[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
1A A51. IA l'ol F -T 309.3 B32 if r, 1986 F L 0 R ID A D E P A R T M E N T 0 F C 0 M M U N I T Y A F F A I R S it t % NEW Ri VER TRAIL PrOperty of CSC Library U - S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COISTIL SERVICES CENTER BACK TO THE WATER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE Discovering Florida's Urban Waterfronts CHARLESTON SC 29405-2k1-3 C 0 N N T S Introduction 5 Reaching the Waterfront 9 Defending the Land: Coastal Fortifications -15 Guarding the Stormy Coast: Lighthouses and Houses of Refuge -21 Those Elegant Waterfront Resorts 25 Buffering the Mainland: Barrier Islands 31 Enjoying the Coast: Shorefront Recreation 35 Living and Working near the Water 39 A Guide to Specific Waterfront Sites 47 Fernandina Beach Jacksonville St. Augustine Fort Lauderdale Area Miami Key West St. Petersburg Tampa Pensacola Other Waterfront Sites of Interest Steering a Future Course for Florida's Waterfronts 87 Appendices 91 Maps and Tables Existing Florida Forts 20 Lighthouses of Florida 24 Barrier Islands of Florida 34 Florida's Saltwater Fishing Piers 38 Summary of Accessible Sandy Beaches in the Vicinity of Selected Cities 37 Selected Urban Waterfronts in Florida 46 A LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY Dear Reader, Chances are if you asked anyone some of the reasons why he or she came to Florida, water would be high on that list. Swimming, fishing, shelling, boating, diving or taking a cruise; these are just a few of the more popular activities which require access to water No wonder 80 percent of the state's residents live near the coast. This has been the case throughout most of the state's history. Until the arrival of the railroad in the last century, Florida was much easier to reach by water than by land. Today, growth pressures @hallenge the capabilities of local governments to balance competing uses of the shoreline. Should commercial fishing operations be replaced by specialty shops? Is it appropriate to lease city@- owned marina property for condominium development? How can down- town areas be redeveloped in a manner which maintains the character of historic buildings? Each community appears to be answering these and related questions in a slightly different manner. Yet, they frequently have a lot in common. Residents of many early Florida settlements built lighthouses to prevent shipwrecks, forts to defend the coast, and later resort hotels to accommo- date visitors. In places where these structures have survived and are accessible, we can learn a great deal about how Florida's early settlers lived. Communities seeking to redevelop their shorelines can also benefit from others' experiences. This guide provides numerous examples of cities with a dynamic mixture of uses along the water's edge. These land uses include historic residential and commercial neighborhoods, parks within view of the working waterfront, and waterfront walkways, all of which may be applicable to other cities. We hope you will find this guide informative and useful. If you do, please let us know. Sincerely, Tom Lewis, Jr., Architect Secretary It/t, fig I/ mr-M RIM so 2 M11.1; rill The historic development of Flor- Improved access also attracted the water, and, consequently, the INTRODUCTION ida is directly linked to access to farmers and members of other in- waterfronts deteriorated. the water. Early Indian residents dustries by providing a means of As Florida cities became con- and European settlers alike were shipping Florida products to north- cerned about declining and often attracted to the state's abundant ern markets. As an alternative to historically significant downtown Florida"s Urban Waterfronts: coastal resources. As settlements railroads, several cities later de- centers, local governments re- What@ So Special About sprang up along our coastlines, veloped commercial seaports, some focused their attention on demands for defense, safe naviga- of which also became cruise ports. waterfront revitalization. Towns Them? tion, tourism, and land speculation The ports provided jobs during the such as Fort Lauderdale and Pen- led to common waterfront land slow growth 1930s. During World sacola established historic districts uses@ Some communities, for ex- War 11, these deep-water channels to preserve and promote significant ample, developed around a fort, often provided access for naval structures. Cities like St. Petersburg and many constructed lighthouses vessels. have also come back to the water, actively acquiring waterfront lands for public use, and have begun requiring private developers to maintain or provide public access. At the same time, the state of Florida also has been acquiring areas of historic and ecological sig- rl.' r.S!ATJG1rSTrN F, nificanc Numerous historic AVit.'W.r,l@@ TOWN -d CAST. 1-41hIENGLIS11 ("MI I !'I . .... ..... 4 14- @4hz' PA A: Pal to prevent shipwrecks. Also during this period, large As roadways and railroads im- influxes of military personnel were , 9-v proved access to coastal areas, housed in former grand old hotels. northern tourists became attracted Many of these military men later o Florida's beaches. To accommo- chose to settle in the coastal com- date them during the 1920s Land munities where they had been 7" Boom Era, glamourous hotels were stationed. A postwar population j often constructed on the water- boom in the 1960s stimulated front. Some wealthy visitors even beachfront and suburban inland built seasonal residences along bays development. At the same time, and rivers. almost every area turned its back to The Vinoy, St. Petersbur'g' 6 That sun- Developers are eager to build new drenched, shimmering, housing subdivisions to glorious expanse of land accommodate the nearly and water that is Florida. 800 people moving to the ... Ourjob is to protect it, 4", state each day. And they to use it wisely and ei@oy know that many of the of it, to ensure that those - - - - _ --- - new residents will want to the generations to follow live near the Gulf, ocean, a may be as blessed as we. river or lake. That has John Ormsbee Simonds, quoted in always been true. Final Report, Resource Management Task Force, Volume H Z@ St. Petersburg Times Editorial April 19, 1985 homes, forts, lighthouses, and nat- ural areas which have been preserved enable visitors and resi- dents alike to experience life in This guide attempts to give vis- to represent a comprehensive look Iw Florida before urbanization. Due to itors an appreciation of the state's at each community's waterfront. -W@l -_ state and local acquisition efforts, diverse coastal heritage by directing They merely indicate the types of even residents of densely populated them to various accessible water- areas in each urban center which waterfront areas are never far from front sites. It is important to note offer worthwhile views of the vestiges of "native Florida". that the sites listed are not intended water, water-related recreational ac- tivities, and insight into the area's . . . . . . historical development. Site selec ve tion was based on the collecti I judgment of staff members of sev- I% eral regional and local agencies as well as the Department of Com- 1, IT I munity Affairs' Urban Waterfront others concerned about the future Management Project. growth of waterfront communities. The guide provides an overview The second approach should inter- of waterfront land uses such as est visitors to these urban areas, forts, lighthouses, historic homes but it also could give residents a LIE d" and elegant hotels. It also contains fresh perspective on their details on specific sites within ur- hometowns. banized coastal areas selected on The project's overall goal, the basis of geographic distribu however, is to ensure that urban kl6k tion, history and population. The waterfront areas remain dynamic, first perspective should be of value liveable human environments for to planners, elected officials, and all who experience them. 7 I IS s c i0ens REACHING THE WATERFRONT REACHING THE --- WATERFRONT ItAILROADS Railroads in Florida, as in the rest of the nation, had developed in the 1830s. When Florida became a state in 1845, the only operating railroad connected Tallahassee to the port at St. Marks. The main purpose of early rail development was to de- velop the interior of the state and keep in-state trade in Florida's Because of Florida's extensive ports, rather than connecting to waterways, the state's waterfront northern rail lines. development has been closely Thus, rail lines were extended to .... ...... linked to available means of trans- Fernandina and Jacksonville and portation. Public access to the water across the peninsula to Cedar Key in 1861. Insufficient rail connec- was probably not a consideration a century ago when the state's early tions, however, reportedly tourists arrived by water. More re- combined with a waterfront block- cently however, rapid unplanned The Sfeamship-Tg.@:t@@is. ea. 189r ade to isolate Florida during the development along the coast has Civil War. Since both ends of the frequently prevented the public line were easily accessible to north- from readily reaching or even view- STEAMSHIPS A second major function was ern gunboats, postwar construction ing the water. This section will hauling freight including mail. The was primarily limited to rebuilding highlight some of the ways in Indian River area was a major tracks. which Florida's waterfront areas Historically Florida has had two exporter of citrus, and until the late The period of industrial expan- were reached during the past 150 waterborne transport systems: 1800s, the Apalachicola River trans- sion in the late 1800s was years, as well as related effects on "outside", on the Atlantic/Gulf ported large volumes of cotton. accompanied by tremendous the state's development. coasts, and "inside" on the rivers. Steamboats also played a major role growth of the state's railroads. After During the mid 1800s, North Flor- in the Second Seminole War and in reconstruction, Governor William ida was served by a series of the Civil War by carrying supplies Bloxham gave funding priority to steamboats which were used for and troops on inland waterways accelerated rail construction. Be- various purposes. First, they trans- and by defending the coast. tween 1880 and 1889, the rails For perhaps ported tourists from other cities in The 1880s were the boom era for expanded some 1,934 miles. At the 10,000 years, men have the Southeast to Jacksonville, or riverboat travel in Florida. By then, same time, the state's six railroad from St. Augustine to Key West. they traversed more than 400 miles companies had begun to merge found reasons and ways to From there, travelers could make of the state's waterways. Yet within into three major systems: the Sea- come to Florida. connections to Pensacola, Cedar a decade, development of railroads board Air Line (SAL), later Al Burt, Florida: A Place in the Sun Key, or Havana, Cuba. To accom- and other forms of transportation acquired by Henry Flagler; Atlantic modate the visitors, resorts were made such shipping unprofitable. Coast Line, owned by Henry Plant; constructed along the steamboat As a result, the use of these vessels and the Florida East Coast Railway, routes. greatly declined. also owned by Flagler. 10 1 1 1 Miami on which he constructed the Flagler planned to construct a lux- 4,T, .4-f,0_1 -@S= Royal Palm Hotel. As compensation ury hotel in Key West, this dream Ww" for linking Jacksonville to Miami in never materialized. He died 16 1896, the railroad baron also re- months after completion of the ceived an incentive from the state: Overseas Railway. than two million acres of land During the early 1900s, more per- more stretching the length of Florida's manent railroad terminals and East Coast. To stimulate railroad facilities were constructed, includ- business, he sold the land to set- ing Pensacola's Louisville and tlers and brought in agricultural Nashville Line passenger terminal experts to aid production of winter and Tampa's Union Station (both v getables and citrus. 1912) and Jacksonville's Union Ter- e Following the Spanish-American minal (1917), reportedly the largest War, Flagler forged the final link in railroad passenger terminal facility his east coast railway-from Miami in Florida. The 1920s were a period r r to Key West. He undertook the of expansion for Florida railroads or expansion mainly because he be- when many new passenger stations lieved that the southernmost U.S. and facilities were constructed. In city could become a great harbor subsequent decades, the economy because of its proximity to the declined and several facilities were Caribbean. This ambitious con- demolished due to financial con- 7- Coast Raikoad struction. project, which took seven straints. A few of these hallmarks years to complete, required estab- of the 1920s are still standing, nota- lishment of a community for the bly in Homestead, Hialeah, Railroad executive Henry Plant bid against each other for the right 30,000 man construction crew, and Hollywood, and Boca Raton, as was responsible for opening up the to handle his company's oil ship- all building materials, food and well as the passenger terminals west coast of Florida with a rail- ments, those who would not meet drinking water had to be shipped mentioned above, and some still steamship operation linking Jack- his terms sold out to him. By in. The Key West extension, com- function as terminals. sonville and Tampa, as well as buying up and converting small rail pleted in 1912, included 34 railway Railroads were not the only bringing the cigar industry to lines to standard gauge railways, bridges, most constructed of lime- means of transportation encour- Tampa. As an incentive, he was Flagler opened up the remainder of rock, sand and saltwater. Although aged by the state in the late 19th given 3,840 acres of state held land Florida's east coast, building tourist for each mile of rail laid. Plant also hotels along the route. developed the Port of Tampa, be- In response to demands from ginning in 1888, aided by Tampa landowners, Flagler extended the resident Peter Knight, who repor- line southward, reaching West tedly persuaded the SAL Railroad Palm Beach in 1894. When a severe to reach Tampa Bay The deep- freeze struck citrus groves the fol- water port enabled ships to anchor lowing year, Julia Tuttle, a large closer than one mile offshore. landowner in Miami, convinced While Plant was opening the Flagler to extend the railroad south west coast, oil industry en- of Palm Beach. As part of her - 10" trepreneur Henry Flagler bought campaign of persuasion, Mrs. Tut- the Seaboard Air Line Railroad to tle sent Flagler a bouquet of orange transport prospective customers to blossoms and foliage and even Of- "Ar - I i his newly built Ponce de Leon fered him a large tract of land n Hotel in St. Augustine. As rail lines the present location of downtown "-7 0 vi century. The same Internal Im- INLAND AND from the mainland to improve east Northeast in the spring. provement Board which rewarded COASTAL SHIPPING coast transportation. In 1912, the During the first half of the 20th Flagler and Plant with property had channel was completed from Jack- century water transportation also financed rail construction and sonville to Miami at a uniform shifted from inland rivers to coastal had lost one million dollars in Subsequently, Governor depth of five feet and a width of 50 ports. Major Florida ports include equipment during the Civil War. To Napoleon Bonaparte Broward ac- feet. In the next two decades, it Pensacola, Jacksonville, Canaveral, recover its investment, the state tively pursued draining of the was widened, deepened, and con- Everglades, Tampa and Miami. persuaded northern businessman Everglades, beginning with the nected to the Intracoastal Waterway, Several smaller ports were also cre- Hamilton Disston in 1881 to acquire New River Canal in 1906. By the which previously had extended ated, often to handle specific goods four million acres of land for 25 mid '20s, the main features of a from New Jersey to the Florida- such as lumber. The larger ports cents per acre. canal system were constructed, in- Georgia border. The West Coast have diverse operations ranging Since the land was primarily I T. from cruises (notably Canaveral swamp, the Philadelphian per- and Miami) to container cargo and formed an extensive dredging petroleum (for example, Everglades operation. He constructed a canal and Jacksonville). By means of from the Caloosahatchee River to these facilities, Florida shipyards Lake Okeechobee and channelized played an important role during the some of the major lakes in the Second World War, constructing 184 Kissimmee Basin. In this way he liberty ships as a participant in the opened up much of South and federal government's shipbuilding Central Florida to steamboat traffic. program. 