[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
fCoastal Zone Inlformatjj0n LCenter COASTAL ZONE MAPPING HANDBOOK SECOND DRAFT August 1, 1975 IRFR RTIOH CENTER GB 452.2 .C63 1975 -j I i.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2224 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON SC 29405-2413 wDAT"s/i~ U NATIONAL OCEANIC AND'ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION I. Robert M. White, Adminijstrator I I U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY I Vincent E. McKelvey, Director CSTAL ZONE I t� Property of CSC Libzrary Uit August I, 197' COASTAL ZONE MAPPING HANDBOOK National Oceanic and Atmosphcric Administration Publication Number United States Geological Survey Publication Number PREFACE (To be supplied by OCZM) Anyone having knowledge of errors i'n this handbooks, or anyone wishing t'o suggest changes is welcome to write to either of the following addresses: Office of Coastal Zone Management Nat ional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration I~~~~~~ Washington, D.C. Chief, Topographic Division U.S. Geological Survey MS 516 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 EDITORIAL STAFF NOAA: Paul R. Stang, Office of Coastal Zone Management Isaiah Y. Fitzgerald, National Ocean Survey USGS: Franklin S. Baxter, Topographic Divslon Melvin Y. Ellis, Topographic Division Iv I CONTENTS Page PREFACE t i i TABLE OF CONTENTS v INTRODUCTION vit PART I: GENERAL INFORMATION FOR USERS I I. Definitions of coastal zone 2 2. Use of maps and charts in the coastal zone 4 I. Planning 4 2. Managing 5 43. Criteria for selection of maps and charts 8 4. Special problems 12 I. Tidal datums 13 2. Specific regional, State, or local problems 14 3. Shoreline changes 15 4. Boundaries 15 5. Aerial photography . 16 5. Existing coastal mapping programs 16 I. Federal -programs 16 2. State programs 17 6. Where to get assistance and advice 19 I. General information centers 19 2. Major mapping and charting programs 28 3. Cooperative programs with USGS and NOS 36 4. Sources of information about programs and 41 activities in mapping and charting * 7. Product end data sources 50 I 1. Available products and data 50 2. Explanation of abbreviations used in 1.6 and 1.7 57 3. Distribution points for maps, charts, and related 58 data PART I1: TECHNICAL PROCEDURES AND PRODUCTS 83 I. Datums 84 I. Kinds of datums 84 2. Tidal datums and local boundaries 90 3. Lake levels and local boundaries . 91 2. Horizontal and vertical control. . . 93 1. Defilnitions 93 2. H1-r i zontal control 94 3. Geodetic vertical control 94 4. Other control 95 3. Map projections and grid systems 96 t. Introduction 96 2. Map projections in common use 99 3. Projections commonly used for charts 101 4. Commonly used coordinate systems 1t01 Page 4. Remote sensing 102 I. Introduction 102 2. Types of remote sensing 103 55.- Photogrammetric mapping techniques 108 1. Aerial survey 108 2. Field operations III 3, Map compilation 114 4. Map reproduction 126 , 6. Maps 128 '. Definition 128 2.. Types 128 3. Format 136 4. Content 136 5. Contour interval 137 6. Scale 138 7. Accuracy 143 8. Revision 143 7. Charts 144 I. Introduction 144 2. Types . 145 3. Format 147 4. Accuracy 149 5. Scale and content. .. 150 6. Revision 153 8. Overlays and overprints 54 1. Definitions 154 2. Uses 154 3. Examples of overlays for coastal zone management 155 4. Advantages and limitations 160 9. Data extraction techniques 161 1. Visual-extraction method 161 2. Feature separation concept 162 3. Automation 185 I10. Land-use classification systems 187 1. Importance of land-use information 187 2. Considerations in land-use classification 188 3. Classification systems 192 PART III: FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR MAPPING AND CHARTING 204 I. Automnation 205 I. Influence of satellite data gathering 205 2. Computer stored data 206 3. Updating 208 2. Metric system 208 3. A view toward the future 210 PART IV: BIBLIOGRAPHY 214 vi Page PART V: GLOSSARY 219 PART VI: APPENDIXIES 237 A. Cooperating agencies in the coastal zone 238 B. State Mapping Advisory Committees 245 C. Contacts for coastal zone management 247 D. Sources for lists of qualified private contractors 257 E. Coastal Zone Management Act 259 F. United States National Map Accuracy Standards 269 G. Example products 271 INDEX 291 vii I NTRODjUC]T I ON Passage of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 focused attention on the lack of adequate maps of the nation's coastal zones and placed emphasis on a demonstrated widespread need for a handbook of this kind. The handbook has been prepared and issued with the requirements of the entire coastal zone community in mind, giving greatest attention given to the needs of coastal zone managers and planners and others having a concern with charting and mapping activities. The principal objective of the handbook is to be informative. It Is neither a textbook nor a technical manual; therefore, no attempt has been made to be instructive. We have attempted to explain what charts and maps are, and how they are made without being too detailed; associated data have been described; sources of advice and assistance are provided; the various kinds and types of charts and maps are explained, some examples are described, and places listed where they are obtainable; a glossary of terms familiar to the charting and mapping community that may be strange to those concerned with coastal zone activities is included~ and, finally, examples of many available products and services are provided. viii I I. * I I I I U PARTI I GENERAL INFORMATION FOR USERS I I I I I I I I I I I. Definitions of Coastal Zone (OCZM) The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-583) defines the coastal zone as "the coastal waters" (including'the lands therein and thereunder), strongly influenced by each other and in proximity to the shorelines of the several coastal States, including transi- tional and intertidal areas, salt marshes, wetlands, and beaches. The zone extends, in the great lakes waters, to the international boundary between the U.S. and Canada and, in other areas, seaward to the outer limit of the U.S. territorial sea. The zone extends inland from the shorelines only to the extent necessary to the control shorelands, the uses of which have a direct-4and significant impact on the coastal waters. Excluded from the coastal zone are- lands the use of which is by law subject; sol-ely to the discretion of or which is held intrust by the Federal government, its officers, or agents. The critical part of this definition lies in the sentence "the zone extends inland from the shorelines only to the extent necessary to control shorelands, the uses of which have a direct and signifi- cant impact on the coastal waters." Delineation of boundaries following this definition is not an easy task. The definition would imply an inland boundary of the coastal zone which is basically delineated along natural -features especially rivers, streams, marshes, and their accompanying drainage basins. In practice, however, many coastal States may define the landward boundaries - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 of their coastal zone along other than purely natural features. For example, a State may determine that the most feasible boundary could be based initially on an arbitrary line, say a 10 foot verti- cal distance above mean high water (MHW), which may roughly approxi- mate a flood plain level, and then modify that line to correspond with the nearest township line or network of paved roads. This modification would greatly simplify the administration of such a coastal zone boundary. Another alternative approach a little further removed from a natural boundary could be an inland water of all the coastal damping of a State. Still another approach may be an arbitreary horizontal distance inland from MHW. Other definitions of the coastal zone may include an extension of the seawba-rdlimit out to the edge of the continental shelf, this being defined as two hundred miles from shore or the two hundred metre depth curve. Geologically and biologically the seaward extent of the coastal zone terminating at the edge of the continen- tal shelf rather than the outer limits of the territorial sea, in some senses, would be a more logical way to define the coastal zone if natural considerations and features are most important. By this same philosophy one could imagine the landward extension of the coastal zone extending to the.crest of the coastal. mountain range. Another concept which could be considered would be those areas in which the water influences the land. This concept is just the reverse of that sited in the Coastal Zone Management Act. As a 3 U' 3 . practical concept, however, it might be much easi-er to delineatae, one could imagine, determining the extent of water influence on land by using the 50-year flood plain, or the 100-year flood plain, or the boundaries of coastal marshes, bogs, etc. Certainly other schemes could be used to define the coastal zone each with its advantages and disadvantages. For purposes-of this handbook, how- ever, we will use the definition as outlined in the Coastal Zone Management Act sited above. I. Planning The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 added another planning mechanism to be used in control of the coastal zone. Coastal planners at the Federal, State, and local level will need large scale maps of the coastal zone. Federal planners will need maps in range of 1:24,000 up to 1:100,000 or 1:250,000. A set of coastal maps for the entire coastal zone of the U.S. and the four terri- tories including of course the Great Lakes is fundamental for an overview perspective. States will want maps of their own coastal zone. These maps could be expected to range approximately from 1:24,000 to 1:100,000. Local governments also would have a need for planning maps especially to relate their activities to other activities in other areas of the State. Such maps may be in the scale of 1:10,000 up to 1:24,000. ~~~I . :~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~4 -i . --�-.�.- ;-�� . -�-;;I---�-�. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-I--��:---~~~~~~~~~~--~~~ ~~~: -- ~~~~~--: -:-- - �~ ~~~~~~;j In planning for the management of the land and water resources of the coastal zone such maps would be useful In inventorying and designating areas of particular concern In the coastal zone. These could incl.ude marshes under threat of pollution and desecration, areas of the coastline subject to high erosion, and those subject to frequent and seevere flooding. Effective planning can be en- hanced considerably if the results and data from Inventories of coastal-zone resources are graphically displayed on such planning A maps. These inventories would not only include natural resources, but also demographic trends, socio-economic factors, such as environmental factors such as ..., cultural fe.atures such as historic buildings in need of preservation, archeological sites of historic significance, and coastal zone areas which could be preserved purely for their esthetic values. Such planning maps also are used for graphically depicting land- and water-use classification systems. Of further interest to the coastal planner and describable on small-scale charts would be coastal and estuarine circulation patterns including predominant coastal currents, areas of low water flow as well as fast water flow, within these and estuaries. 2. Managing Maps for coastal-zone management wouldbe larger in scale than maps for planning. Again such maps would be useful at the Federal, State, and local levels. However, these maps would be of greatest * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.5. practical concept, however, it might be much easier to delineatae, one could imagine, determining the extent of water influence on land by using the 50-year flood plain, or the 100-year flood plain, or the boundaries of coastal marshes, bogs, etc. Certainly other schemes could be used to define the coastal zone each with its advantages and disadvantages. For purposes of this handbook, how- ever, we will use the definition as outlined in the Coastal Zone Management Act sited above. 2. Use of Maps and Charts in the Coastal Zone I. Planning The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 added another planning mechanism to be used in control of the coastal zone. Coastal planners at the Federal, State, and local level will need large scale maps of the coastal zone. Federal planners will need maps in range of 1:24,000 up to 1:100,000 or 1:250,000. A set of coastal maps for the entire coastal zone of the U.S. and the four terri- tories including of course the Great Lakes is fundamental for an overview perspective. States will want maps of their own coastal zone. These maps could be expected to range approximately from 1:24,000 to 1:100,000. Local governments- also would have a need for planning maps especially to relate their activities to other activities in other areas of the State. Such maps may be in the scale of 1:10,000 up to 1:24,000. I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 * ~~In planning for the management of the land and water resources of the coastal zone such maps would be useful in inventorying and I ~~designating areas of particular concern in the coastal zone. These * ~~could include marshes under threat of pollution and desecration, areas of the coastline subject to high erosion, and those subject to frequent and seevere flooding. Effective planning can be en- hanced considerably if the results and data from inventories of * ~~coastal zone resources are graphically displayed on such planning maps. These inventories would not only include natural resources, but also demographic trends, socio-economic factors, such as * ,environmental factors such as . ,cultural features such as historic buildings in need of preservation, archeological sites I ~~of historic significance, and coastal zone areas which could be * ~~preserved purely for their esthetic values. Such planning maps also are used for graphical ly depicting land- and water-use classification systems. I ~~Of further interest to the coastal plan ner and describable on sinallI-scale charts would be coastal and estuarine circulation patterns including predominant coastal currents, areas of low water flow as well as fast water flow, within these and estuaries. * ~~2. Managing * ~~Maps for coastal-zone management would be larger in scale than maps for planning. Again such maps would be useful at the Federal, 3 ~~State, and local levels. However, these maps would be of greatest 5 concern to the State and local governments. Whereas the basic responsibility for producing the small scale maps mentioned above would be Federal, the basic responsibility for producing large-scale maps for management of the coastal zone would be State and local. One could envision State coastal zone maps in the range of 1:5,000 down to scales in the order of 1:24,000 depending on the geographic area of concern as well as the length of the coast line to be mapped. Local governments may need maps of an even larger scale for their regulation and management of coastal zone. One-might expect a scale range of in the order of 1:2,000 up to 1:10,000. Such large-scale maps made: for the entire coast lline might be quite expensive. -It is therefore anticipated that such large-scale maps would be produced for areas where concentrated management is necessary, while somewhat smaller scale maps and even perhaps the planning maps mentioned above might be sufficient for coastal areas in need of less rigorous managment. The larger-scale management maps would be useful for finer detailed inventories, surveys, monitoring efforts, analysis, documentation, regulation and enforcement. Because many legal battles will ensue in administering coastal-zone regulation necessary for control of land- and water-use activities, large-scale maps, on which boundaries and surveys can be accurately delineated in a fashion admissible to local courts, will be needed by coastal-zone managers. One of the best ways to depict the results of inventories of the resources and the boundaries of the coastal zone, as well as results 6 of surveys and land and water use classification, is to use overlays or overprints on existing maps whether Federally or locally produced. Since multi-plate maps produced-by the Federal government can be reproduced using feature separation techniques (See 11.9.2.) the use of overlays depicting certain data relating to the coastal zone and needed by coastal-zone managers is an easy and inexpensive way to graphically present the results of coastal inventories. Furthermore, the results of seasonal or annual monitoring efforts in the coastal zone could be depicted easily and inexpensively on overlays rather than having to print a completely new map. The photography resulting from monitoring overflights, be they annual, seasonal,.or less frequent, could be analyzed and the results laid out on overlays or overprints. Another concept along the same line would be to use the monitoring photography to produce new orthophoto information overwhich could be printed the topography, roads, land lines, and other such data which changes less frequently. While charts of water areas have been used basically for navigation and for description of the physiography, we can expect many new uses for maps or charts of water areas as the management of the coastal zone becomes more intensive. For instance, water zoning, much the same as land zoning, can be expected to increase signifi- cantly over the next decade. Maps will have to be prepared for this purpose. 7 3. Criteria for Selection of Maps and Charts (USGS) When choosing a working map or chart for use in a coastal zone managemnet program one must consider the size of the management area and the purpose for which the map or chart will be used. In conjunction with these considerations scale, content, and accuracy are major factors in selection. It is convenient when a single map can be used for an entire management-area. Generally, the small-scale products (1:250,000 and smaller) are most useful to planners because they cover a larger area and yet contain adequate information fo defining a geographically extensive management zone. However, when the area is so large that an extremely smaell scal-e is required in order to fit onto one sheet of paper, other considerations must be made. If the scale is too small to provide the desired content, it may be better to use. several sheets at a larger scale. Also, the accuracy with which features are plotted reduces with the scale. (See 11.6.6 and 11.7.5 for more information about scale.) Up to 10 percent of the features on a small-scale map at 1:250,000, which conforms to the National Map Accuracy Standards (Appendix F), could have horizontal position errors exceeding the map equivalent of 417 feet (about 125 metres). The remaining 90 percent may be off by varying amounts within that figure. The corresponding values for a medium-scale map at 1:50,000, and for a large-scale map at 1:24,000 would be 83 feet (about 25 metres) and 40 feet (about 8 1-; - F 12 metres), respectively. Although the position errors for a given map may be far less than those quoted, the'figures do show that one should at least consider accuracy when choosing,a map or chart. It is suggested that the upper portion of the small-scale range, 1:250,000 to 1:1,000,000 is most useful for general planning purposes. Maps and charts at those sc:ales. tend to have the capability of satisfying the majority of the requirements of content and accuracy. They cover a fairly large area and can provide adequate information with accuracy suitable for planning. More intense activities, such as boundary delineation and enforcement, require maps and charts at medium and large scales. Their greater accuracy gives them an advantage over small-scale maps when more detail is required. Planimetric maps (See 11.6.2) are frequently sufficient for planning of land and water resources in the coastal zone. They show the position of the major features including culture, transportation systems, wetlands, vegetation, and sometimes historical sites. Although planimetric maps show no continuous relief data they usually indicate the position-of major physiographic features. For recognition of locations where erosion and sedimentation are in progress, topographic and bathymetric maps (See 11.6.2.) at medium or large scale are useful because. they depict relief and provide some Insight into the cycle of land-mass denudation within the coastal zone. The Ideal product for this purpose is 9. I ~ ~~ . .:; ..:....: . : the topographic-bathymetric series (See Appendix G) which is being produced Jointly by-the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the NOAA National Ocean Survey (NOS). These maps will be published at scales of 1:250,000, 1:100,000, and 1:24,000 with I x 2 degree, I degree x 30 minute, and 7.5 x 7.5'minute formats, respectively. The topographic map offers tihe greatest wea.lth of general information for land areas, but it is not all inclusive. The coastal zone manager should use supplemental data found on thematic maps covering fields such as geology, land-use, landownership, utilities, and population distribution. Selection and use of these maps would depend upon the goals of the user. The greatest single source of data for-water areas is the hydro-- -.. graphic chart. In addition to water depth, it shows channels, shoals, and aids to navigation. These charts may be subdivided into nautical, coast, harbor, Intracoastal Waterway, and small-craft charts. All of these contain essentially the same kinds of infor- mation. For the most part the differences lie in scale and intended use. Besides these charts there are a number of special purpose maps, charts, and diagrams (listed in 1.7.1) dealing with water areas. Photographic products offer a wealth of information which is useful in coastal zone planning and management. Orthophotomaps are especially useful in ascertaining the extent of wetlands and for studying vegetation. Spacecraft imagery has been used in wetland delineation 10 U t-, -a and shallow-seas mapping. (See Appendix G for examples of imagery from space.) Some management projects will require maps and charts at scales larger than 1:24,000. Normally these products are not available from the Federal government. However, USGS can provide technical assistance for those undertaking mapping projects to fill their own needs. For technical assistance, organizations or individuals may contact: Chief, Office of Research and Technical Standards Topographic Division U.S. Geological Survey MS 519 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6291 Assistance also can be provided for those who are uncertain about choosing available products for use in a coastal zone management program. Help in selecting suitable maps, charts, and related data may be obtained from: Chief, User Services Section National Cartographic Information Center U.S. Geological Survey MS 507 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6187 I.., ... ...... .... . ... ., A ..A. 4. Special Problems (NOS) Production of maps in any area almost always is accompanied by a host of problems, regardless of the kind of maps being published. Another group of problems arises In mapping the coastal zone. They are unique to that area and occur in addition to those of a routine nature. Perhaps mQst perplexingoQf all is the need to chart water areas as well as to map the terrain. Cartographic practices employed in the production of hypsographic maps vary little from those used to produce bathymetric and nautical charts. The major difference lies in the skills required to make sound judgments in preparation of navigational charts. Suich decisions are critical to the safety of the navigator, his vessel or aircraft, cargo, crew, and passengers. Field surveys:!conducted to acquire essential data for hypsographic maps differ greatly from those made to obtain source data for nautical charts. Bathymetric and hydrographic surveys require different equipment, instruments, and techniques. They are conducted in an environment that, all too frequently, is more hostile than that found in topographic surveys. Some of the more significant problems unique to the coastal zone are: I. tidal datums 2. rapid changes in the shoreline and alongshore features 3. coastla boundaries 4. Rata acquisition procudures. 12 I. Tidal datums Tidal datums are of critical importance in that part of the coastal zone affected by tidal fluctuations. They provide the base for establishing coastal boundaries, e.g., tidal datum lines form the boundary between private and sovereign (state-owned) property Tn the majority opf the 50 States; limits of the territorial sea and the contiguous zone are derived from a tiday datum line; water depths for bathymetric maps and nautical charts are referred to a tiday datum, and a tidal datum line depicts the junction of land and water on maps and charts; limits of various regulatory activities and responsibilities affecting coastal-zone management are defined by tidal datums; accurate and adequate knowledge of the tides and t id-al -datuums is 5-essential to promote and- regulate safe navigation ....' i-; in an economical water transportation system, and for numerous engineering and scientific activities. Lake levels in the Great Lakes area occupy a position similar to that of tidal datums along the oceanic coasts. Fluctuations of water levels in the Great Lakes result chiefly from meteorological forces. Neither the time nor the magnitude of changes is predic- table consistently with any consistency or reliability. The periodicity of oceanic tides Is absent. Lake level data is acquired by methods and equipment similar to that used to make tide observations, but the resulting data is processed differently. 13 I 3 a I 2. SpecIfic regional, State, or local probLems I , (This section is to be added by NOS upon receTpt of Information from State sources.) I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 14 I 3. Shoreline changes Changes in the shoreline occur frequently, and often very quickly as a result of actions of both natural and artificial forces. Alongshore structures are subject to rapid change, principally through the activities of man, with the most significant changes occurring faster in the areas having the greatest development and congestion. Such changes soon make maps and charts obsolete and increase the workload required to conduct effective coastal-zone management programs. 4. Boundaries Boundaries in the coastal zone range from the limits of private- sovereign property to the international boundary. All of them are affected to some degree by tidal datums along the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf Coasts, as well as along.the shoreline of oceanic islands. Similar boundaries in the Great Lakes area are fixed by treaty by acts of Congress, or are controlled by a lake level. Of all these boundaries, that exist between private and sovereign lands, will create greater difficulty than any of the others. Recent maps, prepared by modern techniques, and related data, such as aerial photographs and tidal information, will be of inestimable value in resolving boundary problems. I1 1.