[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
I MULTIPLE USE OF THE COASTAL ZONE COASTAL ZONE COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION INFORMATION CENTER CENTER JAN 11 1977 GB 451 .M96 1968 A Committee Presentation to a Consultant Panel to the NATIONAL COUNCIL ON MARINE RESOURCES AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT property Of CSC LibrarY U . S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOA4 COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE -CHARLESTON SC 29405-24 13 Z "oL September 23, 24, and 25, 1968 Washington, D. C. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Schedule for Panel Hearing iv Opening Remarks of Committee Chairman 1 Initiatives Table on all Initiatives 5 Smithsonian Institution Interoceanic Canal Studies 8 Marine Preserves 10 Submersibles . . . . . . . . . 12 Great Lakes Ecology 14 Marine Aquacultural Station 16 Underwater Archeology . . . 17 Corps of Engineers,, Department of the Army Development of Offshore Facilities 19 New Techniques and Equipment for Restoration of Coastal Shores and Beaches . . 20 Effects of Construction Activities on the Ecology of the Coastal Zone 23 Combatting Oil Spills . . . 26 Commerce, MARAD Seaport Control Tower 29 Offshore Ports and Systems for Bulk Cargoes 34 Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey Seaward Boundary Determination 37 Circulatory Characteristics of Coastal Waters 42 Initiatives, Continued Page Transportation, Coast Guard Oil Pollution Program, Massive Oil Spill . . . . 45 Port Advisory Services ........................ 54 Hazardous Cargo Information Center.............. 56 Interior Artificial Reefs as a Tool of Marine Sport Fishery Management - BSFW ....................... 57 Marine Underwater Observation and Interpretation - NPS ............................ 58 Physical Facts of the Estuarine Environment - GS . . . . . . . ................ 59 Estuarine Research and Management - BCF ............. 65 Aquaculture - BCF .................................. 66 I.O.D. - Mapping Resources of the Continental Shelf - BCF ...... . . . . . . . .. 68 Combatting Oil Spills - FWPCA . ................... 68A Health, Education and Welfare Finfish Sanitation ................................. 69 Health Hazards Arising out of Toxic Chemicals Polluting the Coastal Zone Waters ...................................... 71 An Innovative Initiative in Education for the Marine Sciences .......................... 73 Use of the Coastal Zone as a Source of Marine Forms for Biomedical Research ............. 78 Biomedical Research on Man in the Sea ................ 83 Water Resources Council Establishment of River Basin Commission in Coastal Zone . . . . ........................... 92 National Assessment of Adequacy of Water and Related Land Resources ....................... 95 Agency Programs in the Coastal Zone Introduction . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . .......... 98 Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers .......... . 99 Agency Programs in the Coastal Zone, Continued Page Atomic Energy Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Department of Commerce Coast and Geodetic Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . Maritime Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Economic Development Administration . . . . . . 105 Department of Health, Education and Welfare . . . . 106 Department of the Interior Geological Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 National Park Service . . . . . . . . . ... . . 108 Bureau of Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Office of Water Resources Research . . . . . . . 110 Office of Saline Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . ill Bureau of Land Management . . . . . . . . . . 112 Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife . . . . . . 113 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries . . . . . . . . 114 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation . . . . . . . . . . 114A Federal Water Pollution Control Administration 114B Smithsonian Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Department of Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . 116 List of Committee Members, Alternates and Observers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT NATIONAL COUNCIL ON MARINE RESOURCES AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE FOR PANEL HEARING COMMITTEE ON MULTIPLE USE on OF THE COASTAL ZONE COASTAL. ZONE PROGRAMS AND PLANS September 23, 24, 25, 1968 Room 9104, New Executive Office Building (FOB #7) Washington, D. C. September 23 8:45 Organizational discussion Panel and ICMUCZ Members. 9:00 Overvi ew of Committee Activities and Plans Mr. Pautzke Discussion of Hearing Procedure TASK GROUPS AND COMMITTEE PANEL 9:15 Task Group on Interagency Coordination, Federal- State Relations and Legal Problems (COSREL) Col. McGuinne s s 9:45 Discussion 10:15 Great Lakes Panel Mr. Lee 10:30 Discussion 10:45 Task Group on Problems, Opportunities and Needs (IPON) Capt. Jenkins 11:15 Discussion 12:00 Luncheon break Titles of persons making presentations are given on a list beginning with, the third page following this one. September 23 1:30 Ta sk Group on Identification and Delineation of the Coastal Zone (IDCOZ) Dr. O'Bryan 2:00 Discussion 2:30 Task Group on Chesapeake Bay (CHESBA) Col. Love 3:00 Discussion 3:30 Task Group on Harbor and Port Studie s Gen. Noble 3:40 Discussion 4:30 Adjourn September 24 PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES 9:00 Background and Priority Proposals Mr. McBroom 9:15 Oil P(illution Control Program Coast Guard Capt. Heyward Corps of Engineers Gen. Noble Interior Dr. Hirsch for Dr. Singer 10:00 Discussion 10:30 Effects of Construction Activity, in the Coastal Zone Gen. Noble Development of Offshore Facili- ties New Techniques for Restoration of Coastal Shores and Beaches) 11:00 Discussion 11:30 Seaward Boundary Determination) Circulatory Characteristics of Adm. Nygren Coastal'Waters 1z:00 Luncheon break 2 September 24 1:30 D iscussion 2:00 Offshore Ports and Systems for Bulk Cargoes Mr. Marsden 2:15 Discussion 2:30 Biomedical Research on Man in the Sea Dr. Price Education in the Marine Sciences (Coastal Zone) Dr. Lindquist 3:00 Discussion 3:30 Physical Facts of the Estuarine Environment Mr. Upson 3:45 Discussion 4:00 Presentation of Remaining Mr. Pautzke .Committee. Initiatives Mr. McBroom 4:30 Discussion 5:00 Summary Discussion Panel Mr. Pautzke Mr. McBroom 5:30 Adjourn September 25 9:00 Executive Session of Panel Mr. Pautzke, Mr. McBroom, and Committee members to be available on call to assist Panel 3 PANEL FOR HEARING ON COASTAL ZONE PROGRAMS AND PLANS Meeting September 23-25,1968 Room 9104 New Executive Office Building Dr. Douglas Brooks Chairman 203-277-3301 Travelers Research Center Hartford, Connecticut 06101 Admiral Edward C. Stephan 525-2800 Ocean Systems, Inc. 1901 N. Fort Myer Drive Arlington, Virginia 22209 Mr. Walter Boyer 301-75Z-2118 Maryland Port Authority Pier 2, Pratt Street Baltimore, Maryland 21202 Dr. James Crutchfield 206-543-5635 Department of Economics University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98105 Mr. Peter Andrews 628-2906 Buffalo Courier Express National Press Building (Room 1389) Washington, D.C. 20004 Mr. Boyd Ladd 424-9375 717 College Parkway Rockville, Maryland 20850 MSC Representative: Dr. David A. Adams Titles of Persons Making Presentations at Panel Hearing, Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone, September 23 and 24, 1968 Clarence F. Pautzke Chairman, CMUCZ and Acting Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish and Wildlife and Parks Col. Wm. V. McGuinne s s,. Jr. Chairman, COSREL and Assistant Director of Civil Works for Comprehensive Planning Corps of Engineers, Office of the Chief of Engineers James A. Lee Chairman, Great Lakes Panel and Assistant for Environmental Health to the Assistant Secretary for Health and Scientific Affairs Health, Education and Welfare Capt-. Wm. A. Jenkins Acting Chairman, IPON and Deputy Chief, Office of Operations United States Coast Guard Dr. Deric O'Bryan Chairman, COSREL and Social Scientists Ecological Hydrology Water Resources Division, Geological Survey Interior Department Col. Wm. J. Love Chairman, CHESBA and District Engineer, Baltimore Corps of Engineers Brig. Gen. Charles C. Noble Director of Civil Works Corps of Engineers James T. McBroom Executive Secretary Committee on Mu'ltiple Use of the Coastal Zone Capt. Francis D. Heyward Chief, Law Enforcement Division Office of Operations United States Coast Guard Dr. Allan Hir s ch Assistant Commissioner, Program Plans,and Development Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Department of the Interior Dr. S. Fred Singer Deputy Assistant Secretary for Water,Pollution Control Department of the Interior Rear Admiral Harley D. Nygren Associate Administrator, ESSA Department of Commerce Howard J. Marsden .Chief, Division of Ports and Systems Office of Maritime Promotion Maritime Administration Department of Commerce Dr. Vincent E. Price Special Assistant to Director National Institute of General Medical Services National Institutes of Health Department of Health, Education and Welfare Pell I Dr. Clarence B. Lindquist Regional Coordinator National Defense Graduate Fellowship Program Division of Graduate Programs Bureau of Higher Education U.S. Office of Education Department of Health, Education and Welfare Joseph E. Upson Deputy Assistant Chief for Research and Technical Coordination, Water Resources Division, Geological Survey Department of the Interior /1b It Opening Remarks by Chairman, Committee on Multiple -Use of the Coastal Zone, National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, at a Panel Hearing on September 23, 1968 The Coastal Zone and the Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone are both unique in the affairs of the Marine Sciences Council. The Coastal Zone include s land areas as well as the adjacent seas and sea bottoms. It also includes the Great Lakes and their shore- lines. The Coastal Zone is an extremely significant part of the marine environment. Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, th e, Chairman of the Council, put it this way in an address at Kingston, Rhode Island, last year: "When we think of our rnarine'environment, we tend to visualize the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, or the Indian Ocean, or the Caribbean Sea. Though we speak in these vast terms, the most useful and important portion of that environment -- both actual and potential -- is the cities with their harbors and estuaries, the beaches and boating facilities, the centers of shipbuilding and shipping, the waters to the edge of the continental shelf, the Great Lakes and the adjacent shoreline lands. We call this vast area the coastal zone, and it's where the peo ple and the seas meet. Nearly all of the Nation has a stake in the sound use of our Coastal Zone resources, yet there is no comprehensive system for assuring sound- use. For the most part, the uses that man makes of the Coastal Zone are carried out to serve single objectives. There is little comprehensive planning or ade quate public control over what the Vice President has called, with concern', "irreversible changes." The Coastal Zone Committee is unique because it includes consi deration of an area of Nation rather than a scientific function or series of functions, like Research, Education and Facilities or Ocean Exploration and Environmental Services. Our Committee was organized in September 1967. The Committee includes representatives of 19 agencies and has 36 members, alternates, and observers on the Committee list. This list is included as the last 12 pages'of this book. The Committee has organized a number of task groups to carry out its work. One of them is the Task Group on Interagency Coordination, Federal- State Relations, and Legal Problems (COSREL). This Group has com- pleted its report, which includes 58 recommendations. The report is now pending before the Committee. The other groups are: (1) The Great Lakes Panel, (2) The Task Group on Problems, Opportunities and Needs (IPON), (3) The Task Group on Identification and, Delineation of the Coastal Zone (IDCOZ), (4) The Task Group on Chesapeake Bay (CHESBA), and the Task Group on Harbor and Port Studies. The Chairmen of all of these groups will make reports at our hearings. The Committee has also developed 37 new initiatives for fiscal year 1970. We plan to present these initiatives during this hearing. We are proud of every one of them and'believe that each represents a worthy proposal from the agency which prepared it. At the request of Council staff, a subcommittee of the Multiple Use Committee developed a proposed priority system for these 37 initiatives. This system is as follows: Priority I -- Needed immediately may be costly and/or dangerous to wait an additional year. Priority Z -- Essential to orderly development of the Coastal Zone -- should be included in Fiscal Year 1970 program. Priority 3 --Sound -- desirable to have in Marine Resources program. In Priority 1, the subcommittee included the pollution control program for massive oil spills submitted by the Coast Guard, the Corps of Engineers, and the Interior Department and also the initiative of the Corps of Engineers on the study of the Effects of Construction Activities on the Ecology of the Coastal Zone. In Priority 2, the subcommittee placed all of the other initiatives in the Panel hearing schedule which will be presented by the agencies sponsoring them. All the rest of the 37 initiatives were placed in Priority 3. We plan to discuss them with you tomorrow afternoon, following the presentation of the Priority I and Priority 2 initiatives. All of the material we will present to you in the form of reports on'task groups and initiatives represents a response to the Committeels plea for generation of new and innovative ideas for handling the problems of the Coastal Zone. This request was made in the atmosphere of generating these ideas without budgetary and policy constraints. W hat, we are offering to the Panel in this hearing is a body of ideas and proposals which have been developed by the Committee members and the Task Groups, but which are yet to be processed in the stills of policy and budgetary refineries. We bring these ideas forward in this form in the conviction that this is the good way to re ach the needed innovative., solutions to the vexing problems of the marine environment in general and the Coastal Zone in particular. I I I I I I I -lA )VE5 I I I I I I I I I I I I NIT T I National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone Initiatives Fiscal Year 1970 Title F.Y. 1970 Total Estimated Cost (In Millions $) (In Millions $) 1. Smithsonian Institution A. Interoceanic Canal Studies .5 20.0 B. Marine Preserves .1 8.0 C. Submersibles .2 20.0 D. Great Lakes Ecology .2 .5 E. Marine Aquacultural Station 1.0 20.0 F. Underwater Archeology .3 10.0 Subtotals 2.3 78.5 2. Corps of Engineers A. Development of Offshore Facilitie s .15 1.40 B. New Techniques and Equipment for Restoration of Coastal Shores and Beaches .3 1.20 C. Effects of Construction Activities on the Ecology of the Coastal Zone .25 3.75 D. Combatting Oil Spills 1.0 Subtotals 1.70 6.35 3. Commerce - Maritime Administration A. Seaport Control Tower .15 .15 B. Offshore Ports and Systems for Bulk Cargoes .5 1.0 Subtotals .65 1.15 4. Commerce - Coast and Geodetic Survey A. Seaward Boundary Determination. 2. 9 4- 5.56 B. Circulatory Characteristics of - Coastal Waters 2.47 .,4.00 Subtotals 5. 41 Title F.Y. 1970 Total Estimated Cost 5. Transportation Coast Guard A. Oil Pollution Program, Massive Oil Spill (1) Containment .05 .05 (2) Source Control .1 .1 (3) High Speed Pumps .2 .2 (4) Tank Top Burner .1 .1 (5) Pollution Recovery Equipment (a) Feasibility Study .1 .1 (b) Barge .25 .25 (c) Flotation devices .25 .25 (6) Oil Bio-degradation Study .1 .1 B. Port Advisory Services Z .2 C. Hazardous Cargo Information Ctr. Z5 .25 Subtotals 1. 60 1.60 6. Interior A. Artificial Reefs as a Tool of Marine Sport Fishery Manage- ment - BSFW .2 B. Marine Underwater Observation and Interpretation - XPS .5 C. Physical Facts of the Estuarine Environment - GS 2.75 D. Estuarine Research and Manage- ment - BCF 4.1 E. Aquaculture - BCF 5.3 F. I.O.D. - Mapping Resources of the Continental Shelf - BCF 4.0 G. Combating Oil Spills - FWPCA .5 Subtotals 17.35 7. Health, Education and Welfare A. Finfish Sanitation .65 B. Health Hazards Arising out of Toxic Chemicals Polluting the Coastal Zone Waters .25 C. An Innovative Initiative in Education for the Marine Sciences .05 Title F.Y. 1970 Total Estimated Cost D. Use of the Coastal Zone as a Source of Marine Forms for Biomedical Research .1 E. Biomedical Research on Man in the Sea .1 Subtotal 1.15 8. Water Resources Council A. Establishment of River Basin Commission in the Coastal Zone B. National Assessment of Adequacy of Water and Related Land Resources Recapitualtion Smithsonian 2.3 78.5 Corps of Engineers 1. 70 6.35 Commerce - MARAD .65 1.15 Commerce - CGS 5.41 9.56 Subtotal - Commerce (6.16) (10.71) Transportation - Coast Guard 1.60 1.60 Interior 17.35 Health, Education and Welfare 1.15 Water Resources Council Grand Totals 30.16 l/ No cost estimate provided March 8, 1968 1. Base Line Studies in the Region of the Interamerican Isthmian Canal The effects of some of the activities of modern man which Can change the distributions of animals and plants and the geography of major regions of the world may be of the greatest scientific and economic (and therefore political) importance. Many examples can be cited: The construction of a canal around Niagara Falls permitted the sea lamprey to invade the Great Lakes, and destroyed important lake trout and whitefish industries. The accidental introduction of a snail parasite on Japanese oysters contributed to an equally great reduction in the major ground fisheries of the Black Sea. The digging of the Suez Canal has allowed 137 species of marine organisms to pass from the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, and at least one species to pass in the reverse direction. The ultimate repercussions of this exchange are not yet clear, but already the preliminary effects are being felt from Pakistan to Tunisia. Dams in inland waterways of the western United States have prevented the reproduction of salmon. On land, there are the fa-tious examples of rats, starlings, and sparrows introduced into North America, and rabbits and cacti introduced into Australia. All these specieshave wrought basic changes in the ecologies of their new homes, and some have already cost many.millions of dollars to control. These examples indicated that the construction,df a new s.ea'levei canal in Panama or Colombia should be accompanied by a wide range of biological studies. First of all, preliminary information must be obtained in order to predict the probable biological effects of the mixing of Atlantic and Pacific biotas. The subsequent changes in the biological and physical environments should be monitored and measured regularly, for a period of several years. Th'e information obtained would be of great scientific int6res tas well as practical value. The Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic Canal Study Commission is making radiobiological Studies to determine the feasibility of canal construc- tion. F011OWing the Commission studies, a decision will be made as to whether to undertake construction. The Smithsonian Institution is an appropriate organization to direct or coordinate the long-term studies. The following proposal specifies the precise interests of the Institu- tion, summarizes its resources and capabilities, and suggests a definite program to begin the necessary research as rapidly and economically as possible. Th e studies which the Smithsonian proposes to undertake would com- plemont and supplement the earlier work sponsored by the Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic Canal Study Commission. The Smithsonian would extend the Commission's feasibility studies in space 'and in time to investi-ate 2 each major habitat type on each side of the canal over a period of time sufficient to achieve a bioloaical understanding of the dynamics and ecology of the'organisms and not just their occurrence. It is proposed that the Smithsonian assure'the development of an adequate program to permit the fullest possible understanding of: (1) the implications of new canal construction for.the distribution and maintenance of marine life, (2) the extent of movement through the existing canal, and (3) the necessary background to evaluate any oceano- graphic changes which might occur after a sea level connection is made. Extrapolating from the observed morphological diversity we can expect that, after the sea level canal is completed and the barrier to disper3al is removed., a wide range of changes may occur. The influx of new organisms would be expected to upset the balance of some populations. New inter- actions among species would change the nature of the selection-to which the organisms are subjected. Instances of hybridization and intergradation can be predicted among those related groups from opposite sides of the Isthmus which have not accumulated sufficient genetic or behavioral isolating mechanisms. In some circumstances competition b 'etween newly mixed elements of the biota may cause rapid changes in population densities. Some species probably will become more abundant, while others may become extant. New species interrelationships will occur. The possible effect on harvestable marine species is uncertain. 'An innate complexity exists in biological systems in the tropics resulting from three distinctive features: (1) tropical biota includes larger numbers and a greater diversity of species than the biotas of any other regions of the world; ('I) the ecological and behavioral relations between species are more complex in the tropics than elsewhere; and (3). the tropics are believed to be the place of origin, and principal center of evolution, of most groups of organisms. New and major types of adaptation to "new ways of life" appear to be more likely to be evolved by tropical species than by species of other regions. Tropical species also seem to be more successful in invadin-, other regions than are species of other regions in invading the tropics. As clearly established durin- the Smithsonian Conference on Tropical Biology held in Panama City, November 10-12, 1966, our knowledge of tropical biology la 'as far behind parallel information in the temperate regions. Accumulation of these data for tropical regions is essential for the development of rational programs to harvest the sea and best utilize its resources. The major areas of protein deficiency for human populations are in the tropics. Detailed knowledge of the potential fisheries resources is but one of the side benefits to be anticipated from the proposed Isthmian program. Total'estimated cost -- $20 million Estimate for Ly. 1970 $500,000 March 8, 1968 2. Marine Preserves For many years various suggestions have been made that atolls be set aside for scientific work. The conservation of atolls now would pro- vide that this unique environment will be available for study in a near natural condition as civilization moves into the oceans. Atolls with typical characteristics should be selected and maintained as international scientific preserves with guards to keep out unwanted visitors, and scien- tific laboratories and quarters for the implementation of p rojects in science. The world's atolls now belong to some nation or national p.rotec- torate. Within the next few years we must make our moves and secure the sites or perhaps lose the chance forever. Coral atolls have been of general scientific interest since Darwin wrote his treatise on the subject in the last century. In addition to the geological puzzles atolls present, their fringing coral reefs provide a most varied and interesting biological community. In looking for Pacific atolls which were relatively undisturbed, we have been made painfully aware of the necessity of preserving one or more of the relatively few uninhab- ited atolls left. Fortunately for the feasibility of the project, the less populated and exploited an atoll, the greater'the scientific interest since undisturbed ecology of the land and the reef is the goal. Conversely, the uninhabited atoll is uninhabited because it has thus far been of least inte rest to man. In the case of such atolls removal from the coral reef of one or more species for commercial reasons may well upset the reef's delicate balance of nature, causing a readjustment in the original community. Achievement of the object of the preserve in this case thus requires that commercial fishing be prohibited from the reef areas, within a radius of perhaps five nautical miles. (This should not prove to be any commercial hardship in the foreseeable future, as the uninhabited status implies isolation and little local fishing, and deep se a commercial fishing presumably would want to keep boats and tackle free of the reefs.) In the case of all such preserves the high seas areas would retain their character as such under international law, subject to specific limi- tations that may be agreed upon for inclusion in an international arranae- ment. It would be necessary that such an arrangement not inhibit unre- stricted.use of the areas in emergency circumstances should reason of national security require. (This objective might be accomplished in a variety of ways, and would not necessarily require an explicit treaty pro- vision.) The results of scientific exploration, study or research would be required to.be made openly available.. Approval of the first such preserve was given by President Johnson in May 1967, although this approval has not been announced. The proce- dures for the establishment of Rose Island as a preserve were proposed as a precedent t@. the designation of other pr_-:;erves. Many Islands are held 2 by several nations in trust to the United Nations. When the permanent disposition of these Islands is agreed on, the United States should be prepared with proposals to designate appropriate Islands as permanent International Preserves. Additionally, unique Islands exist.in various parts of the world, for example, Aldabra. Recently saved from a proposal to use the Island as an air base, Aldabra and other such Islands should be considered by appropriate groups for designation as'International Preserves. Total estimated cost -- $8 million Estimate for Ly. 1970 $100,000 March 8, 1968 3. Submersibles Althou-b modern e%perience and the impetus for utilization of under- seas vehicles for research really began with the 1959 dive of TRIESTE to 35,700 feet depth in the 1,1arianas Trench, biologists have atte mpted to ob- serve organisms by surface supporLed diving in the sea at least since 1844. During the last several years the Smuthsonian Institution has made a sig- nificant comciiitmeriL of scientist time to such research. Many scientists have adopted SCUBA techniques, and that part of the ocean available to SCUBA is being continually stud'ied for its biological and geological secrets. C, The first research submersible vehicle was used by the Smithsonian InstituLion in 1964 and since that time 25 scientists have made more than 100 dives on nine underseas vehicles. These dives have established the fact thaL such vehicles are an essential part of research support for the Smith- sonian. They open the door to solution of many baffling research problems in connection with the identity, behavior, and abundance of organisms. They provide a mechanism for study that will permit tests ofother@Ase speculative geological theories. Submersibles are needed to study the distribution of Coraline algae. These reef-forming plants help to consolidate the sediments and stabilize the 0 .coastlines of the castcrn United States in areas north of the coral reef com- munities. Coraline algae may be of great significance in the production of 0 organic matter in the shallow water areas. Grazed by parrot fishes and other marine forms, there is no good estimate of th..depth limitaLions to their oc- currence to seaward and of their abundance. Althouuh much has been learned by SCUBA, the limits to SCUBA diving are more restricted than that to algal 0 distribution. Vehicles are