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Coastal Zone ZONE Information Center LiAt HISTORIC RESEARCH BULLETIN PRESERVATION IN C __TAL COMMUNITIESIIIIIIIIIIII BAYFIELD: A E STUDY School of Natural Resources Research Division College of Agricultural and Life Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison and Sea Grant College Program University of Wisconsin-Madison g '&p P'@ Jilt e V, r J; Ji'l 'y L he "I 1 1 ik' A el, 2" N! ".1,111? Of SSE j vw;@U P Ai jo ji 1,119 III _913. p0- 1!g WE 4, m_ N. %A' W9,I ff e, is .:"4" C? J-1i st &I 1K A!, M .1 '11-R19 aclj eh@ .0 go T e@ gg@ q.@'N'j QV oj@e "I'lo 8' w- 21, F j"jo 'F'Ag@ @ii; 3'1wT F@"f 10'f it AE 4,1111 A 11, 5!A IS q .1 A 141 F@' jo, If 'X, M M MM NkDELINE ISLAND 'ee @11 'r P 31 E' hK 3"t gERRY F I WO"I'll 582 '.T85 1978 AN STUDENT ASSISTANTS: CONTENTS Paul Schoeneman INTRODUCTION, 2 Phil Jofi@nson Carol Stout HISTORY OF BAYFIELD, 2 Randy Garber Lumber and Timber, 3 Stan Johnson Fishing, 5 Molly Manske The Brownstone Industry, 5 Joan Lutz Tourism, 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: THE ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY, 7 The U.W. Sea Grant College Program The Survey Procedure, 7 The U.W. Dept. of Landscape Architecture The Survey Forms, 7 The Recreation Resources Center PRESERVATION VALUES, 12 The Sigurd Olson Institute of Environmental Studies at Procedure for Evaluation, 12 Northland College The Frequency Distribution of Building Scores, 13 SPECIAL THANKS TO: General Characteristics of Bayfield's Architecture, 15 The Bayfield Historical Society Architectural Details, 17 The Bayfield Planning Commission PRESERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS, 23 Mr. Larry Sommer, Preservation Planner, Duluth, Minn. The City as an Historic District, 23 Preservation Planning Office, The State Historical Society Development Criteria, 24 of Wisconsin Other Preservation Programs, 33 Part of the information for Bayfield's Cultural History was APPENDIX, 34 provided from oral interviews with the following: The Historic District Commission Ordinance, 34 Halver Reitan Marjorie Benton BIBLIOGRAPHY, 37 Elizabeth Fisher Mrs. David Borth Walter Wasmuth Leon. McCarty Justin Walsted Eleanor Knight Conrad Meyer The authors are grateful of the comments of the review committee appointed by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences including: Arnold Alanen, U.W. Department of Landscape Architecture Dean Massey, U.W. Law School Gordon Orr, U.W. Campus Architect Dave Stewart, Dane County Regional Planning Department E. A. Wil kening, U.W. Department of Rural Sociology Gene Woock, U.W. Sea Grant College Program COASTAL ZONE INFORIMATION CENTER ONTARIO - -- - ---------- --- - - --- MZ14r4ESOTA DULUTH F EL SUPERIOR Aft AN MINNEAPOLIS wxscor4sxzq * * 11 ST. PAUL(," GREEN BAY MXC3EKXGAZq MILWAUKEE* MADISON DETROIT IOWA CHICAGO DES MOINES 13L3LXr4OXS Xlq3DXAZqA Ol-lxO mxssou]Etx Property oi 11 CSC Library REGIONAL CONTEXT, CITY OF BAYFIELD, WISCONSIN U . S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER V) 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413 HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN CO k-E46TAL COMMUNITIES. Royden E. Tull BAYFIELD: A CASE STUDY William H. Tishler* INTRODUCTION 2. Undertaking a survey of historic features, including architecture and related objects, features and conditions Scattered throughout Wisconsin are small communities contributing to the community's heritage, townscape and whose buildings and spaces reflect a rich and colorful his- identity. tory. Not yet overwhelmed by the standardization of mass 3. Analyzing and evaluating the survey material. society, they add a special human dimension to our rural 4. Developing recommendations for historic preservation environment. related to economic, social and environmental factors. Bayfield is one of these communities, Located on the THE HISTORY OF BAYFIELD southwestern shore of Lake Superior, it has retained its unique waterfront charm through more than a century of The resource-rich environment of Lake Superior has change. Today that uniqueness may be threatened by the shaped the history of Wisconsin's Chequamegon region development expected to result from the Apostle Islands since earliest times. National Lakeshore. Established in 1970, the lakeshore park encompasses 20 of Ojibway Indians migrated to the area as early as the late the 22 Apostle Islands, plus part of the northern shore of 1 400s. About a century later, white explorers tapped the the Bayfield Peninsula stretching from Squaw Bay to Little wealth of natural resources in the region. They were fol- Sand Bay. The park, administered by the National Park lowed by Jesuit missionaries, French fur traders, and still Service, is expected to increase tourist trade to the area later by the British. five-fold by 1985. From about 1812 to 1842, John Jacob Astor's American This means that somewhere between 750,000 and one Fur Company was the dominant economic force in the million people will pass through Bayfield, the gateway to Lake Superior region, establishing a pattern of resource the Apostles, during the I 00-day tourist season. exploitation that was to last for nearly a century. As the fur trade went through its cycles of boom and bust, a fish- Given that Bayfield's current population is less than 1 000 ing industry sprang up along the shores of the lakes. And the influx of tourists will put severe pressure on Bayfield in the mid-1 850s, the locks at Sault Sainte Marie opened, to expand and develop, and perhaps to forfeit its distinctive allowing large vessels to enter Lake Superior from the low- identity. On the other hand, an awareness of impending er lakes. This development helped establish the harbor changes could heighten public sensitivity to the need for around what was to become Bayfield, as a shipping center. preserving and renewing essential features of the commu- The 1850s were also a period of booming land speculation, nity. when money and credit were readily available and opti- This report, building on an earlier study, Blueprint for Bay- mism soared. In the midst of such prosperity, the site field, provides the framework for a major preservation ef- around Bayfield was ripe for development. Its natural deep fort, The report surveys Bayfield's rich history, evaluates water harbor was protected by the Apostle Islands; it had present architectural and cultural resources, and outlines links to large midwestern and eastern cities via the Soo procedures for preservation and appropriate development. locks; it offered rich fishing opportunities; and the area had seemingly unlimited timber resources, outstanding Though the survey and evaluation procedures were de- natural beauty,,and a delightful climate. signed for Bayfield, they can be used as models for preserv- ing other small communities. Henry M. Rice, a Vermont trader, had seen all of this dur- ing a trip to the region in 1841. Fourteen years later, as a The processes include the following: U.S. Senator from St. Paul, Rice acquired the land on 1. Gathering data on the community's history for a mean- which Bayfield would be built, and formed the Bayfield ingful understanding of its uniqueness, heritage, and Land Company to promote settlement of the area. join- physical development. ing in this venture were many of Rice's Washington co- horts. At one point, the ranks of the Bayfield Land Com- *Royden Tull is former Director of Environmental Information Clearing House, Sigurd Olson Institute at Northland College and research Associate with William H. Tishler, professor of landscape architecture, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin- Madison. 2 pany included as investors John C. Breckinridge, Vice In a diary that tells much about the tenor of life in early President of the United States from 1857 to 1861, who Bayfield, he noted that the men in the community formed owned land near Bayfield; Thomas A. Hendricks, another a lecture and debating organization. Among the topics for Vice President; Jay Cooke, the financier; William F. Vilas, discussion were "the merits of a grog shop over and above U.S. Senator from Wisconsin; and Justus C. Ramsey, mayor the practice of bottle-drinking at home." The men passed of St. Paul. several pioneering resolutions, one favoring the extension Investments in the area were enhanced by an 1856 land of suffrage to women, another declaring "that the sexes grant from Congress which helped finance the building of are equal in intellect" [33]. a railroad from St. Paul to Bayfield. Although there is no On Sundays, Peet preached in Bayfield in the morning and evidence of a relationship between the investors' political rowed across the bay to Madeline Island to deliver the influence and the authorization of the land grant, their afternoon sermon, and then rowed back to Bayfield for links to the Bayfield Land Company were certainly no lia- evening services. bility in establishing the railroad. Peet built his frame house in 1858 on lot 11, block 40, the At the same time competiti-on was fierce along the Wiscon- south eastern corner of Rice Avenue, for a total cost of sin shoreline of both Lakes Superior and Michigan for a $49.00. port city for shipping the produce of the Great Plains. Senator Rice, with his connections in St. Paul, hoped that Early Bayfield was entirely dependent on Lake Superior Bayfield would take the lead and surpass Chicago in the boats to provide goods from the outside world. The ves- race for major economic control of the area. sels would stop running in December or January when the bay froze over, resuming service during the spring thaw, The city literally sprang from the enthusiastic labors of which could be as late as April or May. The tiny com- relatively few men. John C. Hanley, for example, arrived munity of Bayfield 'was isolated for the winter and some- with a party of nine men on March 24, 1856 to begin times would not see a boat at its dock for six months. Ex- clearing land and constructing buildings. Two days later cept for the mail run to St. Paul, there was no contact with Bayfield's first building, a log cabin, stood on the north- the outside world. By March, cabin fever was rampant, western corner of what is now Front Street and Many- sparking tempers and heated arguments. penny Avenue. By March 28, 1856, only four days after the arrival of this first construction crew, Major McAboy Within a year Bayfield had blossomed from wilderness into began meticulous surveys of the town. McAboy began his a small, thriving community with a strong sense of pride survey only after intense discussion of the effects street and aspirations. Though the dreams of Rice, the Bayfield layout would have on the community's growth. Land Company, and speculators all over the country were shattered in the financial crash of 1857, Bayfield remained The early builders of Bayfield worked rapidly, hoping to largely unaffected. Lumbering, fishing, quarrying, and make the town self-sufficient by winter. A crib dock was tourism became the financial foundations for the next 70 completed around May 1, 1 8S6, on block 71 at the foot years. of Washington Avenue. A log building owned by the Bay- field Land Company was built at the present site of the Despite the promotional efforts of entrepreneurs like Wil- Burtness Hardware Store in block 89, lot 20. Across the liam P. Dalrymple, shipping played only a minor role in street on block 73, lot 11, the site now occupied by the Bayfield's economic history, because by the time the rail- Harbor Theatre, John Hanley completed the first frame road arrived in the city, other harbors had been established. building for S. S. Vaughn. Vaughn maintained a general However, the city's port facilities were essential to the sur- store on the first floor, while Miss R. McAboy taught vival of other industries. classes on the second floor. Joseph McCloud opened a hardware store in September near the dock in block 55, Lumber and Timber lot I I (this site is probably on the northeast corner of In many respects Bayfield can be considered a lumbermen's Washington Avenue and Highway 13). The next month town. Its wilderness setting was a natural source of raw McCloud became Bayfield's first postmaster. In true pio- material, and before the arrival of the railroads, Lake Su- neer spirit, he delivered the mail overland 200 miles to perior was the logical route for logs bound for sawmills. St. Paul by dog team that winter. In December 1856, the Bayfield Land Company sponsored the erection of the The mills themselves were built largely out of wood. Bayfield Exchange Hotel, which was opened in July 18S7 under J. J. Nourse. The hotel was located on a site believed John T. Caho built the first in Bayfield at the foot of to be the southeastern corner of Rittenhouse Avenue and Fourth Street for the Bayfield Land Company in October, Broad Street. 1856. The sawmill burned down two months later, was re- built and later sold and moved to Ashland. In 1861, a saw- The Rev. James Peet, a Methodist, became Bayfield's first mill was completed on the Red CUff Indian Reservation, preacher, arriving from Superior by steamer in September, which cut about 6,000 feet of lumber daily. The employ- 18S7. ees were Bayfield's own Nazaire La Bonte and five other men [1]. 