'q- ':40. WR '10 V71rW1 71rW1 71rW1 71rW1 StC111 trloosal.wt hat*A'Tqor La cluding four major waterways from Intracoastal Waterway stretches the southern shore of Lake from the Caloosahatchee River to Okeechobee across the Everglades the Anclote River in Pasco County and coastal ridge to the Atlantic Although the use of inland wa- Ocean. Between 1907 and 1929, the terways for shipping declined in Everglades Drainage District had the 1930s due to silting of canals completed 440 miles of canals and and competition from railways and levees. highways, the Intracoastal has be- Meanwhile, in 1881 the Florida come increasingly popular among pleasure boaters. Many boaters East Coast Canal Company had Ilk- begun dredging the shallow water- travel southward each fall, spend i. ATi.11 on the St. Jolin's River, ways which separate barrier islands the season, and then return to the Pcksonville 2 V._'. - @'w i - ROADS Construction of major roads and The Overseas Highway, con- varied from one place to another. bridges became much more com- necting Miami and Key West, is When waterways were the main Subsequently, numerous military mon after World War 11. Tunnels, perhaps the most famous water- mode of transportation, a pier or personnel who had been stationed however, are not as commonplace front roadway in Florida. Originally wharf provided virtually the only in Florida, in addition to annual in Florida. Fort Lauderdale has the built as a railroad bridge at an access needed for the few travelers visitors, chose to settle in the state. state's only tunnel, located under estimated cost of $27 to $50 billion, with the willingness or where- The resulting population growth the New River. Constructed in 1960, its construction required a fleet of withal to make the trip to the generated unparalleled demands it replaced a two-lane drawbridge dredges and steamships. The high- southern wilderness. But alter- for housing and commercial de- and required extensive anchoring way was sold to the State of Florida native transit methods, private velopment and increased road and to underlying limestone as well as for $640,000, then modified and development and public acquisition bridge construction. an elaborate drainage system. The reopened in 1938. have altered the ways in which The state's earliest roads were people reach and experience Spanish trails which followed in- F.S. TAMIAMI TRAIL BRIDGE ACROSS CALOOSAHATCHEE RIVER, FORT MYERS, FLA. shoreline areas. land rivers and streams. In 1824, the first federal highway linking St. Augustine and Pensacola was de- veloped on the right of way of the old l(ing's Highway That roadway, used by the British during their occupation of Florida, occupied the site of a trail which had connected WATERFRONT ACCESS a network of 17th century Spanish ISSUES missions. Roads were largely ne- glected until the mid 1800s when So laws were passed requiring citizens me of the concerns associated to maintain them. with public access are linked to these trends. Can we safely evacu- ate residents of low lying coastal BRIDGES AND areas during severe storms? Can WATERFRONT ROADWAYS we provide access to sensitive wet In the early 1900s, roads and lands and archeological sites bridges accompanied the dredging without destroying their unique of manmade canals. They also 105317 qualities? How can we preserve the opened up the beaches for develop- historic character of a waterfront ment. John Collins' wooden bridge area while providing future hous- to Miami Beach, built in 1913 and City of Miami is currently consider- A similar engineering challenge ing and employment billed as the longest of its kind ing constructing a tunnel under the was the construction of the Tam- opportunities? Should we continue anywhere, was reportedly consid- busy Miami River as an alternative iami Trail. This 136-mile drive from to allow unrestricted access by ered a foolish investment at the to a drawbridge. Several Southeast Fort Myers to Naples, across the boaters to the waterways which time. When acquired and converted Florida cities are also reportedly Everglades to Miami, was begun by shelter Florida's endangered marine to the Venetian Causeway in 1920, considering the operation of water developer Barron Collier in 1915. mammal, the manatee? In what however, it provided access to taxis-vessels to transport pas- Impeded by primitive equipment, ways can we provide beachfront hordes of vacationers and land sengers by inland waterway to and heat and disease, as well as by housing without walling off the speculators. The Gandy Bridge, from hotels. In this way, waterfront World War 1, the trail was finally beach from the public? These are built from 1904 to 1925, reduced the access in Florida may have come finished in 1928. some of the major issues which trip from Tampa to St. Petersburg full circle, back to the "riverboat" Throughout Florida history, the must be faced if we are to provide by 24 miles. era. accessibility of the water's edge has adequate waterfront access. I I 1 1 13 z L 4.1 1 N A 1A Al- -DD f '-poiflo rio built a smaller stone fort, Fort DEFENDING THE Matanzas, to guard the southern aches to St. Augustine. The LAND: COASTAL appro Castillo successfully withstood two FORTTFICAITONS English sieges in 1702 and 1740. In other Colonial settlements the crude wooden forts were also re- placed by improved forts. At St. Marks, the Spanish replaced a se- ries of wooden stockades with a stone fort in 1739. In Pensacola, during their period as colonial rulers of Florida, the English added several works to complement the Spanish fort, including Fort George. It was captured by the Spanish during the American Rev- . ............ olution, and the Spanish went on to improve Pensacola's defenses with brick fortifications including Fort San Carlos, part of which still stands. All of these forts changed hands several times until Florida Z became a U.S. territory in 1821. AMERICAN PERIOD Throughout much of the state's THE OLD FORT ON MATANZAS ISLAND history, Florida's extensive water- When the United States acquired ways have challenged the defensive Florida, the U.S. Army assumed capabilities of various nations seek- COLONIAL PERIOD the St. Johns River in 1564 started control of the existing forts. ing to colonize the state. Leaders of the colonial rivalry i@ Florida. The However, the Americans did very each successive nation arriving here Fortifications were a common fea- Spanish, who claimed all of Florida little to improve most of them and have asserted their claims by con- ture of the Colonial Florida and who needed to protect their even abandoned several of them. structing fortifications to protect settlements. Pirate raids and the treasure galleons from the French American defensive strategy was potential waterfront entry points. rivalry of the European colonial threat, countered by establishing different than that of the colonial Most forts constructed of highly powers-Spain, France, and En- St. Augustine in 1565 and destroy- powers. American strategy recog- perishable materials such as wood gland-made such fortifications ing the French colony at Fort nized that it was impossible to have not survived, in contrast with necessary. Most of the early forts Caroline that same year. St. Au- defend the entire coastline of the the more durable stone and brick were of wood or earthen con- gustine remained the principal United States and instead concen- structures. Those that have per- struction. Notable locations for Spanish military post in Florida trated on building forts to protect ished are commemorated by wooden forts were the French throughout the Colonial period. As important naval bases and to deny historic markers. Others still stand, colony of Fort Caroline, in what is the threat from English power in invaders important harbors and many of them preserved or re- now Jacksonville, and the Spanish Georgia and the Carolinas grew, anchorages. stored and open to the public. This settlements of St. Augustine, St. the Spanish, in 1672, replaced the When Pensacola was selected as chapter focuses on the time periods Marks and Pensacola. wooden forts at St. Augustine with the site of the major U.S. Navy and architectural details which The establishment of Fort Car- the stone fort, Castillo de San Mar- base on the Gulf of Mexico, it also characterize Florida's forts. oline by the French on the banks of cos, that stands today They also became the site of the most inten- 16 1 1 1 1 sive fortification effort in Florida. Fort Pickens, located on Santa Rosa CIVIL WAR Island at the mouth of Pensacola As war loomed imminent in 1861, Bay, was begun in 1829. On the southern troops occupied most of opposite side of the channel from the forts in the South. Only five Fort Pickens, Fort McRee was built. forts in the South were never oc- To form the apex of a defensive cupied by southern troops and triangle, the Army reused Battery three of those forts were in Florida: San Antonio, a part of the Spanish Forts Jefferson, Taylor, and Pickens. works of Fort San Carlos, and These forts and those subsequently added Fort Barrancas and the ad- reoccupied by federal troops were vanced redoubt to gird the important in enforcing the blockade peninsula upon which the Navy of the Southern coast. base was built so as to defend the base from attack by land. ok\ a I", On the J. whole... to show how fortifications have de- veloped is to show the *Wv _@4-We w@ ingenuity, courage and imagination with which The other locations fortified be- and in the bastions were one or man has used the tech- fore the Civil War were Fernandina more tiers of cannons in vaulted nology of his day to Beach (Fort Clinch) and the Dry rooms called casemates, which Tortugas, west of Key West (Fort were often used as living and stor- On @@, reinforce and extend the Jefferson). Fort Jefferson, consid- age spaces in peacetime. On top of :: can- defensive potential of nat- ered to be an important anchorage, the walls was another tier of ural obstacles."f was designed to be the most non referred to as the barbette tier. powerfully armed fort of the pre- The fort was usually surrounded Ian Hogg, Civil War period. However, al- by a dry moat. On any side of the The History of Fortification though both Forts Clinch and fort which could be attacked by Jefferson served through the Civil land-based artillery, the walls were rft. Marion (Castillo de S n MaZOq To defend the other major naval War, neither was ever completed. protected by a sloping earthen base in Florida, at Key West, the The forts of this period, and even mound called a glacis. The glacis The War also saw the Con- Army built Fort Zachary Taylor and the stone and brick forts of the late prevented an enemy from repeat- federacy place batteries of cannons planned to build four smaller forts Colonial period, had several com- edly pounding the same point on protected by earthen berms to called Martello Towers at intervals mon features. All were brick or the wall with artillery, eventually guard locations not fortified before around Key West. Only two of the stone closed structures, usually in a producing a breach in the wall. The the War. Such batteries were placed 1.4 W.-Pi14 Martello Towers were begun, and regular geometric shape. At the walls of the fort facing the water on the St. Johns River at Yellow then only under the duress of the corners were prominent bastions did not need the protection of a Bluff Fort, at St. Marks on the site Civil War. Construction on the Tow- from which crossfires could be es- glacis since ships' guns of this of the old Spanish fort, at the ers stopped when the war ended, tablished to defend the walls from period were not as accurate as mouth of the Apalachicola River before either tower was completed. infantry attacks. Behind the walls land-based cannons. and at other locations. I - I 1 1 17 The Civil War ushered in major ons. Shortly after World War Il all changes in military technology The coastal defense fortifications were new rifled cannon easily pierced abandoned and the guns scrapped, the stone or brick walls, even when because long range bombers, mounted on ships. Armored ships W, guided missiles, and atom bombs rendered the smooth bore cannon had rendered them useless. mounted in the forts ineffective. As a result, all of the pre-Civil War forts were made obsolete almost WHAT REMAINS overnight. Nevertheless, the forts None of the original wooden soldiered on for years, often being forts of the Colonial period re- used as prisons. Fort Jefferson mains. However, the National Park housed Lincoln assassination con- Service has reconstructed the spirators and Confederate French Fort Caroline near the orig- prisoners-of-war. Fort Pickens was inal site on the St. Johns River in used to confine Apache prisoners Jacksonville. Of the later Colonial including their most famous war- works ' the Castillo de San Marcos rior, Geronimo. in St. Augustine and Fort Matanzas V-All, to the south still exist and are open ENDICOTT AND to the public under the care of the LATER PERIODS National Park Service. The Spanish fort at St. Marks was dismantled to In the late 1880s the Army con- use the stones to build a hospital, vened a committee called the but foundations of some of the Endicott Board to plan new de- dispersed about the reservations. were emplaced on Egmont Key, walls remain. A state museum on fenses for the American coast. Each battery had from two to six while the mortar batteries were on the site relates the fort's history. In Once again Pensacola and Key West guns protected by armored shields Mullet Key. Pensacola, the Fort George site is were chosen as sites to be defended or by hiding behind the sand and After World War 1, the Endicott preserved as a city park. Parts of because of their Navy bases. In concrete structure. The higher rate period defenses were considered the later Spanish works at Pen- addition, Tampa Bay was also pro- of fire and increased deadliness of obsolete. Since the gun emplace- sacola are preserved in the Fort tected by Endicott period defenses. the Endicott period artillery re- ments lacked overhead cover, they Barrancas area of the Gulf Islands The Tampa Bay works were given duced the number of cannons were vulnerable to air attack and National Seashore and are open to the name Fort DeSoto. All other needed to defend a particular the high angle gunfire that war- the public. fortifications in Florida were aban- location. ships were by then able to achieve. Most of the pre-Civil War Amer- doned following the Spanish- Once again Pensacola was the Many of the guns were discarded ican forts have survived. The Gulf American War. most heavily defended site with in the 1920s, and most of the Islands National Seashore preserves The term "fort" took on new eight new batteries, including one remainder were scrapped during the sites of all of the Pensacola meaning in this period. No longer inside the old Fort Pickens. At Key World War 11 metal drives. fortifications. Fort Pickens, Barran- did fort refer to a walled defensive West most of the new guns were After World War I and cas and the advanced redoubt near structure; instead, it now referred installed atop Fort Taylor. The only throughout World War II, new de- Barrancas are open to the public. to a military reservation or camp. new battery built at Key West was fenses were constructed featuring Fort McRee had its foundations The fortifications themselves were the mortar battery inland of Fort overhead protection and still lower undermined in a hurricane and was I'll W"At vit@ called batteries. These new batteries Taylor. (Mortars are cannons which densities of guns. In Florida, only destroyed in 1906. were clean looking reinforced con- fire at very steep angles.) At Tampa two locations-Key West and Pen- Fort Jefferson, in the Dry Tor- crete structures protected by thick Bay, Fort DeSoto was spread across sacola-received new weapons or tugas 70 miles west of Key West, is berms of sand on the seaward side. two islands, Egmont Key and fortifications, with Pensacola again a national monument and open to The batteries were usually widely Mullet Key Most of the batteries receiving the majority of the weap- the public, but visitors must ar- 18 1 range transportation to this isolated Florida's forts provide an oppor- spot. Fort Jefferson is historically tunity for visitors to experience the interesting as the jail of falsely living conditions of early Spanish, accused Lincoln conspirator Dr. British and American settlers. Dur- Samuel Mudd. Fort Taylor in Key ing your visit, observe the orientation of each site, the design West is a recent addition to the state park system. The two Martello and construction of the facilities Towers in Key West are owned by and the different kinds of weapons and other military hardware. Also local groups and are open to the public. The East Martello Tower i notice the various means of reach- r is a ing the site-by ferry, private boat, museum while the west towe botanical garden. automobile or on foot. Visiting such 4P si Fort Clinch, a state park near A A tes may enhance your apprecia- Fernandina Beach, is also open to tion of today's much more comfortable and secure urban the public. Some of the Civil War period earthwork batteries are pre- waterfronts. 4 4, served at Yellow Bluff Fort State 4 W Park in Jacksonville (closed), and at the site of the Spanish fort at St. Marks described above. *t&'A 4 _4 The Endicott and later period works at Pensacola and Key West rved in the Gulf Islands The fort was are prese National Seashore and Fort Taylor a very transient thing; State Park respectively Many of the abandoned when peace batteries in the National Seashore me to their particular near Fort Pickens are open to the ca public, and some have very rare territotj& they became vic- period cannons remounted in them. The works which comprised tim s to decay and Fort DeSoto at Tampa Bay are pre f vandalism. served on the Egmont Key National Irvin Haas, IT" Wildlife Refuge and at Pinellas Citadels, Ramparts and Stockades County's Fort DeSoto Park on Mullet Key. The batteries on Eg- mont Key are probably not safe for the public, but those on Mullet Key Sim are open to the public and contain their original armament. 