required to extend our knowledge to seaward. Smithsonian scientists are concerned with the study of mid-water organ- isms in the upper waters of the deep o .cean. These populations are of interest as potentially exploitable fisheries. They sca,tter acoustic transmissions of the Navy. Their specific*identities are controversial. They are variously reported to be fisher, squid, jellyfishes, slirimp, siphonophores, and other organimms. Scientists are eager to use the capability of underseas vehicles to Study the kinds, distributions, and populations of mid-water organisms. Geolo-ical theories of the origin of continents and their changing faces with time are deeply involved in shore processes. Smithsonian geologists use SCUBA to study the formation of underseas canyons. Drastically limited by diving techniques, these scientists urgently need vehicle time to follo@,- the underseas contours, observe the physical features, and sample in specific lo- cations. Rocks dredged from the ridZe on the floor of the middle Atlantic Ocean indicate that some enlightening information on the structure And move- ment of the Earth's crust could be gathered by deep diving vehicles. With chartered underseas vehicles, the Smithsonian plans to make detailed sttidies of this poorly studied but promising geological area. 2 Archeological interest is high in the use of subimersible vehicles to oxamino sunken ships and to probe areas suspected of hiding submerged an- C) cient cities. Smithsonian scientists using such vehicles could greatly en- C, bance their observational capability and add substantive information to the accounts of prehistoric man's activities. Three program areas of particular interest would employ research sub- mersibles, the first two of which Would use vehicles with lock-out capa-bili- ties. With the development of saturation diving techniques and submarines which may be equalized to ambient pressure in the shallow ocean, it has be- come possible for scientists to work exposed to the ocean environment for ex- tended periods at depths tip to at least 150 meters. Man himself is the most versatile scientific tool, and this ability to work in the hostile oceanic milieu is an important step fonqard in the efforts to exp lore and to under- stand the sea. The first program area involving l6ck-out vehicles combines detailed c' observation of the distribution and abundance of the ocean biota with in situ experiments. Work has already been performed in evaluating the influence of light on animal behavior and new observations have been made on the mating of cephalopods in a natural environment. The experimental work should be ex- tended to examine various frequencies and intensities of light and also into other areas of research. Our knowledge of oceanic animals is sufficiently sparse so that practically any observation which is made represents a sig- nificant extension. As a second program the use of lock-out vehicles also provides a majoi. new tool for extdndin,- archeological knowledge. The recent field of subma- rine archeology has already provided new insight into the past. With the use of submersibles the reality of the lost city of "Atlantis" may very well be demonstrated. A conference.on underwater archeology will be held at the mithsonian in FY 1968 to select potential sites for exploration. Implemen- tation of this program will open an exciting new door for discovery. S In association with each of the submersible proE:rams is a plan to develop field guides to the plants and animals apt to be seen during field studies. Especially whon the crew members of research submarines and the accompanying observers are not trained biologists, field guides may be used to encourage the taking of'valuable observations. Total estimated cost $20 million Estimate for f.y. 1970 $?.00, 000 March 8, 1968 4. Great Lakes Ecology The Smithsonian InstituLion wishes to make a fundamen tal examination of the U.S. and Canadian aquatic research activities and plans with refer- ence to the Great Lakes in order to provide basic information to be uti- lized in developing new programs. The resources of the Smithsonian can be drawn upon to discover all such data. Knowledge of the physical and chemical components of the Great Lakes systems, the biological components of these systems, the regulatory systems that maintain reolative stability in the system and the modifying influences of contaminants must be under- stood if well planned projects are to be undertaken. The Smithsonian proposes to undertake a program designed to develop and open lines of commiinication between scientists and others concerned with the Great Lakes environment and man's accidental or premeditated manipulations of this environment, to organize an out:line of basic re- search studies which may be undertaken in developing desired data on the ecolo-y of.the Great Lakes, and to suggest studies to provide needed infor- mation. A program is proposed during which panels of experts and consultants will be organized to identify the problems to be encountered and to iden- tify the most productive methods of accomplishing the proposed research. Special attention would be given to the advancement of knowledge of the effects of pollution on. natural systems with the long-range objectives of developing management practices to control eutrophication, thermal wastes and to further man's proper utilization of the Lakes. In accordance with the recommendations of such panels, the Great Lakes would be studied as a whole with respect to their: 1. living and nonliving components, 2. structure, 3. functions and processes, 4. spatial distribution, 5. past history and futura changes, 6. relationships to larger systems in which they are component parts, and 7. classification in relation to other ecological systems. Consideration of these factors is essential to understanding the effect of pollutants on the functioning of the systems. During the study period,. compatisons bet,,,7een the Great Laker, and other foreign lar-e lakes will be started to provide a common basis for measuring clican-es through space and time. 11owover, the main concentration of effort will be on the Great Lal"es. 2 Emphasis will be placed on basic descriptions of the ecological- sys- tems with regard to their -str.ucture,(distribution and numerical relation- ships among populations of different kinds of organisms; description of the physical components of,the. environments). The combined objective of the study would be to establish a baseline of understandin- of the total environment for continuing reference as desired, A maximum numl-,er of competent scientists will be utilized in the panels, in organization of bibliographies and in locating c!ther exist- ing data at cooperating institutions. Total estimated cost -- $500, 000 Estimate for f.y. 1970 - $ZOO,000 March 8, 19.68 5. Marine Aquicultural Experiment Station: It is propooed that a portion of the swampland in th e Canal Zone be set aside as an Aquicultural Experiment Station. Levees should be built and provision made for adequate pLimping of water into and out of the resulting ponds. The land should be given planned treatment to provide a variety of marine habitats and the facility should be maintained as a marine research station on an equivalent basis with U.S. Agricultural Experiment Stations. If located on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, the norrial tide is only about two feet and maximum tide is four feet. There are no hurricanes and sel-dom are there any stor-ms. The area lies in the tropics where most of the underfed people in the world residc and the land is not now being utilized. The resulting facility would be expected to run experiments in animal breeding, in fertilization of marine waters, in marine plant culture, in marine animal culture, in marine genetics, in methods of harvesting marine organisms, and in selection of new species of marine organisms for utili- zation by man. Total estimated cost -- $20 million Estimate for f.y. 1970 $ 1 million March 8, 1968 6. Underwater Archeology New equipment for locating underwater objects and for occupying the ocean offer both an opportunity and a responsibility for proper descrip- tions of archeological findings. The responsibility for wise use and non- destructive studies is exceptionally important in order that man will Con- tinue to have availablc these evidences of prehistoric civilizations and. satisfy his need to know about the past. Using magnetometers and simple sonar equipment, wrecks and sites are being discovered in abundance. Surveying, marking and scientific recovery are important to the U.S. and the world. It is, therefore, proposed that a concerted effort be made to develop a national capability in this field and to conserve Dnd utilize properly the i.nformation available in the artifacts discovered*. It is believed that 15,000 years ago, sea level was more than 100 meters below the present sea level. This means that the Maritime Paleo- lithic, i.e., the specialized Old Stone Age cultures which existed along the shores is now submerged. In research along the coast of Malta and Gibral-ter many caves have been seen fronting on what was once natural ocean front terraces, but which are now submerged at depths of up to 350 feet. Such caves have been explored at depths to 70 feet and evidence was found of human habitation. Absolutely nothing ir, known about maritime cultural. specialization in the Paleolithic, so that work in such caves can be expected to yield stones, bones, and other-important information regard- ing man's early adaptation to a coastal environment, Geologists have located artifacts off both.the western and eastern coasts of the U.S. Tox@m sites, which include'harbor installations as well as submerged buildings of various types, are unlikely to be found at depths greater than 50 feet, and in fact most of them rest in shallnwer waters with depths of less than 20 feet. Neolithic sites may also be found in fresh water lakes but here also at depths less than 30-40 feet. The harbor itself should be examined and the deep water approaches to the harbor, where wrecks may be found, would shed considerable light on the trade patterns of the sites on the shore. Sand covered structures may offer sp(--tcial problems of detection, Sonars can now look about 3 feet into sand. Wrecks may be found at any depth. The wrecks at considerable depths may be well preserved, because they li.e. at depths below the primary level of destructiv-e sea life, such as the Teredo worm. The number of wrecks of all time periods must be exceptionally great. -It has been noted that at the present time., when the world is at peace., three-tenths of one percent of the world's merchant shipping is boing deposited on the occa-i.-I floor elch year. Some of these wrecks shoUld be left as a future resource. A sweep of the. Florida Channel in about 600 feet of water should reveal many wrecks, which are. known froi-a historical sources. 17 2 The foregoing grouping of sites indicates that underwater archeoloogy has interests in exploration and excavation at depths ranging from the surface to 1,000 feet or more. For sites in shallow water, i.e., depths less than 20 feet, use has been recommended of a plastic tent filled with air, which could rest on the ocean floor with a water seal at the bottom. In such a tent where theworking environment approaches that of land, an archeolo-ist could excavate the ocean floor within the tent as he would on land. A plexiglass bubble., which derives its air from the surface, is said to be safe in depths up to 50 feet, Deep submersibles may be useful forboth survey and excavation-work at considerable depth. The small sub- marine, ASHERAH, has been helpful in conducting survey work. Presumably a vehicle such as DEEP DIVER might provide a means of getting divers to the work area on the ocean floor and at the same time enable the pilot and an observer in the forward compartment to conduct limited surveys of the area, Total estimated cost -- $10 million Estimate for f. 1970 $300, 000 CORPS OF ENGINEERS., U. S. ARMY DEVELOPMENT OF OFFSHORE FACILITIES A Proposed New Initiative for FY 1970 to National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development. Problem. Man's increasing activities in the coastal areas are contributing to the congestion of coastal and lakeshore cities, leading to expansion into offshore areas. Biscayne Bay, Florida and San Diego, California are examples. This expansion includes the construction of such facilities as offshore barriers, islands, causeways, airfields, power and desalinization plants, harbors, floating breakwaters, terminal platforms, and access tunnels. Research is required to develop engineering design criteria and construction techniques for these faci- lities and to determine the effects of their construction on the littoral pro- cesses of adjacent coastal areas. Proposed Research. Analytical, laboratory, prototype, and possibly pilot oceanographic and underwater soil mechanics studies would be conducted on: a. The littoral regime in the vicinity of offshore facilities, including the effects of interruption of alongshore sand transport and methods of trans- ferring accretion to downdrift areas. b. The current circulation -patterns in the vicinity of offshore faci- lities, with a view to providing -proper flushing between offshore structures and the shore. C. The effects of wave action on pore pressures and bearing capacity of offshore permeable soils. d. The effect of wave-induced fluctuations of mud on theuse of ocean bottom for structure foundations. e. The effects of alteration of wave refraction and energy distribution by offshore structures on adjacent shores. Program for Accomplishment. While this new initiative would be of multi-agency interest, it would be primarily engineering and construction oriented. There- fore, it is proposed that the research be assigned to the Corps' Coastal Engi- neering Research Center, for accomplishment under its expanding research and development program. This assignment would not require new legislation. The Research Center would coordinate this research program with other interested Federal agencies, including the Departments of Transportation, Commerce, Interior, and Housing and Urban Development. Funds in the amount of $150,000 would be required in FY 70.1/to prepare a comprehensive plan of study and to initiate the research. Thereafter, funds in the amount of $250,000 per year for five years are estimated to be necessary for completion of the program studies. I/ Subject to budgetary constraints. REVISED: 12 Sept. 1968, CORPS Of ENGINEERS,, U. S. AMff NEW TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPIWT FOR FMTORATIoN OF COASTAL SHORES & BEACHES A Proposed New Initiative For FY 1970 to the National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development Problem. The combined forces of nature are continuously eroding and, at some 15cations, building up the beaches along the seacoasts of the United States. The most critical areas which require restoration or nourishment include the entire Atlantic shoreline of New Jersey., the coastline of Florida between Cape Kennedy and Miami, the Gulf of Mexico shoreline in the vicinity of Galveston., the California shoreline from Santa Barbara to San Diego, and the south shoreline of Lake Erie. The most effective dissipator of wave energy is a wide sandy beach, which not only serves as an energy absorber to resist erosion and to@protect structures located on the backshore, but also provides actual or potential recreational benefits. Thus, the most desirable solution to a shore erosion problem is the restoration of a shoreline to desired dimensions with suit- able material, and the periodic placement of additional sand to maintain the necessary strand width and foreshore slope. Presently., 108 beach erosion control projects have been authorized by Congress,, of which 98 involve the placement of suitable fill material for beach restoration and periodic nourishment. It is estimated that beach restoration on these 98 projects wil.1 require about 200 million cubic yards, and the nourishment of these projects during their projected life will require about a billion cubic yards of suitable material. For example, the authorized beach erosion control projects along the Atlantic coastline of Florida will require about 25 million c.y. for restoration and.50 million c.y. for continuing nourishment. For many years, the source of sand for beach restoration and nourish- ment has been from lagoonal and inland deposits. However, in recent years it has become increasingly difficult to obtain suitable sand from these sources in sufficient quantity and at economical costs for beach fill pur- poses. This is due primarily to the increased-value of marginal and inland lands, including developments by public and private interests,, and the added costs of transporting sand from remote inland areas. Material composing the bottom and sub-bottom of estuaries, lagoons, and bays in many instances is not suitable for long-term stabilization purposes. Regardless of material suitability, there is also an increasing restraint on the use of any materials in tideland areas, as evidenced by the many laws and ordinances prohibiting such use., due to the recognition of potential ecological imbalances that may result. REVISED: 12 SEPT. 1968 2o The problem of the scarcity of suitable material for beach fill operations led the Corps-of Engineers to initiate a program in FY 1965 to determine whether large deposits of suitable fill material exist in the offshore zone. The program involves the accumulation of data on the char- acteristics of material composing the bottom and sub-bottom between the 151 and 1001 depth contours. Since FY 1965, sand inventory surveys have been completed along the New Jersey and Florida coastlines. Preliminary analysis of data collected indicates there are many large deposits of suitable material in the offshore zone. For example, there are about 600 million cubic yards of suitable material off the Florida coastline and about 1.5 billion cubic yards along the New Jersey shoreline., at distances ranging from one to six miles offshore. Data are presently being collected along the New England coastline and the area from Cape Charles., Virginia, to the North Carolina line. The remainder of the Atlantic and the Gulf,, Pacific., and Great Lakes offshore sand deposits will be surveyed in future years, as required. The present problem is the development of the best method of placing these offshore deposits on the eroded beaches and, additionally, to afford a better means of creating artificial islands and providing.or main- taining harbor channels. Proposal. It is proposed to develop new techniques and equipment to excavate materM from offshore deposits and deliver this material in a practicable and economical manner to beaches requiring restoration or nourishment. The Corps of Engineers intends to pursue the following primary goals to achieve this objective: a. Investigate improved methods of beach nourishment, using existing hopper dredge direct pump-out and pipeline dredge equipment. b. Investigate and develop new concepts of beach nourishment equipment and procedures, considering such items as submarine dredges and elevated platform units which could result in more efficient and lower cost systems, c. Investigate and develop equipment to better withstand the action of littoral forces (wind,'waves,, and currente) on transferring pipelines or con veyor systems. d. Investigate cheaper methods of transfer of littoral drift deposits at ocean inlets. The iWact of the above techniques on fish, wildlife, and other estu- arine and environmental values would be investigated.,-in cooperation with other agencies, under the Corps' initiative,, "Effects of Construction Activities on the Ecology of the Coastal Zone." Program for Accomplishment. It is estimated that the annual funding required for FY 1970 Vand subsequent years through FY 1973 will be $300,000. This Subject to budgetary constraints. 2 level of funding will provide for: the purchase and installation of instrumentation in the offshore zone to acquire qualitative and quantita- tive data on littoral forces; model tests and small-scale prototype tests of mechanical components, such as pipeline transferal systems; and engineer- ing studies and evaluation of data collected and of new concepts developed for the excavation and utilization of offshore deposits for beach restora- tion and nourishment purposes. The views and advice of university people,, representatives of the dredging industry,, and experts in the coastal engi- neering field will.be solicited in connection with these studies and evaluations. An important objective of this program is to obtain the cooperation and active participation of plant and equipment manufacturers and the dredging contractors. New legislation will not be required to proceed with this type of program, since existing authorities are adequate. Appropriation of annual funds in the above amount will permit this program to proceed on an optimum schedule. This initiative comprises only a part of an over-all research program directed at improving marine construction plant, which will be pursued as funds can be made available. This initiative covers the most urgent facet of that program., which is within the purview of.the Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone. CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S. AF4ff EFFECTS,OF CONSTRUCTIONACTIVITIES ON THE ECOLOGY OF THE.COASTAL ZOVE A Proposed New Initiative for FY 1970 to the National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development. Problem. Construction activities are increasing rapidly in the coastal zone as population pressure mounts and economic development continues to expand. The impact on the coastal environment and ecology is evident., as works associated with modern technology alter the tidal regimen and.degrade or enhance shore and water areas of substantial values. Land fill and dredging, harbor and channel construction, jetties and breakwaters, causeways., hurricane barriers, salinity control structures., and artificial beaches may generate important ecological changes. In the present state of knowledge., many of the effects are obscure and a better understanding of these relationships is urgently needed. Systematic studies of preventive or corrective action and a full evaluation of the side-effects of construction are necessary to realize the potential, and to prevent destruction of our invaluable coastal resources. Proposal. A research program should be undertaken promptly to assess the nature and extent of the effects of construction activities on theenviron- ment of the coastal zone, and to suggest practical measures,, related to such construction,, for improving the management of our estuarine and coastal waters and adjacent lands. With proper knowledge, guidancei and control as neces- sary,, prud ent modifications of existing or contemplated engineering works or industrial activities can be effected, in order to reduce the impact on eco-systems and established economic activities. This research is expected to result in long-range savings in cost and help to provide a rational basis for decisions and trade-offs on the development and preservation of our shores. Program for Acc2fflishment. 1. Interagency Joint Effort. The formulation and execution of this research program would be carried out by the several Federal agencies con- cerned with various facets of these problems, with the Corps of Engineers as the lead agency. a. The Corps has extensive involvement in the coastal zone., including planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of coastal works', such as channel improvements, harbors, canals (land cuts).. protective structures, beaches, and major drainage of swamps and marshes. Also, systems of upstream channel improvements and reservoir iWoundments affect the estuarine and coastal environment. Further,, the Corps hasa nationwide mission in control of noxious aquatic plants, including infesta- tions in the coastal zone. REVISED: 12 SEPT. 1968 2.3 b. Many of the other Federal, State ' municipal, and private activ- ities, such as industrial dredging and spoil disposal,, dumping, installation and operation of shore and offshore structures, including the intakes and outfalls of industrial and power plants generating chemical, biological, radiological, or thermal pollution effects in the coastal zone, are subject to Corps permits and inspections. c. The Corps has extensive experience and capability in construc- tion technology, one of the main factors in man's activities affecting the coastal zone., and one which offers great potential for ameliorative measures. d. With its Coastal Engineering Research Center, Great Lakes Research Center, Waterways Experiment Station, San Francisco Bay Model, and the projected Chesapeake Bay Study and Hodel, the Corps has an array of research facilities and capability that provides a solid base already in being for scientific and engineering research in this area. Present moderate capability in the biological,, environmental,, and socioeconomic disciplines is being strengthened. Existing Corps authorities in water and related, land resources development, including the Coastal Engineering and Great Lakes Research Programs, are adequate for the Corps to undertake this program. e. Many of the individual research projects would be accomplished jointly by two or more agencies and, in some cases, cooperatively with State or other non-Federal agencies, and with industrial trade associations or professional organizations. 2. Multi-disciplinary, Multi-ageng,, Systems-oriented, Case Study Uproaches. Because of the immensity and complexity of the problem, and the broad spectrum of causes and effects, a wide variety of disciplines and expertise of many agencies will be brought to bear. Conceiving of coastal biological and physiographic.processes as a dynamic system, interacting with the inputs of man's intrusion upon it to produce changing beneficial or adverse outputs, the requisite research on this system and process must itself be systems-oriented. Part of the program would be structured in the form of pilot projects. Before-and-after case studies would be made in detail of the effects (favorable or adverse) of Corps projects and project-systems (including reservoirs and upstream channel improvements) on the coastal environment. 3. Extramural Participati on. A considerable portion of this research would be performed extramurally, and it is envisaged that universities, academic institutions, and Sea Grant Colleges would participate with other Federal agencies in this program. 4.' Cost and Schedule. Substantive research., which would be started under thG3_STUra_n_ve_=FY 1970, is to be preceded in FY 1969 with a preliminary study to survey,the existing state-of-the-art, to scope the program with relation to the nature and magnitude of the problems to be investigated, and to develop the detailed research plan', including priori- ties. An advisory group, including outstanding expertise from the major 2 relevant disciplines, within and outside of Goverment, is being established to assist in program formulation and implementation. The entire program would be coordinated with other agencies having missions and continuing programs related to these studies. The Department of the Interior and other agencies with special capabilities in the field would be major contributors to the studies., and the Corps would transfer funds to such agencies for this purpose, YT 1970 $ 250,000 FY 1971 500.9000 FY 1972-74 13,000,000/year. 1/ Subject to budgetary constraints. 