-ER-1046-123 and
Canal Basins 4049-500

On National Register
Eligibility for National Register determined by PHMC

3-78

L'@D

to be eligible for the Register by the Pennsylvania Historical and

Museum Commission and those which have been singled out by this and

other studies as deserving more research for possible determination of

eligibility.

3.4.9 Industry

3.4.9.1 Resources Inventoried

Although industrial activity was noteworthy as early as the late

1700's (see section on historical background), little remains of the

multitude of industries which existed. Indeed no industrial resources

were inventoried prior to 1850. These have been destroyed and may

remain only as potential archaeological sites. Resources inventoried

in this organizational unit include a winery, municipal waterworks,

a cigar factory, a milling company, confectionary plant, windmill,

paper companies, a tempered copper company, iron foundaries and iron

ore docks, food processing plants, water control products manufacturing,

refrigeration manufacturing, gasoline-electric locomotive equipment

manufacturing, ship turbine manufacturing, artillery shell manufacturing,

a power plant, a printing company, electrical.material manufacturing,

filtration and pumping station.

Eight resources were inventoried for the 1850-1900 temporal unit.

Twelve resources were inventoried for the 1900-1950 temporal unit.

Table 3-15 presents a thematic breakdown of resources included in this

unit.

3-79

Table 3-15 D@
THEMATIC BREAKDOUN, U

INDUSTRIAL

Total Number

1. SURVEY UNITS 21

2. *SURVEY UNITS BY TIME PERIOD
1 (before 1800) 0
2 (1800-1849) 0
3 (1850-1899) 8
4 (1900-1950) 15
Undetermined 0

3. CLASSIFICATION
Site 0
Structure 8
Object 0
Building 13
N.R. 0

4. *STYLE, DESIGN, FOLK TYPE
Vernacular 6-
19th Century Industrial I
Commercial 3
Victorian Industrial
20th Century Industrial
Art Moderne 2
Early 20th Century' Industrial 1
1930's Public Works I
Modern Public Works I
Undetermined 4

5. *FUNCTION
Original and/or Present Use
Winery 1
Filtration Plant 1
Commercial 6
Windmill .1
Industrial 7
Miscellaneous, non-residential 3
City Water Standpipe I
Factory 2
Single Family 1
Inn 1

Because of the fact that a site may have a multiple use, style,
and period, total numbers may exceed total Survey Units.
3-80

3.4.9.2 StatusY Recognition, Protection and Conclusions

No resources from this unit are included in the National Register

of Historic Places although a number of resources have been determined

to be eligible by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.

Among the more notable resources found during the windshield and other

surveys are the following: The South Shore Winery (049-37-5-47-8)

(built in 1860) in North East Township was the first winery in Erie

County. It is currently in operation as the South Shore Inn and has

limited integrity. The Erie Waterworks (049-ER-Zl3-4048-200 and 203),

built in 1870 and incorporating a 250-fbot iron standpipe, was then the

largest structure of its kind in the United States. Its condition

is poor and integrity good (Figure 3-17).

Figure 3-17. The Erie Waterworks in
City of Erie (c. 1870) was once the
largest structure of its kind in the
United States.

A cigar factory (049-ER-Z6-4027-101), in the city of-Erie (built in 1877),

is currently being renovated as a residence. Both the Hammermill Paper

Company (049-ER-1003-100,2) and General Electric Company (049-29-7-17-1)

complexes (Figure 3-18) are still in use, although portions of the latter

have been and are being closed. Both industries were extremely

3-81

FD@

important to social and commercial development in the coastal zone in

the first half of the 20th century and remain so to.day.

Figure 3-18. The General Electric
Company is a major employer in the
City of Erie.

The Pennsylvania Division of Coastal Zone Management has funded

the Preservation Project, Inc. of Erie to do a structural and reuse

feasibility study of the Modern Tool Company in Erie (049-ER-Z2-1003-100)

(Figure 3-19).

Figure 3-19. The Modern Tool Company
(c. 1890's) located in the proposed lower
State Street commercial district, is
being evaluated by Preservation Project,
Inc. of Erie for possible reuse.

The Keystone Cooperative Grape Association (049-NE(35)-7-54-11) was

founded in 1901 and remains important to the grape industry in the

eastern part of the coastal zone study area. The Durico Paper Company

building (049-ER-z2-1002-205) in Erie, located within the potential

lower State Street Commercial District (as is the Modern Tool Company

3-82

[D
'n,

building) was formerly a confectionary plant in the 1890's and is a

good turn-of-the-century industrial building. Table 3-16 lists those

resources which have been determined to be eligible for the National

Commission and those which have been singled out by this and other

surveys as deserving more research for possible determination of

eligibility.

