Saipan lagoon use management plan

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

MANAGEMENT PLAN

SAIPAN LAGOON USE

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GB VOLUME[
2231 Data and Analyses
S25
1985

COASTAL RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT

Coastal Resources Management
Office of the Governor
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950

Prepared by
Duenas and Swavely, Inc.
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P.O. Box 8900
Tamuning, Guam 96911
inassociationvAth
Pacific Basin Environmental Consultantsq Inc.
P.O. Box 20868, MPO
Guam 96921-0868

SAIPAN LAGOON USE MANAGEMENT PLAN

VOLUME 1

DATA AND ANALYSES

Prepared for
Coastal Resources Management Office
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

Prepared by
Duenas and Swavely, Incorporated
in Association with
Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc.

AxvzqTl oso ;o A3zedoxg

U - S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON SC 29406-2413

This Volume was funded by the United States Department
of Commerce, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
Management, and the Coastal Resources Management
Office, Government of the Northern Mariana Islands.

VOLUMEI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART A

INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY FOR DATA COLLECTION
AND A SUMMARY OF DATA
FROM QUESTIONNAIRES, INTERVIEWS AND PLANNING ADVISORY TEAMS

PAGE

I. INTRODUCTIOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
A. Purpose of Report . . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . 0 . 0 0 * . . . 0 1
B. Description of Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
C. Guide to Use of Volume I . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 2

II. METHODOLOGY FOR DATA COLLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
A. Data Collection Procedures . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 6
1. Office Methods . . . . . . . . . . & . . . . . .... . . . . 6
2. Field Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Planning Advisory Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
a. Saip;@n Lagoon Planning Advisory Teams . . . . . . . . 8
b. SALAPAT One . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 8
c. SALAPAT Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
B. Interviews . . . . . * 0 0 0 0 * 9 0 . . . . . . 10
1. Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 0 . . . . 10
2. Personal Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
C. Planning Areas and Ecological Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1. General Description of Planning Areas . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2. General Description of Ecological Zones . . . . . . . . . 21

III. SUMMARY OF DATA FROM QUESTIONNAIRES, INTERVIEWS AND
PLANNING ADVISORY TEAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
A. Fishing and Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
B. Recreational Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
C. Commercial and Tourism Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
D. Personal Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
E. Planning Advisory Team Objectives . . . . . . . . . . o . . . 32
1. SALAPAT One . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 32
2. SALAPAT Two . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 35

PART B

PRESENTATION OF DATA AND ANALYSES
BY PLANNING AREA AND BY PROJECT AREAWIDE

PAGE

I. PUNTAN MAGPI PLANNING AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
A. Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
1. Living Marine Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
a. Northern Portion - Inner and
Outer Reef Flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
b. Northern Portion - Reef Margin
and Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2 c. Near-shore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3
d. Lagoon . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . I-4
e. Reef Flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5
f. Reef Margin and Slope . . . . . . . . . . I-6
2. Physical Marine Resources . . . . . . . . . . . I-7
a. Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-7 b. Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-7 1-7
3. On-Shore Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-8
a. Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-8
b. Rare Threatened and Endangered Species . . . I-8
B. Manmade Resources and Human Uses . . . . . . . . . . I-8
1. Land Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-8
a. Existing Development and Public Facilities .I-8
b. Public Land Ownership and Access . . . . . I-10
c. Recreation Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-10
d. Historic Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-10
e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Redistribution .I-10
f. Stormwater Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . I-10
2. Economic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-11
a. Subsistence Fishing and Gathering . . . . . . I-11
b. Tourism Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-11

II. TANAPAG HARBOR PLANNING AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1 II-1
A. Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1
1. Living Marine Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1
a. Near-shore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1
b. Lagoon and Patch Reefs . . . . . . . . . . II-3
2. Physical Marine Resources . . . . . . . . . . . II-4
a. Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-4
b. Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-8
3. On-Shore Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-8
a. Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8
b. Mangroves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9
c. Rare Threatened and Endangered Species . . 11-9
B. Manmade Resources and Human Uses . . . . . . . . . . II-10
1. Land Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-10
a. Existing Development and Public Facilities . . II-10
b. Public Land Ownership and Access . . . . . . . II-10

PAGE

c. Recreation Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-10
d. Historic Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-11
e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Redistribution . . . . . . II-11
f. Stormwater Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-11
2. Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-11
a. Existing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-11
3. Economic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-12
a. Subsistence Fishing and Gathering . . . . . . . . . . II-12
b. Commercial and Sport Fishing and Facilities . . . . II-12
c. Port and Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-12
d. Tourism Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-17

III. MANAGAHA ISLAND PLANNING AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-1
A. Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-1
1. Living Marine Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-1
a. Lagoon and Patch Reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-1
b. Reef Flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-2
c. Reef Margin and Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-3
2. Physical Marine Resources . . . . . . . . . . . III-6
a. Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-6
b. Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-6
3. On-shore Resources III-6
a. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species . . . . III-6
b. Terrestrial Vegetation III-7
B. Manmade Resources and Human Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-7
1. Land Uses . . . . . . . III-7 a. Existing Development an . . . . 111-7
b. Public Land Ownership and Access . . . . . . . . . III-7
c. Recreation Sites . . . . . . . . . . III-7
d. Historic Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-10
e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Redistribution . . . . III-10
f. Stormwater Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-10
2. Economic Resources . . . III-10
a. Subsistence Fishing and Gathering III-10
b. Commercial and Sport Fishing and Facilities . . . . . III-11
c. Ports and Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-11
d. Tourism Industry . . . . . . . . III-11

IV. PUNTAN MUCHOT PLANNING AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-1
A. Natural Resources IV-1
1. Living Marine Resources IV-1
a. Near-shore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-1
b. Lagoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-2
c. Reef Flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-4
d. Reef Margin and Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-5
2. Physical Marine Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-5
a. Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-5
b. Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-10
3. On-Shore Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-10
a. Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-10
b. Mangroves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-12
c. Rare Threatened and Endangered Species . . . . . IV-12

PAGE

B. Manmade Resources and Human Uses . . . . . . . . . . IV-13
1. Land Uses . . . . . . . 0 * 0 0 . . . . . . . . 0: ., IV-13
a. Existing Development and Public Facilities . . . . IV-13
b. Public Land Ownership and Access . . . . . . IV-13
c. Recreation Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o IV-13
d. Historic Sites . . . . . 0. . 0 . . . . . . . . IV-13
e. Beach Erosion and Storm Surge Zones . . . . . . . . IV-15
f. Sto'rmwater Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-15
1. Existing Development and Public
Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-15
2. Economic Resources o . * * * ' * * * ' * * * * ' IV-21
a. Subsistence Fishing an@ aalhering . . . . . . . 0 . IV-21
b. Commercial and Sport Fishing and Facilities . . . . . IV-21
c. Ports and Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-21
d. Tourism Industry . . . . . . . ... . . . . . o . . . IV-21

V. GARAPAN LAGOON PLANNING AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-1
A. Natural Resources V-1
1. Living Marine iesou*r*ces V-1
a. Near-shore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-1
b. Lagoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o .. . . . . . . . V-2
c. Reef Flat . . . . . . . ... . . 00 . 0 . . . . . . 0 . V-3
d. Reef Margin and Slope. o. . . . . . . . . . . . . V-4
2. Physical Marine Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-5
a. Currents . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-5
b. Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-5
3. On-Shore Resources . . . o . . 0 . . . . . . 0 . . . . . V-6
a. Rare Threatened and Endangered Species . . . . . . . V-6
B. Manmade Resources and Human Uses . . . . . . . . . . . o V-6
1. Land Uses . . . . . . . v-6
'Z * 'lic iacilities' V-6
a. Existing Development an Pub
b. Public Land Ownership and Access . . . . . . . . . . v-6
c. Recreation Sites . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-6
d. Historic Sites . . . . o . . o . . . : * * * o * I V-7
e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Redistribution . . . . . V-7
f. Stormwater Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-7
2. Economic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-7
a. Subsistence Fishing and Gathering o . . . . . . . . V-7
b. Commercial and Sport Fishing Facilities . . o . o o . V-8
c. Ports and Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-8
d. Tourism Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-8

VI. PUNTAN SUSUPE PLANNING AREA . o. . . . . . VI-1.
A. Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-1
1. Living Marine Resources . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-1
a. Near-shore . . . . . . . . *. 0 . . . . . . . . VI-1
b. Lagoon . . . . . o . . . . o... . . . . . . . o . : . VI-2
c. Reef Flat . . . . . . . . . 00 0 . . . . . . . . . . VI-2
d. Reef Margin and Slope . .o . . . . . . . . VI-3
2. Physical Marine Resources . . . . . . . . . . . o VI-4
a. Currents . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . VI-4
b. Water Quality . . . . o o . o. o. . . . . . . . . o . VI-4

PAGE

3. On-Shore Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-10
a. Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-10
b. Rare Threatened and Endangered Species. VI-10
B. Manmade Resources and Human Uses . . . VI-10
1. Land Uses . . . . . . . . . VI-10
a. Existing Development and Public Facilities . . VI-10
b. Public Land Ownership and Access . . . . . . VI-11
c. Recreation Sites . . . . . . . . . . . VI-11
d. Historic Sites . . . . . . VI-12
e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Redistribution VI-12
f. Stormwater Drainage VI-12
2. Economic Resources. . . VI-12
a. Subsistence Fishing and Gathering VI-12
b. Commercial and Sport Fishing Facilities . VI-12
c. Ports and Shipping VI-13
d. Tourism Industry . . . . . VI-13

VII. PUNTAN AFETNA PLANNING AREA . . . . . VII-1
A. Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . VII-1
1. Living Marine Resources . . . . VII-1
a. Near-shore . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-1
b. Lagoon . . . . . . . . . . VII-1
c. Reef Flat . . . . . . . VII-2
d. Reef Margin and Slope . . . . . . VII-3
2. Physical Marine Resources . . . . . . VII-4
a. Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-4
b. Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-4
3. On-Shore Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-5
a. Rare Threatened and Endangered Species VII-5
B. Manmade Resources and Human Uses . . . VII-5
1. Land Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-5
a. Existing Development and Public Facilities VII-5
b. Public Land Ownership and Access . . . .. VII-5
c. Recreation Sites . . . . . . . . VII-6
d. Historic Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-6
e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Redistribution VII-6
f. Stormwater Drainage . . . . . . . . . VII-6
2. Economic Resources. . . VII-6
a. Subsistence Fishing an Gathering VII-6
b. Commercial and Sport Fishing Facilities VII-6
c. Ports and Shipping . . . . . . . . VII-6
d. Tourism Industry . . . . . . . . VII-6

VIII. PROJECT AREAWIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-1
A. Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-1
1. Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-1
2. Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-1
B. Manmade Resources and Human Uses . . . . . . VIII-1
1. Land Uses and Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-1
a. Water Facilities . . . . . . . . VIII-1
1. The Existing System . . . . . . . VIII-1

PAGE

2. Existing Plans for Saipan's Water
Facilities . . VIII-9 er ms . . . VIII-14
3. Problems Associated with the Water Systems VIII-14
b. Wastewater Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-14
1. Central Wastewater System . . . . . . . . . . VIII-15
2. Southern Wastewater System . . . . . . . . VIII-15
3. Existing Plans for Saipan's Wastewater
Facilities VIII-22
4. Problems Associated with the Wastewater VIII-26
c. Beach Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-29
2. Water Quality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-29
3. Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-35
a. World Energy Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-35
b. Saipan's Energy Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-37
c. Present Energy Status in the CNMI . . . . . . . . VIII-38
d. Energy Alternatives for Saipan . . . . . . . . . VIII-40
e. Energy Management on Saipan VIII-40
f. Alternate Energy Sources for the CNMI VIII-41
4. Economic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-42
a. Tourism Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-42
C. Legislation and Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-42
1. Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-42
a. Areas of Particular Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-42
b. Taxation and Revenue - Producing Legislation . . . VIII-52
c. Land Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-53
d. Protection of Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-53
3. Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-55
a. Established CZM Goals and Policies . . . . . . . VIII-55

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES PAGE

PART A

1. Project Area of Saipan Lagoon Use Management
Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3

2. Sampling Transects within each Planning Area . . . . . . . . 7

3. Marine and Terrestrial Fishing and Gathering
Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4. Recreational Use Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5. Commercial and Tourism Use Questionnaire . . . . . . 16

6. Six Ecological Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

PART B

I-1. Quality Monitoring for Fecal Colform (October 1984 -
March 1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-9

II-1. Drogue Drift Paths for 20 March 1976 . . . . . . . . . II-5

II-2. Drogue Drift Paths for 12 June 1976 . . . . . . . . . . II-6

II-3. Currents in and near Baker Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-7

II-4. Possible Berthing Plan for Tanapag Small Boat
Harbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-13

II-5. Tanapag Harbor Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-14

IV-1. Currents. Location: Garapan, EBB Tide . . . . . . . IV-6

IV-2. Currents. Location: Garapan, Flood Tide . . . . . . . IV-7

IV-3. Currents. Location: Hafa Dai, EBB Tide . . . . . . . . IV-8

IV-4. Currents. Location: Hafa Dai, Flood Tide . . . . . IV-9

IV-5. General Circulation Pattern, Garapan Drainage
Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-11

IV-6. Historic Sites at American Memorial Park . . . . . . . . IV-14

FIGURES PAGE

IV-7. Shoreline Erosion in the Puntan Muchot
Planning Area . . . . . . . . . IV-16

IV-8. Recommended Plan for Garapan Flood Control . . . . . . IV-19

IV-9. Typical Section, Garapan Flood Contrcl . . . . . . IV-20

VI-1. Currents. Location: Saipan Grand, EBB Tide VI-5

VI-2. Currents. Location: Saipan Grand, Flood Tide. VI-6

VI-3. Currents. Location: Chalan Kanoa, EBB Tide . . . . VI-7

VI-4. Currents. Location: Chalan Kanoa, Flood Tide . . . . . VI-8

VI-5. General Circulation Pattern, Susupe/Chalan Kanoa
Drainange Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-9

V111-1. Puntan Magpi Planning Area Water System . . . . . . . V111-2

V111-2. Tanapag Harbor and Puntan Muchot Planning Areas
Water System VIII-3

VIII-3. Garapan, Puntan Susupe and Puntan Afetna. Planning
Areas Water System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V111-4

VIII-4. Saipan Water System Demands and Flows . . . . . . . . V111-5

V111-5. Central and Southern Sewage System . . . . . . . . . VIII-16

VIII-6. Central Sewage System; Existing Facilities . . . . . . VIII-17

VIII-7. Garapan Outfall Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIll-18

VIII-8. Southern Sewage System Existing Facilities . . . . . . . VIII-21

VIII-9. Agingan Outfall Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-23

VIII-10. Traffic Counts along Beach Road . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-30

VIII-11. APC Map Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-47

VIII-12. APC for Northern Lagoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V111-48

VIII-13. APC for Garapan Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-49

V111-14. APC for Central Lagoon Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-50

VIII-15. APC for Southern Lagoon Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-51

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

PART A

1. Guide to Use of Volume One for Natural Resources 4

PART B

I-1. Recreational Facilities in Puntan Magpi Planning
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-10

II-1. Recreational Site at Tanapag Harbor Planning
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-10

III-1. Checklist of Fish Species observed in the
vicinity of the proposed Underwater Trail at
Managaha Island . . . . . . . . . . . 111-4

III-2. Checklist of Terrestrial Flora identified along
the Nature Trail and elsewhere on Managaha
Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111-8

IV-1. Recreational Sites at Puntan Muchot Planning
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-15

IV-2. Measures for alleviating Garapan Flooding . . . . . IV-18

V-1. Recreational Sites at Garapan Lagoon Planning
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-7

VI-1. Recreational Sites at Puntan Susupe Planning
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-11

VII-1. Recreational Sites at Puntan Afetna Planning
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . VII-5

VIII-1. Projected Residential Educational, Commercial and
Industrial Water Consumption Demands . . . . . . . . . VIII-6

VIII-2. Assumptions for projecting Water Consumption
Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-9

VIII-3. Fire Flow Capacities are further calculated by
Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-10

VIII-4. Estimated Maximum Future Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . VIII-11

VIII-5. Recommended Improvements to the Saipan Water
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-12

TABLE PAGE

VIII-6. Central System Residential Sewer Service Con-
nections . . . VIII-19

VIII-7. Central System Number and Type of Wastewater
Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-19

VIII-8. Wastewater Flows, Central System . . . . . . . . . VIII-20

VIII-9. Southern System Residential Sewer Service Con-
nections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-24

VIII-10. Number and type of Wastewater Connections for the
Southern System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-24

VIII-11. Wastewater Flows for the Southern System . . . . . . . VIII-25

VIII-12. General Wastewater System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-27

VIII-13. Southern Wastewater System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-28

VIII-14. End Uses of Fuels, CNMI, 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-39

VIII-15. Saipan Tourist Accomodations along Saipan
Lagoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-43

VIII-16. Saipan Tourist Attractions . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-45

VOLUMEI

PART A

INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY FOR DATA COLLECTION

AND A SUMMARY OF DATA

FROM QUESTIONNAIRES, INTERVIEWS AND PLANNING ADVISORY TEAMS

CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION

A. Purpose of Report
The purpose nf this Volume I, SAIPAN LAGOON USE MANAGEMENT
PLAN is to present and analyze in one bound volume all available,
pertinent data pertaining to the PLAN'S project area. Much of this
data are original and resulted from extensive field investigations as well
as from surveys, interviews and input from Planning Advisory Teams.
This Volume also contains excerpts from other relevant studies and
reports dealing with both natural and man-made resources of the Saipan
Lagoon and its on-shore project area.
Volume I is presented in three parts: Part A, Part B and Part C.
Part A describes the project area and methodologies that were employed
for data collection. It also summarizes much of the data that resulted
from questionnaires, interviews and Planning Advisory Teams. All of
Part A's pages are numbered sequentially from 1 through 30.
In Part B the actual data are presented and analyzed for each of
the seven Planning Areas that comprise the Lagoon and on-shore project
area. Much of these data are also depicted on the six-sheet, "SAIPAN
LAGOON USE MANAGEMENT PLAN - Planning Areas" maps which are
included as Volume III of the PLAN. Part B's page numbers are pre-
ceded by the chapter number or appendix letter, and pagination is
sequential on a chapter by chapter basis. Each of th6 seven Planning
Area chapters are described with the same format of data presentation
which includes:
Natural Resources
- Living Marine Resources
Physical Marine Resources
- On-Shore Resources
Man-made Resources and Human Uses
- Land Uses
- Economic Resources
The final chapter of Part B describes Project Areawide data which
cannot be usefully categorized into any particular Planning Area. This
chapter presents project areawide data for:
Natural Resources
- Physical Marine Resources
- Physical On-Shore Resources
Man-made Resources and Human Uses
- Land Uses and Infrastructure
- Energy Resources
- Economic Resources
Legislation and Policies
- Executive Orders
- Legislation
- Policies
Part C is a bibliography of this PLAN's references, and it should
be consulted for bibliographic data when references are cited in either
Volume I or II.
Volume I data and data analyses were utilized to formulate the
various plans, policies and programs embodied by the SAIPAN LAGOON
USE MANAGEMENT PLAN. These plans are presented in Volume II.
The maps depicting existing data and proposed plans are in Volume III.
An Executive Summary of the PLAN is presented in Volume IV.

B. Description of Project Area
The SAIPAN LAGOON-USE MANAGEMENT PLAN project area- is
depicted on Figure 1. Generally, it is elliptical in shape, bordered on
the west by the Lagoon's barrier reef and on the east by West Coast
highway and Beach Road. The PLAN's seven Planning Areas are also
shown in this figure.

C. Guide for Use of Volume I
Because of the comprehensive nature of data that are analyzed
within this Volume a Guide was devised to facilitate the presentation of
data collected throughout the Saipan Lagoon project area. The Guide is
presented in Table 1. The Table is in two sections: Natural Re-
sources; and Man-made Resources and Human Uses. Within each of
these two major categories are the various sub-categories such as
Living Marine Resources, Marine Physical Resources, Land Uses, and
Economic Resources. Where these sub-categories are discussed in this
Volume a check mark is denoted under the appropriate Planning Area.

Figure

.21

IUt.

PHILLIPINE
SEA

SAIPAN ISLAND
NOT TO SCALE SAN ROGIUE.

TANAP"

ru
pf
jKAN,6-4A A
Pa S NEL

!NIAN

PHILLIPINE
SEA

L,&C::j 00 1\4

SAN
Jose
N I

FUNTAN
SUSUPE
3LISW

CHALAN
KANOA

S91H
mrON)o

TABLE 1. GUIDE TO USE OF VOLUME ONE FOR NATURAL RE

PLANNING AREA

Puntan Tanapag Managaha Puntan Garapan Puntan Pt
Magpi Harbor Island Muchot Lagoon Susupe A

Living Marine Resources
Corals x x x x x x
Fishes x x x x x x
Marine Plants x x x x x x
RTE Species x x x x x x

Marine Physical Resources
Currents x x x
Tides
Water Quality x x x x x x
Hydrography

On-Shore Resources
Wetl ands x x
Mangroves x x
RTE Species x x

TABLE 1 cont. GUIDE TO USE OF VOLUME ONE FOR MANMADE RESOURCES AND HU

PLANNING AREA

Puntan Tanapag Managaha Puntan Garapan Puntan Pun
Magpi Harbor Island Muchot Lagoon Susupe Afe

Land Uses
Existing Development
and Zoning x X x x x x
Historical Sites x x
Recreation Sites x X x x x x
Un Infrastructure
Water
Sewer
Storm Water and Flood
Control x x
Scenic, Land
Scenic, Underwater
Beach Erosion and
Storm Surge Zones x x x x x x 3
Public Lands Owner-
ship and Access x x x x x x 2

Energy Resources
Existing Facilities x
Alternate Sources

Economic Resources
Subsistence Fishing and
Gathering x x X x x x )i
Commercial and Sport
Fishing x x x x x x 31
Tourism Industry
Resource Extraction 31
Port and Shipping x

CHAPTER II - METHODOLOGY FOR DATA COLLECTION

A. Data Collection Procedures
Various methodoloil-e-shave been employed to generate the data and
attain an understanding of the Lagoon environs in order to establish
reasonable development objectives. Methods employed for this project
fall into two basic areas: office or field related. Field data were
collected both on land and in the Lagoon.

1. Office'Methods
MethoUs employed in the office involved numerous standard
project tactics such as identifying data needs and sources for
specific aspects of the scope, i.e. general references for a compre-
hensive bibliography. Once the data sources had been identified,
these reports, studies, notes, letters, maps, collections, policies,
rules and regulations, laws, plans, photographs and samples were
compiled so that the study team could periodically reference them
throughout the project. Since this project involved a compre-
hensive study and evaluation of data from the entire Saipan Lagoon
as well as from a significant portion of the western Saipan shoreline
(both geographically and geopolitically), data collection methods
were devised which enabled the compilation of a large volume of
data within a relatively short period of time.

2. Field Methods
Field data were collected on both land and lagoon related
issues. Since the project area is quite large, various means of
transportation were used to adequately gather the data. The
on-shore and shoreline portions were traversed by car and moped
and by walking and jogging along the shoreline. Observations were
made and notes taken on maps (scale 1:10,000 and smaller) within
each of the planning areas. Particular areas of interest (expanding
villages, rapid growth areas, port and harbor areas and critical
habitats) were examined more carefully for details necessary to
support in-depth analysis.
The Lagoon was surveyed by boat, skin and scuba diving, and
by towing on an underwater sled along pre-established transects.
Visual observations were made regarding human uses and natural
resources. Notes were made on standard aerial photographs (scale
1:10,000 metric) and lists were compiled for natural resources in all
areas of the Lagoon. Natural resources within the Lagoon were
identified by noting obser-vations after short tows (15-30 minutes).
Figure 2 shows all transects where underwater tows were made.
Particular areas of interest (identified from aerial photographs,
discussions with CNMI officials and personal observations) were
noted and site-specific skin or scuba dives were made to ascertain
the nature of the resource. These areas are noted in Figure 2.
Underwater tows were made in water 2 m or deeper in all areas of
the lagoon and outside the barrier reef and over four ecological
zones (reef margin and slope, reef flat, lagoon and nearshore).
Whenever positive identification was not possible in the field, spec-
imens were collected and verified later.

220 20-0
215 210
Puntan b
.1170
177 174 4
16 157 22
183 IHOM 1110 37 C'
100 Fik 105 152
180 72 107
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dt
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Figure Z - Sampling transects
@..A) 1C

1r,untim j@gin
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within each Planning
7
2.1 1. Area
94 24

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9

3. Planning Advisory Teams

a. Saipan Lagoon Planning Advisory Teams
Planning Advisory Teams were established to assure
government-wide and community-wide input to the data
collection and planning process. The term SALAPAT is an
acronym for Saipan Lagoon Planning Advisory Team. These
teams met on two different occasions for two days each.
The purpose of SALAPAT sessions was to achieve an in-
formed, technical exchange of ideas and opinions about the
future of the Saipan Lagoon and its shoreline area. From
deliberations on several key discussion issues, master planning
for Saipan Lagoon proceeded with the benefit of timely input
from people representing a wide range of public and private
concerns.
There were no guidelines or formalities imposed on
SALAPAT participants. By restricting the sessions to rather
small, informal groups at a secluded, comfortable location, these
sessions presented the ideal environment to freely participate in
the planning process. Reference data, including a SALAPAT
information packet as well as other sketches and plans, helped
to assure the participants of sufficient background information
in order to productively contribute to the sessions.

b. SALAPAT ONE
SALAPAT ONE was held on May 23 and 24, 1984 and was
attended by the following participants:
Pedro A. Tenorio Lt. Governor
David M. Sablan Microl Corporation
Bill Concepcion Marianas Public Land Corporation
Al Hockett Dept. of Public Works
Gordon Joyce National Park Service
Bruce Lloyd Coastal Resources Management Office
Felix Rabauliman Special Assistant for Carolinian Affairs
Nicolas M. Leon- Dept. of Natural Resources
Guerrero
Bill Sakovitch Dept. of Community and Cultural
Affairs
Martin Cabrera Coastal Resources Management Office
Liz Udui Physical Planning Office
H. R. Guerrero Pacific Development Inc.
Daniel Muna Office of the Mayor, Saipan
Joe Songsong Commonwealth Port Authority
Ben Concepcion B. C. Water Sports Inc.
John H. Robinson Robinson Associates and Marine
Surveying
Jess Pangelinan Historic Preservation Office
Donald Bufton Saipan Construction and Salvage
Vicente C. Aldan Coastal Resources Management Office
Debby Knutson Coastal Resources Management Office
Roger Gridley Gridley Reality
Jesus G. Villagomez Marianas Public Land Corporation

John Funey Marianas Visitors Bureau
Carl L. Goldstein Division of Environmental Quality
Benigno M. Sablan House of Representative
Brian P. Reyes Coastal Resources Management Office
Tammi Grove Coastal Resources Management Office
Ivan Groom Northern Islands Company
Ron Strong PBEC, Incorporated
Michael Wilder PBEC, Incorporated
John P. Duenas Duenas and Swavely, Incorporated
Dan Swavely Duenas and Swavely, Incorporated

c. SALAPAT TWO
SALAPAT TWO was held on August 30 and 31, 1984 and
attended by the following participants:
Pedro A. Tenorio Lt. Governor
Benigno M. Sablan Representative, Fourth Northern
Marianas Commonwealth
Legislature
Jose M. Rios Mayor, Island of Saipan
Manuel T. Sablan Administrator Coastal Resources
Management Office
Tammi Grove Coastal Resources Management Office
Debby Knutson Coastal Resources Management Office
Martin Cabrera Coastal Resources Management Office
Bruce Lloyd Coastal Resources Management Office
Felix Rabauliman Special Assistant for Carolinian
Aff airs Office
Gloria Hunter Govenor's Special Assistant for
Programs and Legislative Review
Roger Gridley Gridley Realty
Meredith Glenn Saipan Chamber of Commerce
Maryann Aldan Duty Free Shoppers (SPN) Ltd.
Joe Camacho Duty Free Shoppers (SPN) Ltd.
Joe Songsong Commonwealth Ports Authority
Bill Concepcion Marianas Public Land Corporation
Felix Sablan Marianas Visitors Bureau
Gordon Joyce American Memorial Park
National Park Service
Al Hockett Department of Public Works
Jesus R. Sablan Department of Commerce and Labor
Bill Lopp Division of Environmental Quality
Magdalena S. George Associated Insurance of the Pacific
John H. Robinson Marianas Aqua Sports
Herman Guerrero Pacific Development Inc.
Lydia Sablan Economic Development Loan Fund
Nick Leon Guerrero Department of Natural Resources
Pat Bryan Division of Environmental Quality
Ivan Groom Northern Islands Company
Mike Wilder PBEC, Incorporated
John P. Duenas Duenas and Swavely, Incorporated
Dan Swavely Duenas and Swavely, Incorporated

B. Interviews

1. Questionnaires
in order to gather infbrmation from various Lagoon use planning
groups, interviews were conducted in the form of questionnaires.
Three separate questionnaires were devised (Figures 3, 4 and 5) as
identified here:
1. Marine and Terrestnal Fishing and Gathering
2. Recreational Use
3. Commercial and Tourism Use
The survey objective was to distribute the first two question-
naires over the heavily used areas first. Two Saipan residents
were employed to conduct the interviews in order to minimize
cultural and language problems "outsiders" often have in obtaining
accurate information f3mm the public.
Maxine and Terrestrial Fishing and Gathering Questionnaires
were distributed to known fishermen and gatherers wherever they
were found, at home or in the field. Field visits were made to
known fishing and gathering spots along the shore, boat launching
sites and where catches are distributed or sold.
The Recreational Use Questionnaires were distributed through-
out the project area depending on level of use. Attempts were
made to interview individuals over 15 years of age where they were
recreating. interviews were also conducted at the high schools to
determine how young adults (ages 15-18) view present Lagoon uses
and how they might be improved.
Commercial. and Tourism Use Questionnaires were distributed to
selected organizations which relate closely to the tourist industry
and deal with tourists on a daily basis. These organizations are
associated with glass-bottom boat cruises, trips to Managaha,
fishing, scuba diving, bus tours and various related tourist pur-
suits. A few of these questionnaires went to beach rental outlets
that sell or rent equipment to tourists. Very few interviews (less
than 10) were obtained from Japanese tourists. A breakdown of
completed interviews fQUows:
Fishing and Gathering 65
Recreational Use 122
Commercial and Tourism Use 16

2. Personal Interviews
Personal interviews were also conducted to gain insight into
particular aspects of the prc3ect area or Lagoon uses. These as-
pects were generally subjective areas invcIving politi s and policy.
Individuals within the CNMI government as well. as private business-
men with a vested interest in the growth and development of Saipan
commented on numerous issues. Although no specific questionnaire
form was used, most of the issues in the questionnaires were also
covered in these personal interviews.

C. Planninq Areas and Ecological Zones
The Plan's project area is subdivided into seven Planning Areas
(Figure 1) and six Ecological Zones (Figure 6). The Planning Areas

Figure 3

MARINE AND TEFdT.5IRIAL
FISHING AND GAZMNG
QUEsTiazAIRE

DA7E:
TIME OF DAY:

=E OF RF-%2CWENr

Ethnic group
one
oup (Specify nuaber)

FISHING/GAMiMING

Subsistence
-Commrcial
=Sport

L=ION

Generic: - Backshore Shoreline Nearshore ___Lagoon
Outer Reef -
Actual: -Quadrant location on map
Launching 717-e if by boat:
Entry point if on foot or swimning or by vehicle:

NEn7M OF FISEHIM

Cast net
Gill net
Fish weir
Tro I I ing
Handl ine
-Trapping
!;@@earfishing: Skin diving Scuba diving Boat
-Shore
Hook and Line Shore Wading __.Poat

SPECIES

What are you fishing for?
What species have you caught?

TYPE OF CAM-ERING

Land crabs
-Coral
-Shells
Sand
Coconut branches
-Pandanus leaves

Coconuts
Aluminun cans
---Mang e ecify for what:
- Fire7ovod Zast t'ySppe:
Fruits (What kind:
Medicinal plants (What kind:
Flowers (What kind:

TIME

Hours per day fishing/gathering

FREQUENCY

____Pays per month fishing/gathering

QUALrIY

Has the quantity increased or decreased since you started
fishing/gathering?

If yes, can you explain the change?

Has the size of individual species increased or decreased
since you started fishing?

If yes, can you explain the change?

SPBCLAL ISSUES

What type of fishing/gathering activities cause problerm?

What problems do you experience during your fishing/gathering?

What kinds of hazards do you fear or encounter when fishing or
gathering?

Do you ever see any illegal fishing/gathering in the lagoon area
(poison, dynamite, chlorox, sand mining, live coral harvesting or
other)?

If yes, please give the location(s) by quadrant on the map.

PERSCNAL

Age
Sex
::::Age began fishing/gathering
ual family incCrM
B3--y-ou fish/gather in the same or different areas as
when you started?
If not, then Wiiy?
Do you live in lagoon area or not ?
Do you drive to -the lagoon area or walk ?
If you drive to the lagoon area where do you Fa-rk?
What support facility or facilities do you need for your
fishing/gathering activities?

AMITICNAL 024ARUS

Figure 4
RECREATICNAL USE
Q=ICNIIAM

DATE:
TIME OF DAY:

TYPE OF RESPCNDENr

Charmirro
Carolinian
Local Resident (Specify:
@Expatriate
Tourist
AcrIVITY Swiziming Snorkeling Scuba Waterskiing
Sailing Motor Boating Fishing Gathering
Shelling Picknicking ___@Sightseeing Walking
-Park use Biking Other

LOCATICN

Generic: Backshore Shoreline Nearshore
Outer Reef
Acutal: Quadrant location on imp
Access point By-boat;
Access point by car or on foot:

SPECIAL ISSUES

Narm your favorite sights in the lagoon area

What is your favorite beach?

How should the lagoon area look?

Do you enjoy your activity in the lagoon area? _ yes no

How could each of the above sights, beaches and activities be
irrproved?

Do you use the Managaha beach ___yes no?

If no, then why not?

Are there sufficient public areas for recreation and access to
thern? no

If no, indicate where access should exist for a particular
recreation spot.

What uses should be encouraged?

What uses should be regulated?

What uses should be prohibited?

What kinds of hazards do you experience during your activity?

What fears do you have regarding your activity?

What should public beach lands be used for?

What should private beach lands be used for?
PERSCRAL A-ae

Ethnic group
Family annual
incorm
Do you drive or walk to the lagoon area?
Where do you park if you drive to the lagoon area?

ADDITICNAL CMENIS

Figure 5
M&OCIAL AND IULRISN4 USE
QUESrICN-JAM

TDE OF DAY:

TYPE OF BUSINESS

Hotel
- Tour Operator (Land)
Tour Operator (Water)
Rental
Dive Shop

NAME OF F-STABLISHVENI!

ACITVITY

Deep Sea Fishing
Scin Diving (For what:
-Scuba Diving
Swimming
-Transportation to Managaha Is.
Motorboats (T@pe:- For %iiat:
- Ski ing
Sailboats/Windsurfers
-Jet Skis
=Mopeds
____@icycles
Sightseeing
Bus transportation to Lagoon use
Glassbottom Boats
Dinner Cruises
Other (Explain:

TYPE OF EgumOC AND QUANTITY (specify)

L=ICN/DFSIMNMCN

Backshore
Shoreline
Nearshore
::-Lagoon
Cater Reef
- Managaha Is.
Other (Specify:

FREQUENCY OF AM=

-Nmber of trips/rentals per week
Nmber of tourists per week

SPECIAL ISSUES

What kind of fears do tourists express prior to engaging in these
activities?

What kinds of problerw do the tourists corrplain of during these
activities?

What kind of problem do the tour operators experience during these
activities?

What kind of special support facilities do you require for these
activities?

Do these facilities exist in the lagoon area _yes no.

If no, please explain what is needed.

What future recreational or ccnTmrcial uses can you forsee for the
lagoon and shoreline in the lagoon area?

Who uses your services?
PER= EACH
Tourists
Local residents

AMITICNAL OMENIS

Figure 6.
f-COL-06 16AL- ZONP15
5AIPAN L-A40ON Uj@E MANA,.e:@EMENT rv@@ N.
T'rrl6A@- FIZOrtl-F-
NOT TD -5;6ALr-

Ile

L.A :@HOKF-

KARAI

are configured to include geographical areas (land and lagoon) with
similarities in development and natural resources. Also,. by - subdividing
the overall project area into several smaller areas, the data for human
uses and natural resources can be presented in a more manageable
f ashion. The number and names of the seven Planning Areas from
north to south are:
1. Puntan Magpi
2. Tanapag Harbor
3. Managaha Island
4. Puntan Muchot
5. Garapan Lagoon
6. Puntan Susupe
7. Puntan Afetna

1. General Description of Planning Areas
The-northernmost Planning Area, Puntan Magpi, has 6,536 m
(21,445 ft.) of coastline (the largest of all the Planning Areas) and
stretches from northern Wing Beach to approximately 518 m (1700
ft.) south of Tanapag Village. The Lagoon portion of this Planning
Area reaches farther southwest, to the vicinity of the Tanapag
Harbor and Managaha Island. The villages of San Roque (1980
population of 623) and Tanapag (1980 population of 917) are part of
this Planning Area. Except where the proposed Village and
Residential Zone of these villages crosses West Coast Highway and
penetrates inland, the highway constitutes the eastern inland boun-
dary of this Planning Area.
The Tanapag Harbor Planning Area encompasses Saipan's port
and industrial center. The land portion of this area is approx-
imately 1,598 acres in size, with 3,459 m (11,350 ft) of shoreline,
of which about 1,402 m (4,600 ft) are developable for docks and
wharfs. The Lagoon portion is bounded by the harbor, turning
basin and channel.
The Managaha Island Planning Area is comprised of Managaha
Island and its nearby waters, all totalling about 590 acres in size.
The Puntan Muchot Planning Area reflects the Lagoon's most
intensively used shoreline due to the adjacent resort, commercial
and park facilities. This area's coastline is 3,840 m (12,600 ft) not
counting the isthmus at Smiling Cove of which 2,225 m (7,300 ft)
are bounded by publically-owned land and 1,615 m (5,300 ft) are
bounded by privately-owned land. The inland boundary is Beach
Road slicing through the Village of Garapan (1980 population of
2,063). The major public landmarks of this area are the American
Memorial Park and the Garapan Wharf; the major private landmarks
are the Hyatt, Saipan Beach and Hafa Adai Hotels.
The Garapan Lagoon Planning Area is characterized by sparse
development on-shore, due to the narrow band of inland area
between the shoreline and Beach Road, as well as the Lagoon's
physical dominance. The coastline of the area is about 3,200 m
(10,500 ft) long.
In the Puntan Susupe Planning Area is Saipan's seat of Govern-
ment and the second largest concentration of tourist-related indus-
tries. The 4,039 m (13,250 ft) coastline contains both public parks

and privately maintained beaches. The Civic Center, Sugar Dock
and associated channel are the most prominent public landmarks in
this Planning Area. The Royal Taga and Grand Hotels are the most
prominent private developments. San Jose (1980 population of 808),
Susupe (1980 population of 722) and Chalan Kanoa (1980 population
of 2,678) all lie partially within this Planning Area.
Puntan Afetna is the southernmost Planning Area. It begins
just north of Hopwood Junior High School and stretches to Agingan
Point, encompassing 2,947 m (9,670 ft) of shoreline. This Area
includes nearly all of San Antonio Village (1980 population of 1,257)
as well as large parcels of public land at the Agingan Sewage
Treatment Plant, Hopwood Junior High School and the former U.S.
Coast Guard Station. The recently re-opened White Sands Hotel as
well as through-traffic to Koblerville significantly increase the
average daily traffic volume through this Planning Area.

2. General Description of Ecological Zones
Ecological zones (Figure 7) were established in order to sub-
divide the project area into zones of ecological similarities.
Ecological zones encompass six environmentally distinct areas which
parallel, more or less, the Saipan Lagoon coastline. Each %one lies
in a generally northeast/ southwest alignment and traverses the
length of the PLAN'S project area. These ecological zones are
described as follows:
ON-SHORE - All fast land in each of the planning areas from 50
m (150 ft) inland of the high tide line to the project
limit boundary. Includes Managaha Island.
BEACH STRAND - All land (beach or shoreline) within 50 m
(150 ft) inland from the high tide line.
NEAR-SHORE - In the Lagoon to approximately 50 m (150
ft) from the high tide line.
LAGOON - The deeper water portion (3-15 m) within the
barrier reef including the harbor and channels through
the barrier reef.
REEF FLAT - Shallow water (less than 3 m) just inside the
barrier reef.
REEF MARGIN AND SLOPE - Deeper water (3-20 m) outside
the barrier reef.
The on-shore ecological zone represents the eastern, or inland-
most boundary of the project area and generally lies between the
Lagoon's beach strand and the West Coast Highway/Beach Road
corridor. This transportation corridor is the most convenient
approximation of the project area's eastern boundary, although the
actual area of influences generally reaches one lot deep along the
corridor's eastern side. Within Tanapag, the project area extends
inland to Middle Road between Lower Base and American Memorial
Park.
The Lagoon's influence and this PLAN's project area actually
falls short of the West Coast Highway and Beach Road corridor at
several places. These places include:
Roadside commercial development which caters primarily to
traffic along West Coast Highway and Beach Road. -This

occurs within each of the seven coastline villages of San
Roque, Tanapag, San Jose, Susupe, Chalan Kanoa and San
Antonio. In Garapan, the tourist commercial area is closely
linked with the adjacent, shoreside hotels.
Non port-related development at the Lower Base industrial
complex.
The retail sales and services business district in Garapan
between nhotel rown and Beach Road.
The residential area of Chalan Kanoa between Beach Road
and the coastline, which maintains its strongest ties inland,
towards the village center.
At one location, between the Garapan Wharf and north San
Jose, the Lagoon's influence reaches somewhat beyond Beach Road
to the adjacent inland properties. For these reasons it is imprac-
tical to precisely define the inland boundary of the on-shore eco-
logical zone area wide. In general, however, it is the West Coast
Highway/Beach Road corridor.
The Lagoon-side boundary of the on-shore ecological zone is
also somewhat amorphous. Generally, it lies about 50 meters inland
from the high tide line and includes beach strand vegetation which
is transitional between the sandy beach or rocky coastline and the
permanent stand of flora.