3 CORPS OF ENGINEERS., U. S. ARMY COMBATING OIL SPILLS A Proposed New Initiative for FY 1970 to National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development Problem. The "Torrey Canyon" oil spill disaster off the coasts of England and France in March 1967 was the stimulus which awakened the world community to the fact that., despite the advanced state of our technology, we were severely defi- cient in knowledge or experience on,how to cope with a major oil spill. Many of the measures taken in connection with the Torrey Canyon spill were of an emergency nature, with much doubt that they would be timely, practicable, and effective. In fact, the defensive measures taken approached being a vast experiment by which it was-hoped that the damage to aquatic life could be mini- mized and the coastal areas protected or restored. At the same time, this.3*-nci- dent provided useful basic data for future use in developing definitive programs and techniques for prevention, control, and restoration measures in the event of a major oil spill. A review of the actions taken as a result of the Torrey Canyon incident demonstrates clearly that knowledge in this field is sparse and that extensive investigations coupled with selective research programs are ur- gently required, so that an assured capability and technique could be developed to combat a major oil spill and accomplish satisfactory restoration operations on the beach. Pro-posed Research. New and -practical techniques should be developed which would be applicable to three princ.ipal areas of concern associated with an oil spill, namely:containment of oil at site; destruction or recovery of oil at site,- and protection and restoration of the shore face. In each area, the following primary goals to achieve this objective should be pursued: 1. Containment.of oil at Site, a. Investigate and develop improved methods, techniques, and hard- ware to contain an oil slick within a limited area: Different types of floating booms are in common use for the control of oil spills in sheltered waters. How- ever, much is to be desired with res,ect to their effectiveness and capabilities, Various types of floating booms will be investigated and evaluatedand an effort made to develop an optimum system which is easily transportable and readily as- sembled and installed. Since no floating booms have been developed to withstand the forces in the ocean environment,,a major effort should be directed to determi- ning whether it would be feasible to develop a boom for this purpose. b. Investigate and determine the feasibility of developing a bubble curtain barrier system adaptable to the ocean environment: Similar systems., for. use in sheltered waters., have been developed and used successfully in porL and harbor areas to contain an oil spill. REVISED: 12 SEPT. 1968 2. Destruction or Recovery of Oil at Site. a. Investigate the feasibility of developing a method, adaptable to the Corps of Engineers hopper dredge fleet, whereby chemically-treated sand would be sprayed over an oil slickcausing the oil to adhere to the sand particles and sink to the bottom: Extensive preliminary laboratory work has already been completed by the Royal Dutch Shell Company in Holland, with results indicating that this technique has possibilities and merits further research leading to a prototype test, The availability of sand along the coas tal areas and the capability of the Corps hopper dredges to dredge, treat, and deliver this sand to the location of in offshore oil spill, are factors which make re- search in this field highly desirable. The principal effort should be directed to (1) determining the modifications required to Corps hopper dredges and (2) developing a pumpbut dispensing system to apply the chemically-treated sand to the oil slick. The possibility of adverse ecologic effects from use of this technique should be carefully evaluated by the FWPCA. b. Investigate the feasibility of developing oil skimmer or collection- type equipment of much greater capacities than now,exist: Special effort should be directed to the development of unique collection-type plant capable of operating. in the ocean environment. Present equipment has limited capacity and is of such nature that it can operate only in sheltered waters on relatively minor oil spills. 3. Protection and Restoration of the Shore Face. a. (1) Investigate the feasibility of utilizing an expedient of large sand-filled nylon bags to form a protective barrier dike around the more, critical shorefront locations when an attack by an oil spill is imminent. (2) Also, investigate possibilities of developing a protective cover system.and method of installation and anchoring of large rubber, plastic, or polyethelyne sheets of fabric similar to the plastic covers used at ball parks to protect the field during inclement weather: Rolls of these fabric sheets might be stockpiled at strategic locations and be readily transportable',so that installation can be made at vulnerable locations in a short period of time. b. Investigate the feasibility of developing a highly sophisticated piece of heavy construction equipment@similar to a paving machine,which could move along the beach skimming and collecting a layer of the oil-contaminated beach sand, processing the mixture automatically by burning or chemical means, and then discharging the clean or processed sand back on the beach. Program for Accomplishment. This initiative is of multi-agency interest and represents a segment of the comprehensive research program considered necessary to assure aTederal capability to cope successfully with massive oil spill incidents. It is intended that the agencies 'with primary responsibility for that part of the program covered by this initiative would be the FWPCA and :the Coast Guard, as these agencies are well qualified and adequately equipped and staffed to undertake this mission. However., since the Corps of Engineers has expertise in the fields of coastal engineering and marine and heavy construction, particu- larly in the.coastal and offshore areas, and has the resources, facilities,and 2 27 marine plant required, it could assist and participate in the program even though primary responsibility is vested in other Federal agencies. On this basis, the Corps would coordinate with the efforts of other agencies and private interests which may be engaged in research on complementary facets of the overall problem. The Corps participation in the program could be accomplished by utilizing the resources and facilities of the various District Offices, as required,.as well as the Coastal Engineering Research Center, the Waterways Experiment Station, and the Marine Design Division of the Philadelphia District. Corps assistance to the lead agencies in this program would be at their. request and on a reimbursable basis. Accordingly, Corps funding of this program is not e@nvisioned. Pending development of more ref ined figures by the lead agencies, the Corps estimates that this program would involve a funding requirement of about $1 million per year for four years. 3 U. S. Department of Commerce Maritime Administration Suggested FY1970 Initiative for Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development Seaport Control Tower Problem: At the present time, there are some 24 Federal agencies whose functions affect the administration, operation or development of the ocean port. The existing multiplicity of these Federal organizations and their often dispersed, physical location within individual ports adversely affect the efficient servicing of ships, cargo and passengers and thus our international trade and commerce. Objective: The development of a port "Control Tower" would achieve: (1) the centralization of port activities and the reduction of the retardant effects of multiple, un- coordinated Federal agency activities, (2) the facilitation of the entrance and clearance of ships, cargo, and passengers, and (3) the implementation of the recommendations of the INCO and OAS 1 international waterborne transportation facilitation conventions, dealing with ports, which the United States has ratified. Scope: From the viewpoint of the Federal Government, the "Control Tower" designation would refer to the headquarters location of a so-called Federal "Port Controller". Enactment of new or amendment of existing legislation could give the Maritime Administration the authority to act in the capacity of "Federal Port Controller" and define its responsibilities with respect to coordinating all Federal port activities regarding the entrance and clearance of ships, passengers and cargo. To this end, the local offices of the Federal inspection and clearance agencies, such as Customs, Immigration, Public Health, Agriculture,Coast Guard, etc. would function as staff to the Port Controller. Several concepts should be examined to consider the provision of a central focal point of certain or all port activities. The determining factor as to concepts should be the scope and nature of the port activities taking place at specific ports. Concept A (see chart 1), embodying the "Control Tower" approach, could consist of a separately located "Federal Port Activities Center" (also housing the "Federal Port Control Tower") administered by the Federal Government, which to the maximum degree possible ,would house certain Federal agencies within one building in order to facilitate inter-agency coordination and communications. International Maritime Consultation Organization Organization of American States Organizationally, the tower would contain two groupings of resident organizations. The first would contain the aforesaid Federal inspection and clearance agencies under the coordinating head or "Port Controller". The second resident grouping would consist of those Federal port related agencies having a significant influ- ence on the port, but not a direct daily bearing on cargo or passengers. A third grouping would be of the basically non-resident type consisting of Federal port- related agencies such as F.M.C., I.C.C., etc. Space permitting, these agencies could also be housed in the building constituting the Federal Port Activities Center. Concept B (see chart 2) consists of the type already in existence and rapidly being provided at many U.S. and foreign ports in the form of commercial "World Trade Centers". In effect, this is a Private Port Activities Center, administered by a port authority, maritime association, or a joint committee of local interests and consisting of a large building or buildings housing the non-Federal organi- zations and entities involved in international business and in the administrative processing of world trade. Under such centralized conditions, these interests could act more expeditiously in clearing passengers and commerce through the port. As detailed in chart 2, those organizations embodied would consist of resident and non-resident non-Federal agencies, private firms, and entities. Such a "World Trade Center" could continue to exist, or be established, as physically- separated from the Federal Tower concept. Concept 2 (see chart 3) can be considered the ultimate in centralization of port activities as it would encompass the principles of the two previously described concepts. As a "World Trade Center", administered by a port authority, maritime association, or a joint committee of local interests, it would contain a "Control Tower" for all Federal port activities, separately administered by the Federal Government and embodying, on a resident and non-resident basis, the same organi- zational structure of Federal agencies described in concept A. As a counterpart to the Federal activities area, there would also be contained in such a center, on both a resident and non-resident basis, the same organizational structure of non-Federal interests described in concept B. Thus, at a single physical location, ship officers, forwarders, shippers, and others could make all the necessary arrange- ments regarding the entrance and clearance of the ship, its crew, its passengers and the various elements of its cargo. An additional significant benefit obtained by the Federal Government from the "Seaport Control Tower" concept would be that, in the event of a National emergency or war, there would be in existence a Federally operated port center capable of immediately exercising Federal control of the emergency utilization of the local port, as provided in the current plans of the Maritime Administration and contained in its "Manual for the Emergency Utilization and Control of United States Ports, dated October 31, 1963". Plan of Action: The Maritime Administration will proceed with the preparation of appropriate draft legislation to accomplish the purposes of this initiative, in close cooperation with the Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone and the Marine Sciences Council. Additional funds will not be required to develop this initiative unless it is determined that, initially, a study should be made to determine the ports to be included in such a program, the types of centers to be established. Federal costs for provision of office space, administrative costs of the local Federal Port Control organizations, etc.. In such event, costs of such a study are estimated at $150,000 with completion within one year from commencement. ,C:: Fj '0 -1 9C, HCt Ct- C4 II @s P z 0 p P 0 F' pj & @v @z @; P cf, U 0 W4 (D c) 0- ct ct P) 0 ct 0 1 ;r @3 0 C) 0 rD 2, 0 1 0 0 cf- :w- 0 @ 1119 c.@ cl@ CD w. 11 p o 0 CD cf- t,o 0 w (PD 0 0 0 0 0 o10 C-1 CQ tj0 tv 0 Fl P. 0li Q P, p tj F@ cl- 0 Id (D (D lj cl. -Y (D Co In CIO 0 Ct (D P, (D IV W 0 0 P, cf- Fi Q) @Nj (D r ct Fl 0 V od - ---- ------ + co F Id cf, F. 0 @d 0 0 P. 0 0 5 . R 5. r-, g , @, Id 0 0 ci- Q 'D lp, 'PI r; P, 110 C' I'l' P4 Fol @01 0C, (D pp;l 0 V) t3@ Ct (D ct (D tj 0 Fj . ', @i :Ei @l 10P. U) (a t, 0 Fl 011 0 '1 - > :3. & t4 ri) ro Fj ra 0 Ea (D cf- (D 01 4 g b LA " 4 to ct )i . 1, 11 R co pj !@A c+ Q 0 tj Q (D 0 C+ t. rl 'I (D & ct. CD td M IC-11 m C@ ci- 0 rn tO 0 1:.' 1 P. CD P) p p (D -1 Fj t j Fj P. P. P. Fj. Cl H. P. :3 C+ e C+ 0 C@ C+ (D P. zI , ct Ell p ri 0 to a R P @-3 'P' P, 0 C+ ro P, o co Ea Qq ct :j CA co 014 r%) EO , C+ 0 0 0) 0 o tj 0 0 CQ rn ril 0 ri tj 0 0 0 pol ct Fi ci 0 k-I F' 0 lox ri cl En '.I cf. Ij @d 0 m P, Cc) p CD (A fb P- H ck ct- C) t- cl0 c :71. ct 0 t7l C) Q" ,:i; 0 ci- 1-4 P. (D C" -- - -------------------- ki @cF En V) o P, ct* H 0 (D (D 1-3 oLilo 0D)0 !@d I@j V) CF Ell CD0 cF @l lo@ H P,2 'd Gqi._j DC- 0 rs 0 1, P, 01 ty. ci* (D td0 ct, ty,0 (D ct P. pi 0 W, ri rA 0 I., 4j El (D a) ca @-j @2 0 CD OP P 0 P. U, 'P'. 41 P. @lp N, H. '" o 0 p Fj p0 (D (A td td09, 'p. o @l VQ0A P0' 'P J @l @f P. r7 V) C+ 0 P.9(D c"FF @i [email protected] ci- CD 1 8n 0& F@0 pi (Da ol tj (D 00 0 ci- (D ct, t, (b (D (D ra rD I., lc@ I,- CC), ll@ lc4l C+ 5@;S F-j 0U) PR 13 ID wz P, 0 0 C-1 Cq (D P,0 r" " 00 @jjtj Fl.0 G>0 0 0 Fj ct Z0) cl CIQ ct00 C4 0 0 o 0 (a? ?F1 0 cq cl 0 En U. S. Department of Commerce Maritime Administration Suggested FY1970 Initiative For Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development Offshore Ports and Systems for Bulk Cargoes Problem: A major share of our industrial base is dependent on liquid and dry bulk products entering via our ocean ports. Under existing conditions, the operation of bulk- petroleum carriers presents the constant risk of oil pollution to land and sea areas adjacent to a point of ship collision or grounding. Exclusive of safety and pollution hazards the tcchnology of present and future bulk ship construction is outstri pping and will continue to outstrip the capacity of existing ports to provide adequate channel depths and shoreside berthing facilities to accommodate existing or planned super and "mammoth" size bulk carriers. A third consideration is that, Linder an all-out nuclear attack, it can be assumed that a great number of the exist- ing in-port petroleum transfer facilities would be destroyed, thereby having an immediate detrimental effect on the industrial capacity of this nation. Under existing circumstances our ports and shipping channels are becoming congested and dangerous, presenting not only risks of collision, fire, destruction and financial loss; but also pollution of port and valuable recreational areas. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate and develop those types of bulk cargo transfer facilities and locations which would (1) reduce ship traffic in con- gested port areas and ship channels, thereby reducing safety hazards and the risk of pollution to ports and adjacent areas; (2) provide water depths adequate to accommodate the larger bulk carrying ships now in existence and those planned for the future, and (3) to reduce the susceptibility of existing U.S. tanker terminal facilities to enemy attack. Plan of Action: A few of the possible solutions worthy of comprehensive evaluation are as follows: (1) Offshore Ports and Artificial Islands Engineering studies should be conducted to determine the feasibility of constructing offshore "ports", "islands", or facil- ities of a fixed or floating nature, sufficient in size and dimension to withstand the expected forces of nature, and at the same time provide relatively adequate shelter to vessels transferring cargo. Some of the required technology for this type of structure is already in existence as exemplified by the "Texas Towers". In order to minimize the risk of damage from adverse weather and sea conditions and, at the same time, increase ship turnaround time, it may be possible to develop high capacity conveying, pumping and pipeline equipment presently not in existence. For liquid products, the transfer from ship to shore via the "port" or "island", would be by the use of submarine pipelines. In the case of dry bulk products, as appropriate offshore transfer could be accomplished via pipelines in slurry form or by other innovative systems to shore terminals from the point of discharge. These offshore installations and facilities would be constructed and staffed to function as self- Contained etities capable of coping with any emergency situation that may arise. Designs for this and other types of suggested solutions would include the best techniques for improved containment control, treatment of spills, and recovering of pollutants. For example, they could be equipped with oil separation equipment in the event of spillage, to include perhaps a standby tanker at each major installation provided with such. equipment - the tanker(s) to be provided by the American petroleum/ tanker industries. Detergents and other oil-removal materials could also be stock- piled. (2) Isolated Area Locations - Coastal area investigations should be made in order to determine suitable locations away from populated areas which lend themselves to development of specialized ports., and shelter for all sizes of bulk ships. While it is an accepted fact that any site chosen would probably require extensive initial and maintenance dredging, this method may be the most economical in the long run. The risk of pollution from accidents in the approaches to such isolated locations, while perhaps minimized, would not be completely eliminated, however, spillage,within such areas could be controlled and corrected quickly through proper advance planning installation design and oil control techniques. (3) Ship-to-Barge Transfer - Of lesser significance, this method is currently in use and consist of transferring bulk products in deep water between larger ships, whose drafts prevent the use of available channels, harbors and shoreside terminal facil- ities, and harbor barges. While this method does not eliminate the risk of pollution and is uneconomical from the standpoint of time, it may prove to be the most practical solution, in some cases, to the costly improvement of port channels in that it does permit the use of large point-to-point ocean carriers while reducing the size of unit oil loads actually entering the port. (4) 0cean Barge Systems - Ocean barges are c urrently being designed in sizes up to 24,000 Dwt, including ocean push-towing features. Study considerations should there- fore include possible offshore handling of large non-self propelled ocean tanker barges used in transporting petroleum, chemicals and other liquid cargoes. (5) Submarine Tankers - While some studies have been conducted on this exotic form of petroleum transportation., the resultant projected high costs have prevented its development up to the present time. Under existing circumstances, however, a restudy may be warranted. Use of a submarine tanker in conjunction with submerged pipelines extending offshore on the sea bottom would permit rapid cargo transfer to take place completely underwater and obviate the need for costly above water teminal and mooring facilities at the seaward end and the inherent risks from inclement weather. (6) Sea Tower Terminal - Studies should be undertaken to determine the feasibility of designing, and constructing offshore, deep water, fixed towers or some modified structure which could house pipeline and hose handling equipment that could load and unload super-size tankers from an overhead position similar to the way a gantry crane is employed in handling containers. Such a concept could be designed, for example, on the basis of the conventional, multiple buoy system and could eliminate the slower method of lifting a hose-marker buoy containing the offshore end of the 35 pipeline hose on board to be connected to tile ship's manifold. There have been cases where the pipeline hose has broken away from the hose-marker buoy causing considerable problems and delays in discharging. it those sites where no shelter exists and sea conditions are extreme, a sea tower terminal may not be as suitable as some of the aforementioned methods. (7) Other - The possibility of other innovative offshore or outport facilities, other than those mentioned herein, should be investigated. With any of the above listed approaches that prove technically possible, a complete systems analysis should be made in order that all substantive factors receive equal attention. In this regard, in addition to appropriate consideration of the economic factors involved, i.e., location of producing areas, consuming areas and refineries; system, operation and commodity movement costs; environmental studies covering weather, hydrography, topography, geology, ocean currents, etc., must ultimately be carried out in order to arrive at the best possible solutions) with consideration being given to possible establishment of defined sea routes for petroleum carriers. The analysis must also include consideration of the movement of bulk commodities between shore terminal points and storage, refining, and consumption locations via overland pipelines., conveyors, conventional carriers, etc. Ultimately, the deciding factor will be the matter of economics and economic feasi- bility, taking into consideration any possible Federal Government participation in the costs of the changeover and, a transitional period. For this reason all data relative to all possible solutions must be assembled and compared against the data applicable to each possible concept. Initially, an investigation should be made of the existing national system of the occanborne movement of bulk cargoes with major and priority emphasis upon petroleum products and other hazardous liquid commodities, including existing loading and discharging ports and facilities,, ocean carriers - present and planned, commodity movements including origin and destination, shipper requirements, etc. Concurrently therewith, engineering investigations of various possible alternative offshore and outport transfer facilities should be undertaken and complete conceptual designs accomplished for the most promising. Thereafter, a minimum of one complete systems analysis should be made for a selected major petroleum shipping route, say a Texas port or ports to the port of New York and its area. Costs for this study program are estimated at $1,000,000 with time for completion scheduled for a two year period. F.Y. 1970 fund requirements would be $500,000. In view of its statutory, national responsibilities for the development of ocean shipping and ports and port facilities, the Maritime Administration would be the logical agency to undertake this program. Coast and Geodetic Survey, ESSA Initiative: Seaward Boundary Determination Introduction The generalized interest of the thirty Coastal and Great Lakes S tates in "marine environment activities" (using that term to include any use, or potential use, of the oceans, the Great Lakes and their contiguous waters and shore) is well known. .Many states have establ is h e d ocean resource commissions or advisory groups to plan, develop and guide their programs. It appears that the intensity. of state interest in.marine environment activities increases in direct ratio to the exi.stence of an economic catalyst such as the potential of exploitable resources or the need for coastal engineering strilr@tures. In states presently having oil and gas benefits (California, Louisiana and Texas) interest in marine environment activities is already intense, Such resource motivated interest is rapidly spreading to other states as well as increasing in intensity at an accelerating rate as knowledge of potential resources increa.ses. The extractive industries, especially oil, are now exploring, or have manifested an interest in exploration off Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Florida,, the Carolinas, New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maine. An increased interest in political boundaries goes hand-in-hand with mining and engineering development in thecoastal region. Coastal boundaries 3.7 are delimited on the basis of the delimitation of the legal coastline or baseline. Determination of the location and form of the baseline involves two fundamental surveying procedures: (1) establishment of the appropriate tidal datum plane by tide gages in place for at least one year of continuous observations at each location and (2) aerial photomapping of the horizontal delineation of the line formed by the intersection of the shore and the appropriate tidal datum plane. The foregoing surveying proc.edures have been carried out as regular functions of the Coast and Geodetic Survey but primarily fo 37 the purpose of producing navigational charts, tidal information and tidal datum planes. During the past few weeks, the Coast and Geodetic Survey'has been approached by four states (California, Louisiana, Texas and Massachusetts) seeking technical advice regarding the locating of the baseline of their Federal-State offshore boundary. As mining and engineering development in the coastal region accelerates, it seems clear there will be an.-,.nc rea singly acute demand on the Coast and Geodetic Survey to accelerate its traditional shore and sea survey program specifically for boundary purposes. However, before. such technical field work is done, there must first be made certain preliminary planning decisions as well as legal interpretations and policy decisions which are beyond the authority of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Analytical exam- ination must also be made of existing tidal and survey information in the C&GS archives to determine exactly where new field work is required. _Z_ Decisions Preliminary to Boundary Determination Preliminary planning decisions, leg al interpretations'and policy decisions which must be made include the following: (1) Normal baseline The normal baseline, whether on the mainland, structures, islands ,or rocks awash, is in reality delimited by relevant points on the low v ater line. In practice, it will not be necessary to locate the low water line every- where. But it will be necessary to locate the low water line (1) at salient points from which arcs are to be swung to delimit the outer Federal-State boundary and (2) at headlands of bays and (3) in the boundary area between adjacent states and betvieen the United States and Canada and the United States and Mexico, in order to constract the lateral boundary. (Z) Juridical bays It will be necessary to deL'.ermine what coastal indentations are bays by applying the semicircle test and the maximum 24 mile closing line rule. (3) Historic bays It will be necessary to determine what coastal indentations are areas over which the United States has traditionally asserted dominion with the acquiescence of foreign nations. (4) Straight baseline system It is to be expected that stat es with rugged coastlines fringed with islands (e. g. Alaska and Maine) will push for the adoption of a system of -3- straight baselines along such coasts, as this will increase the states$ offshore territory. Recommendations To meet an accelerated demand for offshore boundary determination, preparation should be made now. The following steps are recommended: (1) Executive Branch task force There should be created as soon as possible a small inter-agency ta'sk force (a') to work with the interested states and (b) to decide the federal position upon the decisions necessarily preliminary to locating the Federal-State, or international boundary. The task force should probably include Just'ice (Lands Division), chairman; State'(Legal Adviser and Geographer); Interior (General Counsel and Bureau of Land Management); and Commerce (Coast and Geodetic Survey). (2) Executive Branch Monitoring Group Establish an inter-agency group to analyze existing data and new. survey data, establish priorities for additional field work, monitor the work of fixing final baselines and Federal-State offshore boundaries, and serve as a Federal point of contact in working with state organizations. It is estimated that 7 individuals will be required; one from Land Management, one from Justice, and two tidal specialists and three cartog- raphers from the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Costs would approximate $110, 000 per year beginning in FY 1970. -4- 3. Initial Federal Equipment Investment In FY 1970, procure tide measuring equipment and a specially outfitted aircraft as a step preliminary to field operations. Costs would approximate $2, 550, 000. 