~~~~~ - ~~~~~15 I --�--------- -- _~_.~.1_ ;_ . 1 :�:.~ 5. Aerial photography Acquisition of acceptable aerial photography can present some of the greatest difficulty in the coastal-zone mapping. Of special importance is the need to avoid loss of imagery within individual frames because of the reflection of the sun from the water's surface directly into the camera lens. This phenomenon is referred to as sun-glitter, sun-glint, and sunspot. Since the surface of the water can act as a very efficient mirror, detail usually is lost completely In the area illuminated directly by the sun. Effects of sun-glitter can be minimized through proper scheduling and by IA increasing the endlap (forward lap along the flight line). (See Reference 21, Chapter 3B3, for detailed information on flight planning.) 5. Existing Coastal Mapping Programs (NOS) 1I. Federal programs (This section will be written after receipt of information from coastal States.) 1I 16 . .. . . 2. State programs (This section will be written after receipt of information from coastal States.) 17 I * , *I� *- - - -:-: I I i~~~(..2cniud I I *1 I I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' I I I I I 6. Sources of Assistance and Advice (USGS) I. General information centers There are three centers where one can obtain general information on the availability of map and chart data produced by Federal agencies. They are the National Cartographic Information Center (NCIC), the National Geodetic Survey Information Center (NGSIC), and the EROS Data Center (EDC). The primary role of NCIC is to develop and maintain a data base containing information on the location and availability of cartographic data. Generally mapping organizationswill continue to store and distribute their own cartographic data. Users are encouraged to deal directly with the agency concerned if they know what they need and where it can be found. NCIC will provide assistance for those who need help in determining what is available and where it is located. For information on the availability of cartographic data contact: User Services Section National Cartographic Information Center U.S. Geological Survey MS 507 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6045 The National Geodetic Survey, a part of the National Ocean Survey of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is responsible for establishing and maintaining the Nation's horizontal and vertical control networks. Control survey data is available from the NGS 19 .I -. -, Information Center. In addition to Information on NGS control NGSIC is now receiving Input on that of USGS. Eventually NGSIC will be able to provide information on control surveys performed by a number of different agencies. For assistance in obtaining control survey data contact: The. DIrector National Geodetic Survey Information Center, C18 National Ocean Survey National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville, Maryland 20852 Telephone:- 301-496-8631 The EROS Data Center, located a few miles north of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, is operated by the Earth Resources Observation Systems Program of the Department of the Interior and is managed by the Geological Survey's Land Informat'ion Anoal'sis Office. Its purpose is to provide access to imagery from LANDSAT (ERTS), Skylab, USGS aerial photography, NASA aircraft data, and other remote sensing products. Facilities are available for storage, retrieval, repro- duction, and dissemination, as well as for user assistance and training. The Data Center reproduces and distributes as sale items copies of imager�y, p0hotogfrap'hy, elercttron"ic data, and computer products collected by 16 different organizations. For assistance in selecting imagery or to place an order contact: User Services Unit EROS Data Center U.S. Geological Survey Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198 Telephone: 605-594-61511 20 Several EROS Applications Assistance Facilitles have been established. Thley maintain microfilm copies of imagery held at the EROS Data Center and provide computer terminal inquiry and order capability through links with the computer complex at the Center. Scientific personnel are available for assistance in applying the data to a variety of resource and environmental problems and for assistance in ordering data from the Center. The EROS Applications Assistance Facilities and other computer terminal locations, in or near the coastal zone, are listed below. EROS Applications Assistance Facility Room 202, Building 3 U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefibld:R&ad Menlo Park, California 94025 -...i Telephone: 415-323-2727 EROS Applications Assistance Facility U.S. Geological Survey Room 8-210, Building 1100 National Space Technology'Laboratories Bay St. Louis, Mississippi 39520 Telephone: 601-688-3472 EROS Applications Assistance Facility University of Alaska Geophysical Institute College, Alaska 99701 Telephone: 907-479-7558 EROS Applications Assistance Facility U.S. Geological Survey 1925 Newton Square East Reston, Virginia 22090 Telephone: 703-860-7868 National Cartographic Information Center U.S. Geological Survey Room IC-202 National Center 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6045 21 _- U.S. Army Engineer District, Chicago Roomz528 219 South Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60604, Telephone: 312-353-1275 EROS data reference files have been established to maintain micro- film copies of the data available from the 'Center and to provide guides to assist the visitor in reviewing and ordering data. This allows the user to view microfilm copies of the data before placing an order. Applications assistance by scientists is not provided at the offices where the data reference files are located. Data reference files may be viewed at the EROS App! cations Assis- tance Facilities and at the following locations in or near the coastal zone: Alaska Public Inquiries Office U.S. Geological Survey 108 Skyline Building 508 2nd Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Telephone: 907-277-0577 American Samoa EROS Coordinator OQffi.ce of the Governor Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 Telephone: 633-4116 Arizona Water Resources Division U.S. Geological Survey 5017 Federal Building 230 NOrth First Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85025 Telephone: 602-261-3188 22 Cal i fornia Public Inquiries Office U.S. Geological Survey 7638 Federal Building 300 North Los Angeles Street Los Angeles, California 90012 Telephone: 213-688-2850 EROS User Assistance Center U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94025 Telephone: 415-323-8111 Department of Electrical Engineer ing Sacramento State University 600 Jay Street Sacramento, California 95819 Telephone: 916-454-6545 District of Columbia Public Inquiries Office Publications Division U.S. Geological Survey 1036 General Services Building 18th and F Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20244 Telephone: 202-343-8073 Florida State Topographic Office Florida Department of Transportation Lafayette Building Koger Office Center Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Telephone: 904-488-2168 Guam University of Guam Agana, Guam 96910 Telephone: 749-2921 23 Hawaii Department of Geography 313C Physical Science Building University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96825 Telephone: 808-944-8463 Massachusetts U.S. Geological Survey (5th Floor) 80 Broad Street Boston, Massachusetts 02110 Telephone: 617-223-7202 New York Water Resources Division U.S. Geological Survey 343 Post Office and Court House Building Albany, New York 12201 Telephone: 518-472-3107 or -6042 Ohio Water Resources Division U.S. Geological Survey 975 West 3rd Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43212 Telephone: 614-469-5553 Oregon Portland Service Center Bureau of Land Management 710 NE Holladay Portland, Oregon 97208 Telephone: 503-234-#t-6O- X-4000 Virginia National Cartographic Information Center U.S. Geological Survey Room IC-202 National Center 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6045 24 Remote Sensors and Space Applications Team U.S. Geological Survey Room 2A-223 National Center 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22092' Telephone: 703-860-6271 Washington Public Inquiries Office U.S. Geological Survey 678 U.S. Court House Building West 920 Riverside Avenue Spokane, Washington 99201 Telephone: 509-456-2524 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has established data reference files at the following locations: (Addresses and telephone numbers to be provided by NOAA.) Anchorage, Alaska La Jolla, California Tiburon, California 25 Washington, D.C. Miami, Florida Honolulu, Hawaii Hillcrest Heights, Maryland Rockville, Maryland Silver Spring, Maryland 26 Woods Hole, Massachusetts Detroit, Michigan Garden City, New York Asheville, North Carolina College Station, Texas Fort Worth, Texas 27 Norfolk, Virginia Seattle, Washington Madison, Wisconsin 2. Major mapping and charting programs The two major mapping and charting programs in the United States, which influence the coastal zone, are administered by the NOAA/National Ocean Survey, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The National Ocean Survey... (To be supplied by NOS) 28 I (NOS programs continued) I I I I I U U U U I U U U I I I 29 U The U.S. Geological Survey publishes several series of topographic maps of the United States as part of i.ts National Mapping Program. The Topographic Division of USGS is the primary civilian producer of topographic maps of the United States, although the Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center, National Ocean Survey, Tennessee Valley Authority, Forest Service, and the Mississippi River Com- mission sometimes prepare such maps in connection with their regular activities. 30 The principal USGS map series and their essential characteristics are given in the following table: Series Scale I" Represents: Standard Size 7.5-minute 1:24,000 2,000 feet 7.5 x 7.5 min Puerto Rico 7.5-min 1:20,000 about 1,667 feet 7.5 x 7.5 min Alaska 1:25,000 1:25,000 about 2,083 feet 7.5 x 7.5 min 1:50,000 County 1:50,000 about 4,167 feet county format 15-minute 1:62,500' nearly I mile 15-x 15 min Alaska 1:63,360 1:63,360 I mile 15 x 20'to 36 min 1:100,000 County 1:100,000 about 8,333 feet county format U.S. 1:100,000 1:100,000 about 8,333 feet 30 min x I degree U.S. 1:250,000 1:250,000 nearly 4 miles I degree x 2 degrees U.S. 1:1,000,000 1:1,000,000 nearly 16 miles 4 degrees by 6 degrees NOTE: In Alaska the size of the 1:250,000 and 1:1-,000,000 quadrangles varies from the above figures. In addition to the above products USGS produces a number of special items. Metropolitan Area Maps, at 1:24,000 scale, have been prepared for many cities and published in one or more sheets, according to the size of the area shown. The National Park Series, at various scales, covers national parks, monuments, and historic sites. Many of these maps are available with shaded-relief overprinting on which the topography is made to appear three dimensional by the use of shadow effects. State base maps at scales of 1:500,000 (I inch represents approximately 8 miles) and 1:1,000,000 (I inch represents approximately 16 miles) are available for all States except Alaska and Hawaii, which are covered by maps at other scales. For some States, topographic and shaded relief editions also are available. Maps of the United States are available in sizes and scales ranging from letter size, 1:16,500,000 scale, to a two-sheet wall map, 1:2,500,000 scale. Topographic maps of special format 31 are produced for many principal rivers and their flood plains. Land-use overlays are being prepared by the Topographic Division for the Geographic Applications Program of USGS's Land Information Analysis Office. Topographic-bathymetric maps are being produced and research in wetland mapping is being conducted. The product's menitioned in this-- section do not define the limits of the Topographic Division's functions. USGS is receptive to the needs of the map user and is prepared to undertake suitable new programs and special projects when they are needed. (See 1.6.3. for information on cooperative mapping programs.) Detailed information on mapping programs in an area may be obtained from the following sources: Alaska and Texas Branch of Plans and Production Rocky Mountain Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Telephone: 303-234-3739 Atlantic Coast States, Alabama, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands Branch of Plans and Production Eastern Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey MS 559 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6393 32 Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, and Wisconsin Branch of Plans and Production Mid-Continent Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey P.O. Box 133 Rolla, Missouri 65401 Telephone: 314-364-3680 Pacific Coast States, Hawaii, American Samoa, and Guam) Branch of Plans and Production Western Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94025 Telephone: 415-323-2411 Entire Coastal Zone Office of Plans and Program Development U.S. Geological Survey MS 514 National Center 1220lt Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6706 National Cartographic Information Center U.S. Geological Survey MS 507 National Center 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6045 USGS has a revision program designed to update its standard products. Empgbasis is given to the 7.5-minute topographic series because besides being the primary series it also is used to update other products. Each year a number of quadrangles are authorized for revision. The list of authorizations results from periodic review based on several categories. 33 I The urbanized portions of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) defined by the Bureau of the Census are considered first. It has 'been the practice to maintain maps in the urbanized portion of SMSA's on a five-year cycle. The second category considered is that of quadrangles covering major airports. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has expressed the need to maintain on a five-year cycle mapping within I10 nautical miles of approximately 600 selected airports. Other categories considered (not necessarily in the order listed) are the following: I. SMSA's extended (non-urban portion) 2. Coastal zone 3. A-[6 multiple requests (quadrangles requested by other Federal agencies through Office of Management and Budget Circular A-16) 4. Cities and towns outside SMSA's 5. Energy areas 6. Parks and recreation areas 7. Transportation corridors The Topographic Division is increasing emphasis on production and revision of map products in the coastal zone. The program is designed to provide users with accurate and up-to-date map products for the entire zone. There are approximately 3,600'7.5-minute quadrangle areas that constitute the land portion of the coastal zone of the conterminous United States, Hawaii; and Puerto Rico. Of these, about 700 require new mapping and 2 ,000 need revision. Quick-respond products such as orthophotoquads and interim revisions will be provided for many coastal areas. 34 There are some exceptions to the normal review cyc-le. For example, a cooperative program may call for review of an area on a cycle which is shorter than the normal period based on the criteria mentioned. In such. a case the area would not be subject to the usual consideration. Plans call for-maps In urban areas to be rev.iewed for revision on a five year cycle. Those in agricultural areas are to be reviewed every ten years. Maps of remote areas are to be reviewed every 20 years. This is not to say that all maps are revised upon review. Approximately 50 percent of those reviewed are found to warrant the expense of revision. Research projects traditionally have played an important role in the overall mapping program of-USGS. A cooperative effort between the Water Resources Division and the Topographic Division resulted in the mapping of the Wetlands on the Doboy Sound, Georgia, 7.5-minute quadrangle. The signature for the wetlandswas derived by the Water Resources Division. Vegetation groupings were delineated using color infrared photographs. Orthophotoquad map bases (1:10,000 scale, format 2.50 min x 3.75 min) were prepared by the Topographic DivisLon and the wetlands compilation was transferred. The experiment showed that remote sensing with field investigation to these bases can be used to delineate the defined wetlands. Two projects dealing with mapping and environmental assessments of wetlands are presently underway. 35 U - , - - 3. Cooperative programs with USGS and NOS USGS performs work on cooperative projects which contribute to the National Mapping Program, including special products as well as the standard series. States (Commonwealths, or Territories), their political subdivisions, and their agencies may enter into cooperative agreements whereby map production is funded on a 50/50 basis between the State agency and the Federal Government. The cost of publication normally is borne by the Geological Survey. The effect of cooperative agreements is to expedite mapping of areas of particular interest to the cooperating agency, since these agreements enable the cooperators to participate in the selection of new projects. Present cooperators are listed in Appendix A. It should be noted that the list isiby no means exclusive. Cooperative programs may be arranged with other organizations within the same jurisdictions. On occasion other agencies enter into cost-sharing agreements with USGS for the purpose of completing only a portion of an operation. For example, an agency could agree to provide all or some of the funds necessary to produce a planimetric version of a topographic map, but it would not provide funds for the contouring of the standard map. Where the work to be performed does not contribute directly to the National Mapping Program a repay program Is possible. In these cases the work is performed by USGS, but the entire, cost of the 36 project is paid by the requesting agency. The acceptance of a repay agreement would depend upon the nature of the work and the ability of USGS to fit it into its ongoing production schedule. For information about applying for any of the above agreements one of the following offices should be contacted: Alaska and Texas Chief, Rocky Mountain Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Telephone: 303-234-2351 Atlantic Coast States plus Alabama, Indiana, Pensylvania, Ohio, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands Chief, Eastern Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey MS 567 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6352 Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, and Wisconsin Chief, Mid-Continent Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey P.O. Box 133 Rolla, Missouri 65401 Telephone: 314-364-3680 Pacific Coast (Includes Hawaii, American Samoa, and Guam) Chief, Western Mapping Center U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94075 Telephone: 415-323-2411 37 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Headquarters Office: Chief, Topographic Division U.S. Geological Survey MS 516 National Center 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia.22092 Telephone: 703-860-6231 USGS recognizes the need for providing technical assistance to other organizations, Federal, State, or private. Technical informa- tion in the form of mapping procedures and professional papers may be obtained from: Technical Information Office U.S. Geological Survey MS 520 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6275 The technical assistance program includes such services as providing technical instructions, accepting research projects on a repay basis, and training non-USGS personnel at the headquarters or at any of the five mapping centers across the country. Requests for arrangements such as these should be directed to: Office of Research and Technical Standards U.S. Geological Survey MS 519 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6291 38 I I (This section will be revised to include cooperative programs of I NOS when Input is received from that agency.) I I U I I I I I I I I I I I I 39 I In addition to publications such as the Coastal Zone Mapping Handbook, there are other cooperative programs between NOS and USGS. One of these projects is the topographic-bathymetric series. These maps will incorporate into one format and one edition the data previously shown separately on the USGS topographic map and the NOS bathymetric map of the area. The integrated product is designed to serve the cartographic needs of oceanographers, marine geologists, land-use planners, physical scientists, conservationists, and others having an inte.re.t in management of the coastal zone, the wetlands, and the off-shore environment. A prototype of the topographic-bathymetric map was prepared of Beaufort, North Carolina at a scale of 1:250,000. Other maps have been authorized at that scale and at 1:100,000. Eventually such maps will be available at 1:24,000. 40 4. Sources of information about programs and activities in mapping and charting The following offices are sources of information about the products of the particular agency which relate to the coastal zone: Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service Aerial Photography Field Office Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service 2505 Parley's Way Salt Lake City, Utah 84109 Telephone: 801-524-58567 Bonneville Power Administration Information Office Bonneville Power Administration 1002 NE Holliday Street Portland, Oregon 97208 Telephone: 503-234-3361 X-5133 U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Bureau of Indian Affairs Public Information Office Bureau of Indian Affairs 1951 Constitution Avenue, NW. Washington, D.C. 20245 Telephone: 202-343-7435 Bureau of Land Management Cadastral Survey Division Bureau of Land Management 1129 20th Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 Telephone: 202-343-5717 Bureau of Mines Office of Technical Data Services Bureau of Mines Bal Iston Tower Number 3 4015 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, Virginia 22209 Telephone: 703-557-1526 41 Bureau of Outdoor Recreati o n ASsistant Director- Federal Programs and Planning Bureau of Outdoor Recreation 4415 Interior Building 18th and C Streets, NW. Washington, D.C. 20040 Telephone: 202-343-7375 Bureau of Reclamation Information Branch Office of Public Affairs Bureau of Reclamation Room 7640 Interior Building 18th and C Streets NW Washington, D.C. 20240 'Telephone: 202-343-4662 Bureau of the Census Geography Division Bureau of-the Census Social and Economic Statistics Administration Washington, D.C. 20233 Telephone: 301-763-2668 Defense Intelligence Agency Maps and Charts Office Central Reference Division Defense Intelligence Agency 0040 B Building Arlington Hall Station Arlington Boulevard Arlington, Virginia 22212 Defense Mapping Agency I.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Aerospace Center Office of Information Defense Mapping Agency, Aerospace Center St. Louis Air Force Station St. Louis, Missouri 63118 Telephone: 314-268-4142 42 Hydrographic Center Public Information Officer Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic Center Suitland, Maryland 20390 Telephone: 202-763-1554 Topographic Center Technical Director Defense Mapping Agency, Topographic Center 124 Erskine Hall 6500 Brooks Lane ATTN: 50000 Washington, D.C. 20315 Telephone: 301-227-2006 Delaware River Basin Commission Executive Director Delaware River Basin Commission (25 State Police Drive) Post Office Box 360 Trenton, New Jersey 08603 Telephone:r 609-883-95'00 Department of State Office of the Geographer Directorate for Research Bureau of Intelligence and Research 8744 State Department Building 2201 C Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20520 Telephone: 202-632-1428 Energy Research and Development Administration Public Affairs Director Energy Research and Development Administration 7th and D Streets, . Washington, D.C. 20545 Telephone: 301-973-1000 Environmental Protection Agency Communications Service Division Office of Public Affairs Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, SW. Washington, D.C. 20460 Telephone: 202-755-0715 43 Federal Communications Commission Public Information Officer Federal Communications Commission Room 202 1919 M Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20554 Telephone: 202-632-7260 Federal Highway Administration Office of Public Affairs Federal Highway Administration Room 4208 400 7th Street, SW. Washington, D.C. 20590 Telephone: 202-426-0677 Federal Power Commission Office of Public Information Federal Power Commission 825 North Capitol Street, NE. Washington, D.C. 20426 Telephone: 202-386-6102 Federal Insurance Administration Assistant Administrator for Flood Insurance Federal Insurance Administration Room 9240 451 7th Street, SW. Washington, D.C. 20410 Telephone: 202-755-5581 Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Realty Fish and Wildlife Service 555 Matomic Building 1717 H Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20240 Telephone: 202-343-3193 Forest Service Publications Office Office of Information Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington, D.C. 20250 Telephone: 202-447-3957 44 International Boundary Commission United States Commissioner International Boundary Commission United States and Canada United States Section Room 3810 441 G. Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20548 Telephone: 202-783-9151 International Boundary and Water Commission United States Commissioner International Boundary and Water Commission United States and Mexico United States Section (4110 Rio Bravo, Executive Center) P.O. Box 20003 El Passo, Texas 79998 Telephone: 915-543-7300 Mississippi River Commission Executive Assistant Mississippi River Commission (Mississippi River Commission Building) P.O. Box 80 Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180 Telephone: 601-636-1311 X-201 National Aeronatics and Space Administration User Affairs Office Office of Applications National Aeronautics and Space Administration 236 Federal Office Building 600 Independence Avenue, SW. Washington, D.C. 20546 Telephone: 202-755-8617 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Data Service Director Environmental Data Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2001 Wisconsin Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20235 Telephone: 202- 45 45 Environmental Research Laboratories Environmental Research Laboratories National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratlon 3100 Marine Avenue Boulder, Colorado 80302 Telephone: 303- National Ocean Survey Public Information Off-icer National Ocean Survey National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville, Maryland 20852 Telephone: 301-496-8708 National Park Service Assistant to the Director-Public Affairs National Park Service 3043 Interior Building 18th and C Streets, NW. Washington, D.C. 20240 Telephone: 202-343-6843 . Soil Conservation Service Education and Publication Branch Information Division Soil Conservation Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington, D.C. 20250 Telephone: 202-447-5063 U.S. Army Public Affairs Office Office of ,the Chief of Engineers Department of the Army James Forrestal Building Washington, D.C. 20314 Telephone: 202-693-6326 U.S. Air Force Office of Information Office of the Secretary U.S. Air Force The Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20330 Telephone: 202-695-4602 46 U.S. Corps of Engineers Maps and charts Public Affairs Office Office of the Chief of Engineers Department of the Army James Foresstal Building Washington, D.C. 20314 Telephone: 202-693-6326 Photographs Coastal Engineering Research Center 256 Kingman Building Fort Be-lvoir, Virginia 22060 Telephone: 202-325-7000 U.S. Coast Guard Public Affairs Division Office of Public and International Affairs U.S. Coast Guard 4Q00 7th Street, SW ... Washington, D.C. 20590 Telephone: 202-426-1587 U.S. Geological Survey General Cartographic Information Information Unit National Cartographic Information Center U.S. Geological Survey MS 507 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Map Information Public Inquiries Office* U.S. Geological Survey 108 Skyline Building 508 2nd Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Telephone 907-277-0577 47 Public Inquiries Office** U.S. Geological Survey 7638 Federal Building 300 North Los Angeles Street Los Angeles, California 90012 U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Telephone: 213-688-2850 Public Inquiries Office** U.S. Geological Survey 504 Custom House 555 Battery Street San Francisco, California 94111 Telephone: 415-556-5627 Public Inquiries Office** U.S. Geological Survey 602 Thomas Building 1314 Wood Street Dallas, Texas 75202 Telephone: 214-749-3230 Public Inquiries Office U.S. Geological Survey 1036 General Services Building 19th and F Streets, NW. Washington, D.C. Telephone: 202-343-8073 Public Inquiries Office U.S. Geological Survey MS 302 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6167 Public Inquiries Office** Publications Division U.S. Geological Survey 678 U.S. Court House West 920 Riverside Avenue Spokane, Washington 99201 Telephone: 509-838-4611 X-lMl Area of concern is limited to Alaska Area of concern is limited to the States within the particular region of the country. The Los Angeles and San Francisco offices provide information on Hawaii. 48 Technical Information Technical Information Office U.S. Geological Survey MS 520 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6275 Photographic Information User Services Unit EROS Data Center U.S. Geological Survey Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198 Telephone: 605-594-6511 U.S. Marine Corps See U.S. Navy U.S. Navy Research and Public Queries Office Public Information Division Office of Information U.S. Navy The Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20350 Telephone: 202-695-0965 For assistance and advice on State mapping programs contact the State representatives listed in Appendixes A, B, and C. These sources should be able to provide some information about municipal and private mapping efforts within their respective States. Other sources of information about private mapping and aerial surveying companies are the professional societies listed in Appendix D. 49 7. Product and Data Sources (USGS) I. Available products and data Maps, charts and related data which may be helpful to coastal zone management personnel are listed In this section. The column headed "Agency" indicates the publishing agency or the organization which has compiled the data. The column headed "Available From" indicates the agency(ies) from which the data may be obtained. Addresses of information offices and distribution offices are found in 1.6.4. and 1.7.3, respectively. Abbreviations used in this section are explained in 1.7.2. Photocopies of published Federal maps may be obtained from the Geography and Map Division of Thee !ibrary of Congress, 845 South Pickett Street, Alexandria, Virginia 22304. Products Agency Avatlable. From Aeronautical charts DMAAC NOS NOS NOS Boundary information U.S. and Canada IBC IBC U.S. and Mexico IBWC IBWC Boundary and annexation surveys of BC GPO incorporated places with 2,500 or more inhabitants Civil subdivisions BLM BLM State/Federal DOS DOS Census data (social and economic BC GPO statistics) 50 I .. ~. Products Agency Available From Federal property Bureau of Reclamation BR BR Energy Research and Development Adminis- tration (Atomic Energy Commission) ERDA ERDA Fish and.Wildlife Service FWS FWS National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA NASA National forests FS FS National Park Service NPS NPS Military reservations: Air Force USAF USAF Army USA USA Coast Guard USCG USCG Marines USMC USMC Navy USN USN State map of lands administered by Bureau of Land Management BLM BLM U.S. map of lands administered by Bureau of Land Management BLM GPO Flood plain maps DRBC DRBC FIA NFIA MRC MRC SCS SCS USCE USCE USGS USGS Products . Agency Available From Geologic: Coal investigations USGS USGS General Geologic ERDA ERDA- SGA SGA USGS USGS Geophysical investigations USGS USGS Mineral investigations USGS USGS Mines BM BM Oil and gas investigations USGS USGS Soils SCS SCS Soils - substation quality BPA BPA Geographic DMAHC DMAHC NOS NOS Land-use USGS USGS Highways County FHWA FHWA Indian lands BIA BIA Federal lands FHWA FHWA Federally funded roads FHWA FHWA Federal primary and secondary FHWA FHWA Interstate FHWA FHWA Traffic flow FHWA FHWA 52 Products Agency Available From Urban FHWA FHWA Federal Highway Map of U.S. FHWA GPO Historical LC LC All Federal NA Hydrographic Bathymetric DMAHC DMAHC NOS NOS USCE USCE USCG USCG USGS USGS USN USN Coastal data Beach erosion USCE USCE Coastal boundary planimetric maps NOS NOS Coastal U.S. shoreline survey maps NOS NOS Delaware River Basin outline map DRBC DRBC Estuarine coastline measurement maps EPA EPA Outer continental shelf diagrams and resource management maps BLM BLM Shellfish area mapping EPA EPA Water quality - digital data EPA EPA Great Lakes NOS NOS 53 Products Agency Available From Hydrographic surveys: DMAHC DMAHC USGS USGS Nautical charts NOS NOS USCE USCE USCG USCG USN DMA/HC Navigable waterways maps USCE USCE Navigational charts USCE USCE River and stream surveys MRC MRC River basin watershed studies -FPC FPC River surveys BR BR USGS USGS Wildlife and scenic river jurisdiction BLM BLM Geodetic control data NGS NGS USGS NGS/NCIC Hydrologic investigation atlases USGS USGS Indian reservations Land surveys BIA BIA U.S. map of Indian lands BIA GPO Land plats BLM BLM/NA NPS NPS USCE USCE National Atlas of U.S. USGS USGS 54 Products Agency Available Fro Photographic Products 3 ~~~Aerial Photos ASCS ASCS B LM BLM/EDC I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~BPA BPA DIA DIA I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NASA EDO 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FHWA- FHWA FS NCJC/EDC 3 . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FWS NCIC/EDC ~~~NOSNS U ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NPS NPS ~SCS: SOS, USCE USCE I ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~USGS* USGS USGS NOCI/EDC I ~~~Orthophotomaps BIA I * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~USGS USGS Space Photos 3 ~~~LANDSAT (ERTS) NASA EDC/ASCS/EDS NASA manned spacecraft NASA EDO I ~~~Skylab NASA EDC/ASCS 3 ~~Recreat ion BLM BLM BOR BOR 55 Products Agency Available From Seismicity ERL ERL Topographic maps USGS USGS DMATC DMATC MRC MRC NANSA, NASA USCE USCE USGS USGS Utilities Ground conductivity map of U.S. FCC GPO Major natural-gas-pipelines map of U.S. 1;19,000,000 FPC GPO Principal electric-facilities map of U.S. FPC GPO Principal natural-gas-pipelines-.map of U. S. 1:3,301,600 FPC GPO Water resources development USGS USGS Miscellaneous data Gravity survey charts USN USN Income distribution maps BC GPO Isomagnetic charts NOS NOS Magnetic charts EDS EDS National-science-trail maps SCS SCS Slope maps USGS USGS 56 Products Agency Available From State indexes of fish hatcheries and national wild-life refuges FWS FWS Storm evacuation maps NOS NOS Tree danger (to power lines) detection map BPA BPA U.S. location map of fish hatcheries and national wildlife refuges FWS FWS 2. Explanation of abbreviations used in 1.6 and 1.7 ASCS Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service BC SESA/Bureau of the Census BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs BLM Bureau of Land Management BM Bureau of Mines BPA Bonneville Power Administration BOR Bureau of Outdoor Recreation BR Bureau of Reclamation DIA Defense Intelligence Agency DMAAC Defense Mapping Agency Aerospace Center DMAHC Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center DMATC Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center DOS Department of State DRBC Delaware River Basin Commission EDC USGS/Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center EDS NOAA/Environmental Data Service EPA -Environmental Protection Agency ERDA Energy Research and Development Administration ERL NOAA/Environmental Research Laboratories FCC Federal Communications Commission FHWA Federal Highway Administration FIA Federal Insurance Administration FPC Federal Power Commission FS Forest Service FWS Fish and Wildlife Service GPO Government Printing Office IBC International Boundary Commission IBWC International Boundary and Water-Commission LC Library of Congress MRC Mississippi River Commission NA National Archives NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NCIC USGS/National Cartographic Information Center NFIA National Flood Insurers Association NGSIC NOAA/NOS/National Geodetic Survey Information Center 57 NOS NOAA/National Ocean Survey NPS National-Park Service SCS Soil Conservation Service SGA State Geologic Agencies USA U.S. Army USAF U.S. Air Force USCE U.S. Corps of Engineers USCG U.S. Coast Guard USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USGS U.S. Geological Survey USMC U.S. Marine. Corpps USN U.S. Navy 3. Distribution points for maps, charts, and related data Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service Aerial Photography Field Office Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service 2505 Parley's Way Salt Lake City, Utah 84109 Telephone: 801-524-5856 Bonneville Power Administration Bonneville Power Administration (1002 NE Holladay Street) P.O. Box 3621 Portland, Oregon 97208 Telephone: 503-234-3361 Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Indian Affairs 1951 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20245 Telephone: 202-343-7435 Bureau of Land Management Alaska State Office Bureau of Land Management 555 Cordova Street Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Telephone: 907-277-1561 58 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ California State Office Bureau of Land Management E-2841 Federal Office Building 2800 Cottage Way Sacramento, California 95825 Telephone: 916-484-4724 Eastern States Office Bureau_.of Land, Manaagemenit, 7981 Eastern Avenue Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 Telephone: 301-427-7440 Oregon State Office Bureau of Land Management 729 Northeast Oregon Street P.O. Box 2965 Portland, Oregon 97208 Telephone: 503-234-4024 Western States Office Denver Services Center Bureau of Land Management Building 50 Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Telephone: 303-234-2204 Outer Continental Shelf Offices: Alaska Office Outer Continental. Shelf Office Bureau of Land Management 121 West Fireweed Lane Anchorage, Alaska 99510 Telephone: 907-279-4578 Atlantic Office Outer Continental Shelf Office Bureau of Land Management 90 Church Street New York, New York 10007 Telephone: 212-264-2754 59 Gulf Office Outer Continental Shelf Office Bureau of Land Management 1001 Howard Avenue New Orleans, Louisiana 70113 Telephone: 504-527-6541 Pacific Office Outer Continental Shelf Office Bureau of Land Management 300 North Los Angeles Street Los Angeles, California 90012 Telephone: 213-688-7234 Bureau of Mines Mine Map Repository Bureau of Mines 4800 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Telephone: 412-621-4500 Mine Map Repository - Bureau of Mines Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Telephone: 303-224-4119 Environmental Affairs Field Office Bureau of Mines Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18701 Telephone: 717-825-6811 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Federal Land Acquisition Divisi'on Bureau of Outdoor Recreation 4223 Interior Building 18th and C Streets, NW Washington, D.C. 20240 Telephone: 202-343-7665 60 U .I Bureau of Reclamation Chief, Publications and.Photography Branch General Services Division Bureau of Reclamation 7442 Interior Building 18th and C Streets, NW Washington, D.C. 20240 Telephone: 202-343-4683 'Bureau of the Census Users Services Staff Data Users Services Division Bureau of the. Census Washington, D.C. 20233 Telephone: 301-763-5146 Defense Intelligence Agency Maps and Charts Office Central Reference Division Defense Intelligence Agency 0040 B Building Arlington Hall Station 4000 Arlington Boulevard Arlington, Virginia 22212 3 Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center Distribution Department Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic Center Suitland, Maryland 20390 Telephone: 202-763-1280 Topographic Center Defense Mapping Agency, Topographic Center ATTN: 55230 6500 Brooks Lane Washington, D.C. 20315 Telephone: 301-227-2497 61 U . I . . ., Delaware River Basin Commission Office of the Executive Director Delaware River Basin Commission (25 State Police Drive) Post Office Box 360 Trenton, New Jersey 08603 Telephone: 609-883-9500 Department of Sta:te Office of the. Geographer Directorate for Research Bureau of Intelligence and Research 8744 State Department Building 2201 C Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20520 Telephone: 202-632-1428 Energy Research and Development Administration Public Affairs Director Energy Research and Development Administration 7th and D Streets, Washington, D.C. 20545 - Telephone: 301-973-1000 Environmental Protection Agency Communications Services Division Office of Public Affairs Environmental Protection Agency 401. M Street, SW. Washington, D.C. 20460 Telephone: 202-755-0715 Federal Communications Commission Printing Branch Administrative Services'Division Federal Communications Commission Room L-13 1919 M Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20554 Telephone: 202-632-7546 62 Federal Highway Administration Off-ice of Public Affairs Federal Highway Administration Room 4208 400 7th Street, SW. Washington, D.C. 20590 Telephone: 202-426-0677 Aerial Surveys Branch Highway Designr Di-vision Room 3130A 400 7th Street, SW. Washington, D.C. 20590 Telephone: 202-426-0296 Federal .Insurance Administration Assistant Administrator for Flood Insurance Federal Insurance Administration Room 9240 451 7th Street, SW. Washington, D.-C. 2.0.410 Telephone: 202-755-5581 Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Realty Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, D.C. 20240 Telephone: 202-343-3193- Forest Service Region 5 (California) Headquarters, California Region Forest Servi-ce 630 Sansome Street San Francisco, California 94111 Telephone: 415-556-7739 Region 6 (Oregon and Washington) Headquarters, Northwest Region Forest Service (319 SW Pine Street) P.O. Box 3623 Portland, Oregon 97208 Telephone: 503-221-3614 63 I Region 8 (Alabama, Georgia, Florid.a, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia) Headquarters, Southern Region Forest Service 1720 Peachtree Road, NW. Atlanta, Georgia 30309 Telephone: 404-526-3749 Region 9 (Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota., New Hampshire, Ne-. Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin) Headquarters, Eastern Region Forest Service 710 N. 6th Street Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203 Telephone: 414-224-3193 Region 10 (Alaska) Headquarters, Alaska Region Forest Service (Federal Office Building) . P.O. Box 1628 Juneau, Alaska 99801 Telephone: 907-586-7266 Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office North Capitol and H Streets, NW Washington, D.C. 20401 Telephone: 202-541-3000 International Boundary Commi'ssion U.S. Commissioner International Boundary Commission United States and Canada United States Section Room 3810 441 G Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20548 Telephone: 202-783-9151 64 International Boundary and Water Commission United States Commissioner International Boundary and Water Commtission United States and Mexico United. States Section (4110 Rivo Bravo, Executive Center) P.O. Box 20003 El Paso, Texas 79998 Telephone: 915-543-7300 Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Library of Congress 845 South Picket Alexandria, Virginia 22304 Telephone: 202-370-1335 Mississippi River Commission Executive Assistant Mississippi River Commission (Mississippi River Commission Building) P.O. Box 80 ""-" Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180 Telephone: 601-636-1311 X-201 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contact the facility office of the installation concerned. National Archives Cartographic Archives Division National Archives and Records Service Archives Building Pennsylvania Avenue at 8th Street, NW. Washington, D.C.. 20408 Telephone: 202-962-3181 National Floo'd Insurers Association (servicing companies) Alabama and Georgia The Hartford Insurance Group Hartford Building 100 Edgewood Avenue" Atlanta, Georgia 30301 Telephone: 404-521-2059 65 I--- -:; . Alaska Industrial Indemnity Company of Alaska P.O. Box 307 Anchorage, Alaska 99510 Telephone: 907-279-9441 California Northern Fireman's Fund American Insurance Companies P.O. Box 3136 San Francisco, Califronia 94119 Telephone: 415-421-1676 Southern Fireman's Fund American Insurance Companies P.O. Box 2323 Los Angeles, California 90051 Telephone: 213-381-3141 Connecticut Aetna Insurance Company P.O. Box 1779 Hartford, Connecticut 06101 Telephone: 203-523-4861 Del aware General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation, Ltd. 414 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 Telephone: 215-238-5000 FIor ida The Travelers Indemnity Company 1516 East Colonial Drive Orlando, Florida 32803 Telephone: 305-896-2001 Georgia See Alabama 66 HawalI First Insurance Comapnay of Hawaii, Ltd. P.O. Box 2866 Honolulu, Hawaii 96803 Telephone: 808-548- 1I Illinois Illinois Regional Office State Farm Fire and Casualty Company 2309 East Oakland Avenue Bloomington, Illinois 61701 Telephone: 309-557-7211 Indiana United Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company 130 East Washington Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 Telephone: 317-263-7200 Louisiana Aetna Technical Services, Inc.- P.O. Box 61003 New Orleans, Louisiana 70160 Telephons: 504-821-1511 Maine Commercial Union Insurance Company c/o Campbell, Payson, and Noyes (27 Pearl Street) Box 527 Pearl Street Station Portland, Maine 04116 Telephone: 207-774-1431 Maryland United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company P.O. Box 1138 Baltimore, Maryland 21203 Telephone: 301-539-0380 Massachusetts and New Hampshire Commercial Union Insurance Company I Beacon Street Boston, Massachusetts 02108 Telephone: 617-725-6128 67 Michigan Insurance Company of North America 300 Buhl Building Griswold and Congress Streets Detroit, Michigan 48226 Telephone: 313-963-4114 Minnesota The St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company P.O. Box 3470 St. Paul, Minnesota 55165 Telephone: 612-222-7751 Mississippi The Travelers Indemnity Company (5360 Interstrate 55 North) P.O. Box 2361 Jackson, Mississippi 39205 Telephone: 601-956-5600 New Hampshire See Massachusetts New Jersey and New York Great American Insurance Company 5 Dakota Drive Lake Success, New York 11040 Telephone: 201-224-4200 New York See New Jersey North Carolina, Kemper Insurance 1229 Greenwood Cliff Charlotte, North Carolina 28204 Telephone: 704-372-7150 Ohio Commercial Union Insurance Company 1300 East 9th Street Cleveland, Ohio 441 14 Telephone: 216-522-1060 68 Oregon State Farm Fire and Casualty Company 4600 25th Avenue, NE. Salem, Oregon 97303 Telephone: 503-393-0101 Puerto Rico I.S.O. of Puerto Rico (7th floor. penthouse, Ochoa Building) P.O. Box 1333 San Juan, Puerto Rico 00902 Telephone: 809-723-0000 Rhode Island American Universal Insurance Company 144 Wayland Avenue Providence, Rhode Island 02904r Telephone: 401-351-4600 South Carolina Maryland Casualty Company P.O. Box 11615 Charlotte, North Carolina 28209 Telephone: 704-525-8330 Texas The Home Insurance Company 2100 Travis Street, Houston, Texas 77002 Telephone: 713-225-0931 Virginia l.nsurance Company of North America 5225 Wisconsin Avenue, NW. Washington, D.C. 20015 Telephone: 202-244-2000 Washington Fireman's Fund American Insurance Companies 1000 Plaza 600 Building 6th and Stewart Seattle, Washington 98101 Telephone: 206-587-3200 69 1.1._~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M Wi scons in Aetna I nsurance Company 5735 East River Road Chicago, Illinois 60631 Telephone: 312-693-2500 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Data Service National Climatic Center Environmental Data Services National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Federal Building Asheville, North Carolina 28801 Telephone: 704- National Oceanographic Data Center Environmental Data Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric 'Administration 3300 Whitehaven Street,. NW Washington, D.C. 20235 Telephone: 202-655-4000 Environmental Research Laboratories Environmental Research Laboratories National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3100 Marine Avenue Boulder, Colorado 80302 Telephone: 303- National Ocean Survey Charts. Distribution Division, C-44 National Ocean Survey National Oceanic and Atmospheric' Administration Riverside, Maryland 20840 Telephone: 301-43.6-6990 Aerial Photographs Coastal Mapping Division, C3415 National Ocean Survey National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville, Maryland 20852 Telephone: 301- 70 Control Data National Geodetic Survey Information Center, C18 National Ocean Survey National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville, Maryland 20852 Telephone: 301-496-8631 National Park Service Assistant to the Director--Public Affairs National Park Service 3043 Interior Building 18th and C Streets, NW. Washington, D.C. 20240 Telephone: 202-343-6843 Soil Conservation Service Soil Geography Unit Soil Survey Investigations Division Soil Conservation Service Washington, D.C. 20250 Telephone: 202-436-8587 Cartographic Division Soil Conservation Service Washingaton, D.C. 20250 Telephone: 202-447-6923 Publications Distribution Unit Education and Publication Branch Informafion Division Soil Conservation Service Washington, D.C. 20250 Telephone: 202-447-5157 State Geologic Agencies Alabama Geological Survey of Alabama P.O. Drawer 0 University, Alabama 35486 Telephone: 205-759-5721 71 AIlaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Sciences Department of Natural Resources 3001 Porcupine Drive Anchorage, Alaska 99504 Telephone: 927-586-6352 California Division of Mines and Geology California Department of Conservation 118 Resources Building 1416 9th Street Sacramento, California 95814 Telephone: 916-445-1825 Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection 561 State Office Building Hartford, Connecticut 06115 Telephone: 203-566-3540 Delaware Delaware Geological Survey University of Delaware 101 Penny Hall Newark, Delaware 19711 Telephone: 302-738-2833 Florida' Bureau of Geology Department of Natural Resources 903 West Tennessee Street Tallahassee, Florida 32302 Telephone: 904-488-4191 Georgia Earth and Water Division Georgia Department of Natural Resources 19 Hunter Street, SW. Atlanta, Georgia 30334 Telephone: 404-656-3214 72 Hawaii Division of Water and Land Development Department of Land and Natural Resources P.O. Box 373 Honolulu, Hawaii 96809 TeIieplho~ne: 808-548-2211 IIlI inois Illinois State Geological Survey Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois 61801 Telephone: 217-344-1481 Indiana Geological Survey Department of Natural Resources 611 North Walnut Grove Bloomington, Indiana 47401 Telephone: 812-337-2862 Louisiana Louisiana Geological Survey Box G, University Station Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 Telephone: 504-348-2201 Maine Maine Geological Survey Department of Forestry State Office Building Augusta, Maine 04330 Telephone: 207-289-2801 Maryland Maryland Geological Survey Latrobe Hall Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218 Telephone: 301-235-0771 73 Massachusetts State'Geologist Research and Materials Division Massachusetts Department of Public Works 99.Worcester Street Wellesley, Massachusetts 02181 Telephone: 617-237-9110 Michigan Geological Survey Division Michigan Department of Natural Resources Stevens T. Mason Building Lansing, Michigan 48926 Telephone: 517-373-1256 Minnesota Minnesota Geological Survey University of Minnesota 1633 Eustis Street St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Telephone: 612-373-3372 New Hampshire Geologic Branch Department of Geology Department of Resources and Economic Development James Hall University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire 03824 Telephone: 603-862-1216 New Jersey New Jersey Bureau of Geology and Topography Division of Natural Resources (709 John Fitch Plaza) P.O. Box 1889 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Telephone: 609-292-2576 New York Geological Survey New York State Museum. and Science"Service 973 New York State Education Building Albany, New York 12224 Telephone: 518-474-58! 6s 74 North Carolina Office of Earth Resources Department of Natural and Economic Resources P.O. Box 27687 RaJeigh, North Carolilna~27611 Telephone: 919-829-3833 Ohio Division of Geological Survey Ohio Department of Natural Resources Fountain Square Columbus, Ohio 43224 Telephone: 614-469-5344 Oregon State Department of Geology and Mineral Industries 1069 State Office Building Portland, Oregon 97201 Telephone: 503-229-5580 Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographilc and Geological Survey Department of Environmental Resources Towne House Apartments 660 Boas Street Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120 Telephone: 717-787-2169 South Carolina Division of Geology South Carolina State Development Board Harbison Forest Road Columbia, South Carolina 29210 Telephone: 803-758-6431 Texas Bureau of Economic Geology University of Texas at Austin University Station, Box X Austin, Texas 78712 Telephone: 512-471-1534 75 a; "I -.