3 A 1-0 7, r Ai" A31-W7 gv mow M! ,Ar t Tli-- W@ M@_ 7, MON A*@ _t@ MWE V Y- 4 R Z @i U There were other sawmills in the Chequarnegon Bay and in Germany in 1874, Wachsmuth came to Bayfield with best known was R. D. Pike's Mill (the Little Daisy) built his family when he was seven years old. By the time he on the south end of Bayfield in 1869 very near the site of was 19, he had saved $600 from various jobs; he invested John T. Caho's original mill. Started as a shingle mill, it this money with his father, in the Wachsmuth and Son soon expanded to make barrel staves and building lumber. Lumber Company. Later the firm took over the R. D. Pike In 1870, it was reported that the mill had cut 300,000 mill with the help of some investors from Chicago. The feet of lumber and one million shingles. Company was an economic fountainhead in the area. In its heyday, it operated as many as ten logging camps, its Pike expanded his sawmill and by 1890 it ran for a con- own railroad, and several tugboats. By the time it closed secutive 172 days, cutting over 12 million feet of lumber- in 1924, it had sawn 800 million feet of lumber, enough enough to stretch about 2,500 miles if the boards were to stretch around the world six times 111 - laid end to end. He made improvements wherever he could; one of them was a sprinkler system connected to The sawmills and logging camps contributed to the frantic the wooden pipe water system of the city. With the turn boomtown atmosphere that prevailed in northern Wiscon- of one valve Pike could flood the entire mill. This was a sin and Bayfield for several decades. Bayfield had three or much needed safety device in a day when fires were easy four hotels, a number of rooming houses and eleven sa- to start and difficult to extinguish. loons, as well as two or three "sporting houses", including R. D. Pike - energetic, intelligent, courageous - was one at the top of Manypenny Avenue. largely responsible for many of the early improvements The lumberjacks, fishermen and sawmill hands lived in that came to Bayfield, including the telephone, electricity boarding houses, often divided along ethnic lines, with and the establishment of the fish hatchery at Pike's Creek. Swedes living in one, Norwegians in another. The boarding Halver Reitan, one of Bayfield's old timers, remembers an housekeeper had to make a difficult adjustment to her active, hot-headed man! tenants' schedules: the men usually were at work by six o'clock and she would have to be up at four o'clock to 'He drove a beautiful team of black horses and he had a prepare breakfast for some twenty men. Often she made caretaker, Charlie Hendricks, who took pride in keeping lunch for them to take to work and supper when they re- those horses and rig just polished up, gleaming like a new turned. Several fixtures of downtown Bayfield today were automobile. Nice rig. All black, enamel-like and stripes once boarding houses, including L'Atelier Gallery and and gadgetry and the brass and harnesses polished up 'til Connell's Pharmacy. they're gleaming like gold. He took pride in driving it to his lumber camps around here. Gosh, that was a nice rig. After seventy years of exploitation, however, the forests That was a status symbol in those days, to have a team of were depleted and the whole northern part of the state driving horses that were all kept up nice, more like a Rolls lapsed into a depression from which it has not yet recov- Royce than a Cadillac. Hardly anybody could afford any- ered. Bayfield was no exception. In 1924, Wachsmuth's thing like that." [37] sawmill shut down. There were no more jobs for lumber- jacks or sawmill operators. And Bayfield's prosperity be- Besides Pike and Henry Rice, H. J. Wachsmuth was a key gan to wane. figure in the early growth of Bayfield. A lumberman born 4 Fishing Unfortunately, the obelisk was never delivered because The American Fur Company started commercial fishing of a failing economy and problems with shipping. So the sandstone monument was cut up for building stone. in the Apostle Islands in 1836 with the shipment of 1,000 In addition to the quarry on Basswood Island, others opened barrels of salted fish to eastern markets as a hedge against up on Hermit (Wilson's) Island, Stockton (Presque Isle) Is- the failing fur trade. Ramsey Crooks, the head of the fur land, and at two locations on the mainland, one four miles company, brought coopers, fishermen, and others to La south of Bayfield on Highway 13 and the other on Hough- Pointe to work in this new enterprise. The company fell ton Point between Bayfield and Washburn. on hard times until 1838 when 4,000 barrels of fish were shipped out [38]. The market hit another financial slump The brownstone contributed both to the visual character of and fishing remained poor until the Boutin (Bootan) fam- the city and to its economic well-being. In 1888, there ily moved from Two Rivers, Wisconsin to Bayfield in 1870 were seven different brownstone companies in the area, with its own schooner. Their boat was the mainstay of the according to the city directory of that year. prosperous family enterprise until it was wrecked in a storm The brownstone boom collapsed in the early 1900's with a in 1881. change in architectural styles, the use of steel building ma- The Mackinaw - a flat-bottomed, gaff-rigged boat with two terials, and competitive price slashing. But this native ma- masts - was the typical vessel for fishermen on Lakes Su- terial left a lasting imprint on the personality of the Che- perior and Michigan until the steam driven tug and the quarnegon Bay area, and on the neighborhoods of the na- gasoline engine made it obsolete. With the constant chang- tion's largest cities. ing of the types of boats came the change in the architec- ture of the docks, warehouses, cleaning sheds, and ice- Tourism houses. Though there has been little in the way of official tourist Booth Fisheries, which started in Bayfield in 1880, promotion activity, visitors themselves have. popularized brought big business to Bayfield. In an advertisement in the attractions of the Bayfield area. The early hotels were the city directory of 1888, Booth boasted of branch eventually turned into places for the wealthy who sailed houses in Chicago, Baltimore, St. Paul, Kansas City, St. in from Buffalo, Chicago, Detroit and Duluth to enjoy Louis, Louisville, Omaha, Duluth, Indianapolis, Minneapo- Lake Superior's refreshing, airy and soothing waters. lis, Bayfield, Escanaba, Astoria, Oregon, Manistique, and It was not until the railroads reached Chequamegon Bay Port Arthur, Canada [2]. that the railroads themselves made a concerted effort to There was no refrigeration in the early days, so unless the entice the summer visitor. The Wisconsin Central Railroad fish were salted they had to be packed in ice for shipping opened the Hotel Chequamegon in Ashland in 1877, and or transporting from the fishing grounds to packing plants. found it to be successful. This success prompted the Chi- This spurred the construction of ice houses, which were to cago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Omaha line in 1883 to become an integral part of the waterfront architecture. build the Island View Hotel on Washington Avenue and The last ice house was dismantled as late as 1974. First Street on the bluff overlooking the lake. A beautiful three and one-half story building with an attached square Though its processes have changed with the advent of mod- observation tower on the corner facing the lake, it closed ern machinery, the century-old fishing industry of Bay- in 1900 and was demolished in 1913. field remains a stabilizing force in the economic life and physical character of the city. Many other hotels flourished and died during Bayfield's history, a few of which are still in use for other purposes. The Brownstone Industry Gruenke's Restaurant used to be the La Bonte House, The brownstone industry had a relatively short life of built and operated by Nazaire La Bonte, who arrived in about 42 years from 1868 to 1910. It began in 1868 when Bayfield in 1856. On the empty lot in front of Gruenke's Frederich Prentice (Prentice Park, Ashland) bought land stood the Davis House, a secure looking building that in the Apostles, apparently on the basis of an 1847 geo- fronted on the wooden sidewalk and rose up three stories logical report which indicated that the Lake Superior to a series of dormer windows on the top floor. The build- sandstone would make good building material. Prentice ing now occupied by Connell's Pharmacy was at one time opened the first quarry on Basswood Island that year. operated as the Saint James Hotel. Some sources indicate The first building to be built in the United States of Lake that the Union House, run by Solomon Boutin in 1888 Superior sandstone was the Milwaukee courthouse. The and later called the New Brunswick, was moved up to the material was soon adopted nationwide, and many of the northwest corner of Broad and Manypenny about 1907. brownstone houses in New York and Chicago, including It now houses Schultz Enterprises. Chicago's famous Potter Palmer House, were built from Its hotels and boarding houses, its saloons and sporting Lake Superior sandstone. Locally the material was used in houses, and its industries all have contributed to the rich the original county courthouse in Bayfield and the present texture of Bayfield. In this report we will explore ways courthouse in Washburn, and in prominent buildings in to keep that texture vibrant. Ashland. Prentice cut an obelisk 115 feet high from a single block of stone for 1893 Chicago exposition [10]. 5 It mw This early panorama view of Bayffeld portrays a sweeping hillside setting of residential structures interspersed with churches, hotels, the courthouse and a large industrial building at the waterfront. 6 THE ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY Bayfield's outstanding visual appearance has long been considerations such as architectural style, structure color, recognized and appreciated. In the nineteenth century as massing, roof shape, exterior materials and pertinent back- today, it had been described as "very picturesque, like a ground history. Since a city's visual character stems from foreign village," with "white houses spread out on the its total environment, including its setting and other land- hills overlooking beautiful Lake Superior and the Apostle scape related phenomena, such aspects as street furniture, Islands." But preserving Bayfield's character during the vistas, ravines, visually dominant trees, and other natural development resulting from the Apostle Island National features were also identified. Lakeshore will depend on more than general descriptions Bayfield's small size made it possible to survey and eval- like these. Preservation recommendations must be based on highly detailed and systematic analyses of the city's uate all of its buildings to determine their contribution to architecture and visual character. the total visual and historic fabric of the city. The survey analyzed common buildings - working class homes, struc- The following architectural and visual survey report out- tures related to the fishing industry, and commercial lines the many facets that make Bayfield's character worthy buildings - as well as the distinctive and important land- of preservation. Three survey forms were designed to help mark buildings. identify traditional architectural and community design The Survey Procedure Survey Forms Buildings were identified by a "map key" number which The survey form is an important tool of the preservation consisted of a code number adapted from the Bayfield planning process. It should be complete enough to allow zoning map and a building number, determined by the the surveyor to record important characteristics quickly, position of the building on the block. Beginning in the yet flexible enough to incorporate pertinent unique fea- northwestern corner of the block, outbuildings, such as a tures. Because of local and regional differences, the sur- carriage house, were assigned a secondary structure let- veyor's background and the ways the survey data will be ter. used, survey forms are often specifically designed for a Example of a map key number: community or area. Special consideration should be given block #40 2b-secondary structure building to coordinating the survey and survey form with state and local preservation programs. The survey procedure began by plotting the day's route Three survey forms were used to inventory Bayfield's on the base map. The surveyor then proceeded along the characteristics: the Architectural form, the Natural Fea- route, filling out forms for the buildings, natural features tures form, and the Street Furniture form. and street furniture. Where possible, residents were inter- viewed to determine the date of building construction, pre- The Architectural Form vious residents and the historical background of the struc- ture and other relevant details. For identification purposes, Designed to enable the surveyor to record a large amount black and white 35 mm photographs were taken of build- of information in a very short time, the architectural form ings, street furniture, and natural features. Proper light- was the major inventory tool used in the Bayfield study. ing in the photos was ensured by photographing buildings Items contributing to architectural significance, visual ap- from an easterly side in the morning and from a westerly pearance, owner-occupant information and historical back- side in the afternoon. ground data were emphasized. All categories of information on the form were derived from a general knowledge of Bayfield's architectural and environmental features. Some checklist features on the architectural form were adapted from the survey form used by the Canadian De- partment of Indian Affairs and Northern Development for its national inventory of historic buildings. Elements not categorized in checklist form were noted in a "general comments" section where details such as siting and land- scape features were recorded. Many of the more common buildings in Bayfield defy classification by traditional architectural styles; they were, therefore, classified as "native vernacular" - a typical building style of a period or place. In Bayfield this cate- gory includes most of the traditional frame buildings as well as most of the more contemporary houses. 