4. Federal-State Matching Funds Program States interested in determining their outer (Federal) boundary sho uld share the cost. This could be done by a Federal-State matching funds pro- gran-1. Such a program could also be utilized to establish priority of boundary determination, since it would be impossible to den-lakcate every state's boundary at once. In other words, each state's boundary would be worked-on in the order in which the states allocated their matching funds. Costs to the Government are estimated as follows: 1973 Fiscal Year 1970 1971 1972 And Beyond Federal Funds 280 545 855 895 (in thousands) SUMMARY OF TOTAL COSTS 1973 Fiscal Year 1970 1971 1972 And Beyond Federal 2,940 655 965 1,005 State 280 545 855 895 Total 3,220 1,200 1,820 1,900 -5- Coast and Geodetic Survey, ESSA CIRCULATORY CHARACTERISTICS OF COASTAL WATERS Initiative: An accelerated and comprehensive program to determine the circulatory characteristics of nearshore waters is considered necessa ry for the proper development of the resources of the coastal zone. Detailed surveys of the circulaC'on patterns of the various gulfs, bi ghts, sounds, bays, estuaries, and inner shelf are req*uired. The benefits derived from the determinations will be interdisciplinary in nature and will cover virtu- ally every facet of coastal development activity; fisheries (both sport and commercial), pollution, beach erosion, recreation, real-estate development (both residential and industrial), pleasure boating, oil exploration and d.ril- ling, shipping, underwater constructions, and mining. In addition, asa by-product, the program will provide the descriptive'basis upon which predictions of oceanographic variables can be made. The surveys would employ current meters, drogues, dye, radio- active tracers, STD sensors, and stereoscopic photogrammetric techniques. As such, ships, airplanes, and buoys will be required. The specific techniques used would be dictated by the nature of the particular body of water being investigated. In all cases, however, the surveys would in- clude the entire water column. The synoptic presentations resulting from the sur veys would be augniented by the use of monitoring stations (probably buoys) at various "key" locations in each area for the purpose of determining the varia- bility of the patterns with time. The proposed plan would double and improve the present capability of the Coast and Geodetic Survey in the field of circulatory surveys within a 3-year period and maintain this capability for an indefinite period. Results to be obtained are in direct linear proportion to effort expended. Gi ven the additional resources outlined in the attached table, 4 major estuarine areas of a size comparable to Narragansett Bay could be covered each year beginning with FY 1972. On the inner shelf, larger areas could be covered. Beginning with FY 1972, the annual pr o-gram cost would level off at $776, OOO/FY. -2- CIRCULATORY SURVEYS IN COASTAL WATERS Additional Costs In Thousands Fiscal Year .1970 1971 1972 & Beyond New Vessel & Buoy Survey System 2,000 Vessel & Buoy Operating Costs 50 200 200 Reduction & Analysis of Data --- zo 40 Shore Support 20 20 Photo grammetric Support 100 100 TOTALS 2,050 340 360 TOTAL PROGRAM 2,466 756 776 0 OLE 9 April 1968 Department of Transportation United States Coast Guard Suggested FY 1970 Initiatives for Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development Summary 1 Oil Pollution program, Massive Oil Spill a. Containment $ 50,000 b. Source Control 400,000 c. Pollotant Recovery 1,600,000 d. Oil Bio-degradation Study 100,000 2. Port Advisory Services 200,000 3. Hazardous Cargo Inforqmation Center 250,000 $2,600,000 *For discussion purposes only 0 OLE 9 April 1968 Department of Transportation United States Coast Guard Suggested * FY 1970 Initiatives f or Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development For Discussion Purposes Only) 1. Oil Pollution program A. Massive Oil Spill. The accidental discharge of massiv e quantities of oil as a result of the T0RREY CANY0N casualty provided the motivation for a great effort by goverment and industry to prevent, control and cleanup oil spills. However, although a start has been made in FY 168, and continued in FY 69, additional work must be continued into 1970 and beyond if we as a nation are going to be prepared to copc with this problem, At the present time we are not prepared to combat or cope with a massive oil spill anywhere in the U.S. or on the open sea coastal waters. The OCEAN EAGLE, grounding is testimony to this. Deficiencies exist in the legal and institutional, training and education of personnel, equipment and knowledge The following Coast Guard programs are therefore recommended for FY '70 to continue the work begun in FY '68. 1.) Continuation and Intensification of Research Noting with concern the limited-extent of prescnt 2 0 knowledge with respect to the rapid, safe and efficient disposal of oil in the case of major spillages especially in the open sea, as a matter of urgency research and development in the following area-- is indicated: a. Containment. Suitable materials to contain an oil spill must readily be available in all inland and coastal areas. Booms presently avail-- able for containment are reasonably effective in quiet water areas,, but they are riot generally available or suitable for a gross spill containment. Also, present containment methods for use. on the, oceans and in rough water areas are inadequate and should be improved through development, test and evaluation. Design criteria should allow for air transport, quick assembly, rigging arid placement. Training and indoctrination of operational personnel must also.. be accomplished. The Federal Government should take the lead in, this effort, assissted by private industry in research, technology and development of concepts. Estimated cost of development $50,000. 0 b. Source Containment and Control. Mechanisms for containment and control of oil cargo at the source are also inadequate, particularly in the case of vessels which experience difficu lty at sea and may discharge their cargoes as a result. The, PEGASUS is an example of this type situation. Techniques for containing, cargo and fuel oil or with drawing the cargo from troubled vessels should be developed. Develo pment of light weight, air transportable, high capacity pumps is in order. Cooperation with the U. S. Navy, Supervisor of Salvage would be desirable for mutual benefits to be derived. Burning should not be ignored as a means of oil disposal at the source.. Although the method employed to burn the oil in the TORREY CANYON failed, and it appears that failure of that particular procedure should have. been predictable. it is considered possible to dispose of the oil within a wreck by burning. It is possible to design and develop burners, to be installed on tank tops, that will burn oil at a very high rate. Such burners can be made. sell'- sustaining, or independent of external power sources, once they have been started by means of a battery or air charge. Remote and Simultaneous starting of a large number of installed tank top burners is desired. provisions would include prevention of softening and collapse of the tanker hull from heat. although it might not be practicable to Protect the superstructure. Such burners would be designed to be air transportable, and readily adaptable to tanker hulls of different depths. Although such a burner would not be a primary salvage tool, its development for special applications is considered justifiable. Cost of these projects: Source containment $100,000 High speed pumps $200,000 Tank top burner $100,000 Total $400,000 C. Pollution Cleanup of Massive Oil Spills on the Ocean Recent events of the past year show that the probability of a massive oil. spill off the coasts of the United States cannot be ignored. The probability of major damage is slowly increasing with time. Accidents will never be eliminated, nor will the effects of heavy weather, or malfunctioning equipment or mis- takes of humnan beings. The average size of tankers is slowly increasing as is the tanker traffic in the coastal zone. The effects of an oil spill are also increasing with the increasing size of the tankers, and the increasing use and development of our coastal land, estuarine and water areas. The experience of the TORREY CANYON saw an outlay of $30,000,000 for cleanup caused by the lost oil cargo. Many studies and experience have pointed to the deficiency of coping with gross leakage at sea. The nation can ill afford to ignore the threat and to accept as the only course of action preventative measures. Removal of the oil from the water before it befouls the coastline or creates a major fire or safety hazard in our port areas is a possibility that should be pursued. Possibilities are to collect the oil from the surface of the ocean, in shore and shoal waters, separate the oil from or other flotation devices. If tankers are to be used, the possiblity of Z-2 tankers 6 from the Reserve Fleet is a possibility. If their use proves feasible, consideration should be (given to possibility of two such vessels on each of our coasts including the Great Lakes. Size limitations of T-2 tankers (15,000 tons) should be considered since 20,000 toms of oil was released from the TORREY CANYON in the first 24 hours. Our technology is capable of developing the pumps, fittings and accessories for such a project. However, operation of such a concept on the size required would require an ocean-going vessel, such as a tanker barge or floating containers. Floatation devices with appropriate pipelines and floating containers also would have to be developed. equipment and containment booms effective under moderate open sea condition, can be developed to be air transportable and capable of being handled at the scene by relatively small vessels and heli- copters. Alternatives to be considered are barges and tankers for charter- ing for use in certain areas for use as containment vessels. Another alternative is the purchase, design and construction of collapsible and air transportable sausage-shape containient devices made of fiber reinforced plastic or rubber. A few C-130 aircraft loads of such devices would provide receiving, and temporary stowage capacity for a larger amount of oil. The primary responsibility for dealing with a massive oil spill rests with the Federal Government and specifically with the Coast Guard. 7 Tliis. initl.ati-ve cal-Is for a feas--Ibil-it,r study and devel-op.-nent of prototypc ha-rdware and procedures for r---,-.'1ova.3. of nil'tssive amounts o.,F' oil. frc-n the oce-an stirface. TI)c project Would be to fol1a'.,7-on tl-,,c. FY 169 work with a [email protected] to develop in FY '70 coric ept ra.--ars, h@ard,,-,ard and organiz,-.'.ti(.-)nAl- arran genic ns to reriove inassive o-31 spill froil the ocean. It woul.d be appropl-iate to solicit the tal,ont and cooperation of the petro- leum indu@--;try in the dev--3-op,--,ient of such a systei,-L, since the 1-ndustry has a significart concern in anti-polluLion effor'U-s. Cost 01, a feasibil-ity study $100.9000 Cost of a devcl.op,@ient o-Lf* eq--aipatent. and nodification of T--2 tanker $10 ecol 0100 Barge $ 250>COO Fl-otation Devices @-22L, 920 Tot@0. $1Y 6- coil 000 NOTE - The Coast Guard withdrew the item for the T-2 tanker ($1 million), above, at a CMUCZ meeting on April 9, 1968. Ell 0 d. Oil Bio-degradation Study Basic research of oil action., dissipation and degradation in the ocean environment. Although there has been some early research in this field,, such findings have not been related to the national development of regulations, standards or criteria. Such questions as to the validity of the criteria of 100 ppm of oil allowed to be discharged in the sea prohibited zones, under certain conditions, should be examiined from the rational scientific standpoint. . Further, the examination of the prohibited zones should also be made to deter- mine if sufficient "buffer zone" exists with the increasing use of importance of the "coastal zone area." With due rcgard to the tanker lanes size and volume of tankers using these nes this initiative relates to the Oil Pollution Act. of 1961. which stemmed fron the Oil Pollution Convention of 1954 (Convention For the Prevntion of Pollution of the Seas By Oil 1954). With the increasing interest of the Continental Shelf. the various programs that are being mounted in this sea area, the adequacy of present preventative safeguards should be reviewed. The DOT/U.S. Coast Guard as the administrator of the Oil Pollution Act of 1961 Executive Secretary of the U.S. Delegation of the Intergovernmental Consultative Organization (I.M.C.0), under whose international cognisanc these proposals would fall, is the appropriate federal aqency to sponsor such studies. Cost of Oil Bio-degradation Study $100,000 9 0 2. Port Advisory Services The I.M.C.O. Subcomittee on Safety of Navigation considers that port advisory services can make a valuable contribution to safety in harbor approaches, and concluded that member goverments should he recommend to consider setting up appropriate services in port that Warrant it by the importance and nature of their traffic, particularly in oil terminals and other ports where noxious or hazardous cargoes are loaded and unloaded. This service would be provided by the U. S. Coast Guard working in cooperative with local authorities and industry. The Coast Guard Captains of the Port offices would plan to initiate this service in FY '70 at the following major ports Portland, Me. New York., N.Y. Philadelphia, Pa, Baltimore, I'd. Norfolk, Va. Charleston, W. Va. St. Louis Mo. Houston, Texas Few Orleans, La. LA/LB, Calif. San Francisco, Calif. Portland, Ore. Seattle Wash. However, on a voluntary basis of part i c ipat ing companies and local authorities the service would go into effect without delay at Captain of the Port, Houston, Texas i. e. by 1 jannuary 1969 on a trial basis, as an extension of the Channel Industries Mutual Aid Plan. The service would supplment present notice to mariners and.would include the radio- broadcast at scheduled and other times as appropiate and upon request of navigational information, marine, traffic information, ,emergency incedents in the harbor, channel. or approaches. Also te1ephone infor- mation and daily printed bulletins would provided. based upon a 10 0 year's trial operation, informat ion for, the feasibility of extending, the service the)the above listed. The problem of operations in pilot waters with the U.S. position calling for "bridge to bridge" comunication would have to be fully explored, since the imposition of a second VHF, or other communications requirement on the merchant marine would have to be explored very carefully. The views of the Navigational Planning Staff, who are dev1oping the U.S. Nationa1 Maritimie Navigation Plan would be solicited. Cost of this prototype P.A.S. in the Houston Ship Channel would be $200,000. 0 Hazardous Cargo Information Center With the increasing volume of hazardous cargoes, port congestion, marine traffic, population densities in our port areas, anti-pollution efforts and there is a need for the Coast Guard to develop a modern technical data bank containing, pertinent information on hazardous cargeos moving, in water transportation, their properties, effects if accidentally released and protective measures to be taken by own forces and the port area in the event of an accidental release. Capability of the Center would also include, quick retrieval. and transmission to selected distant field units of" Pertinent information for the use by Oper- ating and technical personnel. Captain of thc Port, Houston now main- tains a modest information center of chemical cargo characteristisc. This initiative would up-date this Center and, expand the service to include all. the Galveston-Houston Ship Channel. Implementation would be in phased steps after 1970 for all U.S. navigable waters and could be extended to include chemicals in other modes of It should be noted that the basic problem is local, not overwhilmingly federal, or by uncontrollable circumstances interstate. Thus federal control would not prevail necessarily, although in certain, areas the Coast Guard now controls traffic in the St. Mary's River, and in emergency sitations. However, the basic concept here should be local government and industry with a, input and coordination in the public interest by the Federal Government. The U.S. Coast gaurd is the" logical agency to sponsor this project. This program would support and be compatible with the natiional water pollution program. Estimated cost for implimentation of this Center would be $250,000 12 interior Department bureau o:r Sport Fisheries and Wildlife ARTIFICIAL REEFS AS A TOOL OF MARINE SPORT FISHERY MANAGEMENT We have known for a long time that rocky coasts, reefs, and banks are more attractive to fish than smooth sandy or muddy bottoms, but it wasn't until the early 1950's that serious attempts were made in the United States to provide artificial reefs specifically for fish attractants. Various materials have been used -- automobile bodies, quarry rock, rubble, concrete pipe, etc. Observations show that standing crops of fish and food organisms are greater ( . the artificial reefs than on the surrounding substrate -- in some cases niore than 10-fold. Reefs can attract fish to an area that would be normally devoid of significant numbers and actually create fishing where none existed before. Used judiciously with research-based knowledge, they will be able to reduce some of the recreational fishing deficit predicted for the future. To exploit this management technique, a five-phased study is proposed to: 1. Conduct an ecological, hydrographic and geological investigation of po- tential reef sites from New England to Florida by periodic underwater obser- vations at each area selected for construction. Observations will be made on Lhe existing fish fauna and benthic organisms using standard sampling methods, i. e. , swimmer transects, timed observation periods, and random (@,uadrants. Faunal collections for identification and bottom samples for sediment analysis will be taken at each locality. 2. Design and install artificial fishing reefs of junk cars, concrete materials and scrap tires on approved reef sites. Arrange these to provide compara- tive data on the design and type of materials used in relation to the effective- ness and longevity of fishing reefs. Make periodic underwater observations on condition of materials, encrusting organisms and populations of fish at- tracted to reefs. Conduct laboratory tests on reef models of the action of currents, tides and other environmental factors. 3. Determine species composition, relative abundance, and temporal distribution of fish on artificial reefs in comparison with fish populations occupying natural reefs and areas devoid of reef habitat. 4. Measure the rate of larval settlernent, colonization and succession of invertebrate epifauna and flora on various surfaces of artificial and natural reefs and the effects of the reef communities on bottom-dwelling infaunal organisms and finfish. 5. Measure selected parameters of the physical environmc- surrounding. the reef materials to determine how these factors relate to. the d,.stribution of fish on the reef site, Funding requirements in FY 1970 will be $200, 000. .57 MARINE UNDERWATER OBSERVATION AND INTERPRETATION With the greatly increased public interest in the marine environment and the growing attendance at seashore and estuarine areas in th e National Park System, an unparalleled opportunity existsto satisfy public curiosity about the sea, its natural processes and its inhabitants. In order to provide an underwater experience for park visitors that does not require swimming, scuba diving or viewing from glass bottom boats, National Park Service proposes to undertake a program of underwater observation facilities combined with interpretation services. Methods and devices that are now being used for underwater observation by large numbers of people are now being studied to determine their design features, costs, and operational characteristics. Park Service proposes to study intensively the opportunities for marine observation and interpretation in five areas in the System. One or more locations would be selected for full-scale detailed examination. This site selec- tion will be based on the inherent interest and natural significance of the marine features to be observed and interpreted and the suitability of physical and topographical characteristics to easy underwater public access. Program design and cost estimates will be prepared and an interpretive program begun. Funding requirements in Fiscal Year 1970 will be $500, 000. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Suggested FY 1970 Initiative for Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone, National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development The Geolog ical Survey proposes an investigational and data-coll ection p ogram in estuaries and other coastal water bodies, to be entitled r a. "Physical facts of the estuarine environment." The estuarine resource is being recognized as one of the critical ID ZD parts of the Nation's water resources. The water bodies theniselves con- stitute some 50.,000 square miles; some 25 percent of the Nation's popula- tion lives along or near them. They are used for shipping, cooling, recreation, potentially a source of water supply., and.an essential part of the life cycle and habitat for food fish. Because of the large cities and other development of land uses bordering esituaries@ pollution (includ- ing sediment load) is a major and growing problem. The need to manage estuaries in the foreseeable future requires the best possible under- standing of the physical framework of the water bodies and how the hydrologic system works within it. The program in part involves the extension of going activities, but also includes a sizeable effort that is new in concept and scope in that it envisages a coordinated attack from geologic, hydrologic, and topographic points of view. In general, it involves a substantial increase in basic data collection, investigations of related water bodies considered to be typical, and a sharp step-up in hydraulic research. The program comprises activities in seven major scientific areas. 5001 1. Information on the natural trend of development of estuaries through late geologic time and the nature of the enclosing rock s and deposits. 2. Studies of the source, transport, and deposition of sediments in coastal water bodies, including the relation between animal and plant life and bottom muds. 3. Documentation of the interrelation between estuarine waters and the enclosing hydrologic systems. 4. Hydraulic investigations into the mechanics of circulation patterns, fresh-salt water interaction, and dispersion of heat and other pollutants. Some of this would be studied by means of mathematical and physical models. 5. Data collection and research into the geochemistry of coastal waters and bottom sediments. 6. Investigations into the application of remote-sensing techniques for observing water-quality, hydraulic, and sedimentational features. Field studies of the effects of natural disasters an man's use of coastal waters. The investigational parts of the program would consist of comprehensive field studies of a few selected estuaries including topographic, geologic, and hydrologic mapping, accompanied by laboratory studies of water quality, sediment analysis, and paleontologic analysis. These would be supplemented by laboratory and office hydraulic research, special remote-sensing surveys, and case studies of the aftermaths of extreme events, 2 To the extent possible, the work would be coordinated with biologic surveys and research into marine life related to the geologic and hydrologic parameters that may be carried on by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and by Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. There would be some intensification of topographic mapping in areas of special need. The basic data aspects of water quality, streamflow measurements, and determination of ground-water conditions and discharge to estuaries are part of the Geological Survey's responsibilities in the development and operation of a national water data network under Bureau of the Budget Circular A-67 (see also attachment to memorandum from the Director, U.S. Geological Survey, dated March 5, 1968, subj ect, Implementation of. Bureau of the Budget Circular A-67--coordination of Federal activities in the acquisition of certain water data). Many activities of th is kind are being carried on now by the Geological Survey, but they are being done in a piecemeal fashion. This program envisages a concerted and comprehensive investigation into the natural framework of one of the Nation's least known resources. The 1970 fiscal year cost estimate is $2,750,000. Depending on actual appropriations, investigational work would be done in from one to five estuarine areas. 3 Addendum The following additional comments illustrate the more detailed objectives and purposes of work in each of the numbered categories above: (1) Work on item 1 would be mainly geologic mapping and special field studies. The results would bear on such questions as whether a particular estuary is now enlarging or is in the process of disappearance, the erodability of formations lining the shores, and the distribution of water-bearing deposits nearby and beneath. (2) Studies of sedimentation would relate to the natural regimens of scour and fill, the effect of manmade changes thereon the role of organisms in nutrient cycles, and many similar processes. (3) Work in this item would again constitute field studies, some probably carried on in cooperation with local agencies, placing the estuaries studied within their real hydrologic environment. CD The work would relate the variations in time and space of fresh- water inflow (both surface water and ground water) and of salt- water inflow to water quality, circulation patterns, flushing rates, and nature and distribution of animal and plant life. It would include studies of salt-water encroachment potential of adjoining and subjacent aquifers. (4) The goal of the hydr aulic investigations would be to develop an understanding of the physics of various interactions as a 4 basis for predicting the effects of natural or man-induced changes. The estuaries selected would be typical; and research activities would be such as to establish basic principles useful anywhere. (5) The geochemical activity would include systematic monitoring of the natural chemical and-physical composition of the waters, and research into the chemical interactions of both organic and inorganic substances. These would bear on the presence of trace element concentrations as possible sources of metals, problems of fixation or other changes in introduced constituents, and would establish "base line" data on water quality. Such a base would be fundamental to programs of surveillance of pollu- tants and checking on water-quality improvements as carried on by any Governmental agency. (6) If successful, remote-sensing techniques could be used to detect directions of pollutional transport, obtain synoptic. pictures of circulation patterns for analysis, and observe sedimentational processes. This is really a tool to be used in the work outlined in the other items, but is.sufficiently lit tle understood and expensive that it is here listed separately. (7) Although closely related to the first five items, studies of natural disasters, too, are considered separately as they deal. with isolated extreme events rather than with the normally expected processes. The focus is on their effects on usability of the resource. This work would include studies of the effects of actual or potential earthquakes, hurri canes and other unusual storms, and tidal waves. Such events are well known as destroyers of life and property, and contaminators of water supplies. 