CHAPTER III - SUMMARY OF DATA FROM QUESTIONNAIRES, INTERVIEWS'
AND PLANNING ADVISORY TEAMS

A. Fishing and Gathering
One hundred and sixteen (116) fishermen and food gatherers were
questioned as part of this survey. By a 2 to 1 majority, lagoon fisher-
men reported they fish to feed their families, rather than for sport or
commercial purposes. The most favored catch is the Mafuti (Snapper),
followed by Tuna, Grouper, Ee (Juvenile Jacks, Caranx sp.).
Parrotfish and Octopus. Fish are not the only thing fil's-hermen and
gatherers collect. Many people gather clams, crabs, edible algae and
Tangan-tangan for firewood.
Sugar Dock is the favorite launching site for fishermen who use
boats, though fishermen also use Charlie Dock, Smiling Cove, the
Seaplane Ramp and a few other sites along the west coast. Fishermen
reported the major problems on-shore as vandalism to their cars and
harassment by troublemakers.
Fishermen agreed that the size and number of fish in the Lagoon
has declined. They have blamed illegal fishing with dynamite and
chlorine for some of the decline in their catch during recent years.
Other problems mentioned included the absence of limits on the number
of fish taken, netting of juvenile fish and water pollution. Few
fishermen reported seeing dynamite or chlorine fishing taking place, but
many reported knowing persons who used such illegal methods.
Litter was also a major concern of fishermen, who complained of
cuts and other injuries caused by junk in the water and along the
shoreline. The fishermen favored improvements in parking, better
marinas, more channel buoys and lights on docks.

B. Recreational Uses
One hundred and twenty two (122) users of the beach areas and
Lagoon were questioned in this survey. Not surprisingly, the largest
number of recreational users of the Saipan Lagoon are beach picnickers
and swimmers, whose favorite picnic site is Micro Beach. Managaha
Island was the second most popular recreational site. The picnickers
were not happy about persons who drive on the beach or dump litter
and junk on the shoreline. Those questioned asked for more picnic
facilities and favored having lifeguards and more police patrols at
popular beaches. The Lagoon users also favored tighter regulations on
pollution and fishing. Recreational users called for a cleaner beach and
Lagoon area by an 8 to 1 majority.

C. Commercial and Tourism Uses
Sixteen (16) comme'rcial and tourism use questionnaires were distri-
buted during this survey. Results were discouraging since only a few
(less than 10) were completed and returned. Of these, only three (3)
were from tourists of whom one was a Japanese.
Based on these sketchy results, commercial establishments related to
tourism are concerned that their patronage suffers from common pro-
blems associated with rapid growth areas. These include the lack of
tourist free-time to pursue other than programmed activities, inadequate
local public transportation and poor infrastructure.

QUANTITATIVE RESPONSES
Marine & Terrestrial
Fishing and Gathering
Questionnaire

Type of Respondent
Chamorro 43 Palauan 4
Carolinian 15 Hawaiian 2
Japanese (non- Caucasian 2
tourist) 5 Tourist 1

Fishing /Gathering
Subsistence 48
Commercial 24
Sport 27

Location
Generic
Backshore 2 Nearshore 6 Outer reef 22
Shoreline 22 Lagoon 14

Actual Quardrant
1-1 2-17 3-0 4-25 5-2

Launching Site By Boat
Sugar Dock 12 San Jose 2
SaiShip, 8 Fishing Basin 3
Lower Base Sea- Grand Hotel 3
plane ramp 3 Chalan Lolo 2
San Antonio Dump 1 Mobil Dock 1
Smiling Harbor 2 Near Hong Kong
Charlie Dock 1 Rest. I

Entry Point on Foot
Civic Center 2
Public Works 1

Method of Fishing Spearfishing
Hand line 30 Skin Diving 11
Trolling 15 Scuba (boat) 7
Fish weir 8 Scuba (shore) 3
Cast net 5
Gill net 3 Hook & Line
Shore 17
Boat 10
Wading 9

Species
Fished For & Caught
Mafuti 26 Skipjack 3 Yellow Fin 1
Tuna 13 Sea Urchin 3 Mullet 1
Grouper 11 Striped Unicorn
EE 9 Surgeon 3 fish 1
Parrotfish 5 Goatfish 2 Gadao 1
Octopus 4 Snappers 2 Sagamulum 1
Reeffish 4 Marlin 2 Mahi 1
Agas 1 Soldierfish 2 Eels 1
Hangun 1 Triggerfish 1 Clams 1
Anything 4

Type of Gathering
Land Crabs 11
Shells (small
clams) 1
Algae (Caulerpa) 1
Firewood tangan-
tangan) 1
For bait 2

Time (hours per day)
1-4 4-9 9-12 More than 12
15 38 4 1

Frequency (days/month)
1-6 6-11 11-20 20-30
13 11 13 33

Quality
Increased 4
Decreased 28
Same 6

Size
Increased 0
Decreased 32
Same 7

Reasons
Increased
- if you watch the seasonally
Decreased
- Illegal activities
- No limit on size
- Too many people fishing or gathering
- Overfishing in some areas
- Lagoon pollution
- Too many different activities in lagoon
- Fish are smarter

Special Issues
Fishing Problems
- Illegal activities (dynamite, chlorox)
- Too many boats working a school or area
Cast nets wipe out juveniles

Personal Problems
- Cuts, bruises
- Broken glass & dangerous debris
- Inconsiderate fishermen
- Nets being hit by boats
Not being able to sell the catch

Hazards
- Sharks, eels, jellyfish
- Capsizing
- Vandalism to auto while fishing
Being hit by a boat while spearfishing
- Engine failure
- Harassment by young men (boys), trouble makers
- Bad weather
Currents

Illegal Activities
- Only a few respondents ever observed illegal activities taking place

Location Of The Illegal Activities
Lagoon - Reef near fishing basin, Grand Hotel Reef, Civic Center
Reef, San Jose Reef, Especially Quads 1 & 4
Other Areas - Laulau Bay, Forbidden Island, Tank Beach

Personal
Age
Less than 15 16-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 greater than 50
5 S-- -T4- 22 -7 4
Sex Male Female
40 10

Age Began Fishin
Less than 15 M-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 greater than 50
12 9 7 0 0 1

Fishing in Same/Different area
Same 5
Different 10

Live in (5) or out (36) of plan area
Drive (30) or walk (30) to Lagoon

Where Do You Park
Near shore 12
Shoreline 8
Home 3
Within view 3
Near lights 2
Beach Road 1
At launch ramp 1

Support Facilities
Safe Parking
Channel Buoys
Channel Lights
Dock Lights
Cleaner Shoreline
Better Marina

QUANTITATIVE RESPONSES
Recreational Use Questionnaire

Type of Respondent
Chamorro 52 Carolinian 26
Expatriate 35 Local Resident 28
American 9 (other than Chamorro)
Japanese 5 Caucasian 6
Filipino 1 Filipino 6
Indian 1 Japanese 5
Palauan 1 Chamorro /American 3
Unknown 18 Palauan 2
Tourist 10 Korean 1
Japanese 5 Carolinan /Filipino 1
American 2 Unknown 1
Canadian 1 Chinese/ American 1
Australian 1 Filipino /American 1
Unknown 1 Chamorro/Palauan 1

Activity
Picknicking 145 Motor Boating 36
Swimming 123 Shelling 35
Snorkeling 89 SCUBA 30
Walking 78 Biking 30
Gathering 61 Waterskiing 28
Fishing 60 Sailing 24
Park Use 59 Other 5
Sightseeing 59 Drinking 3
Beach combing 1
Sex 1

Location
Generic
Shoreline 69 Lagoon 54 Outer Reef 34
Nearshore 64 Backshore 53

Actual Quadrant
4-39 2-13 1-4 3-1 5-1

Access Point by Boat
Fishing Basin 9
Smiling Cove 3
Grand Hotel 4
(Taguchi Beach House)
Seaplane Ramp 3
(Lower Base)
Boat Basin 1

Access Point b): Foot or Car
Grand Hotel 11
Micro Beach 10
Civic Center Beach 10
Chalan Lolo, 7
Fishing Basin 3
Intercon Hotel 3
Hyatt Hotel 2
Quarter Master 2
San Jose 2
(Beach Road, Pau Pau Road, American Memorial Park, Saiship Sagman,
Morrow Retail Store, Smiling Cove - 1 each)

Special Issues
Favorite Sights in Lagoon
Reefs 48 Sunsets 3
White Sand Beaches 22 Seaward Nearshore 2
Managaha Island 16 Surf 2
Ocean & Lagoon 12 Anchors, Sharks,
Fish & Coral 8 Mike, Ron 1
Coconut Trees 3 Women 1

Favorite Beach
Micro Beach 27 Pau Pau Beach 5
Managaha Island 11 Wing Beach 5
Obyan Beach 7 Taga Hotel Beach 3
Tank Beach 7 San Antonio Beach 2
Civic Center Beach 7 Marine Beach 2
All West Coast 7 Bantalan Beach 2
(Hyatt, Grand, Townhouse, American Memorial Park 1 each)

How Should the Lagoon Area Look
Cleaner 88
Okay as is 10
Plenty of
fish & coral 8
Beautiful 7
Alive 5
People enjoying
themselves 4
Lots of picnic
areas 3
Better roads 2
Better in
general 2
(No wild animals, calm & peaceful, less junk 1 each)

Do You Enjoy Your Activity in the Lagoon Area
Yes - 87 No - 13

improvements
32 More picnic tables & better ones (island style)
17 More & bigger shelters

10 More garbage cans
16 More recreational activities available (volleyball, soccer,
tennis, badmitton, football)
8 Showers
7 More restrooms
7 More lights in recreational areas
6 Fast food outlets in vicinity of recreational areas
6 Cleaner restrooms
5 Playground facilities for children
5 Plant more trees for shade
4 More bar-b-que pits
4 Chairs for lounging
3 Stop dumping junk along shoreline
3 Remove junk along shoreline
3 Get peopole involved in cleaning up their mess
3 Rope off swimming areas used frequently
2 Beach Patrol
2 Life guards
2 Build more piers
2 More women who speak english & wear bikinis
1 (Initiate water safety, regulate taking small fish, clean beach
daily, public meeting halls, better enforcement, regulate
pollution, more parks, stop illegal activites - dynamite, chlorox,
litter)

Do you use Managaha Beach
Yes-86 R;73 -1

If No Then Why?
11 No transportation
3 Not enough time to go there
2 Do not like people who work there
2 Do not know where it is
2 Not accepted by people who work there
1 (New to island, boring there, too far)

Are there sufficiant Public Areas for Recreation and Access to them?
Yes-63 No-16

What Uses Should Be Encouraged
13 Sports Clubs; Windsurfer Clubs
12 Cleanliness
6 Lifeguards
4 Parks
2 Volleyball
2 Fishing
2 Parties
1 Swimming & Snorkeling

What Uses Should Be Regulated
12 Littering
9 Enforce existing regulations
7 Maintenance
4 Dumping
4 Parking areas
3 Taking sand
2 Picknicking
1 (Clean beaches, scaring tourists, fishing, polluting water,
destruction of lights)

What Uses Should Be Prohibited
12 Dumping
3 Drugs
1 (Driving cars on beach, illegal fishing, parking cars on
shoreline, swimming in boating areas)

What Kinds of Hazards Do You Experience-
25 Sharp objects in water
13 4-wheel vehicles on beach
11 Currents
6 Trouble makers
3 Fresh men
3 Rough surf
2 Harrassment
2 Low tides

What Fears Do You Have...
18 Drowning
16 Vandalism
15 Water safety
10 Bums
9 Loss at sea
7 Rapists & murderers
5 Drunks
2 Leg cramps while swimming
2 Outsiders
1 (Injuries, not enough women)

What Should Public Beach Land Be Used For
35 The Public 5 Tourists
13 Family Gathering 4 Fishing
7 Picknicking 2 Swimming
7 Public Beaches 2 Recreation
5 Sports

What Should Private Beach Lands Be Used For
20 The Public
20 Private
11 Owners choice
7 Beaches should be owned by everyone
5 Any function
3 Respect of owners desire
1 Fun

Personal
Age
less than 15 16-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 greater than 50
5 42 20 8 2 0

Sex
Male Female
64 52

Annual Income ($)
Less than 5,000 5,000-10,000 10,000-20,000 20,000-30,000
1 2 1 3
30,000-40,000 40,000-50,000 greater than 50,000
1 0 2

Ethnic Group
31 Chamorro
27 Caucasian
22 Carolinian
8 Japanese
6 Filippino
2 Palauan
1 Chinese
1 Marshallese

Drive Walk
57 45

Where Do You Park
24 Parking loft
17 Beach
10 Backshore area
5 Near shoreline
2 Lagoon area
1 (Grand Hotel, Townhouse, Micro Beach)

Comments
Government should clean the beaches on Thursdays prior to the
weekend & Mondays after the weekend
More lights for bar-b-que areas
Beaches should belong to everyone
Have the young people clean the beaches and pay them
Wing Beach needs some improvements
This survey was a good idea. It should make the beaches better
for us and the tourists

Tourists complained of inadequate personal safety as a result of
harassment and the constant fear of danger. They claimed these
problems could be reduced or eliminated with improved safety programs
and better street lighting.

D. Personal Interviews
At least five (5) personal interviews were conducted during this
survey. These interviews were conducted with individuals in the public
and private sector who exhibited a vested interest in the development
of Saipan and the Saipan Lagoon, although numerous individuals were
questioned on a variety of subjects regarding the project. Although
these interviews often followed the format of the questionnaires, nu-
merous other issues were discussed.
The majority of issues raised during these interviews were either
political or developmental in nature. Government officials recounted a
number of political issues involving legislation, management planning,
taxation and continued federal aid in the future development of Saipan
and the Saipan Lagoon. Of particular importance is the development of
Tanapag Harbor and the Commercial Port, infrastructure and public
utilities. Private businessmen recounted different objectives for
development on Saipan in the vicinity of Saipan Lagoon. Most of their
concerns dealt with providing more and better services for the tourists,
such as hotels, restaurants, nightclubs and a myriad of smaller com-
mercial activities.

E. Planning Advisory Team Objectives

1. SALAPAT ONE
The Planning Advisory Team for SALAPAT ONE discussed the
following objectives for various issues of the project area.
Objectives for the Project Area
- Preferable land use mixes among residential, com-
mercial, tourism and industrial uses.
- Identification and preservation of certain unspoiled
or threatened natural resources, undeveloped areas
and historically significant areas.
- The need for, and kinds of, additional public
recreation opportunities.
Objectives for Lagoon and Beach use
- Maintaining or enhancing the Lagoon's water
quality.
- Accommodating both passive and active water recre-
ation activities in the Lagoon.
- Exclusive use of recreation opportunities for the
local public.
- Fishing, swimming, boating and harbor use con-
flicts.
- Beach parking restrictions for motorized vehicles.
- Identification and preservation of certain unspoiled
or threatened natural resources, undeveloped areas
and historically significant areas.

Managaha Island development and its use by the
local public and by tourists.
Providing pedestrian access to the beaches.
Alternate beach set-back schemes for buildings.
Public Safety patrolling of beaches and park area.

Objectives for the Port and Industrial Area
Harbor and port improvements to accommodate
increased boat and ship traffic.
Water quality within the harbor area and its effect
on nearby prime tourist and public recreation
beaches.

Objectives for Infrastructure, Public Facilities and
Public Services
Matching the intensity of development with sup-
porting infrastructure.
Storm water disposal alternatives for direct dis-
charge into the Lagoon.
Effectiveness of the CNMI planning process.
Cost sharing of public infrastructure improvements
which support tourist and commercial facilities.
Role of the Coastal Resources Management Program.
Solid waste management programs for dealing with
trash and beach litter.
Public Safety patrolling of beaches and park areas.

Objectives for Building and Physical Design Standards
Landscaping requirements for shoreline commercial
developments.
The Government's responsibility for complying with
standards and for enforcing the standards.
Reasonable parking requirements and sign
regulations.
- Establishing density, height and bulk standards for
structures.
- Maintaining view corridors.

The following is a list of primary objectives and opinions elicited
from SALAPAT #1 Participants.
- Limit Saipan's industrial area to the present northern
boundary of Lower Base.
- Develop regulations to control stormwater runoff and
erosion.
- Intersperse hotellresort development along the Saipan
Lagoon shoreline.
- More developed public beach sites are needed along the
southern shoreline.
- A boat launching ramp and reef pass in the northern
lagoon would be very helpful to fishermen.
- Strongly protect the mangrove swamps (Northern Port
and at Memorial Park), lagoon wrecks and the Managaha

Island reef (perhaps an underwater park and marine
sanctuary).
Eliminate and seal-off the Puerto Rico dump as soon as
possible.
Establish a small boat operator's licensing and safety
program.
Prohibit motorized vehicles on beaches.
Increase public beach restrooms and improve main-
tenance of existing beach restroom facilities.
Dredge harbor basin and access channel to accommodate
larger and deeper draft vessels.
Establish engineering plans for abatement of storm
water discharge into the Lagoon.
Step-up public relations within the CRM program.
Need enforcement and fines for littering and illegal
dumping, including dead animals.
Provide for CRM inspectors to issue littering citations.
Increase room rate taxes to help defer costs of lagoon
and beach improvements.
Establish landscaping regulations for commercial and
resort development projects.
Prohibit fencing of beachfront properties.
Pass legislation to enact a zoning law and promulgate
the necessary rules and regulations to accompany that
legislation.
Small boating facilities need general upgrading.
Fish and wildlife rules and regulations should be ex-
panded to include the Lagoon.
Uphold traditional uses of the Lagoon and shoreline
whenever and wherever possible, especially in the
villages of San Roque and Tanapag.
Use of trees as windbreaks for barbecue fires is
causing irreversible damage to many shoreline trees.
Continue to regulate the taking of coral.
Identify underwater, historically-significant properties.
Developers should share in the cost of providing basic
infrastructure.
Consider relocation of Hopwood High School to an inland
site.
Public lands which are leased for resort development
purposes should require a portion of the area to be
dedicated for public use.
Include a village representative when planning for a
project in a particular village.
Total disrepair of the sanitary sewer system deserves
priority attention.
Revoke MPLC lease permits which are not being deve-
loped in accordance with the terms and conditions of
the lease.
Correct the sewage backwash problem at Agingan Point.
Investigate cause and abatement of jellyfish which are a
seasonal nuisance around the Micro Beach area.

Repair sewage outfall at Charlie Dock, and possibly
relocate to outer reef as an ocean outfall.
Government should require safe swimming areas in front
of hotels.
Consider centralized location for rental of beach para-
phernalia.
Provide better visitor information regarding water
recreation in the Lagoon.
Provide a plan for maintaining view corridors to the
Lagoon.
Emphasize property coverage rather than height limita-
tions for hotel development. However, a height limit
should be set.
Consider relocating the Legislature away from Civic
Park.
At the upcoming Constitutional Convention, seek a
minimum amount of funds to be dedicated for new CIP's.
Consider levying impact fees when large developments
(hotels and subdivisions) hook-up existing public
infrastructure.
Provide for more parking near to beach accesses.
Curtail the junk car business along Beach Road.
Limit the authentic "fisheries" activities to the Port
area, not the other docks.
Consider an International Market Place at the American
Memorial Park.
Follow the OTSP Master Plan for Beach Road.
Consider the acquisition of lands bordering Beach Road.
Establish areas for aq@iaculture and mariculture *
Require mandatory sewer hook-ups for residences and
businesses.
Make provisions for local stormwater drainage based on
natural developments.
Coordinate the Saipan Lagoon Use Management Plan with
the Chalan Kanoa Redevelopment Plan.
Consider property taxes as a revenue source.
Establish a sign control law.

2. SALAPAT TWO
The primary purpose of SALAPAT TWO was to get participants'
opinions about the proposed plans of action and other ideas about
how to best achieve the Saipan Lagoon Use Management Plan objec-
tives from the SALAPAT One consensus. Reference materials and
proposed alternative plans were provided to all participants. This
material included the following:
A synopsis of the objectives that were established
during SALAPAT ONE.
A general description of proposed plans of action to
achieve each of these objectives.
Several sets of proposed regulations for such subjects
as landscaping, signs and shoreline setbacks.

Major discussions about issues relating to project areawide
objectives as well as to ecological zone objectives are listed below.
Project Areawide Objectives
- Public Information
- Community Planning
- Financing
Land Use Planning

On-shore Ecological Zone Objectives
- Zoning and Land Use
- Public Recreation Facilities
- Public Facilities and Infrastructure
- Conservation of Resources

Beach Strand Ecological Zone Objectives
- Beach Use
- Beach Protection
- Beach Structures

Near-shore Ecological Zone Objectives
- Water Supply
- Stormwater Discharge
- Mangrove Protection

Lagoon Ecological Zone Objectives
- Water Quality
- Sea Farming
- Preservation of Resources

SALAPAT TWO participants generally agreed with the
proposed and/or alternative plans that were recommended for
the project areawide and for the various ecological zones for
achieving each objective.
The following comments, grouped by category of objectives
within each ecological zone, were underscored by various
groups of participants.
Project Areawide
Public Information
- Visitor information should be improved in both
quality and comprehensiveness of data.
- Public information regarding CIP data should be
made available on a regular basis. Local businesses
must be kept informed of the planned improvements
resulting from this project.

Community Planning
The formation of a Planning Commission for review
of public and private projects was supported.
Retaining traditional values and uses are extremely
important objectives. However, rather than only
11preservation of traditional uses," per se, as an
objective, the emphasis should be on "enhancing the
overall quality of life."

This Saipan Lagoon Use Management Plan must be
adopted by legislation in order to be fully effective.

Financing
- Earmarking a fixed percentage of the Hotel Tax for
lagoon-oriented infrastructure improvements is
feasible.
- EDLF loans now earmarked for marine industries can
be targeted for Saipan Lagoon improvements.
- Assessments for new, large scale developments may
attain some success, but they should not be applied
to such an extent that they become a disincentive
to economic growth. Such assessments should not
be applied within areas that are specifically
targeted for development. The existing Utility Rate
Structure should be used as the basis of such
assessments.
Any financing scheme for the Saipan Lagoon
project area is likely to overlap islandwide and this
impact must be understood and accounted for in the
final recommendations for financing.
Quite likely, the financing of improvements will
have to be worked into the CNMI annual operating
budget.
Taxes, per se, are an unacceptable form of
financing the recommended improvements.
Federal Funds (especially UDAG) should be sought
to finance as many improvements as possible.

On-shore Ecological Zone
- Land Use and Zoning
The proposed Zoning and Land Use District
Legislation should be adopted in its entirety, along
with adjustments that may result from this PLAN.
The proposed zoning and land use recommendations
should be implemented immediately on all _CNMI
owned lands.
In developing the Public Market Place, special
attention must be paid to maintaining adequate
sanitation.
Businesses should organize among themselves to
self-police the proposed sign regulations.
Conflicts must be removed among the land use plans
of this project; the proposed Zoning and Land Use
District Legislation and MPLC's Land Use Plans.
- Public Facilities and Infrastructure
- Public Works has already adopted the OTSP
Transportation Plan for the Beach Road and Middle
Road Corridors.
- Mandatory sewer hook-up should be pursued.
Possibly, this program can be initially bankrolled
from a revolving loan fund.

0 M of public infrastructure requires a
guaranteed source of funding. Future Federal
grant conditions may carry O&M requirements as a
prerequisite for funding.
Conservation of Resources
- Control of litter requires more than stepped-up
enforcement. Societal education is required,
starting in the early school years.
- CRMO must work more closely with DPS to achieve
"low-level" enforcement.
- All "Saipan Lagoon project area" proposed in-
frastructure should be integrated with islandwide
infrastructure planning and development.

Beach Strand Ecological Zone
Beach Use Objectives
The Department of Defense, specifically the Army
Reserve, should be contacted for assistance in
removing or relocating hazardous war relics.

Near-shore Ecological Zone
Mangrove Protection
The proposed Garapan Flood Control Project will
create an estuary for planting of new mangroves.

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VOLUMEI
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PART B
I PRESENTATION OF DATA AND ANALYSES
I BY
PLANNING AREA
I AND
PROJECT AREAWIDE
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CHAPTER I - PUNTAN MAGPI PLANNING AREA

For discussion purposes, Planning Area 1 (Puntan Magpi) is divided
into two sections. The northern portion extends from the point just south
of Unai Dikike Matuis (Boomtown Beach) north to the far end of Wing Beach.
This portion of the Saipan Lagoon essentially consists of an inner and outer
reef flat and the reef margin but does not contain a deeper lagoon or moat
area as does most of the rest of the Lagoon. Therefore, for this northern
portion of Area 1 the ecological zones will consist of the near-shore zone
(inner and outer reef flat) and the reef margin and reef slope zones. The
remainder of Area 1,, south to Unai Tanapag, includes the majority of the
northern Saipan Lagoon and contains the four ecological zones described
earlier.

A. Natural Resources

1. Living Marine Resources

a. Northern Portion Inner and Outer Reef Flat (near-shore)
The near-shore or reef flat zone of the northern portion of
Area 1 is characterized by a rocky shoreline with relatively
steep slopes and low cliffs along a limestone terrace. Many
locations of the northern lagoon consist of 'cut benches or a
rocky shoreline which borders the inner reef flat platform.
Isolated pockets or short stretches of beach deposits are com-
mon and are comprised primarily of sand with some gravel and
coral/algal rubble.
From the area known as Unai Dikike Matuis (sometimes
known as Boomtown Beach) to the northern extremity of Wing
Beach the reef flat platform averages approximately 160 m wide.
Predominant corals include Acropora formosa, Acropora aspera,
Pocillopora damicornis, PG-Millopora eyUouxi, Porites lutea,
Psammocora sp. and Heliopora coerulea.
Other corals common in this area include species of the
genus Favia, HXdnophora, Leptastrea, Stylophora and Galaxia.
The ox@t_erreef flat is characterized by a rich and diverse coral
community with 75 - 100% coral cover in much of the area.
Depth of the outer reef is shallow, between 0.5 - 1.0 m. Some
of the Acropora beds and portions of the reef margin are awash
at low tide.
Coral cover lessens to 25 - 40% midway to shore and aver-
ages only 10 - 20% along the inner reef flat. Coral species are
similar to the outer reef flat with AAcropora and Pocillopora
being the dominant forms. Water depth increases near shore to
an average of 1.0 - 1.5 m.
There are no seagrasses present in this area and only a
few species of algae were observed, including Turbinaria
ornata, Halimeda opuntia, Padina tenuis, Chlorodesmis--Tastigiata
Schizothriz calcicola. None of-these algal species were
dominant or comprised a very high percentage of substrate
cover.

1-1

Puntan Magpi Planning Area

Fish fauna in this area is quite rich and several schools of
fish were observed moving through the reef flat. A large
school of goatfish (Mulloidichth s flavolineatus) comprised of
ap -T-ap
proximately 500 individuals a group o proximately 50
mullet (Liza vaigiensis) were observed. Other common fishes
included parrotTi_s_h_e__s7Scaridae), wrasses (Labridae), rabbitfish
(Siganidae), surgeonfishes (especially Acanthurus tn'ostegus),
needlefish (Belonidae) and damselfish (Pomacentridae). One
small (1.2 m) reef blacktip shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)
was also observed.
Amesbury, et. al. (1979) reports that this habitat contains
a moderate diversity of fish. Important fishes include goatfish
(Mullidae), juvenile parrotfish, surgeonfish (Acanthuridae),
snappers (Lutjanidae), wrasses and rabbitfish.

b. Northern Portion - Reef Margin and Slope
The reef margin and slope at the nortb end of Wing Beach
is accessible from shore by divers who enter and exit via a
narrow cut in the reef. This is a popular dive spot for
residents and tourists and entry is usually possible, except
during times of rough sea conditions.
Coral cover is rather sparse as one moves away from the
margin and the rich coral fauna found in the surge zone.
Species here are comprised mostly of hearty, wave-resistant
forms such 'as Pocillopora eydouxi, Stylophora mordax, Porites
sp., Psammacora sp., Acopora nasuta, A. humilis, A. wardi,
A. surculosa, Pocillopora sefc-helli, -P. e -1e g-an s - ar@d-P .
verrucosa. Coral cover in this zone varl-ed from approximately
50 - 80T.T.
Deeper water (3 - 20 m) coral fauna is also very diverge
with coral cover in many sections of the reef ranging from 30 - 1
50%, although other areas had significantly lower coverage.
Except for the reef opposite Wing Beach, there is very little
apparent reef damage from Acanthaster 21anci (crown-of-thorns
starfish). In fact, no Aca ster were observed during a tow
along the outside of the barrier reef which covered approx-
imately one kilometer.
Dominant corals along the outer barrier reef of Planning
Area 1 include St.lophora mordax, ARcropora nasuta, Pocillopora
eydouxi, Acropora smitig-fMille,pora pi @_YpFyla and M.
dichotoma, and Porite; -luteae Soft -corals @Sinularia sp.) were
patchy but very abundant in some areas. Other conspicuous
corals observed were Favia stelligera,- Stylaster sp., Acropora
palifera sp., Gonlastrea retiformis, Fungia sp., Pavona
duerdeni, Porite's rus, Diploastrea heliopora and Leptoria
phrygia *
Fish diversity is high in this area and all along the seaward
portions of the barrier reef north of the Tanapag Channel.
Amesbury, et. al. (1979), reported that the greatest fish
diversity he observed occurred in this habitat. The highest
abundance was recorded here for surgeonfishes (especially
Acanthurus lineatus), parrotfish (Scaridae), large wrasses

1-2

Puntan Magpi Planning Area

(Labridae), groupers (Serranidae) and rudderfish (Kyphosus
sp.). Other fishes observed include the reef whitetip shark
(Triaenodon obesus), spotted reef ray (Taeniura melanospilos),
a very large faiguisson (Cheilinus _un__du_fa-tusT_,barracuda
(Sphyraena barracuda), b@r_eams (Scolopsis cancellatus) ,
emperors (Lethrm'us sp.), snappers _TL-utianus sp.), jacks
(Caranx: sp.), squirrelfish (Adioryx and bigeyes
(Myripristis sp.).
Conspicuous macroinvertebrates observed in this area
include the starfish Acanthaster planci (Wing Beach area only),
Culcita novaeguineae-, Linckia laevigata, L. multifora and L.
guildingi, the sea urchinT-Echin-ometra mathaei and Echinothr-i:x
sp., miscellaneous sponges and a few crinoids.

c. Near-shore
.The near-shore area of the remainder of Planning Area 1
encompasses the area from just north of the seaplane ramps in
Tanapag Harbor north to the point just south of Unai Dikike
Matuis. The near-shore environment is comprised mostly of
seagrasses and algae growing on a substrate of sand, silt and
corallalgal rubble with occasional rocky shoreline sections and
several beaches.
The near-shore area from the point south of Unai Dikike
Matuis to Unai Paupau consists mainly of the seagrass Halodule
uninervis on a sand and rubble substrate. Just south of the
point is an area where the alga Turbinaria ornata is dominant,
forming clumps and accounting approximately 40% coverage
in spots. Halodule, however, is the overall dominant form and
accounts for F0_- 50% coverage along the shoreline and near-
shore zone. Other algae present include Dictyota sp. and
Padina tenuis. Scattered corals are rare near-shore but occa-
sional small size Pocillopora damicornis and Porites lutea are
present in rubble are s. Occasional beds of AFropora are
present near-shore but are much more common in the lagoon
and reef flat areas.
The shoreline area opposite San Roque is characterized
primarily by Halodule which accounts for 40 - 50% of the cover.
Other common species are the blue-green algae Schizothrix
calcicola and Microcoleus lyngbXaceus, as well as I:o-bophora
variegata, Padina tenuis, and Dictyota bartayresii.
Opposite and just south 6TPuntan Achugau the near-shore
algal community is dominated by Sargassum polycystum (50 -
75%) with the remainder being mostly Halodule. Further south,
dominant species include Dictvota, Halimeda opuntia and
Caulerpa sp. In the area ol- Sai Achugau the seagrass
Enhalus acoroides becomes the dominant species, with some
Halodule and :)ictyota. Enhalus is often found in clumps (beds)
-an-T--in some areas, such as off Puntan Dogas and in the bay
north of Commercial Port (Unai Tanapag), it accounts for 40 -
80% cover. Occasional Porites lutea and Pocillopora damicornis
are found scattered throughout this area but are minor contri-
butors to the substrate coverage.

1-3

Puntan Magpi Planning Area

The only near-shore area of significant coral development'
occurs directly offshore of Tanapag village, opposite Puntan
Dogas. This area is quite diverse in coral species but only
averages 20 - 30% live coral cover, with quite a lot of the coral
being dead. In isolated spots coral cover reaches approximately
50 - 60%. Thick Halodule beds occur just offshore and to the
east and west of he reef, with Halimeda macroloba also quite
common. Common corals found ln@t Us --r-'e-e-1-area include
Pocillopora damicornis, P. setchelli, Porites lutea, Acropora
virgata, A. To-rmosa, HeTiopora coerulea--Tl-arge -ge-aids, -F-- 10M
in diame7ter) Uo-bop, L hemprichii, Psammocora contigua,
Pavona venosa and Montipora sp. Less common corals observed
were Mirl-epora dichiRt-oma, Pocillopora danae, Stylophora mordax
and Favia sp. The starfish Culcita -novaeguineae and Linckia
laevi ta and the sea cucumbe-ri-MoTothuria atra, H. edilis -and
Synapta maculata were common along the near-shore- z6-neand in
the cora]7-areas.
Amesbury, et. al. (1979), reports that this near-shore
habitat, dominated by Enhalus and Halodule, contained the
highest counts of rabbitfish (S anus s inus and S. argenteus)
and snappers (mostly Lutjanus fulvus, L. kas-mira and L.
monostigmus). Many of these snappers observed were juvenile
To-r m s .Also common in this -.habitat are goatfish (especially
Parupeneus barberinus), silversides (Atherinidae), breams
Ts-colopsis cancellatus) and emperors (Gnathodentex
aureolineatus, Lethrinus harak and Monotaxis grandopulis).

d. Lagoon
The deeper Lagoon waters of Area 1 are generally char-
acterized by a sand and/or rock and rubble substrate with
various species of algae and seagrass along with scattered
corals and occasional small patch reefs. The Lagoon from the
point south of Unai Dikike Matuis to approximately opposite
Puntan Dogas is mostly a sand and coral rubble bottom with
scattered corals usually comprising less than five percent
coverage. The lagoon areas opposite Unai Paupau and San
Roque are characterized by rich Acropora beds which at times
account for up to 30% coverage. These zones of Acropora
extend out to the landward fringes of the outer r-eef flat.
Lagoon depth varies from two to three meters here.
Dominant corals in the Lagoon from Puntan Dogas north
include Acropora. formosa, A. aspera., PO ra damicornis,
ra mordax and PoriFes lutea. So the Acropora
St '112 @O
M cover_TOK@o th substrate -as in the areas nortEF-Of San
or
be e
.Roque and Unai Paupau. Many times the Acropora is dead
underneath with only portions of the upper surface and pe-
riphery being alive. Fishing (especially spearfishing) is com-
mon around these Acropora thickets. The branching corals
provide shelter several species of squirrelfish
(Holocentridae) , damselfish (Pomacentridae) , goatfish
(Mullidae), snappers (Lutjanidae) and juvenile parrotfish
(Scaridae). Common species include Flammeo opercularis, F.

1-4

Puntan Magpi Planning Area

sammarap Mulloidichthys flavolineatus, Lutianus kasmira,
Chromis sp. a@n_d_ Adio x spini er.
The sand an areas of the Lagoon support patchy
growth of algae and seagrasses such as Schizothrix calcicola,
Microcoleus lyngbyaceus, Halodule uninervis, Hali;p-hila. minor,
Avrainvillea lacerata, Dictyota bartayresii, Caulerpa sp.,
HalimeJa-macril-obaand -2puntia.
Hntia
The remainder of tKe Lagoon zone-in Area 1 offshore of
Unai Tanapag west to the boundary near Managaha Island is
mostly a sand and coral/algal rubble bottom, varying in depth
from 3 - 10 m. Water depth is generally greatest near the
center of the Lagoon and near the Tanapag Harbor channel and
basin. Although there is no extensive coral development on the
Lagoon bottom, numerous patch reefs and isolated coral heads
occur throughout the Lagoon. Major species include Porites
lutea, Pocillopora damicornis, Millepora dichotoma, HeUo-pora
coerulea, Stylophora moFd-ax, POT311opora danae, P. eleganst
Acropora aspera, A. hebes, A. tenuis, A. 7-asuta, A. studeri,
A. palif era, F avia sp. , PlityFy_ra_p___irn__1 , fo_b6p___hy11ia s-
p. , Porites
cylindrica anU -Pavona venosa.
Algae and Te-agrasses common in the deeper Lagoon include
Microcoleus lyngbyaceus, Halodule uninervis, Halophila minor,
Halime;Aa opuntia, H. macrolob@__an& ict ota sp. In the mid-
Lagoon area east oT Managaha Island and north of the port and
harbor close to the reef flat are large patches of Halodule
intermixed with lesser amounts of Microcoleus. Cloud o7n@g
inally
described these areas in 1959, but they were- much more exten-
sive at the time, extending from just east of Managaha to Unai
Tanapag, and Puntan Dogas. Amesbury, et.. al. (1979) des-
cribed the area as being covered with a mat of the blue-green
alga Microcoleus but reported no Halodule. It is possible that
areas such as-this may change Z@thtime, and that algal and
seagrass species coverage could vary depending on changing
environmental conditions. Influences such as substrate distur-
bance from storms or typhoons or changes in water quality or
temperature could affect these fast growing marine plants.
Fish species found in the deeper Lagoon areas are mostly
bottom feeding species such as goatfish and mullet, and other
fish such as jacks, wrasses, cardinalfish and emperors. Ames-
bury, et. al. (1979) reports that fish diversity is low in this
type of habitat and that no economically important food fishes
are abundant here. Some species observed include Lethrinus
harak, Parupeneus barberinus, Mulloidichtys flavi;hneatus,
Dascyllus aruanus, HalichiTeres trimaculatus, Stethojulis sp.V
Scarus sp., Siganus inus, Bothus mancus, Rhinecanthus
aculeatus and Scomberodes E_.While cruising along
sandy bottom areas unident-Wiswa-T stingrays (possibly Taeniura
melanospila) were often observed.

e. Reef Flat
The reeT flat within Area I is fairly similar along its entire
length. Water quality is excellent as the clear ocean water

1-5

Puntan Magpi Planning Area

moves across the barrier reef into the Lagoon and exits through
the main Tanapag channel and other low areas and cuts in the
reef. As one moves from the Lagoon to the reef flat a rubble
and boulder/rubble zone appears with both coral coverage and
diversity increasing. Generally, the zone close to the reef
margin and just inside the margin are characterized by greater
species diversity and higher percent cover. Species common in
the outer reef flat include Acropora smithi, A. formosa, A.
nasuta, A. palifera, A. irregularis, A. heb7es, A. asper-a.,
Porites lutea, P. cylindrica, P. australiensis, P. convexa,
Pocillopora damicornis, P. danae, P. setchelli, P7 verrucosa,
9-tylophora mordax, Psammocora digitata, P. Jcontigua, 91-1-le-pora
dichotoma, M. ifolia, Leptoseris sp., PO-o-na venosa,, P.
divaricata, FurL_&_Ta@ungites, Favia f avU_sF.7-matthaHi,
Goniastrea retiformis, G. pectinata' Diploastrea Feliol@o-raand
Platygyra pini. Other species inclu& Alveopora sp., Astreopora
myriophthalma, Leptastrea sp., Goniopora sp., Leptoria
phrygia,_ Montipora ehrenbergii, M. sp. and Plesiastrea
versipora.
Cor7a cover within the reef flat zone varies from approx-
imately 5 - 20%, increasing closer to the reef margin. This
area of the barrier reef, including that from north of Tanapag
channel and opposite Managaha Island (Area 2) is by far the
richest and most diverse in terms of coral development and
abundance of food fishes. At the time of this study, the
northern part of the barrier reef also showed less damage from
Acanthaster, with fewer individuals than on reefs south of
Tanapag channel.
Amesbury, et. al. (19 *79) reported that this zone is diverse
in regards to fish fauna with greater than 60 - 80 species
recorded. Particularly abundant are goatfish (Mullidae), ju-
venile parrotfish (Scaridae) and surgeonfish (Acanthuridae),
and it was one of the only areas where sharks were seen inside
the lagoon. Other common fish here include snappers
(Lutjanidae), wrasses (Labridae), parrotfish, rabbitfish
(Siganidae) and blue Chromis (damselfish). A complete species
listing can be found iii--Appendix A.

f. Reef Marain and Slope
The reef margin and reef slope within Area 1 are well
developed and diverse in terms of coral species and fish fauna.
Water quality is very good and the overall health and produc-
tivity of the area is much better than the barrier reef south of
the harbor which has been impacted more by fishing, har-
vesting, coral predation, siltation and decreased water quality.
Common corals observed along the reef margin and slope
include Stylophora mordax and Pocillopora eydouxi which form
heads up to lm in diameter; Acropora nasuta, A. tenuis and A.
sp. (up to 2m in diameter.; Millepori pla@tyhylla, M.
dichotoma, Porites lutea, Acropora smithi,, A . surculosa, Favia
stelligera, F. pallida, -Stvlast!er gracilis, Distichopora gracilis,
Goniastrea retiformis, Pavona dueRdeni, P. clavus, Porites rus
and LobophylTa -S2ami@osa.