7 BAYFIELD HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROGRAM --------------------------- SURVEY FORM Building Name: Historic Name: MAP KEY Z&VrIA A0Lr_->E 4-0 40.?- Street Address; 7 AVE. Photo(s) Present Owner: -PM L -rU RN EFR Address: ON J Present Occupant: 9!)A Y', F P-1 fill Original Owner* -RAMV, FOUrINJ Architect: I "I'lk @w zoom -@a Bui 1 derANt>De@1qrW-- Date of initial estimated Condition: construction: mg Xv erified use: original- FEG1t>. present- Source of intrest: "Blueprint Design" district: Architectural -Visual -Waterfront Commercial YHistorical -other- -Industrial esidential Style of Architecture: -Greek Revival - Shingle -others (explain) -Gothic - Richardsonian Romanesque - Italianate -Classical - Victorian -Prairie Style -Niansard-Second Empire - Bungaloid Stick - modern Btylk X6ueen Anne -Native Vernacular Massing of units: (X) Stof-ey-s: (X) 1=1=1 A. It Iffi. AN NINO 464 REGULAR SINGLE DOUBLE SE @EE POW, RELATED] WIN I STOREY 1112 STOREY I SPLIT iTOREYS VI @I S StOREYS LANOW J AWC I E T A 1E MI_ KUTAO OE TED. RETACHED NON-RELAZI LATED loor plan: M Exterior :SAM t>SrotAE -F"DAM 09 OTHER 0-9-01ZEY - CVFAM BWC4 2!P- 4 : "p7t>A_Rt> SOUARE RECTANGULAR APSIDAL OTHER 00 1 @4 IPA PANTS-t, '@+i 8 Roof Shape: W& -kw go, gw- Ak- - C A INA Wo Rao woo Iftio MD Ptx>F 13,651 .44.Lx is. is. A Vac--m-14 14 iP 11111.7il-11".u7`1 47"ff'.."ImIr-7, 11111 .. -61 &#W Clob &we PPW GAIDUE I It" 1410 1 MEDIUMA HIP I HIGH HIP I TRUNCATED W/ C'A4R'L25%' 177== x HIP tx@mrms AM -0 400- --- goloo -rAv TV P-'Rirr 11111111410 row ev Woo rwo lop wo iqr r--XrF-14C'IKC- evr wimsm --iiiinuir-) @%L%"D (* 7L I- I IARCHED CA;tkIAe,1E t@OVW- P,00rr= IS ALS.0 WICH HIP W/ Cx--- NTrR 0,A13L.F--- Color: roof walls trim NA-rVRAL- !5k+INd'L-fFS YE-=L-L0W- O"N Ga W V+ TT-E BAYS- main facade first floor12 3 4 5 6 7 8 othe, #of structural openings or -- one floor only second flow1 4 5 6 7 8 mutt, othe, or . =- - --- -- - third floor12 3 4 7 a I MUM o ther ...... 6- General Comments: (windows, porches, details, siting, landscaping, outbuild'171@777 WPAP-A12LoUf4> F0PZ14 , <200T@k AVIA PAST" r*tF>V5-UPtS--- C-OL-UMNS - SC12-OL-L CAP>MAL-S R-0ut-ADr--T> -rup,-;zr-r p-IsliArn FRctA SE a0P-N5vz bF 9&)5'F- RP---rF.--0,6N4RE !9)Ppor-zTj=-r,> BY PLL116P COWMWS -nr-F,Ar4y C- -&LASS> ,4.A.ss 1,@Pouisoour Houca) AL-SO CvT BP-ACX-EF-rS 5UT->T->0MT -MF- aV;ZK11r-F- 0.Av,v,%&q.F- H-cusz-- ComV5%z-rF-D 1KI10 APAP-T-M L.AF,r.,t5 @viNa-Rs RUMA11\4 0N CART:;,>1A-aE H-OUSV-- BOOR-5. W416A Surveyors name: Date: P7/,4-- Relevant Historical Data and Sources LF;N)t-4T-AW4 "15At:;;' C-A?@t4t>c' INC-LJJr>F- A ;=OUNrAIW POOL-S t@wT- TZV,0V\A11AS-> 01= A F>F--PC-C)LA -TI+M20 WAS ONUE AT-V7Nt--1%S COLYRT- ON T14-E ;ZJF-AR -fWe WTA19111AG VVALL- IS- FML-U> 54-OrAF-- (CP-K@,INAL @FVL) NT7W tk IVG:Aj@> I sIPF- yA;:;,_r> 0;=- LL-DY C> GU-t>M,&N *vUl-5E-2: (2 G - 4+-t:-- G-r 'P3 LZf-y- -7 -7 ) G;?zuM1>S A;2C- su1zRJ.7L1-U),EEt> Sy A CvWRETS -P-OTAI t-@ ING WALL- INIIOP-NA%MV@114 AL UNCP.F@ aLDE@G@G- *r--rj4F-XRKETM MAgy LAR&js Tpu-:es 6N sm-F-z INUX-P41,A& ?WE SPRW-F-) WRII-F- PNE C1v-v)`A- 9 )L6MBARDY t-W>LAR,)LIAPI-e@. -4- LA S@@J MAI-- W1 NPWIS I K T WE ffv us F- RAVr-- P0JW r --I> e- I -rt+e vdrAc> i KG Azz Va 6 N -r*e ;=-I RS T- MZ`0 k EA-/ WIN'r-70%4s ON -r4Av- sayrtl avid mAer slr@E& 9 The Natural Features and Street Furniture Forms The Natural Features Survey Form These forms were designed to help investigators develop The form was used to document the outstanding elements an inventory of the important non-building features in the of the landscape that contribute to Bayfield's identity. Such Community. During each day's survey activity, the sur- non-built features as ravines and prominent vantage points veyor noted significant natural features and street furni- for views of Lake Superior were documented using this ture elements. They were photographed, assigned a name, form. described, located on the base map and assessed for their potential in contributing to the general ambience of the The Street Furniture Survey Form city. Distinctive built outdoor elements, such as fountains, field- Unlike the city's architectural characteristics, the distribu- stone walls and the yard light at the Merkel Funeral Home, tion and frequency of Bayfield's street furniture and were of particular interest in the Bayfield study. These natural elements did not lend itself to numerical analysis. were recorded on the Street Furniture Survey Form. They were more easily analyzed using such graphic tech- niques as maps, photos and interpretive drawings. 0 .0 1. Wooded Ravine d-O a C3 C? a, 0. 10 2. Harbor Overlook 3. Wooded Ravine C7 4. Harbor Overlook and Children's Fountain C!3 6. Wooded Ravine 5. HArbor Overlook 2 N C? 0. Fa @a 7. Harbor Overlook /0 8. Fishing Boat "Easter" 9. Harbor Overlook 3 0 10. Ornamental Landscape featur@ 20. 3rd Street Trees 11. Wooded Ravine 21. Sandstone Retaining Wall EI d'r- 0 1:3 u 22. Wooded Ravine 12. Courthouse Setting czl@ 13. Courthouse Weathervane a @@05 23. Courthouse Bell 14. Wooded Ravine id 24. 4th Street Trees 15. City Beach E3 25. Fountain 7-.01 0 ,, 5 26. Wooded Ravine 16. Greunke's Front Yard . 0 27. Stone Retaining Wall 17. Mini Park J. C3 _f 3 IC3 CIO) 10 C3 28. Wooded Ravine 18. Library Retaining Wall - - - / ./ 29. Memorial Park 19. Brick Driveway rr. o .0 M 13 30. Band Shelter 31. Weather Vane C3 123 32. Sandstone Retaining Wall 1-7-7- 4 tZ3 33. Wooded Ravine "X C3 7 NA 9 C@3 IC3 34. Sandstone Retaining Wall .01 E:21 0 35. 5th Street Trees 16 36. Retaining Watt 0 and Stepping Stone 0 Z3 F3q- 0 0 29 E%fi .0 36 1011 5. 11 .,:Z:] 0 9 99, 37. Wooded Ravine C3 4 38. Wooded Ravine 0 32 C3 chi 3 39. Stone Retaining Wall ED A a 0@3 40. Wooded Ravine C:3 .0 . . . . . 7@ 41. Community Park 42. Broad Street Beach Ici_. 031 raF 43. Harbor Overlook 44. Garden Club Park @51 45 ' Wooded Ravine U @..j3 Do 46. Wooded Ravine e El nAl 47. Harbor Overlook 45 - 0 ct 4 D go a @8. Ravine r! 0 - a 0 a _Z 49. Brick Street 4. 0 50. Brick Street 4 13 51. Railroad Line 48 52. Iron Bridge IC FEATURE E&AVT:MLD HoWTICIPM 10 BAYFIELD HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROGRAM -------------- STREET FURNITURE SURVEY FORM NAME: PHOTO: AVENUF- BRITY-.,E W KEY: LOCATION: Rko,S AVi-=. AT -RAVINE 390 OWNER: OF 'BAYFIELD .. .......... BUILDER: DATE OF CONSTRUCTION: VNKNOW@ 19 2.c) ? CONDITION: T)E-rEF1;;!j 0 1ZAT- i t4G MATERIALS: I r-1>0t-A bEEt-AMII`@4-17 DESCRIPTION: Written and/or Graphic A5ANDON:FC> :1`7ROM VEIAICULAR usa -1q42- 1. Use SINCa REEN USED AS A Va1:>ES7-RtAtN 2. Relationship to Surroundings BRIOGF- . PF-C0Mt-1F-ND -r)4AT- PE-=pAIRS F3F:: 3. Potential L@ONa -ro rr- @-:)o rr- CAM BE- FURTHER USF-:D AS A I-INKI?@p-Fvvi=-FEN TWO NEFIC-@k+BOPHOODS -T4E CAT40UC_ 41L-L- ) NEIG@AWPvioor> A4-41D -rAF- NE-ICABOR HCCt, AT;,'00t4D T-14F- C00P'T-ffbU--E ( VDA-/ HIEL SURVEYORS NAM: -P@ (@. DATE: I- 2S- 1 4 BAYFIELD HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROGRAM ------------ NATURAL FEATURES SURVEY FORM NAME: PHOTO: -ri@E T--@ANIIKIE --BLCr-K Scl 'BL.OCKS s-..5g, 43.43,26A LOCATION: OWNER: @BIJT-TIRG VA-RIOJS DESCRIPTION: INVALUA&F- OF NATURE IN-ro T44E_ 0 1. Geological 2 B tanical -rPA1 I 3: Zoological WA-CrE-Rl::AL-L25, INDIGENOUS @FDUAGE RtFF-Lr-F- WILDLiF-F- POTENTIAL: POS-11-FUE NAT-URE 71ZA%L. T:>CFa1-,Tr1 AL- SURVEYOR'S NME: DATE: 1-0.-"7+ PRESERVATION VALUES Figure 1. BaVfield Architectural Evaluation VARIABLES VARIABLE VALUES RANK WEIGHT SCORE Critical to the historic preservation program for any com- ARCHITECTURAL munity is the selection of architecturally and historically SIGNIFICANCE (30) significant structures and the justification for these choices. Architect's unknown 1 5.50 This selection process involves two main steps. First is significance local 2 11.00 the survey procedure explained in Chapter Two, and the state 3 5.50 16.50 second is the evaluation of survey results. An evaluation multi-state 4 22.00 national 5 27.50 process developed by Wisconsin's Critical Resources Infor- Representation of county or less 1 10.00 mation Program (C.R.I.P.) has been adapted for use in this period, type or regional 2 20.00 study. A joint project of the Wisconsin Department of Ad- style state 3 10.00 30.00 ministration and the University of Wisconsin's Department multi-state 4 40.00 of Landscape Architecture, C.R.I.P. ranks Wisconsin's national 5 50.00 natural and cultural resources, including architecture, in Quality of the poor 1 6.00 design as a repre- fair 2 12.00 order to determine priorities for management and preser- sentation of its good 3 6.00 18.00 vation. The evaluation process used by C.R.I.P. and modi- style, period, excellent 4 24.00 fied for this study of Bayfield translates complex visual ortype exceptional 5 30.00 and cultural values into a less complex system of maps Quality of poor 1 4.00 and numbers. This evaluation system facilitates a more ob- construction fair 2 8.00 good 3 4.00 12.00 jective comparison of buildings and enables the historic excellent 4 46.00 preservationist to note how the architectural, cultural, and exceptional 5 20.00 scenic details fit into the total impression of a community. Official no designation 1 2.00 The cultural evaluation process is divided into two parts: designation local or state' 3 6.00 national register or 2.00 the tabulation of the field survey data and an evaluation H. A. B. S. 5 10.00 of the detai led C. R. 1. P. matrix system. A modification of Part of historic unde5ignated 1 2.50 this matrix system was used for evaluating the Bayfield district potential designation, 2.50 survey forms. applying, designated 5 12.50 SUBTOTAL 108 Procedure for Evaluation SCARCITY (10) Nation many 1 5.00 5.00 The C.R.I.P. procedures were formulated by using the Nom- unique 5 25.00 inal Group Technique, which incorporated the knowledge State many 1 3.00 and judgment of various local and regional experts. The unique 5 3.00 15.00 evaluation method is summarized in Figure 1, Bayfield Local city, town, many 1 2.00 Architectural Evaluation. village unique 5 2.00 10.00 In Figure 1, the first column on the left, "variables" lists SUBTOTAL 50 the different aspects of a building that were considered im- CONDITION (18) portant by the local and regional experts. The next col- Exterior ruinous 1 8.00 run-down 2 16.00 umn, "variable values," indicates more detailed charac- fair 3 8.00 24.00 teristics for each of the variables. The third column, good 4 32.00 11 rank," lists the order of importance of each variable val- excellent 5 40.00 ue; the higher the number the more important the variable Compatibility of incompatible 0 0.00 value. The fourth column, "weight," designates the rela- addition or re- some compatibility 1 6.00 modeling high compatibility 2 6.00 12.00 tive importance of the variables. For example, under the no additions 4 24.00 general category, Architectural Significance, "quality of substantial improve- 5 30.00 construction" has a weight of 4 and "official designation" ments has a weight of 2. Therefore, "quality of construction" is Restoration complex 1 3.00 needed slight 3 3.00 9.00 twice as important as "official designation," according to no restoration 5 15.00 the local and regional experts involved in the C.R.I.P. SUBTOTAL 85 program. The last column "score" is determined by mul- ENVIRONMENT (15) tiplying the rank by the weight for each variable value. Each building's score is the sum of all the variable scores. Presence of detracts from site 0 0.00 natural features no effect 1 3.00 To determine the score for any building, the evaluator interesting feature 2 3.00 6.00 using the survey form refers to the evaluation table, exam- aesthetic addition 3 9.00 ines each variable and its value, the rank and weight and si-g. aesthetic addition 5 15.00 finally determines the corresponding variable score. The Presence of out of character 0 0.00 man-made none present 1 3.00 variable scores are then added to give the total building features interesting addition 2 3.00 6.00 score. Figure 2 indicates the application of this evaluation aesthetic addition 3 9.00 technique for Grace Episcopal Church scores 309.5. sig, aesthetic addition 5 15.00 SUBTOTAL 9 12 Figure 1. Bayfield Architectural Evaluation (continued) The Frequency Distribution of Building Scores USE (10) Once the evaluation of all buildings was completed, the Original or original 5 25.00 scores were plotted on a bar graph as a frequency distribu- adaptive adaptive -significant damage 0 5.00 0.00 tion. This process compares buildings that have the same -moderate damage 1 5.00 or similar scores. -maintain structure 3 15.00 -use beneficial 4 20.00 The number of houses was plotted on the vertical axis SUBTOTAL 25 and the scores of the houses were plotted on the horizontal SOCIAL VALUES (15) axis. Although the scores of the buildings were calculated Beneficial com- inappropriate 0 0.00 to tenths of a point, all of the scores falling between mul- munity use some community use 3 2.00 6.00 tiples of ten have been combined. For instance, scores be- high community use 5 10.00 tween 150 and 160 were counted as the same and added Research educa- inappropriate 0 0.00 together. tion potential none 1 4.50 restricted 2 4.50 9.00 The assumptions underlying the production of Figure-3 some 4 18.00 in operation 5 22.50 are: 1) that the total score which causes one house to SUBTOTAL 32.50 score higher than another is directly related to the visual character of that house, 2) that houses with similar scores have similar characteristics, and 3) that these similar char- acteristics will cause natural groupings of the frequency Figure 2. Sample Architectural Evaluation for distributions. - Grace Episcopal Church After being divided, the groups are assigned preservation VARIABLE VARIABLE VALUE SCORE priorities and are examined to determine which character- Architect's Significance Unknown 5.50 istics define each group. Representation of period, type or style State 30.00 Quality of the design as a representation of its style, period or type Exceptional 30.00 Figure 3. Bayfield Architectural Evaluation Quality of construction Exceptional 20.00 Frequency Distribution Official designation National Register or H. A. B. S. 10.00 65 High Preservation Part of historic district Potential designation 12.50 Priority SUBTOTAL 108.00 60 Medium Preservation SCARCITY 55 Priority Nation Unique 25.00 .50 State Unique 15.00 LowPreservation Q 45 Local city, town, village Unique 10.00 Priority 040 SUBTOTAL 50.00 035 CONDITION Exterior Excellent 40.00 -0 30 E Compatibility of addition 25 or remodeling Substantial Improvements 30.00 Z Restoration Needed No Restoration 15.00 20 SUBTOTAL 85.00 15 ENVIRONMENT 10 .......... ............. Presence of natural features Interesting feature 6.00 5 .......... V. Presence of man-made features None present 3.00 n 0 SUBTOTAL 9.