3.4.10 Residences

3.4.10.1 Resources Inventoried

By far, the overwhelming majority of historical and architectural

resources found within the coastal zone study area are residences.

The selection of resources for the inventory included residences of

noteworthy individuals, such as early settlers and "prime movers"

within the developing communities and residences which reflected the

variety and richness of architectural expression within the coastal zone.

An effort was made to include not only the residences of the wealthy

members of the community but of working class peoples also. Twenty-

eight resources were inventoried for the 1800-1850 temporal unit.

The majority of these are residences of historically notewor@hy families

and individuals. About 145 resources were inventoried for the 1850-

1900 temporal unit. The majority of these represent the variety of

architectural expression within the coastal zone. -Some 123 resources

were inventoried for the 1900-1950 temporal unit. The majority of

these, also, reflect architectural variety for the period. Table 3-17

presents a thematic breakdown of resources included in this unit.

Table 3-16

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSIDERATION OF ELIGIBILITY
FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES:

INDUSTRY

Historic or Common Name Address Survey_Code

South Shore Winery 1120 Freeport Rd. 049-37-5-47-8
North East Twp.

Erie City Waterwords West Front Street 049-ER-Zl3-4048-
200 and 203

Cigar Factory 808 W. 4th St. 049-ER-Z6-4027-101
Erie

Neiger Milling Co. 4 N. Lake St. 049-28-13-18-1
Lake City Boro

Durico Paper Co. 402-408 French St. 049-ER-Z2-1002-205
Erie

Denio Windmill Denio St. at Hall St. 049-28-9-15-2
Lake City Boro

Hammermill Paper Co. East Lake Rd. 049-ER-1103-100,-2
Erie

Eureka Elec. Products 79 Clay St. 049-NE(36)-10-38-7
North East Boro

Modern Tool Co. NE Corner of - 049-ER-Z2-1003-100
4th and State Sts.
Erie

General Electric Co. 2901 East Lake Rd. 049-29-7-17-1
Lawrence Park Twp.

Keystone Cooperative Wall Street 049-NE(35)-7-54-11
Grape Association North East Boro

Filtration and Sommerheim Drive 049-33-13-34-6
Pumping Stations Millcreek, Twp.
rD-

On National Register
Eligibility for National Register determined by PHMC

Table 3-17 FD@

THEMATIC BREAKDOWN:

RESIDENCES

Total Number

1. SURVEY UNITS 293

2. *SURVEY UNITS BY TIME PERIOD
1 (before 1800) 0
2 (1800-1849) .35
3 (1850-1899) 146
4 (1900-1950) 136
Undetermined

3. CLASSIFICATION
Site 0,
Structure 2
Object 0
Building 274
N.R.

4. *STYLE, DESIGN, FOLK TYPE

Beaux Arts 2
Bungalow 5
Bun galow, California
Bungalow, Tudor Style
Chateauesque
Colonial, 1930s imitation
Colonial Revival
Commercial 4
Eclectic Queen Anne I
Eclectic Modernistic 1
Eclectic Queen Elizabeth/Stick Style 1
Federal 10
Federal/Victorian 1
Federal/2nd Empire additions 1
Federal with many additions and changes. 1
Federal/late with Victorian modificationsl
Federal/modified 1
Georgian 2
Georgian Revival 2
Greek 7
Greek with modified pebble veneer 1
Italianate 21
Italianate,- modified
Italianate/Victorian Eclectic
Italianate, late
Italian Villa
3-85

Table 3-17
(continued) FD@

Total Number

*STYLE, DESIGN, FOLK TYPE (continued)

Modernistic, Prarie influence 2
Modernistic, Tudor Revival 1
19th Century Vernacular 2
19th Century Eclectic Pattern book 1
19th Century Vernacular with Bungalow inf. 1
Neo-classicism 3
Prarie 1
Queen Anne/Shingle Style
Richardsonian Romanesque
2nd Empire
2nd Empire duplex 1
Shingle style 9
Shingle style, modernistic 1
Spanish, modern imitation 1
Standardized Pattern Book House 1
Stick Style, late 1
Tudor 1
Tudor Revival 4
Tudor Revival, Victorian 1
20th Century Period Revival 5
20th Century Vernacular 2
Victorian, Late
Victorian Row House
Victorian cottage
Victorian cottage, altered
Victorian vernacular
Victorian vernacular, late
Victorian Stick Style
Victorian Swiss Chalet
Victorian Italianate 2
Victorian gingerbread 1
Victorian Romanesque 2
Victorian with vernac,QueenAnne and mod.add.1
Victorian Gothic 1
Victorian 2nd Empire 1
Vernacular 95
Vernacular/Federal 2
Vernacular/Italian Villa influence 3
Vernacular/Victorian with added BunEfllow 1
Vernacular/Queen Anne por 3
Vernacular/Greek 1
Turn-of-the-Century Vernacular 1
Vernacular Farm House 1
Vernacular, 1940s Modernistic 1