~~~~~~~~~~~~~T Oz Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Department of Conservation and Economic Qevelopment (Natural Resources Building) P.O. Box 3667 Charlottesville, Virginia 22903 Telephone: 804-293-5121 Wash i ngton Geologic and Earth Resources Division Department of Natural Resources Olympia., Washington 98504 Telephone: 206-753-7183 Wisconsin Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey University of Wisconsin 1815 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Telephone: 608-262-1705 U.S. Army Contact the Commander of the base concerned. U.S. Air Force Contact the information officer of the base concerned. U.S. Corps of Engineers Minnesota, Wisconsin (Lake Superior), and Michigan (Western half of Upper Peninsula) U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul 1210 U.S. Post Office and Customs House St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 Telephone: 612-725-7501 Michigan (Excluding western half of Upper Peninsula), and Toledo, Ohio Area U.S. Army Engineer District, Detroit (150 Michigan Avenue) P.O. Box 1027 Detroit, Michigan 4,823.1 Telephone: 31-3-226"6762 76 Ohio (Excluding Toledo Area), Pennsylvania, and Western New York U.S. Army Engineer District/ Buffalo 1776 Niagara Street Buffalo, New York 14207 Telephone: 716-876-5454 Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut U.S. Army Engineer Division, New England 424 Trape I o Road Waltham, Massachusetts 02154 Telephone: 617-894-2400 Long Island, New York City Area, and Northern New Jersey U.S. Army Engineer.District, New York '26 Federal Plaza New York, New York 10007 Telephone: 212-264-0100 Southern New Jersey and Delaware U.S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia U.S. Customs House 2nd and Chestnut Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 Telephone: 215-597-4848 Maryland U.S. Army Engineer District, Baltimore (31 Hopkins Plaza) P.O. Box 1715 Baltimore, Maryland 21203 Telephone: 301-962-4545 Virginia U.S. Army Engineer District, Norfolk 803 Front Street Norfolk, Virginia 23510 Telephone: 804-625-8201 North Carolina U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington (308 Federal Building) P.O. Box 1890 Wilmington, North Carolina 28401 Te64ephnw 9;49-4763-997;I7 77 South Carolina (Savannah River Basin Excluded) U.S. Army Engineer District, Charleston (Federal Building, 334 Meeting Street) P.O. Box 919 Charleston, South Carolina 29402 Telephone: 803-577-4171 Georgia and Savannah River Basin of South Carolina U.S. Army Engineer District, Savannah (200 E. Saint Julian Street) P.O. Box 889 Savannah, Georgia 31402 Telephone: 912-233-8822 Florida Peninsula and Puerto Rico U.S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville (400 West Bay Street) P.O. Box 4970 Jacksonville, Florida 32201 Telephone: 904-791-2241 Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida Panhandle U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile (109 St. Joseph Street) P.O. box 2288 Mobile, Alabama 36628 Telephone: 205-690-2511 Louisiana U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans (Foot of Prytania Street) P.O. Box 60267 New Orleans, Louisiana 70160 Telephone: 504-865-1121 Texas U.S. Army Engineer District, Galveston (155A Essayons Building) (400 Barracuda Avenue) P.O. Box 1229 Galveston, Texas 77550 Telephone: 713-763-1211 78 Southern California U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles (300 North Los Angeles Street) P.O. Box 2711 Los Angeles, California 90053 Telephone: 213-688-5300 Northern and Central California U.S. Army Engineer District, San Francisco 100 McAllister Street San Francisco, California 94102 Telephone: 415-556-3660 Oregon and Columbia River Basin of Washington U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland (2850 S.E. 82nd Avenue) P.O. Box 2946 Portland, Oregon 97208 Telephone: 503-777-4441 Washington (Columbia River Basin Excluded) U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle 4735 East Marginal Way South Seattle, Washington 98134 Telephone: 206-764-3690 Alaska U.S; Army Engineer District, Alaska (Building 21-700) (Elmendorf Air Force Base) P.O. Box 7002 Anchorage, Alaska 99510 Telephone: 907-752-9114 Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam From locations outside Hawaii U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu Pacific Ocean Division APO San Francisco 96558 Telephone: 808-422-2711 79 From locations In Hawaiill U.S. Army Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean (Building 230) Fort Shafter Honolulu, Hawaii 96823 Telephone: 808-422-2711 U.S. Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit U.S. Coast Guard Building 159E, Washington Navy Yard Annex Washington, D.C. 20390 Telephone: 202-426-4630 U.S. Geological Survey Maps by mail Alaska Distribution Section U.S. Geological Survey 310 First Avenue Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 Telephone: 907-452-1951 X-174 States East of Mississippi plus Puerto Rico Branch of Distribution Publications Division U.S. Geological Survey 1200 South Eads Street Arlington, Virginia 22202 Telephone: 703-557-2781 States West of Mississippi plus Hawaii, Guam, and American Samoa Branch of Distribution Publications Division U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Telephone: 303-234-3832 Maps over-the-counter Alaska Public Inquiries Office Publications Division U.S. Geological Survey 108 Skyline Building 508 2nd Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Telephone: 907-277-0577 Alaska (Selected) Public Inquiries Office Publications Division U.S. Geological Survey 1012 Federal Building 1961 Stout Street Denver, Colorado 80202 Telephone: 303-837-4169 Alaska, California, Washington, Oregon, and Hawaii Public Inquiries Office Publi cations Division U.S. Geological Survey 7638 Federal Building 300 North Los Angeles Street Los Angeles, California 90012 Telephone: 213-688-2850 Public Inquiries Office Publications Division U.S. Geological Survey 504 Custom House 555 Battery Street San Francisco, California 94111 Telephone: 415-556-5627 Alaska (Selected), Oregon, and Washington Public Inquiries Office Publications Division U.S. Geological Survey 678 U.S. Court House West 920 Riverside Avenue Splkane, Washington 99201 Telephone: 509-838-4611 X-l II Louisiana and Texas I7 Public Inquiries Office Publications Division U.S. Geological Survey . 602 Thomas Building 1314 Wood Street Dallas, Texas 75202 Telephone: 214-749-3230 Entire coastal zone Public Inquiries Office Publications Division U.S. Geological Survey 1036 General Services Building 19th and F Streets, NW. Washington, D.C. 20242 Telephone: 202-343-8073 Commercial dealers are listed on sales indexes which may be obtained from any of the above offices. Photographs and remote sensor imagery * User Services Unit EROS Data Center U.S. Geological Survey Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198 Telephone: 605-594-6511 Photographs and control data Information Unit National Cartographic Information Center U.S. Geological Survey MS 507 National Center (12201 Sunrise Valley Drive) Reston, Virginia 22092 Telephone: 703-860-6045 U.S. Marine Corps Contact the commander of the base concerned. U.S. Navy Contact the commander of the base concerned. 82 U I $ I I I I I PART ii if TECHNICAL PROCEDURES AND PRODUCTS I. U I I I I I I I I I. Datums (NOS) A fundamental concept in surveying, charting, and mapping over a large area is the establishment of appropriate datums (Reference 19). To the professionals most intimately involved, i.e., cartographers, geodesists, hydrographers, photogrammetrists and topographers, there are few things as important as datums. Without datums, their work would be almost meaningless, somewhat similar to the gibberish mouthed by a child who has not yet learned to talk. A datum is any numerical or geometrical quantity or set of such quantities which may serve as a reference or base for other quanti- ties (Reference 14). The different kinds and types of datums are defined and described, and their applications briefly discussed, in this chapter. Datums and the subjects of the next two chapters, Control, and Projections and Grid Systems comprise the framing to which horizontal and vertical control attach the bathymetric, * - planimetric, topographic, and other detail, both natural and cultural. I. Kinds of Datums The two basic datums are horizontal and vertical. A horizontal datum is fundamental to an efficient and effective program of surveying, charting, and mapping in the coastal zone. Similarly, the appropriate vertical datum is fundamental to topographic maps, and bathymetric and nautical charts, and many coastal zone maps. Thematic maps which do not depict boundaries or other features 84 I . ..;~1.1~.. ~..;.. .--r.-;~.;-~....~~ ~"..-.^.-.. :. : - Tr dependent upon tidal datums, are not affected by the availability, of vertical datums. A horizontal datum Is defined by five quantities: the latitude and longitude of an initial point; the azimuth of a line from that point; and the two constants needed to define the sphere of reference. In the conterminous United States and Alaska, the horizontal datum in current use is called the North American Datum of 1927; the sphere of reference is the Clarke Spheroid (1866). Various other 'datums are used for the State of Hawaii, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the island territories, all of them on the Clarke Spheroid (1866). They are: Hawaii Hawaii Datum and Old Hawaii Datum Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Datum Virgin Islands Puerto Rican Datum Guam Guam Datum Although the terms "geodetic datum," "geographic datum," and "horizontal datum," are used the preferred terminology is geodetic horizontal datum. Geographic is technically correct as is horizon- ta l but geodetic allows ambiguity to enter because a geodetic datum could be a vertical datum. "Geodetic horizontal datum" is specific and unambiguous. Arrival of the space age emphasized the inaccuracies known to exist in the adopted spheroid of reference~ At the same time, 85 however, the means became available to acquire, process, and utilize the data essential to make a more accurate determination of the dimensions of the Earth. The data has been acquired and is now being processed to create a new geodetic horizontal datum which will be based on dimensions that agree more closely with the real shape and size of the Earth. All geodetic horizontal control will be readjusted on the new datum. The new datum and associated data are expected to be available in the mid-1980's. There will be no immediate and significant effect on charting and mapping activities in the coastal zone. A vertical datum it the surface to which heights, elevations, or depths are referred. It may be a geodetic datum, a leveling datum, or a tidal datum insofar as coastal zone charting and mapping are concerned. Contours depicting terrain relief on maps of the National Topographic Series in the conterminous States are referred to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. Various other geodetic datums are used in the other States and territories, each usually based on a tidal datum at a nearby tide -station. A leveling datum, the International Great Lakes Datum (1955) serves as the reference surface for operations required to meet charting and mapping responsi- bilities of the NOAA, National Ocean Survey in the Great Lakes region. Depths on bathymetric and nautical charts of tidal waters usually are referred to a tidal datum. Occasionally a special datum is more suitable because of conditions unique to a locality. These datums generally are based on a tidal datum. 86 I All elevations In the National Vertical Control Network are referred to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. These elevations are used In most topographic mapping, geodesy, engineering studies, construction work, and other similar activities. They have no direct application in any coastal-zone mapping function involving a boundary which is dependent upon a tidal datum in tidal water, or a lake level in the Great Lakes regions. The result of the 1929 general adjustment of the United States and Canadian leveling networks, was formerly called the Sea Level Datum of 1929. Engineers, scientists, surveyors, and many other professionals developed the erroneous practice of considering the datum as mean sea level. It is not. This datum is based on mean sea level at 26 tide sta- tions in the United States and Canada, and represents the best fit over a broad area. The relationship between the Sea Level Datum and local mean sea level is not consistent from one place to another because of the many variables which affect the atter. Under no circumstances should the National Geodetic Vertical Datum be confused with mean sea level. Both the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 and the National Vertical Control Network are appli- cable only to the conterminous United States. Various geodetic datums are used in Alaska, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Hawaii, Guam, and other oceanic islands. Wherever practical a tidal datum, usually local mean sea level, is adopted. Established jointly with the Dominion of Canada, the International Great Lakes Datum (1955) is the basic datum for charting water 87 depths of the Great Lakes and connecting waterways. The datum is utilized by the NOS/Lake Survey Center in nearly all other opera- 5 ~~tions, related to the Great Lakes, for which a vertical datum Is required. Although there are bench marks common to the Interna- .1 ~~tional Great Lakes Datum and the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, the two datums are not entirely the same. The Interna- tional Great Lakes Datum Is a leveling base, but not a geodetic * ~~foundation. 5 ~~Tidal datums are bate elevations defined by a certain phase of the tide and used as a reference from which heights and depths are 5 ~~reckoned. They are local datums that should not be extended into adjacent areas due to the changes *in ti.d~al datums, which can be I ~~caused by differences in basin topography. Mean high water, mean low water, and mean lower low water are the tidal datums most significant to charting and mapping activities in the coastal zone. 5 ~~Local mean sea level, i.e., me an sea level at a tide station, Is the basic datum for a harmonic analysis of observations at that I ~~station. It does not have a direct impact on either-charting or * ~~mapping. Half tide level is extracted from the analyzed data and its value published for each station. However, it also has no 5 ~~direct effect on charting and mapping. Mean sea level and half tide level are too frequently assumed to be the same. Although I ~~they sometimes are the same at some places, the assumption most often is false and should not be made. Local mean sea level should I never be confused with, or assumed to be, the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. The surface to which depths are referred on bathymetric and nautical charts is called a chart datum. It is a tidal datum in tidal waters, i.e., mean low water in the Atlantlc'Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico and mean lower low water in the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. Special datums sometimes are used for a body of coastal water Where tidal characteristics are significantly altered by the physi- ography of the basin. They generally are based on a selected tidal datum. Chart datums for the Great Lakes are low lake levels at elevations above the International Great Lakes Datum (1955) as determined from water level observations made at appropriately located gaging stations. Slopi-ng datums are necessary for some connecting waterways because of the natural gradient of the water- way bed. Soundings, or measurements of water depth, made during bathymetric and hydrographic surveys must be referred to the appropriate vertical datum. The preferred datum, especially in hydrographic surveying, Is the chart datum. However, it usually is neither possible nor practical in such surveys to have the final datum available while the survey is-in progress. The tide observations which will establish the datum are being made during the course of the survey. In most cases several weeks pass before harmonic analysis, which establishes the final values of the various datums at a tide station, is completed. Therefore, the correct value 89 B �-j �- �� D of the chart datum may not be available during the survey. For' that reason, the hydrographer refers to the datum he uses as the sounding datum. The final datum Is available for smooth sheet processinpg, review, and verification. 2. Tidal Datums and Local Boundaries The mean high water line forms the boundary between sovereign and private property in all except two States which border on tidal waters. The same line is compiled as the shoreline on nautical charts of the NOS and topographic maps of USGS. Publication scales of these products are too small in almost all instances to be of practical benefit to boundary affairs in the coastal zone. Also, tidal datums at many places, where such data exist, were estab- lished to meet requirements for hydrographic surveys and are not adequate for boundary applications. In the two exceptions noted in the preceding paragraph, the mean los water line forms the boundary between sovereign and private property. That line is compiled on NOS nautical charts when scale permits. It is not compiled on most small-scale charts or on any topographic maps published by USGS. Coastal-zone management officials, engineers, surveyors, attorneys, property owners, and others concerned with local boundaries based on tidal datums, should assure themselves that the maps and datums which they are using, or intend to use, are adequate for the 90 purpose. Advice, assistance, and products can be obtained from the sources listed in 1.6. 3. Lake Levels and Local Boundaries This section will be completed after receipt of pertinent infor- mation from the Lake Survey Center. 91 I, 11.1.3. ContInued.� I) I 3 U I I U I I I I I I U I 92 2. Horizontal and Vertical Control (NOS) I. Definitions 'Control In general may be defined as coordinated and correlated elevation or position of data forming a framework to which detailed surveys are adjusted. Basic control may be either horizontal or vertical; it is usually executed with greater precision and accuracy than is required for dependent surveys. Both horizontal and vertical control are fundamental to charting and mapping. Except for those operations which involve details referred to tidal datums, both horizontal and vertical control used for coastal-zpne mapping must be established by geodetic surveying methods. The shape and size of the Earth are therby taken into'accouht, avoiding the accumu- lation of errors caused by distortion which results from plane surveying techniques. There are two geodetic control networks in the United States. They are the National Horizontal Control Network and the National Vertical Control Network. Both are maintained by the NOAA, National Ocean Survey through its Office of the National Geodetic Survey. Other Federal agencies such as the Geological Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, and the United States Corps of Engineers, as well as State agencies, establish geodetic control in the accomplishment of their missions. Instruments, methods, and techniques used to establish such control meet the criteria set by the National Ocean Survey whenever a specific mission dictates a requirement for second 93 or higher order accuracy. Records and observations acquired by the establishing agency are accepted by the NGS and adjusted to the appropriate national network. The National Horizontal Control Network covers the conterminous United States and Alaska. The State of Hawaii and the oceanic islands are covered by independent networks. The National Vertical Control Network covers the con- terminous United States only. Independent networks cover Alaska, Hawaii, and the oceanic islands. 2. Horizontal Contrl Horizontal control makes it possible for'the cartographer to orient and scale his map accurately, to position it properly on the Earth and to datum, and to compile details on the map in their correct positions and relationship. Basic horizontal'control may be of first, second, or third order accuracy. The network maintained by the NGS usually wilt provide sufficient control for charting and mapping. The few hiatuses which always exist in the basic schemes can, in most instances, be circumvented by use of modern phoptogrammetric techniques. Establishing geodetic horizontal control by conventional field methods is expensive, causing a significant increase in overall costs. 3. Geodetic Vertical Control The aerotriangulation phase of photogrammetric mapping Is the first instance where vertical control enters the overall coastal zone mapping process except in planning. Aerotriangulation requirements 94 I -....... for vertical control do not necessarily dictate the use of'a geodetic datum. Normal ly in the Natifonal Ocean Survey, coastal-zone mapping Is conducted without reference to the geodetic datum at all. However, if representation of relief (topographic mapping) is to be Included as a phase of the mapping program, then a common datum must be used. The National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 is the one most suitable for this purpose in t~he coastal zone of the con- 3 ~~terminous United States. Ad-equate data to permit extension of this datum to the State of Alaska is not available. The same situation exists in the Pacific Islands, the State of Hawair, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. As a result, local datums are used in these areas, each based upon tidal datums established at' selected 3 ~~tide stations. The datum involved is specified in the geodetic control data provided for each of these areas. 4. Other control U ~~Vertical control of the greatest significance to coastal-zone mapping is that provided by tidal observations. This control is in the form of elevations of tidal bench marks above mean low wafer along 3 ~~the Atlantic Coast and above mean lower low water In the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean areas. For tide stations along the I. ~~Atlantic Coast, data it pr-ovided for mean high water, half-tide level, mean sea level, and mean low water. Through special arrange- ments, data for the mean higher high water and mean lower low 3 ~~water datums can also be provided. For tide stations in the Gulf of Mexico* along the Pacific Coast, Alaska, Hawaii, and the 95 Pacific islands, data is provided for rmean higher high water, mean high water, half-tide level, mean low water, and mean lower low water. Differences in the tidal datums for which data is pro- vided result from the variation in the types of tides. The tide along the Atlantic Coast is classified as semidiurnal with very little difference in the heights of one high water and the following high water, or a low water and the following low water. In the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean, the tide is either classified -as diurnal (one high water and one low water each day) or as mixed. The mixed tide is similar to the semidiurnal except that there is a marked difference in the height of a high water and the following high water or a low water and the following low water (called diurnal inequality). Mean sea level at a tide station, I. of which data is always-provided, is local mean sea level and valid only at that locality. It should not be confused with the general term, mean sea level. Mean sea level at any point may be defined simply as the mean level of the sea at that point. It is the primary tidal datum plane, all the other tidal datum planes are derived with reference to it. Mean sea level at'each tide station is derived as the average of the tabulated'hourly heights of the observed tide. 3. Map Projections and Grid Systems (NOS) 1. Introduction It Is indeed unfortunate that globes cannbt be used Instead of charts 96 and maps to depict and study the Earth and Its component parts. Because they are both spheres, a globe can be made an accurate model of the Earth, with constant scale and with areas, shapes, distances, and directions held in the same relationship as on the Earth. But the large physical size of globes constructed at useful scales would be impractical. For example, the diameter of a 1:10,000 scale globe would be greater than 4,000 feet and the diameter of one at 1:2,400 scale would exceed 17,000 feet. Because a sphere, or a portion of one, cannot be flattened into a plane without causing distortion, the cartographer resorts to a process known as "map projecting." This process lets the cartog- rapher represent all or a part of the cqTled surface of the Earth on a plane surface while limiting distortion to an acceptable level. The Greek astronomer, Hipparchus, is credited with dividing the Earth in a system of parallels of latitude and meridians of longi- tude to provide the means by which the locations of features, objects, and places can be stated uniquely (Reference 19). Unique- ness is essential because only one feature, object, or place can occupy a given location. However, that system is the source of the main difficulty in map projections, i.e., transferring the imaginary lines representing meridians and parallels from a curved surface to the flat surface of a chart or map. They must be drawn with conformity to avoid confusion and to be of scientific value. A map projection map be defined as a systematic network of lines, representing imaginary meridians and parallels on a plane surface, 97 either for all of the Earth or for some portion thereof (Refer- ence l0). That network is called the graticule. Plane rectangular coordinate systems are less complex and easier to apply, for both the cartographer and surveyor. Each is based on a map projection and is satisfactory for 6nly a relatively small area. Errors caused by distortion increase to an unacceptable magnitude when attempts are made to cover too large an area. 'Lines drawn on maps to represent the plane coordinate system cross each other at right angles and are spaced at an interval compatible with the mapping scale. The X ordinate is represented by north-south lines (similar to meridians), while east-west lines represent the Y ordinate (similar to parallels). This network is called a grid system. Large-scale maps usually carry the graticule as solid lines with the plane coordinate system shown by ticks, however in some instances the practice is to reverse the procedure with the grid system shown as solid lines and the graticule with ticks. Intervals selected for both the rectangular coordinate system and the graticule are compatible with the scale of the map. Grid systems are not shown on small-scale maps because the area covered introduces excessive distortion. The grid system should not be confused with the military grid which appears on many small-scale maps. The latter is a quad- rillage, or system of squares, determined by rectangular 98 coordinates on a spherical map projection referred to one origin and extended over the whole area of the original map projection. The military grid -is designed to make map data more readily usable for military purposes. The military grid Is basically a map refer- ence system designed for the user and has no relation at all to the plane coordinate systems which have been discussed in this section. 