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 200 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 300 10 USE SCORE Original or adaptive Original 25.00 SUBTOTAL SOCIAL VALUES Beneficial community use High community use 10.00 Research education potential In operation 22.50 SUBTOTAL 32.50 TOTAL SCORE FOR GRACE EPISCOPAL CHURCH 309.50 13 High Preservation Priority Low Preservation Priority There were 42 structures with over 200 points; these build- There were 165 buildings assigned the lowest preservation ings were designated as preservation priority one. They in- priority. This group of buildings may either be in need of clude the landmark structures and are the buildings that restoration or their alteration will make little or no impact should be maintained as closely to their original architec- on the visual and historic character of Bayfield. Some build- tural integrity as possible. ings in this group would normally be in group two based on their architectural merit. However, their condition is such Medium Preservation Priority that they do not score as high as similar buildings in better There were 205 buildings that scored between 150 and 200 condition. Decisions concerning alteration or destruction points. These are buildings whose general design integrity of the buildings in this group should be made with regard should be maintained, Minor alterations may not significant- to the architecture and condition of surrounding structures. ly change their overall character, but major additions such as asbestos siding over clapboard, changing a gabled roof to a flat roof, or replacing a wide porch with a small one, ought to be avoided. 00 C.CHURCH 13 T. 2 3 LINE C J 3 OUTIN HOUSE CHAPPY HOUSE 0 ar COURTHOUSE 6 GAZEBO 77 0 1 L 7 CATH.CHURCH '0 x2 COOPERAGE M 9 KNIGHT HOUSE 10 BORTH HOUSE W9, Ar=L C= 00 11 LIBRARY Oro 13 DITTUS HOUSE 12 JOHNSON HOUSE 00 Le- 14 FULLER HOUSE 15 CATH. SCHOOL 00 0-0 [w) a V " 16 OLD JAIL 0 h cm 0 a B- 17 FISHER MOUSE 0 L) a CD 0 a 18 CULLEN HOUSE IS ASHMArv HOUSE- 20 MCLEAr-i HOUSE "o 0 Oi 21 BC30TH FISHERY 0 ou @00 El Q3 C 13@ E3 22 ERNST HOUSE b 13 23 ETSELL BLDG. 00 0 ;V' 24 HALE HOUSE 3 25 R.R. TICKET OFFICE D@ en @/'o LK K BUILDING Z. BAYFIELD F-MTOPUC FAREENERWRION F:11.J[kN 14 General Characteristics of Bayfield's Architecture The Preservation Priorities Map demonstrates the diffuse An evaluation of the architectural survey yields details nature of Bayfield's historic architecture. Although there which contribute to the overall visual impression of the are no High Preservation Priority buildings southwest of the corner of Second Street and Rittenhouse Avenue townscape and a ranking of the buildings according to arch- they are spread throughout the rest of Bayfield and are itectural importance. almost always separate from one another and surrounded Both of these considerations are very important in deter- by buildings of both medium and low Preservation Priority. mining Bayfield's character. On the one hand, common- This would indicate that the entire city of Bayfield should place buildings do not score high on architectural merit nor be considered as a Historic District with general preserva- do they stand out visually; on the other, they form the cul- tion guidelines established for the four districts within it tural, and visual background against which the distinctive (waterfront, industrial, commercial and residential) and architecture is seen. It seems reasonable that the most fre- more specific preservation guidelines for the Landmark quently occurring and the most obvious architectural ele- buildings. ments determine the visual characteristics of the common- Unshaded buildings on the Preservation Priorities map are place buildings, and consequently, the basic visual char- contemporary structures or buildings that have been so acter of Bayfield. The buildings that score the. highest on altered that they appear contemporary in style. the evaluation forms are the landmark buildings of Bay- field; these buildings are the most striking. Though they are unique and valuable, they are not separable from the overall fabric of the Bayfield townscape. 0 MINI 4tn 'C3 CP ,0,0 A Ali Vow- 1 ON Ell raw., LY 0 MIN- ---- b JULUUM 0. ILO IMTA HIGH El IL 00 MEOILIM L _",81 L LOW 13 UL FNRIE N PRIORITIE E3AYFIELD C3RIC F-FaISEWFINA0310N PLAM , I j 15 .7 7777777, '77 777-77-@ 77=;, 7-F 7 -77-71@, 77 ;7 @N gj Y "At Z "J, n" ow. The old Bayffeld County courthouse. A fter lying nearly vacant for decades, this landmark building will be completely restored for new uses thanks to local preservation efforts. 16 Table 1. Numerical and Percentage Distribution of Architec- Architectural Details tural Characteristics in Bayfiefd-for all Districts Table I reveals se Iveral frequently occurring distinctive MASSING OF. UNITS Number Percent design characteristics which play an important role in de- Single Detached 385 95.1 termining Bayfield's exceptional visual character. Table 2 Double Semi-Detached, Related 1 0.24 provides a breakdown of architectural design character- Row Related 3 0.74 istics for each district in Bayfield. Row Non-Related 8 1.96 Attached Irregular 8 1.96 TOTAL 405 100.0 Table 2. Percentage Distribution of Architectural Characteristics HEIGHT Number Percent Within Districts 7; 1 Story 134 33.3 _7@ 2 1-1/2 Story 164 40.7 E 2 Story 79 19.6 E 2-1/2 Story 20 5.0 3 Story 3 .7 MASSING OF UNITS % % % % Irregular 3 .7 Single Detached 99.0 68.6 100.0 100.0 Double Semi-Detached, Related 0 2.0 0 0 TOTA L 403 100.0 Row Related 0 5.9 0 0 ROOF STYLE Number Percent Row Non-Related 0 15.7 0 0 Attached Irregular 1.0 9.8 0 0 Medium Gable 215 52.3 HEIGHT Low Gable 65 15.8 High Gable 29 7.0 1 Story 27.9 44.0 50.0 69.6 Boom Town 6 1.5 1- 1 /2 Story 47.9 14.0 18.2 13.0 Hip 49 12.0 2 Story 19.0 32.7 9.1 13.0 2-1/2 Story 4.1 9.3 9.1 4.4 Other 47 11.4 3 Story 1.0 0 0 0 TOTA L 411 100.0 Irregular 0 0 13.6 0 PLAN FORM (FLOOR SHAPE) Number Percent ROOFSTYLE Medium Gable 5S.0 46.5 37.0 46.7 Square 20 5.1 Low Gable 17.0 9.3 11.2 16.7 Rectangular 265 66.6 High Gable 8.4 4.6 3.7 0 L-Shaped 31 7.8 Boom Town 0 9.4 3.7 3.3 T-Shaped 25 6.3 Hip 13.8 7.0 11.1 0 +-Shaped 17 4.3 Other 5.8 23.2 33.3 33.3 Irregular 33 8.3 PLAN FORM (FLOOR SHAPE) Other 7 1.8 Square 5.8 0 4.3 4.3 TOTAL 398 100.0 Rectangular 64.0 86.4 56.6 78.3 L-Shaped 8.8 4.6 0 8.7 EXTERIOR COLOR Number Percent T-shaped 8.1 0 0 0 +-Shaped 4.9 4.5 0 0 White 185 45.0 Irregular 7.5 4.5 26.1 8.7 Green 42 10.2 Other 1.3 0 13.0 0 Red 32 7.8 EXTERIOR COLOR Brown 2S 6.1 Grey 16 3.9 White 51.0 29.5 2S.9 34.8 Green 10.4 6.8 18.5 8.7 Yellow 14 3.4 Red 6.2 22.7 3.7 8.7 Other 97 23.6 Brown 6.8 4.5 7.4 0 TOTAL 411 100.0 Grey 3.9 4.5 7.4 0 Yellow 3.0 0 0 21.7 EXTERIOR MATERIAL Number Percent Other 21.8 31.8 37.0 26.1 Clapboard 145 36.3 EXTERIOR MATERIAL Shiplap 56 14.0 Clapboard 41.3 28.9 18.2 0 Natural Wood 37 9.3 Shiplap 11.6 2.2 31.8 57.1 Stone 35 8.8 Natural Wood 10.0 8.9 4.5 4.8 Manufactured 120 30.1 Stone 5.5 35.6 4.5 4.8 Manufactured 31.6 20.0 27.3 28.6 Other 6 1.5 Other 0.0 4.4 13.6 4.8 TOTAL 399 100.0 Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding of figures. Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding of figures. 17 Massing of Units An open, uncluttered spacious quality is one of Bayfield's The map on exterior Materials best demonstrates the oc- distinctive characteristics. It results from the large number currence of empty lots and their distribution. Many of these of loosely scattered, single detached units that make up contain ravines but many others are lots vacated by a de- 95.1 percent of all buildings in Bayfield. In the residential creasing population that peaked at 2,500 people around district, this expansive impression is emphasized by large 1905. yards, a relatively high number of empty lots, and the up- ward sloping landscape that gives almost all residents a view of the lake. .......... .................. .............. ............... .... .. ...... V, N, .................. .... ..... . WATERFRONT E3 W-A INOUSTRIAL ... E3 COMMERCIAL AN RESIOENTIAL E3 TOPOGRAPHIC -3 UNITS TOP043RAPHIC MOGE STREET & WATER VIEW ORRICIOR VISUAL FORM STRUCT EUXYRIELD F4BTCX= 5 P FIEE11111WIll UKrK3N PLAN 0 41 c@- IF 4 0 04*' WN CLAPBOARD M.10 SH IPLAP M WOOD ttA 0 BRICK OR -0 STONE r1.MF"W.% MANUFAC- TURED Ci ...... . SIDING OTHER IC MATERIALS BAYFIELD HISTORIC PRESEMMION PLAN Building Heights The heights of buildings in the residential district indicate an equally interesting relationship between height and The relationship of the buildings to each other an 'd to the preservation priority. Contemporary buildings (those with landscape is very important. Very few individual struc- no preservation priority) are clearly dominated by one- tures dominate the skyline of the community. This uni- story structures (69 percent). The medium and low preser- formity in height gives Bayfield a very human and inviting vation priority groups are almost equal in number with atmosphere. Thirty-three percent of the buildings are one- 62 percent o .f the medium group and 57 percent of the story, 41 percent are one and one-half story, and 20 per- low group having 1.5 stories. The High Preservation Priority cent are two-story. Thus, 94 percent of all buildings in Bay- buildings distribute themselves more evenly over the field are two stories or less in height. The other 6 percent height spectrum, with no single height dominating. are over two stories, but the largest is only three and one- half stories tall. 19 0 0 C 0 MF-' 9111f man Or loop El .oo fill MED. GABLE am .... El LOW GABLE ifp HiGH GABLE A -]too HIP FV 6 000 0 El BOOMTOWN OOF STYLEB BAYFIELD lir-IIIIIIIIIISTORIC P PLAN Roof Styles comprises 55 percent of the roof styles. It also dominates In general, modular, "ranch" and other recent housing every other district, but different styles help give other districts different characteristics. The commercial district styles have practically done away with the gable as an has 10 percent of its buildings with boomtown roofs rem- architectural form in many parts of the United States. In iniscent of early development. The commercial, industrial Bayfield, however, can be found three types of gables, most of them associated with older structures: 16 percent and waterfront districts all have some buildings with flat roofs indicative of their more functional nature. have low gables, 52 percent medium gables, and 7 percent high gables. Of all the buildings in Bayfield, 75 percent A comparison of Roof Styles with Preservation Priorities have low, medium, or high gables; an additional 4 percent indicates several interesting relationships. The more con- of the structures have offset, cross, or center gables. temporary buildings (those not shaded on the Preservation The medium gable roof style occurs in every district but Priorities map) have 76 percent of the low gable roofs in is most predominant in the residential district where it the Residential district. Medium and high Preservation Priority buildings tend to have steep gable roofs. @Ajj fr Ard- 20 gp ism .......... 