7- t. Pickens Today 7 %NL-- 19 FIGURE 1: EXIS77NG FLORIDA FORTS IT. CLINCH FT CAROLINE mob, CAS77LLO DE SAN MARCOS GEORGE FT MATANZAS FT PICKElVS BARRANCAS (FT SAN CARLOS M4R FT McCREE APALA FT DESOTO FT JEFFERSON ARTELLO TOWERS 20 FT ZACHARY TAYLOR I"d W- W, MR JA VIA. @lj @ca CGUAZDD MHGC YHM MROMMV Ey- CC 00 M@U 0 Ugcovhdhiopt,se,@5@ (mudo P-RCROWSec-S qR4,0@*Of Cates that two others were located GUARDING THE in Fort Lauderdale near the present site of Birch STORMY COAST: State Park and on ach near what is now 71st Miami Be LIGHTHOUSES AND Street. HOUSES OF REFUGE Keepers of the Houses of Refuge were expected to patrol the beaches to see it a ship were in danger and C to assist anyone who reached land. W- 2? MR= They also were directed to maintain enough supplies and equipment to feed and shelter up to 25 people for W, as long as ten days. Many of these % details were derived from the last remaining refuge which is located '4;,;10@ @yj@ on Hutchinson Island in Martin County. The second in the system of life saving stations, Gilbert's Bar was constructed in 1875. The name was derived from Don Pedro Gilbert, an 1830s pirate who frequented a nearby inlet. The keeper of this The coast of Florida from Pen- Lighthouse facility received an annual salary of sacola to Fernandina is dotted with Partly between $400 and $500 for the lighthouses. These beacons span struction,the volume of shipping U.S. Lifesaving Service authorized services provided by him and his more than a century and a half of increased during the territorial construction of ten "Houses of Re- family to lost seafarers. maritime history During this time period (1821-1845), while the fuge" every 30 miles from the Barefoot mailmen, who walked some have been damaged by wrecking industry prospered. Ship- Indian River to Biscayne Bay Each the 90 miles of shoreline from shoreline erosion, hurricanes, and wreck salvage became a major structure, built of Florida pine with Jupiter to Miami before establish- wartime hostilities. Although sev- industry in Key West, the state's a cypress shingled roof, observation ment of post offices in southeast eral have been rebuilt, their designs largest city by the 1850s. Light- tower, and screened shuttered win- Florida, also stopped at this site. and methods of construction still house keepers were not very dows, cost the federal government During World War 11 the facility was reflect the styles of the time periods popular in that city because they approximately $3,000. used as a Coast Guard station. It in which they were built. reduced the level of lucrative Inside, the building featured ac- was decommissioned in 1945, then The first Florida lighthouses be- wrecks. The high incidence of commodations for the keeper and acquired by the Martin County gan operating in the early 1800s in wrecks not only led the federal his wife and sufficient room to Historical Society. Today the society response to increased levels of navi- government to begin licensing sal- sleep 25 to 30 mariners. A operates a marine history museum, gation along the state's shallow vage operations, but also to boathouse located near each house marine lab, and sea turtle hatchery waterways. Since the 18th century repairing and expanding the contained a 22-foot surf boat and a on the site. Spain and England had relied on lighthouse system during the skiff. Mile markers along the coast As establishment of this system Florida to provide timber products mid-1800s. indicated the direction and distance of lifesaving stations was under- to meet the shipbuilding needs of Concern about related threats to of the nearest refuge. Only one of way, the federal government was their growing navies. By 1860, Jack- lives and property led to establish- these structures still stands-the replacing or relighting many of the sonville and Pensacola had become ment of a system designed to Gilbert's Bar House of Refuge near lighthouses constructed earlier in major shipping ports for such rescue and shelter shipwreck vic- Stuart. Although few details exist the century. The first series of Flor- products. tims. In 1871, the newly created on the specific sites, research indi- ida lights, built between 1821 and 22 1 1850, included those at Pensacola, The most durable method of con- Inlets. Variations include white Carysfort Reef and St. Augustine, struction, however, proved to be towers on Amelia Island and St. So me of these structures had to be the iron skeleton tower with a pile Marks, a buff-colored tower at Key -A, foundation which screwed into the West and contrasting upper and A41 replaced because of damage or threats from erosion, storms, In- ground. This method reduced lower halves of the tower in the than or Civil War battles. Some of weight and construction costs, and Dry Tortugas and at Crooked River the structures rebuilt and/or relit resulted in less wind resistance. and Pensacola. during the Reconstruction period Consequently, it was well-suited to Visitors also should note the dif- were at St. Marks, St. Augustine, the Gulf Coast. The skeleton or ferences in height and visibility of Jupiter and Cape Canaveral. Sev- screwpile was first used before the eral, including Sanibel Light, were Civil War, notably at Carysfort Reef, first constructed in the late 19th reportedly the oldest functioning N MW DII ini century while others, notably lighthouse of its kind in the United Ponce Inlet, were rebuilt at that States. Carysfort served as a model time. for other screwpile lighthouses in Methods of construction also var- the Keys. lighthouses. Some, such as St. Au- ied during the lifespan of the Another type of lighthouse con- gustine and Pensacola, are more lights. Early lighthouses were pri- struction common throughout the than 150 feet above sea level, while marily made of brick. After many southeast coast of the U.S. is the others, such as those in the Keys, of these heavy structures sank or black and white spiral, exemplified are less than half this height. Lights blew down, the federal government by St. Augustine and Cape Ca- are classified from first to sixth in the 1840s began building wood- naveral lights. Red brick towers still order, with sixth being the smallest u stine frame houses with lanterns on top. exist at Ponce de Leon and Jupiter harbor lights. The taller lights tend 23 io to project 20 or more miles at sea, FIGURE 2: LIGHMOUSES OF FLORIDA while lower-level lights span 12 to 15 miles. Florida's lights, in contrast to their counterparts elsewhere on the East Coast, are more visible due AMELIA ISLAND LIGHT to clearer air and overall weather conditions. ST JOHNS LIGHT Eighteenth century lights relied -_'111@ - - - - - - -CROOKED on as many as 30 oil-burning lamps WER to generate light, and used crude ST Jos ST. AUGUSTINE LIGHT revolving reflectors to produce the POINT RKS LI illusion of flashing. Then, in 1822, C441 E SAN I S CAPE ST GEORGE PONCE DELEON KEYS ETLIGHT CANAVERAL adverse weather or darkness. If a lamp burns out, a six-lamp rotating LIGHT system switches to another light. Those lighthouses which are manned are open to the public on a reservations only basis and require EGMO at least two days advance notice for KEY LIG a guided tour. These facilities in- HOUSE OF clude the lighthouses at Egmont EFUGE Key, Jupiter Inlet and, in the near JUPITER ETLIGHT future, St. Marks. Some lights are not accessible due to unsafe struc- tures and/or limited manpower. Others listed in this guide, such as SANIBEL LSBORO Cape Florida Light, are accessible, ISLAND ET LIGHT Key W@st -1.@"ghthoiisc but are no longer operated by the LIGHT Coast Guard. French physicist Augustin Fresnel Florida's lighthouses are among FLORIDA developed a lens which focused a the state's greatest architectural and LIGHT F04EY horizontal beam and generated a historical treasures. Together with ROCK flashing effect, providing a much Houses of Refuge, these facilities LIGHT more powerful light with a single helped safeguard human life at a CARYSFORT lamp. The Fresnel lens has been in time when waterways were the REEF LIGHT use now for more than 150 years. main means of transportation. As DRY TORTUGAS I EL I H@ Most Florida lights no longer such, they reflect a time period in LIGHT LIGATOR REEF LIGHT have lighthouse keepers; instead which man adapted to hazardous REBECCA SHOAL LIGHT SOMBRERO KEY LIGHT they are controlled automatically. environments rather than harness- KEY %EST LI AMERICAN SHOAL LIGHT An electronic sensor signals the ing the harshest coastal areas to SAND KEY LIGHT lantern to switch on in response to meet his needs. 24 RRI no am, HIM, W., I M n', I W HUFRE 2a si I MID I W, P4 NJ wv@ !T,6! "EES Figi emu 3 9 Ut ils - ,0 ft I - @,ja P, FIND 111,11. ift MR ER "" �r I MH H ..... .. e UP HIM H W., 9 M ..) 1! INIT Z.1iffil R-0 in aI /ViN EN :FT/ Us 77w r t Petii@burg Don CeSa Hote L 1_0 THOSE ELEGANT WATERFRONT RESORTS "I y er V U00 ne, 1887 Florida's waterfront accommoda- selling point, the coming of the railways and increased construction tions during the past 100 years have of swimming pools reduced the ranged from plush resorts offering need to locate at the water's edge. fine dining and dancing to modest One of the first areas linked by cottages where fishermen can cook rail to other states and to the Gulf the day's catch. Because of their ffvvo _44-1d4, Coast was the Fernandina-jackson- historic and architectural signifi- 77771 ville corridor. The state's first tourist cance, waterfront resorts designed 7ff-TW hotel, the Egmont, built in Fernan- dina in 1877, attracted such wealthy IvIr 1r'Mr Ir. 4@ to serve the wealthy are the focus A@' of this chapter. guests as the Tiffanys. To the south History indicates that despite in Jacksonville, dozens of hotels limited access, Florida was consid- were built, including the May- ered the nation's playground as flower, which offered dining room guests a bird's eye view of the St. early as the late 1870s. Throughout most of the 19th century, small Johns River. Because of the tourist hotels were usually located along boom, the city's population in- the steamboat routes, supplement- creased fourfold during the winter ing the private homes and months, and before the turn of the I` �R, plantations which offered travelers century, many visitors decided to room and board. In later decades, become permanent residents. larger resorts sprang up near rail- One prominent visitor who set- road depots. Although the tled in Florida and had a waterfront remained an attractive widespread impact on subsequent 26 East Coast development was Henry Nearby in Boca Raton, popular M. Flagler. By extending rail lines boom-period architect Addison from Jacksonville to Key West, he Mizner designed the Cloister Inn, a not only stimulated commerce, but 100-room lakefront structure de- also constructed seven quality re- signed along the lines of a Spanish sorts along the route. In the design monas rNim, 10 tery It featured a Gothic- 14 @ RRE"', and construction of these resorts, - style dining hall with high ceilings he reportedly employed the best Ll and gold leaf columns, hand- available architects, landscape ar- paint ed pecky cypress ceilings and 7 chitects, and builders. 11:1111091111 Hipp 11111@! handmade wall and roof tiles. Al- One outstanding example of a though the hotel was only open on Flagler resort is the Ponce de Leon, and off during a two-year period in a 450-room Spanish-style structure H the mid 1920s, an $8 million invest built in St. Augustine in 1888 for ment was used to greatly expand it $2.5 million. The exterior is com- in 1928. posed of four-foot thick coquina (a To the south, the Royal Palm mixture of sand, shell and sea- Hotel had been built on 100 acres water) walls, with elaborate along Biscayne Bay which had been archways, vine-covered porches, donated to Flagler in the 1890s by and fountains. The interior was Miami landowner Julia Tuttle. This furnished with rosewood, ma- five-story structure housed 350 ho any and walnut pieces, Belgian s. their maids and hotel staff, 9 guest carpeting, stained glass and wall and featured a lookout tower with a and ceiling murals. The hotel was view of the ocean and the Ever- so popular that a second hotel- glades. Waters from the bay flowed theAlcazar-was built to handle continuously through its swimming the overflow. pool. In the mid 1890s, as the railways Flagler's railroad was extended to were extended southward, the Miami Beach in the 1920s, stimulat- woodframe Ormond Beach Hotel ing a demand for waterfront resorts near Daytona, the Royal Poinciana and residences there and attracting in Palm Beach, the Palm Beach Inn architects from throughout the and Miami's Royal Palm were built. country. The earlier designs from The Palm Beach Inn was another the 1920s and 1930s combined Med- hotel built to accommodate extra iterranean features such as tiled guests from the Royal Poinciana, roofs and archways with modern which could house up to 1,750 details. The ornate Amsterdam Pal- people. In the early 1900s, it was ace, designed in 1930 and based on destoyed by fire and rebuilt as the Christopher Columbus' home, Breakers. Following a second fire, provided a rooftop lookout tower an Italian Renaissance-style hotel so guests could view the ocean. In was constructed on the site in 1926 contrast, later structures such as at a cost of $6 million. The Break- the Greystone and Century hotels, ers' extensive grounds included a both built in 1939, reflect the golf course and shops, an Italian- oceanliner motif with masts and W, style fountain and a seaside terrace porthole windows. These early re- used for dancing. sorts were especially significant 27 indicative of the because their locations, and fre- Tampa Bay Hotel, ca. 1925 ir clients' lifestyles. quently their designs, were Most featured a ballroom and cas- oriented toward the water. ino, usually with a swimming pool, Although Flagler did not live to occasionally containing other facili- develop a luxury resort in Key West ties such as gambling tables or a following completion of his Over- theater. Golf, bowling, billiards, seas Railway, his company did outdoor sports, boating and hunt purchase a beachfront site for this ing were among other activities purpose. The Casa Marina, a 200- available at various locations. room Bahamian-style woodframe Although many old hotels were structure, was opened on the site !F destroyed by fire or replaced by in 1921. The hotel closed, however, I ITT modern structures, several elegant 7@ Y Qt The railroad *ftft builders and resort pro- moters were largely the V each Mohammedan month, and Other luxurious boom-era hotels same group -which was elaborately bricked outside walls were located on the Northwest the pattern of Florida'@ reinforced with surplus railroad Coast. FL-nsacola's San Carlos, built tracks. It also contained a solarium, in 1910, was enlarged during the early development, es- writing rooms, beauty and barber 1920s by a million dollar addition pecially its resort areas. 'Q shops, a large ballroom, separate more than tripling its 156 private Louise Frisbie, Florida's Fabled Inns cafes and billiard rooms for men rooms. The interior included a and women, mineral baths, mas- large ballroom, curving stairway, sage rooms and a separate theater. marble lobby and stained glass AN Interior furnishings, which cost an dome ceiling. Steam heat and ceil- additional million, included marble ing fans in each guest room were fu columns, more than 100 carved eled by the hotel's power plant. Italian mirrors, an extensive art Another hotel in the region-the in 1932 when rail service was dis- collection, gold and ebony fur- Harbeson, on Santa Rosa Sound- resorts are still in use. Some, like continued after the collapse of the niture, tapestries and blue dragon had an orchestra which played the Ponce de Leon, the Tampa Bay, land boom. carpeting. nightly in a dance pavilion over the and the Rolyat, a boom-era hotel in While these oceanfront resorts Another Plant resort, the Belle- water. Guests were transported St. Petersburg, have become col- were developing on Florida's East view at Bellair (1896) was a large from Pensacola to the hotel by the leges. Others, notably the Ormond Coast, another railroad entre- woodframe structure facing Clear- resort's private boat. Several of the Beach and Sarasota's Orange preneur opened the West Coast. water Harbor. It may have been the Northwest Florida hotels also fea- Blossom, are now retirement in V888, Henry Plant built the lux- first hotel with a golf course. In tured wide verandas facing the homes. urious Tampa Bay Hotel, a 511- 1919, a swimming pool was added, water. Two Mediterranean-style struc- room Moorish palace, at a cost of $3 decorated with one million ceramic In addition to architectural de- tures from 1926, the 12-story million. The structure featured 13 tiles set in place by Italian tails, the types of facilities provided Biltmore in Palm Beach and the silver domes and minarets, one for craftsmen. by the luxury resorts were also seven-story Hollywood Beach Hotel 281 1 1 have been converted to con- trepreneur/developer, for $22.5 dominiums. Although the Biltmore million. The property was then in Coral Gables has not been re- acquired by the Arvida Corpora- stored, a restoration plan has been tion, and a high-rise tower was proposed. Meanwhile, the hotel's added. Modern guests can experi- former ballroom functions as an art ence its original glamour, in museum. The Alcazar now houses addition to golf, tennis, swimming St. Augustine City Hall, the Light- and a health club. ner Museum and antique shops. The Casa Marina (reopened in A Across the street from the Alcazar, 1934) was popular among Navy the Cordova, an 1886 hotel pur- officers and their families during chased by Flagler, has become the the 1940s, and was ]eased to the army unin St. Johns County Courthouse. d g the 1962 Cuban Mis Those facilities still operating as sile Crisis. Used briefly as a Peace hotels include the Belleview (now Corps training school in the mid- the Belleview Biltmore), Don Ce S, it had been vacant for a Sar, Breakers, Boca Raton Hote decade when purchased and refur- and Club, formerly the Cloister Inn Am, A@, bished by the Marriott Corporation and the Casa Marina. The Belle in the 1970s. view, near Clearwater, now has The company invested $3.5 mil- three golf courses, its public rooms Tr! lion in the structure and spent $10 have been enlarged and all guest million for renovation. Arched win- rooms have been air conditioned. dows and lobby fireplaces were The Don Ce Sar, a Mediterranean retained, as well as the orientations style boom era hotel in St. Pe- of the original rooms. The one tersburg Beach, was renovated at a million gallon water supply found cost of $9 million in 1974. Because it beneath the veranda and lobby dur- reportedly is one of only two oper- ing construction is reportedly used ating hotels listed on the National for watering the grounds. A swim- Register of Historic Places, it must ming pool, saltwater fishing pier, retain its external appearance, in- new kitchen, dining and meeting cluding the striking pink stucco s all have been added to a room xp" characteristic of the time period. waterfront site for which Flagler's The Breakers, in Palm Beach, company originally paid a mere $1,000. now operates year round rather than seasonally It has two pools -@w q LO L4 rfront hotels from x L4 [a m L Viewing wate and golf courses and twelve tennis the boom periods gives visitors a , It courts. The structure still contains a glimpse of the lifestyle of the afflu- IV *'- ornate furnishings based upon sev- ent during the last century as .eral Italian Renaissance palaces. reflected in their leisure activities. During World War 11, 85 percent Such a visit also creates an of the hotels on Miami Beach were awareness of past travelers' limited converted to barracks. The Boca access to and within the state. After Raton Hotel was also used for this touring such places, the visitor may purpose. In 1956, this hotel on the appreciate the diverse means of Intracoastal Waterway and its 1,000 transportation available today as acre grounds were sold to Arthur well as their historic role in de- Vining Davis, the aluminum en- .-The Breakers, 11ahn Beach, ca. IMI veloping Florida's waterfront. 