6 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Initiative Estuar ine Research and Managera,-nt The Bureau of Corruercial Fisheries proposes a 4.1 million dollar estuarine research program in Fy 1970. Estuaries provide essential habitat for some 70 species of fish and shellfish that contribute about 3 billion pounds or two-thirds of the total U.S. corfrnercial fisheries harvest. Seven of the 10 species most in demand, including shrimp, our most valuable fishery, and menhaden, our largest volume fishery, are estuarine-dependent. Our estuaries are being altered and destroyed at such an alarming rate that many of our most valuable fishery resources are threatened. The Bureau of CoLcimercial Fisheries recognizes the importance of estu- aries and now conducts research on estuary-dependent species or studies estuarine problems at 15 of its 20 biological laboratories. This work presently is fandea at $3-1 million and will conti-nue at the same level in FY 1969. Bureau of Co=-.ercial Fisheries,scientists have de-veloped considerable expertise in dealing with fishery resource problen.s and have studied several estuaries intensively. Because of the diversity among.estu- aries and the complexity of estuarine problems we still are not able to (1) provide precise environmental data for policy decisions on fishery resources in multiple-use estuaries, (2) adequately assess the impact on fishery resources of environmental. change wrouLht by estuarine modification, and (3) establish practical criteria for rehabilitating damao@ed estuarine habitats.- The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has developed a plan to overcome these deficiencies to ensure that fishery resources receive adequate consideration when developing and managinathe coastal zone. This C, c' plan would be activated in FY 1970 at an increased cost of $1.0 million and will be coordinated with work of other agencies including studies proposed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The proposed-new research for FY 1970 relates directly to estuary- dependent fishery resources and includes studies of estuarine pro- ductivity and nutrient cycling, determining the effects of changing c" environi.nental factors and heated effluents, classifying estuarine habitats, developing methods for rehabilitating damaged habitats, determining estuarine requirements for inflow of fresh water, develop- ing criteria for assessing effects of construction projects t@,at would alter estuaries, and participate in the multiple agency study of Chesapeake Bay. Staff capabilities also would be improved for reviewinSr proposed estuarine construction projects. This plan is consistent with and will contribute to the m ulti-agency C, effort of the Federal. Government for multiple uses of our coastal zone. Bureau of Comercial Fisheries Initiative - Aquaculture The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries proposes a 5.3 -million dollar aquaculture program in FY 1970. More rapid development of aquaculture is needed because of increased foreign pressures on the declining potentials in waters fished by U. S. fisherman and because of continued loss of fishery habitat through increasing encroachments on the estuaries by urban and industrial developments. The Bureau has already carried out considerable fundamental work oil genetics,fish diseases, environmental requiremen ts, hatchery culture and other aspects of aquaculture which would serve, as a sound base for a much expanded and high priority program Bureau expenditures in FY 1969 on aquaculture re1ated projects will be about $2.8 million dollars, The Marine Sciences Council in its 1967 report made the following statement concerning aquaculture based on a detailed study made recently under contract: "The United States, by virtue of its accomplishments in fields such as ecolocy, genectics, chemistry, and engineering, can con- tribute to the development of new and improved techniquesm in aquaculture. Aquaculture and particularly broader development of pond culture, can make a very significant contribution to the War on hunger. The domestic economy might also benefit from aquaculture through increasing production of high quality food items now considered luxury items because of limited supplies," The proposed initiative includes three major areas of aquaculture (1) freshwater pond culture - channel catfish (2) shellfish culture in coastal areas - oysters, clams, shrimp, northern lobster and blue crab (3) artificial propagation of marine finfish salmon, pompano and other selected species. Freshwater pond culture of channel catfish is not dependent on favorable habitat in the coastal zone and estuaries. Success in the shellfish culture and artificial propagation of marine finfish programs will depend in part on the degree to which favorable estuarine and coastal zone habitat is preserved. Projected effort related to the foregoing areas would be directed toward the following 1. improve and control the environment for reproduction and survival of the selected species. 2. Develop knowledge of the genetics, food requirements, condi- tioning, factors, and diseases of species concerned. 3 Devise. and apply engineering techinques to improve rearing facilities, harvest methods, and processing technology. 4. Conduct demand, production, and cost studies to isolate those areas in aquaculture that will provide the greatest payoff. 5. Demonstrate to associated agencies and the fishing, industry how knowledge gained from environmental and Husbandry research can be applied to efficient production of fish and shellfish,: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Initiative International Ocean Decade Mapping Resources of tile U. S. Continental Shelf The International Decade of Exploration and Assessment of the Seas calls for all nations to undertake the exploration and assessment of their own Continental Shelves and places highest priority on assessing living resources and their dynamics, As a contribution toward the lonq range goal of the International Decade the Bureau proposes a $4.0 million program in FY 1970 to commence systematic surveys and mapping of resources of Continental Shelf waters. The resource mapping will require repetitive surveys to determine tile seasonal availability and distribution of commercially important species, Though considerable work has been carried out in the past on resource mapping, the work has been fragmentary and a mere fraction of what is needed to carry out a properly designed study to cover all our Continental Shelves. Tile proposed program is three to f our timies that now being, conducted, and thus is presented as a new initiative. A major part of the program will be carried out by Bureau vessals using conventional sampling gear, but the program, will include also research to determine`the the usefulness of new and developing technology, such as bioacoustics and remote sensing from space, as a means of resource assessment. The program obviously is not restricted to the coastal zone. However , since many estuarine and coastal zone living, resources migrate to and from the outer Continental shelf wters seasonally and at different stages in their life historv the entire BCF proposed Ocean Decade program on thc Continental Shelf is submitted as an initiative, It might be possible to determine what part of the Ocean Decade program is to be physically carried out in the coastal zone. Since it is the living resource, however, which is the main object of research, it seems best to include the entire area through which it migrates and not restrict the proposal to the coastal zone only. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERI09 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION COMBATING OIL SPILLS A proposed new initiative for FY 1970 to National Marine Council's Cormittee on Multiple Uses of the Coastal Zone. PROBLEM Although oil spills of disaster proportions such as the Torrey CanVo n and the Ocean Eagle have been the most widely publicized, sizeable oil spills are almost comon occurrences,, and the threat of major accidents is ever present. The more than 2,,000.oil spills estimated to have occurred within the waters of the United States':in 1966 may be a conservative figure for annual spill projections when accidents involving all types of hazardous materials are included. To reduce this Nation's vulnerability to sizeable or major spills, the Secretary of the Interior,, at the direction of the President, has assumed responsibility for completing interagency contingency plans for Federal response to pollution emergencies involving spills of oil or other hazardous materials. The National Contingency Plan has been completed, providing for a coordinated and integrated Federal response program at the National level and providing guidelines for response programs in each region of the country. Signatories to the plan are the Departments of Interior; Defense; Transportation; Health, Education and Welfare; and the Office of Emergency Planning. The Department of the Interior is also responsible'for developing and revising the contin- gency plans for each region. The development of these plans is being carried out through the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration in close coordination with the other agencies concerned. This contingency planning represents a major step forward in protecting water resources from the effects of oil and other hazardous materials. Although the National Contingency Plan is designed to make the best use of available Federal resources whenever an emergency requires Federal action, technological factors must be considered in increasing the effec- tiveness of the necessary action. At present, techniques for handling, spills from vessels and land-based sources are varied and many are not fully developed. Research from both the public and private sector must play a major role in solving the problems caused by spilled pollutants. Protection of the living resources of the sea is a particularly important objective in abating oil pollution. Because of this, the FWPCA has a "Policy Concerning the Use of Chemicals to Treat Floating Oils." This policy is designed to minimize damage to aquatic life, and is incorporated in the technical annex to the National Contingency Plan. A copy is attached. 2 FWPCA is also in the process of compiling an inventory of estuaries and estuar-Ine zones as a part of its National Estuary Study, mandated by the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1916. 'Ibis inventory will contain information concerning the ecology and resources of the nation's estuaries', and will provide an important source of guidance as to resources requiring special protection when combating oil spills. We are certain that sizeable spills of oil and other hazardous substances will continue to occur in our coastal and inland waterways. Awareness of this problem, and activity to combat it has increased at the National, State and local levels of goverment. The rapid implementation of the National Contingency Plan will undoubtedly be of great help in mitigating the effects of spilled contaminants. Adjustment in the National Plan a-*nd the several reg gional plans is anticipated after they are implemented and their performance evaluated. The effectiveness of our efforts under the National Plan will also depend in part on research which must provide us with more and better techniques for handling spilled pollutants. PROPOSAL It is proposed to develop a more efficient and effective program to.combat spills of oil and hazardous materials. The Department of the Interior through the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration intends to work toward the accomplishment of this objective through: 1) Implementation of the National Contingency Plan, with necessary revisions to be made upon evaluation of its effectiveness in providing an efficient and coordinated response to pollution emergencies; 2) contracting for research to improve and increase techniques for combating the effects of spilled pollutants; arid, 3) application, by 1970, of the positive results of researches presently underway. 1. Implementation of the National Contingency Plan Overall policy guidance in carrying out the provisions of the National Contingency Plan will be provided by the National Interagency Committee, established by the plan. The Committee is composed of representatives Of the five signatory agencies and the DOI representative is Chairman of the Committee. The National Plan will make it possible to mobilize available equipment and manpower and have them on the scene of an emergency as expeditiously as possible. As provided by the Plan, the Department of the Interior is responsible for administering, developing and revising the National Multi- Agency Plan for Oil and Hazardous Materials Pollution, and for developing and revising the regional plans. In this activity, the DOI will give full consideration to the recommendations of NIC concerning the interpretation., revision and application of the Plan. We expect that by 1970 sufficient experience will have been gained to permit effective evaluation and improvement of the-National Plan, and the several regional plans. 3 2. Research a. In April 1968, the FWPCA made a public request for research proposals for oil spill handling techniques. Fifty-eight responses were received tothis Request for Proposals, covering a broad spectrum of suggested research areas including proposals relative to collection containment, chemical treatment, and shoreface restoration. In addition, FWPCA has several grants that will demonstrate various mechanical and pneumatic containment devices under various conditions, and will develop and demonstrate skimming devices and instrumentation. A listing of the subjects covered by these proposals and grants is attached. These research efforts have been initiated prior to teh establishment of the National Contigency Plan. As the Plan becomes fully implemented, it is anticipated that new and continuing efforts would be coordinated through the National Intereragency Committee to ensure a maximum of productive effort and minimum of duplication and ovelap among the several agencies concerned. The FY 1969 funding level for oil pollution control research contracts is now estimated at $840,000. Research grants made in FY 1968 totaled $1,221,000 and $1,195,000 is projected for FY 1969. Presuming funds are made available, these levels will increase respectively to $2,000,000 and $3,450,000 for 1972 3. Feasibility and Research Studies on Tagging and Identification of Oil b. Research is planned in the area of tagging and identification of oil spilled in water. Because of the importance of positive identification of the discharger where cleanup cost recovery is concerned. this area of effort is singled out for added discusion. In FY 1969, it is planned to complete a feasibility study of tagging and identification techniques with the strong and weak points and research needs relative tp each system clearly set forth. Needed research and field evaluation would be undertaken next with intitial field applicatios possible in late FY 1970 or in 1971 depending on the positive responses from feasibility and research efforts. The feasibility study is included in the research funding level for FY 1969. FY 1970 funding should be at the additional level of $400,000 to $600,000 for optimum development and at the level of $1,000,000 annyally for the next four years. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION POLICY ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS TO TREAT FLOATING OILS 1. Chemicals should not be used to emulsify, disperse, solubilize, or precipitate oil whenever the protection or preservation of (a) fresh water supply sources, (b) major shellfish or fin fish nurseries, harvesting grounds or passage areas, or (c) beaches is a prime concern. Such chemicals should only be used in those surface water areas and under those circumstances where preservation and protection of water related natural resources is judged not to be the highest priority or where a choice as to resource preservation may make the use of such materials a necessary alternative. 2. Examples of areas and circumstances where the use of such chemicals might be acceptable are: a. where fire or safety hazards are presented by the spill of a petroleum product; b. where large numbers of waterfowl may perish because of the. proximity of floating oil; c. under certain conditions, as a "polishing" or final clean-up of light slicks of oil following Pvchanical removal of floating oils. 3. Chemicals that emulsify, disperse, solubilize or precipitate oil should be used only under the immediate supervision of the Federal Water.Pollution Control Administration except where it is judged that fire or safety hazards require the immediate application of such chemicals. 4. When chemical compounds are used in connection with oil clean-up, only those compounds exhibiting minimum toxicity toward the aquatic flora and fauna should be used. The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration is now developing and will soon issue a standard procedure for determining the toxicity of such chemicals. 5. Materials which aid in the collection of floating oils such as sorbents, gellants and viscosity control additives are considered to be general.ly acceptable providing that these materials do not in themselves or in combination with the oil increase the pollution hazard. 6. Research and development to improve chemicals which emulsify, disperse, solubilize or precipitate oil is encouraged. Whenever it is demon- strated to the complete satisfaction of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, that such a chemical, by itself and in combina- tion with oil is non-toxic its use may be approved in the areas where the protection or preservation of a) fresh water supply sources, or b) maJor shellfish or fin fish nurseries, harvesting grounds or passage areas is a prime concern. July 5. 1968 FINFISH SANITATION Oysters, clams and mussels are tasty, nourishing foods. But because they are grown in waters that may become contaminated, and because they are frequently eaten raw, unusual care st be exercised mu to assure that such shellfish are safe to eat. Seafoods such as oysters and clams grow best in protected bays where fresh water runs off the land and mixes with salt water. Such bays have an abundance of microscopic plants and animals (plankton) on which shellfish feed. Many bays are polluted by sewage from coastal cities, and the plankton may include harmful organisms. Hence, shellfish harvesting is prohibited in con- taminated areas. To enforce this prohibition, these areas are patrolled by State health or fishery agencies. Public health problems associated with the shellfish.industry in this country are fairly well understood. The Public Health Service has, for the past 40 years, participated with the s.tates and industry in programs designed to assure the sanitary quality of shellfish sh.,pped in interstate commerce. The status of sanitation in other fisheries is not as well developed although in many respects public health hazards of significant magnitude exist. An outstanding example is the devastating outbreak of minamata disease in Japan caused by the discharge of organic mercury compounds in an estuary. Increased industrialization of the coastal zones brings with it the threat of the effect of many toxic agents not only on the productivity of the estuary but also because many species of fish and shellfish have the ability to ac cumulate these noxious products, thereby imparting a potential toxicity to man. The biological impact of pollution on the ability of the estuary to produce food products should not be dismissed as of public health concern. On the overall, any reduction in the production of food both from the land or from the water has an effect on man's dwindling resources in the face of an ever increasing demand. Estimated F. Y. 170 budget - $650, 000. 70 1.11"ALTH HAZARDS ARISING OUT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS POLLUTING THE COASTAL ZONE WATERS New processes and products are contributing to the pollution of coastal zone waters. New classes of contaminants are taking their place beside the microbiological forms which for so long have threatened the health of man.. A thriving technol- ogy supported by vigorous research is giving rise to pollutants whose effec ts on man and his marine resources are not well known. The estuarine waters, long the dumping grounds for man's wastes, are the recipients of an ever increasing array of materials that are the by-products'and unwanted effluents of technological progress. While often present in only trace amounts, their role in bringing about illness and disability is too often only speculated upon. The rate at which new organics and synthetics are being developed has outstripped the ability of the'health sciences to research their effects on man. The problems associated with detecting such materials in the coastal waters are formidable. Studies aimed at uncovering their role in contributing to chronic.diseases are, of necessity, of long term and difficult to pursue. Neverthe- less, the magnitude and rate of pollution by such a myriad of 2 chemicals calls for-increased efforts in detection and health related research. Natural products of the coastal waters find their way into nearly every home in the country. The role of these products in the uptake and concentration of potentially harmful chemicals is poorly understood. New programs and facilities focused on health effects of water-borne contaminants are needed. Even such simpie problems as the systemic effects of detergents in fish and other sea.foods resulting from the cleanup of oil spillages needs to quickly be studied. The existing facilities and resources of the several Federal agencies engaged in the marine health sciences offer a nucleus for an expanded effort. Estimated F.Y. '70 budget $250,000. 72. AN INNOVATIVE INITIATIVE IN EDUCATION FOR THE MARINE SCIENCES It is only natural that, with exciting developments toclay in marine science, there is a burgeoning interest on the part of youngsters in elementary and secondary schools. This interest is reflected in the number of requests received for information and assistance on this subject. various agencies of the Federal Government have thus far made small contributions to meeting this demand. For example, the Naval Oceanographic Office has prepared both students' and teachers' kits on oceanography. The Inter- agency Committee on Marine Research, Education, and Facilities has prepared a pamphlet on university curricula in the ma rine sciences. The U.S. Office of Education has published articles on education in the marine sciences. The National Science Foundation has been sponsoring a small number of institutes with the specific purpose of enhancing teachers' knowledge of oceanography. The interagency Committee on Marine Research, Education, and Facilities has responsibility for cognizance and coordination 2 of. Federal marine science education activities. But its activity in this regard is limited by availability of funds and size of staff, and out of necessity it has concentrated on manpower problems and higher education. More needs to be done in respect to elementary and secondary education. What is needed is an organizational un it (such as NASA has) that is specifically responsible for this sector of education. Most appropriately, this unit should be located in the new oceanographic agency, if such is formed in the near future as a result of the Commission's deliberations and recomm endations to Congress. This unit should perform the following functions: 1. Serve as the central coordinating point for Federal activity in education in the marine sciences. Know what is going on and what materials are available in all Federal agencies. 2. Prepare and distribute up-to-date bibliographi es on reading materials suitable for students in elementary and secondary schools. 3 Prepare and distribute career information. 3 4. Be knowledgeable about what marine science education activities are going on around the countrv,. Publicize these (articles in profess ional journals, talks, etc.) so that interested persons may investigate them further, if they wish, with a View that similar activity may suitably be undertaken in their school districts. 5. Provide'consultative services to State Departments of Education, schooldistricts, professional organizations, etc., upon request, through correspondence, site-visits, etc. This would include making known to teachers, available teaching aids, teacher institutes, curriculum materials, etc. 6. Advise on need and amount of Federal support of education in the marinesciences. For example, if deemed necessary, a recommendation might be made that more teacher institutes were needed; or that marine mobiles, similar to the space mobiles, are desirable in order that ocean science can-be brought to the students in the schools across the land. 4 7. Where gaps exist, contracts could be let for teaching materials (books, paperbacks, films, equipment, etc.) to be produced. NSF and NASA have successfully done this. 8. See that marine science education is appropriately represented at education 'meetings (science education, school-administrators, etc.) in order that its cause may be suitably advanced among these groups. 9. Assist in the orderly advancement of marine science education in every way.possible. This could include teacher and/or administrator conferences on what the problems are and 'what, if anything, needs to be done. An example of this was the New England Conference on Ocean Science Education,in Elementary and Secondary Schools held at Woods Hole, Mass., on May 20-21, 1966. The hearings of the Subcommittee on oceanography of ,the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries during '76 5 December 1967 indicated that some member s of the Subcommittee., strongly felt that much more Federal support of marine science education in elementary and secondary schools is necessary. Estimated FY '70 budget $50,000. Uso oE C.11c, coastal. Zone as source of marine forms-for biomedical research. In terms of its legally defined role, the Public Health Service does noL have a primary interest in the support of major programs in catal.o ging and describing the geographic distribution and movement.of living forms throughout the sea. It is the interest of biomedical scientists, however, to ask fundamental questions of vital importance to human biology and to seek the answers wherever they may be found. Basic biological phenomena frequently prevail among many, or even all., living things. Some of these phenomena can be studied more readily in the simpler structures of marine invertebrates than in the complex structures of mammals commonly used as experimental animals. Life was initially formed in the sea, which has remained a natural protective environment for a host of primitive forms which could not survive on land or in the air. Otherbiological groups are known to have evolved ontaland and subsequently returned to the sea. The majority of animal phyla are in fact found primarily in the sea. For these reasons the oceans provide a rich and diversified resource which cannot be ignored,in man's pursuit of biological knowledge. It is clear that, in terms of biomedical science,- marine biology is not of itself a discipline, but that the use of marine forms con- tributes toresearch in many of the biomedical disciplines, such as physiology, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, developmental biology,, and the behavioral sciences. In the evolution of the biomedical sciences, it is noL the purpose of the P11S to deve lop marine biology per se, but rather to afford opportunities for biomedical scientists to become aware of the uni que features of marine organisms and to provide them 7Y 2 access Lo those forms best suited to their research programs. The faciliLies for such access are an important concern. Progr;im Needs Ln the Area ol Marine Tiioj2_U 1. Many scientists in fundamental biomedical research are currently using marine forms. These scientists are supported on research grants, which provide an appropriate mechanism for the evaluation and :;LipporL of those programs on the basis of their scientific merit and pertinence to the program needs of the various supporting agencics It is not envisioned that this pattern of support should be changed in the immediate future. 