0 9111 N SON- U WHITE Q GREEN 0-7 RED BROWN ZT @ ji T7 Er@ z E3 GREY Ilk -.0. YELLOW R RIOR COLO BAYFIr=LO HISTORIC P B@WION PLAMN Exterior Colors Exterior Materials Forty-five percent of Bayfield's buildings are white, 49 Shiplap and clapboard siding are used on many of Bay- percent have white trim, and 18 percent have white roofs. field's buildings. Milled in the early twentieth century by Though some twenty different colors are found in Bayfield Pike's Sawmill and the Wachsmuth Lumber Company, this architecture, white is the most characteristic and striking material is a visual reminder of the city's industrial roots. color of the townscape. As can be seen from the map of Shiplap and clapboard make up 50 percent of all the build- Exterior Colors, white occurs throughout the entire com- ings; an additional 9 percent of the structures have other munity, especially in the residential district. The red forms of natural wood siding. Some 9 percent have either exterior color (usually brick) occurs frequently in a section brick, fieldstone, or Lake Superior sandstone exteriors. A of the commercial district centering around Broad and total of 68 percent of Bayfield buildings are constructed with traditional materials that were readily available Rittenhouse, while yellow is concentrated in the western around the turn of the century. end of the waterfront and associated mainly with what is left of the Booth Fisheries. Other colors that occur less The Exterior Materials map shows the very clear relation- frequently are portrayed by the unshaded buildings on the ship between materials and the districts in the city. Clap- map. board siding occurs almost exclusively in the commercial and residential districts and is the predominant material in those districts. The waterfront district shows a pre- ponderance of shiplap siding, while the industrial district is pretty much a potpourri of exterior materials. 21 Foundations The Bayfield House Another distinctive element of Bayfield's architecture All of the more common architectural characteristics are is the foundations found in the city. Prior to the exten- associated with buildings constructed prior to the I 930's. sive use of concrete, natural materials, such as fieldstone Thus, the average house in Bayfield is a white, one and left from glaciation and the distinctive Lake Superior one-half story, basically rectangular frame house, with sandstone mined in quarries around Bayfield were used clapboard siding, medium gables and a fieldstone founda- for constructing foundations. As might be expected, these tion, located on a lot with a large yard and no other at- materials are dominant in many of the older houses in tached buildings. These representative Bayfield houses Bayfield. These foundations, combined with the fieldstone comprise the background for the landmark buildings in and sandstone retaining walls that terrace the hillside set- the residential district. ting of the community, give Bayfield one of its most unique visual attributes. THE COMPOSITE BAYFIELD HOUSE 22 PRESERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS tion Service that now administers this act established that Because of Bayfield's geographical isolation and the general these resources were "significant" where integrity of loca- tion, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and economic decline of the region, the surge of haphazard association were present; where they were "associated with post World War 11 development that swept across many of events that have made a significant contribution to the America's historic and unique townscapes did not have a broad patterns of our history"; or where they "represent a major impact on the city. Bayfield's spectacular setting, significant and distinguishable entity whose components rich history, visual continuity and environmental quality may lack individual distinction." remain relatively intact, creating a uniquely picturesque small-town atmosphere among the communities of the The City of Bayfield appears to meet the requirements of Midwest. Bayfield still has a strong identity, a 'sense of the National Register program for an historic district. Sev- place'. This is a valuable asset. The historic preservation eral individual properties are already listed in the Register. recommendations in the present report are intended to This report's survey-evaluation reveals Bayfield's com- supplement and update the general design recommenda- munity-wide cultural, architectural, townscape and scenic tions from the Blueprint for Bayfield project to help Bay- features, as well as the city's rich and colorful history. In field retain its picturesque, small-town atmosphere for fu- light of this evidence, Bayfield stands as an example of ture citizens. one of Wisconsin's most distinctive and historic communities. The City as an Historic District Bayfield would receive several important benefits from be- ing listed on the National Register: The survey and evaluation of Bayfield's historic and arch- a. Having its historic integrity formally documented itectural resources indicate that structures with primary by our state and nation's major historic preservation (and secondary) preservation priorities do not cluster to- program would be a source of pride and distinction. gether into relatively compact areas within the community, b. Review and comment by the Council on Heritage but rather are dispersed throughout the entire city as indi- Conservation (formerly called the National Advisory cated on the Preservation Priorities Map, page 15. The sur- Council on Historic Preservation) could protect Bay- vey also indicates that a good share of Bayfield's character field from certain kinds of damage resulting from emerges from a large residential area which is dominated federally licensed or funded projects. This require- by unpretentious traditional structures that are strikingly ment has saved an increasing number of historic re- similar in color, exterior materials, roof style, basic plan sources from destruction by ill-conceived new con- shape, height, foundation construction and surrounding struction. yard space. Significantly, landmark buildings are scattered c. Limited funds would be available, on a 50 percent throughout the homogeneous residential district. Even the matching basis, for certain historic preservation re- more recent ranch-style homes are distributed throughout lated activities including restoration and mainten- the community rather than clustered in new subdivisions ance. at the fringe of the city. Other structures and spaces with d. Tax and depreciation advantages could be available preservation priorities are dispersed throughout smaller under the Tax Reform Act of 1976. non-residential areas of the city in the waterfront, indus- The National Register Program in Wisconsin is admin- trial, and commercial districts. istered by the State Historical Society. The procedure for This rather consistent, community-wide distribution of nomination and certification to the National Register be- preservation values within Bayfield requires a comprehen- gins with the preparation of a nomination form by knowl- sive approach to historic preservation. In order to achieve edgeable local citizens, professionals, or by the State His- meaningful city-wide historic preservation results, the en- torical Society's historic preservation staff. This, along tire City of Bayfield should be designated as an historic with necessary supporting material such as data from this district. To help protect Bayfield's historic, cultural, and study, is then reviewed by a subcommittee of the State esthetic resources, historic district status should be es- Historic Preservation Review Board. The nomination is tablished by: then placed before a subsequent meeting of the full Re- 1) Listing the entire city on the National Register of view Board for final approval. If approved, the nomination Historic Places as an historic district, and goes to the State Historic Preservation Officer who certi- 2) Enactment by the City of Bayfield of an Historic fies it and submits it to the Heritage Conservation and Rec- District Ordinance to be implemented at the local reation Service. After careful review by the National Reg- level. ister's staff in Washington the nomination, if approved, is The National Register Program added to the National Register. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 authorized The Local Historic District Program the Secretary of the Interior to "expand and maintain a We also propose that the City of Bayfield establish its own national register of districts, sites, buildings, structures and historic district program to safeguard historic and esthetic objects significant in American history, architecture, arch- features. This program would operate independent of the eology and culture." National Register properties had to National Register historic district and would be locally be of local, state or national importance. The National Park Service and the Heritage Conservation and Recrea- 23 administered by an historic district commission. The pres- General Design Considerations ent zoning ordinance must be amended to create this new district and also to change some of the criteria in the old Recognize and Understand Bayfield's Visual Character ordinance. In addition, a new ordinance, creating the preservation commission would be required. The Wiscon- Maintaining and strengthening the city's local character sin Statutes relating to zoning (62.23) provide the context and identity (discussed throughout this report and its for this action. predecessor, Blueprint for Bayfield) is a prime preservation principle. Bayfield's visual personality has evolved out of Under the historic district ordinance, proposed design the landscape setting and the actions and values of people changes would require review by the Historic District Re- as they built their community. The city's visual character view Commission. A suggested historic district ordinance has an underlying structure of three very distinctive ele- is included in Appendix "A". ments-its landscape setting, land use patterns, and street layout. Development Criteria Bayfield is located on a steeply-sloping elbow of land jut- The Historic District Review Commission can use the fol- ting into Lake Superior. Here the low level topography of lowing as a guide in determining appropriate designs of the waterfront rises gently to a narrow inland plateau be- new @onstruction or the remodeling or restoration of exist- fore sweeping sharply up the hillside. Three distinct ing structures. It will also be useful to the citizens, build- topographic areas or units can be defined. These topogra- ers, and developers who make the critical construction de- phic units are strongly reflected in the patterns of exist- cisions that can either promote harmony with Bayfield's ing land use - zones made up of residential, commercial, historic and visual features or destroy its character. and industrial activities, as well as a variety of uses in the This section attempts to establish design criteria, a process waterfront zone, another area that has a unique character. that is primarily subjective. Still, we hope to illustrate com- Notably each land use has a different set of homogeneous visual characteristics. It is unusual to see such clearcut mon sense design guidelines or principles suitable for ac- areas of land use, particularly when they are defined by commodating necessary change in the community. An un- such distinct topographic units. derstanding of Bayfield's history, citizen involvement in its architectural development, and the characteristic elements The street system organizes the structures and spaces of of Bayfield's present visual make-up provide a knowledge- the topographic units and land use zones by a framework able basis for establishing design recommendations. which unites the physical form of the entire community. This section gives information applicable to all of the de- The traditional gridiron street layout creates an unusual sign districts first, to provide a broad background and and dramatic visual effect because of Bayfield's location on context for the specific characteristics and design criteria the corner-shaped parcel of shoreline. The streets of the that follow for each individual district. grid radiate in two directions down the steep slope provid- Im Yes (traditional) 2 Yes (modem) 3 4 UE No A, [W 5 24 Remodeling Old Houses-Rear Extensions ing outstanding views of Lake Superior. Visible throughout Beware of Standardized Corporate Architecture the community, the lake is the city's major aesthetic at- In recent years, the uniqueness and identity of small town traction. America has been devastated by the impersonal stamp of Avoid Outside Design Influences that are not Part of standardized fast food franchises, filling stations, discount Bayfield's Heritage stores, and motels. Bayfield's charm requires design in- dividuality to fit its special character. The community Typical present day development with standardized build- should insist that mass-produced architecture be modified ing techniques tends to obliterate the unique quality of to suit the special aesthetic needs of the community. small towns. Too often, attempts are made to "tack on" instant character through the use of ethnic themes, often District Design Considerations with phony Bavarian, Swiss, German or Scanclanavian building fronts; or by architectural cliches such as wea- The Waterfront District thered barn boards, cedar shakes or roughsawn siding; or even inappropriate architectural styles from other parts A of the country, usually Colonial Williamsburg or Cape Cod. Any community with a strong local character such as Bay- field need not look elsewhere for architectural themes, styles or motifs. its own local character and architectural heritage are by far more genuine and appropriate sources for design and planning inspiration. Don't Be a Slave to the Past _17 The design of new buildings in Bayfield should not at- tempt to slavishly copy every architectural detail from structures of past eras. Bayfield is a living and changing twentieth century