3-86

[D)
Table 3-17
(continued) Z

Total Number

*STYLE, DESIGN, FOLK TYPE (continued)

Victorian Eclectic 15
Victorian Eclectic, QueenAnne-Stick Style 1
Victorian Eclectic with Italiante inf. inf.1
Victorian Eclectic Pattern Book 2
Victorian Romanesque 3
Undetermined 11

5. *FUNCTION
Original and/or Present Use
Single Family 164
Two Family 45
Multi Family 54
Apartment 3
Club 2
Commercial 20
Church 1
School 1
Governmental 1
Miscellaneous institutional 2
Miscellaneous, nonresidential 7
Undetermined 7

Because of the fact that a site may have a multiple use,
r@@

style, and period, total numbers may exceed total Survey
Units.

3-87

rD@

3.4.10.2 Status, Recognition, Protection, Districts, and Conclusions

Several resources have been either included on the National

for the Register. The John Hill House (049-ER-Zl-4008-134) in Erie

is on the Register. Built in 1825, it is in a bad state of disrepair

and appears to require extensive costly rehabilitation (Figure 3-20a).

The Reed Mansion (049-ER-Zl-4005-100), also in Erie, is also on the

by the Erie Club which resides within its walls. The Cashier's House

(049-ER-Z2-1002-212), in Erie, is on the Register (Figure 3-20c).

It has been the home of the Erie County Historical Society and is

owned by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Com mission.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3-20. (a) The John Hill House (c. 1825);
(b) The Reed Mansion (c. 1833); and (c) The
Cashier's House (c. 1839) are all on the National
Register of Historic Places. They are all,located
in downtown Erie.

The Hugh Cunningham House (c. 1807) is considered to be the oldest house

remaining in the City of Erie (049-ER-Z2-1006-229). The Pennsylvania
71

Historical and Museum Commission has determined it is eligible for

inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (Figure 3-21).

3-88

[D@

ALM
M

Figure 3-21. The Hugh Cunningham Ho.use
on East 3rd Street in Erie is considered
to be the oldest house remaining in the
City of Erie.

The abundance of noteworthy resources within this organizational unit

does not permit a discussion of each such resource. Specific historical

and architectural significance is discussed on the survey form for

each resource in Appendix A. Table 3-18 lists those resources which

are on the National Register of Historic Places.- those resources

which have been determined to be eligible for the Register by the

Pennsylvania Historical and Museiim Commission, and those which have

been singled out by this and other studies as deserving more research

for possible determination of eligibility. Although certain resources

have been determined to be eligible for the Register by the Pennsylvania

Historical and Museum Commission, this does not.insure their protection

and preservation. For example, the James Sterret House (049-ER-Z2-1008-123)

in Erie was demolished as part of the Erie Insurance Exchange expansion

@within the Urban Development Action Grant study area.

A number of resources occurred in concentrations within munici-

palities. The most noteworthy of these concentrations is located

3-89

Table 3-18

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSIDERATION OF ELIGIBILITY
FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES:

RESIDENCES

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

Samuel Holliday House Holliday Rd. 049-39-4-2-2
Springfield Twp.

Hugh Cunningham House 136 E. 3rd St. 049-ER-Z2-1006-229
Erie

51 E. Main 049-NE(36)-5-33-8
North East Boro

Alexander Brewster House 156 E. 5th St. 049-ER-1005-226
Erie

John Hill House 230 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4008-134
Erie

Hoskinson Double House 127-29 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4004-202, 203
Erie

Interchurch Ministries 235 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4007-206
Erie

Carriage House for 11 E. 4th St. 049-ER-Z2-1002-208
Cashier's House/Customs Erie
House Complex

Cashier's House 417 State St. 049-ER-Z2-1002-212

Rte. 20 at 049-27-31-119-8
Mooreheadville Rd.
Harborcreek Twp.

Caughey House 7585 W. Lake Rd. 049-21-47-62-1.01
Fairview Twp.

Short St. Rowhouses 210 Short St. 049-ER-Zl-4043-235,-231
Erie -232,-233
,@ #wc@

On National Register
Eligibility for National Register determined by PHMC

3-90

Table 3-18 FD)
(continued)

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

Kennedy Row Houses 158-62 E. 5th St. 049-ER-Z2-1005-201
Erie

P.S,V. Hamot House 302 French St. 049-ER-Z2-1006-103
Erie

Judah Colt Residence 343 E. Front St. 049-ER-Z2-1052-113
Erie

Miles Holliday House Holliday Road 049-39-27-3-1.01
E. Springfield Twp.