1-6

Puntan Magpi Planning Area

Coral cover varies from ap@roximately 40 - 70%, and ap-
proaches 85% cover near surge channels and other areas that
favor coral development. Soft corals were observed all along
the barrier reef and in a few locations accounted for as much
as 20 - 25% of the total coral cover. The most common soft
corals observed were Sinularia sp. and Sarcophyton sp.
Fishes observed Fn-this zone inclt;d-ethe large tanguisson
(Chelinus undulatus), the snappers Lutjanus bohar and Macolor
niger, skipjack (Caranx melampygus), t7e groupers
Cephal pholis argus and Epinephelus fasciatus, sweetlips
(Plectorhynchus sp.), rudderfish (Kyp cinerascens),
several species of parrotfish (Scarus sp.), surgeon h
(Acanthurus lineatus, A. triostegiTs-,A. mata, Ctenochaetus
striatus and Naso literatus), barracuda (SpFy--raena barracuda)
and the whiteFi-pre-eT -shark (Triaenodon obesus). Amesbury,
et. al. (1979), describes this zone of the barrier reef as having
high species diversity, with the spur and groove system (surge
channels) having the greatest fish diversity of all areas of the
surgeonfish (especially Acanthurus lineatus), adult parrotfish,
large wrasses and large groupers. Other common fish include
rabbitfish, juvenile parrotfish, needlefish, squirrelfish, jacks,
snappers and goatfish.

2. Physical Marine Resources

a. Currents
specific or detailed investigations concerning water
movements in the Puntan Magpi Planning Area have been con-
ducted. However, based on general information and field
observations by Cloud (1959) and this investigative team it
appears that there is a general movement of water from the
northeast to the southwest. The prevailing current is in-
fluenced by both the north equitorial current and the north-
easterly trade winds. Oceanic water enters the Saipan Lagoon
across the barrier reef and is carried west and southwest along
the shoreline and across the Lagoon to an exit area. As there
are no large cuts or channels in the northern Lagoon, the
majority of the water exits out the mouth of Tanapag Harbor.

b. Water Quality
Water quality is generally excellent in the northern Saipan
Lagoon. Clear, oceanic water is continually entering the lagoon
over the barrier reef and moves towards Tanapag Channel.
There are no rivers that empty into the Lagoon in this planning
area. San Roque and Tanapag villages each have one storm-
water outfall which empties into the Lagoon. There are no
sewage outfalls in Planning Area 1.
The CNMI Division of Environmental Quality (DEQ) cur-
rently has 29 shoreline sampling stations within the project
area, and another 25 shoreline and 12 off-shore sampling points
at Managaha Island (currently sampling is taking place at only
11 stations at Managaha Island). The four sampling stations

1-7

Puntan Magpi Planning Area

located within the Puntan Magpi Planning Area are Wing Beach,
Paupau Beach, San Roque School and the Tanapag Meeting Hall.
Data for various water quality parameters are available at the
DEQ office. Figure 1-1 depicts locations the DEQ sampled for
fecal coliform and indicates the number of samples and violations
for the Puntan Magpi Planning Area as well as for the other six
planning areas.
Recent data available from the DEQ covering the period
October 1984 - March 1985 shows only one sample greater than
200/100 ml fecal coliform. The mean fecal coliform count for the
six-month period is 63/100 ml.

3. On-shore Resources

a. Wetlands
OnTy-one wetland is located in Planning Area 1, a 4.7 acre
site located just south of Tanapag Village and bisected by West
Coast Highway. This wetland is almost a pure strand of the
reed Phragmites karka (Karriso).

b. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species
The only endangered species likely to occur in this
planning area is the Nightengale Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus
luscinia) which is found in forested areas and wetlands.
2U-thou h not that uncommon on Saipan at the present time, the
species is listed as endangered in the Federal Register through-
out its range. The Reed Warbler once occurred on Guam,
primarily in the Agana Swamp area, but became extirpated on
Guam in the mid-1970's.
The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) is known to have
nested in significant numbers on Wing Beach and the Division of
Fish and Wildlife reports that they still nest there in small
numbers. Green sea turtles are classified as threatened species
in the CNMI under Federal Law and very limited harvesting for
subsistence purposes only is presently allowed. Efforts should
be made to control development along Wing Beach and ap-
propriate measures should be instituted to protect the nesting
turtles and their eggs from illegal activities by man.

B. Man-made Resources and Human Uses

1. Land Uses

a. Existing Development and Public Facilities
This rural-character Planning Area, which includes the
northernmost villages of Tanapag and San Roque escapes the
urban activity of nearby Garapan and Tanapag area. The
Tanapag and San Roque village areas are each closely clustered
and provincial in nature. The remaining land in this Planning
Area is now either undeveloped or in small scale agricultural
production.

1-8

Puntan Magpi Planning Area

A" (D

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24 3

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Mlh-@L@ 60LAFO@ WITH

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A.
FIGURE 1-1. 4- 7
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OCT. 19b4 - 19S15, rz- I n-3

1-9

Puntan Magpi Planning Area

b. Public Land Ownership and Access
Several scattered sites of public Tand exist throughout this
Planning Area. In addition to three developed beach parks
(Unai Achugau, Unai Paupau and Wing Beach), the largest tract
of public land lies just southwest of Tanapag Village. This
tract is reserved by the Marianas Public Land Corporation for a
future homestead.

c. Recreation Sites
The following park and recreation facilities now exist within
Planning Area 1 (Table I-1).

Table I-1
RECREATION FACILITIES IN PUNTAN MAGPI PLANNING AREA

Park or Recreation Existing
Area Facilities

Wing Beach Access Road, compacted
coral, 1500 linear feet
(if)

Unai Dikike Matuis Access Road, coral,
1200 If

Unai Paupau Access Road, compacted
coral, 600 If
Picnic Tables
6 Camping Areas
Pavilion

Unai Achugau Access Road, coral,
200 if

Unai Tanapag Pedestrian accesses, two
at 300 If each
Parking along access road
(back road between
Public Works and
Tanapag)

d. Historic Sites
Underwater properties that are potentially historically
significant located in this planning area include a Japanese
Navy Flying Boat (Kawanishi H8K) sunk in approximately 35
feet of water and a popular dive location for tourists; a
Japanese 46-foot landing craft located approximately 25 feet
deep; the badly damaged hull of a Japanese cargo ship known

I-10

Puntan Magpi Plai@ning Area

as the "Buoy Wreckn; and a partially destroyed Japanese
Submarine, Chaser (locally referred to as the "Submarine")
which is sunk in approximately 30 feet of water and regularly
visited by the glassbottom boat tours.

e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Redistribution
re are no beach erosion sites within Mis Planning Area.
However, stormwave redistribution does deplete these beaches.

f. Stormwater Drainage
San Roque Village is located within the major natural drain-
age of a 150-acre watershed basin. Run-off is collected and
discharged at the southeastern corner of the village by means
of an open concrete culvert about four feet wide and six feet
deep. The culvert leads for 1000 feet to Cross Island Road
where the stormwater is intercepted and conveyed northward
along the highway by a se ries of shallow earth-lined ditches
and small culverts.
The capacity of existing drainage is about 450 cubic feet
per second (cfs) or about half of the necessary capacity to
accommodate runoff from a storm with a frequency of occurrence
of ten years. Thus, the capacity is inadequate to accommodate
runoff from storms of even light to moderate intensity. Aside
from these inadequacy, the concrete channel is also a safety
hazard because of its depth and proximity to the roadway.

2. Economic Resources

a. Subsistence Fishingand Gathering
The near-shore and lagoon areas of the Puntan Magpi
Planning Area are important for subsistence fishing, especially
along Tanapag and San Roque villages and Unai Achugau and
Unai Paupau. Throw-net (Talaya) fishermen were observed
walking the beaches and shoreline in search for schools of small
fish. Snorkelers and spearfishermen were also observed in the
Lagoon, and the park area just south of the church at Tanapag
is frequently used as a launching area for small boats.

b. Tourism Industry
.There is no tourism industry at the present; however,
Japan Air Lines is planning to construct Hotel Nikko Saipan, a
12-story, 320 room resort complex just north of San Roque
village.

CHAPTER II - TANAPAG HARBOR PLANNING AREA

Planning Area 2 includes the Tanapag Harbor channel, harbor basin and
the deeper areas of the harbor proper. For the near-shore environment,
Area 2 encompasses the shoreline from the two seaplane ramps at Puntan
Flores south to the southeastern boundary of the Puerto Rico Dump. Much
of the marine environment in Area 2 has been altered or disturbed over the
years through such activities as dredging, filling, construction, effluent
discharges and impacts associated with the dump. Saipan's harbor, com-
mercial port and power plant are also located in Area 2.

A. Natural Resources

1. Living Marine Resources

a. Near-shore
The near-shore zone of Area 2 represents the most dis-
turbed shoreline of the entire Saipan Lagoon. The harbor and
basin areas have been dredged, primarily during the 1930's and
1940's and several fastland piers and spits of land have been
constructed, subdividing the shoreline into several small embay-
ments. Wreckage, primarily dating from World War II and
shortly thereafter, provides a major substratum in shallow near-
shore areas. Numerous barges, probably used as floating
piers, exist along the shoreline and in shallow bays.
A small embayment just north of Delta Dock contains the
only significant mangrove stand on Saipan. The mangrove tree
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza extends from the shallow inner portion
of this fine silt and sand substrate embayment approximateiy
400 m into the small drainage basin/wetland area across the
bridge from the bay. This is one of only two mangrove areas
left on Saipan, and it should be protected from filling or other
construction activities or discharges which would have a nega-
tive impact on them.
The dominant organisms comprising the highest percent
coverage of the near-shore environment are the-marine plants.
The seagrass Enhalus acoroides is the dominant specie's along
shore in the r@_a_nyembayments where it comprises 30 - 95% of
the bottom substrate. Other common marine plants which are
locally dominant include Schizothrix calcicola, Polysiphonia
scopulorum, Halophila minor, Microcoleus lyngbyaceus, Halimeda
macroloba, H. Rians, H. opuntia, Halodule uninervis, Lobophora
variegata, Dictyota bartayresii an Doty and
Marsh (1977) did a comprehensive marine biologicil survey of
the area from Unai Sadog Tas! to Puntan Flores in February
and June 1976. Data from this study indicate percent coverage
for marine plants varied from a low of 22% in Baker Bay and
23% in outer Charlie Bay to a high of 96% off Able Dock and 91%
along the southwestern side of Baker Dock. A total of 63
species of marine plants was reported for the study area in this
report.
Corals in the near-shore environment of Area 2 are gen-
erally sparse or absent to locally common, depending upon the

II-1

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

substrate. Piers and wharfs, many sunken barges, pi lings and
other wreckage provide excellent substrate for corals and keep
them above the bottom where they would otherwise not survive
because of heavy siltation. The major corals found attached to
metal or concrete objects are Pocil@@2ora dan-Acornis ', Porites
lutea and Millepora dichotoma. Small scattered colonlies-o-f -P.
damicornis and P. lutea were observed in the bays and among
seagrass beds lid-where rock or coral rubble substrate af-
forded a place of attachment.
Doty and Marsh (1977) reported a total of 28 species of
corals from their study area with percent cover ranging from a
low of 8.4% at the end of Able Dock to a high of 49.2% on the
northeastern side of Baker dock. Charlie Bay averaged 29.8
percent coral cover. In this study the most abundant corals
were Pocillopora damicornis, Porites lutea, Millepora dichotoma,
Montipora lobulata, M. verrilli, Le tas rea purpurea, Goniastrea
retiformis, Acropora aspera and A. palifera.
The fish launa or -the inqhr@-_- 7nne of Area 2 is not very
diverse or rich and contains rather low numbers of desirable
food fishes. The sand and silt substrate, mangrove area, low
visibility and lack of larger forms of corals and reef structure
which provides holes for protection are factors affecting the
abundance of fish fauna in this zone. Fishes observed during
this study and by Amesbury, et. al. (1979), include mullets
(Mugilidae), slipmouths (Leiognathus sp.), rabbitfish (Siganus
S13111us and S. argenteus), snappers (Lutjanidae) and damselfish
(Voma entricTae5.
Doty and Marsh (1977) censused fishes in this area over a
period of four months. More than 5000 fishes of nearly 75
species were counted in the area. The damselfislies
(Pomacentridae) were the most abundant group, with the two
species Chromis caerulea and Dascyllus aruanus accounting for
approxiria-tely-50--.--in-d-209., respectively R -the number of fishes
seen. The sharp-backed puffer, Canthigaster solandri
(Canthigasteridae), was the most ubiquitous fish. The sur-
geonfish Ctenochaetus striatus (Acanthuridae) was also fre-
quently seen. Th;-r-eare undoubtedly a considerable number of
fish species which occur in Tanapag Harbor which were not ob-
served during this study, particularly roving predators such as
jacks (Carangidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), and goatfishes
(Mullidae), seasonally abundant fishes, such as rabbitfishes
(Siganidae), nocturnally active fishes, such as squirrelfishes
(Holocentridae) and cardinal fishes (Apogonidae), cryptic or
secretive fishes (Gobildae, Blenniidae, Scorpaenidae) and var-
ious eels. The fishes which are best represented in these
surveys are those most closely tied to specific defended ter-
ritories or limited home ranges (Doty and Marsh, 1977).
Benthic invertebrate assemblages were studied in six areas
during the 1977 report by Doty and Marsh. The only species
occurring in all areas studied was the gastropod mollusc Lambis
lambis. Other common organisms were the gastropod C-ypraea
erosa, the bivalve Saxostrea mordax, the echinoid Mespilia

11-2

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

globulus, and the sea cucumber Holothuria atra. The greatest
diversity was found from Able Dock to nai Sa og Tase. Baker
Bay and deeper parts of Charlie Bay both were similarly poor
in invertebrate fauna, but the shoal areas in Charlie Bay were
richer. Molluscus and echinoderms were found more frequently
with distance away from the dredged area around the power
barge. Shifting fine sediments and turbid water resulting from
past dredging and wind and wave action probably inhibit coloni-
zation of Baker bay by most macroinverteb rates. Other common
species observed in the nearshore environment include the
gastropod Cerithium sp., the bivalve Grafrarium pectinatum,
the starfish Li ckia laevigata and Culdta novaeguineae and the
sea cucumb4@@s- Bohadschia argus, B. bivittata, Holothuria
leucospilota, Stichopus chloronotus ancs. horrens.

b. Lagoon and Patch Reefs
The Lagoon zone of Area 2 includes the deeper portions of
the harbor basin, main channel and other portions of the
Lagoon that eventually grade out past the patch reefs at the
month of the channel into the deep oceanic water west of the
Lagoon. There is no barrier reef or reef margin zone in this
Planning Area.
The Lagoon floor is composed of large stretches of sand and
coral/algal rubble overlain in the deeper areas and by a layer
of fine silt and clay in those portions of the Harbor that have
been dredged. Visibility in this zone is generally poor as wind
driven waves and currents easily disturb the fine bottom sedi-
ments. Scattered throughout the Lagoon floor are isolated
outcrops of coral and patch reefs, some rising 3 - 6 m from the
bottom. Many of these patch reefs are mostly dead corals ' with
encrusting forms such as sponges, with only 5 - 10% live coral.
Some of the sand and rubble areas contain Halodule uninervis,
Caulerpa racemosa, C. serrulata, C. ve-rticillata, Halimeda
opuntia, H. gi as, H. macroloba, -PafiFn-a tenuis, Dictyota
b
rtayresn and Schizothr
a ix alcicola.
Corals common to the numerous patch reefs and attached to
the myriad of junk that lies on the bottom (mostly near the
harbor basin and in the vicinity of the main ship channel)
include Pocillopora damicornis, P. eydouxi, Acropora hebes, A.
Palifera, A. nasuta, A. surculosa, Stylophora mordax, Fo-rife-s
lutea, P. cylinTr-ica, Montipora bulata, M. verrilli, Millepora
dicf7otoma, Sarcophyton sp. (soft coral), H-eTi-opo-ra. Zoerulea,
Pavona decussata, P. divaricata, Acrhelia horrescens and
Stylocoeniella armata. y of these species are encrusting
forms that are tolerant to siltation or branching forms that grow
rather rapidly.
The patch reefs tend to become more numerous away from
the harbor basin where the bottom is less silty and water
quality is better. Towards the mouth of the channel and close
to the tip of the northern barrier reef water quality increases
as does the number and size of the patch reefs. Water depth
ranges from 8 - 12 m in this area, whereas the deeper

11-3

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

(dredged) portions of the basi n and inner harbor extend to 18
m. Coral cover in the western portion of Area 2 ranges from
approximately 5 - 20%, and the patch reefs have a higher
percent of live coral than the central and eastern portions of
the channel and harbor (10 - 50%).
The patch reefs near the channel mouth and south of the
barrier reef are one of the few places in the Saipan Lagoon
where significant amounts of reef building coralline algae were
observed. Goreau (1969) states that the slope just south of the
top of the barrier reef had the richest growth of coralline algae
he observed anywhere on Saipan. Dominant algae include
Porolithon sp., Lithothamnium sp ' and Amphiroa sp.
,The patch reefs along the Lagoon floor of the channel and
harbor basin support a moderate diversity of fishes. Snappers
(Lutjanidae), juvenile and adult parrotfish (Scaridae), rabbit-
fish (Siganidae) and goatfish (Mullidae) were among the most
common groups of fishes observed. Amesbury, et.al. (1979),
identified between 40 - 60 species here, with juvenile parrotfish
and snappers (especially Lutjanus kasmira) comprising their
highest counts anywhere in the Lagoon. Other common fishes
include parrotfish, surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), Cardinalfish
(Apogonidae), blue Chromis, squirrelfish (Holocentridae),
groupers (Serranidae)' and wrasses (Labridae). The most
important species were Apogon saipanensis, Epinephelus merra,
Lutjanus fulvus, Aprion virescens, Lethrinus harak, L. i7a-mak,
Monotaxis grandoculis, Parupeneus barberinus, P. trifasciatus,
E. pleurostigma, Cheilinus chlorurus, C. trilobatus, Halichoeres
trimaculatus, - Thalassoma lutesFe-ns, -Scarus chlorodon, S.
forsteri, T. ghobban, -9. 7o-rdidus, S. ven sus, Acanlhur@is
mata,, A. olivaceaus, A. xanthopte us, Naso brevi:Fo-stris, N.
literatus, N. unicornis and Siganus spinus.

2. Physical Marine Resources

a. Currents
The-currents in the Tanapag Harbor and Commercial Port
area have been previously investigated by the University of
Guam Marine Laboratory (Doty and Marsh, 1977). The currents
in outer Tanapag Harbor and channel are less well known.
The 1977 study of the area around Baker Bay showed that
wind speed and direction primarily control the movement of
surface waters in the harbor. Drogues released in Baker Bay
generally moved downwind toward the west or southwest.
Evidence of an eddy system in the bay near the outfall was also
observed, especially by the deeper (5 meter) drogues. The
maximum average current speed recorded was 0.13 m1sec (0.25
knots). No evidence was observed to indicate any tidal move-
ments. Figures II-1 - 11-3 show some typical results obtained
during the 1977 survey.
Surface currents in Tanapag Harbor generally move towards
the mouth of the Harbor. Deeper currents move generally in
the same direction but are slower than the surface currents.

11-4

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

B
C 11-5
N

...................

e start
e 1-m drogue
0 5-m drogue 0 meters 200

B (see above)

G
A C

E D

a start
o 5-m droque 0 meters 100

Figure rI-L Droque, drift.paths for 20 March 1976.
Source: Dotyand-Marsh, 1977.-

11-5

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

D
C

D
F

B F
A A
D G H C
E

D
H C B
E
B F A F G
H

WIND
i
A meters I misec N
0 100 200
a DROGUE SCALE

Figure 11"2.. Drogue drift paths for 12 June 1976. a a .nd c. 5-m
drogues. b. 1-m drogue. Source., -Doty .!and. Marsh, 1977

11-6

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

a
12 June 1976 f
0900-1200
Failing Tide

o m/min 10 0 meters
@T8"R'SCALEE MAP SCALE
/N

b
12 J u ne 1976
1620-1725
Rising Tide

rn / rni n10 0 meters 100
ALE

Figure !1-3. Currentsin and near Baker Bay. Arrow lengths are
proportional to current speed. o no movement.
...Source: ..Doty an&Marsh 1977.
F-I

11-7

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

In a 1980 survey for the Army Corps of Engineers, M & E
Pacific, Inc. reported that the outflow from the harbor and
basin area is transported seaward through both the harbor
entrance and through openings in the noncontinuous reef struc-
ture. These findings are in agreement with the generalizations
postulated by Cloud (1959).

b. Water Quality
The-water quality of the harbor is generally poorer than
the rest of the Lagoon as it receives runoff from the port, the
sewage effluent from the outfall south of Charlie Dock and
leachate and debris from the Puerto Rico Dump. The Division
of Environmental Quality (DEQ) currently has three water
sampling stations in this Planning Area (seaplane ramp, lower
base drainage channel/outfall and next to Puerto Rico Dump).
In addition, the DEQ has recently set up several sampling
regimes near the dump and outfall to monitor short and long
term environmental impacts caused by these facilities. Data on
water quality parameters analyzed by the DEQ lab are available
from their office. Although it varies according to location these
parameters include Fecal Coliform, BOD, Chloride, Salinity,
Dissolved 0 ' PH, Turbidity, Temperature, Total Coliform,
Suspended golids, Total Nitrogen, Ammonia Nitrogen and Total
Phosphorus. Water quality monitoring station sites and data
regarding occurrence and violations of fecal coliform standards
are depicted on Figure 1-1 of this Volume.
Recent data of the eight sampling stations at Mobil Oil
Beach, all around Puerto Rico outfall and a control (both
surface and bottom samples at each location) indicates only
those stations directly above the outfall and 100 ft. north of
the outfall had fecal coliform values exceeding 200/100 ml. The
mean for the surface samples above the outfall was 12,200/100
ml, for bottom samples at the outfall was 375,268/100 ml and for
the surface samples 100 ft. north of the outfall was 103/100 m
(two individual samples of 201/100 ml were collected).
The combination of a fine silt/mud bottom in the harbor and
the silt-laden water entering the Lagoon from the port area
severely reduces water clarity (visibility). Winds and currents
coming from the northeast tend to stir up and suspend these
fine bottom sediments. It is obvious when riding along the
surface or towing underwater when one has entered the port/
harbor area as there is a distinct border between the clear
Lagoon water and the silt plume which normally extends as far
as 1000 - 1500 m from shore.

3. On-shore Resources

a. Wetlands
.Two wetland areas occur in the Tanapag Harbor Planning
Area. One is a small tidal estuary and associated wetland
located at the north end of the Commercial Port area where a
small stream flows under the road and empties into a small

11-8

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

embayment between Delta Dock and Echo Bay. The outer
portion of this wetland is described in the section below (b.
Mangroves) .
It is likely that this entire wetland was once . a small bay
which opened into the harbor. With the placement of roads and
fill the outlet has been reduced to a streambed. The drainage
ditch is dominated by the reed 'Phragmites karka (Karriso).
Other common vegetation includes Hibiscus tiliaceus (Pago),
Leucaena leucocephala (Tanagan-tangan), Pithecellobium dulce
(KamachileT-and various common grasses such as Panicum and
Pennisetum. The entire wetland area occupies approximately
44.2 acres.
The second wetland area is located on both sides of West'
Coast Highway opposite Unai Tanapag. This somewhat small
site (4.6 acres) is primarily a Phramites karka marsh on the
north side of the road. To the east, the area is more open and
somewhat drier and dominated by Ludwigia octivalvis (Primrose
willow), cultivated Ipomoea aquatica (K Leucaena
leucocephala (Tangan-tangan) and Hibiscus tiliaceus (Pa-g-oT.-

b. Mangroves
The extent of mangroves in Planning Area 2 is limited to an
extremely small tidal estuary at the mouth of a storm drainage
basin at Lower Base toward the northern extreme of Puntan
Tanapag. The area of tidal influence extends to the road,
through a culvert and north along the road approximately 20 m.
This area continues north along the road another 50 m as a
depressed wetland fed by a natural spring and rainwater run-
off. It is only mod 'erately affected by the tides. It has been
reported that at one time the entire wetland was probably a
small bay open to the harbor. However, because of extensive
filling from wartime activities and development over the years,
the outlet has been reduced to a narrow streambed. One
estimation puts the mouth of this stream approximately 600 m
from the harbor. Most likely, the stream drained a large
lowland area presently covered by fill and supporting buildings
in the vicinity of Puntan Flores.
Only one species of mangrove plant exists in this limited
area, Brugiera gy norrhiza. This species extends from the
mouth of the estuary along both sides fairly equally to the
bridge. A few mangrove trees can be seen on the opposite side
of the road, -but they dissipate rapidly.

c. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species
The small area of the mangrove Brugier gymnorrhiza near
Delta Dock should be considered rare and given protection from
pollution, filling or dredging activities and other environ-
mentally detrimental actions. This site, the shoreline south of
the Puerto Rico Dump and a small area adjacent to the American
Memorial Park east of Beach Road are the only mangrove areas
in all of Saipan.
The mangrove area at lower base supports a population of
the endangered Nightengale Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus

11-9

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

luscinia) in addition to the colorful Bridled White-eye (Zosterops
conspicillata). Although relatively common on Saipan, the
White-eye has virtually disappeared from the forests of Guam
where it was once quite common. Although not observed, it is
possible that the endangered Gallinule (.Gallinula chloropus), a
rather secretive bird that lives in swamps and wetlands seeking
cover from ferns and other dense vegetation, might also occur
in this area.

B. Man-made Resources and Human Uses

1. Land Uses

a. Existing Development and Public Facilities
This is Saipan's industrial area and, as such, the Tanapag
Harbor Planning Area includes the island's solid waste dump,
port and harbor, energy generating facilities, warehouses, and
public works operations. Much of the Area remains un-
developed at this time.
Puerto Rico Dump, Saipan's only authorized disposal site for
solid wastes, is a well-chronicled public health nuisance and
eyesore. It has been a dump since post WWII and continues in
operation primarily because sufficient funds for improvements
have not been allocated and because no acceptable, alternative
site has been designated. Approximately 8,000 cubic yards of
waste are dumped at the Puerto Rico Dump each month.
The CNMI Government is now reviewing ten alternative sites
which have been identified as potential sanitary landfill sites for
Saipan. The government plans to sele 'ct one site, begin a
sanitary landfill operation there, and then permanently close the
Puerto Rico Dump site and convert it into a public recreation
area.

b. Public Land Ownership and Access
Most of this area is publically owned, with some area leased
to private enterprises. It also includes the somewhat remote,
but attractive, Unai Tanapag. The Lagoon and harbor are
accessible throughout the length of this Planning Area.

c. Recreation Sites
The following park and recreation facilities now exist within
Planning Area II.

Table II-1
RECREATION SITE AT TANAPAG HARBOR PLANNING AREA

Park or Recreation Existing
Area Facilities

DPW Beach Access Road, Coral,
400 lf

II-10

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

d. Historic Sites I
Two Japanese landing craft are located underwater within
this Planning Area. Both craft, a 56-foot model and a 46-foot
model, are close together in approximately 25 feet of water and
are regularly visited by the glassbottom boat tours. These two
properties may be historically significant due to the low number
produced and the fact that few exist today.

e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Redistribution
No beach erosion or discernible beach depletion occurs in
this Planning Area.

f. Stormwater Drainag
Gross Island Road in the village of Tanapag does not have
adequately -sized drainage culverts at road crossings. This
results in stormwater flooding problems along an area of ap-
proximately 3000 linear feet north of the Public Works complex.
Stormwater runoff from this 77 acre watershed exceeds the
capacity of the existing pipe culverts, which consist of one 12
inch and two 18 inch diameter concrete pipes. Only one of the
18 inch culverts is currently functional. The depth of the
water over the road rises as much as two feet during intense
storms. This flooding is characterized by strong velocities and
heavy sediment and debris loadings.
Stormwater runoff also flows from a 1400 acre watershed
into the Lower Base Industrial Complex. The area is charac-
terized by flat terrain, underlain by sandy soils of high per-
meability. Runoff from upland tributary areas pond on the
flatlands and cause severe flooding. These flood waters pri-
marily drain to the Saipan Lagoon via the Sadog Tase drainage
canal. - This canal winds through Lower Base and discharges to
the Lagoon at two points. Tidal estuaries and mangrove veg-
etation have developed at the interfaces between the drainage
canal outlets and the Lagoon. Inland portions of the canal are
heavily overgrown and do not function effectively in disposing
of stormwater. These flooding problems have been further
aggravated by improper grading which has resulted in depres-
sions and tend to pond water rapidly.

2. Energy Resources

a. Existing Facilities
Existing energy facilities in this planning area are located
within the Tanapag Harbor and lower base areas. These in-
clude the power plant, back-up generators, pipelines associated
with the power plant and Mobil Oil, Mobil Oil storage tanks,
Department of Public Works storage area, ship bunkering pipe-
lines at Charlie Dock and the marine terminal at Baker Dock.
Refer to Figure 11-5 for locations of these facilities.

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

3. Ec onomic Resources

a. Subsistence Fishing and Gathering
Some subsistence fishing occurs within this planning area,
especially throw-net (Talaya) fishing along Unai Tanapag and
hook and line fishing off the seaplane ramps and various docks
and piers in the port area. Launching and harboring of small
boats used for various types of fishing in other locations of the
Lagoon and open ocean occurs in the port area as well. Some
subsistence fishing does occur in the deeper waters of the
harbor and basin but generally less than that which occurs
along the shoreline and in the richer patch reefs and barrier
reef of the lagoon. This is due primarily to generally poor
coral development, turbid water and low species diversity.

b. Commercial and Sport Fishing and Facilities
A March 1981 report by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
recommends two alternative plans for Tanapag Harbor in the
vicinity of the old seaplane ramps. This would satisfy the
requirements of a light-draft harbor created around small-scale
commercial and subsistence fishing and recreational boats by
providing capacity for about 50 boats up to 60 feet in length.
Figure 11-4 presents a possible berthing plan for Tanapag
Small Boat Harbor. Design and construction funds are now
pending an appropriation by the Commonwealth for the local
share of the cost. General navigation features would include:
An entrance channel 240 feet long, 150 feet wide and 14
feet deep.
A turning basin 250 feet by 150 feet and 12 feet
deep.
A main access channel 175 feet long and 12 feet deep.
A 1,520 foot long main breakwater and 690 foot long
stub breakwater.

c. Port and Shipping
Figure 11-5 depicts the shoreline of the Tanapag - Harbor
Planning Area and its coastal facilities. The following is a
description of these facilities starting from the north.
Seaplane Ramps - These concrete seaplane ramps are
the northernmost port facilities. This is the site of the
power plant and has been designated as the site for a
new Tanapag Small Boat Harbor.
Range Light Bay - This small bay, about 1-2 feet deep
lies between the seaplane ramps to the north and Echo
Dock to the south. The lower range light for the
harbor entrance is found on shore at this point. The
Bay's sediments are coral rubble and sand.
Echo Pier - This small-peninsula is no longer used as a
dock, but wood pilings and a concrete seawall still
remain. The pier is often used by fishing boats and
other small boats. Depth of water is relatively shallow,
averaging 9 to 10 feet. Much of the surrounding land
mass is littered with abandoned boats and other scrap.

11-12

ACCESS C14ANNEL

LOADING DOCK AREA
PROPOSED By LOCAL SpcwSOR

cas"a EL +30 MLLW
RAMP I

ATERFJ@
FT171.

ExWma ROMP I CL +�W WJ.W
%

% T
%

%
STU* GREAXWArER

ReAcom
% _LrE.T--X C.AftlLJ FG 1302
14.0'
% J--, % I
I % , J.
0 A I It Z,
Poo// "If
If
If IF

'o,

0.0

oil

NOTE:
ALL CLEVATIONS REFERENCED TO MUM. FIGURE 11-4.

TANAPAG SMALL.BOAT HARBOR
PLAN.
C

11-13'

fUNTAN

IiV@FL.^ N F-

RANCIEE 1-141HT
C, K
FZHO POCK

.PFL@TA POCK,

CHAKLAr-,---
p
, le,
oe
&r

PAY

BAKRF POC,

@Ay

AESL@F- POC

--IKON
PUMP

Pu F-RTO

UNAI

F--

FIGUM 11-5.
P,@N TANAPACI HARI@50F@
fAC I W TI

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

Echo Bay - This 6 acre bay lies between Echo Dock to
the north and Delta Dock to the south. At the
southern end of the Bay an abandoned concrete pipe
lies between the shore and the edge of the dredged
area. A small stream with associated mangrove com-
munity empties into the southern end of this Bay.
Delta Dock - This is a small dock, just north of Charlie
Dock.
Charlie Dock - This is a Japanese constructed dock that
was upgraded by the military serving as the only
commercial port docking facility capable of handling
container and breakbulk cargo. However, the facility
has received very little maintenance over the years.
While major damage has been repaired, minor damage
has gone unattended and eventually resulted in serious
deterioration.
Inspection of the dock in 1972 indicated that the
dock face is a masonry wall of 41x41x51 concrete blocks,
with a coral-fill core. The dock elevation is 6 feet
above the mean lower water mark. The dock has 530
feet of berthing space along the north side, with ex-
isting depths reported to be approximately 26 feet below
MLLW. Berthing space of 180 feet and 400 feet are
available along the west and east sides, respectively,
with depths of 20 feet reported on the west side and 10
to 20 feet on the east side. The south side of the pier
serves as a small boat quay, with water depths of 6 to
8 feet.
Freighters utilizing Charlie Dock generally have
their own boom system for loading and unloading cargo,
both containerized and break bulk. Some of the large
cargo vessels also have a stern ramp for roll-on and
roll-off cargo, such as automobiles and cargo con-
tainers. - The Saipan Stevedoring Company has a 25 ton
and a 27 ton forklift which handles the 40 foot, 25
gross ton containers. The stevedores also have two 50
ton mobile cranes for loading and unloading. Dockside
storage space consists of a 12,000 square foot steel
warehouse used for break bulk storage and several
acres of adjacent, unpaved container storage space. A
second building is for Port operations and maintenance
as well as the Marine Resources Division of the
Department of Natural Resources. Approximately 12
acres of land are associated with Charlie Dock.
Charlie Dock is presently in very deteriorated
condition. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is now
designing repairs and improvements to this area as part
of its "Saipan Deep Draft Harbor Improvement" project.
The plans are scheduled for completion by April 1986.
The proposed improvements are further described at the
conclusion of this section.

11-15

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

Charlie Bay - This semi-enclosed Bay occupies about 6
acres between Charlie and Baker Docks and is about 5
- 10 feet deep. Approximately one-half of the Bay is
sheltered from wave action by Charlie Dock. The
unprotected (southwestern) half receives relatively
heavy turbulence due to lagoon waves and the reflection
of waves from the northwestern side of Baker Dock.
The shoreline is now littered with the remains of old
barges -
Baker Pier - This pier, originally constructed by the
Japanese, was reconstructed many years ago. The pier
consists of coral fill bounded primarily by iron pilings.
The south side has a vertical wall and is useable by the
Commonwealth. A sunken barge lies off the northern,
seaward end, preventing its use as a dock. A
decaying woodpiling dolphin is also situated at the end
of the dock.
The northeastern side of the dock is exposed to
direct wave action. The southwestern side of the dock
face is made of iron pilings, except for a short section
nearshore which is faced with cut limestone. The
pilings drop vertically to a narrow bench of coral
rubble lying about 1 foot below MLLW. Approximately 4
- 6 w feet away from the dock, the bottom has been
recently dredged to a depth of 20 to 30 feet, creating a
steep coral rubble slope.
The land behind Baker Pier is leased to Mobil Oil
Company for fuel storage.
Baker Bay - This Bay of 4.2 acres lies between Baker
Dock and Able Dock. The bottom has been dredged
adjacent to the two docks and consists primarily of fine
sand and silt with occasional rocks and metal debris.
The sunken remains of a converted minesweeper, the
"Four Winds," lies at the outer edge of Baker Bay,
near Baker Dock.
Able Dock - This dock was built by the Japanese -as
part of their railway system. Previously it had a
concrete facing which descended vertically to the coral
rubble bottom. Although it is totally unuseable now, it
was reconstructed in 1944 and enlarged with 2000 feet of
steel piling. . Most of the northwest dock has eroded
away. The area has many concrete slabs strewn about
in various positions and a sloping terrace of boulders,
metal debris and coral rubble. The terrace ends in a
steep, dredged face.
Dump Bay - This small bay is south of the iron pilings.
The shore is also part of the Puerto Rico Dump.
Unai Sadog Tase - This is a large shallow bay of about
50 acres and 3 to 6 feet deep.

As a result of in-depth study by the CNMI and the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers extensive improvements have been

11-16

Tanapag Harbor Planning Area

recommended for Tanapag (Saipan) Harbor. It was found that
the existing harbor fgHlit-it-s are inadequate to serve both the
present day needs of Saipan's waterborne commerce as well as
the prcjected growth in both cargo inshipments and container
vessel size. The following harbor improvements were deter-
mined necessary in order to meet Saipan's present and future
needs.
Widen and deepen the entrance channel and turning
basin.
Construct a new wharf and berth at least 500 feet long
in order to accommodate existing vessels during rehabil-
itation of Charlie Dock.
Rehal:d1ita Charlie Dock, :including new sheet pile
bulkheads and a higher deck elevation.
Construct a warehouse and container yard which are
adequate to handle existing cargo requirements.
Construct a new 800 foot dock to accommodate large
container vessels.
In addition, the fc0owing :improvements were recommended to be
accomplished at a later date.
Additional warehouse and container yard area, plus
improved cargo handhng equipment such as a container
crane.
Construction of a passenger terminal and consolidated
administration building.

d. Tourism Industry
There are no t0U3jSiM facilities in the Tanapag Harbor
Planning Area, with the exception of wharves used for em-
barking and disembarking passengers for occasional passenger
liners and for daily commercial Lagoon cruises and sails such as
the 80' LOA catamaran, "Star of Saipan" which sails between
Saipan and Tinian and within Saipan's Lagoon.

11-17

CHAPTER III - MANAGAHA ISLAND PLANNING AREA

Planning Area 3 encompasses Managaha Island, the reefs and patch
reefs surrounding the island, Lagoon waters southerly to the main channel to
Tanapag Harbor and includes a section of the barrier reef from the channel
mouth north to Area 1. This area contains some of the most diverse and
richest reefs and fish fauna found in the Saipan Lagoon. Several historic
properties including three aircraft are located in Area 3. Because of its
offshore position within the lagoon, this Area will be discussed in terms of
the lagoon (including patch reefs), reef flat (including the coral area west
of Managaha Island) and reef margin and slope of the barrier reef.