community. Good architectural design Comprised of some of Bayfield's most unique features, the for today's living must consider contemporary needs and waterfront district is a visually stimulating and historically values. Some flexibility is needed for sensitive and crea- rich area. A close relationship between water and the com- tive architectural expression, but this should respect munity has existed since Senator Rice founded Bayfield earlier building forms, materials, colors, and details in at a site where a natural deep water harbor linked it to order to preserve the traditional architectural values of large eastern and midwestern cities. The structures and the community. A modern house and an older traditional spaces that pattern the district have evolved from the house may both be attractive, but placed adjacent to each many activities related to the abundant resources of Lake other they could create discord and forfeit their individual Superior. The waterfront district consists of a narrow virtues. The situation might be improved if the modern strip of land immediately adjacent to the water's edge, This house were designed to respect and harmonize with the location is of crucial importance to the community. In traditional style of its neighbor but in contemporary arch- appropriate development, such as tall buildings, could itectural terms. The complicated problem is how to main- create a wall that would, in effect, block the city from tain the beauty, charm and historical authenticity of the its most valuable aesthetic resource. city, yet permit it to live and prosper with the greatest possible freedom. Water is undoubtedly the basic aspect of the visual char- acter of Bayfield. It determines the personality of the city and makes Bayfield distinct from other communities. Bayfield's future planning policy should preserve and utilize the waterfront district to enhance the community's tie to water-related activities. The fo llowing list will help to establish appropriate arch- itecture and site planning design criteria within the water- front district: HEIGHT: One story is the recommended height to maintain ass** a compatibility with the height of existing buildings with- in the district. [70 percent of the existing structures in the waterfront district are one story high (see Table 3.5)]. Taller buildings would block too much of the view of Lake Superior from the city. 25 ROOF STYLE: The dominant roof style (47 percent of SETBACK AND SITING CONSIDERATIONS: All exist- all structures) within the district is medium gable (see ing structures are single detached units. No discernible pat- Table 2). The roof shape of new buildings should reflect tern of setback from the streets exists immediately adja- this characteristic. cent to the water's edge. Seventy-three percent of the struc- PLAN FORM (FLOOR SHAPE): Small rectangular forms tures are built on the water's edge and in some cases protrude (78 percent of all structures) dominate the waterfront out over the water. Important siting considerations include district (;ee Table 2). Buildings have traditionally been maintaining pedestrian access to the water and not building unobtrusive, utilitarian structures designed to serve the so close together as to wall off views of the water. functional needs of commercial fishing, boating, and other LANDSCAPING: There is a noticeable absence of shrub- water-related activities. bery. Some trees are found at a considerable distance from EXTERIOR CO LOR: White is the dominant color (35 the water's edge. Wood makes an appropriate pedestrian percent of all structures). Cream yellow, the traditional walk material. A variety of outdoor elements and street furniture details exist in the nautical features and the color used on buildings of the Booth fishery, occurs on pedestrian-scale remnants from the,commercial fishing in- 22 percent of the waterfront district's structures (see clustry. Table 2). EXTERIOR MATERIAL: Wood shiplap drop siding is the PARKING: Parking lots should not be located in the wa- terfront district. most commonly used material and is found on 57 percent of the structures. THINGS TO AVOID: Prevent the automobile from pene- trating the district. The waterfront contains functional and FOUNDATION TREATMENT: Because of the generally esthetic character so prevent blocking the community's flat areas where buildings were constructed, a separate traditionally close relationship to the water with too many foundation material is usually not exposed and the siding structures grouped too closely together or built too high. material runs almost directly to grade. New construction Pedestrian access to the water should be continuous and should respect this lack of visible foundation. not fragmented, FACADE PROPORTIONS: For most buildings, the width The Industrial District is greater than, and often nearly equal to, the height to the top of the medium gable roof. Bayfield's industrial history included lumber mills and WINDOWS AND DOORS: Shapes are simple rectangles woodworking industries, horse liveries, and the rail-re- with the long side vertical. Circular, arched, diamond, and lated industrial activities. Today, the industrial district is pointed windows are not traditional. Glass panes are only a shadow of what it once was. To emphasize the exist- also rectangular with the long side being vertical. ing character of Bayfield (defined broadly through its sep- arate and distinctive districts), industry-related activities OTHER ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS: The functional should continue to be located here. Certain recreation ac- waterfront structures traditionally contained few archi- tivities (tennis courts, field games and the like) would be tectural embellishments. To preserve the simple lines of suitable here to maintain open space. New development the buildings, care must be taken to avoid non-functional (if properly handled) could aid the town's growth if lo- frills. cated here rather than sprawled along the roads leading into town. BAYFIE, D 26 Following are important features: The Commercial District HEIGHT: The majority (50 percent) of the structures in Characterized by closely-spaced one and two-story build- this district are one story while 18 percent extend to 1-1/2 ings, Bayfield's commercial district would be much like stories. any other midwest main street without its major distinguish- ing feature - a dramatic view of Lake Superior and the ROOF STYLE: As with the waterfront, the dominant roof Apostles Islands afforded by its slope down to the water- style is medium gable. Thirty-seven percent of the structures front. have this roof type. Within the district the sights are equally interesting. Red PLAN FORM: Rectangular shapes comprise 57 percent of tones dominate the buildings and are strikingly juxtaposed the structures in the district. against the long winter whiteness and seasonal coloration EXTERIOR COLOR: White is the most commonly found of the lake. The commercial district is attractive to shop- color in the industrial district, being on 26 percent of the pers, visitors, and those who simply prefer to watch the structures. passing scene because of its small town flavor and its in- viting sense of activity. EXTERIOR MATERIAL: Wood in the form of shiplap To help preserve this character the following features drop siding is the most commonly used material (32 should be carefully regarded: percent). FOUNDATION TREATMENT: Foundations are low, un- HEIGHT: Of all the districts in Bayfield, the commercial obtrusive and consist of concrete or stone. area includes the greatest percentage of two-story struc- tures (33 percent). However, the dominant one story height FACADE PROPORTIONS: There are no established facade (44 percent) prevails throughout the district. Two story proportions, but the width usually exceeds the height. structures are recommended along Rittenhouse Avenue, the main thoroughfare, to provide enclosure and to strength- WINDOWS AND DOORS: Functional considerations deter- en the sense of density, traditional to a downtown sense of mine placement and size. Critical details should be ob- place. served. Examples include the use of wood for doors and breaking up large expanses of window glass into smaller ROOF STYLE: The medium gable is most commonly panes by the use of muntins is important. found in the district (46 percent). OTHER ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS: The simple, func- PLAN FORM: Rectangular plan forms are more abundant tional architecture is generally free of embellishments. here (86 percent) than in any of Bayfield's other districts. SETBACK AND SITING CONSIDERATIONS: Many EXTERIOR COLOR: White is most frequently found structures closely abut the street for easy access. Broad, (30 percent), while red is next in occurrence (22 percent) undeveloped open spaces are typical in this district. Where because of the abundant use of brick and native brownstone necessary this district could accommodate parking for the within the district. waterfront and commercial districts. Certain outdoor EXTERIOR MATERIAL: Red brick and native brown- storage activities such as those related to pulpwood and stone are the most abundant materials, representing 36 boats are also part of the character of this district. All percent of those found in the district. Clapboard siding is structures are single detached units. found on 30 percent of the structures. LANDSCAPING: The present use of vegetation is lim- FOUNDATION TREATMENT: Almost no foundation is ited, but should be considered for future screening purposes. exposed in structures originally built for commercial ac- PARKING: Large barren expanses of asphalt should be tivities. avoided. Where parking is needed, care should be taken to FACADE PROPORTIONS: These vary throughout the introduce landscaped buffers and islands that divide and district depending on whether the structure is one or two screen large paved areas into smaller areas. stories high. In some instances, such as early commercial THINGS TO AVOID: Metal buildings and mobile homes structures, a false boomtown front was added to provide are not traditional structures for this area. Massive, bulky an illusion of height. Existing facade proportions should buildings having long, continuous walls with no features to be respected where new construction occurs adjacent to break up their visual monotony should be avoided as well or between either high priority preservation buildings or as structures over two stories high. Because the district medium priority preservation buildings that have architec- contains a large amount of open space, it is available and tural distinction. vulnerable to new development. Care must be taken to in- sure that this development is suitable, especially if a fran- chised enterprise with a standardized national architectural style moves in. 27 0 IMF Rx" FEW, Acme &J- 1 A 90 WINDOWS AND DOORS: Because of extensive remodel- very narrow side yards. The resulting enclosure of Ritten- ing, the proportions of first floor windows in commercial house Avenue created by buildings is a quality that should structures vary considerably. Early photographs indicate be maintained. that store front windows were usually higher than their LANDSCAPING: Maples once lined Rittenhouse Avenue width and often consisted of several vertical panes rather prior to the installation of underground utilities and exten- than a single large expanse of glass. Unpainted aluminum sive paving. Because they lac Ik proper scale, small shrub- windows and doors should be avoided. bery and landscape features should not be used along Rit- OTHER ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS: Many interesting tenhouse Avenue. architectural details at the first floor level have been oblit- THINGS TO AVOID: Remodeled or gimmicky first floor erated by remodeling and the addition of new facades. facades that are out of character with the total structure's However, at the second floor a variety of interesting de- design integrity, and the heritage of the community should tails in the form of brackets, cornerstones, brick work, be avoided. (This most frequently occurs when a separate window lintels, decorative wood scrollwork, and boom building material is used.) Refrain from permitting fran- town facades remain. These are important details that chised business activities with standardized building design should be preserved. and large, garish, direct lighted, flashing or neon signs. Do SETBACK AND SITING CONSIDERATIONS: Nearly all not remove structures fronting on Rittenhouse Avenue to commercial structures border directly on the sidewalk. The create parking areas. majority of buildings (54 percent) abut another structure. Where buildings do not actually touch, there are usually 28 EXTERIOR MATERIAL: Wood dominates the material type used in the residential district. It occurs as clapboard siding on 41 percent of the structures, as drop shiplap on 12 percent and as other types of non-manufactured wood siding on 10 percent of the di5trict's structures. -RAF, 'k FOUNDATION TREATMENT: In the residential district foundations are an important visual component of Bay- @V R field's traditional residential architecture. This occurred because many structures were built on sloping hillside lots that required a rather high foundation wall on the downhill side of the building. The abundance of cut sandstone and rounded glacial till field stones provided a distinctive foun- clation material for the area. When feasible this material should be used in