29 (Tl @IIIIRIR INA 4A, nj/ TD ) BUFFERING THE Barrier islands and related land- * dune swales, by wave action in calmer periods. forms fringe most of Florida's 9 barrier flats, Where the end of a barrier island or MMNLANP: BARRIER barrier spit is gradually increasing, coastline, and most of the state's 9 washover fans, sandy beaches are on coastal barri- 6 saltmarsh (mangroves) and tidal a series of relic beach berms may be ers, factors which make these areas flats, left behind the growing beach. These relic berms are called beach important to the state's tourist 0 inlets, and econo 0 lagoons. ridges and are usually a series of my Such areas are also im portant because they act as buffers arch shaped ridge lines curving f between the mainland and oceanic Beaches consist of unconsoli- toward the bayside of the barrier. storms and they help form estu- dated sedimentary material and are Similar in nature, but usually aries which are the nursery areas subject to wave action. The two larger than beach berms and for most commercial and sport f the beach are the foreshore, ridges, are sand dunes. Sand parts o dunes differ from these other fea- z tures in that dunes are built up J from wind-blown sand trapped by Barrier _44 beaches are dynamic, relatively lowland masses that often lead to conflict with human development. Stephen P Leatherman, Barrier Islands Handbook A "A h@- vegetation. Dunes are also an im- portant storm protection landform. Ali' which absorb the energies of the largest storm waves and function as fish. Many are unstable, shifting which is subject to regular wave the beach berms would on eroding with tides, currents and sea level action, and the backshore, which is shorelines. changes. Unfortunately, manmade subject to wave action only during Between the dunes are low areas development of a barrier island storms. The backshore may exhibit called swales or slacks, formed by often interferes with these natural an area of higher elevation, known wind action or human activity. If functions, and places lives and as a berm, built up from sand the depression between the dunes property in jeopardy during major transported by wave swash. During is deep Enough, it may reach the storms. periods of more violent wave ac- water table and the swale will be a A _J In a natural state the typical tion, this berm is eroded, the beach freshwater wetland. Often ponds barrier island includes some but flattens, and the wave energies are will form in swales. not all of the following features: dissipated over a wider beach. The At low points along the duneline, 0 the beach, sand eroded from the berm usually a storm surge may break through 0 beach ridges, collects in offshore sandbars. This the dunes and flood the areas in- @Iivr,oa ts, C11-l" * dunes, sand is then returned to the beach land. Large amounts of sediments 32 __J will be carried with the flood water important commercial and sport replaced by mangroves. The dunes and be deposited in overwash fans. fish. in the Northeast are usually the The overwash process is very de- Between the islands are inlets, highest, especially where left un- structive, washing away dunes, often called passes in Florida. disturbed such as in Fort Clinch vegetation, and in some cases, These features are important for the State Park on Amelia Island. buildings. Parts of the Fort Pickens maintenance of salinity levels in the The islands on the Atlantic coast and Perdido Key sections of the lagoons and for navigation. These and along the Panhandle are lon iger Gulf Islands National Seashore inlets may be unstable, shifting & than those on the west coast. On near Pensacola were overwashed in hundreds of feet in a year and many'of the islands, especially a recent hurricane, sweeping away threatening homes in the process. If around Miami/Fort Lauderdale and Y17W dunes and dune vegetation which the inlet is deep enough to trap the St. Petersburg, the natural features have yet to fully recover. sand being carried by longshore have been destroyed by develop- transport, it also may cause erosion ment. Most of the wetlands have ttt _4@ Inland from the dune zone the barrier flats. These areas are covered by maritime forests con- taining live oaks, pines and cedars. The barrier flats are the safest areas 7@@ to build on a barrier island. Beyond the barrier flats, and ad- , "I I II - / jacent to the bay or estuary that the barrier island helps to form, are Sa nta Ros, is saltmarshes and tidal flats. South of V Pasco County on the west coast and Volusia County on the east of adjacent beaches. This occurs been filled in, and the protective coast, the saltmarshes are gradually most frequently when the inlet is dunes have been leveled for build- replaced by mangroves. These salt- dredged for navigation. ing sites. As natural shoreline water wetlands are an integral part The barrier islands around the movement threatened buildings, of the estuary. The tidal flats are state vary in detail and by geo- the building owners built seawalls good places to observe wildlife. graphic region from the general which eventually led to the disap- Beyond the saltwater wetlands is features listed above. Starting with pearance of the beach. As a result, the lagoon. Many of the lagoons Anclote Key on the west coast and the beaches that exist in these areas are highly productive estuaries, vi- New Smyrna Beach on the east today are for the most part tal for the reproduction of coast, the saltmarsh begins to be manmade. Sea Oat@'S, %I@a 0S 33 _JR , Z FIGURE 3: BARRIER ISLAADS OF FLORIDA df nj@ C'N SAP VpO SOSP, 40,[@ sop, ov- 0000 CIL Soo 00, 11400 oc ST. f,l Ol t Y-0 I@L NO 00ta Coll V605 1vtooll 5tN ON @X@ @o 1501,10 pof- SN 0 clo" ot;N vo fo 0& ol@ So" S l'O ", rPS VN AA9 P'Sy IN 13 010A C05 0 0 do -CIO P NS SO 0 as C, 40 P11-11 5"'@40 11, 'o N 05 a cts viv AS@N 1400 c", c1 oc, "OBo,@' .ts V to'i` @g jo: I)OP 1101fi '4@ Gvw, rVP 1@ wo yo C9 0 VP 34 -pow F-7, L E CC A\@@ ,(X @ lome- ENJOYING THE COAST- Along the Southern and Central Coasts, in Miami's Matheson SHOREFRONT and Upper Tampa Bay Hammock, RECREATION Park, visitors can hike trails through mangrove swamps with muck soils and finger-like Varied shorelines and aboveground roots, which serve as development patterns distinguish nurseries for numerous fish and Florida's urban areas as well as her shellfish. Throughout the peninsula waterfront parks. Visitors will find and the Panhandle, elevated sites to suit a wide range of wooden walkways lead you through saltwater and freshwater recreational preferences. The State wet lands ranging from salt flats to Park System, administered by the Florida Department of Natural estuaries where freshwater merges Resources (DNR), contains with salt water. On Pensacola's Ed Ball Nature Trail, hikers can numerous natural areas including experience several of these natural undeveloped beaches which systems. exemplify the state's natural beach/ While some communities have dune and wetland systems. These traditionally relied on publicly CO include Southwest Florida's owne d sites to meet public access Caladesi Island State Park, which is accessible only by ferr3@ St. needs, more and more local Rii@- Lagoon State Rece'ea'tion AN'"a' Joseph Peninsula near Port St. Joe governments, such as the City of and Anastasia Island near St. Miami, are requiring private Augustine. Historic and developers to ensure public access and preserve historical resources b archeological sites, many of which y are on the water, are also operated means of walkways and adaptive by DNR, notably the Kingsley reuse of historic structures. Plantation near Jacksonville and Riverwalks and beach walks not only offer attractive views, but they the Cape Florida Lighthouse in Miami. may also provide pedestrian access In recent years, in response to to hotels, restaurants and shops. Restoration and adaptation of rapid urbanization and population pressures, counties and cities have historic buildings as in Pensacola, joined the state in acquiring and Key West and Fernandina has proven to be popular as well as managing sensitive lands for purposes of conservation and park profitable. development. Thus, visitors to the Some more active parks with fishing piers, jogging and bicycle waterfront can choose from a Aft..r .. , A-, I ;-, I 'I'l 4 t 'I f r example, highlight the variety of nature parks which rai s, o provide insight into Florida's fra 11 water with observation decks. S.S. Holland Park in Hollywood ecology. In St. Petersburg's Boyd Hill Nature Park they can walk features a three-story wooden through shady oak hammocks with tower w ith views of surrounding cabbage palms and fruited vays on three sides, as well understory shrubs, which shelter as a boardwalk through mangroves 14@ e ya np sf birds, small mammals and reptiles. qmp- -t- Hall along the Intracoastal Walkway. 36 Saltwater fishing piers are shown in the attached map and list. TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF ACCESSIBLE SANDY BEACHES Two other approaches to IN THE VICINITY OF SELECTED CITIES* waterfront recreation common to downtown areas are passive parks and cultural facilities. The first type of park clearly focuses on a waterbody as the primary attraction. It generally features COUNTIES ACCESSIBLE OF landscaping, seating areas, open (SELECTED BEACHES FRONTAGE/ SPECIAL space, and pedestrian pathways. In CITIES) DESCRIBED ACREAGE INTEREST contrast, the second category uses Nassau 4 Local Over 5 miles CampinglFishing Pier at Ft. Clinch waterfront as an attractive backdrop (Fernandina Beach) 1 State and American Beach. Drive on for a non water-dependent facility such as an art gallery, historical some beaches with permit. museum, or concert hall. Such a Duval 5 Local Over 9 miles Hannah Park, one of Florida's park often contains a fountain and/ (Jacksonville) 1 State largest oceanfront parks; City or open air artworks. Both marina on 2d Ave. N. off Beach approaches can help draw people Blvd., nearby Fishing Pier. back to downtown areas. St. Johns 8 Local Over 25 miles Fishing Pier at St. Augustine Overall, the wide variety of (St. Augustine) 1 State (3 miles at Ft. Matanzas) Beach. Drive on some beaches shoreline recreational opportunities 1 Natl. Monument with permit. makes Florida's waterfront communities desirable places to live Broward 8 Local Over 14 miles Fishing Pier at Pompano; and visit. (Ft. Lauderdale Area) 2 State Lauderdale-by-the Sea, Dania Dade 18 Local Over 2100 acres Fishing Pier at Sunny Isles and (Miami/Miami Beach) I State (Mileage unavailable) Haulover (N. Miami Beach) Monroe 8 Local Over 3 miles Ft. Jefferson National Monument (Key West) 3 State access boatlseaplane. Coral reef 1 Nati. Monument in exploration possible throughout Dry Tortugas Keys. Pinellas 13 Local Over 18 miles BaysidelGulf access plus 3 boat (St. Petersburg) 3 State ramps at Treasure Island, north of St. Pete Beach. Escambia 6 Local Over 31 miles Camping at Big Lagoon. Campingl (Pensacola) 2 State 950 acres Fishing Pier at Gulf Islands (Ft. 1 Natl. Seashore Pickens) Fishing Pier at Navarre (includes 4 beach access Beach. areas) *Based on data presented in Florida's Sandy Beaches: An Access Guide, Office of Coastal Studies, University of West Florida, Pensacola, 1984. A_ Note: Tampa Bay has non-sandy beaches, so it was not included in the above guide. 37 FIGURE 4: FLORIDAS SALTWATER FISHING PIERS AL59 15M4 .4 48 .7 KEY 31-Anglers Pier-Lemon Bay (Port Charlotte) 1 -Fort Clinch Fishing Pier 32-Charlotte Harbor Fishing Pier 47 41 40 2-jacksonville Beach Fishing Pier 33-Venice Municipal Fishing Pier 46. 3-Lighthouse Park Pier (St. Augustine) 34- Sarasota Municipal Pier (Hart's Landing) 45 39 4-Flagler Beach Pier 35-Bradenton Beach Pier 5-Ormond Beach Pier 36-Anna Maria City Pier 44 4371 38 6-Ocean Pier Casino (Daytona Beach) 37-Rod & Reel Pier (Anna Maria) 7-Sunglow Ocean Fishing Pier (Daytona Beach) 38-Wifliams Park (Gibsonton) 36 37, 8-Veterans Memorial Park (Titusville) 39-Ballast Point Pier (Tampa) 3 9-Barge Canal Tingley's Fishing Camp (Merritt Island) 40-Oldsmar Pier 10-jetty Park Campground (Cape Canaveral) 41-Safety Harbor City Pier 3 -7, 31 11-Canaveral Pier 42-The Pier (St. Petersburg) 32 12-Eau Gallie Fishing Pier (Melbourne) 43-Andrew Potter Pier (Fort DeSoto Park) 13-Melbourne Beach Fishing Pier 44-Family Pier I (Fort DeSoto Park) 29 14-Sebastian Beach State Recreation Area 45-Redington Long Pier 15-juno Beach Fishing Pier 46-Big Indian Rocks Fishing Pier 27 16-Lake Worth Pier 47-Big Pier 60 (Clearwater) 17-Deerfield Fishing Pier 48-Cedar Key Dock 18-Fisherman's Wharf of Pompano Beach 49-Battery Park Pier (Apalachicola) 19-Anglin's Fishing Pier (Lauderdale-By-The- Sea) 50-Lafayette Park Pier (Apalachicola) 20-City of Dania Fishing Pier 51-Mexico Beach Pier 2t 21-Haulover Park Fishing Pier (Miami Beach) 52-Bay County Public Pier 22-Sunshine Pier (Miami Beach) 53-County Pier (Panama City) 2M3 23-Naples Municipal Fishing Pier 54-The Dan Russell Pier (Panama City) 24-Ft. Myers Beach Pier 55-Okaloosa Island Pier 25-Tarpon Street Pier (Ft. Myers) 56-Pensacola Beach Fishing Pier 26-Lighthouse Fishing Pier (Sanibel) 57-Navarre Beach Fishing Pier (Gulf Breeze) 27- Cape Coral Municipal Pier 58- Sound Fishing Pier (Cantonment) 28-Bokeeha Seaport Pier 59-Pensacola Bay Fishing Pier 29-Punta Gorda Municipal Pier 60-Municipal Auditorium (Pensacola) 30-Port Charlotte Beach Pier 61-Ft. Pickens Fishing Pier 38 "Rai- Mir LIVING AND WORKING NEAR THE WATER fill LIVING AND home featured three rooms and a WORKING NEAR separate kitchen to the rear. British settlers later added a fireplace and THE WATER replaced some of the wooden shut- ters with glass. Further glimpses of the way of life four centuries ago are provided t : by a structure built in the late 1960s. Ai The Spanish government con- structed and operates a museum known as Casa del Hildalgo. A replica of a 16th century nobleman's Regardless of advances in trans- house, it is composed of coquirla portation, Florida's waterways have blocks similar to those quarried to attracted new settlers and water build some of the town's early related businesses for centuries. houses. Other houses open to the Those homes and neighborhoods public in the "Old Town" section which remain reflect the diverse offer demonstrations of period origins and livelihoods of their crafts such as printing, weaving owners as well as various architec- and hearth cooking. M-T tural trends. The structures ,ililk- Vq-t A final notable characteristic of discussed here range from a 17th imi" 1 41 St. Augustine's Historic District century Spanish residence to late due to its continuous occupation is 1930s tropical resorts. the multitude of land uses which EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS the original construction include have characterized each site. Thus, Florida red cedar and old timbers of for example, the reconstructed Mil- a nautical type, probably because itary Hospital on Aviles Street, Northeast Florida early seaport carpenters were fre- formerly Indian burial grounds, quently designers of boats was the site of several Spanish Some of the state's oldest existing ("shipwrights"). homes prior to 1766. Other uses t structures in or near historic coastal Spanish homes of this period have included stables, a Chinese communities are located in North- were located immediately adjacent laundry and a cocktail lounge. To- east Florida. St. Augustine's Oldest to the street in order to create day it houses an art gallery. House dates back to the early 1600s, shade, with secluded patios in the To the north, near Jacksonville, is when it was home to a Spanish rear. There was no front door; the state's oldest plantation house. military man. It was continuously entrance was through the patio. Wealthy planter Zephaniah King- occupied until purchased by the St. Windows were heavily shuttered to sley received a Spanish land grant Augustine Historical Society in provide protection. Overall, the in 1791, giving him title to Fort Oldest House is a peasant style 1918. George Island, where he estab The structure's upper story still home, reflecting the lifestyle of early lished a large plantation. One of reflects the British architectural settlers of St. Augustine. the structures completed by his @ , 4'7',#A style, while the lower portion is Another simple residence is the many slaves was a house built of composed of one-foot thick walls of Arrivas House, the first house to be lumber and bricks produced on the coquina block, a seashell based restored by the local Restoration grounds. This state historic site concrete believed to have been and Preservation Commission. It provides insight into the hardships quarried on nearby Anastasia Is- still contains a portion of the orig- of life on an early 19th century Tabby '04@e 40 Plantation, land. Other local materials used in inal 18th century building. The coastal plantation. LATER WATERFRONT as an outstanding example of func- DISTRICTS: tional maritime architecture. Near the Naval Base is a 190- 19TH AND 20TH block collection of buildings which CENTURIES dates from 1886 to 1912, but which is believed to represent a much g; earlier period-the late 1830s. Those buildings remaining from the late 19th and early 20th centuries Pensacola were rebuilt after a severe fire in 1886. Due to their owners' tradi- During the next 50 years, a port tional attitudes, the new buildings city was to develop on the North- closely resembled their predeces- west Florida Coast. Pensacola's sors as shown in two 1838 drawings by William Whitehead, the brother Historic District contains structures of one of Key West's original ranging from Old Christ Church, developers. corn H,4 pleted in the early 1800s and H'' 14411M III III now restored as a local history This historic district primarily museum, to a concentration of late consists of two-story detached 19th century woodframe houses. woodframe residential structures T;=.