A. Natural Resources

1. Living Marine Resources

a. Lagoon and Patch Reefs
The lagoon area around Managaha Island is predominantly a
sand and silt bottom with occasional corallalgal rubble areas
interspersed with varying sized patch reefs. These path reefs
become more sparse and contain less live coral as the Lagoon
deepens into the channel and Tanapag Harbor to the south and
east of Managaha Island. The richest and -most diverse patch
reefs are those surrounding the island, including the patch reef
situated approximately 600 meters south-southeast of the island
in the far southeastern corner of Area 3. For purposes of this
report, the reefs west of Managaha to the barrier reef are
included in the reef flat zone since they are close to the bar-
rier reef, in shallow water and are truly an extension of the
reef flat.
The Lagoon patch reefs are most prolific in areas of shallow
water from 2 - 6 m deep and some reach or nearly reach the
surface including the patch reef south-southeast of Managaha
which is awash at low tide. Corals common to the lagoon patch
reefs include Acropora palifera, A. nasuta, Millepora
platyphylla, Porites lutea, P. rus, F. (S-75-iwaya'maensis f
Montipora ehrenbergii, M. f aveolata, R. verrilli, Stylophora
mordax, Heliopora coerulea, Pocillopora eydouxi, P. setchelli,
P. damicornis, Sinularia sp. (soft coral3, - Lobophyl i
TorytEb-osa, Favia palliTa-, Goniastrea retiformis, Leptastrea
purpurea, Psammocra nierstraszi, P. digitata Fungia
fungites.
Coral cover on the patch reefs ranges from approximately
10 - 30% with the shallower reefs usually exhibiting higher
percent cover. Many of the deeper reefs contain little live
coral possibly due to previous Acanthaster damage or other
limiting environmental factors such as reduced light penetration
from murky water or siltation.
Fishes observed in the Lagoon and around the patch reefs
include surgeonfish (Acanthurus triostegus., A. mata,
Ctenochaetus striatus anU__N__a_so___E_teratus), several spectes of
parrotfish (ScaTTd_a_e7, rabb_Tt_Msh_7CS_iganus spinus , goatfish

III-1

Managaha Island Planning Area

(Parupeneus barberinus), several species of butterflyfish
(Chaetodontidae) and several unidentified juvenile fishes.
Amesbury, et. al. (1979), describes this habitat as having high
species diversity with milkfish (Chanos chanos), large groupers
(Epinephelus merra), wrasseses (Labridae), surgeonfish and
parrotfish being abundant.
The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, was more
commonly seen among the patch reefs in Area 3 than in the rest
of the northern lagoon and they were quite numerous in other
areas to the south and southwest of Managaha Island. Very
few individuals were observed in the rich reef flat/patch reef
zone directly west of Managaha at the time of this survey.
Other conspicuous animals observed were the starfish
Linckia laevigata and Culcita novaeguineae, the sea cucumbers
Holothuria atra, H. edulis, Bohadschia argus, Stichopus
chloronotus and Thelenota ananas, the sea urchins Echinothrix
diadema and Echinometra mathaei and a few unidentified species
or -sponges and anenomes.

b. Reef Flat
The reef flat area, including a series of discontinuous
shallow water patch reefs due west of Managaha Island repre-
sent a rich and diverse area of Saipan Lagoon. These reefs
are now heavily utilized by tourists and residents for
snorkeling, diving, spearfishing and shell collecting. At the
time of this survey, only small numbers of Acanthaster were
observed in the reef flat zone of Area 3. The nearby areas
and the deeper patch reefs south and southwest of Managaha
did have rather high concentrations of the starfish and
considerable damage had been done to the corals. In some
areas, up to 40 - 50% of the live coral on isolated mounds and
patch reefs had been destroyed.
Goreau, et. al. (1969), during a study of the ecology of
Saipan's reefs in relation to Acanthaster predation, reported
that prevented from causing extensive damage through periodic
monitoring coupled with a limited, site specific removal program.
Common corals observed in the reef flat zone of Area 3.
include Acropora smithi, A. palifera, A. hebes, A. aspera, A.
tenuis, Porites lutea, P. reticulosa, P. (S)iwayame=aensis , P.
cylindrica , P. australiensis, P. rus, Pocillopora damicornis, P.
danae, P. setchelli, Acanthastrea echinata, Leptastrea bottae,
L. purpurea, Echinopora lamellosa,Favia favus , F. pallida, F.
matthaii, Favites sp., Fungia fungites, F. scutaria, Galaxia
hexagonalis, Goniastrea retiformis, Heliopora coerulea,
Lop=bophyllia costata, Montipora ehrenbergii, M. foveolata,
Pavona divaricata. venosa, P. varians, Platygyra daedalea,
P. pini, Psammocora nierstraszi, P. digitata, Sarcophyton sp.
(soft coral), Seriatopora sp., S. aculeata, Stylocoeniella armata
and Goniopora sp.
Coral cover varies greatly, ranging from 40 - 60% live coral
on the patch reefs west of Managaha Island and 25 - 50% on the
reef flat. Coral cover decreases along the reef flat as it

111-2

Managaha Island Planning Area

deepens and slopes into the channel entrance in the extreme
southwest section of Area 3.
Fish fauna is diverse here with small to medium-sized food
fishes and many species of colorful reef fishes visitors like to
view including butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae), damselfish
(Pomacentridae), moorish idols (Zanclus cornutus), angelfish
(Pomocanthidae), wrasses (Lab dae), trumpetfish
(Aulostomidae) and a few others. Other fishes observed in-
clude parrotfish (Scarus psittacus, S. gobbus, S. sordidus and
the hump-headed parrotfish Bobo-metapon m&-ic_at_u_sT,_guile
(Kyphosus cinerascens), goatfi-sh-IM-arupene arberinus, P.
trif asciatus and Mulloidichtys flavolinea-tus) , surgeonfish
(Acanthu-rus lineatus, A. mata, A. triostegus J. Ctenochaetus
striatus and ff_asolitJ_atu_sT-anS_ snappers (Lutjanus sp.).
Additionally, a Ul-acktip reef shark (.Carcharhinus melanopterus)
and a green sea turtle (Chelonia myda@) were observed TuTring
the present study-
Amesbury, et. al. (1979), reported high abundance and
diversity for surgeonfishes, large wrasses, goatfish, juvenile
parrotfish, rabbitfish and blue Chromis. A more recent survey
of the reef area west of ManagaRa Is-land compiled a checklist of
107 species of fish (PBEC, 1985). The checklist is shown in
Table III-1.

C. Reef Margin and Slope
The reef margin and slope for Area 3 begins at the north
boundary of the channel mouth and extends along the barrier
reef to the northeast of Managaha Island. Species diversity
and coral cover are good and there are moderate numbers of
food fishes present. Coral cover, species diversity and fish
fauna generally increase as one moves north along the barrier
reef, away from the influence of the harbor and channel, into
the more pristine and less accessible portions of the reef. It
was also rioted that the numbers of Acanthaster decreased
dramatically from the southern portion of Area 3, and this
trend continued north into Area 1.
Corals observed were very similar to Area 1 with dominant
species including Stylophora mordax, Pocillopora eydouxi,
Acropora palifera , A. valida, A. diversa, A. quelichi, A.
irreg-ular-isPoriTe-s Tu-tea, P. rus, MilleRi-ra
surculosa, A, V
platyFh-y-lla,- M. dichotoma, Pavona-duerdeni,-P. clavus,
Leptoria phrygia, Platygyra daedalea, Favia sp. aiTd tFe soft
corals Sinularia sp. and Sarcophyton sp. For additional species
common in this area refer to the section describing Area 1,
Reef Margin and Slope.
Percent of coral cover varied in the southern portion of
Area 2 from 10 - 25%. Acanthaster were abundant in isolated
spots with 10 or more visible at one time. Further north, coral
cover varied from 10 - 50%, with higher coverage in areas
where surge channels (spur' and groove system) are better
developed. Isolated sections of the reef showed signs of recent
coral mortality from Acanthaster and in a few spots as much as

111-3

Table III-1. Checklist of fish species observed in the vicinity of Managaha Island.
(U

a Carcharhinidae (Sharks) Lethrinidae (Emperors) Pomacanthi@
Triaenodon obesus Gnathodentex aureo- CentropV9
lineatus Pomacanth
N Muraenidae (Moray Eels) Le-tFr-inus harak
Lycodontis meleagris L. ramak Pomacentrid
sp. Abudefduf
Synodontidae, (Lizardfish) Amphiprior
Saurida gracilis Nemipteridae (Breams) Chromis at
OD Scolopsis cancellatus C. caerule
(d
Holocentridae (Squirrelfish) C. margar
Adioryx diadema Mullidae (Goatfish)
Flammeo sammara Mulloidichthys flavo- Plectrogly
Taris
Flammeo opercu lineatus P johnsto
Myri]2ris is murdjan M. vanicolensis F: lachryn
Parupeneus -Pomocentr
Aulostomidae (Trumpetfish) barberinus P. vab
Aulostomus chinensis P pleurostigma -9tegastes
F: trifasciatus S. fasciola
Fistulariidae (Coronetfish) -9. E@igricaj
Fistularia commersonii Cirrhitidae (Hawkfish)
Paracirrhites arcatus Labridae CO
Syngnathidae (Pipefish) P. fors-teri Anampes t
Corythoichthys sp. Cheilinus
Cha@todontidae (Butterflyfish) C. oxycep
Apogonidae (Cardinalfish) Chaetodon auriga T. trilobat
Apogon novemfasciatus C. bennetti -Cheilio ine
Apogon sp. U. citrinell s C. gaimar
Che!TO-U'2terus T Epibulus i
quinguelineatus T: lunula Gomphosus
T. ornatissimus Halichoere
Serranidae (Groupers) -C. ]Runctatola-sciatus H. hortiTia-
Epinephelus merra C. reticulatus margar
Cephalopholis sp. -C. trifasciatu s* H margina
C. @i-lietensis H: trimacu
Lutjanidae (Snappers) -C. unimaculatus Uab-roides
Lutjanus fulvus -ffeniocYlus chrvsostomus is
L. kasmira Megaprotodon trifas- ensis
cialls

Table III-1 continue.

Thalassoma fuscum Zanclidae (Moorish Idols)
T. haT-dwiclEe- Zanclus cornutus
T. lu-tescens
T. Sluinguevittata Siganidae (Rabbitfish)
Xyrichtys taeniourus Siganus argenteus
S. punctatus
Scaridae (Parrotfisb) spinus
Calotomus spinidens
Scaru@'-cbl n Blenniidae (Blennies)
S. kh2!igE Salarias fasciatus
S. psittacus
juvenile scarids Gobidae (Gobies)
Valenciennea, strigata
Acanthuridae (Surgeonfish)
Acanthurus glaucoparelus Balistidae (Triggerfish)
A. T17-neatus Rhinecanthus aculeatus
T. mata
nigricans Monacanthidae (Filefish)
A. nigrofuscus Cantheri 10
nes ar a.-
T. i;1-1vaceous Oxymon a,-:, -thus longirostris
T. triostegus
Ctenochaetus striatus Tetraodontidae (Puffers)
Naso brevirostris Arothron nigrol!unctatus
N. Uteratus Canthigaster solandri
unicornis
Zebrasoma flavescens
Z. velff-erbm

Total Number Families 27
Total Number Species 107

Managaha Island Planning Area

50 - 75% of the coral was dead. This generally improved north-
ward along the barrier reef where individual starfish or small
groups of 3 - 5 individuals were infrequently observed.
Fish fauna for this zone are nearly identical to Area 1, and
Amesbury, et. al. (1979), classifies the reef margin and slope
as one habitat type for its entire length north of Tanapag
channel. Abundant food fishes include surgeonfish, parrotfish,
groupers, goatfish, squirrelfish, sweetlips, breams, snappers
and jacks. Refer to the previous discussion of the Reef Margin
and Slope zone *of Area 1 for more information on the fishes.

2. Physical Marine Resources

a. Currents
Alt o gh currents have not been quantitatively measured
near Managaha Island, field observations and aerial photographs
indicate the normal flow of water across the Lagoon from the
northeast to the southwest splits and bends around the island.
This results in variable but somewhat strong currents along the
northwest and southeast shores of Managaha. The current is
particularly evident in the deeper (6 - 8 m) sand channel
between the island and the barrier reef. This water flow
continues past Managaha Island and along the inside of the
barrier reef until it exits the Lagoon at the mouth of the
harbor entrance.

b. Water Quality
Water quality is generally very high in the waters sur-
rounding Managaha Island. The Division of Environmental
Quality (DEQ) has numerous sampling stations around the
island, including 25 along shore and another 12 situated ap-
proximately 150 ft. from the shoreline. Presently, however,
the DEQ is collecting samples from 11 stations around the
island. Data for these sampling stations are available at the
DEQ office. Monitoring station sites and data regarding
occurrence and violations of fecal coliform . standards are
depicted on Figure I-1 of this Volume. Analysis of recent data
(October 1984 - March 1985) for fecal coliform shows extremely
low readings (less than 10/100 ml) except for one value of
201/100 ml at Station 22 (January 1, 1985).

3. On-shore Resources

a. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species
- T-the plants used by the Carolinian community for
Some o
medicinal purposes would be considered rare although none are
officially listed as threatened or endangered. Refer to Section
A.3.b. for a discussion of the important vegetation on Managaha
Island.
Historically the beaches on Managaha Island which almost
entirely encircle the island were used by the green sea turtle
for nesting. The recent development of the island for a tourist

111-6

Managaha Island Planning Area

destination coupled with the wide variety of beach and water
related activities which occur every day of the year have
resulted in the turtles no longer using the island for nesting.
Although it is likely that no turtles have laid their eggs here
for many years, personnel on Managaha Island should be made
aware that the possibility exists and every effort should be
made to protect any nests that might be found.
None of the birds observed on Managaha Island are con-
sidered rare, threatened or endangered species. According to
the Division of Fish and Wildlife a species of Shearwater
(Puffinus sp.) used to nest on the island. If this species is
again observed it would be considered rare and the nesting
areas should be protected from disturbance.

b. Terrestrial Vegetation
The vegetation on Managaha Island is a unique mix of
common plants and trees found elsewhere on Saipan and several
species of rare or unique plants that have been planted and
utilized for medicinal purposes. The Carolinian community has
for many years utilized Managaha Island as a source for many
medicinal plants and herbs. A survey conducted for the CRM
Office entitled "Carolinian Medicinal Plants on Managaha Island"
notes the first documented habitation of the island occurred
when Chief Aghurubw (sic) and a group of Yapese immigrants
landed there in 1815 (Kastor, Hatnat and V. Tebit, 1981). The
1981 survey compiled a listing of 28 medicinal plants along with
descriptions, uses and preparations for use.
During 1985, a survey on Managaha Island listed a total of
39 species of plants and trees (PBEC, 1985). A listing of this
vegetation is found in Table 111-2.

B. Man-made Resources and Human Uses

1. Land Uses

a. Existing Development and Public Facilities
The existing development and public facilities at Managaha
Island are described in subsection 2d, Tourism Industry.

b. Public Land Ownership and Access
Managaha Island is CommonwealtT owned land and managed
by the Marianas Public Land Corporation. Since 1983, a private
tour company, PDI, has had a five-year lease from MPLC to
develop tourist related facilities on the island and to maintain
the island. In 1988 the permit will be reviewed by MPLC to
assess the equitability of the permit arrangements.

c. Recreation Sites
.The entire Managaha Island is a public recreation site. It
is heavily used by tourists and GNMI residents for a variety of
water and beach sports.

111-7

Managaha Island Planning Area

Table 111-2. Checklist of Terrestrial Flora identified along the Nature Trail
and elsewhere on Managaha Island. Plant Type: (T) Tree,
(Sh) Shrub (S) Sedge, (B) Bush, (F) Fern, (V) Vine, (W)
Weed, (G) Grass, (H) Herb, (M) Medicinal Plant. (Source:
Managaha Island Marine Park Management Plan, PBEC Inc.,
1985).

Scientific Name Common Name Chamorro Name Plant Type Trail

Acrostichum aureum Fern Langayao (F) x
Annona mur icata Soursop Laguanaha (T) x
Artocarpus sp. Breadfruit Lemai (T)
Bidens pilosa Beggar's-Tick (W) x
Bougainvillea sp. Bougainvillea Putitainobo (Sh)
Carica pa2aya Papaya Papaya (T) x
Z-ascuta - (campestris) sp. Parasitic Vine Dodder (V) x
Cassytha filiformis Mayages (V) (M)
Casuarina eauisetifolia Ironwood Gago (T) (M) x
Cocos nucifdra Coconut Niyog (T) x

Colubrina asiatica Gasoso (Sh) (M) x
Zorda subcordata Niyoron (T) (M)
T@X2erus kyllingia Cyperus Chaguan Lemae (S) (M)
Ficus prolixa Banyan Nunu (T) (M) x
Gile-ttarda speciosa Panao. (T) (M)

Hernandia nymphaeffolia Nonak (T) (M) x
ffib-iscus tiliaceus Hibiscus Pago (B) (M) x
Hymenocallis littoralis Spiderlilly Lirio (H) M x
Ipomoea pes-caprae Beach Morning- Alalag-Tasi (V) (M) x
Glory
Jatropha integerrima Rose-flowered Tuba-Tuba (Sh)
Leucaena insularum var. Tangan-tangan (T) x
guamense
Leucaena leucocephala Tangan-tangan (T) x
Messerschmidia argentia Hunig (T) (M)
Morinda citrof olia Indian Mulberry Lada (Sh) (M)
Neisosperma oppositifolia Fagot (T) (M)
Pandanus Yragraus Pandanus Kafu (T) (M)

Passiflora foetida ver. Love-in-a-mist Kinahulol Atdao (V) (M) x
hispida
Pemphis acidula Nigas (Sh).(M)
Pipturus argenteus Amahatyan (T) (M)
Pithecellobium dulce Kamachile (T) (M)
Plumeria obtusa Plumeria Frangipani (T) x

111-8

Managaha Island Planning Area

Table 111-2 continued.

Scientific Name Common Name Chamorro Name Plant Type Trail

Poinsettia p uche riwa Poinsettia (Sh)
Sesuvium portulacast-rum. Seaside purs- Chara (H) (M)
lane

Scaevola taccada Nanaso (Sh) (M)
Sophora tomentosa (Sh) (M)
Stachytarpheta indica False Verbena (W)

Terminalia catappa Tropical
Almond Talisai (T) (M) x
Thespesia populnea Banalo, (T) (M)
Wedelia, biflora Beach Sunflower (V) (M) x

Total Species: 39

111-9

Managaha Island Planning Area

d. Historic Sites
.Managaha Island contains a grave site which is the burial
place for a Carchnean Chief. There are also two Japanese
coastal defense guns and a badly deteriorated landing craft and
barge on the beach and partially submerged underwater.
There are several historically significant underwater
properties located within this Planning Area, many of which are
visited by divers and/or glassbottDm boat tours. The sub-
merged properties include the wing and other portions of what
is believed to be an American aircraft, possibly a PBY-5A
Catalina, located in 15 feet of water near the exposed patch
reef; an upsidedown but intact Japanese seaplane or "Jake"
(Air-bi E13AI) in 20 feet of water south of Managaha Island; a
coral barge or temporary pier located in 10 feet of water off the
east end of the island; and the remains of a small fishing boat
and small Japanese airplane located :in shallow water just inside
the barrier reef near the channel entrance.

e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Dist=ibution
'5each erosion occurs along the southeastern shoreline for
approximately 1000 feet.

f. Stormwater Drainage
There are no stormwater drainage facilities in this Planning
Area.

2. Economic Resources

a. Subsistence Fishing and Gathering
A substantial amount of subsistence fishing occurs within
the Managaha Island Planning Area. Although boat access is
necessary several people have been observed walking the shore-
line of the island with a throw-net (Talaya). The near-shore
zone and especially the sezi s of rich patch reefs to the west
and southwest of the island provide spearfishing, bottom fishing
and limited trolling. Information gathered from interviews with
fishermen indicates the inner edge of the barrier reef opposite
Managaha Island is heavily harvested by villagers from Garapan
and Tanapag. TraditionaIly, this reef area and Managaha
Island have been used by Carolinian fishermen who sometimes
place gill. nets in the area.

b. Commercial and Sport Rishing and Facilities
.At this time no facilities for commercia or sport fishing are
available at Managaha Island. The concrete pier can be used to
pick up and drop off passengers, or to stop for lunch or buy
refreshments. No fuel or other supplies are available on the
island.

c. Port and Shipping
.The only shipping facility within this planning area is a
navigation beacon on the southern side of the island. The
beacon serves as a range mark for ships entering the Tanapag
Harbor channel.

131-10

Managaha Island Planning Area

d. Tburism Industry
'Ranagaha Island is synonymous with Saipan's tourism in-
dustry. It has become one of the most popular destinations for
tourists in Saipan and much of the Island is leased for com-
mercial tourist facility development.
The existing farnliti s on Managaha Island were recently
upgraded (1984) by a private tour company, PDL Two large
pavilions connected in an L-shape were constructed opposite the
beach and swimming area. These pavilions have picnic tables
and benches and are used by touri to eat lunch and to get
out of the sun. They are also available for residents to use.
In the center of the pavilions is a bar area, office and
concession area. There are also restroom facilities and showers
in this complex. Another smalle- pavilion is 3ocated opposite
the concrete pier. During 1984 this old Japanese pier was
partially repaired and a solar panel powered light was install d
to identify the structure at night so 3t would not become a
hazard to navigation. There are plans to eventually increase
the size of the pier and to dredge the area on both sides of it
to faciUtate vessel movements and to allow for use by deeper
draft boats.
The swimming area fDr the Managaha Beach is now buoyed
ofE to increase swimmer safety and to keep boats out of the
area. Considerable effort has also been expended in land-
scaping the area and numerous trees and flowers have been
planted.

311-11

CHAPTER IV'- PUNTAN MUCHOT PLANNING AREA

Planning Area 4 encompasses the shoreline and lagoon from Unai Sadog
Tase south to the dock and boat channel in Garapan. A wide variety of
marine habitats are represented in Area 4 including the barrier reef, patch
reefs, seagrass beds of Enhalus and Halodule, sand and rubble substrate, a
rich and extensive thicket of Acropora coral, dredged and filled areas, and
one of only two areas in Saipan that contain mangroves. Three of Saipan's
largest hotels are found in Area 4: Hyatt Regency (183 rooms), Saipan
Beach (175 rooms) and Hafa Adai Beach Hotel (188 rooms). The Hafa Adai
Hotel just completed a 68 room expansion and plans to add another 114 rooms
starting in 1985. A boat launching site and channel through the outer reef
are also located at Garapan.

A. Natural Resources

1. Living Marine Resources

a. Near-shore
The near-shore zone of Area 4 is generally comprised of
fine sand and silt with occasional coal/algal rubble and a mix-
ture of seagrasses and algae as the dominant cover. The
northern portion of Area 4 contains the embayments south of
the dump including Unai Sadog Tase. This bay is lined with
the most extensive stand of mangrove-- found on Saipan
(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza). The near-shore zone is comprised of
extensive Enhalus beds with 80 - 100% cover. Farther out in
the bay, the dominant cover is a mixture of Halodule uninervis
and Halophila minor along with Halimeda opuntia and some
Padina tenuis. Scattered corals, accounting for less than five
percent cover, include Pocillopora damicornis, Porites lutea,
Acropora nasuta and A. aspera.
The embayment to the east of Puntan Muchot (outer Smiling
Cove) is also characterized by Enhalus beds, but they are more
scattered and clumped and account f r approximately 20 - 40%
cover. Halodule is also very common followed by Halimeda
opuntia and Padina tenuis. Scattered corals in the arei-l-nclude
Pocillopora damicornis, Porites lutea and some Acropora asperal,
and account for 5 - 20TF-live Joral cover. Directly off Puntan
Muchot the substrate is covered mostly by Halodule (50 - 75%),
Halophila and Padina, with a few scattered small colonies of the
coral Pocillopora damicornis.
Fishes observed in the northern near-shore portion of Area
4 were predominately damselfishes (Pomacentridae), particularly
those species associated with small coral heads. Common spe-
cies were Chromis caerulea, Dascyllus aruanus and Pomacentrus
pavo. Important fo-o-d--fi-shes found n the area include mullet
@_Mugilidae), rabbitfish (Siganus spinus), goatfish (Mullidae),
snappers (Lutjanidae) and the Lethrinid Lethrinus harak
(Amesbury, et. al., 1979).
West of Puntan Muchot seagrasses thin-out, and extensive
stretches of sand predominate with an occasional small coral
colony of Pocillopora or Porites. Further south in front of the

IV-1

Puntan Muchot Planning Area

Hyatt and Saipan Beach Hotels, sand and sand/rubble substrate
contain mixtures of Halodule, Dictyota, Halimeda and Padina
with less frequent clumps of Enhalus.
Approximately 300 m south of the Saipan Beach Hotel, a
rather dense area of predominantly Halodule (80 - 90%) inter-
spersed with Halimeda, Dictyota, Padina, Caulerpa racemosa and
C. sertularoige-sextenis -south To-the pan Dock. This
Fand of seaFa'ss and algae averages 250 m in width. There
are a few corals (P. damicornis and P. lutea) scattered about
the area. Fishes in this zone of Se-avy seagrass cover are
similar to those observed north of this site including the
rabbitfish Siganus spinus, the goatfish Par2@?eneus barberinus,
mullet (Mugilidae), silversides (Atherinidae) and several un-
identified species of juvenile fishes. A small pipefish
(Syngnathidae) is very abundant among the seagrass and
rubble areas throughout the near-shore zone of Areas 4 - 7.

b. Lagoon
The Lagoon zone of Area 4 averages one to two meters deep
close to shore and two to four meters in the deeper moat por-
tions of the Lagoon. The floor is relatively flat and comprised
mostly of sand with scattered coral/algal rubble. The outer
portion is also sandy but with more coral/algal rubble and rocks
particularly at the border of the barrier reef whi!re some areas
have irregular reef rock exposed at low tides.
Corals are absent to widely scattered along the inner
portion of the Lagoon, becoming scattered to patchy within the
middle portion and more abundant in the outer Lagoon, par-
ticularly where it grades into the barrier reef. The two ex-
ceptions to this general pattern are the series of patch reefs
located to the west and northwest of Puntan Muchot. These
reefs are relatively diverse with good coral cover and are
actually a series of isolated patch reefs that are a result of the
barrier reef platform being interrupted by irregular channels of
various widths and depths.
Another area of abundant coral growth is a band of Acopora
formosa located in the outer Lagoon just inside the outer reef
flat west of Garapan village. These luxuriant Acropora beds
are nearly 1000 m long and represent an important resource
within the Lagoon.
Scattered corals found throughout the Lagoon zone include
Pocillopora. damicornis, P. dane, Porites lutea, Acropora aspera,
A. hebes, A. studeri, Psammocora contigua, Pavona divaricata
and a Te-w Wthj-r -smaller--f-orms. Coral cover in the sand and
rubble areas of the Lagoon rarely exceeds five percent and
usually averages only one to two percent cover. The southern
portion of Area 4 from the Hafa Adai Hotel to the Garapan Dock
and channel is characterized by more s'eagrass and algae and
fewer corals. The lagoon floor here is mostly a mixture of
Halodule and Padina tenuis, with some Halimeda untia, H.
macroloba, 5TH y -ot aspo V Caulerpa racemosa

IV-2

Puntan Muchot Planning Area

sertularoides. The percent cover of marine plants varies
widely, between 20 - 80%.
Fishes observed in the Lagoon areas are similar to those
observed in the southern portion of Area 1 (Lagoon). Common
fishes are the damselfish (Pomacentridae) , the emperor
Lethrinus harak, rabbitfish (Siganus spinus), triggerfish
(especially Rhinecanthus aculeatus) , juvenile parrotfish
(Scaridae), mullet (Miig_ilidaJ7_,goatfish (Mullidae), wrasses
(Labridae), surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) and cardinalfish
(Apog6nidae).
Conspicuous invertebrates observed in this habitat include
the sea cucumbers Holothuria atra, H. impatiens, H.
leucospilota and Bohadschia marmorata, t:Fe- starfish LincZa
laevigata and the sea urchins Echinometra mathaei and
Echinothrix diadema.
Patch reefs in the northern portion of the Lagoon in Area 4
border the Tanapag Channel and are geologically part of the
barrier reef and reef flat. However, they are discussed here
as patch -reefs within the Lagoon because of their proximity to
the Lagoon. .
Two wrecks, a small pontoon-barge used as a pier and a
large concrete ship (possibly used to carry water) are located
on the northern and northwestern portions of these patch
reefs. Surf often breaks along these irregualar reefs pro-
viding recreation for surfers and windsurfers.
The Lagoon floor is primarily sand and coral/algal rubble
between the patch reefs. Some water movement from surf and
swells (surge) or from tidal currents is almost always present
in this area and visibility is generally poor.
Corals observed along these patch reefs include Pocillopora
damicornis P. setchelli, P. elegans, Montipora ehrenE;ergii, M.
foveo ff. 'elschneri, Millepora dichotoma, M. platyphylla,
Porites lutea, P. rus, P. convexa, P. cylindrica, Acropora
nasuta, A. aspera, A. surculosa, A. humilis, A. @@Favia
pallida, Heliopora coerulea, Psammocora contigua, P. nierstraszi
and Galaxia fascicularis. Coral cover varied from approximately
10 - 510@-oand averaged 20 - 30%. Many of the patch reefs are
comprised of dead Acropora and other species that smaller
corals are overgrowing. Some Acanthaster were observed here
as were a moderate number of fresh (white) feeding spots.
Fish fauna were moderately diverse among these patch
reefs, but most species were small (25 cm) in size. The most
abundant fishes were surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) including
Acanthurus lineatus, A. mata, A. nigrofuscus, A. triostegus,
Ctenochaetus striatus, Nis'olite-ratus, N. brevirostris and N.
unicornis, th4@ -rabbitffsh Siganus argenteus and S. spinus,
TL_
several species of wrasses abridae) and adult and juvenile
parrotfish including Scarus chlorodon, S. ghobban, S. sordidus
and many unidentifieu-1-u-veniles.
In the sand and rubble areas between these patch reefs are
various marine plants including Halodule uninervis, Dictyota
bartayresii, Halimeda opuntia and H. macrooba.- Less common

IV-3

Puntan Muchot Planning Area

were Halophila minor, Caulerpa racemosa, C. sertularoides and
floating masses 31-the filamentous blue-green algae. In se-
lected areas algae and seagrass comprised 10 - 50% of the
bottom cover and locally (but uncommon) Halodule and
Dictyota together accounted for as much as 75% cover. One
green turtle (Chelonia mydas) was observed along the outer
seaward edge of these patch reefs.
The Acropora formosa coral beds that are just inside the
outer reef flat off Garapan provide excellent habitat for fishes,
especially . damselfish (Pomacentridae), squirrelfish
(Holocentridae) and goatfish (Mulhdae). During the field work
for this report spearfishermen were frequently observed
working these Acropora reefs. Smaller Acropora thickets are
found on the edge of the old dredged channel from Garapan
Dock and on the south side of the channel midway between
shore 'and the barrier reef. The numerous, smaller beds are
generally 90 - 100% live Acropora, while many of the larger
extensive patches were 80__-___I0_0T7o_ dead on the upper surface,
presumably due to exposure at low tides. Below this dead
layer and along the perimeter the Acropora is 90 - 100% live.
The Acropora thickets rise from depths of Z - 4 m and nearly
reach the surface. The lattice framework provided by this
staghorn type coral provides numerous holes for a variety of
adult and juvenile fishes, crustaceans, echinoderms, algae and
numerous other forms. The Acropora thickets provide hiding
places for sources of food, breeding areas and safe havens for
juvenile fishes. Large squirrelfish including Flammeo
opercularis, F. sammara, Adioryx diadema and Myripristis
murdjan were the most obvious fishes seen around these
Acropora. beds. Amesbury, et. al. (1979), reported that
squirrelfish were recorded here at their highest density any-
where in the Lagoon. He also observed high densities of
goatfish (especially Mulloidichthys flavolineatus), snappers
(Lutjanus kasmira and L. fulvus), juv-enile parrotfish and blue
Ch-romis.

c. Reef Flat
The reef flat zone of Area 4 is not a continuous, well
defined area of the barrier reef as it is in the northern
Lagoon. A true reef flat does not exist south of the Tanapag
Channel and west of Puntan Muchot. Here the reef is a series
of discontinuous patch reefs and the reef flat platform and
barrier reef are not distinct. Even the reef off Garapan is not
a typical barrier reef with a distinct inner reef flat and reef
margin and slope. The barrier reef system does become more
contiguous and well defined south of the Japanese lighthouse
(Areas 5 - 7).
The reef flat zone is highly dissected with sand, coral/algal
rubble and larger boulders and mounds of dead coral, corals
and coralline algae. Species are very similar to those observed
on the patch reefs in Area 4 (see Lagoon, above). Domin.ant
corals include Porites lutea, Pocillopora damicornis, P. elegahs,

IV-4

Puntan Muchot Planning Area

Psammocora nierstraszi, Millepora dichotoma, Montipora
M. ehrenberg
e1schneri, ii, M. faveolata, Pontes convexa,
Psammocora digitata, Favia stelligera, 0 a crispa,
Acropora nasuta, A. sui-culosa and Pavona venosa.
Some oT -the reef flat rubble areas are overgrown with the
coralline algae Porolithon onkodes and Lithophyllum sp. Other
algae present in this zone are Lithothamnion asperulum, Padina
tenuis, Turbinaria ornata, Cholosodesmis sp... Sargassum
cristaefolium and Caulerpa racemosa.
Fishes observed along the reef flat were dominated by
surgeonfishs (Acanthuridae), primarily Acanthurus lineatus, A.
glaucopareius, A. achilles, A. triostegus and Naso literatus,
juvenile and ad7ult _@_arrotfisg_ (9-caFridae) , grouFe-rs CS-erranidae) ,
snappers (Lutjanidae), goatfish (Mullidae), wrasses (Labridae)
and rabbitfish (Siganidae).

d. Reef Margin and Slope
Much of the reef margin and slope in the southern portion
of Area 4 is dominated by coral mounds, large patches of sand,
sand channels and low to moderate coverage and diversity of
corals. Coral cover averaged 5 - 10% within this zone, and
numerous dead corals were observed. During a 20-minute tow
approximately 50 - 60 Acanthaster and/or white feeding scars
were counted. In many areas blue-green algal forms pre-
dominate including Schizothrix mexicana and Microcoleus
lyngbyaceus. Other algae include Chloroje-smis sp., Caulerpa
sp., and Turbinaria ornata. Visibility is generally reduced or
poor due to the outflow of sediment and organic material from
the north which exits the Lagoon at the channel and through
cuts and other breaks in the barrier reef.
Corals which predominate along the margin and slope in-
clude Porites lutea, Pocillopora damicornis, P. eydouxi,
Acropora p 1 iTa-,A. ' nasuta, A. irregularis, A. hebes,
Millepora platyphylla, Porites rus, Platygyra Einj and Pavona
duerdeni.

2. Physical Marine Resources

a. Currents
The currents in Planning Area 4 have been previously
investigated for the Army Corps of Engineers to assist in
evaluating flood control needs for the area (M & E Pacific,
1980). Currents were evaluated near-shore, mid-lagoon and
outer lagoon at locations just south of the Hafa Adai Hotel and
opposite the Saipan Beach Hotel (Figures IV-1 - IV-4).
Some of the findings of the above report are that water
circulation patterns are virtually independent of the tidal cycle,
and a continuous southwesterly component occurs in the Lagoon
in front of the Hyatt - Hafa Adai Hotel area. Except during
flood tide conditions when the water transport is parallel to
shore towards the south, a nearly continuous southwesterly
movement of water is typical of this portion of the Lagoon.

IV-5

DEPTH OF DROGUE

(D SURFACE DROQUE

3 FEET DROGUE
10 O'Cf
0 VAW'f
ST rOAS

p
G to uprf.

SMALL
INTER-CONTINE TAL HAFA BOAT
0, ADAI R@MP
HOTE
EXIST 21'FT. WIDE
DRAINAGE CHANNEL
CONTINENTA
HOTEL

STATION "SHORE"

0958

STATION "MIDDLE"
loo

STATION "OCEAN
-0
1
on
00
p. c,
B@p 14
cll@
44
DROGUE
Loc
1.100
SCALE IN FEET

DEPTH OF DROGUE

SURFACE DROGUE
1-: 2
0 3 FEET DROGUE U.

Lu Ac-
'To
0
0- w
WEST COAST m

G -To Su
ROAl
13 c
0
SM LL
BOAT
INTER-CONTINE AL HAFA R@MP
HOTE ADAI
EXIST 21'FT. WIDE
CONTINENTAL DRAINAGE CHANNEL
HOTEL

STATION "SHOR
E

1719
1648
STATION "MIDDLE--@O'@1616
1647,

1716
STATION "OCEAN 1644
/Ge
0

Lj
L"CF
10 \q"L
C,OAS-T,:

......% FIG
c
eN DROGUE VE
LOCATI
IN 100 FL
SCALE IN FEET

DEPTH OF DROGUE

0 SURFACE DROOUE
0 3 FEET DROGUE
10 VALLACE
0
COAST

!2 G.. to SUSC
OpQ

SMALL
BOAT
INTER-CONTIN TAL HAFA
RAMP
Q. HOTE ADAI
ci
FT. WIDE
EXIST. 21'
CONTINENTAL DRAINAGE CHANNEL,
HOTEL STATION "SHORE'li 0

124
STATION "MIDDLE" &A I @-l
4

STATION "OCEAN"

c
C?4
DROGUE
LOC
1, 10 0 0 too

SCALE IN.FEET

TRUE 140IRT" DEPTH OF DROGUE

SURFACE DROGUE

0 3 FEET DROGUE

0
ST COAST

P,
G Stjs
ROAD

0
SMALL
coi BOAT
INTER-CONTINE TA HAFA RAMP
0, HOTELit ADAI
4AI,
EXIST. 21'FT. WIDE
7 DRAINAGE CHANNEL
CONTINENTAL
HOTEL STATION "SHORE"-----

49
0927
0

LA
STATION "MIDDLE" 0944

0910 e-Z, .4

STATION "OCEAN"
%;
0
5-T

F
Ccl,? ;:N
DROGUE
LOCA
1.100 1.1100
SCALE IN FEET

Puntan Muchot Planning Area

Water is transported seaward through the openings in the
non-continuous reef structure typical of this area. Water near
the Garapan Dock flows towards the small boat channel from
both the north and south and exits at the opening in the
barrier reef.
Currents in Planning Area 4 were found to average from
3.0 cm/sec (0.06 kts.) to 20.3 cm/sec (0.40 kts.). Figure IV-5
depicts the general circulation pattern for the Garapan area.

b. Water Quality
Water quality in Planning Area 4 is variable and ranges
from quite poor in the bay west of he Puerto Rico dump to good
in the Lagoon south of Puntan Muchot. The Division of
Environmental Quality (DEQ) currently samples water from eight
stations within this area including the bay next to the dump,
Smiling Cove, Micro Beach, Hyatt and Saipan Beach Hotels,
Samoan Housing area, Hafa Adai Hotel and the Garapan Dock.
Water quality monitoring station sites and data regarding
occurrence and violations of fecal coliform standards are
depicted on Figure I-1 of this Volume. Analysis of recent data
from the DEQ (October 1984 - March 1985) showed only one
sampling station having fecal coliform values over 200/100 ml.
The Glass Bottom Boat Dock (Smiling Cove) had one reading for
fecal coliform of 201/100 ml but the mean for the sampling
period was only 791100 ml.
The Small bays and near-shore waters east of Puntan
Muchot are generally quite turbid due to wind generated waves
stirring up the fine sand and silt in these shallow (0. 5 - 2 m
deep) waters. Additionally, leachate material and floating
debris blown or washed from the dump are carried to the
southwest where they affect water quality and the visual
aesthetics of the area.
South of Puntan Muchot three storms drains (south of the
Saipan Beach Hotel, south of the Hafa Adai Hotel and in
Garapan) empty into the Lagoon. A very large drainage ditch
empties into the bay just east of Puntan Muchot. This canal
receives all the stormwater runoff from the Civic Center and
American Memorial Park areas. Complaints are often lodged
against storm drains which plug up with silt and sand and then
become stagnant and foul smelling. When the drainage is
opened up the resultant outflow of this water causes localized
pollution and possible health hazards along the nearby hotel
beaches. Additionally, the coliform standard is frequently
exceeded in the Micro Beach area. These high levels of
coliform are likely caused by overflowing sewage lift stations.

3. On-shore Resources

a. Wetlands
There are two wetland areas within the Puntan Muchot
Planning Area. One lies between Beach Road and West Coast
Highway just north of the road that runs between the Hyatt

IV-10

\41\0-ACE
CL ST COAST

P,
. pP, t4
G p, IR susupf
C I

SMALL
BOAT
INTER-CONTINE TAL HAFA RAMP
HOTE AD A!l J>< APPROXIMATE
EXIST. 21'FT, WIDE OF DREDGED
DRAINAGE CHANNEL FOR SMALL
CONTINENTj RAMP
HOTEL
0-ACE
IL
0 'w"L'

C, FIGUR
I, loo 00 GENERAL CIRC
GARAPAN DR
SCALE IN FEET

Puntan Muchot Planning Area

and Navy Hill. It is likely that the entire area was once a
poorly drained marsh left as a catchment site. The wetland is
slowly filling in, a process which is helped along by its use as
an illegal dumping site.
This wetland site is approximately 8.4 acres in size. The
dominant vegetation consists of grasses such as Panicum
maximum, the fern Acrostichum aureum, Tangan-tangan
(Leucaena leucoce]Rhala),, Pago (Mbiic-ustiliaceus), Elephant
T
grass Pennisetum purpureum) and Ironwood (Casuarina
equisetifohaT. ' The fern A. aureum is by far the most common
plant in open areas and pro-VFd-e-simportant nesting cover for
the Marianas Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus), an endangered
species that frequents this--TefTand.
The second wetland is a small ponding basin used for the
housing subdivision just west of West Coast Highway and south
of its junction with Navy Hill Road. It is directly across the
highway from the new Commonwealth Health Center. This site
was _previously a wetland marsh before the housing area was
constructed (Moore, et. al., 1977). At that time the wetland
occupied approximately 12 acres. Today the ponding basin area
is only about 3.2 acres. The main vegetation includes grasses
such as Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum and the
reed Phr;Tg-mites ka-rF-a-.

b. Mangroves
Another small mangrove habitat on Saipan is found just
south of the Puerto Rico Dump along a short segment of coast-
line. The extent of the mangrove area is approximately 600 m
long by 10 m wide. Bruglera gymnorrhiza is the only mangrove
species in this area. This site if fed by freshwater along the
shoreline from a small wetland directly across Beach Road and
to the south 100 m. Data suggest that the area was likely a
poorly drained marsh at one time. The area is now filling in, a
process which is facilitated by the expanding dump site.

c. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species
The wetland between Beach Road and West Coast Highway
(see Section a, above) provides habitat for two endangered
species of birds, the Marianas Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus)
and the Nightengale Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus
Significant numbers of the Reed Warbler have been observed or
heard in this wetland site.
The mangroves (Brugiera gymnorrhiza) found along the
coastline south of the Puerto Rico Dump and, to a lesser
extent, in the wetland east of the American Memorial Park
should be protected. Although not officially listed as
threatened or endangered they should be considered rare as
they are found in very limited numbers in Planning Areas II
and IV. To ensure the viability of the Brugiera they should be
given protection from pollution, filling and dredging activities
and other environmentally detrimental actions.