future foundation and wall construction. Where the red-tinged native stone is used with wide mortar joints, the mortar should be tinted red to blend with the ij: color of the stone. FACADE PROPORTIONS: The proportions between UA. the width and height of the facade of new structures should be visually compatible with visually related and ad- jacent structures. This is especially important for new homes built between or adjacent to the traditional 1-1 /2 and 2 story, older Bayfield houses. The Residential District WINDOWS AND DOORS: These are simple rectangles with the long side vertical. Traditional windows, with the Despite a population decline, this area has maintained an occasional exception of the large bay window, consisted atmosphere of tranquility and stability - a special quality of a series of smaller vertical panes. Rectangular windows known to relatively few towns. Public buildings - the with the long axis horizontal should be avoided, as should Catholic, Lutheran and Episcopalian Churches, the Holy windows with large expanses of glass that are not broken Family School, the high school, the old courthouse - ac- up by panes, Many traditional windows consisted of a four- cent an otherwise level skyline of one and one-half and over-four or six-over-six arrangement of panes. Unpainted two-story houses. Enduring symbols of the past remain in aluminum windows and doors should be avoided. Bayfield's residential district in the form of historic foun- Recommended Not Recommended tains, majestic shade trees, and quaint white frame houses. Because of the abstract qualities of historic serenity, these details and the ones that follow should be regarded as preservation features and areas. The impending threat of residential sprawl must be met with a sensitive awareness of the elements that comprise Bayfield's character. HEIGHT: The most typical height is 1-1/2 stories occur- Original Clapboard Wide Vinyl or ring on 50 percent of the residential district's structures. Aluminum Two stories would be an appropriate limit. Low ranch style houses should not be encouraged when located between existing 1-1/2 or 2 story traditional Bayfield houses. ROOF STYLE: Again, medium gable is most common (55 percent of the residential district's structures). PLAN FORM: Sixty-four percent of the structures in the Vinyl or Aluminum Asbestos Shingle residential area are rectangular in plan form. An additional 23 percent are basically rectangular in shape, but minor plan form variations are present, such as the "L" shape or "T" shape, EXTERIOR COLOR: White is the dominant color (51 percent of the structures) followed by green (10 percent of the homes). Wood Shingle Vertical Siding 29 . .. ...... . .. ..... ... F9 REHABILITATION RETAINING ORIGINAL CHARACTER REHABILITATION DIMINISHING ORIGINAL CHARACTER 30 OTHER ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS: Bayfield houses possess an abundance of decorative woodwork and other details. These include brackets under the eaves, stained glass, wood porches with ornamental railings and pillars, barge boards, and "fish scale" and other forms of scalloped siding. These features should be preserved because they contribute a great deal of visual interest to the residential district. Architectural details should be incorporated as needed to harmonize the modern with the old. J POW"', SETBACK AND SITING CONSIDERATIONS: The set- back for new structures should be similar to that used for a existing structures in the immediate area. Generous side- yards are typical in the district. Traditionally, retaining walls have been used where a significant change in grade has occurred as a result of new construction. These walls are typically constructed of local stone rather than concrete block or railroad ties. WL." '77 @7 Uiid 0- "k, 66&�r VL 31 -7, A LANDSCAPING: Bayfield homes have traditionally pos- sessed an abundance of fountains and well-kept gardens. The latter remain today as a distinctive feature of the resi- dential district. In new home construction, every attempt should be made to retain existing vegetation. The abundant use of native plant materials would be appropriate. -4 PARKING: Large parking lots should not be located in A the residential district. Where new garages are built for individual homes, the material and style should be in keep- ing with that of the house. THINGS TO AVOID: Mobile homes. Metal garage5 and storage buildings. Gaudy, showy colors on either the siding or trim of structures. Unusual roof forms that have not traditionally been used in the community (for example, mansard or A-frame). N 32 OTHER PRESERVATION PROGRAMS maintain the building's, exterior. All proceeds from rentals, sales, and interest are returned to the fund in order to re- The Bayfield Historical Society plenish it. The result can assure the preservation of im- The recently formed Bayfield Historical Society has been portant local buildings by families who will maintain and acknowledge their historic value to the city. Private inter- most successful in stimulating a greater appreciation for ests working through the Bayfield Historical Society or Bayfield's history. This organization is a natural and ap- another non-profit group could activate this program. propriate group for providing the leadership and action which executes local preservation programs. To do this Adaptive Uses effectively, the membership of this organization should be expanded. A vigorous attempt should be made to enlist Short-sighted "modernization" and desire for change new members from the many friends of Bayfield that are should not occur without regard for the recycling poten- not permanent residents of the city but are regular sum- tial of Bayfield's sturdy older structures. Many of the city's mer visitors or property owners in the area. important historic buildings can be retained by converting In addition to sponsoring meetings with speakers on their interiors into appropriately new and economically topics of local history as well as summer evening cruise viable uses. Rather than expensive demolition and new tours, an expanded and more financially secure Bayfield construction, a modern interior can be combined with the Historical Society could attempt the following: richness and charm of an historic shell as a- positive act of historic preservation for the community. a. Sponsor tours and open houses of Bayfield's historic architecture. Teaching Local History b. Carry on research efforts about building histories to History should be an exciting and meaningful component provide information on exterior and interior design as of the education of our children. Its lessons can be woven well as the background of people who were early into their lives from stories by a grandparent to American residents and developers. Publish pamphlets and history classes at the primary and secondary school level. other material about local history and local preserva- Teaching and interpreting local history should be part of tion efforts. this activity. It would go a long way toward supplying c. Acquire funds from private individuals, foundations, children with their sense of place in the community and and agency programs for local historic preservation. their community's place in the world. d. Where appropriate, assume responsibility for pur- chasing, restoring, and managing key historic struc- In Bayfield, students from a local school and Northland tures in Bayfield. College in Ashland, Wisconsin conducted oral interviews A precedent for this type of successful local preservation with senior citizens of both Chippewa and white ancestry activity already exists in the small village of Ephraim, Wis- in an attempt to record their view of local history. This consin, a town similar to Bayfield. (Ephraim is located on information could be integrated into a program to inter- Green Bay in Door County). Here some 25 years ago, pret the evolution of their city and the surrounding cul- summertime and year-round residents established the non- tural and natural landscape. Such an effort could provide profit Ephraim Foundation to "preserve the historical, the community with an intimate awareness of its roots and heritage. It could form the basis for an innovative cultural and educational atmosphere of Ephraim." The school history curriculum that would involve all the his- foundation purchased and restored the village's early one- toric resources of Bayfield: its people, especially senior room school as a musical festival headquarters. The citizens; its architecture; and the photographs, objects Ephraim group also provided financial assistance toward and artifacts that help make history come alive in the rebuilding and preserving a community landmark dock and eyes of tomorrow's citizens. warehouse as an art gallery, restored and operated a pio- neer waterfront general store, assisted in financing a vil- lage historic preservation plan, acquired and restored the A Walking Tour cabin of one of Ephraim's important early families, and One of the best methods for introducing residents and preserved an important parcel of open space in the center visitors to the.historical, cultural and natural wealth on an of the village. area is to entice them while on a walking tour. This is especially true in Bayfield with its uniquely beautiful A Revolving Fund natural setting and picturesque houses. Many local groups are preserving historic structures with In 1974 the Bayfield Chamber of Commerce and the money from a revolving fund. This consists of financial Sigurd Olson Institute of Environmental Studies pro- assistance, administered through a non-profit organiza- duced a walking tour pamphlet which was an instant tion, for the purpose of purchasing significant historic success. The Chamber distributed 3,000 copies in two structures. These are then either restored by the organiza- months. A revised and expanded version of the publication tion and sold or rented, or they are resold to individuals would be a great asset to preservation efforts in Bayfield. who agree, through covenants, to properly restore and 33 APPENDIX A Proposed Ordinance for the City of Bayfield, Wisconsin Establishing an Historic District Commission SECTION 1.0 PURPOSE It is hereby declared a matter of public policy that the protection, enhancement, perpetuation and use of improvements of special character or special historical interest or value is a public necessity and is required in the interest of health, prosperity, safety and welfare of the people. The purpose of this ordinance is to: (a) Safeguard the heritage of the City of Bayfield by preserving a district that reflects elements of its cultural, social, economic, political and architectural history; (b) Stabilize and improve property values; (c) Foster civic pride in the beauty and noble accomplishments of the past; (d) Strengthen the local economy; (e) Promote the use of historic districts for the education, pleasure and welfare of the citizens of the village. SECTION 2.0 BOUNDARIES OF DISTRICT The Bayfield Historic District shall be that area bounded by the corporate city limits. SECTION 3.0 REGULATION OF STRUCTURES No structure shall be constructed, altered, repaired, moved or demolished in the Bayfield Historic District unless such action complies with the requirements set forth in this Article. SECTION 4.0 HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION 4.01 Creation of Commission: In order to execute the purposes declared in this ordinance there is hereby created a commission to be called the Historic District Commission. 4.02 Membership of the Commission: (Note, use one of three following sections for the makeup of the Commission). (a) The existing City Planning Commission. (or) (b) Designating the Historic District Commission as a separate Commission (or) (c) Either of the above, with provisions for outside expertise from one of the following: (1) A paid consultant in historic preservation, landscape architecture or architecture. (2) The Northwest Regional Planning Commission, (3) University of Wisconsin Extension. (4) The Sigurd Olson Environmental Institute at Northland College. 4.03 Duties and Powers of the Commission: (a) It shall be the duty of the Commission to review all plans for the construction, alteration, repair, moving or demolition of any building or structure (including walls, fences, light fixtures, steps and pavement, or other appurtenant features), any above-ground utility structure, or any type of outdoor advertising sign in the historic district and it shall have the power to pass upon such plans before a permit for such activity can be granted. In reviewing the plans, the Commission shall give consideration to 1) the historical or architectural value and significance of the structure and its relationship to the surrounding area; 2) the general compatibility of exterior design, arrange- ment, texture and materials proposed to be used; 3) the conservation of natural features such as existing topography, trees, and shrubbery, streams, marshes and 4) any other factor including esthetic, which it deems important. 