2. Map projections in common use No single map projection is capable of meeting the requirements of all map users. The projection may be selected because it is easy to construct, or because it is conformal, which means that the actual shapes of very small areas are preserved. On the other hand, the desired projection might be one which retains accuracy of scale in all directions, or one in which all directions or azimuths are depicted accurately. In preparing a map projection, and the map itself, the cartographer is projecting from the curved surface of the Earth to a flat, or plane surface (a sheet of paper), an area which is infinitesimal in size compared to the actual area of the Earth's surface. All map projections whether planar, cylin- drical, or conic, are projections of a curved surface to one type or other of the geometric figures mentioned. Complex mathematical operations are required to derive the elements of these projections. Until the advent of sophisticated electronic computers and peripheral equipment, which permit rapid manipulation of highly complex problems, 99 the availability of tables providing the cartographer with data for the various elements was a major factor In selecting a pro- Jection. Fortunately, the modern electronic computer and the automatic plotter which it is capable of controlling, make it possible to construct practically any projection that might be selected. The number and variety of projections available is far more than adequate to meet the needs of most coastal-zone activities. Maps at very large scale, i.e.,. 1:2,400, usually omit this graticule. Instead, they are constructed on a grid system, general.ly the appro- priate State Plane Coordinate System. The polyconic projection is commonly used on most modern, medium- to large-scale maps of the coastal zone. This projection has been in use for so many years and has received such wide appli- cation because of the availability of tables for its elements and because it is relatively easy to construct accurately. These factors make it well suited for preparation of large-scale maps. State plane coordinate systems can be shown on this projection without introducing significant errors due to distortion. Coastal-zone maps of intermediate-scale (1:100,000 to 1:250,000) are constructed on the Transverse Mercator Projection. Various other projections are used for maps of even smaller scale, but, on the whole, the Lambert Conformal Conic Projection with two standard parallels offers the most advantages. 100 3. Projections commonly used for charts Basically charts are special versions of maps meeting a specific need of one or more type of user. There are two types of charts produced by the Federal government covering the coastal zone. Of the two kinds, neither is specifically designed to meet the requirements for coastal-zone-management operations. The National Ocean Survey uses the Mercator Projection for all of its nautical charts except those of the Great Lakes which are on the polyconic. A Lambert conformal conic projection with two standard parallels is used for the sectional aeronautical'charts that cover the coastal zone. All of these charts are a t a scale of 1:500,000. In a smaller-scale series of charts which cover the coastal zone is the world aeronautical charts at a scale of 1:1,000,000; the same projection is used for that series. 4. Commonly used coordinate systems The majority of- large-scale maps in the coastal zone carry the appropriate State Plane Coordinate System. These systems were devised by the Coast and Geodetic Survey and are based on either the Transverse Mercator or Lambert conformal conic projection with two standard parallels. The tranverse-Mercator is applied to States, or zones of States, in which the greatest dimension is north and south. The Lambert conformal conic projection is applied to States, or zones of States, with the greatest dimension in the east and west direction. The system for each State, or each zone 101 I -���--.. .. .'.-r~.-,.... - -r...p within the State, was designed in 'such, a way that no part of the area covered by the system will be In error more than one part in 10,000. Two of the 10 zones of the State of Alaska required special treatment of the projection selected. Zone I, covering Southeast I ~~Alaska, is an oblique Mercator projection of the spheroid. The curve used for the center of the projection Is a-geodetic line passing through an arbitrary central point of t-he area and roughly bisecting the strip. Zone 10 covers the Aleutian Islands, the center line of that zone is a parallel of the spheroid near the center of the I ~~zone; the resulting projection is the Lambert conformal. Zones 2 to 9 all have the same set of plane coordinates and are based on the transverse Mercator projection. I ~~~~~~~4. Remote Sensing (NOS) I I~~. Introduction There are many different definitions of remote sensing. The literal definition, perceive from a distance, perhaps, would be an over- I ~~simplification. For the purposes of thi-s handbook, remote sensing is defined as being the appl ication of-.any technique, in which direct physical contact with the emitter or reflector is not re- quired, to observe, measure, and record emitted and/or reflected energy., in order to produce useful data. Remote sensing gained widespread recognition as a consequence of achievemenfs In space activities. Many view It as a product of the space age when, in reality, it Is not new-coiner to many professions 102 and trades; photography Is an old and familiar example. Near vertical aerial photography obtained properly with the correct camera-film-filter combination Is the very foundation of modern mapping procedures. Measuring and recording water depths with echo sounders has long been the keystone operation in bathymetric and hydrographic surveying. Satisfactory operational uses and procedures must be developed for the great majority of the new sensors before they can be profitably applied to coastal-zone activities. 2. Kinds and types Remote sensors known to have, or which may have, practical operational applications to coastal zone activities ra'nge from scintillometers to echo sounders and geological echo profilers. All can be classi- fied as being either active or passive, imaging or nonimaging, analog or digital, and scanning or nonscanning. There are numerous types of sensors either in operational use or in developmental or testing stages. Because of the variety and number of kinds and types, narrative explanations would be lengthy and inconvenient. Instead, pertinent information is presented in the matrixes and tabulations immediately following. (Two and/or three dimension matrixes and approximate tables are - ~hext being prepared for inclusion in the-2i+ draft). 103 I I I I I I I I I * Diagram I U I I I I I I I 104 I I I I I I U I I I I U U I I I I I I Diagram I I I I I I I I U 106 I Diagram? Text ? 107 I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5. Photogrammetric Mapping Techniques (USGS) Photogrammetry is the science of making accurate measurements by means ofphotography. Today maps are produced largely from aerial photographs with a minimum of field work. A photogrammetric mapping project begins with carefully executed techical planning. After the boundaries of the project area have been determined, decisions are made concerning the following: I. Method of compilation 2. Compilation and publication scales 3. Contour interval 4. Nature, extent, adequacy, and location of existing control. 1I. Aerial Surveys The planning of the aerial photography is based on the above determi- nations and involves the following additional considerations: I. Season of the year as it affects a. sun angle (shadows, reflections, glare) b. grQound cover (snow, leaves, crops, floods) c. local Weather conditions 2. Type of photography (vertical, convergent, angle of coverage, focal length, format, emulsion, exposure) 3. Direction of flights (designed for minimum number of aircraft passes. 4. Flight height a- capabilities of stereoplotter b. desired contour interval; C-factor c. visibility and interpretability of planimetric detail d. relation of flight height to stereomodel scale e. capability of the pantograph to convert model scale to compilation scale 5. Number and spacing of flight lines; width-height ratio 6. Spacing of photographs along flight lines, base-height ratio Once the fli ght design is ccmpleted a flight plan diagram is made using the best available map of the area. The center line of each flight path is drawn on the flight map. The photographs are obtained within a time frame specified in the contract. Weather largely determines the actual day and time chosen for the flight. After a project area has been photographed the film is processed by the contractor. The traditional steps in photographic processing are developing, fixing, washing, and drying. These steps may be performed by hand, but modern automatic processors are now available, making the job easier and less time consuming. With automation has come the ability to exercise greater quality control. 109 Fig. 6 from Photogrammetry in The National Ocean Survey (Photograph to be provided by NOS) Fig. . Wild B-8 aerial camera mounted in an aircraft Fig. 8 from Photogrammetry in the NOS (Photograph to be provided by NOS) Fig. . The Color Automat for chemically processing color photographic prints 110 When processing Is complete proof prints are made. They are stapled together in relative position and the composite Is examined to determine if all areas are covered and whether the required over- lapping has been achieved. If the contract requirements have been met, contact prints are produced. Each print is marked with the date of photography, the frame number, and a project code. Also a mosaic-like photographic index Is prepared to aid subsequent operations. 2. Field Operations Accurate photogrammetric operations require adequate ground con- trol. Control surveys are needed in order to present map features in correct relationship to each other and to the Earth's surface. Two kinds of control are required: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal control is needed to develop and maintain correct scale, position, and orientation of the map. For this purpose, latitude and longitude of selected points within the project area must be determined from field surveys. Horizontal control points often are marked in the field before the photographs are taken. The marking consists of fastening three or four strips of cloth or plastic material to the ground in such a way that they converge at the control monument, or at some precisely surveyed, nearby point which is visible from the air. The color of the marking material Is selected so that it will � . contrast with that of the ground when photographed. This marking process is called paneling or targeting. The required frequency of horizontal control points is determined by the desired accuracy and by the limitations of the photogrammetric techniques to be used. For example, in 7.5-minute topographic mapping, an effort is made to establish horizontal control stations at 7.5-minute spacing on the perimeter of the project. Horizontal .positioning within the project area is obtained through the process of aerotriangulation (See 11.5.3). Similarly, vertical control is needed for the correct delineation of the contours. .To provide vertical control, the elevation of selected points must also be determined in the field. As a rule, more vertical stations are required than horizontal. A minimum of four vertical control points are desired for each stereomodel. These points need not be (and seldom are) monumented control stations. Many of them may be image points whose position has been determined by photogrammetric methods. The important condition is that they be photoidentifiable points such as a road Intersection or fence corner. Therefore, one of the major field operations is running level lines (plane tables and alidades often are used) between known vertical control stations and the photoidentifiable points, often referred to as picture points. Horizontal and vertical control points located as described above become the framework upon which map detail is assembled. This framework 112 U determines the accuracy with which the position and elevation of map features can be shown. A third important field operation is classification of map detail. Although the stereocompiler can interpret much of the map detail from the stereomodel, he often needs help in interpreting some features and in distinguishing between others. The classification operation usually is a pen-and-ink annotation made directly on the aerial photograph or the photoindex before photogrammetric compilation. Annotations include-such items as the following: I. Classification of buildings according-to use 2. Classification of roads and trails according to use and capacity 3. Delineation of boundaries 4. Identification of culture 5. Location and labeling of control stations 6. Delineation of streams and class.ification as intermittent or perennial 7. Delineation of wetlands 8. Delineation of U.S. land lines and labeling of townships/ sections 9. Classification of sample woodland areas 10. Name investigation 113 Classification may be performed after compilation of the map manu- script. However, it has been found that since the control operation must be completed prior to-the compilation phase, time and money can be saved by completing the classification in advance along with the control. 3. Map Compilation Once aerial photography of a project area is obtained, contact paper prints are made for each scene. These prints are used in field classification and to aid the photogrammetric compiler in interpretation of detail. In many cases transparencies are made of each scene. They are useful for checking and editing purposes. Diapositives, which are positive prints on glass plates or on film made from the aerial negatives, are required for the various types of stereoscopic plotting instruments. In some stereoplotters the diapositives are placed in projectors and the photographic image is projected upon a tracing table. In other plotters the diapositives are observed directly through a viewing system. Diapositives are used in pairs and are viewed stereoscopical ly to form three-dimensional models from overlapping imagery. The stereovision effect is produced by the operator's viewing the same area from two perspectives, one for each eye, at the same time. The different perspectives are made possible by the movement of the aircraft, resulting in a series of scientifically spaced perspective centers for successive photo- graphic exposures. 114 Fig. 2 from Photogrammetry in the NOS (Photograph to be provided by NOS) Fig. _. Stereoscopic viewing Fig. 3 from Photogrammetry in the NOS (Photograph to be provided by NOS) Fig. _. A Stereopair of aerial. photographs 115 Before compilation can take place the stereomodel must be scaled (all points made to conf6rmwto proper horizontal position) and leveled (alI points adjusted to proper vertical position). Scaling is achieved by adjusting the stereomodel so that when 'the plotter reference mark is moved ag'S-en distance the drawing pencil will move a corresponding distance on the compilation manuscript. Leveling Is achieved by making a series of adjustments according to a pre.scribed sequence to result in proper vertical relationship for all known elevations in a model. If all known points are in correct relative position (horizontal and vertical) every other point in the model will likewise be in position and the elevation of any point can 6e measured. In order to scale the stereomodel a base sheet is used. The sheet contains points representing specific images from the aerial photo- graphs. The points are properly positioned on the base sheet by coordinates derived from a process known as aerotriangulation, an extension of horizontal and/or vertical control by means of aerial photographs. Aerotriangulation, sometimes called aerialtriangulation, can be accomplished by-either of two general computational methods. Both methods involve the selection and identification of a pattern of image points on the overlapping photographs that serve the double purpose of relating the photographs one to another and of relating the photoimage to the ground--and thus to the map to be 116 I Figure GS-1 Fig. _. Kelsh stereoplotting instrument Fig. _. A Wild Stereocomparator. This instrument is used to measure the coordinates of photoimages for computerized aerotriangulation. 117 I compiled. Some of these points will necessarily be points whose horizontal positions and/or elevations are already known, generally as the result of ground surveys. In semianalytical methods, the computations involve adjustments of coordinates of the points read in a stereomode. The adjustments 'involve the use of poly- nomial equations for adjusting the.modesi to- each other to form a block and for fitting the block to the known control points. In fully analytical methods, plane coordinate data rather than stereo- model data are used as input to the computations, and the adjust- ments involve simultaneous adjustmens of the cones of perspective rays defined by the points in the photographs to a best- fit to the control and to each other. The output in both cases, are the coordinates in a ground or map system, of all the points. The points may then be plotted on an- automated coordinate plotter, using a computer-prepared set of plotting instructions on magnetic tape. The resulting plot is the base sheet upon which the map Is compiled. Once the base sheet has been prepared and oriented on the stereo- plotter and the stereomodel has been scaled and leveled, the drawing of the map can begin drawing. Stereoplotters are equipped with an index point (reference mark), usually a small dot of light. As the index is moved along photographic images in the stereo- model, a drawing pencil is put through similar motions at compila- tion scale by the use of a pantograph. Contouring is done by 118 I moving the index along the ground at a preset elevation. Plani- metric (culture) features are compiled first directly on the base sheet. Other features such as woodland and contours, usually are compiled on separate manuscripts. Drainage often is combined with either culture or relief. The deciding factor usually is whether a drainage feature, is, to bee shown by a single line or a tint. The data compiled directly on the base sheet is scribed immediately. Then, by photomechanics the information is printed on the successive manuscript sheets and is used as a positioning guide in the com- pilation of the other types of features. Most maps are produced either from ink drawings or scribed (engraved) compilation plates. Before inking is undertaken a light pencil drawing is constructed on tracing paper. A light table is used to prepare the fine ink drawing on quality paper overlaid on the pencil drawing. The disadvantage of using ink is the difficulty in making corrections. In a sense., scribing is the reverse of inking because the inker adds material (ink) to the base sheet while the scriber removes material. The scriber creates a negative image; the inker, a positive image. Scribing is performed on transparent plastic sheets which have been covered on one side by a photographically opaque coating. The map symbols are cut into the coating using special engraving tools. 119 KEY 1 Field scribing kit (large) 6 Register studes 14 Straight fineline 2 Instructions for use of 7 Scribing points graver plastic templet and for 8 Straightedge-curve 15 Correction fluid sharpening points 9 Swivel graver brush 3 Thinner 10 Rigid graver 16 Sharpening stone 4 Correction fluid 11 Building graver 17 Allen wrench for 5 Allen wrenches for 12 Screwdriver rigid graver swivel graver 13 Angle fineline 18 Plastic symbol graver templet Figure . A complete field scribing kit. 120 I IU. Fig. _A. Right-reading p'ositive. Fig. _B. Right-reading negative. I' U I U I I. I Fig. __A. Right-reading positive. Fig. B. Right-reading negative. I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~12 I U I I I 121 U ... Then light can pass through the cuts making photographic reproduc- tion possible. The scribing normally is done wrong-reading (left and right reversed) so that reproductions will appear In the correct 'mode. Corrections may be made easily by covering unwanted cuts with opaquing fluid or by additional scribing. The effect of hand scribing may also be obtained photomechanically. The scribecoat material is sensitized and mated with a line draw- ing or film positive to obtain a contact print. After exposure the scribecoat sheet is developed with an etching solution which removes the coating wherever light was prevented from striking the sheet during contact printing. This photoscrib-ing process is used when a-finished positive copy exists, particularly if the reproduction involves a large quantity of numbers and symbols. Often contours are reproduced in this manner when a map is being revised. Generally, contours do not need revision as much as other map features, so contour guides frequently may be reused. The photoscribing process is a quick and easy way to prepare reproduction copy. Its greatest disad- vantage is that the lines sometimes are less clear cut than desired. However, minor repair work can be accomplished with a simple scribing needle in much less time than it would take to hand scribe or ink the entire map. 122 I U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I I I I I I I II 1 P~~~~~~~~ig. _. Stickup 123 Solid tint areas, which are used to symbolize water, woodland, and urban areas, or to signify areas of equal distribution in thematic maps, usually are produced photomechanically through a process known as stripping. An outline of the area to be tinted is compiled and contact printed onto a transparency which has been coated with a special stripping material. The- line image then is etched into the strip coat. Using the etched lines as a boundary, the required areas may easily be peeled away with the aid of a small knife, * leaving open windows. Sometimes lettering and symbolization are prepared on transparent, adhesive material called stickup. The information is placed in proper position on the appropriate manuscript. On the other hand, . i lettering may be done manually or with the aid of an electronic lettering machine. If a map is to be multicolored it is necessary to produce color-separation guides (not to be confused with feature separation guides, 11.9.2). The normal separation of colors is as follows. Black--culture, control, grids' and coordinates, labels Blue--drainage Green--vegetation Brown--relief Red--highway numbers and classification, land lines, and fence lines. At least one "color separation guide" must be prepared for each color. These guides may be scribed sheets, film negatives, or 124 I. I I I I I I I. I. I] 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 II open window plates. Each contains data to be printed In only one color. For good registration, they are prepared on a printed image reproduced from the compilation manuscripts. The important difference between compilation manuscripts and guides is that the manuscripts are drawn in right-reading form while guides must be drawn wrong-reading because they are used in pressplate processing. The color-separation guides may be successively contact printed in the representative color on -a white material to create a composite for checking purposes. The editor then can easily identify errors and indicate necessary changes to be made on the guides. In a complex, .multicolored map, such as a topographic map, corrections sometimes can create other errors which previously were nonexistent. Therefore, the editing-correcting-editing cycle should be repeated once or twice before publication. 4. Map Reproduction Although there are several methods of printing, most maps are re- produced by offset lithography. Lithography means "stone writing," but modern techniques employ aluminum press plates. Lithography works on the principle that water and grease do not mix. Sensitized press plates are photographically prepared from the color-separation guides by contact printing. One plate is prepared for each color. Different shades may be produced during plate exposure by using screens in conjunction with open-window guides. The screens are lined patterns which block out specific percentages 126 U of light, creating dotted patterns of color which give the appearance of a variation in shade. The plate processing procedures result in a right-reading, positive, image which is receptive to ink while the remainder of the plate repels ink. The term "offset" comes from the fact that the image is not trans- ferred directly to the paper. Instead it is first printed (wrong-reading) on a "blanket" which in turn transfers the image to the paper, creating the printed map. Use of the blanket allows for more evenly controlled inking and better quality. Multicolored maps may require several passes through a press in order to print all of the colors. After each pass the presses must be cleahed of ink. This a job requires about an hour of con- scientious cleaning. This time-consuming work may be avoided by the use of a multicolor press which has several printing systems in tandem, each of which is devoted to a different color. The paper passe5 through one system after another and the finished product is made in one press run. Sometimes multicolored maps are printed by using the three basic colors, yellow, magenta, and cyan in various ccmbinations to make other colors. For information on other types of printing such as letterpress and gravure see Reference 12. 127 6. Maps (USGS) I. Definition A map is a graphic representation of selected natural and manmade features on or below the surface of the Earth or other celestial body. Usually maps are prepared at an established scale and on a plane surface. They make use of symbolization to eliminate certain details and emphasize others in accordance with their intended purpose.. 2. Types The types of maps.available to the user encompass a wide range of products. Generally speaking maps may-be classified under one or more of the following headings: Planimetric Topographic Thematic Digital Line Photographic. Planimetric maps represent the horizontal positions for selected natural and/or manmade features. The natural features usually include rivers, lakes, and seas; mountains, valleys, and plains; and forests, prairies, marshes, and deserts. The manmade features include such things as political and private boundary lines, cities, transportation 128 systems, and public-utility facilities. The foremost characteristic of a planimetric map Is Its failure to depict relief In any measurable 3 form such as the practice of describing physiography by the use of contours. Examples of planimetric maps are base, boundary, cadastral, line-route, and outline maps. Base Maps are used to plan or to compile data for the production of specialized maps. Cadastral maps show the boundaries of subdivisions of land, usually stating their bearing and length. They. also show the area of individual tracts for purposes of describing and recording ownership. One type of cadastral map is the plat which often constitutes a legal description of a parcel of land. A major producer of-rplats is the Bureau of Land Management. Line-route maps are used by utility companies s'uch as suppliers of electricity, gas, water, and telephone services. They show the routes and type of construction of pipelines or wire circuits plus the locations of facilities such as switchboards and telegraph stations. An outline map represents only that information needed to provide a basis for the compilation of additional data. Outline maps often show only national and State boundaries plus major drainage systems. The second major map group is topographic. Topographic maps represent selected natural and manmade features of a part of the surface of the Earth plotted to a definite scale. They are distinguished from planimetric maps because of their portrayal of the shape and elevation of the terrain. Topographic maps show the location and shape of the mountains, valleys, and plains; the network of streams and rivers, 129 U Contours Shading Form lines Hachures Fig. . Methods of portraying relief. 