- %Ptnsawol with metal roofs, front porches fac- The first restoration by the Pen- sacola Heritage Foundation, the the street and decorative 1871 vintage Clara Barkley Dorr fully crafted of brick or concrete woodwork as well as columns and brackets. Many were small three- House, stimulated further restora- construction, while others are room compa tion efforts. woodframe residential structures in ny houses, built for workers near their factories. Some Some structures in the Seville Classical Revival style with porches and columns. Many also feature masonry cigar factories still remain. Square District exhibit a New Or- A few of the commercial buildings piers-blocks or bricks which ele- leans French influence with iron had living quarters above. vate the structure's frame. Other grillwork balconies and brackets notable structures include an 1845 and carved eaves. One of the area's Marine hospital, an 1874 residence first restorations was adaptation of the Pensacola Printing Company as which housed Marine Officers and the local Naval surgeon, a 1904 Rosie O'Grady's, a restaurant/en- Naval ship repair facility and sev- P tertainment complex. Many eral late 19th century freshwater structures in the North Hills area cisterns. are Classical Revival style wood- frame structures with columns, Key West The Naval Station is considered historically significant by state and broad porches and steep pitched roofs. The Palafox Street Historic A contemporary of Pensacola, local historic preservationists due to District includes one block of re- vestiges of this historic waterfront its role in protecting shipping from stored turn-of-the-century community can still be seen in Key pirates, intercepting Civil War structures as well as the historic West's Historic District and Naval blockade runners, serving as head- San Carlos Hotel and the restored Station. The Naval Station contains quarters for the Atlantic Fleet in the Louisville-Nashville Railroad pas- 23 buildings dated from 1845 to 1923 Spanish-American War and active ly senger terminal from 1912, now and listed on the National Register participating in both World Wars' It of a hotel complex. of Historic Places. Some are care- is also categorized by state officials part 41 X The Queen Anne style, with bay state officials consider the finest windows, porches, towers, turret surviving Victorian courthouse in S, 0 X and balconies, in addition to ornate the state, features cast iron columns trim around the exterior, was also -4 and an ironwork balcony common. A good example is the o. Of particular significance because Southernmost House at 1400 Duval of their waterfront orientations are Street. This sprawling residence the Rutishauser House and the features Tuscan columns and a Hoyt House. The first is an exam- tower with Tudor-type arched win- V1, ple of Mississippi steamboat dows. Most of the homes of this style in Key West, unlike those of 7; other cities, lack chimneys. A 44 kwlad= Hottse,"Ke!1 West 1857 and 1859, it contains a 40-foot The Bailey House is a good ex- dining room, and is now part of the ample of the Queen Anne style. The overall appearance of the Florida House, a rooming house. Built in 1895 by a steamship agent, district is one of uniform style, Another landmark is the state's it contains turrets, gables, bays, scale (low-rise) and building mate- oldest saloon in the same location, fish scale decoration, stained glass rials. Most structures exhibit few or the Palace, founded in 1903 in an windows and six fireplaces. Several no extravagant details. They are not 1878 building. During Prohibition fine examples of gingerbread trim considered high style, yet the sheer this ornate brick building, which can also be seen at the Chadwick, volume of historic woodframe contains a handcarved mahogany Prescott and Meddaugh Houses, all buildings makes this district bar and murals, was an ice cream within a few blocks of each other. architecture from 1883. The second, significant. parlor. Other structures of interest in- built by a ship's candle maker anc Not far from the Palace is another clude St. Peter's Parish Episcopal banker, was reportedly modeled Femandina Beach 19th century red brick structure on Church, featuring handcarved Flor- after the ornate Rockefeller Cottage the site of an earlier depot which ida cedar and curly pine religious at Jekyll Island, Georgia, a few Another seaport city with a sizeable served Florida's first cross-state rail- articles and the First Presbyterian miles to the north. collection of 19th century structures road from Fernandina to Cedar Key Church, used by Union troops dur- near the water is Fernandina Beach. Built in 1899, during one of the ing the city's occupation. Two On the northwest end of Amelia peak periods for East Coast rail commercial brick structures from Miami Island is a 30 block downtown area service, the building no longer op- this time period, built by a with a concentration of buildings erates as a depot since passenger Frenchman, are Huot's 1882 Build- During the late 19th century, T'" 41"e" @41114 from 1873 to 1900. This area train service was discontinued in ing, occupied by a large marine among the few settlers who ven- includes one of Florida's the mid 1930s. The depot now hardware firm, and Huot's 1878 tured farther south on the Atlantic oldest tourist hotels. Built by the houses the local Chamber of Building, now a restaurant. The coast was Ralph Munroe. A New 42 Cross-Florida Railroad between Commerce. Nassau County Courthouse, which York boatbuilder and adventurer, he moved to Biscayne Bay where he woodframe structures and later paths, plus a large tract of farms and $20 million. Today the estate constructed a breezy woodframe bungalows were built, reflecting the and Italian style farm buildings and and formal gardens, including the house using timber salvaged from styles of the times. The bungalow formal gardens. state's first Garden for the Blind, shipwrecks, with open air skylights style features high pitched roofs The centerpiece of the estate was are owned and operated by Dade for ventilation. He also developed a and verandas on several sides, both a 70-room villa with four towers County. The county's Recreation reputation for designing vessels providing shelter from the sun. constructed of stucco and coral rock which could navigate the area's Although some of the homes have with barrel tile roofs. During the shallow, hazardous waters. Munroe since been converted to shops and mansion's 12-year construction convinced his friend Charles Pea- restaurants, Edgewater remains a period, Deering began collecting cock to open South Florida's first residential neighborhood, reflecting furnishings from all over the world, mainland hotel, from which Co- conut Grove developed. Today, Munroe's house, the Barnacle, has been restored as a state historic site and the site of the former inn is Peacock Park. ...... OA Department plans to eventually re- ---jlocate its offices from some of the former farm buildings and re- open them as a restored farm village. Fort Lauderdale ''A 11 About the same time Vizcaya was under construction, businessman Frank Stranahan was establishing a Style House, Edgewater Historic District, Miaini camp and trading post on the New River north of Miami in the settle- the pre-boom and early boom era. including marble and tile floors, ment known as Fort Lauderdale. The most extravagant pre-boom- garden statuary, wall fountains and When Stranahan moved the busi- era Italian style bayfront estate in chimneypieces. The furniture was ness west, he converted the old Miami was created by International brought in by schooner, and the store to the family home. This two- Harvester entrepreneur James rooms were designed to resemble a story wood frame building- was Deering. Dubbed Vizcaya, the 130- late 15th or early 16th century Ital- recently restored to its original ap- acre estate, completed in 1916, con- ian villa occupied for enough pearance and opened as a Along the northern end of Bis- tained a decorative stone barge as a generations to reflect alterations museum. cayne Bay, several subdivisions breakwater, a boat for Deering's due to changing times and One of Fort Lauderdale's first were recorded at the turn of the yacht, two teahouses, a Baroque preferences. hotels, the New River Inn, was century, some of which were style casino and a winding canal for The cost of constructing the operated from 1905 until 1955 when it named after the Edgewater Com- a gondola. It also included more house was $3 million; the entire was converted to an educational cen- pany. In this neighborhood, several than 25 miles of roadways and estate was estimated at between $10 ter for school children. In 1907 the 43 same builder, local businessman E. Greek Revival to Gothic, Victorian Snell's home from 1928. Granada Other styles used in Hyde Park T. King, constructed the King-Cro- and Romanesque. The nearby Terrace and the Northeast neigh- include the Spanish Colonial, pop- martie House, a two-story pine Avondale neighborhood contains a borhood also reflect this style. ular during the 1920s, with home on New River Drive. The marble house, a Venetian style Mediterranean and Islamic touches; town's first home with indoor mansion and a Tudor estate. Sites Tampa Classical Revival, which resembles plumbing and acetylene lighting, it of interest include a 1906 art mu- Greek and Roman temples of brick has since been restored with orig- seum with ornate woodwork and Across Tampa Bay west of the or wood with various columns; and inal furnishings and today operates stained glass and the Riverside Hillsborough River lies another his- Colonial Revival, wood frame repro- toric waterfront neighborhood as a museum. Theater, opened in 1927. called Hyde Park. This 860-acre collection of subdivisions adjacent St. Petersburg to downtown Tampa and near the Meanwhile, on the Gulf Coast former Tampa Bay Hotel dates from prominent St. Petersburg developer 1886 to 1933. One of the component 64' Perry Snell was developing several subdivisions built in 1915 is com- aw i J01 4 -.1, Wi ar1r, Park Historic District, Tajpnpa 7 @1@ 114-11 INN" We have re 7W M, discovered old buildings and old neighborhoods and are beginning to re- . .. ....... __4 store them and to put them to new use. . . . just when it seemed that Amer- W, 777-17777' Jacksonville ican cities, and with them, bayfront neighborhoods including posed of bungalows which are American civilization were Granada Terrace and Snell Isle. He accessible only on foot. Numerous Several waterfront neigh- placed elaborate statues in the stylish homes are located between doomed, there is a new borhoods remain in the state from streets of Snell Isle and constructed Rome and Boulevard and along urban optimism. the 1920s boom era. After a severe a palatial estate to house his inter- Bayshore Boulevard. Some feature Wolf von Eckardt, fire in Jacksonville, man affluent national ar t collection. Although a simpler variation of the Queen Back to the Drazifing Board L residents chose to rebuird in the many of the structures were built in Anne style with much less orna- Riverside section high above the St. the 1940s, significant Mediterranean mentation; others have a medieval Johns River. Their homes reflect a boom era structures completed in- appearance with steep roofs and 44 variety of styles ranging from clude the 1925 Country Club and rough brickwork or fieldstone. ductions of 17th and 18th century Ringling's bedroom contained Mediterranean and Modern fea- in creating an airy accessible styles with Victorian and Colonial twin beds with gilded bronze tures. This style often resulted in community. details. In addition to residential sphinxes; Mable's bedroom was buildings with such unusual com- structures, Hyde Park also contains more subdued with inlaid sandal- binations as barrel tile roofs and I churches, industrial and commer- wood furniture and a lace porthole windows. cial buildings, and many of the bedspread. The couple developed By the mid '30s, the Art Deco original streets and shade trees. their art collection with the intent style with its smoother lines pre- The neighborhood is considered of donating the house and artworks vailed. Such buildings feature historically significant by state of- to the public. The site is now nautical details such as rooftop rail- ficials for two main reasons. First, it owned and operated as a museum ings and portholes, tropical friezes played a role in the early develop- by the state of Florida. of wading birds and palm trees, ment of the Tampa Bay region. Second, it is Tampa's oldest and best preserved early residential neighborhood. Sarasota Other remaining examples of boom era waterfront architecture on the Gulf coast include resi- rt dences designed for circus entrepreneurs John and Charles Ringling. The Ringling Brothers LEARNING FROM built adjacent estates on Sarasota Bay in the mid 1920s. Charles' THE PAST 30-room pink marble English style townhouse was constructed The above-mentioned historic for $1 million. It contained a great neighborhoods and residents dem- V hall and living room, French rugs, V onstrate the varying nature and Italian marble steps with a ma- extent of public access by place and hogany handrail, and a music room time period. Some local govern- with a three-story organ. Today the ments are leasing publicly owned waterfront lands to private de- us offices and classrooms of New Col velopers, while others are structure houses the administrative lege. This estate was modest, purchasing property for public rec- however, compared to that of his Miami Beach reation. Although no one approach brother. and motifs from ships, trains, air- is appropriate for every city, today's John and Mable Ringling's resi- The extension of Flagler's railroad planes and rockets. The uniform waterfront residents and visitors dence, CaD'Zan, was an American to Miami Beach in the early '20s heights and styles created a resort can learn much from the historic version of a Venetian palace. It stimulated a demand for housing environment near the Atlantic development patterns of other com- featured a bayside marble terrace, a for this newly dredged island's Ocean which is still evident today, munities. Table 2 compares several Renaissance art collection, six guest wealthy visitors. In response, ar- although the area is now predomi- major events and characteristics re- rooms, a music room with a gold chitects from all over the nation nantly occupied by elderly, fixed lated to the development of nine leaf painted ceiling, a dining room came here to design waterfront and income or lower income residents. coastal communities in Florida. with cameo panels in the ceiling inland hotels in the Art Deco and The Miami Design Preservation Specific sites in each community and a pecky cypress great hall with Spanish styles. In the 1920s and League has emphasized the impor- are described in the following balconies draped with tapestries. early '30s, the designs combined tant role of these low rise buildings chapter. i 45 TABLE 2: SELECTED URBAN WATERFRONTS IN FLORIDA PENSACOLA TAMPA ST. KEY WEST MIAMI AREA FT. ST. JACKSON- FERNANDINA PETERSBURG LAUDERDALE AUGUSTINE VILLE AREA COLONISTS' Spanish American French American American Spanish Spanish French French ORIGINS French American Bahamian Bahamian American British Spanish Spanish British Cuban Cuban British British RAILROAD Chase, 1853 Plant/Knight Demens/Plant Flagler/1912 Flagler/Tuttle Flagler/Brickells Flagler/1880s Flagler/1880s Yulee/1850s DEVELOPER/ Chipley, 1882 1884 1880S 1896 1896 Flagler/1880s DATE WATERFRONT Shipping Naval station Public pier Ship salvage Trade Trade Trade Tourism Seaport USES (1890s) cotton, naval Seaport Beach Shrimping Tourism Fishing Fishing Naval station Shrimping stores, lumber Bathhouse Seaport Fishing Ship salvage Seaport Fishing Harbor .. Naval station WATERFRONT Seaport Seaport Public pier Tourism Offices Seaport Tourism Naval station Tourism USES TODAY Naval station Residential Docks Seaport Seaport Tourism Residential Seaport Paper mills Recreation Marinas Harbor Shrimping Marinas Marinas Offices Docks Residential Recreation Recreation Residential Recreation Residential Tourism Recreation Residential HISTORIC 1870s-1920s Hyde Park Snell 1886-1900s Edgewater 1920s Early 1900s Old City Riverside 1870-1900s SITES woodframe/ 1886-1933 neighborhoods, wood Masonry riverfront 1600s-1800s; 1900-1930s Victorian brick brick Wood & 1920s-1940s Classic Revival Vizcaya woodframe wood & Victorian and & woodframe Classic Revival Masonry. Vinoy and Don Queen Anne. Mediterranean homes. coquina; some Greek Revival 30-block District Queen Anne Tampa Bay CeSar 1920s all Functional style (1913) Hollywood Victorian. Kingsley on site of style Hotel Mediterranean Maritime Barnacle 1890s Beach Castillo de San Plantation, original town. 1891 (Moorish) style 1845-1923 woodframe Hotel 1920s Marcos, oldest State's oldest Deco District Mediterranean masonry fort in plantation 1928-1940 style U.S.(1500s) house (1800s) WATERFRONT Ongoing leasing Plans for Citizens rejected Proposed Efforts to Downtown Active historic Ongoing Ongoing plans PLANS of city commercial/ festive market. restoration/ revitalize Miami Plans being preservation development to lease docks as waterfront for office Plans for city- redevelopment River, and developed for Residential and (office/ marina. marina/ convention owned of naval base. South Miami Ft. Lauderdale. marina siting commercial Specialty shops/ residential center waterfront being Beach. Hollywood is pressures. recreation, entertainment commercial entertainment developed. Bayfront preparing convention complex. entertainment. district. marketplace guidelines for center) planned. Central Beach redevelopment. 46 F7, F71- AN; 0 v -e, KI I R/es t Vv A"M il"M ilk MINMANDS F ERNAND INA B EA CH Fort Clinch State Park Centre Street FERNANDIN Historic District The 1735 House AEACH Centre Street a Bailey Docks n re t Hous AtIanti Av. Fernandina Beach Marine I t.0-, 1, Welcome C I SF - -',@Hoyt Station House J Farnan na "C" H Duse Depot 0 0 FEaqAN)DIN B Buccaneer Trail 501 A-f* 93 W ra M M 0 r! SO- CU W (W U J) r z FERNANDINA BEACH U'U) W-4 M-N-U-00 J PW [CC Centre Street Concentration of Victorian style structures from cottages to mansions built 1873-1900 during shipping and transportation boom. Some still have original interiors. Fernandina Depot Rebuilt in 1899, small red brick terminal for Florida's first Atlantic to Gulf railroad (completed in 1861); now local Chamber of Commerce. Near Amelia River docks. Palace Saloon State's oldest saloon in same location; ornate brick building dated 1878. n. w. corner N. 2nd St. and Centre St. Bailey House Fine example of Queen Anne style, built by steamship agent, features turrets, stained glass, gables and bays. -n. e. corner S. 7th and Ash .C" House Colony of shops housed in gingerbread building; displays of nautical memorabilia including shrimp nets. n. e. corner of S. 8th St. and Beech. Hoyt House Turn- of- the- century residence of a ship chandler, reportedly modeled after Rockefeller Cottage on Jekyll Island, Ga. s.e. corner of Centre and 8tb The 1735 House Seaside country inn constructed of Georgia pine in 1928; nautical furnishings; lighthouse also accommodates guests. SR AM on Amelia Island. COMO@l MR/W2"�r, MOM Fernandina Beach Developed beach vvith lifeguards. 010 3 mi. n. of Amelia City at Atlantic Ave and SR AIA. 101 0 1 010- Fort Clinch State Park Brick/masonry fort occupied by federal troops in 1862; rangers reenact lifestyle of the period; camping; playground; lighted fishing pier extends into ocean 1500 feet alongside 0 0 0 00 00 000@ jetties; open 24 hours. on SR AIA 3 mi. n. of Fernandina 51 (U W US 10 '0 .