IV-12

Puntan Muchot Planning Area

Historically, it is likely that the Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia
mydas) nested on the beaches along the shoreline of the Smiling
Cove area, American Memorial Park and Micro Beach. In recent
years, development and heavy use by local residents and
tourists has kept the turtles away. Development, particularly
hotel and resort complexes, is not compatible with nesting of
the turtles. Consideration for preserving some coastline/beach
areas should be given before all suitable nesting sites on the
west coast of Saipan are developed or altered, precluding their
use by the turtles.

B. Man-made Resources and Human Uses

1. Land Uses

a. Existing Development and Public Facilities
Zarapan, being Saipan's most urban community, represents
a cross section of single-fandly and multi.-family residences,
commercial and tourist commercial businesses and public use
areas.
The major public facilities within this Planning Area include
the American Memorial Park, several Commonwealth beach parks,
the CNMI Museum, Garapan Park, Saipan Fishing Center and
supporting infrastructure with appurtenances. Just south of
the Hafa Adai Hotel is a community service complex with the
Dispensary, Head Start, YMCA and the CaroUnian Affairs Office
(now under construction).
Recently completed improvement plans for the Saipan
Fishing Center include additional on-shore farnliti s, upgrading
the launching ramp, more trailer parking, fue'Iing fac:ilities, and
a boat berthing area for approximately 15 boats, up to 20 feet
in length.

b. Public Land Ownership and Access
Public land in this Planning Area is limited to four sites.
The first is a large contiguous tract including Micro Beach, the
American Memorial Park and the Sniffing Cove and DPW Beach
area. Second is the Garapan Dock and launching ramp. Third
is a parcel next to Beach Road where the sewage pumping
station is located. Fourth is the Samoan Housing Area, north
of the Hafa Adai Hotel, being used as government housing.

c. Recreation Sites
The recreation sites are listed and described in Table IV-1.

d. Historic Sites
Eght historic sites are found within the project area as
shown in Figure IV-6. Located within the American Memorial
Park these properties include Japanese pillboxes, storage tanks,
barracks site, a bathhouse, garden complex, bunker and anti-
aircraft gun.

IV-13

UMITS

Old

Ila)

f 161 U I:R F- JAM v6v- ri
JArMF6F- PAI
Hl'@,TOKIC t5>,Tr-4 AT
jApe+v@i@sr-

Puntan Muchat Planning Area

Table IV-1
RECREATION SITES AT PUNTAN MUCHOT PLANNING AREA

Park or Recreation Existing
Area Facilities

American Memorial Park Picnic Tables - 8
Launching Ramp
Parking at Smiling
Beach - 30 vehicles
Boat Trailers Park-
ing - 5 trailers
Pavillion

Micro Beach Access road, paved and
compacted coral
1600 lf
Public restroom.
Pavinion
Picnic tables - 5
Volleyball court
Playground, Hobie
cat sailboat rental
Windsurfer rental

e. Beach Erosion and Storm Surge Zones
Shoreline erosion has occurred at four locations in tlih$
Planning Area, as depicted in Figure IV-7. Additionally,
interacting and convergent longshore currents deplete the Micro
Beach area.
Doan and Siegrist. also point out a special concern around
Micro Beach. They note that the present configuration of
Muchot Pcint is the result of several thousands of years of
interaction among winds, waves, tides, currents and sea level
changes and represents an equilibrium of these forces which is
perhaps easily disturbed but, in all probability, self-restoring.
At Puntan Muchot the persistent longshore currents, resulting
from a combination of winds and daily tides, are intermittently
eroding and transporting sands from the low promontory and
adjacent beaches, and subsequently depositing them as bars on
the reef flat. This on-gcing@ process occurs at the rate of five
feet per yea from Puntan Muchot.

f. Stormwater Drainage
1. Existing Development and Public Facilities
In June 1984 the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers re-
leased its " Draft Detailed Project Report and Environmental
Statement for the Garapan Flood Control Project. The
objective of this prc9ect is to alleviate recurring and severe
flooding in the lower Garapan area.

IV-15

3001+ 3001:1
Micro
Beach

AU u

boo 1+ L

all FIGURE IV-7

SHORELINE EROSION
IN TBE
PUNTAN MUCHOT PLANNING AREA

iV-16

Puntan Muchot Planning Area

Residences as well as small and moderate size commercial
structures are affected by floodwaters. In August 1978
Tropical Storm Carmen caused an estimated $200,000 worth
of damage to buildings over a 90-acre area in the village
of Garapan, which was inundated by up to 11 feet of low to
no-velocity flood waters.
The primary causes of Garapan's flood problems are the
lack of a suitable outlet channel to effectively convey runoff
to the ocean and the relatively flat topography of the area
which compounds the drainage problem. Related problems
are reduced water quality of the Lagoon as a result of
stormwater discharge and an interim stormwater drainage
system.
Seven possible measures were studied to alleviate
Garapan's flood control problem. These measures are listed
in Table IV-2. The only three preliminary alternative plans
which are given serious consideration involve structural
improvements consisting of. a diversion channel to convey
floodwaters to an outlet channel which would discharge the
flow into the Saipan Lagoon.
The diversion channel at each of these structural
measures is 15 to 20 feet wide at its base. The outlet
channel base widths vary from 40 to 50 feet. Utility re-
locations, new culvert crossings and (for one alternative)
relocation of four residences are also required.
The presently recommended flood control plan is
depicted in Figure IV-8. The channel is 5,720 feet long
and discharges into Tanapag Harbor. It's typical sections
are presented in Figure IV-9.
The recommended alternative is preferable over the
other two structural alternatives, especially because its
discharge point is Tanapag Harbor rather than in shallow
Lagoon waters farther south within the Puntan Muchot and
Garapan Lagoon Planning Areas. Nonetheless, the
recommended plan has several inherent problems, now being
studies in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. These
include:
- The potential for disturbing unknown subsurface
historic sites
- Potentially altering the existing wetland sites
Strong opposition from the National Park Service for
construction of the outlet channel through a portion
of the American Memorial Park
- Opposition from the CNMI Department of Natural
Resources because the channel traverses a wetland
and may endanger some birds in the area
While the inevitable impacts and obstacles of the plan's
overland portion of the project do not appear particularly
difficult to mitigate,-- additional study and attention must be
given to the Lagoon's water quality as it is affected by a
large volume of stormwater discharge. All the alternatives
will create temporary as well as intermittent, long-term

IV-17

Puntan Muchot Planning Area

TABLE IV-2

MEASURES FOR ALLEVIATING
GARAPAN FLOODING

Measures Preliminary Findings

Flood Warnings /Temporar y Evacuation Predictions untimely and un
reliable for small drainage
areas.

Flood Proofing Not practical. Adverse socio-
economic impact.

Permanent Evacuation and Relocation High cost and adverse housing
and social impact, but being
considered further.

Floodplain Regulation Does not alleviate the existing
flood problems in developed
areas.

Ponding Basins Less favorable than other struc-
tural measures.

Channel-Levee Improvements Has merit, should consider
further.

Combination Nonstructural and Structural Less desirable than structural
measures from the equity stand-
point.

Source: Draft Detailed Project Report and Environmental Statement Garapan
Flood Central. U.S. Army Corps of Engineer. June 1984.

IV-18

PA CIFIC 0 C E A N

PUNTAN MUCHOT
A

MICRO BEACH

HYATT
REGENCY AMERICAN
HOTEL MEMORIAL
PARK CULVERT

INTER-
CONTINENTAL 0 CHANNEL
HOTEL

CULVERT

ElfEMENTARY
SCHOOL

31
HAFA ADAI HOTE KING I Ilk
( '?OAO

CULVERT

SUGAR KING I

In
w

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

SCALE IN MILES

Figure IV-8. Recommended Plan for Oarapan Flood Control.

Source: Draft Detailed Project Report and
Environmental Statement, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, 1984.

IV-19

V0 -v.
-5
%1A rz 19 z
r

A-61
TYPICAL RIPRAP LINED SECTION
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r^ r Figure IV-9. Typical Sectio
TYPICAL GRASSED SECTION Source: Draft
and Environmen
6f,A, 0 + 0, 0 -p !2 4 ajo Corps of Engin

Puntan Muchot Planning Area

effects on coastal water quality. In addition, the outlet
channel would require dredging of the reef flat for a
distance of about 100 feet off-shore. Localized turbidity
would continue for the duration of dredging activities.
During the discharge of relatively large vcIumes of
stormwater runoff through the channel outlet into the
Lagoon, long-term water quality impacts can be anticipated.
A temporary zone of mixing would result with higher than
ambient turbidity and depressed salinity. other pollutants
@rom terrestrial sources can also be expected. These
impacts must be more closely studies in order to understand
their consequences so that appropriate measures can be
provided within the final project. analysis.

2. Economic Resources
a. Subsistence Fishing and Gathering
Subsistence fishing occurs to a lesser extent along the
shoreline of Planning Area 4 than in other shoreline zones due
to the development of hotels and other commercial facilities.
There is considerable boat traffic utilizing the Smiling Cove
Harbor and many small fishing boats enter the Lagoon and
Philippine Sea from this launch site. Throw-net. (Talaya)
fishermen can be seen along the beach areas but are more
frequent along Micro Beach, the American Memoria Park and
south of the Hafa Adai Hotel (to Garapan Dock). Tourist
related acttvities in the vic@ of the three hotels tend to
preclude shoreline fishing except during the very early morning
hours.

b. Commercial and Sport Fishing and Facilities
Garapan Wharf (Garapan Dock) was originany constructed
by the Japanese and later modified by the U.S. after World War
12. The dock consists of a 485 foot concrete pier, a dredged
channel and docking area and a concrete landing ramp.
Dredged depth ranges from 5 to 10 feet. A boat launch ramp
and trailer parking area are also available here (also see
Section B-1, this chapter).
The Smiling Harbor dock and boat launching ramps are
located along the north central porbon of the American memorial
Park. The Saipan Fishing Center is located just south of the
Garapan Wharf.
Small boat launching ramps are being constructed for
Smi.ling Beach and Garapan Fishing Center.

c. Ports and Shipping
'go ports and shipping facilities exist in this planning area.

d. Tourism Industry
The Puntan Muchot. Planning Area is the heart of Saipan's
tourist facoliti s, including the large hotels and the majority of
Saipan's touxist-oriented businesses. Both the tourist ac-
commodations as well as dixect and indirect, economic tourism

IV-21

Puntan Muchot Planning Area

industry businesses are presently expanding in response to the
steady flow of tourists to Saipan. Many of Garapan's former
residences have been converted to small shops and nightclubs
catering to local and tourist markets.
The off-shore Lagoon waters are well used by tourists for
snorkeling, wading, swimming, surfboarding and sailing. The
PDI boat shuttles tourists between the Hafa Adai Hotel and
Managaha Island.

IV-22

CHAPTER V - GARAPAN LAGOON PLANNING AREA

Planning Area 5 encompasses the small cove opposite the fisheries
complex in Garapan south to San Jose Beach (just north of the intersection
of Beach Road and Chalan Msgr. Guerrero Road). The shoreline is mostly a
continuous sandy beach with some gravel and widely scattered corallalgal
rubble. The shoreline is relatively undisturbed except for the cove opposite
the fisheries complex which was dredged and filled on-shore in order to
create a mooring area and two piers.

A. Natural Resources

1. Living Marine Resources

a. Near-shore
.The near-shore zone of Planning Area 5 is generally com-
prised of a sand and sand/ silt/rubble substrate covered by
thick stands of seagrass with only an occasional coral head
scattered among the seagrass and algae. Because of the heavy
runoff of fresh water into the near-shore environment, dense
Enhalus acoroides beds are found in a narrow band (approx-
imately-lT - 5-0 m wide) along the shoreline throughout most of
this Planning Area. Enhalus accounts for 60 - 100% coverage
and very few if any c'o-rals exist where the seagrass forms such
dense stands. Freshwater runoff and nutrients are known to
enhance the growth of Enhalus, and it would also tend to stress
any corals in the vicinity of a storm drain or outlet. Very
little, if any, Enhalus is found south of Area 5, although the
seagrass HalodiZe -uninervis becomes very common.
Ned @
InteriT with Td-sometimes seaward of the Enhalus is
the very common Halodule uninervis. Halodule is the major
marine plant (70 - TOPY -othe algae and se-a-g-r-a-s-sT throughout all
of the near-shore zone of Area 5 (seaward of the Enhalus
zone). The percent cover varies from approximately 207_-__757o_,_
with higher coverage along Unai Chalan Laulau and Unai
Garapan. Other species common in this zone include Halimeda.
macroloba, H. ol@untia, Padina tenuis and Dictyota bartayresn,
although none of these algae comprise more than one to five
percent of the total bottom cover. In the southern portion of
Area 5 some growth of the green algae Enteromorpha clathrata
was present along the shoreline. This aFg-ae only gromTs in-the
intertidal zone and sometimes washes up on the beach.
Corals in the near-shore zone are very sparse and are
characterized by scattered, small colonites of Porites lutea and
Pocillopora damicornis. Areawide, live coral cover is Te-ss than
one percent except in spots such as the area below the fish-
eries complex and opposite Unai Garapan where Porites and
Pocillopora comprise as much as 5% cover.
Conspicuous invertebrates in the near-shore zone include
the common sea cucumbers Holothuria atra, Actin02yga
echinites, Bohadschia argus, B. marmorata and Holothuria
it is
edulis, and the starfish Linckia laevigata. The clam "Amsun

V-1

Garapan Lagoon Planning Area

found in abundance near-shore in the Enhalus and Halodule
seagrass beds. Frequently people are observeT digging in the
substrate within the seagrass beds all along the Garapan Lagoon
south to San Jose Beach for this clam, locally known as
"Amsun." Although this is likely an important resource at the
subsistence level, a quantitative evaluation of the actual and
potential harvest cannot be determined at this time.
Subsistence fishing occurs along the shoreline of the
Garapan Lagoon, and fishermen using talayas (throw-nets) and
spears are often observed searching for schools of juvenile to
medium-size fishes as well as occasionally larger fish (such as
Mullet) which feed and hide among the dense seagrass beds and
occasional coral heads. Common fishes observed in the near-
shore zone include juvenile and adult rabbitfish (Siganus spinus
and S. argentus), mullet (Mugilidae), goatfish (Mull-id-a-0-,
snapp-ers and the emperor Lethrinus harak.
Amesbury, et. al. (1979) reports that this neaF @sore area
contains abundant populations of rabbitfish, goatfish (primarily
Parupeneus barberinus) and silversides (Atherinidae). Other
fishes observed include groupers (Serranidae), jacks
(Carangidae), wrasses (Labridae), juvenile and adult parrotfish
(Scaridae) , surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) and cardinalfish
(Apogonidae).
Common juvenile fishes@ harvested along the shore with cast
nets include goatfish Mao), jacks Me), rabbitfish (Manahac
and Dagi) and mullet (Aguas). Occasionally, small wrasses,
halfbeaks, silversides and needlefish are also harvested by net
fishermen.

b. LaFoon
The Lagoon zone in Area 5 varies from approximately two to
four meters in depth and is mostly sand and coral/rubble
substrate. Several species of algae, some seagrass and scat-
tered to patchy corals are found in this area, with a few
patches of staghorn Acropora coral also present.
Some portions of the La oon floor are covered with a fine
mat of the seagrasses Halodule uninervis and Halophila minor.
These are most common where the substrate is sand or fine
rubble. Percent cover varies greatly from approximately 25 -
75%. Where the rubble is more prominent and larger in size,
other marine plants such as Padina tenuis, Halimeda macroloba,
Dictyota bartayresii, Turbinaria ornata and Sargassum
polycystum are present.
Scattered among the rubble substrate are small patches of
coral and solitary coral colonies, predominately Pocillopor
damicornis, Porites lutea, Acropora nasuta and A . formosa.
Live coral coverage Fn-the Lagoon varies from le-ss than one
percent to approximately five percent, exclusive of the
Acropora patch reefs. A few patch reefs are found in the
middle t outer lagoon opposite Unai Garapan and Unai Chalan
Laulau, the largest being in the southern section of Area 5.
These patch reefs are comprised almost entirely of Acropora

V-2

Garapan Lagoon Planning Area

formosa, with some A. as era Pocillopora damicornis, P.
setchelli and P. danae.- Some 0 @hese patch reefs are 60-- E70%
dead A. formosa, with other species of coral growing on the
dead Uranches. In addition, the algae Turbinaria ornata and
Schizothrix calcicola were found attached to the de-ad coral
network. The l7ar-ger zone of Acropora to the south near an
opening in the reef is more alive and varies from 5 - 40% live
cover. Additional corals found in this area include Psammocora
contigua, P. obtusangula. and Millepora dichotoma.
Fishes observed in the lagoon zone T@i7@iein species compo-
sition and density with the greater numbers in the vicinity of
the patch reefs. Common species include the surgeonfish
Ctenochoetus striatus, Zebrasoma flavescens, Acanthurus
xanthopterus and Naso literatus; the damselfish Dascyllus
aruanus, Chromis cie-rulea, Stegastes nigricans and S. -1ividus;
juvenTi-e aiTd -adult parrot sh including Scarus sordiclu-s-E-dS.
ghobban; the goatfish Parupeneus barber-inus arTd -Mulloidichtb7ys
flavolineatus; and in Acropora thickets the squirrelfish
AdioryX s in'fer, Flammeo o ercularis, F. sammara and
Myripristis violaceus. Amesbury, et. al. (1979) reports that
this zone contained the highest density of goatfish (Mullidae)
and the second highest density of juvenile parrotfish (Scaridae)
and cardinalfish (Apogonidae). Other common fishes observed
in this habitat were jacks (Carangidae), wrasses (Labridae),
surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), rabbitfish (Siganidae) and snap-
pers (Lutjanidae).

c. Reef Flat
Th; reef flat within this Planning Area contains a diverse
coral community which averages 25 - 40% live cover. The reef
flat and margin are better defined and more continuous than
that further north in Area 4. Predominant corals include
Acropora formosa and A. aspera which form patch reefs and
thickets that approach 75 - 90% cover in a few spots. Other
common corals observed are Acropora smithi, A. nasuta, A.
palifera, Porites lutea, P. cylindrica, NZ-111opora-dan-ucornis, T.
danae, P. setchelli, Montipora ehrenbergii, Goniastrea
retiformis, Psammocora obtusangula, Stylophora mordax,
Pachyseris speciosa, Favia matthaii, Platygyra daedalea and
Leptoria hr ia.
Marine p ants were less common in the reef flat zone than in
the Lagoon zone and most species were those which attach to
dead coral and coral/algal rubble. Species observed include
Padina tenuis, Halimeda opuntia Caulerpa cupressoides,
la orn s ici e
5nar@__ -in-dAcanthophora ra
Turb* ata Only a very
--- T--the seagrasses Halophi a minor and Halodule
small amount o
uninervis are present, mostly in the small sandy patches along
the reef flat.
Fishes are rather abundant and diverse in this area. All
the species observed in the Lagoon are present on the reef flat
as well. Schools of goatfish (Mullidae), juvenile and adult
parrotfish (primarily Scarus sordidus and S. psittacus

V-3

Garapan Lagoon Planning Area

surgeonfish (mostly Acanthurus triostegus and A. mata) and
rabbitfish (Siganus _M_L_n_u_sT were observed h9-re. Wrasses
(Labridae) are more abundant in this zone including Gomphosus
varius, Halichoeres hortulanus, H. trimaculatus and Thalassoma
quinquevittata. Fishes such as squirrelfish (Holocentridae),
moorish idols (Zanclus cornutus) and butterflyfishes
(Chaetodontidae) are most abundant in the areas of rich coral
growth and among the Acropora patch reefs.

d. Reef Margin and Slope
The reef margin and slope along Area 5 begin to form a
more defined and continuous barrier reef, unlike the dis-
continuous reef pattern north of the lighthouse. Water visi-
bility near the lighthouse and channel is generally poor, as this
is the one of the major exit points for water from Areas 2 and
4. Visibility improves to approximately 60 - 80 feet as one
moves south from the lighthouse area. Lagoon water also exits
at the small cut in the reef near the southern boundary of this
Planning Area. However, this exiting water does not seem to
adversely affect water clarity.
Percent of live coral cover along the barrier reef margin
and slope averages 10 - 15% and approaches 25 - 30% in a few
areas. There are large sections of mostly dead coral, likely the
result of past and present infestations of Acanthaster planc
Approximately 12 individual starfish were sighted during the
tows, but an additional 50 - 60 recent feeding spots were
observed. At the time of this survey the majority of the
Acanthaster was sighted in the southern portion of Area 5.
The most dominant corals observed were Porites rus,
Pocillopora eydouxi, Acropora palifera, Millepora p0t-yphylla and
M. dichotoma. Other common corals observed along the reef
margin and slope include Pocillopora damicornis, P. verrucosa,
Ta-
P. elegans, Acropora irregu ris ' A. gravida, A. nasuta, A.
Turrculosa, A. smitf7l,- A. hum-Ulis, Porit2-s lutea, P.
australiensis, Stylophora -mordax, Monti-Dora sp. , Pavo-na
Tu-erdeni, Favia s-telligera, F. pallida, F. =tthaii, Diploastrea
he pora, Platygyra claedalea, Lobophyllia corymbosa and
Heliopora coerulea.
Fish diversity is good along the barrier reef margin and
slope although most fishes are small forms, generally less than
1211 in length. The sand and rubble bottom areas contain good
populations of jacks (Carangidae), parrotfish (Scaridae) and
goatfish (Mullidae). The coral heads and the many holes within
the reef network provide habitats for such forms as squirrelfish
(Holocentridae) , surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) , damselfish
(Pomacentridae), groupers (Serranidae) and others.
Amesbury, et. al. (1979) found that this zone was one of
two habitats of highest surgeonfish abundance (primarily
Acanthurus lineatus) and was the area highest in abundance for
adult parrotfish, la ge wrasses and large groupers. Some very
large needlefish were also observed, as were rudderfish
(Kyphosus cinerascens) and fusilers (Caesio sp.).

V-4

Garapan Lagoon Planning Area

Some of the more common species observed in this zone are
the squirrelfish Adioryx spinifer, the snappers Lutjanus bohar,
L. fulvus, L. monostigmus, the beams Monotaxis grando-culus
and Scolopsis cancellatus, the jacks Caranx melampygus and
ecapterus pinnulatus, the goatfish Mulloidichtys flavolineatus,
Parapeneus barberinus, P. bifasciatus, P. cyclostomus, and P.
riatus, several species of butterflyfish (Chaetodon sp.7,
the wrasses Cheilinus chlorurus, C. trilobatus, G. undulatus,
Gomphosus varius, Thalassoma fuscum, T. hardwicke and T.
lutescens, the parrotfish Getoscarus bicolor, Scir_uschlorodl@n,
ghobban, S. rubroviolaceus and S. sir-didus, and the
surgeonfish Acanthurus glaucopareius, A. guttatus, A. mata,
A. nigrofuscus, A. triostegus, Naso literatus and N. unicornis.
Other marine life observed in this zone incluJe one, green
sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), the starfish Linckia laevigata and
Culcita novaeguineae, the sea cucumbers Thelenota ananas and
Holothuria edulis and Trochus (Trochus niloticus).

2. Physical Marine Resources

a. Currents
No evaluations of the currents in Planning Area 5 have
been conducted. It is assumed that the general circulation
pattern would be an along-shore transport moving south to
southwest exiting the Lagoon in low areas and cuts and chan-
nels in the barrier reef. One small opening is located in the
outer reef opposite Una! Chalan Laulau and water likely exits
the Lagoon here. Water in the northernmost section of this
area may move northwest and exit through the Garapan channel
as suggested by M & E Pacific (1980). This would likely hold
true for ebbing tides, during periods of weak northeasterly
winds and during southerly winds (unusual). Much of the
Lagoon water would move south and exit the Lagoon through
the channel and lower reef system at Susupe.

b. Water Quality
The water quality in this portion of the Saipan Lagoon is
good but heavily influenced by freshwater runoff and associated
sediments and nutrients. There are a total of 10 storm drains
that empty into this portion of the Garapan Lagoon.
The extensive seagrass beds of Enhalus and the occurrance
of the algae Enteromorpha are indicators that freshwater and
increased levels of nutrients are entering the near-shore en-
vironment.
The Division of Environmental Quality (DEQ) collects and
analyzes water samples from only two locations in this Planning
Area; Dave Sablan Beach and Chalan Laulau Beach. Data on
various water quality parameters are available at the DEQ
office. Monitoring station sites and data regarding occurrence
and violations of fecal coliform standards are depicted on Figure
I-1 of this Volume. Analysis of recent data from the DEQ
(October 1984 - March 1985) revealed all fecal coliform
concentrations to be less than 200/100 ml.

V-5

Garapan Lagoon Planning Area

3. On-shore Resources

a. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species
No wetlands, mangroves or other critical habitat sites are
located in this planning area. The extensive sand beach shore-
line was likely used by the Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mvdas)
recent rec
for nesting in the past. There are no ords o any
nesting activities within this area.
No threatened or endangered species of birds would likely
be found in -this area as the vegetation is not extensive and
there are no densely foKested or wetland sites.
The large patch reef of the branching coral Acropora
formosa found both to the south (this planning area) and north
(Planni g Area IV) of the lighthouse channel should be pro-
tected from any activities that might adversely impact the
corals. A portion of the barrier reef south of the lighthouse
has been designated as a Trochus (Trochus niloticus) preserve.
The Trochus sanctuary encompasses the barrier reef from the
lighthouse to one mile south, with the inshore boundary ex-
tending 50 yards in-shore of the edge of the reef and the 40
foot depth contour as the offshore boundary. No taking of
Trochus is allowed within this sanctuary and one at Tank Beach
(Kagman).

B. Man-made Resources and Human Uses

1. Land Uses

a. Existing Development and Public Facilities
There is no major existing development with this Planning
Area with the exception of beach park facilities at Unai Garapan
and at Unai Chalan Laulau.

b. Public Land Ownership and Access
T
T_
he uF1 extent of this linear, beach-oriented Planning Area
is in public ownership.

c. Recreation Sites
The following park and recreation facilities now exist within
Planning Area V.

v-6

Garapan Lagoon Planning Area

Table V-1

RECREATION SITES AT GARAPAN LAGOON PLANNING AREA

Park or Recreation Existing
Area Facilities

Unai Garapan Access Road, Compacted
Coral, 300 linear feet
(if)
Launching Ramp
Fishing Dock
Parking for 6 vehicles
and boat trailers
Playfield

Unai Chalan
Laulau Picnic Tables - 4

d. Historic Sites
A WWII Japanese bunker is located at the intersection of
Chalan Laulau and Beach Road.
Most of the beach in this area was the site of the invasion
by American forces in 1944 and is now designated as a National
Historic Landmark.

e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Redistribution
ch erosion occurs along the southernmost 2000 feet of
shoreline within this Planning Area. Also, beach depletion
occurs along the entire shoreline as a result of long-shore drift
which within a 15 - 20 foot zone in-shore of the surf zone.

f. Stormwater Drainage
Ten storm drainage culverts empty into the Saipan Lagoon
along this Planning Area. They discharge runoff from the
Beach Road area as well as from upstream areas, inland of
Beach Road.

2. Economic Resources

a. Subsistence Fishing and Gathering
A good deal of subsistence fishing and gathering occurs in
the Garpan Lagoon. The shoreline is largely sandy beach
which is easily accessible by foot or vehicle. It is very common
to observe several Talaya fishermen and spearfishermen along
the shoreline and near-shore zones. Frequently people are ob-
served digging for clams (Ansum) in among the dense seagrass
(Enhalus) beds. Small boats are sometimes moored along shore
or pulled up on the beach in this area. The deeper areas of
the Lagoon and reef flat provide good reefs for spearfishing
and hook and line fishing.

V-7

Garapan Lagoon Planning Area

b. Commercial and Sport Fishing and Facilities
No-nein this area

C. Port and Shipping
None in this area

d. Tourism Industry
The only tourism industry facilities within this Planning
Area are the Saipan Lady Floating Restaurant, a 1001 long,
former sailing vessel converted into a 50-seat floating
restaurant and bar, and a WWII tank and bunker site which is
a popular site for picture taking.

V-8

CHAPTER VI - PUNTAN SUSUPE PLANNING AREA

The beach strand and near-shore zones of the Puntan Susupe Planning
Area (Area 6) are heavily used for fishing and gathering, recreational uses
and water-oriented activities of many kinds by residents and tourists.
Several sandy beaches stretch nearly the entire length of Area 6. The
Diamond Hotel, formerly the Royal Taga, proposed for renovation into a ten
story, 329 room Diamond Hotel and the Grand Hotel, to expand by 34 rooms,
are also found here. Sugar Dock in Susupe provides good access to the
Lagoon for boaters, and a channel allows relatively safe passage through the
barrier reef.

A. Natural Resources

1. Living Marine Resources

a. Near-shore
The near-shore zone of Planning Area 6 contains rather
,extensive beds of the seagrass Halodule uninervis with widely
scattered and isolated coral heads. The substrate is primarily
sand with some coral/algal rubble in the northern section of
this area from the Royal Taga Hotel Beach. North along the
shoreline is a fringing dense stand of approximately 75 - 90%
Halodule which varies from about 100 - 200 m in width.
Along the shoreline and fringing the Civic Center and Royal
YTaga Beaches is the filamentous green alga Enteromorpha
clathrata. This algae is somewhat seasonal and a fa-vorite food
,of the-juvenile rabbitfish manahac (Siganus spinus). This plant
is usually considered bothersome and unattractive by tourists,
'hotel owners and other beach users. It is sometimes removed
by hand (rakes) to make the beaches more attractive. It is
known that growth of Enteromorpha is greatly enhanced by
increased nutrient levels which enter the near-shore environ-
ment via runoff from the land or from underground streams
(seeps). Other factors which are known to enhance growth of
this alga include shorelines which are sheltered from severe
wave action and water movement, existence of rubble and other
types of substrate which provide a holdfast for the plant and
(to a lesser degree) slightly lower salinity than normal seawater
(25 - 30 parts per thousand).
Opposite Puntan Susupe and south to Unai Chalan Kanoa
the seagrass and algae zone is somewhat wider, extending
approximately 300 - 400 m -from shore. Species composition is
mostly Halodule uninervis which accounts for 70 - 90% of the
r- by
cover, fo lowed Dictyota bartayressii, Turbinaria ornata and
Halimeda opuntia. 5cattered among these deng-e-Halodule sea-
grass beds are a few corals including Pocillopor-a damicornis,
-Porites lutea and a little Acropora formosa. Coral coviTr in-this
zone varies from about one to five percent.
Fish fauna in this near-shore zone predominated by ex-
tensive Halodule beds includes a number of juvenile forms,
especially snappers (Lutjanidae), rabbitfish (Siganidae), parrot-

VI-1

Puntan Susupe Planning Area

fish (Scaridae) and goatfish (Mullidae). Other common fish ob-
served include the goatfish Parupeneus barberinus and
Mulloidichtys flavolineatus, mullet (Mugilidae), the surgeonfish
Acanthurus triostegus and A. olivaceous, the emperor Lethrinus
harak, the rabbitfish SigariUs argenteus and S. spinus and the
squirrelfish Adioryx diadema, A. spinifer and Flammeo sammara.

b. Lagoon
The Lagoon zone of Area 6 is comprised mostly of sand and
coral rubble substrate with scattered corals, algae and sea-,
grass. North of Puntan Susupe the Lagoon contains some
seagrass (Halodule) in scattered patches and as a light cover
on sandy substrate, but this seagrass does not occur in dense
mats. Dictyota bartayresii, Sargassum polycystum, Padina
tenuis and Halime puntia are Mo present in varying but
small amounts. Corals are also widely scattered and account for
less than five percent cover. Species include Pocillopora
damicornis, Porites lutea and Acropora formosa. Th exist a
few intermittent rTingers" of corals that extend from the barrier
reef flat shoreward into the Lagoon that are composed primarily
of Acropora formosa and A. teres. These patches of coral
account for 76' @-80-6 live cover, but the total area covered by
corals is small.
South of Puntan Susupe the Lagoon narrows and is
dominated by the seagrass Halodule (50 - 80%) and the algae
Z_
Dictyota, Turbinaria, Halime a and Padina. Corals are sparse
and scattered, with Porites lutea and Pocillopora. damicornis,
dominating but accounting for-_Te_ss than five percent cover.
South of the Sugar Dock in the boat channel and just south of
this channel coral cover increases to approximately 5 - 10%.
Besides P. lutea and P. damicornis, species observed here
include Pocillopora danae, Acropora aspera, A. nasuta,
Montipora verrucosa, Pavona duerdeni, Porite@_cylindrica,'
Psammocora sp. and FavFa -matthaii.
Fish fauna for tge--lagoon zone of Area 6 is very similar to
that found in Area 5. Fish diversity and density are both
rather low as the habitat is predominated by extensive patches
of loose sand and rubble with only occasional, small patches of
Halodule and scattered corals. Mullet (Mugilidae) are fairly
common, and other fishes observed include the milkfish Chanos
chanos, cardinalfish (Apogonidae), the emperor Lethrinus
spinus . and some unidentified juvenile fishes. Amesbury, et.
al. (1979) describes this habitat as containing few fishes of any
kind except for the milkfish and silversides (Atherinidae).

c. Reef Flat
The reef flat zone in Area 6 varies considerably in percent
cover and diversity of corals, ranging- from less than 5% to
approximately 15 - 20% in spots. Areas of highest coral cover
and diversity are opposite the intersection of Beach Road and
Chalan Msgr. Guerrero, Unai Susupe and the channel and reef
flat south of Sugar Dock. @Localized small patch reefs of

VI-2

Puntan Susupe Planning Area

Acropora provide as much as 70 - 80% live cover, but the
overall area of these reefs is small. Dominant corals along the
reef flat include Acropora formosa, A. aspera, A. teres,
Pocillopora damicornis, P. danae, Pavona divaricata, Montipora
To-veolata, M. ehrenbergii, Psammocora contigua, Goniastrea
retiformis, G. edwardsi, Favia pallida, Favites sp. and Millepora
dichotoma.
The most common marine plants in this zone include
Halimeda opuntia, Dictyota b artayresii P Padina tenuis V
Turbinaria ornata and a little Halodule and Halophila in isolated
sandy areas. Some coralline _@ii_gaeis also present where the
reef flat nears the margin (Porolithon onkoides and Lithophyllum
moluccense).
Fishes observed in the reef flat zone of Area 6 are similar
to those which occur in Area 5. Overall, the fish fauna is rich
and diverse and several schools of juvenile and adult fishes
were observed, including parrotfish (primarily Scarus
sordidus), surgeonfish (Acanthurus triostegus, A. mata and
Ctenochaetus striatus), rabbitfish (Signaus TpinU_s), goatfish
(MulloiTic-htys Tavolineatus and Parupeneus barberinus) and the
snapper Lutjanus kasmira. Healthy populations -o-F-other food
fishes are also present, including squirrelfish (Holocentridae),
wrasses (Labridae) , jacks (Carangidae) and groupers
(Serranidae).

d. Reef Margin and Slo@e
The reef margin and slope in the Puntan Susupe Planning
Area are characterized by a well defined barrier reef system
with good coral and fish diversity and a well developed spur
and grove system. The reef slope features sand channels and
high relief coral spits and mounds, some of which rise as much
as two to ten meters from the bottom. At the time of this
survey, extensive amounts of coral were dead, presumably from
recent Acanthaster planci predation. In some areas live coral
cover is only 5 - 10%, and it reaches a maximum of only 15 -
25% in very few areas. During one 25 minute tow in this area
approximately 60 Acanthaster (or fresh feeding sites) were
counted.
The most dominant coral observed was Porites rus which
formes huge colonies in some areas. Also very common is
Porites lutea, ARcropora nasuta, A. irregularis, A. palifera,
Stylophora mordax, Pocillopora eydouxi, Millepora dichotoma, M.
latifolia, Heliopora coerulea, Stylaste gracilis.. Montipora
verrucosa, Favia favus, Platygyra daedalea, Leptoria
phrygia and F-avona -ju-erdeni. A few areas contain large
patcbe--; of the soft coi@als -Sarcophyton sp. and Sinularia sp.
Diverse fish populations were observed aFo-ngthe margin
and slope zone although it is possible that the large amount of
dead coral has been detrimental to their overall diversity and
biomass. Amesbury, et. al. (1979) reports that this habitat
contains the greatest overall fish diversity with highest abun-
dances of surgeonfish (especially Acanthurus lineatus), adult

VI-3

Puntan Susupe Planning Area

parrotfish (Scarida6), large wrasses (Labridae), large groupers
(Epinephelus merra), rudderfish (Kyphosus cinerascens) and
fusilers (Gaesio caerulaureus).
Other fis-h-es observed in abundance include squirrelfish
(Adioryx spinifer and A. caudimaculatus), emperors
(Un-athodentex aureolineatus -and Lethrinus -Ea-rak), snappers
(Lutjanus kasmira and L. fulvus) , breams (Scolopsis
cancellatus), jacks (Carai7x 'melam-pygus and Decapterus
pinnulatus) and surgeonfish (Acanthurus triostegusi, A.
glaucopareius, Ctenochaetus striatus and Naso literatus).

2. Physical Marine Resources

a. Currents
The general current pattern in Planning Area 6 is primarily
an along-shore movement of the near-shore water and a south
to southwesterly movement in the mid-lagoon and reef flat zones
towards a channel or reef opening. There is well-defined
movement of water away from shore and out through an opening
in the barrier reef near the Sugar Dock Channel.
The currents near the Saipan Grand Hotel and near Chalan
Kanoa approximately 1500 m south of the Sugar Dock were
investigated by M & E Pacific (1980). The point where the
drogiLies were released is actually located in the northern
portion of Planning Area 7. However, the drogue paths
entered Area 6 as the water moved towards the reef opening of
Sugar Dock Channel so these results are discussed in this
section.
Figures VI-1 and VI-2 show the paths of the drogues
released in front of the Grand Hotel during both ebb and flood
tide conditions. Current velocity averaged from 2.8 cm/sec
(0.05 kts.) to 20.3 cm/sec (0.39 kts.) with higher velocities
during ebb tides. Speeds reached as high as 35 cm/sec (0.68
kts.) near the Sugar Dock Channel. Drogue movement was
predominantly southerly and towards the reef opening, becoming
westerly as water exits the Lagoon through the boat channel
opposite Sugar Dock.
Figures VI-3 and VI-4 depict drogue movements at the
Chalan Kanoa site. Here water transport is in a northerly
direction exiting the Lagoon at a shoal (approximately 1000 m
south of Sugar Dock) and at the channel opening. Current
velocities were found to be generally greater during ebb tide
conditions than during flood tides. Velocities averaged from
8.0 cm/sec (0.15 kts.) to 14.0 cm/sec (0.27 kts.). Figure VI-5-
shows the generalized circulation pattern for this portion of the
Saipan Lagoon.

b. Water Quality
Water quality in Planning Area 6 is variable but generally
good. Although only a couple of stormwater outlets empty into
the Lagoon, the rather extensive along-shore occurrence of the
alga Enteromorpha clathrata indicates that there is likely an

VI-4

DEPTH OF DROGU PREQ1
UF A
0 SURFACE DROGUE ol@
IZ 2
3 FEET DROGUE U.
:;u
0

TIM

SPE E
q4 4

SAIPAN I Q
GRAND
HOTEL SUGAR 2- ABAN
DOCK PIPE
,oh
STATION "SHORE" 0955
0955 SHO
1000 D U R
STATION "M(DDLE"--,019
G
I
000
STATIO14 100
REEF EDGE "OCEAN"-. /003 . ......
@REEF OPENING OF SUGAR
DOCK CHANNEL
@10 FIGUR
, 0@!o

DROGUE VECT
Woo LOCATION:
EBB
SCALE IN FEET

.TIRUr:. DEPTH OF DROGUg PR
E) SURFACE DROQUE
0 3 FEET DROGUE 2

0 -

0 D

SAIPAN
GRAND
STATION "SHORE" HOTEL SUGAR
DOCK PIP
2-

164
1551 1617 1615
1639
STATION "MIDDLE"---,-0"lll5-,,-%G15 6-3r'

STATION
REEF EDGE "OC;EAN"-,-"0 -0-3

REEF OPENING OF SU
DOCK CHANNEL

F
DROGUE
I.Iog 1.100 LOCATI

SCALE IN FEET

DEPTH OF DROGUE PRE

,,toe
N
0 SURFACE DROGUE
0 3 FEET DROGUE U.2

w
0 T

S P

VJOAQ

SAIPAN
GRAND
HOTEL SUGAR 2-ABANDONED
DOCK PIPE--

1350
SHOAL EXPOSED
DURING LOW
TIDE

--....,,-REEF EDGE
@REEF OPENING
OF SUGAR DOCK
CHANNEL

FIG
DROGTIE VE
11100 1100 LOCATION
SCALE IN FEET E

DEPTH OF DROGUE PR

0 SURFACE DROGUR
0 3 FEET 1-: 2
DROGUE L6

w 0

kj kj
S

so 0

SAIPAN
GRAND
HOTEL SUGAR 2-ABANDONED
DOCK PIPE IN
N
SHOAL EXPOSED
DURING LOW
TIDE

REEF EDGE

REEF OPENING OF SU
DOCK CHANNEL

DROGUE
I.Iog 1.100 LOCAT

SCALE IN FEET

fto D

SAIPAN
GRAND SUGAR
HOTEL DOCK

op
SHO

....,--REEF EDGE

FIGIJ

1100 1.100 GENERAL CIR
SCALE IN FEET --ISUSUPE/CHALAN

Puntan Susupe Planning Area

influx of fresh water and nutrients via run-off or underwater
seeps along the shoreline. The Division of Environmental
Quality (DEQ) collects water quality data from six sampling
locations. These stations are located at San Jose Beach, Civic
Center Beach, Royal Taga Hotel, Grand Hotel, Community
School Beach and Sugar Dock. Data for various water quality
data are available from the DEQ office. Monitoring station sites
and data regarding fecal coliform occurrence and violations are
depicted on Figure I-1 of Volume I. Recent data (October 1984
- March 1985) showed no fecal coliform. readings greater than
200/100 ml for all the sampling locations.