Erie Club/Reed Mansion 524 Peach St. 049-ER-Zi-4005-100
Erie

Gilpin Manor 59 E. Main 049-NE(36)-5-33-10
North East Boro

55 E. Main 049-NE(36)-5-33-9
North East Boro

9754 W. Lake Rd. 049-24-4-7-16
Girard Twp.

8721 Buffalo Rd. 049-27-31-119-4
Harborcreek Twp.

Eagley Rd. 049-39-3-13-8
Springfield Twp.

Holliday Road 049-39-4-2-8
Springfield Twp.

C.M. Tibbals House 146 E. 5th St. 049-ER-Z2-1-05-225
Erie

238 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zi-4008-132
Erie

1201 Dutch Rd. 049-21-28-17-11
Fairview Twp.

20 Gibson St. 049-NE(35)-2-19-8
North East Boro

Table 3-18 FD@
(continued)

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

Wood-Mansion House 338 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4011-120
Erie

8760 W. Lake Rd. 049-24-3-10-20
Girard Twp.

6766 Buffalo Rd. 049-27-34-33-108
Harborcreek Twp.

2230 W. 8th St, 049-33-14-43-29
Millcreek Twp.

135 E. 6th St. 049-ER-Z2-1004-210
Erie

David Kennedy House 424-426 Holland St. 049-ER-Z2-1005-201
Erie

334 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4011-121
Erie

Peter Rockwell House 405 State St. 049-ER-Z2-1002-210
Erie

308 French St. 049-ER-Z2-1003-102
Erie

7871 W. Lake Rd. 049-21-48-63-19
Fairview Twp.

McCreary Mill and Home 7558 Hathaway Dr. 049-21-9-5-4-3
Fairview Twp.

Capt. Richard's House 121 E. 2nd St.- 049-ER-Z2-1006-212
Erie

1640 Moorehead Road 049-27-31-122-6
Harborcreek Twp.

Spencer Double House 529 W. 6th St, 049-ER-Z5-4016-205
Erie

Addison Leach House 462 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Z5-4014-128
Erie

3-92

. ..... . ... ...... . .......

Table 3-18 LIN
1
(continued)

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

65 S. Lake St. 049-NE(35)-5-27-13
North East Boro

63 S. Lake St. 049-NE(35)-5-27-13-01
North East Boro

332 W. 6th St. 049-ER-ZI-4011-122,121
Erie

10832 E. Lake Rd. 049-37-2-6-8
North East Twp.

328 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4011-124
Erie

Colt Mansion 62811 E. 6th St. 049-ER-Zll-1021-116
Erie

Carroll Block 425-31 Peach St. 049-ER-Zl-4002-215
(Mission Block) Erie

Olds House 345 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4010-210
Erie

310 French St. 049-ER-Z2-1003-101
Erie

216 W. 4th St. 049-ER-Zl-4009-141
Erie

11930 Rte. 20 049-NE(37)-17-39-15
North East Boro

J.C. Spencer House 519 w. 6th St. 049-ER-4016-203
Erie

Olds House 349 W. 6th St, 049-ER-Zl-4010-211
(one of many) Erie

10765 W. Main St. 049-37-19-71-9
North East Twp..

Lakeside Cemetery Bldg. 1718 East Lake Rd. 049-ER-Zll-1107-100
Erie
__j

NI N
Table 3-18 A-
(continued)
Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

Davenport Galbraith House 259 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4007-208
Erie

Erie Historical Museum 356 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4011-119
Erie

405 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4013-202

James Sterret House 501-503 Holland St. 0490-ER-Z2-1008-123
Erie

Olds House 333 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4010-207
Erie

Olds House 337 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4010-208
Erie

Olds House 341 W. 6th St. 049-ER-zl-4010-209
Erie

Strong Mansion 109 W. 6th St. 04.9-ER-Zl-4004-201
Erie

Arbuckle Murphy House 140 E. 5th St. 049-ER-Z2-1005-224
Erie

First Presbyterian Buffalo Rd. 049-27-34-33-111
Church Parsonage Harborcreek Twp.-

Villa Maria College 2531 W. Lake Rd. 049-33-31-47-2
(administration) Millcreek Twp.