& U .9 0 il 0 6Q U) V) -4 .6M Buccaneer Trail Most scenic drive on Florida's East Coast. Provides access to beaches, inlets, rivers, numerous fishing spots including fish camps and bridges. Head n. on SR AL4 from entrance rd. to Kingsley Plantation about 15 mito Ft. Clinch State Park. Centre Street Docks Birthplace of the modern commercial shrimping industry; home to large commercial shrimping fleet. Views of boats heading out to Atlantic Ocean; pretty sunsets; annual Shrimp Festival in May includes pirate invasion and blessing of the fleet. Unique lifesize pirate sculpture carved from an old Okefenokee oak. 52 7-71 N JACKSONVILLE Talbot Island Kingsley Plantation State Historic Site 105 arolin N tio 1 95 thority emor al He q arters Merrill Rd. ALT 1 90 A 109 10 10 iverside/Avond 10 Historic an Neighbor mer Gallery t. o 0 rt iv r nd Gardens 13 90 I MILE 95 54, E tu M cu W r 164 r Q cu M tv 'U E tv .0 0 r. B * M %4.4 JACKSONVILLE W a C@ a PQ4 Z A 40 U RUM M10 MC hXWEAM, Fort Caroline National Memorial Reconstruction of 16th Century French fort; site of Spanish battle (old trails display artifacts found here). French claim to N. Fla. marked by historic monument on scenic riverfront bluff. 40 10 mi. e. of Jacksonville off SR 10 near jct. of Monument Rd. and Ft. Caroline Rd. Access by pathway through oak woods. Kingsley Plantation State Historic Site Possibly Florida's oldest plantation house (18th century structure built by slaves) on Fort George Island. 3 mi. n. of the St. Johns River Auto Ferry, off SR AlA via gravel road. Riverside/Avondale Historic Neighborhood Adjacent residential areas along St. Johns River featuring diverse collection of pre-boom and boom era homes. Riverside Baptist Church Designed by Addison Mizner in 1925. Romanesque, Byzantine and Spanish features. On the National Register of Historic Places. Park and King Sts. COTMI-Rf Kathryn Abbey Hannah Park City beach park with 60 acres of freshwater lakes stocked with catfish, largemouth and sunshine bass. Valid Fla. fishing license required. Pets allowed on leashes in campgrounds. 0 0000 0 000 3 mi. s. of Mayport on SR AIA. Little Talbot Island State Park An unspoiled barrier island featuring beach/dune vegetation, coastal hammock including low-growing live oak and magnolia, and tidal marsh with many species of birds and fish. 0 0 0 0 4018000100 Camping. 2 mi. n. of Mayport Ferry on SR AlA. Mayport Ferry and Fishing Village Possibly the oldest fishing community in the U.S., home to commercial shrimp fleet plus charter fishing boats. Visitors can inspect catch of the day, dine along the waterfront or go 0 0400 0 deepsea fishing on chartered pleasurecraft. 15 mi. e. of Jacksonville on SR AIA. Mayport Naval Air Station Home to more than 40 ships, including warships and destroyers plus aircraft carriers. Free tours available weekends (Sat. 10 am to 4:30 pm; Sun. 1 pm to 4:30 pm); generally include tour of a ship. Visitors most check in at entrance gate. 15 mi. e. of Jacksonville on SR AL4. Metropolitan Park Landscaped riverfront park with seating areas and two-story shelter for viewing river activity Pavilion for concerts; playground; boatclocks. n. bank of St. John's River adjacent to flie Gator Bowl, off Commodore Point Expressway (Alt. US 1) 55 W W (U (U CU CU WA Un Ln Cummer Gallery of Art and Gardens Art galleries, library and auditorium, Formal gardens on the St. Johns riverfront modeled after famous Italian gardens; 400-year-old oak tree. 00 829 Riverside, s. of 1-95 on w. bank of St. Johns River. Port Authority Headquarters Rooftop provides bird's eye view of container cargo and car import operations. For a tour, contact Port Public Information Manager at (904) 633-5110. n. of downtown Jacksuriville on Talleyrand Av. St. Johns Riverwalk Excellent views of Jacksonville's skyline. Friendship fountain's jets of water 10 stories high, illuminated at night; docking facilities. s. bank of St. Johns River w. of US PUS 90 (Main St. Bridge). Talbot Island Views of St. Johns saltmarshes. Fishing from bridge at Nassau River. n. of Little Talbot Island State Park on SR AiA. 56 EVACU4 -dt'- ,t,7! I @64 - B-ar--- U S pine It HH sstoo iicc ' tt It ro Anastasi Castillo Dr- lestone -.00 Old City Island M r See Inset State Recreation 0rang9 St San u ti Cas Ito de Sa Area Anti u Nat net Mani iment 0 1. eorge mpany It torl i rict BrIdg? of LI ns ner WP Sa c Mus um 0 A ust e st Cit Yacht t Pie r e %awall IS iA alkway Fr SC S est we -Coquin 0 arries 1 14 miles south of St. Augustine 95 Fo @at in utler Be ch @Za@oa M o n ent F nk B. 11 r Park 58 -\ (U W cu %4@ = 't W , ST. AUGUSTINE - VVMUOIC AIW Abbot Tract Historic District Earliest housing in area outside colonial city limits. Bordered by Castillo de San Marcos on s., Matanzas Bay on e., San Marcos Ave. on w., Pine St. on n. Coquina Quarries Source of shell building material in early 1600s. SR AlA to Anastasia Island, s. on Old Beach Road across from Cross and Suurd. Fort Matanzas National Monument Site of 18th Century Spanish fort (replaced previous works) and 16th century Spanish massacre of French. 3 mi. beach and visitor center, ancient sea oaks. Ferry service. Off SR AlA 14 mi. s. of St. Augustine. Call 9041471-0116 to see if ferry is operating. Model Land Company Historic District Residential and recreational neighborhood developed by Henry Flagler represents city's finest turn- of- the-century architecture. Bordered by King St. on s., Cordova on the e., US I on San Sebastian River on w., Orange St. on n. Old City (Highlights include:) Castillo de San Marcos National Monument Nation's oldest (300+ years) masonry fort, defended Spanish treaSUTe fleets and survived Indian raids, British sieges. Weekend cannon firings. US 1 business route and SR AIA. Lightner Museum Unique artifacts collected by the late editor of Hobbies magazine housed in Flagler's former Alcazar Hotel (1889). Original steambaths and indoor swimming pool (now antique mall) still visible. Across the street is former Ponce cle Leon Hotel, now Flagler College. King and Cordova Sts. Restored 18th Century Houses Tours and exhibits. Those which are free include Ximenez; Fatio House (20 Aviles St.) and Sanchez House (105 St. George St.) San Agustin Antiguo (21-37 St. George St.) presents demonstrations of colonial crafts in historic residences (entrance fee). St. George Street Center of the Historic District, pedestrian promenade lined with more than 50 houses and craft shops in restored or reconstructed buildings. 0 0 0 000 Oldest House On site occupied since 17th century, features some 18th century architecture and museums on local history and architecture. 0 0 0 000 14 St. Francis St., s. end of seatuall Zero Milestone Marker Old Spanish Trail which linked the network of Spanish missions in N. Fla.; became first federal highway. Castillo Dr. and San Marco Ave. 59 OPEN SPACE/RECREATION AREAS Anastasia Island State Recreation Area Unspoiled barrier island with beach/dune vegetation and wind-sheared ancient oaks, saltwater lagoon, view of 19th centure lighthouse in nearby county park, camping, fishing, swimming. Off SR A1A e. of St. Augustine. Butler Beach/Frank B. Butler Park Nearly 1 mi. of vacant beach county maintained park on Intracoastal Waterway; boat ramp w. of SR A1A. Access to beach via 5 streets from Matanzas Ave. s. on SR A1A. VIEWING AREAS Bridge of Lions Spanish style boom era bridge with side walkway; views of boating activities Continuation of SR A1A e. of city across Matanzas River City Yacht Pier Good spot to view variety of pleasurecraft, some commercial and charter vessels; boat rentals. S. of Bridge of Lions Seawall Walkway Grass bordered concrete walkway popular with joggers, pedestrians and pets; relaxing waterfront views. Along Matanzas River 60 - @wo jol! '71 NN F T L A U D E R D A L E a H' oro Atlantic B us E 816 Oakland Park Blvd Colohatc a Park Hugh Taylor Birch State Recreation 95 Area Sunrise Blvd. 38 z Broward Blvd. Sti anat an His ic House Olas N't 2 Distr Col House Riverqalk H ock New River Bryan as Canall-ock Disco 54 Number One Cents 17th St. LT Port Everglades A Port Rd. Facilities FPL Intake Canal 84 6 Se at Woods N h e John U. Lloyd Caen state Recreation Area N. River Dr. I Griffin Rd. Old South 0 A V I Dania Beach Blvd. New River Canall-ocks Stirling Rd. Sheridan St. H 0 L L Y W 0 0 D S.S. Holland Johnson St.. Park The Broadwalk I MILE Hollywood Blvd.. 20 Hollywood 62 Beach 0 cu U M a) kJ kV Q) tv fu tv FORT LAUDERDALE AREA 0 U W RJUL615iffrOMM(C-11 hm'M`/81% Fort Lauderdale Historic District Many wood frame and concrete turn-of-the-century homes located near the New River, includes: King Cromartie House 00 Former home of the town's first schoolteacher. Now a museum open 9 am to 4 pm. Closed Sundays. Bryan Homes Restored homes built in 1904, now operated as a restaurant. 1010100101 1 1 1 1 1 1 Discovery Center Formerly the New River Inn, one of Fort Lauderdale's first hotels. Operated as an educational museum for school children. Closed Mondays. 0 00 00 1/2 mile w. of US 1 and s. of Broward Blvd. (SR 842) between SW 2nd Ave. and SW 5th Ave. Stranahan House Site of original camp and trading post, later home, on New River. Possibly oldest building in Broward. Renovated home with some original furniture, open to the public. 335 SE 6th Ave., on the New River just south of Las Olas Blvd. and e. of the tunnel on US 1 0 0 0 (S. Federal Hw@o Hillsboro Lighthouse Iron skeleton lighthouse built in 1905, the most powerful on the Atlantic Coast of the U.S. Can be seen from the Hillsboro Inlet. Tours are available by special request, call (305) 0000 946-7690. 1 Hollywood Beach Hotel Restored Mediterranean Resort Hotel built in 1925, now operated as a time-sharing resort. Visible from beach, SR AIA, and nearby bridge over Intracoastal. 00000 SR AIA at Hollywood Blvd. New River Canal Lock Number One (Broward Memorial Boat Lock Park) Site of first lock in the S. Fla. canal system; site of boat travel from Gulf Coast across Lake Okeechobee to downtown Fort Lauderdale. Plans call for public access to lock, lock- tender's house and picnic area. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Historic 0 0 00 marker visible through fence; boat ramp accessible by dirt road; lock accessible by water (use caution). 6251 w. SR 84 1 Old South New River Canal Locks (Davie) Ruins of early 20th century locks, part of old waterway navigation system, visible from roadside park with bridle trail, landscaping and picnic pavilion. 00 0 0 Between Orange Dr. and Griffin Rd., I block w. of University Dr., Davie. Hugh Taylor Birch State Recreation Area Example of last undeveloped barrier island1beach system in Fort Lauderdale, features rare freshwater lagoon, coastal hammock (wind-sheared forest), and mangroves, abundant 00000 000 0 000 wildlife. Sunrise Blvd. and SR AIA 63 V) 4 P. OCR U The Broadwalk (Hollywood) North-south paved pathway along Hollywood Beach between sand and shops, hotels, restaurants. Attractive to pedestrians, joggers, skaters, bicyclists. Evening musical programs held at Johnson St. Bandshell. No bicycling from 10 am to 4 pm. 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 Off SR AIA along the beach from Sherman St. to the north and Georgia St. to the south. Colohatchee Park (Wilton Manors) Municipal park in mangrove swamp along Middle River, former home of one of area's first settlers/citrus growers. Also contains playground. 00 0 00 On NE 15 Ave., s. of 20th St. Colee Hammock Oak-shaded site of Indian massacre of early settler's family and tutor while he was salvaging a wrecked Spanish ship. Excellent vistas of pleasurecraft approaching Intracoastal and waterfront mansions. Picnic tables, benches, fishing from seawall, historic marker. Tvx blocks s. of Las Olas Blvd. on Tarpon Dr. S.S. Holland Park (Hollywood) Water oriented city park features waterfront observation tower and walk through mangroves along Intracoastal Waterway. Picnic pavilions, barbeque grills, picturesque seating areas. Closed Monday and Tuesday Off U.S. 1, go east on Johnson St. to end of street (at Intracoastal Watenvay); parkgate on left. John U. Lloyd State Recreation Area Remnant of a barrier island, beach/dune vegetation, habitat for sea turtles (May-Sept.) and manatees (Nov.-Apr.). Boat rental, concession. 0 0 0 00 0 000 Bordered by the Intracoastal Wateruay, the Atlantic Ocean and the Port Everglades Inlet, entrance just north of Dania Beach Blvd. and N. Ocean Blvd. (SR A1A) Secret Woods Nature Center Rare example of southeastern U.S. riverine hardwood hammock, rustic nature center with exhibits. No picnicking or access by boat allowed. Off SR 84 (n. side), 11/2mi. w. of 1-95. Fort Lauderdale Riverwalk (Bubier Park) Landscaped seating areas with good views of large boats and nearby boatyards. 00 On SE 7st Ave. and N. New River Dr. (one black s. of Las Olas Blvd.) @V/TPWRRC(111 A-M."hN95 Port Everglades Facilities One of Florida's largest petroleum shipment centers; visitors can watch container cargo operations and can frequently tour Naval ships. Watch local newspaper for vessel names and dates tours are available. FPL Intake Canal Waters drawn into Fla. Power and Light power plant's intake canal attract year-round a rainbow of tropical fish, and seasonally, sea turtles and manatees. Crowds.gather to feed 0 0 and watch marine life. Future plans call for observation deck. 64 L 2 mi. s. of Ft. Lauderdale on US 1 (SR ALA); entrance at SE 24th St. (Port Rd.) .......... .......... ............... Id &U4 Legion Park Morningside 95 Park 112 Miami Julia Tuftle 195 Gausaw Beachf Park a > Edgewater Prome CO Historic Distr ct Mn n S W CO 36 a Miami Beach B Art Deco Viewi District Areas Knight Center/ Riverwalk MILAALMI Alice Wainwright Park 0- Vizcaya Bear Cut Dinner Key Barnacle State Historic Site IQO 4Z@ b* Q) Crandon Park 1:44 CO Matheson N Hammock Q@ Cape Florida Park State Recreation Area 661 tv W rb tj V) tn W MIAMI -':@ M - - - - - - - - - - Miami Beach Art Deco District Largest concentration of 1920s (Mediterranean) and 1930s (Art Deco or Moderne) styles of resort architecture in U.S. Dominant later style reflects that time period's fascination with tropics (pastel facades with birds, trees and marine life) and technology, (details from airplanes, oceanliners, rocketships and automobiles). 000010 00 618 On Miami Beach between 23rd St. to the n., 5th St. to the s., Ocean Dr. to the e. and Lenox Rd. to the w. Contact Design Preservation League, 1630 Euclid Ave. for map, (305) 673-7083. Barnacle State Historic Site Turn of the century bayfront residence of early settlerlboat builder, light and airy design, many original furnishings. Boathouse with equipment, plus boat built by original owner. Access only permitted during guided tours (9 am, 10:30 am, 1 pin and 2:30 pm); visitors 0 0 0 must wait at locked gate for guides. In Coconut Grove on Main Hwy., across from the Coconut Grove Playhouse. Metered parking on the street or paid parking at the Playhouse. Edgewater Historic District Early 20th century neighborhood with spacious well ventilated bungalows and more elaborate Mediterranean style residences. Margaret Pace Park, on the bay, features fitness trail and benches. e. of Biscayne Blvd. from about NE 17th St. to NE 35th St. Contact Metro Dade Historic Preservation Division for further details, at (305) 545-4228. Vizcaya Impressive 70-room bayfront limestone villa and formal gardens in Italian Renaissance style. Musical and artistic events scheduled year-round. Features Garden for the Blind. 0 00. 00 000 0 3251 S. Miami Ave. just off US I.-,- (0)"s I Z P-1 /_'U_Z@ MXIZ Bear Cut Excellent place to study marine life: in grass flats and mangroves on tour or snorkeling expedition. No swimming or picnicking. Visitors advised to stay on trails and not disturb sensitive plant communities. 00 0 000 Off Rickenbacker Causeway between Virginia Key and Key Biscayne. Cape Florida State Recreation Area Red brick 19th century lighthouse (oldest structure in Dade Co.) scene of Seminole battle; restored caretaker's house; beach/dune vegetation and abundant bird life. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 *0 0 Son thern tip of Key Biscayne. Crandon Park Beach park with marina, golf and tennis, ballfields, roller skating rink, track and field (winter track competitions.) 0 00100090 00 0 On Key Biscayne via Rickenbacker Causeway. 67 75 tb U) 0 00 A rA %6-4 0 Z =0 Dinner Key Pedestrian-oriented area in Coconut Grove includes Kennedy Park with seating areas, dockside restaurants, two marinas, boat rentals and charters. Peacock Park, former site of pioneer's hotel, features tennis, shuffleboard and playground. Historic Pan Am Building. 0000 0 0 100 Views of bay activities night and day. In Coconut Grove on S. Bayshore Dr. Legion Park Oak shaded bayfront city park geared to senior citizens with various indoor and outdoor activities, including arts and crafts, exercise, dancing, shuffleboard and checkers. 0@000 0 0 0 00 Off Biscayne Blvd. on NE 66th St. Matheson Hammock Park Bayfront beach, mangrove forested trails, bathhouse. 0 0#0 010 0 0 010 0#10 010 010, 10 mi. s. of downtown Miami on Old Cutler Rd. Morningside Park Bayfront activities include softball, tennis, basketball, swimming pool, playground; shaded benches for viewing water. Park closes 6 pm Oct.-Apr. 0000 0 0 0 000 Off Biscayne Blvd. on NE 55th Terr. \'/JIMWIRNC@ 1110TIE A1!15@ Bayfront Viewing Areas Bayfront Park contains county library, sunken rock garden, marina. Bayfront Walk provides views of ships entering and leaving Miami River and development rising along 00000000 0 Biscayne Bay. In downtown Miami off Biscayne Blvd. Miami Beach Beachfront Park and Promenade Walkway landscaped with native beach/dune vegetation provides north/south beach access. 00000 000 0 Along Miami Beach from 21st St. to 46th St. Knight CentertRiverwalk Convention center operated by Univ. of Miami/City of Miami; features plaza and walkway with excellent views of boatyards. Extends west past restored Henry Flagler House. 00 0 00 0 0 On the Miami River at SE 2nd Ave. behind the Knight Convention Center. Parking garage, access through the Convention Center. Alice Wainwright Park Shaded, forested bayfront park with ancient limestone bluff above the water's level. Various sized picnic shelters; view of pleasureboats on the bay. 00 0 00 0000 0 Off S. Bayshore Dr. turn e. on SE 32nd Rd. (near the entrance to Vizcaya) then n. on Brickell Ave. Watson Island Features charter fishing boats, helicopter rides, sailboat chartering to Bahamas. Observa- tion area for cruise ships and freighters, seaplanes taking off and landing, Miami skyline 000000 00 100 especially appealing at night. 