3. On-shore Resources

a. Wetlands
No wetlands exist in this Planning Area.

b. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species
No threatened or endangered species of birds or marine life
were observed in Planning Area VI. The beaches along this,
portion of the coastline were likely used as nesting sites in the
past by Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas). Hotel, recrea-
tional and residential develo@`ment has kept the turtles from
utilizing this area in recent years. However, turtles may
frequent this portion of the lagoon since the channel at Sugar
Dock provides an easy access point. Adequate enforcement is
needed to ensure the safety of any turtles that may enter the
lagoon and/or nest on any of the beach.

B. Man-made Resource's and Human Uses,

1. Land Uses

a. Existing Development and Public Facilities
The Lake Susupe drainage area is 2,79Tacres and includes
Chalan Laulau, Chalan Kiya, Oleai, Susupe, Chalan Kanoa, Fina
Sisu, Chalan Piao, As Perdido and San Antonio. Lake Susupe
is the center of the drainage basin. Principal land uses af-
fected by floods in this area are single-family residences and
wetlands around Lake Susupe (not in the Puntan Susupe
Planning Area).
The preliminary plan for flood control improvements include
a low levee aligned along the eastern periphery of residential
development within the project area and an outlet channel to
release flood waters to the Lagoon. A control structure may be
required at the inlet end of the wetland is not lowered. The
estimated first cost of the project is 2.1 million dollars.
The preliminary plan is still under review by local and
federal authorities. The ACOE is examining different alter-
natives before deciding to proceed into the next phase, the
Detailed Project Report. The environmental effects of the flood
water discharge into the Lagoon as a result of this preliminary

VI-10

Puntan Susupe Planning Area

plan have not yet been fully assessed. However, it is likely
that any such facility would substantially :impact the Lagoon's
water quality.

b. Public Land Ownership Access
Five parcels of public land exist in this Planning Area
between the beach and Beach Road. They are, from north to
south, San Jose Beach; Civic Center Beach and the Civic
Center/ Government of the Northern Maziana T---I;;nds facilities
together with the site of the Diamond Hotel (under lease); The
Unai Susupe parcel (Susupe Beach Park) adjacent to the
southern property boundary of the Grand Hotel; and a small
parcel to the south of beachside Chalan Kanoa. All except the
last parcel provide fDr access between Beach Road and the
Saipan Lagoon Coastline.

c. Recreation Sites
The fdUDwing park and recreation facilities now exist within
Planning Area VI.

Table VI-1
RECREATION SITES AT PUNTAN SUSUPE PLANNING AREA

Park or Recreation Existing
Area Facilities

San Jose Picnic Tables - 3
Beach Volleyball Court

Civic Center Access Road, Coral,
Beach Park 50 linear feet (lfl
Parking for 15 vehic3es
at north end and for
15 vehicles at south end
Picnic Tables - 6
Public Resb=ms
Tennis Court - 2
Volleyball. Court:

Susupe Beach NONE
Park

Unai Chalan Access Road, Paved 1501f
Kanoa Fisbing Dock
Launching Ramp

VI-11

Puntan Susupe Planning Area

d. Historic Sites
The bi@a_chalong this Planning Area is part of the Saipan
Invasion Beach, a National Historic Landmark. WWII tanks are
located at Civic Center Beach and at the intersection of Beach
Road and Chalan Msgr. Guerrero, in Oleai.

e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Redistribution
No beach erosion and stormwave redistribution sites exist in
this Planning Area. However, gradual beach depletion occurs
due to a longshore drift which results in a continuous transport
of beach materials within a 15 - 20 foot wide inshore surf zone.

f. Stormwater Drainage
Two drainage culverts discharge stormwater in the Lagoon
within this Planning Area. One is at San Jose Beach and
handles roadside drainage flows from the San Jose areas. The
second is a channel approximately 1200 feet south of the San
Jose intersection. That culvert accommodates stormwater flow
from both Beach Road as well as some of the San Jose/Susupe
vicinity.
Naturally, Lake Susupe technically qualifies as a stormwater
drainage facility. During storms with high intensity and du-
ration of rainfall, Lake Susupe overflows and floods downstream
areas in Chalan Kanoa. Flooding of highways and lower fring-
ing areas occurs at least once each year.

2. Economic Resources

a. Subsistence Fishing and Gathering
Sub sisten-c-e-111shin g and gathering occurs along the shore-
line and in the Lagoon waters of Planning Area VI. Talaya
fishermen and snorkelers with spears are often seen along the
near-shore zone and in among the seagrass beds that lie just
offshore. Some harvesting of clams also occurs here.
Boaters frequent 'ly use the beach just south of the Grand
Hotel as a landing spot and for temporary mooring of vessels.
The Sugar Dock is the only improved boat launching ramp and
channel out through the barrier reef in the southern portion of
Saipan Lagoon. Many boats, both those heading offshore for
trolling and bottomfishing as well as smaller craft that fish
within the Lagoon, use this launching facility.

b. Commercial and Sport Fishing and Facilities
Sugar Dock, also known as Chalan Kanoa Dock, is a rem-
nant of a small Japanese dock designed for boats hauling sugar.
It is a 276 ft long pier with a small concrete launching ramp on
the northside. A culvert beneath the dock permits near-shore
currents to pass. There are no navigational aids at the dock,
and the water depth is less than six feet at low tide. The
entrance channel is approximately 30 feet wide. Adjacent lands
are privately owned.

VI-12

Puntan Susupe Planning Area

c. Port and Shipping
None in this area.

d. Tourism Industry
In this Planning Area, the two primary tourist facilities are
the Diamond Hotel (formerly the Royal Taga) and the Grand
Hotel, both located at Puntan Susupe. The adjacent Unai
Susupe and Royal Taga Beaches are, naturally, well used by
tourists. The MPLC has designated this site for a proposed
aquarium as a tourist attraction. Windsurfing, sailing and
snorkeling around underwater wreck sites are popular tourist
activities here.

VI-13

CHAPTER VII - PUNTAN AFETNA PLANNING AREA

The Puntan Afetna Planning Area (Area 7) is the smallest Planning Area
and represents the southern extreme of the Saipan lagoon and barrier reef.
The entire shoreline is fronted by a sandy beach. The Lagoon area here is
rather narrow, averaging approximately 400 m wide with a maximum depth of
about 1.5 - 2 m. The shoreline becomes rocky at Puntan Agingan where the
barrier reef and lagoon meet steep slopes and cliffs along low limestone
terraces. The former White Sands Hotel was re-opened in 1984 as the Surf
Hotel, with 36 hotel and 5 lodge rooms in service; a 3 story, 71 room ex-
tension is also planned.

A. Natural Resources

1. Living Marine Resources

a. Near-shore
The near-shore environment consists primarily of a sand
and occasional coral/algal rubble substrate covered by the
seagrass Halodule uninervis. In the northern portion of Area 7
this Halodule mat provides approximately 80 - 90% coverage.
Opposite Unai Afetna the seagrass and algae band becomes
wider (up to 300 m) and is still dominated by Halodule, but the
percent coverage varies greatly as much of the seagrass occurs
in clumps with sandy areas in between. Other algae which
comprise less than five percent of the overall cover include
Halimeda opuntia, Caulerpa sertularioides, Dictyota bartayresii
and Schizothrix sp.
Corals are almost totally absent from the near-shore envi-
ronment in Area 7. A few small and very widely scattered
colonies of Pocillopora damicornis and Porites lutea were the
only species noted here, and they accounted for iiiu-ch less than
one percent cover.
Other organisms observed include the starfish Linckia
laevigata and the sea cucumbers Holothuria atra and H. eTu-lis.
Few fishes were observed in the neai@ @shore zone. Small
forms and some unidentified juvenile fishes were seen among the
clumps of seagrass. Other fishes observed include mullet
(Mugilidae), rabbitfish (S* s s inus), the emperor Lethrinus
harak, unidentified goatfish (Mullidae), juvenile snappers
TL-utjanidae) and silversides (Atherinidae).

b. Lagoon
The lagoon zone in Area 7 consists primarily of a sand and
rubble substrate with a lot of seagrass and algae and limited
coral development. The dominant marine form is once again the
seagrass Halodule uninervis, although it occurs here in scat-
tered clumps and thin mats. Also present, although in much
less quantity, is the seagrass Halophila minor. Other fre-
quently observed marine plants include HU17-meda opuntia,
Dictyota bartayresii, Padina tenuis, HaFimeda . macroloba,
Schizothrix mexicana, C;iu_1erpa_cupresiio_ides an'E- Boodlia

VII-1

Puntan Afetna Planning Area

composita. Occurrence of many of these algae is patchy, and
locally one or more species many contribute from 5 - 40% of
bottom cover. However, when analyzed over the entire Planning
Area these numbers are much smaller. Generally, the algae are
more prominent north of Unai Afetna (especially Dictyota ,
Boodlia, Padina and Schizothrix) and in some small. areas they
can comprise as much as 30 - 50% of the substrate cover. This
occurs primarily in the northern sector of Area 7.
Corals become more abundant within the Lagoon as it ap-
proaches the barrier reef. In the outer Lagoon, the substrate
is characterized by more rock/rubble substrate, less sand and a
harder substrate providing points of attachment for corals.
Lagoon species include Pocillopora damicornis, Porites lutea,
K_. I Te-
Psammocora contigua, Acropora formosa, A. asperal, bes,
and Hellopora coerulea. North of Unai Afetna, c6-ral' cover
varies Tr-omone-7-T-117ve percent with occasional higher values
where patches of Acropora occur.
Coral cover in the lagoon increases south of Puntan Afetna
and reaches 20 - 40% near Puntan Agingan. This increase is
primarily due to an increase in abundance of species of
Acropora as well as Heliopora, Favia matthaii, Platygyra Ein! I
and the appearance of the soft coral Sinularia sp. In the
middle of the Lagoon, off-shore and just south of the former
Coast Guard Station an area containing mats of an unidentified
zooanthid (an anenome like organism) was observed.
Fishes observed in the Lagoon are very similar to those
species reported for Area 6. Common groups include the
goatfish (Mullidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), wrasses (Labridae),
juvenile parrotfish (Scaridae), surgeonfish (Acanthuridae),
rabbitfish (Siganidae), silversides (Atherinidae) and cardinal-
fish (Apogonidae).

c. Reef Flat
The reef .flat zone of Area 7 is well defined until it ends by
merging with the limestone terrace and cliffs along Puntan
Agingan. Coral diversity and percent cover are fairly good,
and the species are similar to those further north in Area 6.
Most all the corals observed in the outer lagoon zone in this
Area were also found in the reef flat zone. Percent cover
ranged from approximately 10 - 30% with higher values found in
the reef flat areas opposite Puntan Afetna and south to the
small cut in the reef some 1500 m north of where the reef ends.
Dominant species are Acropora aspera, A. nasuta, A. smithi,
Pocillopora eydouxi, P. damicornis, 'P7oriFe-s1utea_, Pavona
divaricata and P. venosa. Common species include Pocillopora
elegans, P. setchelli, Acropora surculosa, A. palifera
Montipora tuberculosa, M. sp., Heliopora coerulea, Platygyra
daedalea, Favia matthaffil, Psammocora contigua and Porites
annae.
-Fishes observed in the reef flat zone were nearly identical
to those seen in the reef flat in Area 6. However, densities of
surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), squirrelfish (Holocentridae) and

VII-2

Puntan Afetna Planning Area

goatfish (Mullidae) were greater in this Planning Area.
Amesbury, et. al. (1979) reports that this habitat contains
moderately abundant populations of juvenile parrotfish, rabbit-
fish, surgeonfish, goatfish, large wrasses and Blue Chromis.
Some common species observed include the snapper Lutjanus
fulvus, the emperor Lethrinus harak, the goatfish Mulloidichtys
flavolineatus, Parupeneus barberinus, P. bifasciatus, P.
cyclostomus, P. pleurostigma and P. t-rifasciatus, the parrotfish
Scarus ghobban, S. sordidus aiTd @. sp., the surgeonfish
Acanthurus glaucoFareius, A. olivaceous, A. triostegus, A.
xanthopterus, Naso brevir'ost-ris and N. literatus.

d. Reef Margin and Slope
The reef margin and slope zone in Area 7 is a well deve-
loped barrier reef system with numerous spur and grove chan-
nels and coral mounds which provide excellent relief for corals,
fishes and other marine life. Overall, coral coverage averages
20 - 25%, higher (40%) in localized areas and lower (5 - 10%) in
limited areas.
Of the entire barrier reef surveyed, the reef in this Plan-
ning Area showed the most recent signs of damage by the
starfish Acanthaster planci. During a 25 minute tow approxi-
mately 300 individuals were counted, with over 100 fresh feed-
ing sites observed.
The most dominant corals observed were Pocillopora
eydouxi, P. verrucosa, P. setchelli, StVlophora mordax,
Acropora nasuta, A. surculosa, A. irregularis, A. palifera and
Heliopora coerulea-. Other species common to this zone include
two large areas of the soft coral Sinularia sp., Acropora tenuis,
A. smithi, A. valida, Pavona varians, P. duerdeni, Montipora
ii-hrin--bergii, M.-sp., Goniopora sp., Ponites rus, Favia favus,
F. pallida, Goniastrea edwardsi, Diploastrea heliopora,
Platygyra daedalea, P. p!ni, Leptoria phrygia, Leptastrea
purpurea and LobophyPha corymbosa.
Fish fauna was ra:Fher divers-e and some large grouper
(Serranidae), rudderfish (Kyphosus cinerascens) and parrotfish
(Scaridae) were observed'. Also seen were -two rather large
schools of parrotfish, a spotted eagle ray (Aetobatis narinari)
and a 1.5 m long reef whitetip shark (Triaenodon obes-u-sT-.As
this section of the barrier reef is very similar to the margin
and slope in Area 6, Amesbury, et. al. (1979) classified them
as similar habitats. He reports that this habitat was where the
greatest overall fish diversity was recorded. It contained the
highest abundance of surgeonfish (primarily Acanthurus
lineatus), adult parrotfish (Scaridae), large wrasses (LabridaeT
and large groupers (Serranidae).
Some of the more common species observed in this zone
include the groupers Epinephelus merra, E. fasciatus and
Cephalopholis argus, the emperor Gnathodenfe-x aureolineatus,
the parrotfish Scarus gibbus, @. psittacus and S. sordidus, the
surgeonfish Acanthurus olivaceus, A. pyroferus, A. triostegus,
A. mata, Ctenochaetus striatus ari-d- Naso lituratu-s, the bream

VII-3

Puntan Afetna Planning Area

Scolopsis cancellatus, and the snappers Macolor niger, Lutjanus
kasmira and L. bohar.

2. Physical Marine Resources

a. Currents
Water movement in the southern end of the Saipan Lagoon is
not well known and no specific studies have been conducted in
this Planning Area concerning the currents. The M & E Pacific
Study (1980) 'did release a series of drogues in the extreme
northern portion of Planning Area 7, and the results are shown
in the Puntan Susupe chapter (Figure VI-1, VI-2, and VI-3).
Water movement here was to the north, as the Sugar Dock
channel and shoal area to the south of the channel are major
exit points for water leaving the Lagoon.
Water moving south likely exits partially at Puntan Afetna
as the force of the normal northeasterly tradewinds would tend
to push some of the water over the reef at this point. Other
Lagoon water would tend to build up at Puntan Agingan and
likely exits the Lagoon near the point where the barrier reef
meets the limestone cliff of the point. At this location there
are large rocks and boulders and the barrier reef is more
variable with small openings and depressions.

b. Water Quality
Water quality at the southern end of the Saipan Lagoon is
highly variable. There are no developed stormwater drains that
empty into the Lagoon in Planning Area 7. The sewage outfall
at Puntan Agingan is far enough around the point that the
normal ocean waves and oceanic current almost always provides
for good mixing of the effluent which is carried offshore to the
south or southeast. Only under unusual wind and sea con-
ditions would the effluent possibly be transported north of
Puntan Agingan and influence the water quality of the barrier
reef and/or Lagoon.
The wastewater system sewage lift station "A-In, located
just south of San Antonio overflows when its electrical power is
interrupted. This causes raw sewage to exit via a bypass line
to the adjacent beach, causing severe pollution (see Chapter
VIII, Section B.1. b.4). This condition is responsible for
excessive violations of the coliform standard at nearby beaches.
The Division of Environmental Quality (DEQ) samples for
water quality monitoring at five locations in this Planning Area.
The stations are located at Chalan Piao Beach, Coast Guard
Beach, San Antonio Beach, Hopwood School and at the Agingan
STP Lift Station. Water quality data are available at the DEQ
of fice. Monitoring station sites and data regarding fecal
coliform occurrence and violations are depicted on Figure I-1 of
this Volume.
Recent data from the DEQ (October 1984 - March 1985)
showed only two individual samples with fecal coliform values of
201/100 ml, at Coast Guard Beach and the' Agingaii lift station

VII-4

Puntan Afetna. Planning Area

Area Beach. The DEQ also has eight monitoring stations' near
the Agingan OutfalL The fallowing locations had fecal coliform
content means exceeding 200/100 ml; 1001 south of outfall
(33,610) ; 600 ft. north of outfall (4,859); and 500 ft. offshore
of outfall. (367).

3. On-Shore Resources

a. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species
The Green Sea Turtle (Che-Ionia mydas could be found
within the lagoon on occasion in this planning area but there is
no evidence that nesting is presently occurring. However,
according to the Fish and Wildlife Division, Green Turtles have
nested along the beaches in this planning area in the past. It
is possible that the endangered Nightengale Reed Warbler
(Acrocephalus lusaUnda) might be found within the vegetated
areas near HblTw@d @High School and the former Coast Guard
Station. However, these areas would not be considered as
prime or critical habitat for this species.

B. Man-made Resources and Human Uses

1. Land Uses

a. Existing Development and Public Facilities
This is a rural and generally isolated coastline area with
the San Antonio village itself as the p3jinary center of develop-
ment. The secondary activity center is Hopwood Junior High
School, except when school is not in session. The area is
served by primary infrastructure; other major public facilities
are the elementary and junior high schools.
The reopening of the former White Sands Hotel (now the
Surf Hotel) win place addii-i nal wasteload from 46 rooms into
Saipan's southern wastewater system. This wasteload amounts
to approximately 9,200 gallons per day. This additional waste
load wM not tax the existing primary treatment plant; however
it win add to the pcIlution which occurs when sewage lift
Station "A-l" fails during power disruption.
Traffic activity is recently increased through San Antonio
due to the recent re-opening of the Surf Hotel and the in-
creased residential development of the Koblerville area. This
trend can be expected to continue.
Perhaps the "public facility" with the most potential for
development is the former U.S. Coast Grand Station property,
now under the management of the Marianas Public Land
C@orporation. Both the existing structures as well as the large
size and ideal location of the property contributes to this site's
overall development potential.

b. Public Land ownership and Access
Four parcels of public land exist in the Puntan Afetna
Planning Area. They are at the Hopwood Junior High School,
San Antonio Elementary School, former U.S. Coast Guard

VII-5

Puntan Afetna Planning Area

Station and the San Antonio sewage pumping station. Public
access to the beach is passable at all four sites.

c. Recreation Sites
-The BaUowing park and recreation facilities are found within
Planning Area V3:1.

Table V31-1
RECREATION SITES AT PUNTAN AFETNA PLANNING AREA

Park or Recreation Existing
Area Facilities

Afetna. Beach Picnic S helter -2
Park Picnic Tables - 3

d. Historic Sites
Part of this beach is the site of the American Invasion
during WWII. Saipan Invasion Beach has been designated a
National Historic Landmark.

e. Beach Erosion and Stormwave Redistribution
No beach erosion or stormwave redistribution exist in this
Planning Area.

f. Stormwater Drainage
'Ro drainage culverts carry stormwater discharge to the
Lagoon in this Planning Area.

2. Economic Resources

a. Subsistence Fishing and Gathering
A moderate amount of subsistence fishing and gathering
occurs in Planning Area VII. Talaya fishermen and people
harvesting clams utilize the shoreline and extensive seagrass
beds found in the near-shore zone. Coral development is good,
especially south of Puntan Afetna, and spearfishermen and
surround netters regularly harvest fish from the Lagoon and
reef flat areas.

b. Commercial and Sport Fishing Facilities
None in this area.

c. Ports and Shipping
None in this area.

d. Tourism Industry
one tourist facility exists here, the recently re-opened Surf
Hotel in San Antonio. It has 41 rooms, and a major expansion
is planned.

V1--[-6

CHAPTER VIII - PROJECT AREAWIDE

A. Natural Resources

1. Currents
Saipan lies in the belt of seasonal northeast trade winds. Its
narrow north end points obliquely into the north equatorial drift
current. The local currents run from north-northeast to south-
southeast on both sides of the island, and ordinarily southeast
through Saipan channel at the south end (Cloud, 1959). The
current system of the Saipan Lagoon is affected by the inflow of
water across the barrier reef, wind conditions, water depth and
location and size of channels, cuts and depressions in the reef.
Currents have been investigated at specific locations within the
Lagoon by Doty and Marsh (1977) and M & E Pacific (1980).
Current patterns are discussed in detail in the chapters dealing
with the seven Planning Areas.

2. Tides
Saipan's tides are mixed semidiurnal with two different high and
low tides during each day. Cloud (1959) states that the tidal range
averages 2 - 2.5 ft. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1981)
gives the following information on tides for Saipan.
Feet
Mean Higher High Water, MHHW 1.90
Mean High Water, MHW 1.85
Mean Tide Level, MTL 1.20
Mean Low Water, MLW 0.55
Mean Lower Low Water, MLLW 0.00

B. Man-made Resources and Human Uses

1. Land Uses and Infrastructure

a. Water Facilities

1. The Existing System
Due to the interdependent nature of Saipan's islandwide
water facilities, it is not practical to isolate production,
storage, treatment and distribution components. The entire
system is described in the "Saipan Water System Study",
prepared for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
Islands by GK7/Maguire Group.
The system which serves this PLAN'S project area is
depicted in the following figures taken from the "Saipan
Water System Study."
Figure VIII-1 Puntan Magpi Planning Area;
Figure VIII-2 Tanapag Harbor and Puntan Muchot
Planning Areas; and
Figure VIII-3 Garapan Lagoon, Puntan Susupe, and-
Puntan Afetna Planning Areas.
The water system's demands and flows as of February
1982, are presented in Figure VIII-4. Of course, only the

VIII-1

601 C1
10 PSI 6 CI
I P1. I

81, ACID
SAN RODUE A] PSI
611 CI I of
40 PSI ACP
611 ACP B If ACP
55 PSI 30 PSI

ACP
19.5 PSI

6it C1
55 Psi

Q- CI
Q-
52 Psi

ACHUIAU
6 ACP SPRINGS

TANAPAC

ACHUGAU
RESERVOIR NOTES:
6 ACP CI
5D PSI 45 PSI
611 ACP _11 CI I DEVIATIONS IN LINE PRESSURES
55 PSI 5-1; Psi MONITORED ARE A RESULT OF
611 It ACP 5It C1 WATER SERVICE BOUR VARIATIONS
5A PSI 65 PSI
6If ACP TANAPAG 2. PRESSURES WERE MEASURED AT
EB PSI SPRINGS AREA RESIDENCES USING A
Sol ACP BOURBON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE.
E3 PSI TASA BOOSTER
LO ER PU:P
BASE
71 A RESERVOIR
TASA SYSTF-M- DISTRIBUTION SUCHE-MATIC
AND MEASURED HOUSE SERVICE LINE
PRESSUFFES

PUERTO
RICO

MAUI TREATMENT
PLANT WETWELL

Figure VIII-1

Puntan Magpi Planning Area
Water System.

Source: Saipan Water
System Study, 1982.

VII1-2

,AmAP&C RES:-RvOIR

FROM DONNI SPRIN'S

'
Aul TREATMENT AND AGAG WELLS
PLANT WETTELL
6)JA 30 PSI

'4 2 PSI
42 PSI 2 PSI
B4 PSI 9 PSI NOTES:
Be PSI BRA 8 PSI
-8 PSI 1. DEVIATIONS IN LINE PRESSURES MONITORED
3 PSI ARE A RESULT OF WATER SERVICE
65 PSI 5 PSI HOUR VARIATIONS.
57 PSI a 16 45 PSI 2. PRESSURES WERE MEASURED AT AREA
57 PSI
RESIDENCES USING A BOURDON TUBE
PRESSURE GAUGE.
A PSI
ell GARAPAN SYSTEM: DISTRIBUTION
SCHEMATIC AND MEASURED HOUSE SERVICE
51 PS I LINE PRESSURES I/-Z
0

3 PSI

51 PSI

45 PSI

C.013

so PSI

CL. 51 PSI
Figure V111-2 -A
kc?

25 PS I Tanapag Harbor and Puntan
23 PS I Muchot Planning Areas Water
System.

CLOSED
VALVE Source: Saipan Water System
m OS P I TAL Study, 1982.
RESERVOIR
1.0 MG
it -7

PSI

I! PSI

20 PSI

is PSI

33 PSI

2 PSI

37 PSI

49 PSI

LLJ 22 PSI

52 PSI
CL-
43 PS I
25 PSI
3 PSI NOTES:
C@- 50 PSI
29 PSI 49 PSI 2 PSI
23 PSI I DEVIATIONS IN LINE PRESSURES
3 PSI MONITORED ARE A RESULT OF
is PSI, 'WATER SERVICE HOUR VARIATIONS.
22 PSI

a PSI
2. PRESSURES WERE MEASURED AT
AREA RESIDENCES USING A
BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE.
15 ?SI is PSI

a PSI
III PSI 11 PSI CHALAN KANOA: DISTRIBUTION
SCHEMATIC AND MEASURED HOUSE
is PSI 14 PSI SERVICE LINE PRESSURES
24 PS 1 19 PSI
Is PSI 20 PSI
11 -e' c I
11 PSI 0
Is PSI
5CALZ. IN :,A Il-
70 PSI
?SI 27 PSI
ca
jf
I Fj c I ZB PSI

24 PSI

14 PSI

21 PSI

PSI

9 ISLEY RES. Figure VIII-3

17 Garapan Lagoon, Puntan Susupe
MAUI I and Puntan Afetna Planning
Areas Water System.

Source- Saipan Water System
VIII-4 SLudy, 1982.

COMPUTER COND I T I ON: EXISTI149 SYSTEM
SIMULATION
RUN NO.: 0
LEGEND AGMAN SAN 3 138
DONN I VICENTE
PROPOSED EXPANSION SPRINGS :ES AE
0 OPEN VALVE
377 0
CLOSED VALVE CAPITOL SAN
HILL VICENTE
CAPITOL HILL RES AGAO RES
PRESSURE IN PSI f--
gn RES 4t
FLOWS-IN OFM to MAUI 159
TRIMI,
PLANT FINA
SISU
HOSPITAL 4
RES

07 GUALD
IA A TA CALHOUN RAI
RES RE APAG RES RES
S

NAVY
HILL SUGAA cc GOLF
MINA KING COURSE
VILLE
145 1 72 CHALAN
SAN 569 -L@ go OLEA 222 306 PIAO
ROQUE to

76 TANAPAG
L-j I CNALAN 83)
LOWER GARAPAN KANOA
(55 62 BASE

FigureVIII-4.Sai.pan Water System
Source: Saipan Wate

Project Areawide

Table VIII-1

PROJECTED RESIDENTIAL EDUCATIONAL, COMMERCIAL
AND INDUSTRIAL WATER CONSUMPTION DEMANDS

PROJECTED DAILY AVERAGE
POPULATION DEMAND FLOW
SYSTEM YEAR 2000 (gal) (gpm)

Tanapag Residential 1,625 214,500 149

San Roque Residential 1,373 181,236 126

Garapan Residential 5,333 703,956 489
Chala-n Kanoa Residential 12,247 1,616,604 1,123

Total for Residential 21,557 2,716,296 1,887

Tanapag Elementary School 3,520

San Roque Elementary School 4,430

Department of Public Works 30,880

Department of Education 2,330

Community of Cultural Affairs 750

Coca Cola Bottling Plant 8,000

Concrete Batch Plant 80,500

Sablan Quarry Plant 8,000

Hafa Adai Hotel 73,920

Intercontinental Hotel 96,000

Hyatt Hotel 88,320

Arriola Laundromat (typical) 1,950

Personnel Office 1, Z40

Community and Cultural Affairs 750

VIII-6

Project Areawide

DAILY
DEMAND
SYSTEM (gal)

Saipan Community School 1,890

Garapan Elementary School 11,860

Headstart 6,840

Department of Revenue 830

Land and Survey 520

Public Health 1,400

Public Safety and Fire 1,020

Criminal Justice 150

Civic Center 1,940

As Perdido Ag. Station 710

Private Offices 2,680

Marianas High School 15,600

Hopwood Junior High School 14,600

San Antonio Elementary School 4,530

Chalan Kanoa Elementary School 12,920

Oleai Elementary School 7,930

Mt. Carmel School 15,950

Marianas Private School 3,590

Oleai Laundromat 1,950

Chalan Kanoa Laundromats (3) 5,850

Susupe Laundromat 1,950

San Antonio Laundromat 1,950

VIII-7

Project Areawide

DAILY
DEMAND
SYSTEM (gal)

Hotels 192,000

Industries 80,000

Offices /Businesses 52,500

Total for Educational, Commerical
and Industrial 841,750

VIII-8

Project Areawide

figure's lower section, which represents the Saipan Lagoon
coastline, is relevant for the the project area's analysis.

2. Existing Plans 5or Saipan's Water Facilities
The prcjected residential, educational, commercial and
indust=1 farnli+-if-s water demands for the PLAN's prcject
area and coastline water service areas, as presented in the
"Saipan Water System Study," are presented in Table
VM-1.
These prcjections presume that water leakage will be
reduced to acceptable amounts and that residential con-
sumptb@i, in gallons per capita per day (gpcd) is:
110 gpcd usage
10 gpcd fDr leakage in household fbxtures
10 gpcd for leakage in transmission lines and tanks
130 gpod
Further assumptions for prcjecting the water con-
sumption demands are listed in Table VM-2.

Table =-2
ASSUMPTIONS FOR PROJECTING WATER CONSUMPTION DEMAND

1. Government offices: The present government employee to
total population ratio is approximately 11.5%. istoricany' the
ratio of government employees to total population Zbses; hence
an increase to 12% is projected. Estimated water usage is 10.5
gallon per day per employee-
2. Elementary Schools: A 99.8% increase in the 0 to 14 age group
is prcjected. The same rate of increase was applied tn the
present student population. Estimated water usage is 17.5
gallons per day per student.
3. Industries and Hospital: 50% of the rate of total prcjected
population increase equating to a 47.4% employee increase is
projected. Estiinated water usage is 17.5 gallons per day per
employee.
4. The present usage fDr the Coca Cola Bottling Plant is estimated
at 4,000 gallon per day. This usage is projected to double.
(Defective meter, unable to ascertain present consumption.)
5. Hotels: A 20% increase in usage based on bed capacity is
projected.
6. Private Businesses: A 50% usage increase is prc5ecbed.
7. Private Offices: 50% of the rate of tDtal-prcjected popul-Ydon
increase (94.7%), equating to a 47.4% employee increase, is
prcjected. Estimated water usage is 10.5 gallons per employee
per day.
8. senior and Junior High Schools: An increase of -97.8% was
projected for the 15 to 19 age group. The same rate increase
was applied to the present student population. Estimated water
usage is 10.5 gallons per day per student.
9. Laundromats: Increase of 50% based on Arricla Laundromat as a
typical unit of measurement.

Project Areawide

10. New Developments: Hotels, two with 200 room capacity, using'
480 gallons per room per day. Industries, four major facilities
using 20,000 gpd. Office and businesses employing 5,000
persons using 10.5 gallons per day.
From: Saipan Water System Study, 1982.

Fire flow capacities are further calculated by population of
communities as presented in Table VIII-3:

TABLE VIII-3,
FIRE FLOW CAPACITIES ARE FURTHER CALCULATED BY POPULATION

Community Fire Flow Duration-
Population (gpm) (hr's)

1,000 1,000 4
1,500 1,500 6
3,000 1,750 7
5,000 2,250 9
10,000 3,000 10
20,000 4,350 10
40,000 6,000 10

These fire flows are generally necessary for business districts or
urban centers within the community. Recommended fire flows for resi-
dential areas are.based on the population density and vary from 500 to
3, 000 gpm. Table VIII-4 presents the resultant, estimated maximum
future flow rates.
The projected islandwide consumption for the year 2000 is 4.7 mgd.
Based on the February 1982 production level -of 3.3 mgd, new pro-
duction sources must be explored. Also, repairs to the existing system
are necessary in order to reduce leakage and production costs and to
improve capacity.
Recommendations for improvements to the existing system are ex-
cerpted below, in Table VIII-5, from the ."Saipan Water System Study."
Because the islandwide system was evaluated en toto and planned im-
provements reflect the interdependency of production' sites, reservoirs,
treatment plants, and distribution lines, it is inappropriate to insulate
only those recommendations for upgrading the system which lie in the
PLAN'S project area. However, the improvements relating wholly or in
part to the Planning Areas are denoted with an asterisk.

VIII-10

Project Areawide

Table VIII-4

ESTIMATED MAXIMUM FUTURE FLOW RATES

SYSTEM ESTIMATED
MAXIMUM FLOW (gpm)*

Calhoun 1,100

Mihaville & Sugar King 600

Navy Hill 500

Capitol Hill 1,100

Tasa 1,800

Tanapag 1,000

San Roque 800

Kobler Field 450

Garapan 2,000

Gualo Rai 550

Kagman 450

San Vicente 1,200

Isley/DanDan 600

Airport 1,000

Hospital 1,000

Chalan Kanoa 4,100

Includes Fire Flows

Source- Saipan Water System Study, 1982.

Vra-11

Project Areawide

Table VIII-5
RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS TO THE SAIPAN WATER SYSTEM

1. Repair leaks determined in field surveys:
- Valve along West Coast Highway in Garapan
System across from Mihaville
- Transmission lines from Donni Springs to
MTP/ww
- Transmission line from production wells to MTP/ww
- Valve below Capitol Hill Reservoir adjacent to 1200 block
housing
- Leak at the base of Capitol Hill Reservoir
- Tiansmission line from MTP/ww to Calhoun Reservoir
Estimated total construction cost = $1,392,000.
2. Repair or replace pumps operating below 60 percent of the manu-
facture's rating.
- Well No. 17 (Isley)
Well No. 11 Usley)
- Hospital Well
- Deep Well No. 3 (MTP)
- Agag Booster No. 1
- Agag Well 72
Estimated total construction cost = $91,000.
3. The installation of new distribution lines is proposed for the
Calhoun system. These new lines would connect the Calhoun
Reservoir with the Navy Hill, Mihaville, and Sugar King Systems.
Pressure regulating valves (PRV's) would be installed throughout
the system in order to reduce the pressure in the Sugar King and
Mihaville areas.
These three service areas (Navy Hill, Mihaville, and
Sugar King) would therefore be split into three separate
pressure zones. Navy Hill and Maturana Convent would be
serviced directly from the Calhoun Reservoir. Pressure
regulating valves would separately regulate the pressure to
the Mihaville and Sugar King area. These changes would
eliminate the water pressure problems presently experienced
in the distribution lines.
Estimated total construction cost = $288,000.
4. Repair or replace broken and inaccurate water meters and complete
installation of meters on all service lines. The high priority as-
signed to this item is based on the fact that meter readings can be
used to determine whether if leakage is occurring within or outside
the user residence. Also, proper billing for water consumption can
be initiated with accurate meters in place.
Estimated total construction cost = $621,000.
5. Replace deteriorated lines in the 1300 block housing area served by
the Capitol Hill System.
Estimated total construction cost = $427,000.
6. Replace various inoperative or malfunctioning gate valves through-
out the system. Very few valves of four inches and larger were
found to be in proper working order and many contribute to the
leakage problems.
Estimated total construction cost = $700,000.

VIII-12

Project Areawide

7. Repair or replace pumps operating at between 60 to 80 percent of
the manufacturer's rating (Table 6, second column):
- Well No. 9 (Isley)
- Well No. 10 (Isley)
- Well No. 1 (Isley)
- Well No. 76 (Kagman)
Deep Well No. 2 (MTP)
- Deep Well No. 4 (MTP)
Also, provide needed improvements to Achugau Springs in order to
bring the facility back into operation. The extent of typhoon
damage will have to be assessed and repairs made accordingly.
Estimated total construction cost = $151,000.
8. Upgrade 18,700 feet of access roads to various wells and springs.
All access roads are poorly maintained coral roads. Upgrading and
continued maintenance of these roads is essential.
Estimated total construction cost = $1,047,000.
9. Replacement of various water supply lines throughout the system is
recommended. In order to reduce construction costs for total line
replacement, sections of the existing water lines could be salvaged.
Verification of the adequacy of existing water line sections would be
completed by the construction contractor as part of the line re-
placement contract. In this way, savings from these distribution
system replacement costs can be achieved.
The areas recommended for pressure testing and/or pipeline re-
placement are listed below in order of priority. Costs reflect
worse-case situations, i.e. total line replacement.
a. The line along As Lito Road between Monsignor Guerrero
Highway and As Perdido Road. This line is a combination
of 6 inch, 4 inch and 2.5 inch pipes of various materials.
Pressure testing is recommended since some portions, such
as the 6 inch line, may be acceptable for continued use.
Replacements shall be with 6 inch line.
Estimated total construction cost = $335,000.
b. Transmission lines from Donni Springs, Agag and Tasa
booster pumps. These lines were found to have low "C"
values and should be replaced to reduce power re-
quirements, thereby reducing power cost.
Estimated total construction cost = $709,000.
c. The 3 inch galvanized steel line along Beach Road and the 4
inch galvanized steel line along Monsignor Guerrero Highway
in Chalan Kanoa. The small 3 inch line along Beach Road
has a high friction loss and, consequently, customers along
this line have low service pressures. Replace with new 6
inch line.
Estimated total construction cost = $257,000.
d. Other lines to be tested and possibly replaced are as
follows.
- The distribution line from the Calhoun Reservoir
servicing Navy Hill, Mihaville and Sugar King.
- The 8 inch main along Beach Road servicing San
Antonio.
- The 12 inch cast iron transmission line between the
Tanapag Reservoir and service area.

VIII-13

Project Areawide

The 8 inch cast iron line between Tasa Reservoir
and the MTP/ww.
The 6 inch cast iron line between Tasa Reservoir
and the villages of Tanapag and San Roque.
The 4 inch cast iron distribution line in Lower
Base.
The 6 inch cast iron transmission lines in San
Vicente.
The 10 inch cast iron transmission line on As
Perdido Road.
The 12 and 14 inch cast iron transmission line 'in
Chalan Kanoa.
The 18 inch cast iron transmission line between
Isley reservoir and Chalan Kanoa.
Estimated total construction cost = $2,442,000.

The islandwide water system needs expansion as well as re-
pairs. New production resources and new water storage facilities
are enumerated in the "Saipan Water System Study"; however, none
are recommended for site specific placement within the PLAN'S pro-
ject area.

3. Problems Associated with the Water System
The-following water system problems have a direct impact
on Lagoon and shoreline uses of the PLAN'S Project Area.
The high chloride content (500 ppm) adversely affects
the taste and palatability of the drinking water. With
the recommended improvements of the "Saipan Water
System Study," however, the chloride content is ex-
pected to be lowered to an acceptable amount.
LinAted hours of water service restrain new development
and restricts existing commercial and tourism establish-
ment from reaching their full economic potential.
Furthermore, the interruption of water pressure allows
infiltration from groundwater into the potable water
system and increases the risk of contamination. Again,
the full development of Saipan water resources, in-
cluding production, storage, treatment and transmission
as recommended in the "Saipan Water System Study",
will restore full service to the island.
Assumption #10 for projecting water consumption demand
(see Table VIII-2) projects that two additional hotels at
200 rooms each will be accommodated by the 1982 Saipan
Water System Facilities Plan. However, Table VIII-15
(this chapter) forecasts that 992 rooms will be con-
structed by 1988. This indicates a need to re-size the
water system planned in the 1982 plan so that it ac-
curately reflects current planning data.

b. Wastewater Facilities
Because the PLAN'S on-shore project area represents the
majority of Saipan's developed aiea, it is understandable that the
majority of the island's wastewater system is located within this
ecological zone.