81 Vine St. 049-NE(36)-5-42-9
North East Boro

83 S. Lake Rd. -049-NE(35)-10-46-5
North East Boro

Ross House 52 N. take St. 049-NE(36)-2-15-40
North East Boro

45 Park St. 049-ER-Z5-4017-122
North East Boro

Robert Jarecki Mansion 558 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Z5-4017-122
Erie

3-94

Table 3-18 D
F
(continued)

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

629 Myrtle St. 049-ER-4007-210
Erie

Otto Becker Estate 652 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Z5-4020-139
Erie

64 S. Lake St. 049-NE(36)-5-43-24
North East Boro

25 Towne St. 049-NE(36)-2-14-5
North East Boro

84 W. Main St. 049-NE(35)-l-21-30
North East Boro

8 Gibson St. 049-NE(35)-2-16-15
North East Boro

59 Gibson St. 049-NE(35)-l-21-13
North East Boro

409-415 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Z5-4013-203
Erie

American Red Cross Bldg. 150 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4005-103
Erie

246 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Zl-4008-131
Erie

520 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Z5-4017-127
Erie

Frank Connell House 502 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Z5-4017-100
Erie

Siegel Mansion 609 Walnut St. 049-ER-Z5-4013-209
459 W. 6th St.
Erie

Kirk House/ 627 Myrtle St. 049-ER-Zl-4007-209
George Wingerger House Erie
@@ @' @iFD@

Collins House 620 W. 6th St. 049-ER-Z5-4020-139
Erie

3-95

Table 3-18 FD@
(continued) K@ Lf"

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

43 Park St. 049-NE(35)-2-19-2
North East Boro

1552 South Shore Dr. 049-ER-4113-105
Erie

1460 South Shore Dr. 049-ER-4109-105
Erie

10940 East Lake Rd. 049-37-2-6-11
North East Twp.

5436 East Lake Rd. 049-27-3-8-31
Harborcreek Twp.

6602 West Ridge Rd. 049-21-55-81-6.02
Fairview Twp.

1-96

[D)

within the City of Erie, along West 6th Street between Perry Square

and Gridley Park.

This area has been mentioned as a possible Historic District.

It represents Erie's "Millionnaire's Row." The potential district

includes great temporal to architectural variety. Many of these were

in the past, and continue to be, residences of entrepreneurs and

"pillars" of the community (Figure 3-22).

Figure 3-22. West 6th Street between
Gridley Park and Perry Square (a small
portion of which is shown here) housed
many of the City of Erie's entrepre-
neurs and "pillars" of the community.
It has been propbsed as a possible
residential Historic District.

In recent years, many residences and associated carriage houses along

the street have been converted to multiple family dwellings, fraternity

houses, office buildings, university buildings, and a museum among

other alternate uses. For the most part, the'exterior integAty of most

buildings has been maintained although not necessarily their good repair.

The ravages of urban renewal in the form of demolition have, with a very

few exceptions, not affected this area. Therefore, as a potential
J Tf

district, there continues to be thematic continuity.

3-97

3.4.11 Miscellaneous

This organizational unit includes monuments and artifacts

signifying important historical events and personages within the

coastal zone area. Five resources were inventoried. These include

the Flagship Niagara (049-ER-Zl-4049-107), the prow of the U.S.S.

Wolverine (-049-ER-Zl-4049-107) (both in the City of-Erie), Gibson

Park, Spanish-American War memorial (049-NE(35)-2-17-1) in North East

Borough, North East cemetery (049-37-19@58-53 and 53.01) stone marker

and drummer boy statue in North East Township and the war memorial

to commemorate the victory of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry

(049-33-11-35-1) in the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10, 1813

on Presque Isle Peninsula. Table 3-19 presents a thematic breakdown

of these resources.

Of these resources, the Flpgship Niagara is currently on the

National Register of Historical Places (Figure 3-23).

rvol

Figure 3-23. The Flagship Niagara
is on the National Register of Historic
Places.

Its site is owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum

Commission-Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties. The ship itself is

on dry land. It is subject to periodic vandalism and weathering and

3-98

Table 3-19 f \1 I FD@

THEMATIC BREAKDOWN:

MISCELLANEOUS

Total Number

1. SURVEY UNITS 5

2. *SURVEY UNITS BY TIME PERIOD
1 (before 1800) 0
2 (1800-1849) 2
3 (1850-1899) 1
4 (1900-1950) 3
Undetermined 1

3. CLASSIFICATION
Site 0
Structure I
Object 41
Building I
N.R. 0
Not Applicable 5
4. *STYLE, DESIGN, FOLK TYPE

5. *FUNCTION
Original and/or Present Use
Monument I
Public Square I
Cemetery 1
Miscellaneous, @on-residefitial 1
Church 1
School 1
Not applicable 1

Because of the fact that a site may have a multiple use, style,
and period, total numbers may exceed total Survey Units.

3-99

PN L@D@

is not considered to be in the best repair. Table 3-20 lists those

resources which are included in the National Register of Historic Places

and those which have been singled out by this and other studies as

deserving more research for possible determination of eligibility.

3.5 Overall Conclusions

The historic resource inventory presented in Appendix A is

essentially complete. The West County Survey (Claridge 1979), The

City of Erie Survey (1982), and the survey done under the auspices of

this contract all met Pennsylvania Historic Site Inventory requirements.