2. The Federal Government currently has a very limited amount of graduate training in environments readily accessible to marine forms. Since biological scientists will increasingly be dependent upon these forms to help answer many of the questions which they must face, appropriate emphasis might be given to the further development of high-quality training programs having access to a marine environment and organisms therefrom. 3. The key problem in the approach of biomedical scientists to this area is that of access; for if scientists and their graduate students have access to marine forms, they will usethem to pursue biological questions that cannot readily be pursued in the rat or in man. Therefore primary emphasis should be given to the problems of providing scientists greater access to marine forms. This problem can be approached at various levels, which will be discussed briefly below: a. Where at all possible, the use of marine forms in.che scientist's own laboratory should be encouraged. The current availability 3 of seawaLur @;ysLcms for small and large laboratory aquariums and Lhe avail',abiliLy of rapid ;air trans"portation make it feasible for many scie.nLists to use marine forms in their own laboratories. This approach has great merit, but in many instances is limited by the lack of a suitable-source of the required marine organisms. If this is t o be encouraged, more adequate mechanisms of supplying needed formsi.will.have to be developed. b. There are certain institutions, such as the University.of Washington, Stanford University, the University of California, San Diego - Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Duke University, the University of Miami, and the University of Hawaii,which have their own,marine laboratories that provide excellent access to the sea. Particular attention might be given to the further development of these facilities for sophisticated biomedical the Gulf Coast, research. Other locations, such as/the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, also have access to a rich variety of marine forms. The support of these areas would involve not only equipment and facilities, but the development of staff highly competent in the biomedical and marine sciences. C. The increasing demand for marine forms by scientists inland as well as by the sea makes it imperative that facilities be made available to @scientists from inland laboratories. However$ excellent scientists in many of the existing marine laboratories are so engrossed in their own research that they have little time to plan and manage facilities for visiting scientists from other laboratories. Furthermore,, some institutions have a highly 4 proLCCtivc attitude toward their marine flora and fauna and are conccri-10d that the supply iiiighL be exhausted by others. Woods Hole, Friday Harbor, and other laboratories, operating largely 011 a Suff"'ner basis, have long played an important role in providing inland scientists access to the sea. They will continue to do so, and their efforts shou ld be enhanced. d. There is urgen. t need, however, for biomedical research facilities by the sea where sophisticated research programs can be conducted over an extended period, on a year-round basis. It is suggested that a long-range program might consider the development of such facilities, providing space to selected groups of scientists and. their institutions, on the condition that the facilities will be used continuously the year round. It is important that such a facility be as close to large academic centers as is possible. Careful attention would have to be given as to the immediate availability of a wide variety of marine forms to the laboratory. It seems likely, however, that in the course of time scientists will not be willing to conduct highly sophisticated research programs on organisms randomly picked from a given rock or crevice.within the sea or along its shores. It in the future ca-n-be predicted that/valuable marine forms will be cultivated in a highly controlled environment, as are mice and rats today. The selection and preparation of a site or sites for.such facilities would be very important and would require the advice of people highly skilled in marine biology on the one hand and modern biological and medical research on the other. 5 4. The technique is rapidly developing by which man will be able to live within the sea for extended periods; the sea is indeed a new frontier for man to explore. As man moves into this environment, qucstions regarding his health, and the physiology and behavior of man in a deep-sea habitat, will become important. Moreover,, the opportunities for extending our laboratories down into the sea to study the behavior, life cycles, and nature of biological forms at close range within their natural environment will become increasingly significant. In many ways, biological and medical scientists will be in a position to supplement and complement the normal functions of governmental agencies participating in this effort. It is important to maintain liaison between the National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, and the Navy Department, the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health., the Atomic Energy Commission, and other governmental agencies having a concern in this area so as to provide effective support to the overall national program. C.- C), 0 Bik)m,,di_c,;il Reso'lrch on Man in tibe Sca The Marine Resources and Development Act of 1966 declared it to be th,2 policy of the United States to develop, encourage, and maintain a coordinated, comprehensive, and long-range program in marine science for the benefit of mankind., The Continental Shelf is'now within reach of man in the sea. When we gain the capability to explore and exploit it safely, we will have added nearly one-third to the territory of the United States. The National Need for Biomedical Research 1. T'he Defense Need The Navy has traditionally and historically been involved in and under the sea for a long time. Its interests include the rescue.of men from diving submarines; the locating and recovery of small objects lost at sea (e.g., the H-bomb lost off Spain at a depth of 3,000 feet); deep salvage capability, such as that needed in the Thresher catas- trophe; and in'the Scalab series, of which the third is now under way. It is anticipated that in the future the Navy's operations will have a much broader range. At present the Navy spends $3 million annually for biomedical studies relating to undersea problems. The Navy's efforts, and funds to support them, should be at least double what they are now. Under present funding, the Navy's direct research efforts of.necessity have raLhor short-term, immediate goals, which need to be co mplemented by a fundamental research pro-ram seeking information that will be needed in the '70's and '80's. It is envisioned that ONR and other governmental agencies such as the NIH might work together to define 2 and devulop an extramural program that will provide the fundamental k;,,L)w1L!dgu needed for both Naval and industrial efforts. 2. Thc Tndustrial Need The Continental Shelf contains a wealth of mineral, petroleum, and natural gas reserves. Undersea oil is now a multibillion dollar business, and this is expected to multiply_many-fold. The total United States industrial investment is approximately $7.5 billion in oil leases, wells, and equipment. This is projected to rise to $37.5 billion in 10 years. Current sales of oil from undersea marine sources is $5 billion per year. Primary sites are the Gulf of Mexico, the California Coast, and the Southern Coast of Alaska, near Anchorage. Of present oil lands being leased by the U. S. Government, 13 on the Gulf Coast are deeper than 600 feet. Of 500,000 acres currently being leased on, the California Coast, 50 percent are deeper than 600 feet and 15 percent deeper than 1500 feet. Present limits of safe diving capability are 400 feet. It is estimated that within a year or two as man .y as 100 new oil fields will be built per year off-shore -- each requiring five man-years. of diver time to bring into production and for continuous maintenance over five years of production. Other men will be needed for the laying of pipelines, salvage, and clean-up. It is estimated that 20,000 miles of pipeline are now lying on the floor of the Gulf Coast, carrying oil -- and rusting. If leaks occur there may be a serious pollution hazard. Repair or removal will require divers. In addition, 3,000 oil towers are now in the Gulf, many wrecked and a hazard to.ship.ping; removal will require divers and be hazardous. 3 ThLt Oil business alone constitutes about half of total diving opcraLion.,;. It is estimated that the sea contains vast resources of gold, silver, and other o.res. On land, prospecting for oil and minerals has traditionally been done by individuals lookingfor outcroppings, or following down slopes from known sources of oil or minerals. Man will havo to be directly involved in undersea prospecting. There are also many archeological treasures to be found under the sea. The sea remains one of the worldts greatest relatively untapped food re-sources. Utilization of the sea awaits "aquaculture," in which man systematically goes about the business of cultivating the sea. Man's delay in this effort has resulted, in part, from the difficulty of getting into the sea to observe, to work, and to learn the problems that are involved. As the world's food needs expand, the sea is bound to become a major resource for the future. 3. The Recreational Need Few recreational sports have enjoyed as phenomenal a growth in the United States as that of underwater diving., It is estimated that this activity now has several million participants, and that within 25 years the number will reach 30 million, with an,annual expenditure of $10 billion for recreational diving equipment, including small one- or two-man submarines. The need for more and better instruction in diving and for safer equipment and better controls is self evident. It seems probable that in a few years skin divers may need to be licensed, after appropriate examination, as airplane pilots are today.- Approximately 100 Americans lost their lives in diving 4 acc.i.@cnts in 1905. In Lhe past, the Navy has played a significant rolu@ in aSSisLinj,' With injuries incurred by the diving public. 4. NUods -- 25 Years t.@I'thin 25 years, new industries, and the societies which they support, will bccomc dcpondent upon the ocean. It is predicted that many political problems will arise, including the problems of ownership of IL-.nd under the ocean. Exploitation of sea resources may well load to a shift in the balance of world power. it may be necessary that scientific and industrial planning of the utilization of the oceansl resources be conducted on an international basis. Although only two countries, the United States and Russia, are heavily involved in space exploration, a number of other countries, including England, France, Italy, Canada., Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Japan, have the capability to do extensive underwater,exploration. The Need for Biomedical Research Most divers work for small companies that operate on a shoestring, with little knowledge of the biomedical problems involved. They operate on the basis of guts, ruggedness, and calculated risks. Indus- trial requirements for divers far outstrip the number available, many of whom are not fully qualified. Current oil operations are beyond the safe limits of knowledge and experience; currently divers are working at depths i,7cll beyond the limits of well-tested diving tables Compared w i. L I i the. efforts that are being, taken to protect men going into outer SIMCO, relatively little is boi!l& done to protect those who must__go into the sea. In order to obtain oil and other natural resources from the 5 dcl)LI'S of Li1c 0c,,!z1i1S, wu -ire committing men to severe environ mental sLress(@s LhaL we do not know and do not understand. Pucssurc under the sea can become very great at relatively modest dopths (i.e..1 20 atmospheres at 650 feet, a common depth for the Continental Shelf). At such depths, decompression becomes long, arduous, and expensive. Thus, a'lthough a man may descend rapidly to 650 feet, it takes a number of days. for ascent. Highly imaginative approaches are needed to seek ways of circumventing this long decompression period. Nitrogcn has narcotic effect s on the diver at high pressures, so that at 400 feet, some workers will be sober and able, whereas others are virtually unconscious. It appears.that a number of drugs have an effect on nitrogen narcosis; their mechanism of action needs to be examined. In recent years considerable research has been done on the binding of inert gases, such as xenon to hemoglobin. Such approaches must be extended to nitrogen and helium, to elucidate the precise mechan 4S S of their binding to other components of living tissues. At high pressures in a closed environment the concentration of active gases, such as 0 2 and C02, must be kept under close control. Even small gaseous contaminants, which are readily tolerated at normal pressures, may have a devastating effect at 10 to 20 atmospheres. Heat loss as the result of the thermal conductivity of water is 25 times tha t of air- the heat capacity of water is 1,000-fold greater than air. The ocean thus serves as an enormous "heat sink," tending to bring the diver's te mperature rapidl y to that of the environment. The use of helium in breathing mixtures accentuates the problems, as this gas has a thermal conductivity of six times that of nitrogen. The 97 6 problem of temperature control is critical-- one of the most d ifficult that divers currently face. Problems of communication are very difficult under tile sea. Visibilility is poor; hearing is altered; voice communications through the helium atmosphere are very difficult, and hazards caused by "confusion of cues" may lead to accidents if the wrong signals are sent, so that at present much of the communication is still by the time -old method of jerking on a rope. Now methods of communication are urgently needed. Accidentaly hazards are common. In many places where divers work, the Scabed is rough and hazardous, particularly around wrecks and objects to be salvaged. Objects being raised and lowered, as in the placement of a well-head or during salvage, may suddently shift and seriously injure or crush the diver. Currents of three to four knots an hour make work almost impossible. Injury from marine organisms is another problem. Sharks and other biting- fish may cause severe injury. A wide array of marine organisms use toxic substances as a means of defense, which may kill or seriously injure a diver. This is an area that appears to be particularly valuable for NTM research because of the likely spin-off of valuable drugs for medical use. Problems of the handlingof medical emergencies are made difficult by the fact that an injured diver cannot be rapidly evacuated to a medical facility where prompt and appropriate care can be given. A doctormust either go down to treat the patient under the sea, or the patient mu st be brought to the surface in a pressurized-chamber. It is envisioned that 7 uv@-Liuli;l I ly ;uch chainbcrs Will be L!VZjCuaLUd by hcliC0j)L,-!r to hyperbaric incdical centers, and that centers Similar to those now '@-:@ing developed by hypcrbaric surgeons may become important in the treatment of people working under the sea. OLhcr 2roblems of biomedical significance remain to be examined. Included among these are (1) the effect of pressure per se on the structure of proteins and on the rate of enzymatic reactions, and how such -changes affect biochemical reactions within the body; (2) problems of wei(,litlessnoss, which cause redistribution of blood flow and changes ill the physiology of various organs, .such as the kidney; (3) the possible use of liqui d breathing or artificial gills; (4) the magnification of human performance at depth through assisted respiration and the use of exo-skeletans. Existing Biomedical Research Capability The Navy has a number of different units participating in biomedical research related to under-the-sea activities. 'These units include the Naval Medical Research Institute of the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, where studies on thermal protection, human behavior in prolonged isolation, and effects of drugs on animals under pressure are being carried out. The Experimental Diving Unit in Washington, D. C., does much of the training of divers and working out of decompression schedules. The Submarine Center at Groton, Connecticut, has a pulmonary physiology laboratory, and is carrying on research pertinent to undersea exploration. The Office of Naval Research has a contract research program,, making funds available to outside groups interested in biomedical problems 8 of the sc@a. These studies are related to urgent needs of ongoing projects of the Navy. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has an input into deep sea technology through its space programs, where a great deal of research on stress physiology, telemetric systems, regeneration of gases and removal of toxic contaminants in closed systems has been.conducted. Recently they have developed suits with constant volume joints which give no resistance to movement, and have potential application to under- water systems. The National Institutes of Health has no research program directly concerned with man in the sea, but it does have a large amount of research in related areas that would have significance for man-in-the-sea operations. These would include the National Heart Institute's centers onhyperbaric medicine; the support of fundamental research on high and low altitude physiology; research on anesthesiology, thermoregulation, physiology of marine mammals, etc. The National Institutes of Health could well serve as a resource of fundamental information through the numerous scientists and consultants who cooperate in its programs. kvUny of the studies being conducted for purposes of man in the sea would also have a spin-off in other area s (i.e., hyperbaric medicine, anesthesiology, etc.). If man is to go into the sea, we need experience with the biomedical hazards and problems that may arise. With several thousand men in the sea, as can be expected during the coming decade, many medical problems. can be expected. Urgently needed are clinical research centers on the Gulf and California Coasts, where active oil operations are providing many opportunities for biomedical research on the problems that arise in man-in-the-sea operations. 1?0 IIIIIIIediatc Goals A Thu development of clinical research centers for research on men who are injured or have other medical problems as the result of man-in- thu-sea activities. B. The expansion and provision of funds for maximal utilization of basic research capabilities at existing.centers and new centers that may be developed. C* The stimulation of inte rest of bio med ical scientists,already skilled in adjacent scientific disciplines that can contribute to the problems of survival under the sea. D. The training of young biomedical scientists with an interest in undersea problems. Cr@, 0 C,e@- etc, 0 April 8, 1968 Initiatives Suggested by the Water Resources Council for Fiscal Year 1970 for the Committee Oil Mu1tiple Use of the Coastal Zone, 'National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development Initiative No. I Establishment of River Basin Commissions under Title Il of the Water Resources Planning Act for States that have, Coastal Zones. Discussion One of the stated provisions of the Water Resources Planning Act is to provide for the optimum development of the Nation's natural resouurces by means of coordinated planning of water and related land resources through the establishment of river basin commissions. The President is authorized to establish these commissions on a request therefor by the Water Resources Council. The request by the Council or the State among other items defines the area for which the commission is requested and is oncerned in by the Council and by not less than one half of the States within which portions of the bash) or basins concerned are located. Each such commission shall: (1) Serve as the, principal agency for the coordination of Federal, State, Interstate, local. and nongovernmental. plans for the development of water and related land resources in its area. (2) Prepare and keep up to date to the extent practicable a com- prehenisive coordinated joint plan for Federal, State, Interstate, local and nongovernmental development of water and related land resources. (3) Recommend long range schedules of priorities for the collce- tion and analysis of basic data and for investigation, planning, and construction of projects.. (4) Foster and undcrtake such studies of water and related land resources problems in its area. On November 29, 1967, the Water Resources Council. adopted a statement Which clarified the coastal, lake and river shorelines and islands are integral parts of the planning activitqies of the Council, river basin commis- sions, and other field orginizatins and State programs under Titile III 0 of the Water Resources Planningf Act. Mr Frank Gregg, Chairman of the New England River Basins Commission, has responded to this policy statement as follows: "The Commission is giving careful con-, sideration to a Study applying the techniques of comprehensive river basin planning to analysis of the New, England coastline, including estuarics and islands. Such a study would consider all demands on these resources-industria1, cormmercial, residential-, recreational, etc. --and to recommend plans and programs for securing maximum benefits. Recommendations would apply to securing sound land use for all purposes, involving zoning, acquisition, etc. ; water quality control; flood protection; beach erosion control; management of fish and wildlife resources. The river basin c ommissions that have'been established under Title II and which have coastal zones Of interest to the Committee on mutiple Use of the Coastal Zone are the Pacific Northwest the Great Lakes, and the New England. In each commission a chairman has been appointed by the President and a small staff has or is being orpanized to work for the commission and assist. in carrying out the responsibilities as delineated in the foregoing paragraphs. The established comissions include 16 of the 28 States. that have coastal zones and also include 17,400 miles of coastline of the total of 58,500 miles in the coterininous United States. It is further. noted that a river basin com mission under Title II is being considered by some of the States within the area of the Southeast Basins Intcr-Agency Committee. This includes the States of South Carolina-, Georga, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. Should this comission be. established, it would mean that 21 of the 28 States having coastal zones would be in river basin commissions and 32,000 miles of coastline would be involved. The remaining seven States could come under river basin commissions for the Pacific Southwest which would include California, the Texas Gulf which would include Texas and Louisiana, and the, North Atlantic which would include parts of New York and the States of New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, and the District of Columbia. Recommendation In view of the fact that more than one-half of the States having interest in coastal zones are already within Title II river basin commissions and a numbcr of the remaining States are considering such comissions, -and the responsibility of these commissions involve the coastal zones including 93 0 the effect the upland river basin drainage area has on these coastal zones, it is recommnended that the Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal. Zone work with the Water Resources Council toward early establishment of Title II commissions where this type of all institution is needed in these remaining areas. Furthermore, that the Committce on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone review the plans of report prepared by the river basin commissions now in existence and those to be es tabli shed 'to assure. that the planning requirements of the coastal. zones are receiving adequate consideration. 3 0 Initiative No. 2 National. Assessment of the Adequacy of Water and Related Land Resources Discussion In section 102 of the Water Resources Planning Act, the Water Resources Council, is directcd: Sec. 102. The Council shall-- (a) maintain a continuing study and prepare an assessment biennially, or at such less frequent intervals as the Council may determine, of the adequacy of supplies of water necessary to meet the water requirements in each water resource region in the United States and the national interest therein; and (b) maintain a continuing study of the relation of regional or river basin plans and program is to the requirements of larger region of the Nation and of the adequacy of admininistrative and statutory means for the coordination of the water and related land resources policies and programs of the several Federal agencies; it shall. appraise, the adequacy of existing and. pro- posed policies and programs to meet such requirements; and it shall make recommendations to the President with respect to Federal policies and programs. The purpose of a periiodic assessment of the water supply- demand outlook- of each of the water resources regions of the United States is to keep the Executive Branch, the Congress, and the public informed of current and projected regional and national water and related land resource needs and of current and prospective public action. necessary to meet those needs. The Natioinal Assessment will provide a means of summarizing informa- tion arisinq from project operation and regulation to national and regional planning projections. It will utilize mucb of thc data made available by 4 the comprehensive planning studies, and, in turn, provide those studies with up-to-date national, regional, and basin projections of demographic, economic, and land use activity. Moreover, it is expected that the Assessment will be able to keep significant portions of completed regional framework studies valid by means of continuous updating. The National Assessment will also complement the Planning-Programming- Budgetingg System (PPES) of the Federal Government. Whereas the PPBS operates within a limited time horizon of 5 to 10 years to allocate the efforts of the Federal. Government, the National Assessment will be based on a time horizon of about 50 years in order to better illuminate emerging problems in water resources development. Population and economic growth and re- lated requirements for water and related land will be considered. The Assessment will provide information for those who are concerned with the broader implications of national policy, planning, and research for water and related land resources. The Council is approaching the National Assessment in three phases: Phase I - An initial assessment of adequacy of the national water supply based on readily available data. Phase II - A more fundamental analytical framework for the assess- ment and more detailed measures of adequacy requiring substantial data inputs. Phase III A. continuing refinement of phase 11 exploring the relation- ship of the water supply assessment and the measures of adequacy to economic factors, differences in productivity, institutional constraints, and other factors. The First National Assessment report is in final stages of review, by the Council. This report includes projections of water withdrawals and con- sumptive use and a description of problems for 20 water resource regions. In addition, the report has chapters on each major water use and on major water management problems. For the next national assessment report much greater geographic detail is planned. A map showing region and subregions has been prepared for use of the National Assessment and teh PPBS. This map is now being reviewed by Washington and field personnel of member agencies. With consideration of smaller subregions in the next report more consideration can be given to relation of projected requirements in coastal areas and to the relation of upstream uses to esturial areas. 