68 On Biscayne Bay 112 mi. e. of downtown Miami on MacArthur Causeway. 4k W7# 7, V, 00- Riggs Wildlife Refuge E y S T KEY WEST G(\A Turtle Kraals Key West Aquarium Old Malloryy 14,41e. Dock and Square e. U.S. Coast Gu Headquarters Historic District OKI K Key West Riggs Lighthouse Wildlife and White Street Refuge Pier Southernmost Casa Marina West Martello Point in Tower the U.S. A T L A N T C 0 E I MILE 70, 0 cu W _X W M 4i cu ad KEY WES. 2 40 U0 M -1 UDWOUCC MFUO Casa Marina Restored hotel with new wing, example of early 20th century Key West architecture. Accessible only to guests. Reynolds St. and Casa Marina Ct. Historic District Only concentration of native Key West architecture in U.S. "Conch" style with widow's walks, ornate woodwork, wide porches, breezy ventilation features, dates from 1886 to 1912. Western end of Key West, roughly bounded by Eisenhower Dr. on the e. to Emma St. on the w. and the Gulf of Mexico on the n. to the Atlantic Ocean on the s. Includes Old Mallory Dock and Square where crowds gather nightly to celebrate spectacular sunsets; also daytime parking area for Old Town Shopping District. w. of Duval St. and n. of Front St. Key West Lighthouse and Museum Displays of historic photographs and military memorabilia in old lighthouse keeper's house; excellent waterfront views from lighthouse tower. Truman Ave. & Whitehead St. Martello Towers Civil War fortifications, once part of defense of Fort Zachary Tay '[or; eastern tower well- preserved houses exhibits on area history and artwork (admission charge); western tower ruins used as garden center (free). East Martello Tower, Roosevelt Blvd. at the entrance to the airport, West Martello Tower-Atlantic Blvd. w. of White St. U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters Facility used as supply and coaling station during Civil War, Spanish-American and World Wars. Whitehead and Front Sts. 0 PM1 Or IN, C-51A W1'C(_NM_1-JALr7 01131 Key West Aquarium One of the first open-air aquariums, offers feeding demonstrations, opportunity to touch shellfish and other marine life in tidepools. 0 0 On Old Mallory Square just off Duval St. at the end of Whitehead St. Riggs Wildlife Refuge Only remaining pond in original system used to harvest salt, large population of shore birds attracted by abundant fish; mangrove swamp and rare hardwood hammock plant communities. On s. Roosevelt Blvd. near airport. 71 I 2@1 Turtle Kraals Reconstructions of former sea turtle cannery buildings; includes marina, shrimp boats, seafood restaurants, marine store, public square. Live turtles, tropical fish and small sharks kept in tanks. Good views of sport and commercial fishing boats. e. end of Caroline St. on Key West Bight White Street Pier Visitors can drive right out onto this popular fishing pier on the Atlantic Ocean. s. end of White St. off Atlantic Blvd. \10-01d'w MMG h-MIV VAS Overseas Highway One of few remnants of Flagler's railroad extension. Scenic drive across Atlantic and Gulf includes several places to pull off and view waterfront. U.S. I between Long Key and Conch Key, between Knight Key and Little Duck Key and between 00 Bahia Honda Key and Spanish Harbor Key. Southernmost Pbint in U.S. Streetcorner popular with photographers; offers views of various boats on the ocean, historic houses in the area. 0 0 0 Corner of South St. and Whitehead St. 72 f Wooden Island ala I slan 19 Stat Park 275 Snell Isle Granada Terrace 22nd Ave. N. vil oy 3ark Old Northeast Neighborhood Hc lel Pier Place 20 miles north Sor?no L of St. Petersburg 1st Ave. N. Hol -1 Downtown Ist Ave. S. Bayfront Park System U) e Demens Landing 9 North Shore Park/ Palm Tres Arboretum * Pioneer Park * Poynter Park 9 Straub Park Boyd 9 Vinoy Park Ilk Natur Trail 54 S. Don CeSe dr Resort C) ST PETERSBURG Fort DeSoto Park L L 74 ed rd 0 cu W Q, fu CU rd M bo C. U) 0 ST. PETERSBURG P'*J U '"04 V) I Wo IM I HIC51-1-ROWNC) ATM. A1.5 Hotels Don CeSar Resort Restored 272-room Gulf-front Boom Era structure features pastel stucco exterior Mediterranean style. One of only 2 functioning hotels on i@ational Register of Historic Places. Take SR A19A 2-112 mi. s. of jct. SR 699, at Pinellas Bayway. Soreno Hotel St. Petersburg's first million dollar hotel; Mediterranean style named after Danish builder Soren Lund. Constructed in round-the-clock shifts in time for 1922 winter season. Still operates seasonally. Across from Straub Park on Beach Dr. N. E. Vinoy Park Hotel Boom Era luxury hotel being restored to previous glamour, interior featured cypress beamed ceilings, large ballroom and dining room murals. Peach colored stucco exterior with clay tile roof, balconies, tower, iron grillwork. At 5th Ave. N. and Bayshore Blvd. Snell Neighborhoods Old Northeast Architectural styles reflect the diverse backgrounds of their builders; some original streets and sidewalks from 1920s. Bounded by 13th Ave. N. to the s.; N. Shore Dr. to the e., 22 Ave. N. to the n., and 4th St. to the zo, Granada Terrace Mediterranean style subdivision, unique artworks in small park. Bounded by Coffee Pot Blvd. to e. In.e., 22nd Ave. N. to the s., Ist St. N. to the w. and 26th Ave. N. to the n. Snell Isle Some Mediterranean style homes and country club built by developer Perry Snell in 1920s; most built in late 1940s; statues in the street; waterfront views. 22nd Ave. N. to Snell Isle Blvd., on Coffee Pot Bayou and Tampa Bay. Boyd Hill Nature Trail Lakefront forest and wetland vegetation; informative nature center illustrates abundant plant and animal life.Bicycling allowed on paths only; Weekdays only. S. of dozontou)n St. Petersburg, on Country Club Way just off 9th St., S. Caladesi Island State Park One of state's remaining unspoiled barrier islands; various wet and dry natural systems provide habitat for land and sea creatures, notably wading and shorebirds. Hourly ferry 010040 service (weather permitting). To reach ferry take Dunedin Causeuvy to Honeymoon Island State Recreation Area. Visits limited to 5 hours. 75 Fort DeSoto Park Large county recreation area/sanctuary; more than 7 mi. waterfront, 3 mi. beaches, covers 6 islands linked by causeways; camping, pier and water skiing. Contains remains of Spanish-American War fort built to defend Tampa Bay. Thake Pinellas Bayway to s. end of Mullet Key. Pier Place Prominent inverted pyramid structure, downtown landmark featuring shops and observation decks, meeting rooms. On Tampa Bay at e. end of 2nd Ave n.e. VIEWING AREAS Downtown Bayfront Park System The following sites are located along Tampa Bay on Bayshore Blvd. from 11th Ave. S., to 18th Ave. N.E.: Demens Landing Open areas offer views of seabirds and various pleasure craft. Also contains children's playground. North Shore Park/Palm Tree Arboretum Brick pathway leads visitors among 45 species of palms; seating areas and fountains enhance grounds. Also features sandy beach, swimming pool and playground. Pioneer Park Monument commemorates early city settlers; multi-colored blooms can be seen year- round, benches and walkways offer excellent views of city marina and pier. Poynter Park Pen area along harbor shoreline adjacent to Univ of S. Fla. campus; home of Salvador Dali museum. Closed Mondays. Straub Park Adjacent to refurbished historic Beach Drive specialty shops; features scuplture/fountain; favorite lunch spot for area office workers. Vinoy Park Open area between Vinoy Yacht Basic and Tampa Bay; scuplture and palm trees. Weeden Island Abundant birdlife, rocky roads provide bicycle access; fishing fromold bridge. N. of St. Petersburg off U.S. 92 (Gandy Blvd.) San Martin Blvd. to Weeden Dr. 76 70 W Upper Tampa Bay Park, 4! T A P Cd 80 Uppe Pal say rk 75 Campb Ben T. Dav a 4 Beach Adamo Dr. Plant Hall Riverw (Tampa Be 0 Kennedy Blvd. Hotel) Hyde Park Historic District 7 Baysbore Boulevard C13' P ndy Blvd. L Ballast Point Park TAWA Q) Picnic Island z 78 TAMPA HISTORIC AREAS Hyde Park Oldest, best preserved of early Tampa neighborhoods, vintage 1866; beautiful homes along Hillsborough River and Bay; many other structures in various styles along shady (often brick) streets. W. of Bayshore Blvd. on Hillsborough Bay, bounded by Kennedy Blvd on n., Howard Ave. on w. University of Tampa's Plant Hall Former 500-room Moorish style Tampa Bay Hotel built for $3 million is 1890 along Hillsborough River by railroad baron Henry B. Plant. Ornate international craftmanship displayed in museum; lushly landscaped park with seating areas along river. Free tours Tuesdays and Thursdays, 1:30 p.m. W. Bank of Hillsborough River off Kennedy Blvd. OPEN SPACE/RECREATION AREAS Ben T. Davis Beach One of more popular sites for swimming and viewing sunsets. On courtnet Campbell Parkway. Picnic Island. Former training base for Spanish American Wat Roughriders; bayside wetlands rich in marine life; city revegetating freeze-damaged areas. Commerce St. off SR 587 (W. Shore Blvd.) access thru Port Tampa. Upper Tampa Bay Park Variety of habitats includes freshwater marshes, mangrove swamps, salt flats, oak and pine forest. Seagrasses and wetlands serve as fish and shellfish nurseries. Visitors Center offers informative displays on local plants and wildlife. W. of Tampa on Old Tampa Bay, off SR 580 s. on DOuble Branch Rd. (about 4 mi w of jct. of SR 580 and Memorial Hwy.) VIEWING AREAS Ballast Point Park Scenic vistas of Hillsborough Bay from Platt St. to Ballast Point. Bayshore Boulevard Secnic drive along Hillsborough Bay from Platt St. to Ballast Point. Riverwalk Complex Spectacular river view including boating activities from landscaped, one-half mine walkway; tours of U.S.S. Requin Submarine; Art Museum. Ashley St. between Cass St and Kennedy Blvd. Access thru Art Museum. *AW Escambia Bay Bluffs P E N 'o-, L Edward Ball Nature Trail ALT 0 1 PENSACOLA, Ea @-Cervantes St. Gav en in St. Seville Square sayle District a Property 8 Street Working South Pafaiox Waterfront Pler, 9 Proinenede 1 MI Le, Pan '"col!! Fishing P, Perlsooola Namill Aft Station Battery Antahlo --hthbuse Perflit"s LIQ S' U Gulf Bearb @W UVIt 'Fort ftkens Big Lagoon State R"reatl Area Santa @Iosa G U L F 0 -M E 82 W rA rh rA (A cu W @J --!@ 0) tj (n U > rA ,, r. fu .. 4) cu U 0 16.4 M tv tv T PENSACOLA wo. Fort Pickens (Gulf Islands National Seashore) Former state historic site transferred to federal government in 1971. Site of early 19th century brick fort, later replaced by Spanish American War fortifications. Museum depicts natural history of Santa Rosa Island. 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 go 0 0 w. end of Santa Rosa Island. U.S. 98 (Pensacola Bay Bridge) to Santa Rosa Island, w. on Ft. Pickens Rd. Pensacola Naval Air Station Navy Blvd. s. of Pensacola. Maps available at entrance. Fort BarrancasfBaftery San Antonio One of the three 19th century brick forts built by U.S. and laid out in a triangle to ensure 00000 00 0004040 protection of Pensacola Bay Spanish battery restored to 1840s appearance (after U.S. expansion); still contains original ornate details by its Spanish architects. Rifle firing demonstrated weekends at 2 pm and 4 pm. Naval Aviation Museum Unique display of full sized aircraft from 1911 Navy plane replica to modern jets; models of logo I historic aircraft and ships; numerous donated artifacts; bookstore and giftshop. Pensacola Lighthouse Built in 1825, contains hundreds of multicolored glass louvers; beam visible for 20 miles. Rebuilt in 1854, survived Civil War; operated by civilians until 1917, now Navy operated (interior not open to public). Survival Museum Exhibits include seashore survival, different shelter systems made of parachutes, methods of procuring plant and animal food sources (includes greenhouse), water supply, land navigation and primitive medicine. Closed Mondays. U.S.S. Lexington Navy vessel operated in Gulf of Mexico to train naval aviators; during World War 11 known as unsinkable "Blue Ghost"; free guided tours when in port. Excellent views of bay 100 Seville Square Historic District Neighborhood laid out by British in early 1770s. Many eighteenth and nineteenth century residences converted to shops, galleries and restaurants. Several museums include state's oldest church structure. **I* Near downtown Pensacola, bounded by Government, Alcaniz, Zaragoza and Adams St. Big Lagoon State Recreation Area Sensitive beach/dune, marshes and pine scrub woodlands; scenic vistas of Gulf Islands National Seashore and park grounds; diverse plant and animal life; camping. 0 09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 About 15 mi. w. of Pensacola off SR 297. 83 M rA (is Z Edward Ball Nature Trail Preserve featuring meandering stream, hardwood swamp and nature trail for the blind. On the Univ. of K Fla. campus about 10 mi. n. of Pensacola off US Alt. 90. Pensacola Beach Known for surfpier, and deepsea fishing, plus natural beach. Contact Visitors Center for charterboat details. lee On Santa Rosa Island, Pensacola Bch. Rd. and Ft. Pickens Rd. Santa Rosa Island (Gulf Islands National Seashore) Extensive dune system, dune walkovers, various wading birds, freshwater and saltwater habitat. 0 0 0 0 0 Perdido Key w. Pensacola on SR 292 on e. end of island. Pensacola Bay Fishing Pier County-owned three mile span of Old Pensacola Bay Bridge accessible 24 hours a day 77th Avenue, downtown. B Street Working Waterfront Visitors can watch boat builders at Joe Patty's and get close-up look at a small commercial fishing fleet's handling of the day's catch. W. of Pensacola, Main St. and B St. on Pensacola Bay. Baylen Property City-owned site being developed with mixture of luxury residences, commercial, and office uses. Special seating areas, a waterfront park, public marina, other areas will be connected by a waterfront promenade with excellent views of the Port of Pensacola. Baylen St. off Main St., I block w. of Palafox St. on Pensacola Bay. Escambia Bay Bluffs Various colored natural formations, steep bluffs, floodplains and estuarine marshes provide habitat for abundant shrubs, trees, birds and mammals. 00 00 US 90 (Scenic Hwy.) e. of Pensacola on Escambia Bay. South Palafox Pier Promenade Within walking distance of shopping and historic districts, underutilized city pier near city auditorium to be converted to landscaped pedestrian plaza with restaurants, water- oriented commercial and residential uses,- to be available for outdoor events. Eastern edge hosts small fishing fleet. Foot of S. Palafox St. on Pensacola Bay. 84 OMER URBAN PALM BEACH NAPLES ELLENTON WATERFRONT SUES Whitehall and Flagler Museum Municipal Fishing Pier Gamble Mansion State Historic Multimillion dollar estate built in Picturesque pier, popular with Site OF INTEREST 1901 by Henry Flagler on Lake pedestrians (spectacular sunsets). One of oldest pre-Civil War plan- In preparing this access guide, Worth (Intracoastal Waterway) as US 41 S. to 12th Ave. S.; on the tation homes, served as civilian our staff became aware of several a gift to his wife; ornate furnish- Gulf refuge for Confederate Secretary other waterfront-related sites out- ings and art; later luxury hotel; Rookery Bay of State; restored and furnished side the targeted urban areas which then recovered by his grand- One of Florida's two national es- with period pieces. may interest visitors to other parts daughter, restored and opened as on Manatee River, off US 301 n. of of the state. These include accessi- museum. tuarine sanctuaries preserved for Bradenton and e. of jct. CR 683. ble historic resorts, estates and Closed Mondays study of marine life; 1/2mile CEDAR KEY museums. US 1 to SR AIA north of CR 704; S. boardwalk access, extensive Cedar Key Museum on SR AIA. wildlife, especially birds. Briggs Exhibits on history of former A= - @ /A@] Icc CCA/M The Breakers Nature Center features exhibits. busy seaport. Nearby restaurants On site of the Palm Beach Inn, Take Shell Island Rd. off SR 951 in on docks offer views of fishing ORMOND BEACH built by Flagler in 1895 to handle E. Naples. fleet. The Casements overflow from Royal Poinciana; SARASOTA 1-314 mi. n. of SR 24, follow signs. Wood frame 19th century winter glamorous oceanfront Italian TALLAHASSEE home of John D. Rockefeller on Renaissance hotel built in 1926 New College Museum of Florida History Halifax River; now city museum. for $6 million. Accessible to Administrative buildings and Excellent exhibit on Spanish ex- 25 Riverside Dr. guests (567 rooms), open year- classrooms now housed in for- ploration and culture; history of Ormond Beach Hotel round. mer million dollar bayfront estate waterway transport exhibit Formerly one of largest wood S. County Road. e. of SR AIA on of Charles Ringling. housed in "riverboat"; outside, frame hotels, built by Flagler in Breakers Rd. On Sarasota Bay adjacent to Ring- naval live oaks from Pensacola 1890s, now apartments for the BOCA RATON ling Museum and Residence used in shipbuilding, some sub- elderly The Boca Raton Hotel and Club Ringling Museums merged during Civil War were Across the street from The Elegant Mediterranean boom era Museum of Art features exten- salvaged to restore Old Ironsides Casements. resort on Intracoastal Waterway, sive collection of western in 1920s. Operated by Florida SEBASTIAN INLET accessible for guests (920 rooms), European early Renaissance Department of State. Sebastian Inlet State Recreation open year round. artworks. R.A. Gray Bldg. at Bronough and Area 314 mi. e. of US 1 on Camino Real. Museum of the Circus contains Pensacola Sts. (w. of Capitol) Fishing, beach, boat ramp, natu- exhibits of circus life and POINT WASHINGTON ral history museum with exhibits on area's shipwrecked Spanish memorabilia. Eden State Gardens and treasure fleets. Closed Monday Ringling Residence is multi- Mansion and Tuesday. GIMIW CWIOW million dollar 1920s Venetian Landscaped estate with guided 22 mi. s. of Melbourne on SR AIA palace with ornate Italian tours of late 19th century re- STUART FORT MYERS furnishings. stored, furnished mansion. Gilbert's Bar House of Refuge Thomas A. Edison Estate Asolo Theater is 18th century 1 mi. n. of US 98 on CR 395. Second of 10 structures built in Riverfront former winter home of Italian style playhouse with per- FORT WALTON BEACH 1870s to aid shipwreck victims; inventor; now city museum, fea- formances December to July Fort Walton Temple Mound restored home and museum; ma- tures laboratory, restored 19th Waterfront home of early Indians rine exhibits and sea turtles; run century residence and experi- Grounds of Ringling Estate fea- for 10,000 years (until about 1700 by Martin County Historical mental gardens, was accessible ture statues, seating and view of A.D.); city-operated restoration Society. only by steamboat. the bay. and interpretive center; National Off SR AIA e. of Stuart, s. of Ocean US 41 to CR 867 in s.w. Fort Myers w. of US 41 across from Sarasota- Historic Landmark. Breeze Park. on Caloosahatchee River. Bradenton Airport. US 98 e. of intersection of CR 189 85 7:F moss== . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . View of the Port of Miami from Wa tson Island STEERING A FUTURE How are they going about it? scaping, and waterfront walkways, VVhile a centralized public sector Rather than copying another city's and has arranged to lease city agency is quite common, such COURSE FOR example, each community seems to owned property for a residential/ agencies seem to be encouraging a FLORIDA'S have taken a slightly different ap- marina development. Fernandina decentralized development pattern. WATERFRONTS proach based on local conditions. has similar plans for a marina com- Although marketplaces are still Despite these regional variations, plex. In contrast, Jacksonville is popular (examples are underway in they tend to use some of the same encouraging extensive private de- Miami and Jacksonville), cities are ingredients. velopment of high-rise office seeking a diverse mixture of uses First, as in downtown develop- buildings and a festive marketplace centered on the water. This may ment projects in general, on the banks of the St. Johns River. indicate a desire to maintain indi- viduality, possibly demonstrated by a referendum in St. Petersburg. Jl@ Voters there recently rejected a city In response to pressures to re- proposal to develop a festive mar- develop declining downtown areas, ketplace on city-owned waterfront land. many of which originated on the ;-A, I , water, and to better utilize valuable coastal real estate, urban areas Compatibility with existing uses throughout Florida are taking a is another concern. Since most of second look at their waterfronts. the larger scale waterfront re- This situation reflects an awareness development projects are in by both developers and planners of Florida's oldest cities, the challenge such popular activity centers as is to create new activity centers New York's South Street Seaport downtown without destroying the and Sari Francisco's Ghirardelli area's historic character. To accom- Square. Perhaps because much of I/ plish this goal, the City of the state's coastline developed rela- Pensacola enacted protective zoning tively recently, some of Florida's laws and established a buffer zone waterfront cities still have the op- between the historic district and areas proposed for development. portunity to establish the character of their waterfronts. As vacant land grows scarce, the * 14' ,44 preservation of natural areas has ow_ 1VJ Ba become a higher priority of many Water- _yLen Slip,Promena,@e@,@@acola '- local governments. Cities are fronts are seen as offering communities are undertaking joint Another common element of reserving municipal property for ventures with the private sector. such projects is the establishment parks and recreation facilities rang- major opportunities for re- Due to differing political and eco- of a centralized governmental au- ing from nature parks to museums. newal, for shedding some nomic conditions, public sector thority to focus efforts on the target Some cities and counties have ac- of the most conspicuous roles vary from one place to an- area. Some cities set up a com- quired waterfront land for park dila idation of the past, other. Some cities have taken a munity redevelopment agency, in development with state financial p strong leadership role in which the accordance with state law. That assistance such as the Florida Boat- and for opening coastal government actively finances public agency, usually the local governing ing Improvement Program. The facilities and improvements as a body, can create its own taxing state's five water management dis it'i cities to the world. stimulus to development. Pen- district and recycle the revenues tricts are also involved in National Research Council, sacola, for example, financed generated from redevelopment for purchasing undeveloped riverfront Urban Waterfront Lands harbor improvements, street land- needed improvements. property. 881 Because acquisition is not always houses specialty shops, a marina feasible, several local governments, and private club. The facilities notably Miami and St. Petersburg, provide an alternative to traditional work with developers to obtain beachfront recreation, which is of- concessions such as accessible open fered across the street. space and walkways along the water's edge. Landscaping and vi- Nearby Port Everglades faces the sual access are also explicit problems of determining future concerns. uses of scarce waterfront land. Ma- jor issues to be decided center on In view of these approaches, where are our waterfronts headed? the port's priorities. Should water- front property within its Several South Florida cities are boundaries be used to develop a seeking to revitalize rundown com- convention center or cargo facili- mercial business districts by ties? The county government various mixtures of residential, of- supports development of a con- fice and specialty shops. On the vention center because of southern end of Miami Beach, a associated tourist revenues. The developer has initiated a redevelop . . . . ...... port industries favor more tradi- ment project that would build tional water dependent uses. oceanfront condominiums for young to middle-aged profession- Across the state, Tampa is en- als employed in Miami. Additional in a multimillion dollar gaged plans call for a luxury hotel and waterfront redevelopment project. office/retail complex. Conceptual plans include a retail entertainment complex similar to Farther north, the City of Holly- the specialty shops in downtown wood is preparing a plan to Orlando. The development would redevelop the pedestrian oriented combine reuse of historic buildings 1930s resort area known as Central with new construction, including a Beach. The city would like to mam- convention center. tain its low rise character whili improving beach access and pi 7 In many ways, Florida's oldest ing and renovating recreational coastal communities seem to be facilities. More attractive signage, rediscovering their roots. Ap- landscaping and seating areas have proaches may vary in the degree of all been recommended, as well as a public and private sector involve- self-guided tour of the boom period ment and types of development. nei hborhood which surrounds the Yet they all seem to be heading in 9 major corridor leading to this beach the same direction: back to the area. water. The adjacent City of Dania re- cently encouraged development of a nautical marketplace with a ma- rina on the Intracoastal Waterway. This pastel tin-roofed structure Seafair, Dania 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY Adamson, Hans Christian. Keepers of the Lights. New York: Greenberg Publishers, 1955. Litrico, Helen Gordon. Centre Street: Fernandina Historic District. Fernandina Beach: Amelia American Society of Civil Engineers, Florida Section. Civil Engineering Landmarks: State Of Island Fernandina Restoration Foundation, Inc., 1976. Florida. Orlando, 1976. Maher, James T The Twilight of Splendor: Chronicles of the Age of American Palaces. Boston: Aska, Donald Y "Saltwater Fishing Piers in Florida" (pamphlet). Gainesville: Florida Sea Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Grant Marine Advisory Program, January 1983. McIver, Stuart B. Fort Lauderdale and Broward County: An Illustrated History. Woodland Hills, The Bicentennial Comirtission of Florida in cooperation with the Florida Department of Calif.: Windsor Publications, Inc., 1983. Commerce. The Florida Bicentennial Trail: A Heritage Revisited. Tallahassee, 1976. Miami Design Preservation League. Portfolio: Art Deco Historic District, Miami Beach, 1979. Burt, Al. Becalmed in the Mullet Latitudes: Al Burt's Florida. Port Salerno: Florida Classics National Research Council. Urban Waterfront Lands. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Library, in cooperation with The Miami Herald Publishing Co., Miami, 1983. Sciences, 1980. Burt Al. Florida: A Place in the Sun. Offenburg, W. Germany: Burda Publishers, 1974. Office of Coastal Studies, University of West Florida. Florida's Sandy Beaches: An Access Guide. Capitman, Barbara Baer. "Re-discovery of Art Deco." American Preservation, Pensacola: University of West Florida Press, 1984. August- September 1978. Olson, Arlene R. "A Guide to the Architecture of Miami Beach." Miami: Dade Heritage Carse, Robert. Keepers of the Lights: A History of American Lighthouses. New York: Charles Trust, Inc., 1978. Scribner's Sons, 1969. Parks, Arva Moore. The Forgotten Frontier: Florida Through the Lens of Ralph Middleton Munroe. Carson, Robert, ed. The Waterfront Writers: The Literature of Work. San Francisco: Harper and Miami: Banyan Books, Inc., 1977. Row, Publishers, 1979. Pike Ltd., James. Florida's Historic Homes and Gardens. Daytona Beach, 1979. Carter, Luther J. The Florida Experience: Land and Water Policy in a Growth State. Baltimore: The Reeves, F. Blair. "Heritage Trail: A Windshield Survey of Florida's Historic Architecture." Johns Hopkins University Press for Resources for the Future, Inc., 1976. Florida Architect. Coral Gables: Florida Association of the American Institute of Architects, Cipra, David L. Lighthouses and Lightships of the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Washington, D.C.: 1970. Department of Transportation and U.S. Coast Guard, 1976. Resource Management Task Force, Volume 11- Appendix, Final Report to Governor Bob Clarke, Jay "Florida's Grand Old Hotels." The Miami Herald, 17 December 1978. Graham. Tallahassee: January 1980. Coleman, James C. and Irene S. Pensacola Fortifications, 1698-1980. Pensacola Historical The St. Augustine Historical Society. St. Augustine's Historic Heritage as Seen Today. C. F. Society, 1982. Hamblen, Inc., 1952 (revised 1974). Cooper, Harry. 1, 001 Things to do in Florida for Free. Fox Lake, Ill.: Leatherstocking Press, 1982. The St. Augustine Historical Society The Oldest City: St. Augustine: Saga of Survival. 1983. DePotd, Susan. "Path of Canopy Roads Curves Along Route of Floyitda@s History." Vlahassee St. Petersburg Times Editorial. "A Better Save Our Rivers." 19 April 1985. Democrat, 21 April 1985. Von Eckardt, Wolf. Back to the Drawing Board: Planning Livable Cities. Washington, D.C.: New Dunn, Hampton. "Accent Florida." Tampa Tribune, 1975. Republic Books, 1978. Ellsworth, Lucius and Linda. Pensacola: The Deepwater City. Tulsa: Continental Heritage Press, Whyte, William H. The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. Washington, D.C.: The Conservation 1982. Foundation, 1980. Florida Department of Transportation. Florida Waterport Systems Study: Summary Report, Windhorn, Stan, and Wright Langley Yesterday's Key West. Key West: The Langley Press, 1983. Volume 1. New York: URS Coverdale and Colpitts (prime contractors), 1978. Folsom, Louise K. Florida's Fabled Inns. Bartow, Fla.: Imperial Publishing Company, 1980. Haas, Irvin. Citadels, Ramparts and Stockades: America's Historic Forts. New York: Everest House, 1979. Hallam, George. Riverside Remembered. Jacksonville, Fla.: Drummond Press (distributed by Riverside Avondale Preservation), -1976. . Historic Key West Preservation Board. National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form for Federal Properties. Key West: submitted to U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, June 1982. Historic Tampa[Hillsborough County Historic Preservation Board. Nomination Proposal for National Register of Historic Places. Tampa: submitted to Florida Department of State, Division of Archives, History and Records Management, February 1984. Hogg, Ian. The History of Fortification. New Ybrk@ St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1981. Holland, Francis Ross, Jr. America's Lighthouses: Their Illustrated History Since 1716. Brattleboro, Vt.: The Stephen Greene Press, 1972. Jones, John Paul. "Festive, Fabulous Fernandina Beach." North Florida Living. Fernandina Beach: North Florida Publishing Company, Inc., March 1984. Kirk, Dr. Cooper. "Gateway to the Everglades." Brochure distributed at dedication of historical markers for North New River Lock No. 1. Fort Lauderdale: Broward County Historical Commission, July 1984. Leatherman, Stephen P Barrier Island Handbook. College Park: University of Maryland, 1982. 91 PHOTOGRAPH AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Cover By Dawn McMillan. Matheson Hammock Park. Page 42 By Dawn McMillan. House. Page 1 By Vicki Silver. Trail. Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Church, Page 5 By Dawn McMillan. Matheson Hammock Park. courthouse. Page 6 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Map of St. Page 43 By Mark Koplin, South Florida Regional Planning Council. The Barnacle. Augustine, railroad. By Dawn McMillan. House, Vizcaya. By Dawn McMillan. Hotel. Page 44 Courtesy of Ft. Lauderdale Historical Society, Inc. Stranahan house. Page 7 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Hotel, steamship. By Dawn McMillan. Houses (Tampa). By Vicki Silver. Waterfront marketplace. Page 45 Courtesty of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Ringling house. Page 9 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Ships, Pensacola. By Dawn McMillan. Hotel. Page 10 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Steamship. Page 47 By Dawn McMillan. Historic building (Key West). Reprinted from Carl Webbers, The Eden of the South. Page 49 Courtesy of Florida Department of Commerce. House. Page 11 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Railroad, Overseas Page 53 Courtesy of Florida Department of Commerce. Jacksonville. Extension. Page 57 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Department of State. Fort. Page 12 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Steamships. Page 61 Courtesy of Ft. Lauderdale Historical Society, Inc. Houses. Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Mill. Reprinted Page 65 By Mark Koplin, South Florida Regional Planning Council. Building. from the Jacksonville Historical Society photo album. Page 69 By Dawn McMillan. Salt flats. Page 13 Courtesy of Dawn McMillan. Postcard. Page 73 By Dawn McMillan. Park. Page 15 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Fort. Page 77 By Dawn McMillan. Park. Page 16 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Fort. Page 81 By Dawn McMillan. Bluffs. Page 17 By Dawn McMillan. West Martello Tower. Page 87 By Leo McMillan. Port. Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Castillo de San Page 88 Courtesy of City of Pensacola, Community Redevelopment Agency. Promenade, Marcos. Page 89 By Vicki Silver. Waterfront marketplace. Page 18 By Dawn McMillan. Fort. Page 19 By Dawn McMillan. Fort Pickens. Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Ft. Jefferson. Page 21 By Dawn McMillan. Lighthouse. Page 22 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Lighthouse. Page 23 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Lighthouses. Page 24 By Dawn McMillan. Lighthouse. Page 25 By Dawn McMillan. Hotel. Page 26 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Hotels. Page 27 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Hotels. Page 28 By Dawn McMillan. The Greystone. Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Tampa Bay Hotel. Page 29 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Hotels. Page 31 Courtesy of Florida Department of Commerce. Barrier Island. Page 32 By Dawn McMillan. Sea oats. Courtesy of Florida Department of Commerce. Beach. Page 33 Courtesy of Department of Commerce. Bird, By Dawn McMillan. Big Lagoon State Recreation Area, sea oats. Page 35 Courtesy of Florida Department of Commerce. Boat. Page 36 By Dawn McMillan. State park, riverwalk. Page 37 Courtesy of Florida Department of Commerce. Child. Page 39 Courtesy of Florida Department of Commerce. Vizcaya. Page 40 Courtesy of Florida State Archives, Florida Department of State. Plantation house, slave cabin. Page 41 By Dawn McMillan. House (Pensacola), Naval property (Key West). By Mark Koplin, South Florida Regional Planning Council. House (Key West). 921 *Jt,.0R1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The staff of the Urban Waterfront Project especially wishes to thank the following individuals within the Florida Department of State for their patient assistance in providing research materials on historically significant sites: COTM Joan Morris and Larry Paarlberg, BACK TO THE WATER Division of Archives, History and Records Management Discovering Florida's Linda Brown and Barbara Mattick, Urban Waterfronts Division of Library Services (Florida Collection) We would also like to acknowledge the information provided by the Museum of Florida Prepared by History (particularly the Exhibit on Waterways in Tallahassee) and by the United States Coast Florida Department Guard. of Community Affairs Division of Resource Planning and Management Bureau of State Resource Planning 2571 Executive Center Circle, East Tallahassee, Florida 323G1 Tom Lewis, Jr., AIA, Architect Secretary April * 1986 Research and Writing Typesetting Vicki Silver RapidoGraphics, Inc. Graphic Design and Artwork Tallahassee, Florida Dawn McMillan Editing Color Separations Joy McIlwain American Color, Inc. Orlando, Florida Grant Preparation and Administration Wendy Lovett Printing and Binding Forts and Barrier Islands Features LithoGraphics Dean Alexander Altamonte Springs - Tallahassee Data Collection Ronald Lumpkin Myrtice Craig, Jacksonville Downtown Development Authority Andrew Ham, Financial Assistance for this publication former Director Pe-nsacola was provided by the Coastal Zone Redevelopment Agency Management Act of 1972, as amended, John Keller, administered by the Office of Ocean and Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council Coastal Resource Management, National Mark Koplin, Oceanic and A tmospheric Administration South Florida Regional Planning Council This public document was promulgated at a Secretarial Support total cost of $13,436. or $6.71 per copy to Rachel Meadows provide the general public with information Melody Miller about Florida's urban waterfront. I I 4 I'jL,ORI . 0 Z 0, .k .1 ,N@ i COM I I I I 1 11 NO 1111 3 E 668 00000 9052