Inventory forms were filled out for each resource of each set of resources

considered. Certainly no historic survey effort can be 100 percent

complete. As new data becomes available, the incomplete inventory

forms can be completed and new resources can be inventoried. Neverthe-

less, the current inventory documents, in some detail, the great

majority of architectural and historical resources to be found within

the coastal zone study area. Although urban redevelopment, highway

projects, etc. may destroy certain of these resources, the fact that

they existed at all will have been documented by the inventory, and

subsequently a part of them preserved. For example, as of t'-is writing,

the James Sterret House at Fifth and Holland Streets in Erie has been

demolished, The needs of the Erie Insurance Exchange Complex and

overall Urban Development Action Grant redevelopment area carried

precedence over the determination of eligibility for the Register by

the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. A number of other

3-100

Table 3-20

RECO1,MNDATIONS FOR CONSIDERATION OF ELIGIBILITY
FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES:

MISCELLANEOUS

Historic or Common Name Address Survey Code

Flagship Niagara State Street .049-ER-Zl-4049-107

Wolverine State Street 049-ER-Zl-4049-107

On National Register
Eligibility for National Register determined by PHMC

3-101

FD@
N V@

eligible structures such as Frank's Hotel have fallen to the demolition

ball because of structural difficulties, position of the right-of-way

of the Bayfront Highway, etc. Despite these demolitions, the City

of Erie is very concerned with historic preservation. For example,

the city government has created a position to coordinate the develop-

ment of the waterfront area which would include the development of

the potential lower State Street Historic District. Outside the

City of Erie, few threats to historic resources are expected. How-

ever, as new industrial growth, redevelopment, etc. occur in the

coastal zone (outside the City of Erie) threats'to these resources

will potentially increase.

The inventory and maps (Figures A-2 through A-7) can be used

to locate historic resources which would be potentially impacted by a

particular project. Once a site is located, the inventory form will

provide a physical and/or historical description of the resource. This

can be used to direct further research or may be sufficient to determine

whether or not the resource should be preserved.

To conclude, the inventory, presented in. this document, repre-

sents the most thorough and complete compilation of data con,erning

historic resources ever attempted in the study area or in Erie County,

for that matter. Therefore, the inventory itself is an important

planning document.

3-102

Llb@
L

4.0 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTED USE OF
REPORT BY PLANNERS

There were three major results from the research which culminates

in this report:

1. A map identifying areas of high, moderate and low
probability of occurrence of archaeological sites.

2. An inventory of known archaeological and historic
sites.

3. Maps showing the location of inventoried archaeological
and historic sites.

4.1 Archaeological Sites

The archaeological site inventory'found in Appendix A includes

all sites on file with the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Com-

mission, known sites discovered by archival research, and sites dis-

covered when testing the predictive model. This inventory in no

sense includes all possible sites that are located within the Lake

Erie Coastal Zone.

Most survey efforts have focused their attention on the western

portion of the coastal zone. However, such surveys have tended to

focus their efforts on specific locations for which a variety of

developmental projects were planned (e.g. the U.S. Steel Plant

location and the Elk Creek Public Access area). Mapy gaps in the

survey of the western portion of the study area exist. The eastern

portion of the coastal zone has been, for the most part, neglected by

archaeological surveys. The predictive model as represented by the
I@q *11F@C@'

map (Figure A-1) enables the planner to make reasonable decisions

4-1

which anticipate the presence or absence of possible sites in those

areas for which no sites have been identified to date. The question

remains, "How is the planner who is responsible for activities

associated with permit letting to use the inventory and the pre-

dictive study?" The following are recommendations for their use.

Given a particular area for which a project is being proposed,

the planner can at the earliest possible date:

1. Locate any sites which have been identified by this
survey on maps in Appendix A (Figures A-2 through A-7).

(The sites are represented on the maps by numbers.
The general location of each is given, not the
exact location, to protect sites from pot hunters
which may gain access to this report.)

2. Locate specific site information on the appropriate
inventory forms located in Appendix A.

(Accompanying each site location map is a key which
correlates the site location number on th6 map with
the site's State identification number and cultural
period with which the site was classified for this
report. The sites are organized sequentially by
State inventory number within each cultural period
group.)

3. Determine whether the target area has a high, moderate
or low likelihood of archaeological sites if no sites
have been identified.

(The sensitivity map (Figure A-1) coded each class of
sensitivity symbolically across the whole coastal
zone study area.)