5 Recommendation The National Assessment should include river basin-coastal area relationships. Any special analysis needed for the coastal areas should be included as part of the projected economic activity and requirements included in the National Assessment. 97 AGENCY PROGRAMS IN THE COASTAL ZONE COASTAL ZONE PROGRAMS The Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act of 1966 calls for an annual review of all marine ac ti--Aties conducted by departments and agencies of the United Sta te s.' Accordingly, each member agency of the Committee on Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone was asked to furnish for this Panel hearing a brief statement on its Coastal Zone programs. The statements furnished follow this page. The two days scheduled for the Panel hearing did not permit the scheduling of time for review of these programs if the task group activities and the initiatives are to b,e presented. However, the Committee Chairman@ the Executive Secretary and, possibly, Committee members as requested, can be available on September Z5 to discuss these programs with the Panel. It is suggested that the Executive Secretary be notified as soon as possible (see his telephone number on Committee list in the last 12 pages of this book) if Panel members desire to discuss these program statements. No program statement was received from the National Science Foundation, the State Department, or the Water Resources Council. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Navy Oceanographic Office reported that they have no Coastal Zone programs. 12 Sept. 1968 Coastal Zone Activities of the Corps of Engineers The Corps of Engineers involvement in the coastal zone and Great Lakes goes' back to the earliest days of the Republic, starting with coastal fortifi- cation., construction of piers and seawalls, removal of obstructions to navi- gation, protection of islands and beaches, and deepening and maintaining harbors and tidal watercourses. Over the years, Congress has charged the Corps with an ever-widening spectrum of responsibilities in the coastal zone, until today the Corps program of coastal engineering constitutes the largest, most.varied, and most widespread combination of activities in this field of vital national interest. By "coastal engineering" we mean the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of engineering works in the coastal and tidal waters and in-the Great Lakes, and research and data collection/analysis in support of these acti- vities. of the current annual level of about $1-'4 billion dollars for the entire Civil Works program, the coastal/Great Lakes component represents roughly one-sixth, or about $200 million. By far the largest segment of these activities comprises the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of deep-draft commercial and fishing harbors, with their appurtenant channels to the sea (or connecting channels in the case of the Great Lakes), shallow-draft recreational harbors including harbors of refuge, and intracoastal shallow-draft channels for commercial and recreational craft. This channel and harbor work, in addition to deepening, widening, and straightening by means of several types of dredging'(including maintenance of silted channels to authorized dimensions), also includes.construc- tion of breakwaters or other protective works, locks on Great Lakes and intra- coastal channels and canals, and.railroad and highway bridge relocations. In the interest of navigation, but also more recently in response to concerns for ecolo- gical, aesthetic, and other aspects of environmental quality, the Corps is respon- sible for removal of wrecks and other obstructions, for issuing permits for con- struction or otheractivities involving emplacement of tempor ary or permanent structures or release of industrial and other waste products in navigable waters, and for certain other regulatory activities. The.Corps,' in conjunction with the AEC and other agencies, executes the, engineering and scientific studies for the Atlantic-Pacific Intdtoceanic Canal Studies Commission,, in the fields of topography, geology, hydraulics, hydrology., meteorology, acoustics, ecology, and health and sanitation. Another major func- tional area is the 'provision and maintenance of beaches., and the protection of developed shore facilities and undeveloped shore lands from erosion by waves and currents, including hurricane protection, through such means as placing and replenishment of-sand, and construction of groins, jetties, seawalls, and-other protective works. The Corps is also concerned with 4quatic plant control, salinity intrusion control., and major drainage of coastal marshes and swamps. It also compiles and disseminates information on waterborne commerce and on ports and port facilities, and,Great Lakes hydrographic, hydrologic, and other physical.data, In support of these design, construction, and operational activities, the Corps is actively engaged intcomprehensive and preauthorization planning; collection and analysis of scientific, technical and economic data; research; and special studies and investigations (such as the Chesapeake Bay Model and the problem of dredge spoil disposal in the Great Lakes and estuaries). Of the Corps' $200 million annual coastal activity, the attached tabulation breaks out the $9-10 million attributable to research and other related scientifi c activities. There is, of coursel a considerable fallout of benefit from these activities to the entire national community of interest in marine science and engineering. These activities programmed for FY 1970 include the following Initiatives:. CMUCz Initiative Priority Combating Oil Spills 1 Effects of Construction Activities on the Ecology of the Coastal Zone Development of Offshore Facilities 2 New Techniques for Restoration of Coastal Shores and Beaches 2 2 /00 12 September 1968 CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ZONE PROGRAM, WITH SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES New obligation Authority, in Millions of Dollars Program Allocation FY 1968 FY 1969 FY 1970 Actual Estimate Budg.Recom. Total Civil Works Program 1,3o4 1,218 1,294 Coastal Zone Component 196 183 194 a. Planning, Design, Construction (incl# Real Estate), oper tion., and Maintenance., excluding portion allocated to b. below 27 187-1. 173.8 184.3 b. Research and other Scientific Activities 8.9 9.2 9.7 Suballocation of Research and other Scientific Activities to Major Purpose 3/ Transportation Channel and harbor development and protection 2.919 2.7 3.2 Development and Conservation of the Coastal Zone Shore stabilization and protection Beach erosion control and hurricane storm surge protection 1.5. 1.7 Marine pollution management t Pollution and flushing of bays, estuaries, and the Great Lakes 1.659 2.2 1.8 Recreation and conservation Recrea, tion beaches and small-craft harbors .1-480 1.5 1.6 Education (.022) (0-03) (0-04) Environmental Observation and Prediction Services 313 0.3 0.3 ocean Exploration, Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy :838 .0.8 0.9 .National Data Centers National oceanographic Data Center .024 0.03 0.03 Great Lakes Data Center 164 0.2 0.2 Subtotal 8.893 9.2 9.7 Notes -1/' Includes engineering andscientific studies for the Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic Canal Study Commission amounting to $3.4 million- for FY 1968) $3.0 million for FY 1969, and $0.6 million for FY 1970. .21 Navigation Improvements, hurricane protection, major drainage, beach erosion control,, regulatory activities.. 7/ This classification and subitemization scheme foll -1 "Total Federal Marine ows that shown in table A Science Program by Major Purpose and org4nization." on pp. 171-175 of "Marine Science Affairs - A Year.of Plans and *Progress" (the second annual report of the President to the Congress, on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, March 1968). Funds f or education/training, which are non-additive,.areldistributed among other applicable activities. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION The AEC supports a number of coastal zone 'research projects concerned with the use and impact of nuclear energy. General areas of effort are: environmental science, development of instrumentation based on nuclear techniques and nuclear po wer applications. Several divisions of AEC are involved according to their specific objectives. Environmental Science The environmental science program includes studies of the proces.ses controlling the cycling of natural and artificial radioactivity in estuarine and coastal systems and possible effects of radiation on organisms. Biological uptake, concentration and elimination of radionuclides and food-chain relationships are emphasized. Chemical and physical processes acting to concentrate or to disperse radionuclides are also investigated. Basic knowledge in all aspects of oceanography is derived through use of environmental radioactivity for tracing and chronology. The present funding level for these projects is about $1 million per year. Research on the effects of heated effluents on coastal biota was begun this year with one project funded at about $64, 000. Much basic information is required in this area before possible harmful effects and potential for beneficial use can be assessed. Instrument Development Instrumentation and experimental methods based on nuclear techniques are being developed. Included are isotopic current meters and littoral transport studies utilizing radioisotope-tagged sand. Funding in 1969 is about $Z30, 000. Nuclear Power Applications Radioisotopic and reactor power.sources for use in marine vehicles and at fixed sites are being developed. Current efforts in oceano- graphic applications are about $5.7 mil lion per year. While 1970 budget figures are not yet available it is expected that overall effort will not change significantly. As funds become available through routine terminations or from other sources, the.effects of thermal alteration in the coastal zone will receive increased emphasis. 1020 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICESADMINISTRATION Coast and Geodetic Survey Environmental Research Laboratories. Weather Bureau September 13, 1968 ESSA has responsibilities for marine mapping and charting; the, observation and prediction of tides, tidal currents, storms and storm endused sea surges; mission-related research on land-sea- air interaction processes; and for the Tsunami Warning System. These programs directly relate to the coastal zone, in whole or in part. The principal marine program is nautical charting. Its output includes conventional charts, small-craft charts, and Coast Pilots, products whose common purpose is to permit safe and efficient navigation for commercial shipping and recreational boating. In addition, the continental shelf mapping program provides accurate descriptions of the physiography of the shelvesin the form of maps depicting bottom configuration, geophysical anomalies, and sediment type and distribution. This will provide the Federal and State Governments and private enterprise with the basic information required for the intelligent management and.exploitatibn of shelf resources. The meteorological., tide and tidal current programs provide pre- dictions essential for safe and efficient coastal transportation, and for fisheries, pollution control, recreation and construction. The aim of the land-sea interaction program is to increase knowledge of shore processes affecting the prediction of the transport of pol-' lutants, the erosion and deposition.of sediments-and related engi- neering applications. Appropriations shown below have been extracted from other program categories to reflect the level of ESSA activities in the Coastal Zone. FY 68 FY 69 FY 70 Surveys and observations, processing analysis compilation and printing 9.6 9.6 10.3 Research and development .0.5 0.5 0.5 Facilities, equipment and construction 0.7 0.5 0.8 10.7 10. 11 'Additional funding required to implement 1970 initiatives 5.0 "ESSA budget estimates before Department of Commerce action. MARITIME ADMINISTRATION U.S. Department of Commerce September 17, 1968 The Maritime Administration promotes the development of an American flag fleet, aiming at a position as a carrier commen'6urate With the Nation's position as the world's leading participant in foreign commerce. Programs have been developed to make shippers and the public in general aware of the importance of developing a fleet which is capable of carrying a substantial portion of our commercial exports and imports. Other programs are de- signed to obtain commercial cargoes for the U.S. flag fleet, since cargo is the life-blood of the merchant marine, and the development of sufficient carryings on our ships would assure the development of an adequate fleet. Under the various laws which it administers, principally the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, as amended, the Maritime Administration is responsible for many activities. Generally, they may be classed in five groups or programs: (1) financial assistance, which includes operating and construction subsidies, ship replacement, vessel mortgage insurance, and cargo preference; (2) Maritime operations, including reserve fleet maintenancei , ship exchange, charters, and transfers; (3) Maritime promotion, which involves cargo promotion and port development; (4) maritime training, which includes operation of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy and responsibilities for the five state maritime academies; and (5) research and development, which is devoted to new systems development and to cost reduction projects. The responsibility of the Maritime Administration for promoting the development of U.S. ports and related transportation facilities in connection with water commerce includes advising and assisting communities on port improvements, and initiating and coordinating programs for the continued operation and Federal control of ports under national emergency conditions. The agencyls active ports and systems development program focuses attention on increasing port operating efficiency and reducing vessel turnaround time in port through im- provement of cargo handling methods and operating practices, development of new marine terminal systems, promotion of adequate port capacity, and initiation and coordination of research and development projects related to port adminis- tration and operation. The ports and systems program includes 10 priority port research and development projects and 12 additional in-house and special services type projects. Fundings are as follows: FY 1967-$350, 000; FY 1968-$475, 000; and FY 1969-$1,700,000. The funds obligated for all five major programs administered by the Maritime Administration are as follows: FY 1967 FY 1968 FY 1969 (Est.) (Mil. $) (Mil. $) (Mil. $) General Funds (appropriated) 247.1 384.6 417.6 Other Funds (not appropriated) 264.8 51.2 228.9 Total 511.9 435.8 646.5 The coordination and integration of all modes of transportation are key factors in the industrial, agricultural, and trade development of our country. The Maritime Administration's ports and systems pro- gram is directly related to the implementation of a fully coordinated and' integrated transportation system to serve the Nation's ports and to promote the movement of hundreds of millions of tons of waterborne commerce through these ports in international trade. This commerce moves along, into and through the coastal zones. JO@A ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION. The EDA program is a system of grants and loa ns to help the economic development of cities and towns and country areas where unemployment is high and income is low. The legislation authorizing this effort, the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, was signed into law on August 26, 1965. EDA can also give assistance to areas threatened by an unusual and abrupt rise in unemployment. This might occur, for example, when a major factory shuts down or a military base closes. A recent example 'of this is the Brooklyn Navy Yard area which is now being assisted in planning for its redevelopment. There are ab.out 900 qualified areas, including Alaska, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Hawaii and the Virgin Islands. The business of EDA is conducted through 7 EDA Area Offices. Four main types of assistance are offered through EDA: 1. One is grants to communities for public works and development facilities. These grants are generally available on a 50-50 matching basis, but EDA can go as high as 80-percent in Federal grant funds for a project, if an area's situation is so bad that it cannot supply its 50 percent. These grant projects must be directly or indirectly related to creating permanent jobs. 2. A second major kind of assistance is long-term loans. These loans may be made to help build the same kind of projects as provided for in the grants. In cases of Public Works loans designed to improve industrial expansion possibilities, EDA may lend up to 100 percent of the project cost. Such loans may run for as long as 40 years at a current interest rate of 4-3/4 percent. EDA has approved over 1200 projects. Of these, about 800 were for water and sewer systems at about $400,000,000. Waste water treatment was next, with about 300 projects for more than $75,000,000. There were 30 reservoir and dam,projects for $20,000,000, and 50 ports and harbors projects for $60,000,000. This assistance includes studies for the economic development of the areas such as harbor planning, manpower studies, studies for -the fishing industry, market studies, industrial studies, tourism studies, and studies on water problems. Since economic development is the principal purpose of this program, certain types of projects are, by their very nature, more likely to be eligible for ass,istance than others. They include among them water and sewer projects serving principally industrial and commer- cial users, water pollution control projects aimed at the treatment of industrial wastes, general site improvements (including utilities 2 and access roads) for industrial parks, public tourism complexes, harbor facilities, flood control projects, airports,roads which are not on the Federal Aid Highway System, and vocational schools. 3. A third major kind of help under the EDA program is Technical Assistance and Research to help find the answers to economic problems. Here the range is wide. Technical assistance may help decide if a proposed industrial complex is economically feasible. It may solve.some of the engineering and marketing problems connected with such a project. 41. A fourth tool to help combat unemployment in the economically hard-hit areas is found in a special section of the Manpower Development and Training Act. Under this section jobless workers in EDA areas are eligible for training and subsistence allowances while undergoing training. ECHannum 9-18-68 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE September 13, 1968 Principal activities of this Department which relate to the coastal zone, particularly the health aspects of water quality, are those concerned with insuring the healthfulness of shellfish and other fish for human consumption, use of the coastalzone for occupational and ':recreational purposes, use of marine organisms for biomedical research, and use as a disposal site for solid wastes and toxic materials. These activities include (a) conducting and supporting research, development, field investigations, demonstrations and pilot operations,.(b) providing technical and financial assistance to State and local efforts, (c) man-- power training, (d) monitoring of coastal waters for pollutants injurious to health, and (e) use of marine life forms for biomedical research purposes. Particular emphasis is given to assisting States in developing their shellfish sanitation programs. Marine health science facilities are now operating in Alabama, Rhode Island and Washington. Additional construction is planned in the latter two States. Funding of the Department's activities in the coastal zone is as follows: Actual Estim ate Estimate FY 1968 FY 1969 IFY 19 7 0 Use of Marine life in biomedical research . . . Z.40 Z.65 Z.95 Health problems related to marine pollution . . . .90 .90 Nutritional and health aspects of marine foods . . . 1.10 1.25 1., Z5 4.40 4.80 5.10 The rapidly expanding occtipational and recreational uses of the coastal zone is responsible for increasing numbers of individuals being exposed to biomedical hazards and problems. Many medical and health related problems can be expected to develop in the near future. This Department is hopeful that research interests and facilities can be developed and additional scientists and clinicians trained which collectively can con-, tribute to the Nation's man in the sea efforts. One-page summary of Agency program in Coastal Zone Geological Survey - includes all Divisions The Geological Survey's program in the Coastal Zone consists both of activities in and pertaining to the coastal waters themselves, and of activities on land areas adjacent thereto, and hence that relate 'indirectly to the waters, The program is divided into activities classed as (1) research and investigations, and (2) basic data collection. Also, for fiscal year 1970 a new program, Coastal Hydrology, is proposed that contains items of both types. With respect to the water itself, research and investigations include projects on estuarine hydraulics, thermal loading, salt-water intrusion, quality of bottom water, offshore springs, sediment movement, development of remote- sensing techniques, and special geologic studies. These range from.pure research to delineations of circumstances at particular places. There is some data collection on tidal flow and salinity intrusion. The Conservation Division evaluates mineral resources of the shelf beyond State jurisdictioni and exercises management functions to insure orderly development. With respect to water-related land studies, the program includes geologic mapping, both terrestrial and submarine, of coastal areas, the Atlantic shelf program of bottom and subbottom geologic exploration, many investiga- tions of ground-water conditions in coastal areas (both Coop. and Federally supported)., and non-systematic remapping, revision, and updating of older topographic maps. Basic data collection includes measurement of streamflow at head of tide, observations of water quality at stations on streams entering coastal waters, and a few scattered tide stations.. The Coastal Hydrology program, proposed to begin in FY 1970, includes enlargement of basic data collection especially in the coastal waters themselvesj comprehensive scientific.studies in selected estuaries, and step-up of hydraulic and hy-draulic-related research. The funding of this program as proposed is probably substantiallygreater than can be approved for immediate implementation4 Table I.--Geol. Survey effort in Coastal Zone (Thousands of Dollars). Types of Work Fiscal years. (Great Lakes not included) 1968 1969 1970 Geologic & Water Resoarces DivIns. Research & investigations 3,789 3,601 3,728 Basic Data Collection 87 77 82 1/ Coastal Hydrol. Program 0 0 2,750 Conservation Division Resource Evaluation Mgmt. 854 1,200 1,600 To-pographic Division 2) (2) (2) 1. Coastal Zone streamflow and water-quality measurements are included in nationwide "land" program, and not shown here. 2. Amounts for general geologic and topographic mapping, though substantial, are not readily separated out from nationwide programs. lo7 NAT10NAL PARK SERVICE September 5, 1968 The National Park Service has responsibility for administration of the National Park System which includes twenty areas with significant marine resources. Eleven are national parks and monuments where resource protection is the major management objective, and nine are national seashores and lake- shores where outdoor recreation is the primary management consideration, Fourteen additional marine areas have been proposed for inclusion within the System or are under study. To reflect the need for proteection of outstanding stretched of shorelines, particularly near heavily populated urban areas, national seashores and national lakeshores have recently been added to the National Park System. Cape Hatteras National Seashore, authorized in 1937, was established in 1953. Cape Cod National Seashore was authorized in 1961, and more recently Padre Island, Point Reyes, Fire Island, Assateague Island, and Cape Lookout National Seashores were authorized. In 1966, the initial National Lakeshores, Indiana Dunes and Pictured Rocks, were authorized. Prior to 1961, national Darla and monuments were created on public domain lands or on lands donated to the Federal Governmnent. The authorization of Cape Cod provided that parklands could be acquired with appropriated funds. Appropriations for planning, development, conservation, and acquisition for the marine-related units under the management of the National Park Service are as follows: FY 1968 FY 1969 FY 1970 Planning .1 .1 .1 Development 6.9 5.8 8.18 Conservation 1.2 1.9 1.0 Total 8.2 7.8 9.9 (Acquisition (BOR) 11.1 13.2 15.0 National Seashores and Lakeshores provide opportunities for outdoor pursuits such as swimming, fishing, boating, hunting, hiking, picnicking, camping, photography, and nature study. Interpretive programs explain the natural and historical features to the visitors. A variety of interpretive methods including self-guiding underwater nature trail at Buck Island Reef National Monument and Virgin Islands National Park and Fort Jefferson National Monument; museum exhibits; and conducted tours and beach walks, The National Park Service is investigating additional means of increasing opportunities for underwater observation and interpretation. 108 National Council on Marine Resources Engineering Development PANEL ON COASTAL ZONE Bureau of Mines U.S. Department of the Interior The Bureau of Mines has two activities in or related to the Coastal Zone, one is in Mineral Resource Evaluation Studies; the other is in develop- ment of technology in marine mineral mining. The following tabulation expresses the resource evaluation work: 1968 1969 1970 input of Offshore Oil Developments $913,000 $ 94,000 Input of Estuarine Mining (Gulf Coast) 30,000 Economic Analysis of Gulf Coast Mineral Imports and Exports 40,000 Potential for Mineral Industry-Development in the Anchorage-Cook Inlet Areas 50,000 Total $91,000 @214,000 $220,000 A breakdown by projects has not yet been made. Research in the immediate offshore zone, which is close to land processing facilities, is being stressed. Work is directed toward (1) deposit delineation and characterization, and (2) mining systems. Special emphasis will be placed on matters of compatibility of marine mining with marine ecology. A joint study has been initiated with BCF in this connection. -1968 1969 (Est'd.) 1970 (proposed) Funding: $1,445,000 $1.9478pOOO $1.9478,000 National Council on Marine Resources & Engineering Development PANEL ON COASTAL ZONE Activities of the Office of Water Resources Research U.S. Department of the Interior The OWRR supports research entirely by out-house allotments, grants, and contracts. Most of its activity is in non-coastally oriented water reaource problems, but it does support a number of projects that are in the coastal zone. These currently are in three of the FCST categories having to do with general hydrology, water pollution, and resources planning. 