VIII-1.4

Project Areawide

Saipan's wa stewater facilities are divided into two systems:
The central system, serving Capital Hill, Tanapag
industrial area, Navy Hill and Garapan (represented by
the Tanapag Harbor and Puntan Muchot Planning Areas)
The southern system, serving San Vicente, San Jose,
Susupe, Chalan Kanoa and San Antonio (represented by
the Puntan Susupe and Puntan Afetna Planning Areas)
Both systems, along with their pump stations, interceptors,
treatment plants and outfalls, are depicted in Figure VIII-5.

1. Central Wastewater System
The Central Wastewater System consists of collection and in-
terceptor lines, seven pump stations, the Garapan Wastewater
Treatment Plant and an outfall at Charlie Dock in Tanapag
Harbor. The system is divided into a northern portion which
receives flows from Navy Hill and the Tanapag industrial area
and the southern portion which receives flows from the Garapan
industrial and commercial areas. Both portions lead to the
wastewater treatment plant, east of the Port, across Beach Road
(Figure VIII-6).
The treatment plant has a capacity of 3 mgd (. 6 mgd peak
flow) and provides primary treatment. The plant does not have
a flow metering device. The wastewater effluent discharges
through a 12" diameter outfall pipe mid-way between Baker
Dock and Charlie Dock. There it lies in a westerly direction on
the Harbor bottom for approximately 1200 feet. Then the out-
fall reduces to an 811 diameter diffuser pipeline which is 50 feet
long, with a 611 diameter port on each end of the 50 feet long
diffuser. The diffuser end has been damaged for some time
now. The outfall is fractured at a point about 9001 from the
shoreline. The Garapan outfall is depicted in Figure VIII-7.
This problem is being addressed by the Government's
"Assessment of Wastewater Facilities Project" and a solution will
be recommended.
The Central System residential sewer service connections,
as of June 1984, are presented in Table VIII-6. Historical and
1984 residential and hotel room connections are presented in
Table VIII-7. Average sewage flows from 1977, 1984 and pro-
jected for 1991 and 1998 are depicted in Table VIII-8. Newly
projected wastewater flows for the Central System are being de-
veloped for the Department of Public Works through the "Saipan
Wastewater Facilities Plan Update," available in early 1985.

2. Southern Wastewater System
The Southern Wastewater System consists of collection and
interceptor lines, 15 pump stations, Agingan Wastewater Treat-
ment Plant and an outfall on the coastline at Agingan Point.
This collection system begins at the Joeten housing area and
flows westward along Chalan Pale Arnold to San Jose. The
main portion of the system, aided by eight pump stations, fol-
lows Beach Road tothe Agingan Plant (Figure VIII-8).
The Agingan Wastewater Treatment Plant has a capacity of
1.0 mgd and provides for primary treatment. The effluent is

VIII-15

MI PIVFIU-@AAA GWA
ILV 941
LEGEND

EXISTING

0 EXISTING
STATION

my ACHUGAU PROPOSED
I[LfV 76 1,
PROPOSED
SAN ROQUE PLANT

EFFLUENT DISPOSAL".
LINE a OUTFALL- 4B PROPOSED
STATION

INDIVIDUAL
SYSTEM S
PAG
ZUT 1AGPOL.A. -e
c% LIV -555

EXISTING STP Ilk OUTFALL
(TO BE ABANDONED)

NAVY
HILL
Jk@

GARAPAN GOLF
COURSK
A.
A A; A PAC. r c* 5 1
-JRbOk 0 OLFAI

MANAGAHA
!SLAND MUCHON py

Figure VIII-5.' Central and Southern Sewerage System.

CENTRAL COASTAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM SOUTHERN SEWER

Ken n a r

S-3 GAR@PAH WWTP7_

A '.1.2

S-
LEGEND

PUMP STATION

WASTEWATER TREATMENI

PLANT

INTERCEPTOR SEWER
v:
OUTFALL

CLV

-Figure VIII-6. Central -Sewerage. -.Existing Facilities
Source: Assdssment of-Exi9ting Wastewater
Facilities, Interim Report, 1984.

VHI-17

OPEN OPEN

6* PVC PIPE OCEAN FLOOR 6' PVC PIPE

ER
12*xS" REDUC

PLUGGED END

12* CAST IRON P11 E 8' CAST IROSI PIPE

OUTFALL SECTION

1,200' TO SHORE LINE
iv

300@-3SO'

r
@-,SEALEVEL

OCEAN FLOOR

12' C-L PIPE

SEE OUTFALL SECTION

SEC71ON

Figure VIII-7.- Garapan Outtall Plan.
Source: Assessment of Existing Wastewater
Facilities, Interim Report, 1984.

VIII-18

Project Areawide

Table VIII-6

CENTRAL SYSTEM RESIDENTIAL SEWER SERVICE CONNECTIONS

Number of Number of Homes Percent
Homes Connected Connected

Capital Hill 130 130 100

Navy Hill 40 40 100

Lower Base 3 3 100

Garapan 678 137 16

Subtotal Central System 851 330 39

Source: Assessment of Existing Wastewater Facilities, Interim Report, 1984.

Table VIII-7

CENTRAL SYSTEM NUMBER AND TYPE OF WASTEWATER CONNECTIONS

1977 (1) 1984 (2)

Number of Residential
Connections 187 330

Total Number of
Residences 540 851

Number of Percentage of
Residence s Connected 35 39

Number of Hotel Rooms 504 504

(1) From 111979 Facilities Plan."
(2) Based on flow analysis performed in June of 1984.

Source: Assessment of Existing Wastewater Facilities, Interim Report, 1984

VIII-19

Project Areawide

Table VIII-8

WASTEWATER FLOWS, CENTRAL SYSTEM

Average Flow in MGD Per Year

1977 (1) 1984 (2) 1991 1998

Residential Wastewater Flow 0.10 0.17 0.60 0.85

Hotel and Commercial Flo w 0.04 0.24 0.60 1.20

Infiltration 0.30 0.12 0.20 0.30

Total Wastewater Flow, MGD
Central System 0.44 0.53 1.40 2.35

(1) From "1979 Facilities Plan."
(2) Based on flow analysis performed in June of 1984.

Source: Assessment of Existing Wastewater Facilities, Interim Report, 1984.

VIII-20

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T

35 PUMP STATION

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

PLANT

INTERCEPTOR SEWER
V
OUTFALL

q. 0.1

A I Figure VIII-8

'SOUTHERN SEWERAGE
A @-l
-AGINGANI WWTPA
a /7 SYSTEM

EXISTING FACILITIES
Source: Assessment of Wastewater Facilities'
VIII-21

Project Areawide

discharged at the ocean's edge in 10 feet deep water through a
12" diameter outfall (Figure VIII-9). One end of the diffuser is
plugged and reserved for a future outfall extension.
The Southern System residential sewer service connections,
as of June 1984, are presented in Table VIII-9. Historical and
1984 residential and hotel room sewer connections are presented
in Table VIII-10. Average sewage flows from 1977, 1984 and
projected for 1991 and 1998 are depicted in Table VIII-11.
Newly projected wastewater flows for the Southern System are
being developed for the Department of Public Works through the
"Saipan Wastewater Facilities Plan Update," available in early
1985.

3. Existing Plans for Saipan's Wastewater Facilities
The June 1979 "Facilities Plan for the sland of Saipan" now
serves as the island's master plan for sewage infrastructure.
The plan was prepared for the Department of Public Works by
M&E Pacific, Inc. The plan is now being updated for the
Department of Public Works by Barrett, Harris and Associates,
Inc.
The following description of proposed facilities is taken,
verbatim, from the 1979 plan. In summary, the recommended
system consists of implementing the following four actions:
- Expanding and/or replacing portions of the existing
sewage collection and transmission system.
- Constructing two new sewage treatment facilities to
provide secondary treatment to incoming sewage flows.
Constructing an ocean outfall for the Tanapag treatment
facility and extending the existing outfall at Agingan
Point.
Constructing individual on-site disposal systems in
areas that have been zoned as agricultural or rural-
residential.
The proposed sewerage systems are designed to serve the
northern and southern districts independently. Each system
essentially involves the construction of new sewer lines and
pump stations designed to accommodate projected sewage flows
for a 20-year design period.
The proposed secondary treatment action calls for the con-
struction of two treatment facilities, each rated at 2.3 mgd.
The practice of disposing digested-dewatered sludge at a san-
itary landfill is proposed. As an interim measure, a proposed
less-than-secondary treatment system (primary treatment
facility) is recommended.
The recommendation of implementing a primary treatment
facility as an interim measure is based on the following reasons:
- Cost factors, both capital and operational, favor pri-
mary treatment.
- Operational expertise is less stringent for a primary
treatment facility.
- Public Law 95-217 permits a waiver to the secondary
treatment requirement for discharges from publicly

VIII-22

OPEN THIS END CONCRETE

120 CAST IRON PIPE

So STAINLESS

STEEL PIPE

PLUGGED END

PLAN
OUTFALL DIFFUSER LIMESTONE

SEA LEVEL

APPROX. SLOPE

.120 CAST IRON PIPE

CONCRETE

INV. -10.0 Z MEAN HIGH WATER DATUM
-/SACKS FILLED W/CEMENT & SAND MIX

SECTION

rigure. viii-q. AGINGAN OUTFALI_ PLAN
120 C

Source: Assessment of Existing Wastewater
Faciliti es, Interim Report, 1984.

VIII-23

Project Areawide

Table VIII-9

SOUTHERN SYSTEM RESIDENTIAL SEWER SERVICE CONNECTIONS

Number of Number of Homes Percent
Homes Connected Connected

San Antonio 319 35 11

Chalan Kanoa 585 159 27

Susupe 171 41 24

San Jose 299 23 8

Hospital 72 72 100

Subtotal Southern System 1446 330 23

Source: Assessment of Existing Wastewater Facilities, Interim Report, 1984.

Table VIII-10

NUMBER AND TYPE OF WASTEWATER CONNECTIONS FOR THE SOUTHERN SYSTEM

1977 (1) 1984 (2)

Number of Residential Connections 91 330

Total Number of Residences 1580 1446

Number of Percentage of Total
Residences Connected 6 23

Number of Hotel Rooms 60 202

(1) From "1979 Facilities Plan."
(2) Based on flow analysis performed in June of 1984.

Source: Assessment of Existing Wastewater Facilities, Interim Report, 1984.

VIII-24

Project Areawide

Table VIII-11

WASTEWATER FLOWS FOR THE SOUTHERN SYSTEM

Average Flow In MGD Per Year

1977 (1) 1984 (2) 1991 1998

Residential Wastewater Flow 0.04 0.14 0.72 1.17

Hotel and Commercial Flow 0.04 0.20 0.28 0.35

Infiltration 0.21 0.22 0.20 0.20

Total Wastewater Flow
Southern System 0.29 0.57 1.20 1.72

(1) From 111979 Facilities Plan."
(2) Based on flow analysis performed in June of 1984.

Source: Assessment of Existing Wastewater Facilities, Interim Report, 1984.

VIII-25

Project Areawide

owned treatment works that discharge into marine'
waters. Several sections of this recent amendment,
however, require clarification, and the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency is currently in the
process of formulating specific guidelines and pro-
cedures for waivers.
This action is not irreversible. The proposed primary
treatment facility can be upgraded in the future to meet
secondary treatment requirements.
The impact of effluent from the primary treatment
facility on the marine environment is not insignificant.

4. Problems Associated with the Wastewater System
The following Wastewater System problems have a direct im-
pact on the Lagoon and Shoreline uses of this Plan's Project
Area.
Most of the facilities are now 12 years old and, because
of practically no repair and maintenance, breakdowns
are frequent. Unreliable sewer service is a constraint
to any developing region. The absence of a repair or
maintenance program has been recently noted by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in its April 15,
1984 NPDES Compliance Monitoring Report.
In June 1984 an investigating team of Barrett, Harris
and Associates confirmed that the Garapan outfall is
broken at a depth of 42 feet and effluent discharges at
that point.
South of San Antonio, along the Lagoon's final stretch
of coastline before Agingan Point, the beach is fre-
quently polluted with sewage. The cause of this pro-
blem is suspected as overflow from the nearby "A-1"
pump station when electrical power is interrupted. A
standby generator is not always available during power
outages. When the wet well fills without being pumped,
sewage overflows through a bypass pipeline to the
beach. This problem is under investigation by the
Commonwealth Government as part of its "Assessment of
Existing Wastewater Facilities" project, and a recom-
mendation for correcting the situation will be developed.
In Table VIII-8 and VIII-11 wastewater projections for
Saipan's central and southern wastewater systems were
extrapolated from the 1977 Wastewater Facilities Plan.
Additionally, 1984 wastewater flows are presented from
the 1984 Interim Study of Saipan's Wastewater Facilities.
Both the 1977 projections (through 1998) and the 1984
estimates are plotted on Tables VIII-12 and VIII-13 for
the central and southern systems, respectively. These
plottings reveal that total wastewater flows for both
systems are well under projections; however, while the
hotel/ commercial wastewater flow has kept pace with the
central system projections, it already exceeds the
southern system projections.

VIII-26

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VIII-27

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VIII-28

Project Areawide

In projecting future wasteloads on both systems as a
result of resort development (only) within the project
area, Table VIII-15 indicates that 992 new rooms are
proposed for construction along the Saipan Lagoon
shoreline area by 1988. Based on an average of double
occupancy and 100 gallons per guest per day, this pro-
jected construction will contribute approximately .2 mgd
to the wastewater flow. This additional wasteload from
hotels will be more or less balanced between the central
system's service area, (covering the Puntan Magpi,
Tanapag Harbor and Puntan Muchot Planning Areas)
and the southern system's service area (covering the
Garapan Lagoon, Puntan Susupe and Puntan Agingan
Planning Areas). Therefore, each system can expect to
handle about half of the total projected wastewater, or
an additional .1 mgd by 1988. Of course, these pro-
jections do not reflect wastewater generated from other
tourist support and commercial businesses.
Based on this analysis, therefore, the 1977 projections
established for the southern wastewater system fall
short of those which more current wastewater planning
data now indicate. The wastewater flow projections for
the central system fairly reflect available data at this
time. However, those projections should continue to be
monitored closely.

c. Beach Road
March 199-4 traffic count statistics are presented in Figure
VIII-10 for Beach Road.

2. Water Quality Management
The Division of Environmental Quality within the Department of
Public Health and Environmental Services is directed through
provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (Public
Law 95-217), and its Amendments, to establish a water quality
management program for the protection, maintenance, conservation
and improvement of water quality in the CNMI. This program is
established to protect the growth and propagation of aquatic life in
all State or Territorial waters. In response to this direction the
Commonwealth Environmental Protection Act (Public Law 3-23) was
enacted in 1982 to ... "develop and administer a program to collect
and to cause to be collected, information regarding the quality of
the environment of the Commonwealth." Water quality standards
were first promulgated as a part of this program in 1983. The
explicit purpose of these standards was to establish standards of
water quality for all Commonwealth waters to protect their use and
value. Groundwaters were excluded from these standards.
A water quality monitoring program has been on-going since
1983. Twenty seven (27) points are regularly sampled in nearshore
(Saipan) waters within the Saipan Lagoon (SLUMP Planning Area).
In addition to these points twenty five points in knee deep water
and twelve (12) points approximately 150 ft. off-shore surrounding
Managaha Island are regularly sampled. Other points around Saipan
are sampled irregularly or when specific problems exist.

VIII-29

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VIII-30

Project Areawide

The monitoring program samples for biological, physical and
chemical characteristics of water quality. Of primary importance is
the presence of fecal coliforms which suggest the presence of a
human pathogen. Sampling for fecal coliforms is particularly im-
portant in nearby recreational waters near known sources like sewer
treatment plant effluent outfalls or storm drainage ditches. A
number of physical parameters are analyzed regularly in the moni-
toring program. These include: Suspended Solids and Turbidity.
Temperature is maintained occasionally particularly in the vicinity of
the Tanapag Power Plant. Chemical parameters include: Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chlorine, Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen and
pH.
In early 1985, the Division of Environmental Quality developed a
proposal to expand the existing Water Quality Monitoring Program in
the CNMI to "more effectively understand the environmental impacts
of the activities of man upon the valuable water resources of the
Commonwealth." This comprehensive proposal is divided into three
parts: An Introduction which identifies the various activities which
may cause pollution i he CNMI; Part I defines a StrategX which dif-
ferentiates between monitoring for land based causes of pollution
and sources of pollutants resulting from nearshore and offshore
activities, the methodology and implementation procedures; Part II
is a Scope of Work which defines the Sampling Locations in terms of
the specific parameters to be analyzed and specific resources re-
quired to accomplish the program objectives. Following is a brief
description of each part.

a. Introduction
The introduction defines the general physical structure of
the islands and paints a realistic picture of natural phenomena
and human activities that pose environmental problems in the
CNMI.
The introductory remarks define in general terms the
physical characteristics of the various islands, reef structure,
presence of off-shore islands, lagoons and beaches. The level
of human development, existing and proposed, is detailed for
each island. Both local and federal government planning
programs are defined and important studies either completed,
on-going or proposed are identified. Major public facilities like
the power plant, sewer treatment plants and the dump are
identified and evaluated in terms of their impact on the
environment. Nearshore and off-shore recreational facilities in
the lagoon are briefly defined in this section.

b. Strategy
The existing DEQ marine monitoring strategy consists
primarily of sampling for fecal coliform contamination and other
physical and chemical parameters within specific marine waters.
The program is designed to monitor for microbiological
pathogens in areas of heavy human impact. The DEQ proposes
to expand the marine monitoring program as part of their
continuing effort to protect the Commonwealth's valuable coastal

VIII-31

Project Areawide

marine resources. In addition to the 27 original nearshore
monitoring stations, four others have been identified. These
include the Puerto Rico and Agingan Point Sewage Treatment
Plant outfalls, Puerto Rico Dump and the Mobil facility.
Samples have been taken regularly from the sewage treatment
plant outfalls, however, these sites were not sited in the
original monitoring strategy since they were not operational or
built at that time. Identification of environmental pollution near
sewage outfalls and the nearshore zone in the village of San
Roque north 'to Marpi is to continue in the new monitoring
strategy. Discontinued sampling points will be those that
undergo temporal variations in concentrations.
The intent of the new monitoring strategy is to observe and
define the general health of the benthic community and detect
purturbations which suggest the presence of environmental
pollution. If abnormal conditions suggest pollution, then
specific studies will be designed to determine the cause of the
problem.
The monitoring strategy is structured in two parts. The
first part will deal with land based or coastline development
activities which have the potential to degrade the marine
environment. These include the sewage treatment plant
outfalls, Puerto Rico Dump, flood control projects, proposed
hotel complexes and land clearing activities that impact on the
marine environment. The second part will monitor for the
effects of water based activities. These activities include
dredging in the marine environment, the transfer of oil and fuel
from ship to ship or ship to land, general shipping in the
lagoon or other water oriented activities.
Implementation of the revised marine biological monitoring
program does have its problems. Of primary concern is
distinguishing between biological changes induced by man's
activities and those changes from naturally occurring
purturbations. Ambient baseline data forms the backbone upon
which to base these determinations. These data have been
collected for nearly two years and are being filed in STORET
with the US EPA. In some instances it will take several years
to establish meaningful baseline data to predict purturbations.
Apart from this problem, biological monitoring can be used
to track long-term changes in the marine ecosystem in three
ways.

1. By detecting changes within pristine areas of- the
benthic community over time.
2. By detecting changes over time at specific locations in
the biological community where stress is suspected to
have occurred as a result of known pollution.
3. By determining if the biological community is returning
to its predisturbed state in areas of past pollution or if
succession is being retarded by residual or persistent
pollution.

VIII-32

Project Areawide

The data base upon which to make these evaluations will take
place on specific indicator organisms (particularly sessile
invertebrates like hermatypic corals).

c. Methodology
'The DEQ marine monitoring program is charged with the
responsibility of determining the best possible monitoring
methodology in order to achieve the desired degree of results.
The methods chosen in this new monitoring strategy include
some from the old strategy and new methods as well.
Sampling for Total and Fecal Coliform Bacteria will continue
in the new program. Samples will be taken at existing sampling
stations and @iew sites as well to identify unreasonable risk to
the public's health in areas where water contact sports and
recreation occur. Sampling for physical and chemical
parameters defined earlier will continue in the new program.
Added as a part of the new program will be the analysis of-
heavy metals, pesticides and radioisotopes. Most likely these
new samples will be sent off-island for analysis.
Five new sampling methodologies have been added to the
new monitoring strategy. These include aerial surveys, current
studies, transect studies, zooplankton studies and sampling for
petroleum products.

d. Implementation
The proposal suggests that the marine monitoring program
will be implemented by mid-FY 1985. The program will require
a gearing up period which will take most of 1985. This work
will include the establishment of permanent transects and other
fixed monitoring stations, procurement of equipment and
creation of a computer filing program to handle data.

e. Sampling Locations
Sampling locations defined in the old monitoring strategy
will remain. New sampling locations are divided into land and
water based sites and particular monitoring parameters are
given.

f. Monitoring for Land-Based Activities
1. Location: Island Wide
Parameter: Microbiological Sampling
Time Frame: Monthly

2. Location: Island Wide
Parameter: Aerial Survey
Time Frame- One initial survey

3. Location: Aging an Sewer Outfall
Parameter: Current Studies
Time Frame: Three Months
Parameter: Biological Studies
Time Frame: Biannual

VIII-33

Project Areawide

4. Location: Puerto Rico Sewer Outfall
Parameter: Current Studies
Time Frame: Three Months
Parameter: Biological Studies
Time Frame: Biannual

5. Location: Puerto Rico Dump
Parameter: Current Studies
Time Frame: Three Months
Parameter: Heavy Metals, Pesticides, Radioisotopes
Time Frame: Annual or as-needed
Parameter: Biological Sampling
Time Frame: Biannual

6. Location: Managaha Island
Parameter: Current Studies
Time Frame: Three months
Parameter: Biological Studies
Time Frame: Biannual and intermittent
reconnaissance

g. Monitoring for Ocean Based Activities
1. Location: Mobil Oil Facility
Parameter: Current Studies
Time Frame: Three months
Parameter: Petroleum Studies
Time Frame: Biannual with periodic inspections
during offloading activities

h. Monitoring for Special Projects
There are a number of special projects which can affect the
environment and should be monitored. These projects involve
major sitings as identified by the CRMO and presently include
the following. Various forms of monitoring will take place in
regards to these projects and actual parameters will not be
defined until the projects are well defined by the developers.

1. Japan Airlines Hotel in San Roque
2. Garapan and Susupi Flood Control Projects
3. Channel and Dockside Dredging
4. Small Boat Basin Construction at Lower Base

i. Fiscal and Personal Resource Requirements
Personnel resources required to initialize and continue this
new monitoring program are defined in terms of tasks in the
field and in the laboratory for each of the target sampling
locations.
Fiscal budgetary requirements for the program are divided
between the CRMO and DEQ as follows.

1. Equipment
GRMO $7,347.76
DEQ $3,150.00

VIII-34

Project Areawide

2. 'Other (DEQ)
Off-isli@nnalysis = $ 1,500
Diving certification = $ 400
Communication,
Travel = $ 500
Maintenance = $ 250

3. Energy Resources
Saipan's energy resources are discussed in this chapter in
three respects. First, the current world energy picture is
reviewed to provide a background, secondly, Saipan's energy
supply status and finally, alternative sources of energy available to
Saipan and the CNMI are discussed as a preface to the various
energy-related siting criteria which are presented in Volume II.

a. World Energy Supply
The world energy supply picture-for the remainder of this
century is clouded. There is no clearly defined energy policy
or a consensus on what fuel will be the nswing fuel" for
supplying the major portion of projected supply deficits. In
fact, the world energy picture, historically, has always been
clouded with shifts between various fuels as primary energy
sources depending on need, technology and available resources.
The newest aspect is an increased emphasis on centralized
long-range planning which focuses unprecedented attention on
the central role of energy supply in our society. -
On the world energy scene, it is likely that demand will
continue to rise. The exponential growth experienced in this
century alone in terms of metric tons of coal equivalent (tce)
has exceeded the rate of population increase by a large margin.
It is now clear that even if the world population is stabilized at
10 to 15 billion in the early part of the twenty-first century,
our present energy output must more than double just to stay
even with population growth. It is not guaranteed that
population will stabilize at any level, and staying even with
demand may not be good enough.
The relationship between per capita energy consumption and
standard of living has been repeatedly demonstrated. The
standard of living is measured here in terms of gross domestic
product, probably the best indicator now available for
expressing the ability of a society to provide for its tangible
needs and desires. In order for developing countries to realize
a level of prosperity comparable to that now enjoyed by the
world's major, western industrialized nations, average world
energy use per capita would have to increase by a factor of
more than four. Couple this with a projected increase in
population for the balance of this century and it would require
an increase in world energy production by one order of
magnitude (a factor of almost ten).
During the period 1860 to 1960, overall world energy
production did increase by one order of magnitude (Economy
1983). While this performance is probably not repeatable, the

VIII-35

Project Areawide

changing pattern of primary energy supply sources during this
period provides a lesson for the future.
In 1860, wood accounted for the largest fraction (about 50
percent) of the world's energy consumption. By 1900,
bituminous coal production had increased by a factor of four
and took over the largest share of the market. Oil accounted
for nearly 8 percent of the total at the time. Between 1900 and
1930, oil production increased by a factor of seven, taking over
nearly 20 percent of the market while coal and lignite retained
the lead positions. By 1960, oil had just surpassed coal and
occupied the position of largest single supply source, where it
remains today by even a larger margin.
During this period, these three energy sources held lead
positions for energy production. From the stand point of an
energy analyst living in 1900, the question of identifying a
single nfuel for the future" must have been as puzzling then
and, in retrospect, as meaningless as it does to us today. The
only clear picture regarding world energy production is that
the issue is still complex and likely to remain so, with different
fuels occupying lead positions according to the situation of the
moment.
The world's total non-renewable energy resource base
consists primarily of coal, unless nuclear breeder reactor
technology were to continue to develop at pre-1980 rate, which
does not appear likely. Crude oil, which now accounts for the
largest single factor in the world's energy supply, is only 15
percent of proven and currently recoverable reserves. This is
equivalent to 3 percent of total remaining recoverable
,resources, assuming pre-1980 commercialization of breeder
reactors. A switch from oil to more abundant non-renewable
fuels will be necessary in the near future. However, if such a
switch is, indeed, inevitable there is no time for complacency.
In one major respect, the present situation differs markedly
from that confronting the analyst living in 1900. We are now
using non-renewable energy at a rate which is appreciable
compared to total resources. The year in which the world's
remaining fossil fuel reserve /production ratio drops to ten years
ranges somewhere between 2005 to 2130, depending on the
annual rate of growth in energy use, whether the calculations
are based solely on proven resources or on total recoverable
resources and the extent to which non-fossil fuel technologies
are developed. Note that the growth rate in this century has
been about 5.1 percent per year and in order to achieve the
factor-of-ten increase by the end of this century (that would
be required to bring the world's entire projected population up
to the standard of living now enjoyed by citizens of western
industrial countries), a growth rate of 10-12 percent per year
would be required.
Like most industrial countries, the - U.S. now depends
primarily on fossil fuels and utilizes its energy mostly in the
form of heat.

VIII-36

Project Areawide

Remaining recoverable world oil resources appear to be
concentrated in the Middle East, with significant other
resources found in the U.S., Africa and the U.S.S.R. It is
believed that the average ultimate recovery of oil-in-place may
reach 40 percent. If 60 percent were attainable, recoverable
resources would increase by 50 percent. Middle Eastern
countries possess about half the world's proven resources of
crude oil as is graphically evident when a map of the world is
distorted to reflect percentage of reserves. World crude oil
production has been increasing dramatically in recent decades,
exceeding 30 billion barrels in 1980. Due to limitations in the
total resources projected, total world oil production cycles are
extremely rapid. Production will peak-out just before the turn
of the century at approximately 70 million barrels per day.
It is clear that in the long term a switch must eventually be
made away from non-renewable energy sources (such as fossil
fuel) and to renewable sources, most of which are derived from
solar energy in one form or another or from nuclear fusion.

b. Saipan's Energy Supply
The SAIPAN LAGOON USE MANAGEMENT PLAN represents a
comprehensive planning effort to not only identify resources,
facilities and activities and other uses affected by the PLAN
Area, but also to plan for their efficient use in the future.
Numerous resources exist in the Lagoon as identified in Volume
I. Some of these resources, like fish and other edible marine
life, have been utilized for centuries by the inhabitants of
these islands. A few resources like sand mining or coral
harvesting have been there for the taking all along, but they
were only recently exploited 'because of commercial expansion,
mostly related to tourism. Numerous resources that are
presently found in the Saipan Lagoon are not properly managed
and will suffer degradation if left unchecked. Because the
population of Saipan has always been small, except during the
war, resource degradation has not yet been a significant
problem. However, with the advent of expanded tourism
industry and its subsequent rapid growth, there is an
important need to not only identify and develop resources but
to protect and conserve them as well. Only within the past
eight years has there been any real attempt to regulate,
monitor and manage the resources that exist in or within the
vicinity of the Saipan Lagoon.
One particular resource yet to be studied and developed in
the Saipan Lagoon is related to energy production. As we
know it, Saipan and most other isolated islands have relied on
conventional oil for power generation stations. Saipan, like
many other similar islands, has built these generating facilities
near to their seaports for logistical reasons.
This section of the PLAN describes alternate energy
facilities and activities which exist or have the potential to exist
in the PLAN area. These alternatives include a description of
existing facilities (oil) and potential alternate forms such as
coal, biomass, tidal current and solar salt-gradient ponds.

VIII-37

Praject Areamide

c. Present Energy Status in the CNMI
The principal energy source in the CNMI are a number of
petroleum products. About 20% of the imported fuel is gaschne
and mostly for automobiles and other forms of transportation
like boats. More than half is Residual Fuel Oil. (RFO.6) used
for power generation.
There is 36 MW operating capacity Saipan and standby
capacity amounts to 3 MW. A new 7.2 MW permanent unit was
added to the old 28.8 MW unit and went on-line in 1983.
The 33 MW "Impedance" was returned to the United States
Army Corps of Engineers in 1983. The large Saipan System
operates on RFO but uses diesel for start-up. The new
standby generator is considered to be more reliable and fuel ef-'
fLcient than older units acquired between 1968 - 1971. The
electric:al generating equipment on Saipan is reasonably new,
and standby capacity barely meets current energy demand.
Maximum peak load and base load for Saipan in 1981 was 15.4
and 11.6 MW respectively.
For eight years until September 1, 1976 an electrical rate of
$.03/KWH was changed for all consumers. Since then,
electricity is charged on a sliding scale: $.06/KWH for 0 - 2,000
KWH/month, $.07/KWH for 2,001 - 25,000 KWH/month and
$.08/KWH for more than 25,000 KWH/month. In 1982 the cost to
produce electricity including fuel, maintenance and personnel
expenses was estimated at approximately $.12/KWH. in effect,
consumers have been enjoying a substantial energy subsidy in
the C NMI.
The largest energy users on Saipan are major hotels, fol-
lowed by smaller commercial enterprises like laundromats which
use dryers and water heaters. These units are heavy energy
consumers and are inefficient, in their operation. There are no
large industrial energy users on Saipan and no significant
military demand. Commercial airlines represent a large liquid
fuel demand on Saipan. Although airline activities do have a
direct effect. on tourism, their purchases are made from the
supplier and do not affect the local economy directly. Gasoline
comprises an appreciable portion of the fuels used on the
island, as does diesel oil. Both are bought by the private
sector for miscellaneous uses (Table VIII-14). Note that elec-
trLcal generation consumes nearly half of the imported petroleum
products.
There are a number of energy-related facilities and
operations that play a part in the overall energy picture on
Saipan. These :include the Commercial Port where cU is pumped
from tankers, Mobil oil storage trucks, pipelines between the
dock and holding tanks and the distribution system that brings
aLl to the generating facility. All three are located in the
Tanapag Planning Area between Commercial Port and the power
plant.
In decreasing order, the greatest electricity demand is for:
air conditioning, water heating, cooking, lighting,
refrigeration, TV and radio. There are roughly 3,000 energy
customers, of which nearly one-third are unmetered and pay a

VIII-38

Table VIII-14

END USES OF FUELS, CNMI, 1981
(IN 10001S OF BBL)

Amount Price (a, b) Commll/InduE
Fuel Purchased ($/bbl) Gov't Private Constructio

Motor Gasoline 67 52 8 59

Aviation Gasoline 0.4 175 0.4

Jet Fuel - K 84 73 84

1.0 ----
Kerosene 1 62

Diesel 42 55 21

RFO - 6 136 32

(a) At Mobile Bulk Plant, February 1981, exclusive of taxes and local transportation.

(b) Guam Oil Refining Company supplied 182,000 bbl in. 1980; difference is believed to b
storage requirements and losses. RFO-6 price is as of August 1980.

(d) 5500 autos, 192 boats.

(e) Private communication, George Chan: Commll / Indust- 16%, Construction-84%.

Population: 16,862 (Septemeber 1980)

Households: 3,400 (September 1980)

Praject. Areawide

flat $3 5 per month. These tend to be small energy users, yet
they make up a significant number of consumers. CNMI
government facilities do not pay for energy consumption, and
the old Trust Territory government pays a flat rate of $400,000
per year. The result is that the effective income amounts to
$.02/KWH or approximately six times less than the estimated
cost of production.
Continued and increased federal funding is the only way
the CNMI Government can keep-up with the cost of energy
production on Saipan without resorting to full cost rate hikes.
Unfortunately, at the present time the entire iml .cal power
system and back-up on Saipan is based on oil imported from
countries thousands of miles away. This presents special pro-
blems, the most drastic of which would be felt if the oil supply
were to be depleted or -if prices continue to nse. Both of
these situations would stress an already fragile relationship
between the energy suppliers (federal government) and energy
users (CNMI residents and government), not to mention the dis-
ruption that would surely exist in a society so closely tied to
petroleum.

d. Energy Alternatives for Saipan
For.tunately, there are a fp-w renewable energy fuel sources
that are abundant in the CND11, and the government is seeking
to revise the trend of oil dependency through the implemen-
tation of programs to develop altr-, nate sources of energy, par-
ticularly those which are renewable. At least six indigenous
renewable energy sources have been identified within the CNMI:
solar, (including hot water, photovaltai s, salt gradient ponds
and OTEC), wind, geothermal, biomass (including tree farms
and biDgas), tidal and currents and municipal --did waste. Of
these, all but geothermal apply to Saipan. The prospects of
tapping active volcanoes for geothermal power on Pagan and
transporting electricity through underwater cables is not totally
out of the question and this technology is presently being
studied in HawaiL However, the practicality of such power
generation is at least a decade away at even the best sites like
the Hawaiian Islands.

e. Energy Management on Saipan
In addition to the prospects of producing energy from in-
digenous energy sources, energy management, conservation and
education form the basis for improving on Saipan's energy
needs. Witbin the CNMI, particularly Saipan, a number of
energy management and conservation options have been identi-
fied. While the options win not contzibute to new energy
sources, they will reduce the demand on existing generation fa-
c'liti s and make them available to help support CNMI economic
development goals. It win take time to study and implement the
numerous alternative energy possibilities for the CNMI and
realize positive results. The first step is to build energy un-
derstanding among the users while providing them with energy
needs at a reasonable rate.

VIII-40

Project Areawide

f. Alternate Energy Sources for the CNMI
With the maximum baseload aild -peak electricity demand on
Saipan running at 11.7 and 15.4 MW respectively, there is good
opportunity to replace a significant portion of the oil-fired
generating capacity with alternate fuels.
In addition to these baseload technologies, solar water
heating and biogas technologies have great potential to reduce
the demands on the central power system and make it available
for more productive use.
Conservation and energy management are listed as baseload
electrical energy sources because energy conserved and
efficiently used reduces the requirement for additional
generation equipment and releases the preseiit capacity for more
productive uses. It can provide immediate additional energy at
a minimum of cost.
Coal is an exciting alternative fuel for existing oil-fired
power generation facilities. The potential for a coal
transshipment facility in the CNMI has been studied, and the
potential is interesting enough to warrant further detailed
studies.
A biomass tree farm is probably the most promising of the
baseload energy generation techniques for the CNMI. It uses
readily available resources and has the potential for both
short-term and long-term contribution to the solution of energy
supply problems in the CNMI. Note should also be taken that
municipal solid waste and coal can be used as supplementary
fuels in a properly designed biomass system.
While coal as a fuel has many attractive features, use levels
in the GNMI may not be high enough to justify conversion from
oil to coal. Such conversion would require significant land
dedication for the plant and the coal handling facility as well as
improvements in cargo handling capability at the port. The
requirement for coal may be so small as to make them
prohibitively expensive, and thus the generated electricity also
expensive, unless it was tied to a larger concept.
The solar pond technology concept is progressing through a
rapid growth period at the present time. Costs, prohibitive at
this time, should drop considerably in the near future. The
technology is very attractive, since it has the characteristics to
act as a baseload energy producer as well as a peaking
electrical energy source.
Ocean currents and tidal electricity have not been
sufficiently characterized in the CNMI to determine their
potential feasibility. However, the apparent energy content,
the scale of the machinery necessary to utilize it and the
presently undeveloped state of technology make it unlikely that
this technology will be available for the CNMI in the near
future.
OTEC has come a long way in the past 10 years. However,
it is still not at a stage where a large, baseload volume of
electricity can be generated at a reasonable cost.

VIII-41

Praject Areawide

4. Economic Resources

a. Tourism Industry
While Saipan's tourism industries are scattered throughout
the island, many of the most important tourist:-related busi-
nesses are located in the project area. It is important to re-
view all existing data with a perspective of economic develop-
ment and, in Saipan, that viewpcint is dominated by the tourism
industry.
Presently.- Saipan has 797 tourist--lass hotel rooms among
six hotels (Table V331-15). Four of the hotels a planning
expansions totalling another 468 rooms. Additionally Japan Air
Lines is planning a new hotel north of San Roque. Saipan's
current tourist attractions maintained by the MVB are listed in
Table VI31-16. Three of these are located in the project area
and are denoted by'astexisk.
Other touidst, attractions include the Saipan Museum, which
displays many World War II artLfacts along with items of cultural
interest. There a two golf courses; the Whispering Palms
Golf Club, (a flat, nine hole course and Country Club) and a
more challenging 18-hole gc1f course located in Marpi. Saipan
also offers scuba diving, snorkeling, water skiing, glass bottom
boat excursions, sailing, jet skiing, and a deep sea and sports
fishing. Each of the major hotels has tennis courts, and there
are several night clubs available for evening entertainment.
Tourism is a big business on Saipan. Arrivals increased by
500% during the decade 1971-1981 and in 1983 124,024 visitors ar-
rived and in 1984 there were 131,823 arrivals.
The Marianas Vis:itors Bureau reports that each tourist,
spends $170 per day on the average. However, this is
generally disputed as being too low. it is recognized that
those tourist who travel directly from Japan tend to spend more
than those who travel to Saipan via Guam.
In 1982, approximately 1300 people were directly employed
in the mananas tourism industry.
Because most of the tourists (more than 80%) are Japanese,
the MVB is expanding its promotional efforts to attract vLc&mrs
from Hong Kong, Taipei, Singapore, Korea and the U.S.
Mainland. Furthermore, the MVB is empha-dzing Saipan's sight-
seeing attractions such as Lagoon boat trips, Managaha Island,
sport fishing, diving and water sports in general.

C. Legislation and Pchaies

1. Legislation
a. Areas of Particular Concern
Publi Law 3-47 established-, among other things, four
Areas'of Particular Concern (APC). They are:
Port and Industrial APC
Lagoon and Reef APC
Shoreline Zone APC
Wetland and Mangrove APC

M-42

Project Areawide

Table VIII-15

SAIPAN TOURIST ACCOMMODATIONS
ALONG SAIPAN LAGOON

Existing Proposed
Hotel Rooms Rooms Facilities and Services

Hafa Adai Beach Hotel 198 110 Restaurant, outdoor dining,
(Garapan) (1986) cocktail lounge, coffee shop,
gift shop. Swimming pool on Air
the beach. Conditioning. Laun-
dry Services. Also, 110 addi-
tional rooms proposed for con-
struction start in 1986.

Diamond Hotel (formerly
Royal Taga Hotel) 80 329 Air conditioned. Laundry service.
(Susupe) (1986) Japanese restaurant, dining room,
cocktail lounge and bar with dancing.
Duty fee shop. Swimming and wad-
ing pools, tennis courts, volley-
ball. Two meeting rooms.
Renovations planned for 10
story, 329 room hotel.

Saipan Grand Hotel 120 32 Air conditioned. Laundry service,
(Susupe) (1985) Restaurant and bar with dancing.
Snack shop. Duty Free Shop.
Swimming pool and game room.
Conference room. An additional
44 rooms are under construc-
tion.

Hyatt Regency Saipan Hotel 183 80 Air conditioned. Laundry service.
(Garapan) (1988) Japanese restaurant. Informal res-
taurant with outdoor terrace. For-
mal restaurant. Bar with nightly
entertainment and dancing. Gift
shop. Beauty and barber shop.
Swimming pool, volleyball, shuffle
board, horseshoes, tennis courts
and fish pond. Meeting room.