130 vP and principal works of man. There are several methods of portraying relief. Although most topo- graphic maps portray relief with contours, some use other methods, namely form lines, hill work (shading), color gradients, and hachures. Any map portraying relief using one of these conventions may be called a hypsometric map. A map on which the elevations are referred to a sea-level datum is called a hypsographic map. A standard topographic map falls into both of these categories. Most topographic maps are published at a scale of 1:250,000 or larger. In the United States the best known type of topographic:-map is the quadrangle series.(See Section 11.6.3). Topographic quadrangle maps are used for development purposes such as selection of industrial sites, highway planning, routing of utility lines, selection of dam sites, and location of cammunication facilities. They also are useful for recreation purposes including hunting, fishing, and camping. Topographic quadrangle maps usually range in scale from 1:20,000 to 1:250,000. Other types of topographic maps include engineering, flood control, and landscape maps. Engineering maps are used for planning and cost estimation of engineering projects. Flood control and storm evacua- tion maps are special purpose topographic maps designed for use In studying areas subject to Inundation and for use in flood control planning. Landscape maps are used by architects to plan buildings which conform to the topography of the site. Landscape gardeners use them in the maintenance of parks, playgrounds, and private estates. A bathymetric map portrays water depth through the use of depth curves. Usually, significant degrees of depth are indicated by a system of different colors or tints. Bathymetric maps are designed especially for geophysical studies. Often they are combined with navigational Information to create a nautical chart. Thematic maps also are called "geographic," "special purpose," or, "distribution" maps. They emphasize a single topic such as geology, climatology, crop distribution, etc. and the entire map is related to the specific topic. Geographers make wide use of thematic maps to show the geographical distribution of such subjects as population, languages, crop production, soil, climate, vegetation, land-use, and industry. Distributions of this sort are graphed by several different methods. The most popular of these employ dots, choropleths, or isopleths. Dots are used to represent quantities such as 1,000 people, or 500 acres of corn. The size and value of dots are'selected so that the dots coalesce in areas of densest distribution. Sometimes dots of different size are used for different quantities. Choropleth maps are thematic maps which make use of civil boundaries or other arbitrary sectional division of an area. The sections are colored, shaded, dotted, or hatched to create darker or lighter areas In proportion to the density of distribution. Choropleth maps may be somewhat misleading because of the use of arbitrary sections. The map 132 1 may show an abrupt change between sections where In -fact the change is quite gradual. Isopleths are lines which connect places of equal value of distribution. They have the same inherent virtues and deficiencies as contour lines. They provide exact Information throughout their entirety. However, they do not show what happens in the intervals. Isopleth maps are used by those who are interested in numerical values and wish to observe these values directly. Isopleths always are used for continuous distribution such as rainfall and temperature which involve values rather than numbers of units. Tinting or shading between isopleths is sometimes employed. Thematic maps include a number of maps directly related to the natural sciences, including geologic, vegetation, and soil maps. Geologic maps may be directed toward portraying a number of different geological conditions. Forestry maps are prepared principally to show the size, density, kind, and values of trees in a given area. Soil maps are produced by soil conservation agencies to help with the management of that natural resource. Land-use maps use colors, letters, or numbers to show the land use activities within small areas. (See Section 11.10. for a discussion of land use classification systems.) Maps showing areas of critical ranges of slope are particularly useful in studies related to land-use. They are called slope maps and use different colors to graphically represent different degrees of slope. Slopes are determined either manually or mechanically according to 133 I ..... I the distance between contours as represented on a relief map. Thematic maps which are dedicated to the explanation of the past are called historical maps. They tend to be political in emphasis, showing battlefields, military routes, and boundary changes. Virtually all maps are historical in a sense because of the time interval between compilation and publication or use. However, not all historical maps are thematic. Only those historical maps which were originally intended to Illustrate statistics may be classified thematic. A recent addition to the list of map classifications is the digital map. Actually a digital map is not a map in the physical sense of the word. Instead it is a computer bank loaded with map data. The user can retrieve selected information automatically, either in map or list form. (See II1.1. Automation.) Any map produced from scribed, inked, or paste-on line copy is con- sidered a line drawing, or line map. (See 11.5.3 for details about scribing, inking, stickup, and open-window guides.) An alternative to the line map is the photomap (11.6.2). It Is far less selective in its subject matter, and requires photointerpretation by the user. Any aerial photographic image may be considered a photomap in the broad sense of the word. A simple aerial photograph has some use as a map substitute because It does show.surface features, but It has scale distortions. Most photomaps include some cartographic enhancement. to assist the user. This enhancement may be only marginal Information or may Include an overprinted line drawing or name placement. 134 Certain Image distortions and displacements are created by relief and by the tilt and tip of the aircraft (and thus the camera). Distortions due to lack of verticality of the camera may be removed in a process known as simple rectification. An orthophotoscope or other differential-rectification system is used to remove displacement due to relief. The resulting orthophotographs possess imagery which is correct in scale and relative position. Two distinct products have developed from these techniques, the orthophotoquad and the orthophotomap. Both products are made from either orthophotograph or an orthophotomosaic and both contain marginal information including grid ticks and projection lines. Orthophot6quads-are black-and-white other-photographic images in quadrangle format with a minimum of cartographic enhancement. For general orientation, the major highways and a few principal places or features are labeled on the photoimagery. The orthophotoquad requires the user to employ a greater amount of photointerpretation than the corresponding line map. An orthophotomap is a color-enhanced version of the orthophotoquad. By applying color to the photoimagery, using appropriate ink colors and masking techniques, ground features can often be enhanced in more recognizable colors than nature provides. A variety of tones of green, blue, and brown accentuate such detail as salt-water encroachment, marshland limits, fault lines, and the physical character of prominent geologic features. The orthophotomap also Is enhanced by additional cartographic representation, Including contours, elevations, boundaries, 135 I-- �- �-;�� --��;�- �- --- �: and labels. The orthophotomap represents approximately the same production effort as the line map, but the photolmagery Is a decided advantage In the study of areas of special Interest to hydrologists and geologists. 3. Format Maps usually are rectangular in format and may include the entire area of a political division such as a country, State, county, or munTci- pality. Generally, some map detail is shown beyond the political boundary to fill in the entire sheet of paper. However, on occasion compilation ends at the boundary and the format takes on the shape of the political entity. Not all maps conform to political designations. A quadrangle map is bounded by meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. Examples of standard quadrangle formats are 7.5 x 7.5 minutes, 15 x 15 minutes, and I x 2 degrees. Adjacent quadrangles can be fitted together to form one continuous map. 4. Content In addition to relief, general purpose maps contain some or all of the following data: I. Control a. Horizontal and vertical stations b. Spot elevations 136 2. Reference systems a. Geographic (latitude and longitude) b. Universal Transverse-Mercator grid c. State plane coordinate systems d. Public land system (township and section lines) 3. Culture--roads, buildings, dams, utility lines, etc. 4. Drainage--swamps, rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, oceans 5. Vegetation--woodland, scrub, orchards, vineyards. 5. Contour interval Contour interval is-the difference in elevation between adjacent con- tours on a q]J*. The selection of the optimum interval is one of the most important considerations in topographic mapping. The intended purpose of the map is the most significant factor. A large interval may be acceptable for reconnaissance. On the other hand, development of natural resources usually requires a comparatively small interval. Too small an interval may result in crowding of contours or showing of Insignificant details; too large an interval may prevent adequate representation of the terrain. An interval appropriate at one scale may not be satisfactory at another scale. Occasionally, the selection Is difficult because certain portions of the terrain warrent greater recognition than others. For example, use of a 5,000-foot interval on a large-scale map may result overlooking a 3,000-foot mountain range sticking out of a 6,000-foot-high basin. 137 ��I ~ ~ ~ - ~- It may be necessary to subdivide the interval In parts of such maps by using supplementary contours. Usually, supplementary contours are given different symbols to distinguish them from the primary con- tours. Normally, dashed or dotted patterns are used. The U.S. Geological Survey has established standards for the use of contour intervals in its topographic map series. The standard contour Intervals for the large- and intermediate-scales are 5, 10, 20, and 40 feet. The 80-foot interval sometimes is used in the intermediate range for very steep terrain. The standard intervals used for the 1:250,000. large-scale, series are 25, 50, 100, or 200 feet. Other intervals are in use for large scales and for maps of Alaska. (See 111.2 for the effect on these intervals of conversion to the metric system.) 6. Scale One of the most important considerations in planning any mapping project is scale. The scale of a map is a mathematical relationship between the ground and the map. It can be expressed as a representative fraction in either of the following ways-. 24,000 I:24,000 Either way these representative fractions Indicate that any unit of linear measurement on the map represents 24,000 times its length on the ground.. Thissame scale could be shown using different units of measure such as I inch (on the map) = 2,000 feet (on the ground). 138 Jo 6, % seismic V 6 g 6e "APT. )0 WU I t4 k 4 -:w 1A, ;yvl Potomac Hei h IndladH AVAL 'u, fRe 1, - 4' ChOlry Hill w ter wzi lvW Zq 414) a 12 41. plan t Tow r tiiiv 5 Quart A to Ft!q tom a Vt ter 'e.f Pt Malbaro Pt C, 30 A T- % Phillip VI) e F' MO '.Ito grade Chah,,.h ord Oft Ing 6", Hof yar A 1`1 kn 21- Scale 1:250,000 10 1 5 20 Statute Miles 0 I 0 1 5 20 25 30 Kilometers U 0 5 30 15 Nautical Miles CONTOUR INTERVAL 50 FEET i n Xk1fZ 4 MIL.-f AAF INIa 4 T 7< Le, yv I-t I- r, A hq~~tonsA N/i Lb o ~~~~~6 ~ .Alit~ N Shvlton N~~~~~~~~~/t~~~ tiM t~~~~~~l)r (r evi1 - - Gr~~~~~.seI P~~illo LadIn I ~~~~~~~I~~~~) 22~~- egas * \I~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,j~~~~~~~~~~ i~~~~~~~~ sm~~~~~~Pgruti en~ /~~~II~~~ Nit-.~SC p" 6 i Cern -' I Substriton, Coal~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LIM' { 'P 27t,-' s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OdAmlf .5 012 34KLOMETERS IT~~~~~~~~~~~ . /1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: /T A'N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ,/~~~~~~ / ~~~~~~ \-~po l ( ~ ~ ~~~ ,~~~~~~ 'r ~~~~~~~Governmet 44 -- ~~~~~~~~K'~~~~~~~~~~~~,~ ..-' ~ ~~~~J Hig (pch C '1j ki r 9 "In~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~', f I IN (~~~~fJ -~~~~ "5> 'I~~J~ //Q/N,/~ / P~~~~~~~~~~~~/~2 ~~~~ .~~~~~~~~~~> ~~~~~~~~, ri'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i7i X ~~~~~CONTOUR INTEVA 1FE ~~~~~~~~~~tallo V WJ~~r It should be remembered that the terms "small scale" and "large scale" refer to representative fractions with l'arge and small denominators, respectively. For exampl e, of the two scales 1:24,000 and 1:250,000, I ~~1:24,000 Is the larger. I ~~Map detail Increases or decreases with scale. One cannot expect to find the same degree of detail on every map. Sometimes maps may be photographicalliy enlarged or reduced for special purposes. Care must be taken to see that these changes. do not create problems. Enlargements may make symbo lization too large and defeat the purpose of enlargement. Reduction may make the map hard or even impossible I ~ ~to read. Enlargements which are made with a pantograph, rather than photographically, allow for changes In symbol size. Some problems I ~~result ing from reduction of a map could be solved by removal of feature 3 ~~separation plates (See 11.9). The map user must consider the effect that changes in scale has upon detail. I ~~Bar scales are placed on a map to help the user make linear measurements between points. On large-scale maps such as the topographic quadrangles the scale is generally consistent throughout. However, on smallI-scale * ~~maps, especial ly those drawn on certain projections, there may be scale distortions at the map extremities. Sometimes the scale shown is that I ~~for the center of the map; sometimes it appl ies along one or two lines within the map. Most frequently, such as with a quadrangle series, the scale appl ies to points or lines outside the Individual map but within the confines of a block of adjacent maps, such as along standard paral lels of the State plane coordinate system. I ~~~~~~~~ -~~~4 7. Accuracy Along with scale, the user must consider the accuracy of a map. If it Is to be used for precise measurements, a map showing accurately positioned features must be selected. The National Map Accuracy Standards (Appendix F) have been devised to assure the user that any map bearing the statement, "This map complies with National Map Accuracy Standards," meets the necessary requirements. The standards for horizontal accuracy require that at least 90 percent of the well-defined map points shall be plotted correctly within 1/50 of an inch on the published map. This tolerance corresponds to 40 feet on the ground for 1:24,000-scale maps and about 100 feet on the ground for 1:62,500-scale maps. The standards for vertical accuracy require that at least 90 percent of the elevations interpolated from the contour lines shall be correct within one-half the contour interval. 8. Revision In a sense, "accuracy" Involves "currentness." The user should note the compilation date of a map to determine whether its content is up-to-date. Certain types of maps require little revision, especially those concerned with geology, or relief. The major revisions are brought about by the works of man and for the most part affect only manmade features. Although minor revisions are necessary on nearly all map plates, revision is needed most where there have been changes in manmade features, such as new roads, buildings and reservoirs, and changes in 143 the shape of the terrain. The rate and amount of change varies greatly from urban to remote areas, therefore maps are not all revised at definite Intervals and to the same extent. The needs of map users for up-to-date maps that meet modern standards are considered in selecting maps for revision. 7. Charts (NOS) I. Introduction For the'purposes of this handbook, a map has been defined as a repre- sentation on a flat surface of a portion of the surface of the Earth, indicating a specific group of features, at a definite scale, with colors, dots, lines, and symbols, in a manner which meets established criteria for positional accuracy. A chart is defined, again for the purposes of this handbook, as a map designed specifically as an aid to aerial or marine navigation, by stressing features and hazards of, and/or to present a set of facts for, the area depicted. Various kinds and types of charts are prepared, published and Issued by the.NOAA/National Ocean Survey. They have the common objective of prcmoting safety in either aerial or marine navigation. Because of their importance to the safety of life and property, accuracy compatible with the intended purpose Is a basic factor In the design, acquisition of source data, and construction of these charts, expeclally those to be used In marine navigation. 144 Information and data invaluable to coastal zone activities are available as byproducts from the source material acquired and assembled for the production of these charts. 2. Types Aeronautical and nautical are the two principal kinds of charts that are valuable to coastal-zone activities, the latter possesses far greater value because of scale and content. Airport obstruc- tion, isogonic, isopach, and tidal current charts are other kinds that present data of value in the c6astal zone. Aeronautical charts are designed, constructed, produced, and issued for use in aerial navigation. In the design and preparation of these charts, emphasis is placed on features that are considered to be most essential to the aircraft pilot and navigator. Scale must be relatively small because of the speed of movement. Terminal Control Area (TCA) Charts, Sectional Aeronautical and World Aero- nautical Charts are the most likely to contain coastal zone infor- mation of any value, having scales of 1:250,000, 1:500,000, and 1:1,000,000 respectively. Nautical charts are designed, constructed, produced, and issued for use in marine navigation; they are classified in accordance with the specific navigational phase each is intended to serve. For example, a sailing chart is appropriate for a ship on an ocean crossing, but a coast chart is needed as land is approached or for a voyage generally parallel to the coast where land or 145 objects useful in navigation are visible from the ship's bridge. Harbor charts replace the coast charts as vessels approach harbors and enter restricted waterways with congested traffic and increased navigational hazards. Another series, the small-craft chart, is issued for convenience of use aboard small craft and other vessels where space is at a premium. The primary differences in these classifications are scale and the features emphasized. Airport obstruction charts are designed to provide information regarding obstructions in the vicinity of airports where commercial flight operations are conducted. These charts will provide little data of value to coastal zone activities. Isogonic charts provide the engineer, surveyor, and cartographer with the variation of the magnetic direction and the annual rate of change of that variation. Isogonic lines, or lines of equal variation of the magnetic compass, are compiled on a suitable base map, usually at a small scale. Field observations provide the basic data from which the variation and rate of change are determined. Isopach charts present information regarding deposition of sedi- ments on the sea bottom. Isopachs, or li~nes which pass through all points where the depth of sediment is equal, are drawn on a chart of appropriate scqale. These charts have somewhat limited value in coastal zone activities. 146 Tidal current charts probably are second to nautical charts in value to the coastal-zone. Tidal current charts provide essential information about the direction and speed of the current in a specific area at intervals through the entire tidal cycle. Pre- sently limited to major harbors, coverage is being extended to important coastal waters. With few exceptions these charts are basically line drawings, relying on the use of colors and symbols to provide emphasis on significant features. On aeronautical and nautical charts, signifi- cant features are those essential for safe navigation. The first of a series utilizing an orthophoto mosaic base to present plaimetry usually shown by the traditional line method. Landmarks and similar features important to the navigator are accentuated by color or symbolization. 3. Format The different charts are issued in various formats, each one the result of compromises in the many factors affecting format design and selection. The intended use of the chart, and the environment in which it will be used, are the two factors which generally receive the most attention in selection oaf a format. Aeronautical charts which may have some value to coastal activities cover differing areas and are issued normal ly in accordion-folded format. 147 Terminal control area (TCA) charts, available only for selected major airports, cover a geographic area in the immediate vicinity of an airport. They vary little in physical size. Sectional aeronautical charts are compiled, published, and issued to cover an area defined by geographic coordinates. These charts also vary little in physical size. Each is printed on both sides, each side covers 20 in latitude and from 6� to 8� in longitude (convergence of the meridians permits an increase in longitudinal coverage at higher latitudes without changing the physical dimen- sions of the chart). World aeronautic charts differ from the sectional charts only in the area covered because of the smaller scale (1,000,000 compared to 1:500,000). Each side covers an area 40 in latitude and from 120 to 160 in longitude. Nautical charts vary widely in physical dimensions. They are de- signed to cover a portion, or an entire body of water, or a section of coast between major ports or salient geographic features. Uniformity of coverage and dimensions of individual charts within each series is maintained when practical; usefulness and convenience to the mariner are paramount. Airport obstruction charts are planned to cover an area approxi- mately circular in shape, extended to include runway approach and departure zones. They are fairly uniform in physical dimensions. 148 They are not printed, but ozalid copies are produced as needed. Isogonic charts Isopach charts... I ~~Tidal current charts are in bound volumes consisting of 12 or 13 individual current diagrams prepared on the same base. 4. Accuracy Navigational charts are relied on for safety of life and property in two major segments of the nation's transportation system. Therefore, accuracy is a factor of major concern throughout the numerous operations required to produce a chart for use in navi-- 1 ~~gation. Emphasis on accuracy shifts from operation to operation, depending on the kind of chart, affecting more operations and reaching the highest intensity in nautical charting. 3 ~~Base maps which meet United States National Map Accuracy Standards provide terrain data required for aeronautical and nautical chart I ~~bases. Base maps for nautical charts, except in rare instances, are prepared by the National Ocean Survey. Th~e scale for such mapping is never smaller than twice the scale of -the affected chart. Chart base topography is prepared directly at charting fl ~~~~~~~~~~~149 scale on occasi!on when a contemporary hydrographic survey is not scheduled. Certain features critical to safe marine navigation I ~~are mapped to stricter accuracy criteria than the national standards. For example, the shoreline (usually the mean high water line) and the mean low water line, must be within 0.5 mm (at mapping scale) of the true position. This is about 16 feet at 1:10,000 scale compared to 28 feet under the national standards. Fixed * ~~aids to navigation and objects to be charted as landmarks must be within 0.3 mm (about~.10 feet) at 1:10,000 scale of true position as compared to 28 feet. Similar accuracy criteria are not applied * ~~to the preparation of aeronautical charts but radio navigational facilities and obstructions to safe operation of aircraft are I ~~located and charted with an accuracy commensurate to the charting scale. Bases for all the other types of charts usually are prepared from existing aeronautical or nautical charts~, whichever is most * ~~suitable. 3 ~~5. Scale and Content' Chart content is governed by the intended use of the.chart and its publication scale. The affect of scale on charts is the same as on maps; more detail can be shown without congestion, or legibility can be increased with larger symbols and type at large mapping I ~~scales but at the expense of areal coverage. Sinall mapping scales 3 ~~permit coverage of larger geographic areas but detail must be sacrificed to avoid congestion. Chart content of value in coastal-~ 3 ~~zone activities varies with the kind of chart, and certain detail 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~150 is emphasized to achieve prominence to benefit the intended user. In general, smnallI-scale charts are suitable for planning or, perhaps, gross inventory purposes, depending upon charted detailI. For example, * ~~sectional aeronautical charts can be used for planning purposes in the emerged areas of the coastal zone. Like large-scale maps, large-scale charts are of the greatest value to users. Scale can 5 ~~be changed by either enlargement or reduction through the use of photographic and mechanical techniques. However, scale enlargement I ~~is not a reccommended' procedure, except as an expedient, because 5 ~~all errors accumulated in producing the chart are enlarged by the same factor. Too, photographic enlargement can result in reduced 5 ~~legibility, or, even in its complete loss. 5 ~~Details shown or indicated on a chart comprise the contents of that chart. Certain details may be common to several different kinds of .5 ~~charts. Some examples are the graticule and the shoreline. Both are of critical importance on nautical charts and are invariably indicated in a prominent manner. The shoreline is not as important 5 ~~to an aircraft. navigator as it is to a ship's navigator and is indicated less prominently on aeronautical charts; it is of even 5 ~~less significance to users of isogonic charts, where it is indicated with even less prominence. 