34 (b) The Commission shall have the power to issue a Certificate of Approval if it approves of the plans submitted to it for its review. The Inspector of Buildings shall not issue a building permit until such Certificate of Approval has been issued by the Commission. (c) The Commission shall have the power to call in e@perts to aid it in its deliberations. The Commission shall pass only on exterior features of a structure and shall not consider interior ar- rangements, nor shall it disapprove applications except in regard to considerations as set forth in the previous paragraph. It is the intent of this section that the Commission be strict in its judgment of plans for alteration, re- pair, or demolition of existing landmark structures designated by this study. It is also the intent of this Article that the Commission shall encourage that the making of alterations and repairs to landmark structures be made in the spirit of their architectural style. 4.04 Adoption of Rules: The Commission shall keep a record, which shall be open to public view, of its resolutions, proceedings and actions. The concurring affirmative vote of a majority of members shall constitute approval of plans before it for review, or for the adoption of any resolution, motion, or other action of the Com- mission. The Commission shall submit an annual report of its activities to the Mayor. SECTION 5.0 DEMOLITION REGULATIONS The landmark structures within the district have great historic or architectural worth and are deemed to be so valuable to the city that their demolition should not be allowed except where deemed a hazard to public health or safety by a responsible public agency. Moving of a structure is to be allowed as a final alternative only if there is no other way to retain the structure on its original site. SECTION 6.0 PROCEDURE FOR THE REVIEW OF PLANS (a) Application for a building permit to construct, alter, repair, move or demolish any structure in the Historic District shall be made to the Inspector of Buildings. Plans shall be submitted as follows: (1) A plot plan showing contour lines; the location of all existing and/or proposed improvements; the location of all trees having height in excess of six (6) feet; and such trees that the owner proposed to remove. (2) Floor plans. (3) Drawings showing all elevations. (4) Description of exterior materials and colors. (b) Upon the filing of such applications, the Inspector of Buildings shall immediately notify the Historic District Commission of the receipt of such application and shall transmit it together with accompanying plans and other information to the Commission. (c) The Historic District Commission shall meet within fifteen days after notification by the Inspector of Buildings of the filing, unless otherwise mutually agreed upon by the applicant and the Commission, and shall review the plans according to the duties and powers specified herein. In reviewing the plans, the Commission may confer with the applicant for the building permit. (d) The Commission shall approve or disapprove such plans and, if approved shall issue a Certificate of Ap- proval, which is to be signed by the Chairman, attached to the application for a building permit and im- mediately transmitted to the Inspector of Buildings. The Chairman shall also sign all prints submitted to the Commission signifying its approval. (e) If the Commission disapproves of such plans, it shall state its reasons for doing so and shall transmit a record of such action and reasons therefore in writing to the Inspector of Buildings and to the appli- cant. The Commission may advise what it thinks is proper if it disapproves of the plans submitted. The applicant, if he so desires, may make modifications to his plans and shall have the right to resubmit his application at any time after so doing. 3S (f) The failure of the Historic District Commission to approve or disapprove of such plans within forty- five days from the date of application for the building permit, unless otherwise mutually agreed upon by the applicants and Commission, shall be deemed to constitute approval and the Inspector of Build- ings shall proceed to process the application without regard to a Certificate of Approval. (g) After the Certificate of Approval has been issued and the building permit granted to the applicant, the Inspector of Buildings shall from time to time inspect the construction, alteration or repair approved by such certificate and shall take such action as is necessary to force compliance with the approved plans. SECTION 7.0 DEMOLITION OR MOVING OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES The demolition or moving of structures of historic or architectural worth shall be discouraged. The Commis- sion shall not issue a Certificate of Approval for demolition except when deemed a hazard to public health or safety by a responsible public agency; or when retention of such structure would cause undue financial hard- ship to the owner, which would be defined as a situation where more funds than are reasonable would be re- quired to retain the structure; but may issue a certificate for moving such a structure. In cases where approval for demolition is granted for reasons other than public safety or health, such certificate shall not become ef- fective until six months after the date of such issuance in order to provide a period of time within which it may be possible to relieve a hardship or to cause the property to be transferred to another owner who will re- tain the structure. SECTION 8.0 PROTECTIVE MAINTENANCE REQUIRED All buildings and structures that are designated as landmarks shall be properly maintained and repaired as the same level required elsewhere in the city. Should an owner deliberately omit essential maintenance and repairs, which would eventually result in the building becoming so rundown that it would be unreasonable for the city to refuse to allow the owner to demolish the building, the Committee shall bring this matter to the attention of the Inspector of Buildings who shall immediately require protective maintenance and repair to further the economic health, safety and general welfare of the city. SECTION 9.0 EXCEPTIONS Nothing in this Article shall be construed to prevent ordinary maintenance or repair of any structure within the Historic District; nor shall anything in this Article be construed to prevent the construction, alteration, repair, moving or demolition of any structure under a permit issued by the Inspector of Buildings prior to the passage of this Ordinance. SECTION 10.0 APPEALS Any person or persons jointly or severely aggrieved by a decision of the Historic District Commission shall have the same rights of appeal concerning such a decision as are granted to an applicant who is aggrieved by a de- cision of the Zoning Board of Review. 36 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Ashland Daily Press. 2. Bayfield City Directory, 1888. 3. Bayfield County Press, 1870 et seq. Bayfield Library, Wisconsin Historical Society. 4. Bayfield, Zoning Map. Bayfield, Wisconsin. 5. Bettman, Otto L., The Good Old Days- They Were Terrible. Random House, New York, 1974. 6. Boston Redevelopment Authority, Revitalizing Older Houses in Charleston. 7. Boston Society of Architects, Our Vanishing Heritage and What To Do About It. Boston, Massachusetts, 1974. 8. Buckley, Ernest, B@ilding and Ornamental Stones of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin No. IV, Madison, Wisconsin, 1898. 9. Bureau of Governmental Research, Technical Report, Vieux Carre Historic District, Demonstration Study: Environmental Survey. New Orleans, Louisiana, 1968. 10. Burnham, Guy M., The Lake Superior Country in History and in Story, Browzer Books, Ashland, Wisconsin, 1974. 11. Chicago Department of Urban Renewal, A Preliminary StudylPreserving the Architectural Character of a Neighborhood. Chicago, Illinois. 12. Civic Trust, Pride of Place; How to Improve Your Surroundings. London, England, 1972. 13. Clay, Grady, Close-Up: How to Read the American's City. Praeger Publishers, New York, 1973. 14. Colchester County Planning Committee, Colchester: An Historic Townscape. England, 1967. 15. Costonis, John J., The Chicago Plan: Incentive Zoning and the -Preservation of Urban Landmarks. In the Harvard Law Review, Vol. 85, No. 3, p. 574, 1972. 16. Cullen, Gordon, Townscape. The Architectural Press, London, 1961. 17. Dalrymple, William F., Letters. Wisconsin Historical Society. 18. Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, "Canadian Inventory of Historic Buildings Form", Ottawa, 1971. 19. Doylestown Borough Planning Commission, Design Resources of Doylestown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Doyle5- town, Pennsylvania, 1969. 20. Marston, james;American Building: The Historical Forces thatShaped It. Fitch-Schocken Books. New York, 1973. 21. Garrett, Billy G. and Garrison, James W., Plan forthe Creation of an Historic Environmentin Tombstone, Arizona. Tombstone Restoration Commission, Inc., Tombstone, Arizona, 1972. 22. Holzhueter, John 0., Madeline Island and the Chequamegon Region. The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, 1974. 23. Institute for Environmental Studies, Recommendations for the Assessment, Inventory and Implementation of a Critical Resource Information Program (CRIP) for Wisconsin. The University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1974. 24. Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Canadian Inventory of Historic Building Training Manual. Ottawa, 1971. 25. Institute for the Study of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, Willard: A Plan for Its Historic Preservation. Utah State University, 1973. 26. Jacksonville Area Planning Board, Jacksonville Form and Appearance: One. Jacksonville, Florida, 1971. 27. Johnson, Johnson and Ray, Marshall: A Plan for Preservation. 28. MacManus, Frederick and Partners and Gordon Cullen, Tenterden Explored, An Architectural and Town5cape Analysis. Kent County Council, Maidstone, Kentucky, 1967. 29. Meyer, B.P., Stith, B.J., and Dean, J.M., Styles and Designs in Wisconsin Housing: A Guide to Styles, Cooperative Extension Programs, University of Wisconsin Extension, Madison, Wisconsin, 1974. 30. Nantucket Historic Districts Commission, Nantucket Historic District Guidebook. Nantucket: Poet's Corner Press, 1967. 31. New Bedford Redevelopment Authority, Preservation and Rehabilitation of An Historic Commercial Area. New Bed- ford, Massachusetts. 32. Old West Side Association, Inc., Old West Side, Ann Arbor, Michigan, A Report on the Environmental Survey of a Neighborhood Ann Arbor, 1971. 33. Peet, James, Diaries. Wisconsin Historical Society. 34. Perrin, Richard, W. E., The Architecture of Wisconsin. Madison. The State Historical Society, 1967. 35. Providence City Plan Commission, College Hill: Demonstration Study of Historic Area Renewal. Providence, Rhode Island, 1959. 36. Pyke, John S., Jr., Landmark Preservation. Citizens Union Research Foundation of the City of New York. 37. Reiten, Halver, Personal Interview. 1974. 38. Ross, Hamilton, Nelson, La Pocinie Village Outpost. Ross, Edward's Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1971. 39. Sanborn Insurance Company Maps of Bayfield State Historical Society of Wisconsin. 40. Savannah, Georgia Historic District Ordinance, Adopted 1973. 1500-3j9AO22-79 37 41. Sheboygan Redevelopment Authority, Prospects for the Past: A Study of Notable Architecture, Sheboygan Renewal Area - 1972. Sheboygan, Wisconsin, 1972. 42. Sommer Lawrence, The Heritage of Dubuque: A Preliminary Study of Historic Preservation Needs and Opportunities. Planning and Zoning Commission, Dubuque, Iowa, 1974. 43. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, "The National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin," Madison. 44. Stephen, George, Remodeling Old Houses Without Destroying Their Character. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972. 45. Stiles, C. G., A Souvenir of Bayfield County. Wisconsin. Iron Mountain, Michigan, updated (probably 1904). 46. Tishler, William H. and Morrison, D., Blueprint for Bayfield. The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 1969. 47. Vernor, J., Graaskam-p, J. and Tishler, W., Blueprint for Bayfield-2: The Relationship Between New Private Investment in Basic Tourist Facilities and Bayfield Tax Revenue for Public Development. Madison, The University of Wisconsin, 1971. 48. Waisted, Julien, Personal Interview, 1974. 49. Warren, William W., History of the 0jibway Nation. Ross and Haines, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1957. 50. Whiffen, Marcus, American Architecture Since 7 780. A Guide to the Styles, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1969. 51. Worskett, Ray, T,he Character of Towns: An Approach to Conservation. The Architectural Press, London, 1969.. 52. Ziegl&r, Arthur-,A-.,.Hjstoriq@PI tvation.in Inner City Areas: A Manual of Practice. The Allegheny Press, 1971. DAT E D GAYLORD No. 2333 PRINTED IN U SA Sea Grant Advisory Report #422 This work was funded in part by the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant College a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Program under a grant from the Office of Sea Grant, National Oceanic and SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce and by the State of Wisconsin. The Research Division of the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wliconsi'n- Madison, publishes this information in support of its programs and provides equal opp8rtunit Iies in employment, Programming and admission. Single copies of this publication are available free to Wisconsin residents from county Extension offices and to others from the Agricultural Bulletin Building, 1535 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wl 53706. The Agricultural Bulletin Building quotes DECEMBER 1978 prices for bulk orders. 9rder by_�qral number and title- n R2939 Historic Preservatio Jill I @111111 I N111:iA Case Study 3 -61668 1141 6 2754