Surf Hotel (formerly White
Sands Hotel) 41 71 36 hotel rooms and 5 lodges. 71 ad-
(San Antonio) (1985) ditional rooms planned for con-
struction in 1986.

VIII-43

Prcject Areawide

Table VIIZ-15 continued.

Existing Proposed
Hotel Rooms Rooms Facilities and Services

Saipan Beach Hotel 175 Air conditioned. Laundry Ser-
(Garapan) V3M. Restaurant and bar,
(fbrmerly Intercontinental) coffee shop. Duty Free Shop.
Swimn-dng pool, outdoor recrea-
tion areas.

Kan Padfi Beach 50 Beachside Hotel-
(Tanapag-Proposed) (1986)

Hotel Nikko Saipan 320 Resort complex with full ac-
(San Roque-Proposed) (1987) comodations.

V=E-44

Project Areawide

Table VIII-16

SAIPAN TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

Banzai Cliff

Bird Island Look-out

Grotto

Japanese Government Memorial Park

Korean Peace Memorial

Ladder Beach

Last Command Post

Managaha Island

Micro Beach

Obyan Beach

Okinawa Memorial Park

Old Japanese Hospital

Sugar King Park

Suicide Cliff

Susupe Japanese Memorial

Tank Display (Beach Road)

Three Memorial Triangles

Yamatomi Rest House

VIII-45

Project Areawide

These APC's for the PLAN area are delineated as Maps S2,S1,
S4 and S7 on the APC Map Index (Figure VIII-10). Each map
is also presented separately on Figure VIII-11, VIII-12,
VIII-13, and VIII-14 respectively.
All project activity within or partially within these areas
requires a coastal permit from CRMO. Since all four resources
are within this PLAN's project area, the following excerpts
reflect the standards and highest priorities considered in the
granting of permits within the APCs.
Lagoon and Reef APC
Standards:
TATT-Manage the development of the reef fishery and mari-
culture within productive renewable marine resources
areas.
(B) Conservation and management of living and non-living
resources.
(C) Designate underwater preservation areas for non-
extractive recreation purposes in areas representing the
richness and diversity of the reef community.
(D) Prevent significant adverse impacts to reefs and corals.
(E) Evaluate and consider the effects of proposed projects
on'the subsistence fishery.
Use Priorities:
TAT -Highest
(1) Conservation of open space, high water quality,
historic, and cultural resources.
(2) Preservation of fish and wildlife habitat.
(3) Activities related to the prevention of beach
erosion.
Wetland and Mangrove APC
Standards:
(A) Ensure adequate water flow, nutrients, and oxygen
levels and avoid adverse effects on natural drainage
patterns, the destruction of important habitat, and the
discharge of toxic substances.
(B) Preserve the integrity of the mangrove community
through strict management, including vigorous en-
forcement of legal sanctions, on any activity or de-
velopment which threatens the ecological process of the
mangrove community.
(C) Maintain critical wetland habitat so as to increase the
potential for survival of known rare and endangered
flora and fauna.
(D) Manage development to preclude significant adverse
impact to natural hydrological processes.
(E) Increase and maintain public land-holdings in and
adjacent to the APC.
Use Priorities:
(_A7 -Highest
(1) Preservation and enhancement of mangrove and
wetlands area.
(2) Preservation of wildlife, primary productivity,
conservation areas, and historical properties in both
mangrove and wetland areas.

VIII-46

@p a i f

ES 2]

APCLEGEND

4
Lagoon.& Reef-

S5,/
S6,
V aced 00so Shoreline
enches
)'r@ Wetland & Mangrove
?

Port &Industrial

77V
-n-A.
V
w tt-

souyr _e tern
lain
at
d-
-cad "T
G2, G
E8 I
K, !S!b A m r1i
APC !%P INDEX
'0 ljcyw Figure VIII-11.
Urn ston

1 2 3 km
IWO
tt,..c s, r n Sourc-e: CRMO, CNMI
@,CO,4 Stal
If
VIU-47
e S

/*
C-,

@Matptsa
San Oque -

Tanapa'
sko@
to vt
@j- 0 Sao Anan
J

iftS,

OKSO
I*t 11
7
Otto*
1A
T.
As !IA
kina.

0@@? Of am
n %
Q*
At,

@T F@14

Z
:-V

Figure VIII-12.
Source: CRMO, CNMI

Figure VIII-13.
Source: CRMO, CNMI VIII-49-

t3ll

R r@'.!7 a1;.

17
@7

Fll-
Fi
it:

.... .......

jk.

Chat'r

41
IZ
3 2 "1

f-.4.
t'k

Figure VIII-14. -----------------------
Source: CRMO, CNMJ

-----------

o P
V'-

:C
A

.a
-ZI

-Z

e--
'in Axtan
Aj N

Ti-t
4\
114 It
'.C h
Z'-/ /Sftn Aiiloni As flito
loo"

;,oo"A"
li-iAsv rLIARI'l.,
0 Pt 91 RVATION I
!7""

Pur
Ian
Agiolgan

V
0
A
C,

A'
rf,ntp-
00% m

U,.

Figure VIII-15.
source: CRMO, CNMI

Project Areawide

Shoreline Zone APC
Standards:
(A) Evaluate and consider in shoreline development de-
cisions,, the impact of onshore activities upon the pro-
ductivity of coastal resources.
(B) Evaluate and consider the effects of shoreline develop-
ment on natural beach processes.
(C) Reduce the taking of beach sands, gravel, other ag-
gregate, and minerals for any purpose.
Use Priorities:
(A) Highest
(1) Public recreational uses of beach area, including
the creation of public shoreline parks and struc-
tures enhancing access such as grills, picnic
tables, docks, shelters, and boardwalks.
(2) Preservation of fish and wildlife habitat.
(3) Preservation of natural open areas of high scenic
beauty.
(4) Activities related to the prevention of beach
erosion.

b. Taxation and Revenue-Producing Legislation
The Commonwealth has its own set of tax laws for NMI
source income and the rates become effective in June 1982.
The two major taxes are gross annual wage and salary taxes
(which range from 2% of wages over $1,000 to 9% of wages over
$50,000) and gross revenue taxes (which range from 1.5% of
amounts over $5,000 to 5% of amounts of $750,000) Exemptions
to the gross revenue tax are:
Agriculture and fisheries production businesses are
taxed at the rate of 1% of gross revenues over $5,000
per quarter or over $20,000 per year.
Commercial banks, savings and loans and other financial
institutions are taxed at rates no greater than 2% of
gross revenues or 5% net income.
Exporters are exempted from business revenue tax on
export sales.
Gross revenue derived from manufacturing, wholesaling
and ocean shipping is taxed at a maximum rate of 2%.
However, the computation of the tax for businesses with
combined income is based on the total gross revenues of
the business.
There is no tax on real property and no tax on business
net income. Excise taxes for first sale or use are assessed for
cigarettes, tobacco, beer and malt beverages, wine, sake, soft
drinks etc.
A Bar Tax assesses 3% of the total charges for any
beverage sold or consumed.
A Hotel Occupancy Tax assesses 10% of the amount paid for
accommodations.

VIII-52

Project Areawide

c. Land Ownership
The constitution of the NMI restricts land ownership to
persons of NMI descent. Persons of non-NMI descent may lease
land; however such lease periods vary and never exceed 40
years, including renewal rights.
A corporation may be considered of NMI descent as long as
it is incorporated in the Commonwealth, has its principal place
of business in the Commonwealth, directors at least 51% of whom
are persons of NMI descent, and has voting shares at least 51%
of which are owned by persons of NMI descent.

d. Protection of Resources
9even major public laws of the Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands are concerned with protection of
resources. The CNMI Department of Natural Resources and
Department of Health and Environmental Services are created
under PL 1-8, "The Executive Branch Organization Act of 1978"
(CMC, Div. 2, Chapter 12 1 CMC, Div. 2 Chapter 12).
The DNR is to manage the use of the submerged lands of
the Commonwealth for purposes such as mineral and petroleum
extraction under PL1-23, "The Submerged Lands Act" (Z CMC,
Div. 1 Chapter 2).
PL 2-7, the "Marine Sovereignty Act of 1980" (2 CMC, Div.
1, Chapter 1) declares sovereignty over internal waters of the
Commonwealth, archipelagic waters and territorial seas,
"regardless of their depth or distance from the coast, as well
as their airspace, seabed, and subsoil and the resources con-
tained therein." A 200 mile exclusive economic zone is declared.
(2 CMC, Div. 1, Chapter 1).
The Division of Environmental Quality of the Department of
Health and Environmental Services is created under PL 3-23. (1
CMC, Div. 2, Article 5).
PL 3-42 declares the CNMI a "nuclear and chemical free
zone" (2 CMC, Div. 2, Chapter 3).
PL 3-47 establishes the Coastal Resources Management
Program in law (2 CMC, Div. 1, Chapter 5).
These laws supersede previous Trust Territory Code and
Marianas District Code Provisions which covered similar issues.
Coastal wetlands, beaches, reefs, estuaries and fish and
wildlife habitats receive specific protection under Commonwealth
Public Law 3-47 (effective February 11, 1983) which establishes
the Coastal Resources Management Program in the Commonwealth
of the Northern Mariana Islands. CRMP Regulations, effective
August 26, 1981, specifically recognize these areas as "areas of
particular concern" and give the highest priority to their
protection and proper use. A permitting system with use
standards and priorities is in place for review of -all activities
which have the potential to directly and significantly impact
coastal resources. The CRMO has an enforcement staff which
implements permits, the law, and regulations through daily
monitoring.

VIII-53

Project Areawide

According to section 5, PL 2-51 (effective 'October 19, 1981)
protection of fish, game and endangered and threatened species
is vested exclusively in the CNMI Department of Natural Re-
sources. By law, the DNR Director must determine whether
resident species of fish, wildlife or plants are endangered or
threatened. The survival of such species is the responsibility
of the Director, to be effected, if necessary, through acqui-
sition of land or aquatic habitat or through additional regu-
lations. Regulations imposing hunting and fishing seasons,
licenses and other restrictions were adopted in August 1983.
The Fish and Wildlife Division of DNR and CRMO have an
enforcement staff to carry out the law and its regulations.
PL 3-23 creates the Division of Environmental Quality of the
Department of Health and Environmental Services which
regulates discharge of pollutants and hazardous substances and
which would include within its authority all of the areas in
question. The DEQ also monitors marine and drinking water
and pesticides. DEQ regulations have been adopted covering
earthmoving, erosion control, underground injection, and air
pollution control. DEQ does not have an enforcement staff per
se, but staff personnel regularly test water quality and act on
problems reported to them or encountered during monitoring in
the field. Their concerns include threshold levels of water
quality to ensure a healthy marine habitat. Civil penalties for
violations are provided for.
"The Submerged Lands Act,n PL 1-23 (effective February
23, 1979) directs the Commonwealth DNR to manage the use and
disposition of submerged lands of the CNMI. Regulations
covering licenses for mineral and petroleum exploration and a
permitting program were issued in February 1983.
PL 2-7, "The Marine Sovereignty Act of 1980," would also
include many, if not all of these areas within its claim of
sovereignty. Penalties for violations of this law are included.
Responsibility for enforcement rests with the Director of the
Commonwealth Department of Commerce and Labor.
Dumping of nuclear and chemical wastes into the ocean or
seabed surrounding the Commonwealth is also banned under PL
3-42 (effective January 1983), which would directly or in-
directly apply to relevant areas. Criminal and civil penalties
are provided for violations. DNR and CRMO have the primary
enforcement responsibility.
By its Constitution, adopted in December 5, 1976, the
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands set major policy
on designation of natural resources for public purposes under
Article XIV: Natural Resources. In section 2, Uninhabited
Islands, the island of Managaha is to be maintained as an
uninhabited place and used only for cultural and recreational
purposes.
Under the Constitution's Article IX, "Public Lands," the
Marianas Public Land Corporation is responsible for "the
management and disposition of public lands" in the Common-
wealth. The nine member board of directors of the MPLG is

VIII-54

Project Areawide

appointed by the Governor with the advise and consent of the
Senate and is to "direct the affairs of the corporation for the
benefit of the people of the Commonwealth who are of Northern
Marianas descent.

3. Policies

a. Established CZM Goals and Policies
The following goals and policies have been established with
respect to coastal resources. They are excerpted below.
It shall be the Commonwealth's goals to:
- Provide for the orderly use and development of
coastal resources of the Northern Marianas.
- Protect, maintain and replenish the coastal re-
sources of the Northern Marianas.
- Provide for governmental coordination in order to
implement the Coastal Resources Management
Program in a manner which is direct and effective.
- Promote social and economic development and growth
while recognizing the need to balance the limited
coastal resources.
- Manage the impacts of human activity on the use
and development of renewable and non-renewable
resources so as to maintain and enhance the long-
term productivity of the coastal environment.
- Protect, maintain, preserve and restore to the
extent practicable the overall quality of the coastal
resources, the natural and man-made resources
therein and the scenic and historic resources for
the benefit of residents and visitors to the Common-
wealth.
Commonwealth-wide Policies
Government Processes
The Commonwealth shall:
- Encourage land-use master planning, floodplain
management and the development of zoning and
building code legislation.
- Provide for adequate consideration of the national
interest, including that involved in planning for,
and in the siting of, facilities (including energy
facilities in, or which significantly affect, the
Commonwealth's coastal zone) which are necessary
to meet requirements which are other than local in
nature.
Not permit to the extent practicable, development-of
identified hazardous lands including floodplains,
erosion-prone areas, storm wave inundation areas,
air installation crash and sound zones and major
fault lines unless it can be demonstrated that such
development does not pose unreasonable risks to the
health, safety or welfare of the people of the
Commonwealth and complies with applicable laws.

VIII-55

Project Areawide

While developing an efficient and 'safe transportation
system including that which is waterborne, mitigate
to the extent practicable adverse environmental
impacts, including those on aquifers, beaches,
estuaries and other coastal resources.
Require any development to strictly comply with
erosion, sedimentation, and related land-use dis-
tricting guidelines, as well as other related land
and water use policies for such areas.
Maintain or increase coastal water quality through
control of erosion, sedimentation, runoff, siltation
and sewage and other discharges.
Recognize and respect locations and properties of
historical significance throughout the Commonwealth,
and ensure that development which would disrupt,
alter, or destroy these shall be subject to
Commonwealth and any applicable federal laws and
regulations.
Recognize areas of cultural significance. Develop-
ment which would disrupt the cultural practices
associated with such areas shall be subject to a
consultation process with concerned ethnic groups
and any applicable laws and regulations.
Resource Policies
The Commonwealth shall:
- Require compliance with all local air and water
quality laws and regulations and any federal air and
water quality standards.
- Not permit, to the extent practicable, development
with the potential for causing significant adverse
impact in fragile areas such as designated and
potential historic and archaeological sites, critical
wildlife habitats, beaches, designated and potential
pristine marine and terrestrial communities, lime-
stone and volcanic forests, designated and potential
mangrove stands and other wetlands.
- Manage ecologically significant resource areas for
their contribution to marine productivity and value
as wildlife habitats, and preserve the functions and
integrity of reefs, marine meadows, salt ponds,
mangroves and other -significant natural areas.
- Manage the development of the local subsistence,
sport and commercial fisheries, consistent with
other policies.
Protect all resources within the coastal waters,
particularly sand, corals, fish and habitat from any
taking beyond sustainable levels and in the case of
marine mammals and any species on the Common-
wealth and Federal Endangered Species list, from
any taking whatsoever.
Encourage preservation and enhancement of, and
respect for the Commonwealth's scenic resources

VIII-56

Project Areawide

through the development of, increased enforcement
of, and compliance with sign, litter, zoning,
building codes, and related land-use laws.
Discourage to the maximum extent practicable vis-
ually objectionable uses so as not to significantly
degrade scenic views.
Encourage the development of recreation facilities
which are compatible with the surrounding environ-
ment and land-use.
Encourage the preservation of traditional rights of
public access to and along the shorelines consistent
with the right of private property owners.
Pursue agreements for the acquisition and/or use of
any lands, where necessary, to guarantee tradi-
tional public access to and along the shorelines.
Encourage agricultural development and the preser-
vation and maintenance of critical agricultural lands
for agricultural uses.

VIII-57

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APPENDIX A

Checklist of Algae, Coralline Algae and Seagrass found in the
various planning areas of Saipan Lagoon

SPECIES PLANNING AREA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Chlorodesmis fastigiata x x x
Microcoleus lyngbyaceus x x x x x x x
Avrainvillea laceerata x x x
Halimeda opuntia x x x x x x x
H. macroloba x x x x
Caulerpa. sertularioides x x x x
Schizothrix calcicola x x x x x x
Dictyota sp. x x x x x x x
D. bartayresii x x
Sargassum polycystum x x x x
Padina tenuis x x x x
Hydroclathrus clathratus x
Turbinaria ornata x x x x x
Schizothrix mexicana x x x x x x
Avrainvillea obscura x x
Enteromorpha clathrata x x
Gelidiella acerosa x x
Jania capillacea x x
Chnoospora minima x
Udotea argentia x
Tydemania expeditionis x x
Caulerpa cupressoides x x x
Hypnea sp. x x
Gracilaria sp. x x
Acanthopora spicifera x x
Seagrasses
Halodule uninervis x x x x x
Enhalus acoroides x x x x x x
Halophila minorx x x x x x
Coralline Algae
Parolithin -onkoides x x x x x x x
Lithophyllum moluccense x x x x x x x

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TOTALS
Algae 25 12 11 9 16 14 12 10
Seagrass 3 2 3 1 3 3 3 1
Coralline
Algae 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A-1

APPENDIX B

Checklist of Corals found in Planning Areas of the Saipan Lagoon.

SPECIES PLANNING AREA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Acanthastrea echinata x
Acropora syringodes x
A. teres x x
A. hebes x
A. sp.
A. valida x
A. tenuis x
A. palifera x
A. gravida x
A. irregularis x x x
A. nasuta x x x x x x x
A. smithi x x x x x
A. sp. x
A. formosa x x x
A. palifera x x x x x
A. surculosa x x x
A. striata x
A. aspera x x x x x x
A. variabilis x
A. vigata x
A. humilis x x x
A. squarrosa x
A. cerealis x
A. studeri x
A. convexa x
Acrhelia horrescens x x
Astreopora myriopthalma x x
Alveopora sp. x
Coscinaraea columna x
Diploasthrea heliopora x x x
Distichopora, violacea x
Echinopora lamellosa x x
Echinophyllia aspera x
Euphyllia glabrescens x
Favia matthaii x x x x x
F. f avus x x
F. favites x
F. stelligera x x x x
F. pallida x x x x x x
F. danae x
Favites palavensis x
F. favosa B-1 x x

SPECIES PLANNING AREA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Fungia fungites x x x
F. scutaria x x
Galaxea facicularis x x
G. hexaganolis x x
Galaxura sp. x
Goniastrea pectinata x x x x
G. edwardsi x x x x
G. retiformis x x x x
G. parvistella x x x x
Goniopora sp. x
Heliopora coerulea x x x x x
Hepolitha limax x
Leptastrea purpura x x x
L. bottae x x
L. sp. x
Leptoria phrygia x x x
Leptoseris explanata x x
Lobophylla corymbosa x x
L. costata x x
L. hemprichii x x x
Lobophytum sp. x
Merulina sp. x
Millepora exaesa x x
M. dichotoma x x x x x x
M. latifolia x
M. platyphylla x x x x
Montipora tuberculosa x
M. verrilU x x x x
M. hoffmeisteri x
M. verrucosa x x x x
M. e1schneri x x x
M. lobulata x
M. ehrenborgii x x
M. foveolata x x x
M. caliculata x
M. sp. x x x x
M. sp. x x x x
M. sp. x
Neliopa sp. x
Oulophyllia crispa x
Pachyseris sp. x
Pavona (Polyastra) sp. x x
P. (Pseudo columnastre a)
pollicata x
P. venosa x
P. obtusata x
P. rondifera x
P. sp. x
P. varions x
P. duerdeni x B-2 x x x

SPECIES PLANNING AREA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Pocillopora danae x x
P. setcheUi x x % x
P. elegans x x x
P. damicornis x x x x x x x
P. eydouxi x x x 7. x
P. verrucosa x x
P. elegans x
Polyphyllia talpina x
Platygyra pini x x
P. sinensis x x
P. rustica x x
P. lamellina x
P. daedalea x x x x
Plesiastrea versipora x
Plerogyra sinuosa x
Porites (Synaraea) iwayamaensis x
P. reticulosa x
P. cylindrica x x
P. australiensis 3c
P. rus x X x x x x
P. cocosenensis x
P. annae x
P. lutea x x x x x x x
P. compressa x
Psammocora stellata x
P. contigua x x x x x x
P. nierstraszi x x
P. digitata x x x
P. (Stephanaria) togianeusis x x
Sarcophyton sp. x
Scapophyllia cylindrica x
Seriatopora hystrix x x
S. crassa x
Stylocoeniella armata x x x x x
SymphylHa valenciennesii x
Stylophora mordax x x x x x x
Tubastraea aurea x
Tubipora musica x

ALL AREAS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TOTALS 129 61 -31 -61 41 29 37 32

B-3

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I VOLUME I
I PART C
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REFERENCES
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I

Listing of References
Key to Understanding

The following bibliography is a compilation of references used during
the preparation of the SAIPAN LAGOON USE MANAGEMENT PLAN. Many of
these are already referred to in Volumes I, II and III of the PLAN.
Because of the number of references used, the listing is organized
differently than a conventional listing of references. There are no double
listings, even though some report/study may fall into more than one section
heading. Each report/study is listed under the section heading most
appropriate to the references use in this PLAN. The format is as follows.

Section Heading

No. of Source/ Location of Area of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference Concern

The following is a brief description of each part of the bibliography.

Sections Headings:
- Population
Housing
- Economics
- Terrestrial Flora & Fauna
- Administration
- Coastal Zone Management
- Port & Harbor
- Coastal Resources
- Maps
- Land Use
- Dumps
Environmental Impact Statements
- Hydrology
- Parks and Recreation
- Tourism
- Water /Wastewater
- Marine Flora & Fauna
- Historical Properties /Cultural Resources
Physical Paramaters
- Energy
- Miscellaneous

Title As given on the Report/Study
Author: Individual author where noted, otherwise the agency or
organization
Date Specific date where given: day/month/year where given
No. of
Pages: Total number including appendices

Source/
Publisher: Organization /agency the report/study was done for
Location of
Reference: Coded as follows:

- CRMO: Coastal Resource Management Office
Library
(Saipan)
- _C&L Dept. of Commerce & Labor, CNMI (Saipan)
NFML: Nieves Flores Memorial Library (Agana,
Guam)
- CPP : Office of the Chief Physical Planner, CNMI
(Saipan)
- DEQ : Division of Environmental Quality
(Saipan)
- DPW : Department of Public Works CNMI
(Saipan)
- UOGML: University of Guam Marine Laboratory
(Guam)
- F&W : Fish and Wildlife (Guam)
UOG : University of Guam Library (Guam)
- HPO : Historic Preservation Office (CNMI)

Area of Concern:
- International
- National (US)
- CNMI
- Saipan
- Saipan Lagoon Project Area (Lagoon-wide)
- Guam

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

The Development Criteria Lutz, R., To Aug. 29 U. So Dept. of CRMO
of the Preliminary Coastal Rauk and B.J. 1975 Commerce, NOAA,
Plan Washom Office of Sea
Grant. USC-SG-
AS1-75

Coastal Environmental Conservation 1980 158 Conservation CRMO
Management Foundation for Foundation for
the Council on the Council on
Environmental Environmental
Quality Quality

Coastal Land & Water Coastal Resources 1979 219 Commonwealth of CRMO
Use Plan Management Office: the Northern
Planning & Budget - Marianas Islands
Affairs Office

Ecological Guidelines for Odum, William E. 1976 54 UNESCO ' United CRMO
Tropical Coastal Develop- Nations Environ-
ment ment Programme,
Savedish Int'l De-
velopment Authority
& World Wildlife
Fund

PORT AND HARBOR

Preliminary Port and U.S. Army Corps 1981 54 U. So Dept. of CRMO
Harbor Study of the of Engineers, Interior
Commonwealth of the Pacific Ocean
Northern Marianas Islands Division

LISTING OF REFERENCES

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

POPULATION

Number of Inhabitants Bureau of 1980 N/A Government C&L
1980 Census of population the Census Printing Office

HOUSING

General Housing Bureau of 1980 17 Government C&L
Characteristics the Census Printing Office

ECONOMICS

Assessment of Current and Robert S. Nathan 1977 The Commonwealth CRMO
Prospective Socio-Economic Associates, Inc. 478 Development Com- C&L
Conditions in the Common- mision and Common-
wealth of the Northern wealth Office of
Mariana Islands Planning & Budget
Af f airs

Overall Economic Develop- Commonwealth of 1982 66 CNMI CRMO
ment Strategy-1981 the Northern
Marianas Islands

Overall Economic Develop- Planning and 1984 100 U. S. Dept. of CRMO
ment Strategy-1983 Budget Office of Commerce Economic
the G@vernor, Development Admin-
CNMI istration

Noo' of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

Economic Growth & De- Pacific Basin De- 1980 298 Pacific Basin De- CRMO
velopement through Unity velop. Conf. Real velopment Council

Business Prospectus Under Estate Research 1976 18 Office of Coastal CRMO
Coastal Zone Management Corp. Zone Management

TERRESTRIAL FLORA & FAUNA

A study on Carolinian Kaster, Hatnat July 37 Saipan CRMO CRMO
Medicinal Plants on and Vicente 1981
Managaha Island Tebit

Ornithological Survey of J. C. Tenorio Aug. 202 ACOE CRMO
Wetlands in Guam, Saipan and Asso. 1979
Tinian and Pagan

ADMINISTRATION

35th Annual Report to the Dept. of Interior 1982 248 Government CRMO
United Nations in the Printing Office
Administration of the Trust
Territory of the Pacific
Islands

COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

Proceedings -Pacific Basin Economic Develop-1982 N/A American Samoa CRMO
Coastal Zone Management ment and Planning/ Government
Conference Tourism Office.
American Samoa
Government

No. of Source/ Location o
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

COSTAL RESOURCES

Bibliography of Coastal Coastal Zone Mgt. 1979 8 CNMI/CRMO CRMO
Planning Resources Program, CNMI

MAPS

Bibliography of Maps for Not Listed Not 9 Unknown CRMO
Saipan, Tinian, Rota and Listed
CNMI

LAND USE

Zones and Land Use Duenas & April 75 Office of the CPP
Districts for Saipan, Rota Swavely 1984 Chief Physical CRMO
and Tinian Incorporated Planner CNMI

National Landmarks Depts. of Sept. 179 University of CPP
Survey of the Islands of Botany & 1982 Hawaii, Honolulu
the Pacific Zoology University
of Hawaii

Baseline Information and U.S. Army Corps 1984 Dept. of the Army CRMO
Problem Identification: of Engineers Engineer District,
Water and Related Land Ft. Shafter, Hi
Resources, GNMI

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Ref erence

DUMPS

Interim Operations Plan, Duenas & Aug. 32 Division of Envi- DEQ
Puerto Rico Dump Swavely 1984 ronmental Quality,
Incorporated DPH&ES

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS

Detailed Project Report U.S. Army Corps March 335 U. S. ACOE Fort CRMO
and Environmental State- of Engineers 1981 Shafter, Hi.
ment, Saipan Small Boat
Harbor

Environmental Assessment National Park Sept. 31 National Park CPP
for General Management Service Dept. 1983 Service, Dept. of CRMO
Plan and Comprehensive of Interior Interior
Design, American Memorial
Park, Saipan

Hotel Nikko Saipan EIS M&E Pacific, March 81 M&E Pacific, Inc. CRMO
Inc. 1985

HYDROLOGY

Reconnaissance Report- U.S. Army Corps July 16 U. S. ACOE Fort CRMO
Lake Susupe/Chalan of Engineers 27, Shafter, Hi.
Kanoa Area Flood Control 1978

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

Garapan Flood Control- U.S. Army Corps 1984 375 U.S. Army Corps CRMO
Detailed Project Report of Engineers of Engineers, Fort
and Environmental Shafter, Hi
Statement

PARKS & RECREATION

General Management Plan National Park Sept. 29 National Park CPP
and Comprehensive Design Service, Dept. 1983 Service, Dept. CRMO
American Memorial Park, of Interior of Interior
Saipan

Park and Outdoor Re- H. Mogi-Planning April 253 Northern Mariana CRMO
creation Resource Study- and Research 1977 Island Planning
Northern Mariana Island Inc. Office

Coastal Recreationt A U. S. Dept. of 1976 36 U. S. Dept. of CRMO
Handbook for Planners Commerce: Commerce
and Managers National Oceanic
& Atmospheric
Admin. Office of
Coastal Zone
Management

Park and Outdoor Re- H. Mogi-Planning April 253 CNMI Planning CRMO
creation Resource Study and Research, 1977 Office
Inc.

Managaha Island Marine Pacific Basin May 91 PBEC, Inc. CRMO
Park Management Plan, Environmental 1985
Draft Consultants

CNMI Marine Parks Pacific Basin March 99 PBEC, Inc. CRMO
Management Plan Environmental 1985
Consultants

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

TOURISM

1983 Annual Report- Marianas Visitors 1983 33 Marianas Visitors CRMO
Marianas Visitors Bureau Bureau Bureau, CNMI MVB

Tourism Services Manpower School of Gravel 1982 161 Pacific Basin De- CRMO
Development Study of the Industry Mgt. velopment Council
American Pacific Islands

WATER/ WASTEWATER

Assesment of Existing Barrett, Harris 1984 25 Dept. of Public DPW
Wastewater Facilities- & Associates, Inc. Works, CNMI
Interim Report

Wastewater Facilities M&E Pacific, Inc. 1980 Dept. of Public DPW
Plan for the Island of Works, CNMI
Saipan

Saipan Water System GK2/Magire 1981 Dept. of Public DPW
Study Group Works, CNMI

MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA

A Survey of the Fish Amesbury, S.S. March 58 UOGML Tech. UOGML,
Resources of Saipan et. al 1979 Rpt. No. 52 UOG, F&W,
Lagoon CRMO

Marine Survey of Tanapag, Doty, J. E. and March 147 UOGML Tech. UOGML,
Saipan: The Power Barge J. A. Marsh Jr. 1977 Rpt. No. 33 UOG, CRM
"Impedence"

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

The Acanthaster Survey of Gareau, T.F. 1969 35 Office of Naval UOGML,
Saipan, Mariana Islands, et. al. Research/Re- UOG
1969. Structure and Ecology search Foundation
of the Saipan Reefs in Re- of the State
lation to Predation by University of New
Acanthaster planci York
(Linnae-u-s-T

Marine Survey of Saipan Gawel, M. July 13 UOGML Environ- UOGML
Lagoon. A Preliminary 1974 mental Survey
Coral Survey of Saipan Report No. 11
Lagoon

Atlas of the Reefs and Eldredge, L. G. July 161 UOGML Environ- UOGML
Beaches of Saipan, and R. H. Randall 1974 mental Survey
Tinian and Rota Report No. 11

HISTORICAL PROPERTIES/ CULTURAL RESOURCES

Cultural Resource Survey Thomas, M.R. & March 59 Pacific Studies HPO
of the Susupe-Chalan S. T. Price 1980 Institute, Guam,
Kanoa Flood Control for U. S. Army
Study Area Corps of Engineers

Archaelogical Recon- Thomas, M. R. Nov. 62 Pacific Studies HPO
naissance of the American and S. T. Price 1979 Institute, Guam,
Memorial Park for National Park
Service

Underwater Suvey of Tana- Pacific Basin May 94 PBEC, Inc. HPO
pag Lagoon for Historic Environmental 1985
Properties Consultants

No. of Source/ Location ol
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

Mint-submarine Search Concepcion, March 25 Historic Pre- HPO
Project Report in the Vicente M. 1982 servation Office
Tanapag Historic Lagoon:
Saipan CNMI

Saipan Lagoon Circulation M&E Pacific Inc. June 64 M&E Pacific Inc. CRMO
Study 1980 Honolulu, Hi. for
U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers

Beaches, Coastal Environ- Doan, D.B. and Dec. 107 Not Listed
ments and Alternate H. G. Siegrist 1979
Sources of Fine Aggregate
in the Northern Mariana
Islands

Atlas of the Reefs and Eldredge, LG. 1980 UOGML for CRMO CRMO
Beaches of Saipan, Tinian and R.H. Randall
and Rota

ENERGY

Energy Strategies Toward Kendall, H.W. & 1980 320 Ballinger Pub- CPP
a Solar Future Steven J. Nadis lishing Co. Cam-
bridge Mass.

Energy Source Present Naylor, Benjamin 1975 27 Laneford Publish- CPP
and Future F. ing Go.

Re view of Energy Lindaeu, H. R. 1973 39 12th World Gas CPP
Supplies Conf. Report

M@= = M M MM

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

1982 State of Energy Lee, Bernard S. Feb. 19 9th Energy Tech. CPP
1982 Conf.

Energy, The New Look Hyde, Margret 0. 1981 138 McGraw Hill Book CPP
Company

The National Energy U. S. Dept. of July 25 U. S. Dept. of CPP
Policy Plan Energy 1981 Energy

Solar Energy U. S. Dept. of 1979 27 U. S. Dept. of CPP
Energy Energy

Prospectus for World Frank C. Schora July 58 Pacific Energy CPP
Energy Resources J.S. Sanka, H.L. 1979 Challenge and
Feldkirchner, R. Perspectives. Gas
L. Mociut Dev. Corp. Calif.

Territorial Energy U. S. Dept. of Dec. 206 U. S. Dept. of CPP
Assessment Energy 1982 Energy

Energy Topics; Inter- Inst. of Gas Oct. 4 Inst. of Gas CPP
national Gas Tech. Tech. 1979 Tech.
Highlights

Energy Topics; Inter- Inst. of Gas Aug 6 Inst. of Gas CPP
national Gas Tech. Tech. 1982 Tech.
Highlights

Energy Topics; Inter- Inst. of Gas Jan 4 Inst. of Gas CPP
national Gas Tech. Tech. 1980 Tech.
Highlights

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

Pacific Coal Trade: Dr. W. Miklus June 146 The Research In- CPP,
Economic Opportunities & Raymond W. 1983 stitute; Pacific CRMO
for GNMI, Coal Movement Jenkens Basin Dev. Council
in the Pacific Basin Study

Clean Energy from Coal, U. S. Dept. of Oct. 8 U. S. Dept. of CPP
Domestic Resources for Energy 1983 Energy
America's Energy Future

Demonstrated Reserve Base U. S. Dept. of May 121 U. S. Dept. of CPP
of Coal in the U.S. Energy 1983 Energy
Jan. 1983

Coal Distribution U. S. Dept. of Oct 77 U. S. Dept of CPP
Jan. - June 1981 Energy 1981 Energy

Coal Production-1979 U. S. Dept. of April 108 U. S. Dept. of CPP
Energy Data Report Energy 1981 Energy

The Substitute of Coal U.S. Dept. of Nov. 40 U. S. Dept. of CPP
for Oil and Natural Gas Energy 1980 Energy
within the Industrial
Sector

Biofuels: A Survey Benemann, June 89 Electric Power CPP
John R. 1978 Research Inst.

Proeedings: Bioenergy 180 The Georgia Apr. 586 Bloenergy Council CPP
World Congress and Ex- World Congress 1980
position Center

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

Status Review of Wood The MITRE Jan. 133 Dept. of Energy CPP
Biomass: Gassification Corp. 1979
Pyrolysis and Densi-
fication Technologies

Hydropyrolysis of Biomass Holderman, James June 110 Hawaii Natural CPP
to Produce Liquid Hydro- 1982 Energy Institute
carbon Fuels

Methane Production by Klass, Donald & Aug. 15 America's Chem- CPP
Anarobic Digestion of S. Ghosh 1980 ical Society
the Water Hyacinth
(Elchnornia Orassipes)

Bogassification of Blends Chynoweth, D. P. 1981 14 Inst. of Gas CPP
of Water Hyacinth and & M.P. Henry Tech.
Domestic Sludge

Biomethantion of Giant Chynoweth, D. P. Aug. 23 Inst. of Gas CPP
Brown Kelp Macrocystis & D. L. Klass 1978 Tech. Symposium
2yrifera on Energy From
Biomass and Waste

Anacrotic Digestion of Chynoweth, D.P. Oct. 22 Inst. of Gas Tech CPP
Marine Biomass 1979 Biogas & Alcohol
Seminar

Energy From Biomass and Klass, Donald L. Jan. 65 Inst. of Gas Tech CPP
Wastes: 1982 Update 1983 Symposium on Energy
From Biomass &
Waste

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

Waste to Resources: Appro- U.S. Dept. of July 28 U. S. Dept. of CPP
priate Tech. for Sewage Energy 1983 Energy
Treatment and Conversion

Anaerobic Digestion of Chynoweth, DavidJuly 46 Inst. of Gas Tech CPP
Kelp S. Ghosh & D.L. 1979 Biomass Conversion
Klass Process for Energy
and Fuels

Biomass as a Long Range Waterman, W. W. Oct. 20 Inst. of Gas Tech CPP
Source of Hydrocarbons & D. L. Klass 1976 Symposium: "The
Future' of the
Rubber Industry"

Wastes and Biomass of Klass, D. June 14 Inst. of Gas Tech. CPP
Energy Resources 1979 14th World Gas Conf.

Fuels from Biomass and Inst. of Gas 1984 20 Inst. of Gas Tech. CPP
Wastes Tech.

Ethane: Fuel from Crops Solar Energy Oct. 10 Dept. of Energy CPP
Research Inst. 1980

Small Scale Bio Gas Parith, Mohau 1983 17 Indian Ag. Re- CPP
Plant-India search Inst.

Methane Production from Klass, D.L., S. 1979 5 Inst. of Gas Tech CPP
Aquatic Biomass by Ghosh & D.P.
Anerobic Digestion of Chynoweth
Giant Brown Kelp

Evaluation of Biomass for Bahelle Columbus Feb. 69 Electric Power CPP
Electricity Generation Laboratories 1982 Research Inst.

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

Comparitive Assesment of Science Ap- Sept. 105 Electric Power CPP
Marine Biomass Materials plications, Inc. 1979 Research Inst.
Northwest

Biomass: Solar Energy Solar Energy March 13 Solar Energy Re- CPP
from Farms and Forest Research Inst. 1980 search Inst.

Giant Leucaena (Koa Brewbaker, Sept. 90 Hawaii Natural CPP
Haole)-Yn-ergy Tree Farm: James 1980 Energy Inst.
An Economic Feasibility -
Analysis for the Island of
Molokai, Hawaii

Biomass Energy Options Brewbaker, J.L. Nov. 73 U. S. Dept. of CPP
for the American & Kenneth G. 1982 Energy
Territories of the MacDecker
Pacific

Energy from Biomass & Klass, Donald Feb. 90 Inst. of Gas Tech CPP
Wastes-. 1983 update 1984

EPRI/GRI Workstation Spencer, D.F. Nov. 384 Electric Power CPP
Biomass Resources and 1978 Research Inst.
Conversion

Ocean Energy Systems U. S. Dept. of May 117 U. S. Dept. of CPP
Multiyear Program Plan Energy 1980 Energy

Ocean Energy Systems: U. S. Dept. of 1979 275 U. S. Dept. of CPP
Program Summary Energy Energy

No. of Source/ Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

Research and Development: Tokoyo Electric Aug. 11 Tokyo Electric CPP
OTEC Power Services 1981 Power Services
Co., Ltd Co., Ltd

Environmental Assesment: Interstate Elec- Dec. 345 U. S. Dept. of CPP
OTEC Pilot Plant tronics Corp. 1981 Energy

OTEC Pilot Plant Program Science Appli- Feb. 425 U. S. Dept. of CPP
catons Inc. 1981 Energy

Energy Topics International Oct. 12 Institute of CPP
Gas Technology 1982 Gas Technology
Highlights

Energy Topics International Aug. 6 Institute of CPP
Gas Technology 1983 Gas Technology
Highlights

Energy Topics International Feb. 4 Institute of CPP
Gas Technology 1983 Gas Technology
Highlights

Energy Topics International May 4 Institute of CPP
Gas Technology 1978 Gas Technology
Highlights

Energy Topics International Nov. 4 Institute of CPP
Gas Technology 1982 Gas Technology
Highlights

Energy Topics International Aug. 8 Institute of CPP
Gas Technology 1982 Gas Technology
Highlights

No. of Source/. Location of
Title Author Date Pages Publisher Reference

Energy Topics International July 4 Institute of CPP
Gas Technology 1982 Gas Technology
Highlights

Suitability of Salt McCord, T.B. Nov. 116 SETS, Inc. CPP
Gradiant Solar Ponds for 1982
Electrical Power Generation
in the U.S. Trust Territory
of the Pacific Islands, Guam
and American Samoa

MISCELLANEOUS

Glimpses of Guam "Saipan's Staff of 3rd 80 Glimpses of Guam NFML
Got Me", Vol. 16, No. 3 Glimpses of qtr. Co, Ltd. Agana
Guam Co. Ltd. 1976 Guam

Proceedings -Year of the South Pacific 1984 53 South Pacific CRMO
Pacific Conference, Saipan Conference Conference
1983.

3 6668 00000 8112