5 ~~~~~~~~~~~151 SPQU~NGE Or1 T0POGPJ.\P141%C MA)PPWG OIT- ,P~Ti ONS AND % OP TOTIAL COST INVOLVI-D IN EACH'NPA)OR, PPRAS~ PLANNINGj IALPHlOTOGRzAPHY1% CNTROICOMPLUTION SURVEYS EL L, '~~~~~O~~ucy1 '~~~ I ~MAP USES 'Al~ ~ .i * ~~~6. Revis!ion Obsolescence of contents can make a chart worthless in an exceedingly short period of time. Like maps, charts are made obsolete by the acts of man and nature; most often by the former. The majority of aeronautical charts are revised semiannually; those of remote E ~~areas at a less frequent interval. Changes to thiG kind of chart * ~~usually affect airways data and navigational facilities and have very little significance to the coastal zone. Nautical charts are generally revised on an annual schedule if the area covered is congested, subject to frequent change, or boars heavy marine traffic. Charts c overing remote areas, relatively free from the works of man, and supporting little traffic are revised at much longer intervals. Isogonic charts are not revised. They are rec-cmpiled and reissued periodically to conform with an established epoch (every 5 years). There is no established revision schedule I ~~for isopach charts. Airport obsturction charts are revised on a 3-year basis when resources permit. Obstruction charts of some sinaller airports, where traffic is light, are revised less * ~~frequently. :153 * ~~~~~~~8. Overprints and Overlays (USGS) 1. Definitions U ~~Overprinting is the practice of printing additional information on a map. An overlay is a printing, photograph, or drawing on a transparent or translucent medium at the same scale as the base I ~~map. The information added by using either an overprint or an * ~~overlay is designed to show details not appearing on the original or to give special emphasis to details which do appear on the original. * ~~2. Uses I ~~Overprints may be used for revision purposes. New roads, buildings, dams, reservoirs, etc., can be added to original maps with an additional press run. Revised copies of published maps can be made * ~~by adding a revision plate to the original map guides rather than having to correct the original copy. Sometimes an extra color is I ~~used for the revision data. This makes it possible to evaluate the changes which have taken place during the time interval between the initial publication and the revision issue. Overprints also direct the users' attention to certain specialized data. Examples of this use are an arrow pointing to a particular feature or perhaps * ~~a shading delineating the best route between two cities. Overlays are used in conjunction with the original base map. They do not become a permanent part of the map as does an overprint. 154 Overlays can prcvide the same information as can an overprint. Sometimes several overlays are used in combination to display changes over a period of time or to reveal data to an audience in a piecemeal fashion. Cartographers use overlays in the planning and production of maps. Examples of these uses include the following: 1. Administrative data; cost, priorities, location of field parties. 2. Planning and surveying for control 3. Planning, procurement, and annotation of photographs 4. Editing of compilation manuscripts 4. Classification guide for draftsmen 4. Layout of contour numbers or soundings 7. Name placement and type style. The U.S. Geological Survey's Land Use Data and Analysis (LUDA) Program is an example of the effective use of overlays. The 1:250,000 topographic map series is being used as the basis for the production of overlays (film positives) showing classification of land uses throughout the country. These film positives may be used in conjunction with the base map or they may be combined with selected plates from the base map and published as Jand use maps. 3. Examples of overlays for coastal zone management Although overprints may be of use in a coastal 'zone mapping effort, overlays are more suitable. A high percentage of these overlays 155 )-~ ~ netc *. bservir - Rsror - etic~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i GOLF wOu - PEQB WAY ______ ' - Ti~Z G . - NOT-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ W&J ~~~~ep~~~t'~~ActI8 KK Li. X_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ L '-4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 0 H ~~~~~~~~~~~ / ~~~~~~~~ LI~~~~~ ~~~~~~T t O EA S T QUARNL ~~~~~~~~~RZN-PIM C O ~ -.I j 7.5 ~ _ MIUT SRIE TPGAHC J~~~~~~~~~~~~--- I I I I I I I I I Portion of Henderson, Texas, Land-use overlay. I I I I I I I I I 157 would fall into an area of interest to both the Federal and the State governments. Examples of overlays appropriate for Coastal Zone Management are: I. 100 year flood plain 2. Soils 3. Geology 4. Population 5. Estuarine studies a. discharge b. run-off c. physical characteristics (I) salinity (2) slope analysis 6. Oceanography a. hydrodynamics b. sediments (I) bottom (2) near surface c. currents (I) surface (2) sub-surface d. tidal (I) location of station (2) data (3) bench marks 158 7. Climatic studies a. temperature b. rain fall (I) seasonal (2) annual 8. Resources a. living b. non-living 9. Land use 10. Wetlands a. vegetation b. limits II. Sanctuaries and refuges a. public b. private 12. Historical and archeological sites 13. Land ownership 14. Recreation a. parks b. marinas 15. Pollution a. sewage outfal ls, ocean dumping, etc. b. air c. noise 159 16. Support services a. primary (I) sewage disposal (2) fresh water (3) solid waste disposal (4) electricity (5) transportation b. secondary (I) schools (2) hospitals (3) fire stations (4) police stations 4. Advantages and limitations An overprint becomes a permanent part of a map. This permanency may be undesirable at a later date and the entire map probably would then have to be revised. Overprints do have an advantage over overlays where the latter require the use of one or more additional sheets which may be cumbersome to the user. However, overprinting requires at least one press run which can be quite costly. On the other hand overlays may be produced photographically or even by hand. The cost of production of small quantities of overlays would be less than that for overprinting. The greatest advantage of overlays is the fact that their use makes it possible to avoid the crowding of map detail. The use of 160 overprinting should be limited by the amount of data that can be placed on a single map without causing confusion. By-using overlays 3 ~~in keeping with the feature separation concept (See 1 1.9.2), an unlimited number of different types of information can be related to the same base map and to each other in whatever conbinations 3 ~~are desired. p ~~~~~~~9. Data Extraction Techniques (USGS) A map user may not be interested in all of the information on a I ~ ~map. He may be concerned with a single subject or with several 3 ~~kinds of information on an individual basis. It is impractical for cartographers to attempt to produce a map for individual interests. 3 ~~Likewise, it is not feasible to produce maps using every conceivable combination of plates to satisfy every requirement. Therefore, it is necessary for the user to extract from a map the specific data 3 ~~which he needs, and he may have to be content with less than the total information desired. 1. Visual-extraction method N ~~Whenever one reads a map he is extracting data. A map reader., whether or not he is conscious of the fact, selects certain information and disregards the rest. When a person reads a map to find his way he 3 ~~makes a visual interpretation of the data and reacts to it by choosing his route. Others may be interested in interpreting every aspect of specific map features. This task may be accomplished visually 3 ~~by mental calculation or with the use of map reading aids such as 161 scales, protractors, compasses, and cartometers. Data collection by this method is time consuming and is vulnerable to human error. 2. Feature-separation concept As explained in 11.5., press plates for multicolored maps are produced from color separation guides. Each color may be broken down farther. For example, several blue guides may be ccobined to produce one blue press plate. There could be a guide for lakes and ponds, one for streams, another for swamps, etc. There can be even greater separation. The following list is an example of some of the possibilities: I. Black a. Transportation systems (I) Major highways (2) Secondary roads (3) Tertiary roads (4) Unimproved roads (5) Trails (6) Railroads (7) Airports b. Control c. Labels (names) d. Culture (I) Buildings (2) Schools, churches, or cemeteries, etc. 162 (3) Wells: oil, gas, water (4) Mines (5) Recreation areas (6) Marinas (7) Military reservations (8) Boundaries (9) Utilities (a) Power transmission lines (b) Pipelines (c) Telephone lines 2. Brown a. Contours (I) Index contours (2) Intermediate contours (3) Supplemental contours b. Sand (I) Beach (2) Dunes c. Tailings d. Levees e. Strip mines 3. Blue a. Streams (I) Perennial (2) Intermittent 163 b . Ponds c . Swamps d. Inundated areas e. Depth curves I ~~~~f. Rice paddies 3 ~~~~4. Green a. Woodland * ~~~~b. Orchards C. Scrub * ~~~~d. Mangrove (symbol often requires a blue overprint) 3 ~~~~e. Vineyards 5. Red 3 ~~~~a. Major highway classification b. Highway route numbers I ~~~~c. Land lines * ~~~~d. Urban tint Feature separation makes it possible for a map user to delete I ~~extraneous information and to compile a data collection with greater ease. Also, one can select from the available plates and combine them in different ways to produce thematic maps. Changes in color combinations can be used in conjunction with feature separation to emphasize certain features. Using feature-separation techniques maps of different scale can be I ~~produced using the same basic data. As explained in 11.6.6, the p ~~effect of decreasing the scale of a map could be the crowding of data. 164 I I U I I I I I I (Figure __ Feature separation of San Juan Experimental Map.) I I I I I I I I I 165-184 By removing a number of plates from the original map materials before reduction takes place one can avoid the problem of crowding. For example, the primary and secondary road guides from several 1:24,000 scale feature-separated maps could be separated from the other materials and could be reduced and combined to compile a map at at 1:50:000 or 1:100,000 scale. Only the final map data would be reduced, thus facilitating ccmpilation of the newly generated map. 3. Automation Computers and related machinery have helped to ease the task of preparing maps and extracting map data. Although automated cartography still is in its infancy, great steps have been taken toward the goal of full automation of cartographic processes. One approach to automation is to use of an automated coordinatograph, an instrument by which the X and Y coordinates of points and/or lines can be plotted or determined. Map data arranged according to location can be stored on punch cards and/or tapes. One can recall the information at a later date and have the coordinatograph create a graphic from the stored information. The data thus recalled and plotted may be edited, by correcting, deleting, or adding to the data, and the edited data then may be returned to storage. Some of this editing can be done automatically. The usefulness of map data can be enhanced by feature separation (11.9.2). Cartographic information can be stored in a data bank in such a way that the user can be selective in recalling data. 185 U I I I I I I I I (Figure __. USGS Research: Automation in Cartography.) I I I I I I I I I p 186 For example, one can select the set of allI towns with a population greater than x number of people, or the set of all contours resulting from an interval of y. The user can mak e his own feature separation from-the total available information and can combine separate features I ~ ~as he chooses. In some cases he may be able to select the scale(s) * ~~or even the projection at which the graphical output is drawn. If the user's ultimate goal is to compile statistics he can extract I ~~the data from published maps and manually compile his lists. However, digitized map data can be retrieved in list form, eliminating the - ~~need for map interpretation and saving the time needed to compile * ~~a list by hand. 10. Land-Use Classification Systems (USGS) * I~~. Importance of land-use information Every economic and social activity in the United States requires some use of land or water. According to Clawson (Reference 5), in 1970 the average person in the United States used or derived products from about eleven acres of land. Unfortunately, the supply of desirable land in choice locations 3 ~~is no longer plentiful. There are serious problems of land misuse and degradation. Careful -management of our resources is essential I ~~and any management program requires tools such as la nd-use maps. 3 ~~For the purpose of this discussion the term "land use" will refer to use of both land and water. 187 Land use is one of the most important subjects in thematic mapping. Nevertheless, the availability of land-use maps has hot reached the level of that of topographic and geologic maps. Although several classification systems have been developed, none has met the needs I ~~of every project or investigator. The advent of remote-sensing techniques has brought about changes *in the procedures surrounding land-use classification. Although I ~~the use of photographs allows for faster compilation, the new * ~~problems of image identification and interpretation are introduced. * ~~2. Considerations in land-use classification Before developing a land-use classification system one must define U ~ ~the term "land-use." A system can be designed to classify such things as improvements, historical considerations.. aesthetic attributes, and human activity. Clawson and Stewart (Reference 6) prefer the purity of a system which deals exclusively with the human aspect. They offer the following additional characteristics of a good classification of man's activities: I I~~~. The system should be flexible. It should be usable either in great detail, or in summary form. The user should be able to recombine data in different ways to meet his particular needs, but without modifying the activity classification as such. 2. The system should be based, as far as possible, upon what the field observer actually sees on the ground or-on aerial photographs, with a minimum of classification or grouping at that point. Field enumeration should be based on the smallest I ~~~recognizable and geographically identifiable unit of land. * ~~~3. Data should be readily susceptible to machine processing and should be computer canpatible. Land-use classification systems developed to date have been unable I ~~to escape an element'of arbitrary decision making. Some land uses have arbitrary boundaries, e.g., hunting or recreation may be confined within property boundaries although adjacent land may be equally suited for these activities. It is difficult to draw divisions between some classes if their extent is vague or if I ~~their influence diminishes gradual ly. The human-judgment factor almost assures disagreement among different compilers. Decisions have to be made about how to classify areas where there are mixtures of equal ly significant land uses, and in cases of subsurface land use where, for-example, mining takes place below a residential area. The traditional problem with classification systems has been standardi- * ~~zation. But the fact that systems differ in format is not the whole problem. ProblIems i n termi1nolIogy comipound the di1f ficulIty. Nunnal ly H ~~and Witmer (Reference 16) explain: Problems -in terminology appear to be two kinds--those associated with the incompatibility of terms used in different systems, and 189 those where the same term may be used differently in several systems. A good example of the former is the use of such words as arable, cultivated, and cropland; all of which are similar but do not necessarily mean exactly the same thing. I ~~~The latter problem is illustrated by the varying meanings that are attached to a word like "idle" in agricultural land use. This category may or may not include fal low crop land, abandoned * ~~~~land and land in conservation rese rve programs. Remote-sensing applications bring with them problems of image identification. The image forming devices do not record activity I ~~directly. The sensors acquire data which primarily are based on the characteristics of the ground cover. Seasonal changes may effect those characteristics. Therefore, a certain amount of ground investigation is desirable. * ~~A land use classification system which can effectively employ orbital and high-altitude imagery should meet the following 'criteria (Anderson, Reference 3): 1. The minimum level of accuracy in image interpretation should be at least 85 percent. 2. The accuracy of interpretation for the several categories should be about equal. 3. Repeatable or repetitive results should be obtainable frcm one interpreter to another and from one time of sensing to another. 190 4. The classification system should be applicable over extensive areas. 5. The categorization should permit vegetation and other types of land cover to be used as surrogates for activity. 6. The classification system should be suitable for use with imagery obtained at different times of year. 7. Effective use of subcategories that can be obtained from ground surveys or from the use of larger-scale or enhanced imagery should be possible. 8. Aggregation of categories must be possible. 9. Comparison with past and future land use should be possible. 10. Multiple uses of land should be recognized when possible. For a discussion of the accuracies obtained from orbital imagery the reader is directed to Reference 12. This is a report on the use of LANDSAT (ERTS) and SKYLAB/EREP imagery to investigate coastal zone land use and vegetation in the Delaware Bay area. Automatic classification of LANDSAT data yielded classification accuracies of over 80 percent for all categories tested. Visual interpretation of EREP Earth terrain photographs resulted in classi- fication accuracies ranging from 75 to 99 percent. 191 3. Classification Systems U ~~The land-use classification concept has been known for centruies. Originally land classification was confined to very small areas with each system being entirely independent of others. In 1930 I ~~Prof. L. Dudley Stamp made the important achievement of developing a uniform classification system for an entire country, Great Britain. Maps were distributed to interested citizens including students and teachers. Working in their own local area they classified each field, accordint to the table below, resulting in complete coverage * ~~of the country. STAMP'S SYSTEM OF 1930 F - Forest I ~ ~~M - Meadow H - Heath and rough pasture G - Gardens and orchards I ~ ~~W - Wasteland, cities, yards, cemeteries, etc. P - Water p ~ ~Obviously, a system such as Stamp's does not go into as great detail as some users require. More detailed study of land use calls for I ~~greater breakdown of the general categories. I ~~Nevertheless, Stamp's system was a ste-p toward standardization because a large area was classified under a single system. The professor later was involved in an attempt to standardize on a worldwide basis. He played a major role with the World Land Use Survey Commission of the International Geographical Union. In 1949 I ~~the Commission published a report that presented the following * ~~classification system for use on a worldwide basis. 192 CATEGORIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL UNION I. Settlements and associated nonagricultural lands 2. Horticulture 3. Tree and other perennial crops 4. Cropland a. Continual and rotation cropping b. Land rotation 5. Improved permanent pasture 6. Unimproved grazing land a. Used b. Not used 7. Woodlands a. Dense b. Open c. Scrub d. Swamp e. Cut-over or burnt-over forest areas f. Forest with subsidiary cultivation 8. Swamp and marshes 9. Unproductive land The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service developed the following categories for land use and ground cover. I. Urban and built-up 1.1 Roads and railroads 1.2 Residential, ccmmercial industrial, mixed, and other 2. Agricultural land 2.1 Non-irrigated cropland 2.11 Row crops 2.12 Close grown crops 2.13 Summer fallow 2.14 Rotation hay and pasture 2.15 Hayland 2.16 In conservation use 2.17 Temporarily idle 2.2 Irrigated cropland 2.21 Row crops 2.22 Close grown crops 2.23 Summer fallow 2.24 Rotation hay and pasture 2.25 Hayland 2.26 In conservation use 2.27 Temporarily idle 2.3 Non-irrigated pasture 2.4 Irrigated pasture 193 2.5 Non-irrigated orchards, groves, vineyards, nurseries, and ornamental hort. areas 2.6 Irrigated orchards, groves, vineyards, - nurseries, and ornamental horticultural areas 2.7 Confined feeding operations 2.8 Other agricultural land 3. Rangeland 3.1 Herbaceous range 3.2 Shrub-brushland range 3.3 Mixed range 4. Forest land 4.1 Deciduous forest 4.11 Grazed commercial forestland 4.12 Not grazed commercial forestland 4.13 Grazed noncommercial forestland 4.14 Not grazed noncommercial forestland 4.2 Evergreen forest 4.21 Grazed commercial forestland 4.22 Not grazed commercial forestland 4.23 Grazed noncommercial forestland 4.24 Not grazed noncommercial forestland 4.3 Mix ed forest 4.31 Grazed commercial forestland 4.32 Not grazed commercial forestland 4.33 Grazed noncommercial forestland 4.34 Not grazed noncommercial forestland 5. Water 5.1 Ponds, lakes, reservoirs, 2.5 to 40 acres in size 5.2 Ponds, lakes,. and reservoirs more than 40 acres in size 5.3 Canals, streans and rivers 165 to 660 feet wide 5.4 Canals, streams and rivers more that 660 feet wide 6. Wetlands 6.1 Deciduous forest wetlands 6.2 Evergreen forest wetlands 6.3 Mixed forest wetlands 6.4 Non-forested wetlands 7. Barren land 7.1 Salt flats 7.2 Beaches and mudflats 7.3 Non-beach sandy areas 7.4 Exposed rock 7.5 Stripmines, quarries, sand and gravel pits 7.6 Mixed 7.7 Other 8. Tundra 8.1 Shrub and bush tundra 8.2 Herbaceous tundra 8.3 Bareground tundra 8.4 Wet tundra 8.5 Mixed tundra 194 9. Permanent snow and icefields 9.1 Permanent snow fields 9.2 Glaciers In January 1965, the Urban Renewal Administration, Housing and Home Finance Agency (Now Department of Housing and Urban Development), and the Bureau of Public Roads, Department of Commerce (Now Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation), published the Standard Land Use Coding Manual. The Manual provides a four-digit categorization of land use developed mainly for use in urban and adjacent situations in the United States. This classification scheme was not designed specifically for use with air photointerpretation or other remote-sensing techniques. Ground observation and enumera- tion obviously must provide much of the information necessary to classify land use with this scheme when used in urban areas. Since it would require several pages to reproduce this system in its entirety, only the first two levels are shown below. As an example of the complete four-level system, the category, Transpor- tation, Communication, and Utilities, has been expanded to the fourth level. For the complete coding system the reader is referred to Reference 6. A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFYING AND CODING LAND USE ACTIVITIES I. Residential II. Household units 12. Group quarters 13. Residential hotels 14. Mobile home parks or courts 15. Transient lodging 19. Other residential 195 2. Manufactur ing 21. Food and kindred products 22. Textile mill products 23. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics, leather, and similar materials 24. Lumber and wood products (except furniture) 25. Furniture and fixtures 26. Paper arid allied products 27. Printing, publishing, and allied industries 28. Chemicals and allied products 29. Petroleum refining and related industries 3. Manufacturing (continued) 31. Ruber and miscellaneous plastic products 32. Stone, clay, and glass products 33. Primary metal industries 34. Fabricated metal products 35. Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks 39. Miscellaneous manufacturing 4. Transportation, communication, and utilities 41. Railroad, rapid rail transit, and street railway transportation 411. Railroad transportation 4111. Railroad right-of-way (excluding switching and marshaling yards) 4112. Railroad switching and marshaling yards. 4113. Railroad terminals (passenger) 4114. Railroad terminals (freight) 4115. Railroad terminals (passenger and freight) 4116. Railroad equipment and maintenance 4119. Other railroad transportation 412. Rapid rail transit and street railway transportation 4121. Rapid rail transit and street railway passenger termin 4123. Rapid rail transit and street railway equipment mainte 4129 Other rapid rail transit and street railway transportat 42. Motor vehicle transportation 421. Bus transportation 4211. Passenger terminals (intercity) 4212. Passenger terminals (local) 4213. Passenger terminals (intercity and local) 4214. Garaging and equipment maintenance. 4219. Other bus transportation 422. Motor freight transportation 4221. Terminals 4222. Garaging and equipment maintenance 4229. Other motor freight transportation 429. Other motor vehicle transportation 4291 Taxicab transportation 4299. Other motor vehicle transportation 196 43. Aircraft transportation 431. Airports and flying fields 4311. Landing/takeoff fields 4312. Terminals (passenger) 4313. Terminals (freight) 4314. Terminals (passenger and freight) 4315. Aircraft storage and equipment maintenance 4319. Other airports and flying fields 439. Other aircraft transportation 4391. Heliport landing/takeoff pads 4399. Other aircraft transportation 44. Marine craft transportation 441. Marine terminals 4411. Terminals (passenger) 4412. Terminals (freight) 4413. Terminals (passenger and freight) 4414. Terminals (commercial fishing) 4419. Other marine terminals 449. Other marine craft transportation 45. Highway and street right-of-way 451. Freeways 452. Expressways 453. Parkways 454. Arterial streets 455. Collector/distributor streets 456. Local access streets 457. Alleys 459. Other highway and street right-of-way 46. Automobile parking 47. Communication 471. Telephone communication 4711. Exchange stations 4712. Relay towers (microwave) 4719. Other telephone communication 472. Telegraph communication 4721. Message centers 4722. Transmitting and receiving stations 4729. Other telegraph communication 473. Radio communication 4731. Broadcasting studios (only) 4732. Transmitting stations and towers 4739. Other radio communication 474. Television communication 4741. Broadcasting studios (only) 4742. Transmitting stations and relay towers 4749. Other television communication 475. Radio and television communication (combined systems) 4751. Broadcasting studios, only 4759. Other combined radio and television communication. 197 479. Other communication 48. Utilities 481. Electric utility 4811. Transmission right-of-way 4812. Generation plants . 