This identification process, so vital to determining succeeding

steps, may take as little as five minutes.
@@ @ *Irfcx@@
V

Once this information is accessed, the planner is in a position to

initiate steps to determine the effect of a proposed project on identified
4-2

FD)
Ln

or potential archaeological sites. Appendix C includes summaries of

pertinent legislation which may assist the planner in deciding on

possible courses of action. The planner is especially urged to

utilize the criteria established by regulations of Advisory Council

on Historic Preservation in The Advisory Council on Historic Preser-

vation and the Protection of Cultural Resources (1979). The planner

should also seek comments and interpretations from federal and

state agencies, especially the State Historic Preservation Officer

(SHPO). Finally, the information in this report can assist the planner

in avoiding regulatory delays.

The following specific steps are recommended for further arch-

aeological inquiry in a proposed target area located within the coastal

zone study area. If a site has been located from the inventory,

then a Phase II investigation is recommended. A Phase II investi-

gation involves gathering data from actual testing of the site in

order to determine site boundaries, the number of archaeological cul-

tures represented, the stratigraphy, site function, possible activities

represented, among other characteristics. This is primarily a testing

phase which provides data with which the potential eligibili!-y of a

site for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places can

be determined. With the exception of sites in the Sommerheim complex

and the Elk Creek Access area, such investigations have not occurred.

Once the Phase II investigations have been completed, a Phase III

investigation may be determined to be desirable in consultation with

4-3

LF@D,
L

the State archaeologist and the Pennsylvania Bureau of Historic

Preservation. A Phase III investigation is the systematic excavation

of the site to detail past behavior at the site. In any case, proper

security should be maintained to protect the site from "pot hunters."

Aside from a security guard and fence, "no trespassing" signs should

be correctly posted. In case of trespass, prosecution should be

steadfastly pursued. The Pennsylvania Historic Preservation Act

prohibits unauthorized excavation on State property.

If there are no sites currently identified by the inventory

within a target area, the planner's possible action will be guided

by the sensitivity map. If an area is determined to be of high sen-

sitivity, then a Phase I investigation should be initiated. This

involves walk-over inspection of the land surface, shovel testing,

and informant and archival research to determine whether or not a

site exists. If a site is found, then at least a Phase II investigation

will probably be necessary after consultation with.the SHPO.

Although sites may exist in any area, the potential for encountering

sites in areas shown as low or moderate on the map is far lower than

high probability areas. Thus, the probability of any requiLite Phase

II (evAluation) or phase III (data recovery) archaeological investi-

gations, which may necessitate major expenditure of time or money,

can be significantly reduced in the earliest planning stages. Un-

fortunately, this does not mean that at least a Phase I survey effort

can always be avoided for moderate or low sensitivity areas.

4-4

FD)
U

First, since the model was developed from contemporary environ-

mental correlations, it may not be representing environmental cor-

relations associated within environmental variables which may have

changed significantly since the prehistoric past. No detailed pre-

historic environmental reconstructions exist for the study area with

which to develop a more sensitive model. Second, it is possible that

some locations were occupied for non-environmental reasons and there-

fore, not predicted by the environmentally-based model. Finally,

the archaeological inventory, prior to model testing, is extremely

biased. Most sites were found in easily accessible locations such

as stream banks. Less accessible locations are often ignored by non-

systematic surveys.

Therefore, although the model is useful in directing further

archaeological inquiry in high sensitivity areas, the SHPO may

require specific on-the-ground investigations in moderate, and

especially low, sensitivity areas. Although the statement that "further

survey and excavation are necessary in the area" is almost a cliche

in archaeological reports of this kind, it is here.a statement of fact.

Given the biases of survey efforts and the lack of evidence 2vailable

for the majority of inventoried sites, one cannot help but conclude

that each inventoried site (excluding the stated possible exceptions)

must be at least systematically tested before an accurate determin-

ation of its position in prehistory can be evaluated. Furthermore,
JFD7

the coastal zone study area itself should be systematically surveyed

4-5

MD
im

to discover the full variety of prehistoric cultural expression

located within it. Based upon this data, the predictive model can

then be refined. At this point, it is a good guide to further inquiry.

Of course, any archaeological investigations should be undertaken

by trained archaeologists in consultation with the Bureau for

Historic Preservation (SHPO).

4.2 Historic Sites

The historic site inventory, found in Appendix A is a compilation

of sites gathered from surveys covering the full expanse of the coastal

zone study area. The West County Survey (Claridge-1979), the City

of Erie Survey (Wolynec 1982), and the survey done under the auspices

of this contract all met Pennsylvania Historic Resource-Survey require-

ments. Certainly, no historic site survey effort can be 100 percent

complete. Originals of the inventory forms are on file at the Pennsyl-

vania Historical and Museum Commission, Bureau of Historic Preservation.

Nevertheless, the current inventory documents, in some detail, the

majority of architectural and historical resources to be found within

the coastal zone study area.

This inventory (Appendix A) and maps showing the locati--n of

inventoried sites can be used by the planner in a manner similar to

that previously discussed for archaeological sites in the preceding

section.