1968 FY .1969 FY FCST Category No. of Pr $ in Thous. No. of projects $'in Thous. oJects II Water cycle 81V 180 611 158 V Water quality mgmt. protection 9_2/ 205 10 2/ 107 VI Water Resources planning 4 48 7 184 Total 21 434 23 449 1'. 5 and 3, respectively, in Estuarine problems. 2. 6 and 7, respectively, in Effects of pollution. The following table gives the expenditures by type of support: 1968 FY 1969 FY Support $ in Thousands $ in Thousands Allotment to Res'ch. Inst's. 173,963 170,470 Matching Grants 153,040 79,664 Title 11 .106,785 198,675 Totals $433,788 $448,809 The OWRR has not projected any estimates for FY 1970, although priority consideration will begiven to proposals for research in estuaries and the Great Lakes. The level will probably not greatly exceed that for 1968 and 1969. OFFICE OF SALINE WATER ACTIVITIES RELATED TO COASTAL ZONE. PROGRAMS The Office of Saline Water (OSW) is authorized by Congre ss to conduct research and development programs leading to the economic production, from seawater and other saline sources, of water suitable for agricultural, industrial and municipal uses. The OSW program is conducted by means of research and development grants and contracts awarded to individuals, universities, private research organizations and industrial firms, and other Government agencies, As desalted processes are discovered, or improved upon, they are advanced by means of pilot plants and test beds finally leading to module, test bed, or prototype plant construction and operations. In this connection, OSW operates two major facilities in the coastal zone area namely: the Wrightsville Beach Test Facility in North Carolina and the San Diego Test Facility in California. Their location on the coast. is for accessability to seawater. No funding pertinent to coastal zone programs is indicated for the above two facilities. With the advent of large scale desalting developments in the coastal area OSW has undertaken studies on the impact of brine disposal from large size desalting plants on the marine environments of the Gulf of California and other coastal areas and a series of studies pertaining to. the recove ry of minerals. This latter program has the objective to integrate an economic mineral recovery from saline water conversion that is a system of pretreat- ment of incoming seawater or treatment of concentrated brine effluents to recover by-products. The actual funding for Fiscal Year 1968 and estimates for Fiscal Years 1,969 and 1970 for. the above two items are as follows: Fiscal Year 1968 Fiscal Year 1969 Fiscal Year 1970 Brine Disposal Studies $155, 000 $200,000 $200 '000 Recovery of Minerals from Se awater 219,000 -105,000 130, 000 $374,000 $305,000 $330,000 OSW 10/9/68 Bureau of Land Management The Bureau of Land Management has the responsibility for the administration of the public domain lands, including the mineral resources on the ocean floor of the Outer Continental. Shelf. The Bureau conducts a very remunerative program of oil.and gas leasing on the'Outer Continental Shelf. However, the Bureau does not, consider the Outer Continental Shelf to.be within the "coastal zone" to be covered by the Marine Council's report because, under theterms of the Submerged Lands Act of May 22, 1953 (43 U-S-C- 1301) the Outer Continental Shelf starts three miles from the coastline. The area within three miles of the coastline belongs to the coastal States. There are some public domain lands which have a shoreline, most in Alaska, with some scattered lands among the other States. However, these are administered under the general programs of the Bureau of Land Management and are not singled out for individual or special programming. The Bureau does not maintain a list of these lands and they cannot at.this time be more specifically identified. However, all public lands are administered by the Bureau of Land Management for their multiple use values. Where present, marine resources are an important element of these values* All programs of the Bureau of Land Management are based on proper use, development and protection of all resources, with recognition of scenic, recreation, natural, ecologic, historic, public and other values, all in a manner to assure protection of the public interest. We are unable to identify those portions of our program which specifically relate to coastal zones, and therefore, cannot furnish financial data relating to that aspect of our program alone. BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE September 13, 1968 The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife is substantially involved in the conservation of estuarine fish and wildlife resources and the preser- vation of estuarine habitat. Activities cover research on fish and wildlife species; the acquisition, development and management of coastal refuges for waterfowl, migratory birds, endangered species, and for recreation; investigations, planning, and coordination concerning the preservation and development of fish and wildlife resources in connection with water development and naviga- tion projects; surveys to determine waterfowl popu lation statistics and enforcement of regulations pertaining to waterfowl; through the coopera- tive Federal Aid programs with the States the acquisition. of wetlands, research on fish and wildlife, and access and development of facilities or fishing and hunting; through the cooperative fish and wildlife units at universities the training of professional biologists, dissemination f of technical advice, promotion of conservation education and research; and pesticides surveillance and monitoring. Two of the more significant activities are those concerned with coastal refuges and marine game fish research. Of the 312 units.in the National WiAdlife Refuge system, 78 are coastal., Together these coastal refuges have a shoreline of more than 500 miles and an area of .. ore than 18 million acres, of which 682,000 are identi- fied as estuarine. As administrator of these areas, the Bureau of Sport, Fisheries and Wildlife is a potent factor in the conservation of estuarine resources and, incidentally, in recreation activities associated with these resources. The marine game fish research program is important because it is the only Bureau program exclusively concerned with the marine and coastal environments. It takes an added significance from.two circumstances. Because of the migratory nature of many marine game fishesJocalized research is not effective and States' efforts are minimal. The appropriationSfo'r carrying out the Bureaus programs in the coastal zone are as follows: (Thousand dollars) FY 1968 FY 1969 FY 1970- Research and development. 1816 1855 1995 Investment 3010 3121 2040 Operations 4618 4794 Total 7814 9770 9214 l/ Estimate Bureau of Commercial Fisheries September 13, 1968 The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has responsibility in the coastal zone. to (1) ensure an adequate, dependable, diverse supply of fish and shell- fish products of good quality; (2) encourage optimum use of estuarine living resources; and (3) contribute to man's understanding and control of estuarine living resources and their environment. To achieve these objectives in the coastal or estuarine zone, the Bureau conducts research on estuaries, estuarine problems, orestuarine-dependent species of fish and shellfish at 12 of its 20 biological laboratories. The Bureau also assists other Federal agencies and the Stat 'es to assess proposed estuarine alterations for the purpose of preventing damage to fishery resources. Also, through Federal Aid programs, the Bureau provides assistance to the States for research and development on estuaries and related fishery resources* Bureau research programs include life history studies and/or studies for determining the maximum sustainable yieldoof shrimp, blue crabs, menhaden, salmon., surf clams, lobsters, and thread herring; aquaculture research on oysters..clams, shrimp, and pompano; investigations to determine effects of pesticides and radio-active materials on estuarine.organis.ms; studies on nutrient cycling and primary productivity of estuarine ecosystems; assessment of proposed estuarine alterations; surveys of estuarine fishery resources; and classification of different typesof estuarine habitat in relation to their value for fishery resources* The value of estuaries for fishery resources cannot be overemphasized. Estuaries now provide essential habitat for some 70 species of.fish and shellfish that contribute about 3 billion pounds or two-thirds of the total U.S. commercial fisheries harvest. Seven of the 10 species most in demand,including shrimp, our most valuable fishery, and menhaden, our largest volume fishery, are likewise estuarine-dependent. Unfortunately our estuaries are being altered and destroyed at such an alarming rate that many of our most valuable fishery resources are threatened. Considerabl e additional effort must be devoted to the study of these valuable ecosystems and the resources they harbor. This Bureau's present and proposed activi- ties in the coastal zone have substantial side benefits for water-oriented recreation,, including sport fishing and hunting, for management of fishery resources, and for contributing toward the long-range planning for estu- arine utilization and development. Funding for Bureau of Commercial Fisheries work related to estuaries is, as follows: Thousands of Dollars FY 1968 FY 1969 FY 1970 Research on estuaries and related problems 110223 1.1223 1,613 Coordination 25 25 175 Species research 1)202 1@-216 1.4266 Construction 0 0 350 Federal Aid (P.L. 88-309) 686 686 700 Propagation research 4,570 4,777 7,237 7,706 7.,927 1123,41 Increases for FY 1970 includes initiatives for Aquaculture and Estuarine Research and Management. BUREPAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION September 10, 1968 The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation has a central role in promoting Federal-State cooperation and coordination in planning the acquisition and development of both existing and proposed new 0 areas in the Coastal Zone devoted to public recreational use. The Bureau will submit a Nationwide Recreation plan to the President and to Congress. In the final stages of preparation, the Plan will provide a framework for Federal, State., local and private outdoor recreation programs, including those directed to outdoor recreation. The Bureau has conducted a special survey of the recreation potential of islands off the coastline and on inland waterways of the country, and-recommends prinoiples and guidelines for the conservation of these significant resources. This completed study is being printed, and will soon be available for distribution. The Bureau administers the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965. This Act provides grants to the States for the planning, acquisition, and development of outdoor recreation areas and facilities and to certain Federal a.-e-icies for the acquisition of recreational areas. Over 2,000 projects have been financed under this Act. Many of these projects supply marine-related recreation and preserve significant coastal areas. The estimated expenditures by the States and Federal agencies from Fund sources for marine- related recreation in FY 1968-70 are as follows (in millions of dollars): STATE FEDERAL Acquisition Development Acquisition Total FY 1968 8.o 5.0 14.1 27.1 1969 4.4 2.2 18.5 25.1 1970 15- L 7.8 25.0 48.3 Total 27.9 15.0 _37.-G- IGG-.5- Includes Nat-ional Faarh- Service, Forest Ssrvice, and Bureau of Sport Fisheries ard Wildlife. E@@penditures are also included as part of total program sulcudttal of theso agencies. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Washington, D.C. 20242 September 17, 1968 Thei Federal Water Pollution Control Administration has the responsibility for the administration of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. To accomplish this in regard to marine resources it conducts a series of major problems in the estuaries and coastal zones. Briefly these programs are: Comprehensive river basin planning for all aspects of water quality studies, management, and systems analysis. Studies in two additional basins in 1969. Fund estimates based on percentage of total Technical services and assistance to Federal, State, and local interests to Conduct special authorized projects on effects of pollution on beneficial use in estuarine zones and on pollution surveillance. Fund estimates based on budgets for Charleston Harbor, Hillsborough Bay, and the National Estuarine Pollution Study. Surveillance and special technical studies to support enforcement of pollu- tion abatement action. Funds for estuarine activities based on percentage of fanus for unspecified studies and all of funds for studies such as Raritan Bay, Merrimack, and other smaller estuarine areas. Intramural research anu grants for research, fellowships, training, and demonstration projects in technology of advanced Waste treatment and water quality control operations. The funds related to these programs and services are as follows: (Millions of Dollars) FY '68 FY '69 FY '70 Comprehensive Planning 1.0 1.4 2.1 Services and Surveillance 1.4 1.6 1.7 Research and Training 1.1 1.6 1.0 3.5 4.6 4.8 Ali funds direcly related to marine resources are estimated. Important studies completed or in process relating to marine resources are: The National Estuarine Pollution Study, The Oil Pollution Report to the President, and the Watercraft Pollution Study. The National Multi-Agency Oil anu Hazardous Materials Pollution Contingency Plan has been completed and is awaiting approval. MULTIPLE USE OF THE COASTAL ZONE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION CURRENT PROGRAM September 17, 1968 The Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology is operated by the Smithsonian Institution about 7 miles South of Annapolis, Maryland. This Bureau serves primarily as a natural area on land, however, access to the Bay is an obvious characteristic along 11 miles of shoreline. Marine activities at the Cente r are aimed at understanding the ecology of the Bay and are primarily of a research nature. The information gained is applicable to the multiple uses concept in the Bay. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in the Panama Canal is concerned with the ecology of the Coastal Zone, especially as the existing canal and the proposed new sea level canal may modify the environment. Feeling an urgent requirement to establish base- lines anticipatory to the construction of a sea level canal, the Smithsonian seeks funds for greatly expanding its own activities and for support of related activities in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Panama and adjacent waters. The accessibility of large shallow swamplands in the Canal Zone also lead to a suggestion by the Smithsonian that there be emphasis on aquaculture in the tropics where the vast majority of the undernourished may be found. Members of the scientific staff of the Museum of Natural History and the other Bureaus are engaged in research on the biology of the Coastal Zone, gathering information that is necessary to evaluate the effects of pollution on the environment, to assess the ways that engineering construction may change the environment, to develop -information necessary to increase the production of food from the sea, to determine the populations of noxious organisms in the Coastal Zone, and to understand the biology of the Coastal Zone. -1968 1969 19 7 0'-' $175,000 $190, 000 $200, 000 No initiatives were given high enough priority by the Committee to justify their inclusion in the Smithsonian budget during this tight budget year. COAST GUARD PROGRAMS IN THE COASTAL ZONE Coast Guard programs in the Coastal Zone are divided into the following areas of activity. Casualty Prevention: Merchant Marine Safety Regulates in various ways the construction, operation and manning of U.S. Merchant Marine vessels of many types to insure a high degree of safety. F. Y. 1968 F.Y. 1969 F. Y., 19 7 0'* Total program expenditure $7,600,000 $8, 700, 000 $9,100, 000 Recreational Boating Safety Enhances recreational boating safety by regulating certain equipment requirements of boats, educating the boating public, the enforcement of safety regulations and maintaining liaison with various governmental and public safety organizations. Total program expenditures $4, 500, 000 $5, 500, 000 $8,000,000 Aids to Navigation Provides audio, visual and electronic aids for use by the general public in navigating the Coastal Zone by air or sea. Regulates the marking of obstructions and bridges in navigable waters to insure safe utilization of these waters. Regulates the construction and alterations of bridges to insure that they are not an.unreasonable impediment to marine navigation. Total program expenditure's $77, ZOO, 000 $76, 300, 000 $86, ZOO, 000 Port Safety Provides resources and personnel to insure the safe operations of port facilities by regulations, inspections and detailed supervision of selected critical operations. Total program expenditures $1Z, 400, 000 $13, 300, 000 $18,400, 000 National Sea rch and Rescue Provides search and rescue service on and over the areas of the Coastal Zone with aircraft, cutters and boats; and by coordinating non-Coast Guard facilities through extensive communication facilities. Provides ice breaking service. Total program expenditures $119, 000, 000 $11Z, 900, 000 $129, 300, 000 116 Marine Law Enforcement Provides resources and personnel for enforcement of Federal laws and international treaties enacted to insure the best use of the natural r*esources of the Coastal Zone. F.Y. 1968 F.Y. 1969 F.Y. 1970* To tal program expenditure $6,100, 000 $6,100, 000 $6, 000, 000 Water Pollution Control Provides resources and personnel for the enforcement of the Oil Pollution Acts of 1924 and 1961 and the Ref use Act of 1899; and for the cooperation with other Federal agencies and local interests in the containment, abatement and disposition of spills of oil and other hazardous material into the waters of the Coastal Zone. Total program expenditure $800 000 $2,300,0 00 $4,100,000 Coastal Oceanograph Provides weather, wave, tide and surf condition information to users of the Coastal Zone and develops scientific data as to the potential use of the Coastal Zone through physical, chemical, geographical, biological and geophysical studies. Coast Guard aircraft, cutters, and selected automated off-shore towers carry out this service. Total program expenditure $1,2 44,000 $600,000 $1,000,000 Amalgamated Coastal Zone- Program Expenditure $287,844,00.0 $272,500,000 $323,900,000 These figures are rounded off from those contained in prog ram proposals .for F.Y. 1970. Reflects figures in the F.Y. 1970 budget reque st which is in the forecast stage, but departmental levels for the Bureau of the Budget stage have not been set. ZVOOZ 7VJlWtV ?@Vj .40 ?6 /7 .q7dU-7,IW NO 9.3u J. w SW.-7A cY.3?S 0 0 r58-wgW-7@1 .40 5/7 EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT NATIONAL COUNCIL ON MARINE RESOURCES AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT September 6, 1968 COMMITTEE ON MULTIPLE USE OF THE COASTAL ZONE MEMBERS, ALTERNATES, AND OBSERVERS M Member A - Alternate 0 - Observer AO Alternate Observer Chairman Te lephone No. M PAUTZKE, Clarence F. 183 4678 Executive Secretary McBROOM, James T. 183 5504 Army M CASSIDY, William F., Lt. Gen. 11 52052 A NOBLE, Charles C., Brig. Gen. 11 72923 A MEANOR, James B., Jr., Col. 11 74623 Atomic Energy Commission M WOLFE, John N. 119 4155 A BELTER, Walter G. 119 3431 Bureau of the Budget 0 KRAMER, Samuel 103 4750 Telephone No. Commer ce M NYGREN, Harley D., RAdm 146 8363 A HANNUM, Erwin C. 183 38616 0 NEWHOUSE, Edgar E.. 189 2300 Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Re sour-se s 0 DINSMORE, Robertson P., Capt., USCG 103 3476 Council of Economic Advisers M NOLL, Roger G.. 103 5100 Health, Education and Welfare M LEE, James A. 13 37711 A KELLY, Cornelius B. 513 684 3587 Housing and Urban Development M PAUL, Robert M. 138 55977 A KARAS, George 128 5001 Interior M SINGER, S. Fred, Dr. 183 5485 A PUNCOCHAR, Joseph F. 183 2717 A UPSON, Joseph E. 183 2738 2 Telephone No. National Academy of Engineering 0 KAVANAGH, Thomas C. , Dr. 212 6611800 AO KEIM, Russell, Dro 1224 602 National Aeronautics and Space Administration M CURTIN, R. H., Maj. Gen., USAF (Ret.) 13 24520 A RYAN, John F. 13 36994 National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development ADAMS, David A., Dr. 103 4626 National Science Foundation M QUAM, Louis 0., Dr. 183 6505 A DOHERTY, Josephine K., Mrs. 183 7888 Navy M WATERS, 0. D., Jr. RAdm 11 56002 A KELLER, R. M.., Capt., USN (Ret.) 11 72773 Office of Science and Technology M DWORSKY, Leonard 103 3528 Smithsonian M WALLEN, I. Eugene, Dr. 14 45365 3 Telephone No. State M McKERNAN, Donald L. 182 5035 A BRITTIN, Burdick H. 182 2973 Transportation M GOEHRING, Robert W., RAdm 184 5656 A JENKINS, William A., Captain@ 184 5656 Water Resources Council M JOHNSON, Reuben 128 4783 4 EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT NATIONAL COUNCIL ON MARINE RESOURCES AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT September 6, 1968 COMMITTEE ON MULTIPLE USE Alphabetical List of OF THE COAST64- Zr)Ni Members, Alternates, and Observers M Member A Alternate 0 Observer AO Alternate Observer Telephone No. ADAMS, David A., Dr. 103 4626 Staff Liaison, National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development Washington, D.C. 20500 STOP 28 (For' Messenger Delivery FOB #7, Room 6009 East Side of 17th Street,.N.W. Between Pennsylvania Avenue and H St., N. W.) A BELTER, Walter G. 119 3431 Chief, Envi'ronmental and Sanitary Engineering Branch Division of Reactor Developmentand Technology, Room F212 Atomic Energy Commission Germantown, Maryland 20545 STOP 4 (For Messenger Delivery -- c/o Receptionist - 1717 H Street, N. W.) A BRITTIN, Burdick H. 182 2973 Deputy Special Assistant to the'Secretary, for Fisheries and Wildlife Department of State, Room 3214 Washington, D.C. 20520 STOP 27 Telephone No. M CASSIDY, William F Lto Gene 11 5205Z Chief of Engineers, Corps of Engineers Department of the Army Building T-7, Gravelly Point, Room 1227 Washington, D.C. Z0315 STOP 107 M CURTIN, R.H., Maj. Geno, USAF (Ret.) 13 245ZO Director of Facilities, Code BX National Aeronautics and Space Administration FOB #6, Room 6010 400 Maryland Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20546 STOP 85 0 DINSMORE, Robertson P., Capt., USCG 103 3476 Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources Washin gton, D.C. 20500 STOP 28 (For Messenger Delivery FOB #7, Room 6025 East Side of 17th Street between Pennsylvania Avenue and H Streets, N. W.) A DOHERTY, Josephine K., Mrs. 183 7888 Associate Program Director for Environmental Biology National Science Foundation 1800 G Street, N. W., Room 332 Washington, D.C. 20550 STOP 19 M DWORSKY, Leonard 103 3528 Staff Assistant, Water Resources Office of Science and Technology Executive Office Building, Room 206 Washington, D.C. 20506 STOP 28 z Telephone No. M GOEHRING, Robert W., Rear Admiral 184 5656 Chief, Office *6f Operations United States Coast Guard Department of Transportation 1300 E. Street, N.W., Room 7ZOO Washington, D.C. 20591 STOP 280 A HANNUM, Erwin C. 183 38616 Water Resources Coordinator Department of Commerce 2001 Wisconsin Avenue, N. W., Room 332 Washington, D.C. 20007 A JENKINS, William A., Captain 184 5656 Deputy Chief, Office of Operations United States Coast Guard Department of Transportation 1300 E. Street, N.W., Roorn 7200 Washington, D.C. Z0591 STOP 2.80 M JOHNSON, Reuben 129 4783 Deputy Director Water Resources Council 1025 Vermont Avenue, N.W. Suite 900 Washington, D.C. 20005 A KARAS, George 128 5001 Chief, Planning and Engineering Branch Renewal Assistance Administration Department of Housing and Urban Development Lafayette Building, Room 801 811 Vermont Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20410 STOlb 98 3 Telephone No. 0 KAVANAGH, Thomas C., Dr. 212 661 1800 Chairman, Committee'on Ocean Engineering National Academy of Engineering Praeger, Kavanagh, Waterbury 200 Park Avenue New York, New York 10017 AO KEIM, Russell, Dr. 12Z4 60Z Executive Secretary, Committee on Ocean Engineering National Academy of Engineering 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washingtons D. C. 20418 STOP 44 (For Messenger Delivery Z100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W. , Room 704) A KELLER, R. M., Captain, USN (Ret.) 11 7Z7 73 Office of the Oceanographer Department of the Navy Madison Building, 3rd Floor 732 N. Washington Street Alexandria, Virginia 22314 A KELLY, Cornelius B. 513 684 3587 National Center for Urban and Industrial Health U.S. Public Health Service Department of Health, Education and Welfare Z22 E. Central Parkway Cincinnati, Ohio 45ZO2 0 KRAMER, Samuel 103 4750 Budget Examiner, Natural Resources Programs D";.vision, Water Resources Branch Bureau of the Budget Executive Office Building, Room 414 Washington, D.C. 20503 STOP 20 4 Telephone No. M LEE, James A. 13 37711 Assistant for Environmental Health to the Assistant Secretary for Health and Scientific Affairs Department of Health, Education and Welfare North Building, Room 57Z8 Washington, D.C. 20201 STOP 3 67 McBROOM, James T. 183 5504 Executive Secretary Interior Department Building, Room 3153 Washington, D.C. 20240 STOP 43 M McKERNAN, Donald L. 182 5035 Special Assistant to the Secretary for Fisheries and Wildlife Department of State, Room 3214 Washington, D. C. 20520 STOP 27 A MEANOR, James B., Jr., Col. 1174623 Executive Director, Civil Works Army Corps of Engineers Building T-7, Gravelly Point, Room-2338 Washington D. C. 2 0 315 STOP 107 0 NEWHOUSE, Edgar E. 189 2300 Staff Liaison for Marine Affairs Bureau of International Commerce Department of Commerce, Room 1865 Washington, D.C. 20230 STOP Z06 A NOBLE, Charles C., Brig. Gen. 11 72923 Director of Civil Works, Corps of Engineers Department of the Army Building T-7, Gravelly Point, Room 2340 Washington, D C. 20315 STO P 107 5 126 Telephone No. M NOLL, Roger G. 103 5100 Senior Staff Economist Council of Economic Advisers Executive Office Building, Room 328 Washington, D.C. 20503 STOP 28 M NYGREN, Harley D., Rear Admiral 146 8363 Associate Administrator, ESSA Room 921, Building 5, WSC Department of Commerce Rockville, Maryland 20852 STOP 206 (For Messenger Delivery -- c/o Mr. Jones, Room B221 Bottom of 15th Street Ramp Main Commerce Building M PAUL, Robert M. 138 55977 Deputy Director, Land and Facilities Development Administration, Metro- politan Development Department of Housing and Urban Development 1626 K Street, N. W. Washington, D.C. 20410 STOP 98 M PAUTZKE, Clarence F. 183 4678 Chairman and Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish and Wildlife and Parks Department of the Interior, Room 3156 Washington, D.C. 20240 STOP 43 A PUNCOCHAR, Joseph F. 18 3 Z 717 Staff Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks Department of the Interior, Room 3149 Washington, D.C. 20240 STOP 43 6 P7 Telephone No. M QUAM, Louis 0., Dr. 183 6505 Director, Antarctic Program National Science Foundation 1800 G. Street, N.W., Room 340 Washington, D.C. 20550 STOP 19 A RYAN, John F. 13 36994 Real Estate Manager, Facilities Management Office National Aeronautics and Space Admin- istration FOB #6, Room 6117 400 Maryland Avenue, S. W. Washington, D. C. 20546 STOP85 M SINGER, S. Fred, Dr. 183 5485 Deputy Assistant Secretary'of the Interior for Water Pollution Control Department of the Interior, Room 4148 Washington, D.C. 20240 STOP 43 A UPSON, Joseph E. 183 2738 Deputy Assistant Chief for Research and Technical Coordination, Water Resources Division, Geological Survey Department of the Interior Room 2226, GSA Building Washington, D.C. 20240 STOP 43 M WALLEN, I. Eugene, Dr. 1445365 Head, Office of Oceanography and Limnology Smithsonian Institution Natural History Building, Room 417 Washington, D. C. 20560 STOP 217 7 Telephone No. M WATERS, 0. D., Jr., Rear Admiral 1156002 oceanographer of the Navy Department of the Navy Madison Building, 3rd Floor 732 N. Washington Street Alexandria, Virginia 22314 M WOLFE, John N,, Dr. 119 4155 Chief, Environmental Sciences Branch Division of Biology and Medicine Atomic Energy Commission Germantown, Maryland Z0545 STOP 4 (For Messenger Delivery -- c/o Receptionist - 1717 H. Street, N. W.) 8 Olin 7 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I E@', 3 6668 14107 0328 1 1 1