Given a particular area for which a project is being proposed,

the planner can at the earliest possible date:

4-6

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1. Locate the occurrence of any sites which have been
identified by this survey on maps in Appendix A
(Figures A-2 through A-7).

(The exact locations of sites are represented on maps
by numbers.)

2. Locate specific site information on the appropriate
inventory forms located in Appendix A.

(Accompanying each site location map is a key which
correlates the site location number on the map with
its inventory code and thematic unit (e.g. mercan-
tilism, residences, etc., and date of construction).
Sites are organized sequentially by date of con-
struction within each thematic grouping. Because
much of the data on the form is presented symbolically,
a key is included which can be used to quickly and
efficiently translate the symbols (Table A-1).

Once this information is accessed, the planner can begin to

evaluate the effects of a proposed project on located historic sites.

Not every site on the inventory may require further research and

evaluation. Tables A-2 through A-10in Appendix A list specific sites

which may merit special attention and consideration. For these sites,

further research is necessary before determination of eligibility

for reuse, restoration, preservation., or inclusion in the National

The remainder of the inventory documents sites which arp old,

architecturally interesting, or typical of a particular architectural

or functional style, have sociological merit, among other considerations.

Whether or not these sites are to be further researched should be

determined in consultation with the SHPO.

4-7

Kill,

Although urban redevelopment, highway projects, etc. may destroy

certain of these resources, the fact that they existed at all will

have been documented by the inventory and subsequently a part of

them preserved.

Again, a planner's options with regard to any inventoried site,

in particular those listed in Tables A-2 through A-10 in Appendix A,

can be determined by consulting the SHPO among other possible federal

and state agencies and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

regulations (1979) (see Appendix C).

The planner must be aware that no one site must be preserved.

Even sites on the National Register are defined as properties 11worthy

of preservation" and not properties which "must be-preserved" (The

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 1979: 2). What is necessary

is that "take into account" standards be followed:

Procedural character. Like the National Environmental
Policy Act, Section 106 is directed at securing agency
adherence to procedures designed to make certain that
preservation factors are weighed into the balance with
the cost-benefit and other factors and all assigned
their proper weight. If an agency in good faith fol-
lows the procedures, it will have "taken into acccmt"
preservation values. In all cases, final duthority
rests with the agency.

"Public Interest" protection. Section 106 is aimed at
resolving conflicts between Federal undertakings and
Register properties in a manner that reflects the pub-
lic interest rather than a purely preservation or a
purely project interest. The public interest differs
from undertaking to undertaking, depending on the
particular circumstances of the undertaking and the
particular nature of the historic property. The solution

4-8

may range from complete demolition to the purest
preservation, depending on the circumstances. This
flexible standard stands in contrast to the absolute
standard of-Section 4(f) of the Department of Trans-
portation Act, which requires avoidance of the
affected resource if there is a "prudent and feasible
alternative."

For example, as of this writing, the James Sterret House at Fifth

and Holland Streets in Erie has been demolished. The needs of the Erie

Insurance Exchange complex and overall Urban Development Action Grant

redevelopment area carried precedence over the determination of

eligibility for the Register by the SHPO. A number of other eligible

structures such as Frank's Hotel have also fallen to the demolition

ball because of structural difficulties, position in the right-of-way

of the Bayfront Highway, etc. In each case, preservation values were

weighed against costs and public benefit according to specified pro-

cedures.

Use of the historic information presented in this report should

diminish regulatory delays. Regulatory agencies recognize that the

public interest can be served by preserving historic resources. There-

fore, the more easily and quickly the data is available to them, the

faster they can act to evaluate their options.

4.3 Conclusions

Too often the cultural resources found within a particular project

area are considered obstacles to progress and growth by developers.

Planners should encourage that cultural resources merit positive

consideration by planners and developers as much as rare environmental
4-9 J

resources. Cultural resources are not replaceable and are easily

destroyed. It is hoped that the data presented in this report will

enable planners to minimize or avoid the destruction of these re-

sources by facilitating the application of prior identification and

evaluation methods within the Lake Erie Coastal Zone of Erie County,

Pennsylvania. In addition, it is hoped that the recognition of these

resources will encourage creative development of investigations and

interpretations of cultural resources and enhance this small but

important irreplaceable segment of Pennsylvania's environment. For

example, both specific archaeological data and the refined predictive

models can provide archaeologists with data with which to examine

aspects of human existence in the past. Based upon these and other

sources of data, a synthesis of local culture and history, settlement

pattern, resource exploitation, contacts with neighboring cultures,

etc. can be undertaken. Such an undertaking will generate hypotheses

for future testing and will certainly point out areas where further

research is mandated.

4-10

5.0 WORKS CITED

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1980 Coastal Zone Development Plan for the West Bay Front
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d
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