4813. Regulating substations 4819. Other electric utility 482. Gas utility 4821. Pipeline right-of-way 4822. Production plants 4823. Natural or manufactured gas storage and distribution points 4824. Pressure control stations 4829. Other gas utilities 483. Water utilities and irrigation 4831. Pipeline right-of-way 4832. Treatment plants (purification) 4833. Storage 4834. Irrigation distribution channels 4835. Pressure control stations 4839. Other water utilities and irrigation 484. Sewage disposal 4841. Treatment plants 4842. Sludge drying beds 4843. Pressure control stations 4849. Other sewage disposal 485. Solid waste disposal 4851. Refuse incineration 4852. Central garbage grinding stations 4853. Compositing plants 4854. Sanitary land fills 4855. Refuse disposals 4856. Industrial waste disposals 4857. Active slag dumps and mineral waste disposals 4859. Other solid waste disposal 489. Other utilities 49. Other transportation, communication, and utilities 491. Other pipeline right-of-way and pressure control stations 4911. Petroleum pipeline right-of-way 4912. Petroleum pressure control stations 4919. Other pipeline right-of-way and pressure control stati 492. Transportation services and arrangements 4921. Freight forwarding services 4922. Packing and crating services 4923. Travel arranging services 4924. Transportation ticket services 4929. Other transportation services and arrangements 499. Other transportation, communication, and utilities 5. Trade 51. Wholesale 52. Retail building materials, hardware, and farm equipment 198 53. Retail general merchandise 54. Retail food 55. Retail automotive, marine craft, aircraft, and accessories 56. Retail apparel and accessories 57. Retail furniture, home furnishings, and equipment 58. Retail eating and drinking 59. Other retail trade 6. Services 61. Finance, insurance, and real estate services 62. Personal services 63. Business services 64. Repair services 65. Professional services 66. Contract construction services 67. Governmental services 68. Educational services 69. Micellaneous services 7. Cultural, entertainment, and recreational 71. Cultural activities and nature exhibitions 72. Public assembly 73. Amusements 74. Recreational activities 75. Resorts and group camps 76. Parks 79. Other cultural, entertainment, and recreational 8. Resource production and extraction 81. Agriculture 82. Agricultural related activities 83. Forestry activities and related services 84. Fishing activities and related services 85. Mining activities and related services 89. Other resource production and extraction 9. Undeveloped land and water areas 91. Undeveloped and unused land area (excluding noncommercial forest development) 92. Noncommercial forest development 93. Water areas 94. Vacant floor areas 95. Under construction 99. Other undeveloped land and water areas. Another system is that which was the product of a study carried out by the Commission on Geographic Applications of Remote Sensing of the Association of American Geographers. The scale of 1:250,000 was used for a study in the Phoenix, Arizona, area to test the 199 capabilities of the system for use mainly with conventional color and color infrared imagery taken from Apollo 9 and from high-altitude aircraft. I. Resource production and extraction A. Agricultural I. Crop production (cropland) 2. Fruit (orchards, groves, and vineyards) B. Grazing I. Rangeland grazing (rangeland) 2. Livestock pasturing (pasture) C. Forestry I. Commercial 2. Non-commercial D. Mining E. Quarrying II. Transportation, communication, and utilities A. Transportation I. Motoring (highways, parking, terminals, etc.) 2. Railroading (rights-of-way, yards, terminals, etc.) 3. Flying (airports) 4. Shipping (inland waterway & marine docks & related facilities) B. Communications I. Telephone lines and facilities 2. Telegraph lines and facilities 3. Radio stations and facilities 4. Television stations and facilities C. Utilities I. Electric 2. Gas 3. Water (including irrigation) 4. Sewage disposal 5.. Solid waste disposal 11. Urban activities A. Urbanized livelihood areas (urbanized areas defined by the Bureau of the Census) I. Industrial 2. Commercial 3. Services 4. Residential 5. Recreational 200 B. Other urban livelihood (places of more than 2,500 population but not including urbanized areas) I. Industrial 2. Commercial 3. Services 4. Residential 5. Recreational IV. Towns and other built-up livelihood areas A. Industrial B. Commercial C. Services D. Residential E. Recreational V. Recreational activities (other than those in urban areas and towns) A. Mountain oriented B. Water oriented C. Desert oriented D. Forest oriented E. Other (including combinations of above) VI. Low-Activity Areas A. Marshland oriented B. Tundra oriented C. Barren land oriented (including lava flows, dunes, salt flats, mountain peaks above timber line, etc.) VII. Water-using activities A. Lakes B. Reservoirs C. Streams D. Ponds The USGS Circular 671, A Land-Use/Land-Cover Classification System for Use With Remote-Sensor Data, presents a two-level coding, shown in the following table. More detailed levels are left to the user's ingenuity, allowing for tailoring of the system to individual needs. 201 LAND-USE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR USE WITH REMOTE SENSOR DATA Level I Level II I. Urban and built-up Land II. Residential 12. Commercial and services 13. Industrial 14. Transportation, communica- tions, and utilities 15. Industrial and commercial complexes 16. Mixed 17. Other 2. Agricultural land 21. Cropland and pasture 22. Orchards, groves, vineyards, nurseries, and ornamental horticultural areas 23. Confined feeding operations 24. Other 3. Rangeland 31.. Herbaceous range 32. Shrub-brushland range 33. Mixed 4. Forest land 41. Deciduous 42. Evergreen 43. Mixed 5. Water 51. Streams and canals 52. Lakes 53. Reservoirs 54. Bays and estuaries 55. Other 6. Wetland 61. Forested 62. Nonforested 7. Barren land 71. Salt flats 72. Beaches and mudflats 73. Sandy areas other than beaches 74. Bare exposed rock 75. Strip mines, quarries, and gravel pits 76. Transitional areas 77. Mixed 202 Level I Level II 8. Tundra 81. Shrub and brush tundra 82. Herbaceous tundra 83. Bare ground tundra 84. Wet tundra 85. Mixed 9. Permanent snow and ice 91. Permanent snowfields 92. Glaciers Only a few classification systems have been shown here. Several more exist. Some States have developed their own systems according to their individual needs. In some cases the State systems are entirely independent. Others are an expansion of a previously developed system. A few of the States which have developed their own system are Alabama, California, and Maryland. For more infor- mation on State systems it is suggested that the reader contact the appropriate sources to be found in Appendixes A, B, and C. 203 I I I I I I I PART I I I FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR MAPPING AND CHARTING I I I I I I I I I I I. Automation (USGS) I. Influence of Data Gathering by Remote Sensing There is a high potential for the application of remote sensing techniques for inventorying and managing the Nation's Earth resources and monitoring the environment. For example, LANDSAT (ERTS) imagery, because of its synoptic coverage, has identified previously unmapped geologic structures as targets for exploration for oil, gas, copper, and other minerals, and is being used to inventory water impoundment areas. The repetitive coverage of satellite data provides information for land-use planning with a timeliness not previously possible. The capability of detecting changes in land and water use has proved effective in the monitoring and reclamation of strip mines. It will be useful in identifying beach erosion and for gaging the environmental impact of projects such as the construction of the Alaskan pipeline. Satellite-collected data in addition to that of LANDSAT (ERTS) includes the monitoring capability of SKYLAB, manned orbital flights, and environmentally oriented spacecraft such as weather satellites. In the cartographic field this data may be used to identify and locate newly constructed features, such as Interstate Highways, and to monitor the spread of urbanization. Revision of small-scale maps from -dt-s, obtained by satellite remote sensing is a reality. 205 For example, the maps of the Amazon Basin were changed drastical ly after space imagery resolved old misconceptions concerning the drainage pattern. The field of satellite geodesy has proved itself in remote parts of the world including Antarctica. By using U.S. Navy Navigation Satellites and applying the principles of the Doppler effect, X, Y, and Z coordinates of ground stations may be obtained via a Geoceiver. Applications of this system may become useful in places like the Florida Everglades or the vast coastline of Alaska. 2. Computer Stored Data The demand for charts and maps in all branches of cartography has increased during the past few decades. Therefore, the workload has increased. In the future cartographers will be better equipped to cope with the increased demand because of research in the field of map digitization. By storing cartographic information in digital form one acquires the ability to retrieve and manipulate the data at a later date by automatic means. The most important advantage of the digital form is the capability of automatic access. It is important to make the most efficient and flexible storage system possible. Digital map data falls into three basic categories; point data, linear data, and area data. Point data includes such features as control stations, boundary monuments, and wells. Data of this 206 type are recorded by coordinates and include any features which can be located by a pinpoint. An expansion of the point concept leads to linear data which include roads, railroads, streams, etc. Linear features constitute sequences of closely spaced I ~~point coordinates. Area data are those which require a tint or pattern such as woodland, swamp, and urban tint. Although the boundaries of areas can be defined by lines, use of a pixel 3 ~~array approach simplifies the task of digitizing area data. 3 ~~The larger the amount of stored data, the greater will be the accuracy and the flexibility in selective retrieval. However, one may encounter both a storage problem and high costs in an attempt to record a plethora of data. 'Consideration should be given to I ~~ccompacting the digital in formation and to developing a less costly * ~~storage system in the future. Some data which would be included in a digital map data bank are directly available in digital form. These data can be input with 3 ~~relative ease. However, most of the data would ccone from line drawings and published maps. For the purpose of digitizing drawings I ~~automatic line-following devices are being developed. Similar scanning devices for area data are being researched as well as the practice of digitizing map data during compilation. I ~~Computer stored cartographic data can be retrieved automatically 3 ~~either as a printout or in the form of a line drawing depending upon whether the user is interested in statistical data or a * ~~graphical analysis. 207 The statistics derived from a single data base may vary according to the judgments of the statisticians. Because the original source * ~~data is retained, a digital map allows each user to make his own judgments without the prejudices that a printed map has incorporated I ~~from its compilers. Because the basic data is somewhat permanent, the user is free to make his own interpretation. 3. Updating Often a map is out-of-date before it is published because of the I ~~time needed for compilation and publication. A major benefit of * ~~the computerized map is the fact that it can be corrected on a continuous basis. Erroneous and/or obsolete information can be 3 ~~changed by issuing a correction instruction. Actual additions or deletions to map copy will not be necessary. The initial task of I ~~digitizing existing maps is monumental, but, because of this digiti- zation maps of the future will be produced and revised more easily. For detailed information about current methods of automated cartography and research in this field the reader is referred to the journals and information services of the technical sources listed in Appendix D. * ~~~~~~~2. The Metric System (USGS) Adoption of the metric system in the United States will have marked I ~~effect upon mapping procedures. For the most part cartographers will deal with the length of measure, the metre. Fortunately the ground control used in mapping generally is extended from 208 the National Geodetic Network which has always been in the metric system. Many of the electronic distance measuring devices used for horizontal control measurements are designed for use with the metric system. Vertical control by leveling may be measured in feet or metres depending on the equipment used. The trend is toward the use of metric rods and compatible instruments. In cases where elevations have already been obtained in terms of feet a simple conversion to the metric system is practical for operational purposes. However, rewriting station descriptions which have been recorded in feet, yards, and miles would be a monumental task. Manufacturers of photogrammetric instruments usually design their products in the metric system. Most stereocompilation instruments provide for direct elevation readout in either system. With instru- ments whose elevation readout is in the English system a conversion to metric probably can be effected by a minor change in equipment. Because of the conversion to the metric system, changes in format, scale, contour intervals, and drafting specifications will be necessary. To facilitate metric scaling there will be greater use of publication scales such as 1:20,000 and 1:100,000. The scales of previously published maps may be changed upon revision. That can be accomplished photomechanically with a minimum of cartographic work. Scale changes may require a change in format to reduce sheet size. For example, a series with a 7.5-minute quadrangle format could be replaced by one with a metric grid format. Drafting 209 U specifications for symbol size and line weight usually are stated as fractions of an inch. The specifications will have to be rewritten to incorporate metric units. Some tools will have to be replaced. Probably the greatest problem of metric conversion will lie with the contours. Present intervals of 80, 40, 20, and 10 feet will have to be replaced by intervals such as 20, 10, 5, and 2 (or 2.5) metres. This change will necessitate the interpolation and/or redrawing of thousands of contour manuscripts. USGS plans to have the capability of making a complete change to metric products by July 1976. All new series will be metric as of now. Beginning with the effective date of the complete change, all maps entering into production will be metric. Any maps in progress on that date will be completed in the old system. 3. A View Toward the Future (USGS) The following has been extracted from Reference 22: Land surveys--The land surveyor will discard his transit and EDM equipment and replace them with an inertial package weighing 2 to 4 kilos which can be hand-carried or mounted on a land vehicle, boat, or aircraft. Starting at a point of known position and ele- vation, and with azimuth indicated by an automatic north-seeking gyroscope, the surveyor indexes the equipment to the known parameters of the point; he then proceeds in the vehicle to the first point whose position and elevation are required. By means of the gyro, 210 accelerometers, elevation meter, and computer contained in the inertial package, changes in powition and elevation are continu- 3 ~~ously recorded and integrated in the computer and displayed digitally. When the vehicle reaches the desired point, the surveyor U ~~presses a key and the ccmpute'r prints out the three coordinates of that point in the required coordinate system. In the same manner, he proceeds from point to point of the survey project, determining 5 ~~the coordinates of each point. Lengths and bearings of courses can then be determined from the coordinates by simple computation. Small- and medium-scale maps--The principal data-gathering machinery 3 ~~for small- and medium-scale mapping (including special-purpose thematic maps) will be a cartographic satellite. This satellite I ~~will be so equipped that it can simultaneously produce data for 3 ~~basic control, generate high-resolution imagery for topographic image-based mapping and extension of control by analytical tech- 3 ~~niques, and produce imagery for thematic maps through an array *of high-resolution sensors recording in the special portions of I ~~the spectrum giving optimum information for each desired theme. p ~~New sensors will be able to penetrate both cloud cover and vege- tation so that clear images of the terrain surface will become 3. ~~available. 3 ~~Basic control will be obtained by means of ground-based Doppler measurements on radio signals from the satellite. The basic control I ~~will then be extended by combining recorded spa cecraft position, 3 ~~altitude, and attitude data with analytical aerotriangulation of 211 the imagery which records both the basic control stations and the area to be mapped. Plate coordinates of model control points will be read and correlated from plate to plate by an automatic image correlator. Once the model control is established the best imagery for producing orthophotographs will be selected; it is likely that this will be the same imagery that is used for aerotriangulation. This imagery will then be processed in a universal automatic map compilation machine which requires only that the plates be oriented to control; the machine automatically produces a contoured orthophotograph. The orthophotographs can then be mosaicked to give the desired map format which will be an image base rather than a line map. The map will bear new symbols, compatible with automation. A b yproduct of the automatic map compilation will be complete digi- tization of the terrain surface in terms of x-y-z coordinates at closely spaced intervals. The digital map data base will provide a ready means of accomplishing such operations as series conversion by computer and slope mapping. It will also provide a powerful means for rapid distribution of map data through local computer terminals. Large-scale maps--For large-scale maps, such as maps of urban areas, the procedure will be somewhat different. The same kinds of imagery will, in general, be obtained as for small- and medium-scale maps, but the lower-flying vehicle will be an automated unmanned aircraft operated by remote control instead of a satellite at an orbital altitude. 212 Basic control for large-scale mapping will be obtained in the same manner as described above for determining positions ahd elevations of points for land surveys. This control will then be extended by analytical aerotriangulation to obtain model control. Map ccnpilation will then be performed automatically in the same manner as for small- and medium-scale maps. 213 I I I I I I PART I V B I BL I OGRAPHY I I al I I I I BIBLIOGRAPHY (USGS/NOS) I. American Congress on Surveying and Mapping and The American Society of Civil Engineers, 1972, Definitions of Surveying and Associated Terms: Washington, D.C. 2. American Society of Photogrammetry, 1966, Manual of Photogrammetry, V. I and II, Morris M. Thompson, Editor-in-Chief: Falls Church Virginia. 3. Anderson, 1971, Land Use Classification Schemes and the Need for Standardization, Presented at the Conference on Land Use Infor- mation and Classification June 28-30, 1971: Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 4. Bouchard, Harry, 1965, Surveying, Revised by Francis H. Moffitt: Scranton, Pennsylvania, International Textbook Company. 5. Clawson, Marion, 1972, America's Land and Its Uses: Baltimore, Maryland, The Johns Hopkins Press for Resources for the Future, Inc. 6. Clawson, Marion, and Stewart, Chjarles L., 1965, Land Use Informa- tion. A critical, survey of U.S. statistics including possi- bilities for greater uniformity: Baltimore, Maryland, The Johns Hopkins Press for Resources for the Future, Inc. 7. Csati, Erno, ed., 1974, Automation the new trend in Cartography, Final Report on the ICA Commission III (Automation in Cartog- raphy) Scientific Working Session August 1973: Budapest, Hungary, The Geocartographic Research Department Institute of Surveying and Mapping. 8. Davis, Raymond E., Foote, Francis S., and Kelly, Joe W., 1966, Surveying Theory asnd Practice: New York, McGraw-Hill. 9. Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center, 1973, Glossary of Mapping, Charting, and Geodetic Terms: Washington, D.C. Department of Defense. 10. Dietz and Adams, 1944, Elements of Map Projections," Special Publi- cation 68, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C. II. Gigas, Erwin F. 0.; 1969, Automated Cartography, Presented to XI Pan American Consultation on Cartography, Pan American Institute of Geography and History: Washington, D.C., Environmental Science Services Administration. 215 12. Klemas, V., Bartlett, D., and Rogers, R., 1975, Coastal Zone Classi- fication from Satellite Imagery: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, V. 41, No. 4, pp. 499-513. 13. Melcher, Daniel, and Larick, Nancy 1966, Printing and Promotion Hand- book. How to plan, produce, and use printing, advertising, and direct mail: New York, McGraw-Hill. 14. Mitchell, Hugh C., 1948, Definitions of Terms Used in Geodetic and Other Surveys, Special Publication 242, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C. 15. Moffitt, Francis H., 1967, Photogrammetry: Scranton, Pennsylvania, International Testbook Company. 16. Nunnally, Nelson R., and Witmer, Richard E., 1970, Remote Sensing for Land-Use Studies: Phgotogrammetric Engineering, V. 36, No. 5, pp. 449-453. 17. Raisz, Erwin, 1962, Principles of Cartography: New York, McGraw-Hill. 18. Robinson, Arthur H., and Sale, Randall D., 1969, Elements of Cartog- graphy: New York, John Wiley and Sons. 19. Rosenberg, Paul, Erikson, Kent E., and Rowe, Gerhardt C., 1974, Digital Mapping Glossary: Prepared by Keuffel and Esser Company, Morristown, New Jersey for the U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories, U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Develop- ment Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. 20. Shalowitz, Aaron L., 1964, Shore and Sea Boundaries, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C. and Sons. 22. Thompson, Morris M., 1974, Surveying and Mapping in the Year 2000: Prepared for publication in a special issue of "Nachrichten aus dem Karten-und Vermessungswesen," dedicated to Prof. Dr. Herbert Knorr, Institut fur Angewandte Geodasie, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany. 23. U.S. Geological Survey, 1972, A Land-Use Classification Syustem for Use With Remote-Sensor Data, U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey Circular 671: Washington, D.C. 24. U.S. Geological Survey, Topographic Instructions of the United States Geological Survey: Washington, D.C. 216 Chapter Title Year 73-1 Cartographic Specifications for Orthophotoquads 1973 at Scales of 1:20,000 to 1:63,360 73-2 Cartographic Specifications for 1:250,000-Scale 1973 Satellite Image Maps 1B3 Features Shown on Topographic Maps 1956 IA3 Contour Intervals 1966 B15 Summary of Topographic Mapping Procedures 1956 2AI Triangulation Standards and Datums 1956 2A2 Triangulation Planning and Reconnaissance 1955 2A3 Triangulation Stations and Signals 1955 2A4 Equipment for Triangulation 1955 2A5 Observing and Recording Horizontal Angles in Tri- 1956 angulation 2A7 Preparing Triangulation Data for Computation 1953 2B3 Solution of Geodetic Triangles 1956 2B4 Computing Geodetic Positions from Triangulation 1957 2B7 Triangulation Adjustment by Variation of 1966 Coordinates 2CI Standards and Planning for Transit Traverse 1955 2C2 Equipment for Transit Traverse 1955 2C3 Permanent Marks for Transit Traverse 1954 2C4 Taping for Transit Traverse 1955 2C5 Instrumentman's Work in Transit Traverse 1955 2C6 Field Records fore Transit Traverse 1953 2C7 Polaris Observations for Azimuth 1954 2C8 Solar Observations for Transit Traverse 1953 2DI General Instructions for Traverse Computers 1951 2D2 Preparing Traverse Notes for Computation 1951 2D3 Computing Latitude and Departure 1952 204 Computing Geodetic and Plane Coordinates for 1953 Traverse Locations 2D7 Computing Plane Coordinates by Grid Azimuths 1954 2D8 Computing Transit Traverse by the Plane-Segment 1951 Method 2E- Leveling 1966 Standards and Planning for Leveling Equipment for Leveling Leveling Operations Bench Marks Supplemental Instructions on Use of 1970 Coppercoated Steel Rods Leveling Computation 2FI Supplemental Control Planning and Field 1954 Identification Supplemental Instruction on Field Identi- 1961 fication of Horizontal Control 2F2 Supplemental Control Elevations by Stadia 1968 2F4 Supplemental Control Elevations by Elevation 1970 Meter 217 2G3 Indexing and Filing Control-Survey Records 1955 3AI Roads and Railroads 1967 3A2 Buildings and Urban Areas 1961 3A3 Boundaries 1962 3A4 Public-Land Subdivisions 1969 3A7 Relief Treatment 1956 Supplemental Instructions on Mapping Spot 1970 Elevations 3A8 Woodland 1967 3A9 Geographic Names 1961 3Ali Map Revision 1954 Supplementary Instructions on Recovery of 1966 Control During Map Revision 3B3 Planning Aerial Photography 1962 3C6 Diapositive Preparation 1952 3C3 Photogrammetric Rectification 1961 3C13 Radial Triangulation with Vertical Photographs 1953 3C14 Radial Triangulation with Trimetrogon Photographs 1953 3C16 Photoalidade Principles 1954 3D3 Autoplot Procedures 1968 3E3 Stereotemplet Procedures 1968 3F4 Multiplex Plotter Procedures 1960 3F5 Kelsh Plotter Procedures 1960 3F6 ER-55 Plotter Procedures 1961 3GI Planimetric Map Compilation with Trimetrogon 1960 Photographs 4A- Topographic Map Lettering 1961 Topographic Map Lettering Abbreviations and Word Compounds Marginal Data 4B- Color-Separation Scribing 1961 Preparing Manuscripts for Color Separation Negatiave Scribing for Color Separation Color-Separation Drafting 4C- Map Editing and Checking 1963 Map Editing Checking Color-Separation Materials 5B- Cartographic Tables 1964 Areas of Quadrangles Instructions and Tables for Polyconic Projections 5CI Natural Factors for Computation of Geodetic 1954 Positions 5C2 Logarithmic Factors for Computation of Geodetic 1956 Positions 5D3 Traverse-Position Tables 1954 25. U.S. Geological Survey, 1974, Using Remote Sensor Data for Land Use Mapping and Inventory, A User Guide, U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey Interagency Report USGS-253: Washington, D.C. 218 I I I I I I I PART V I GLOSSARY I I I I I, I I I I I GLOSSARY (USGS) accuracy--The degree of conformity with a standard, or the degree of perfection attained in a measurement. Accuracy relates to the quality of a result, and is distinguished from precision which relates to the quality of the operation by which the result is obtained. aerial photography--The art, science, or process of taking aerial photographs. aerial triangulation--See aerotriangulation. aerotriangulation--Triangulation for the extension of horizontal and/or vertical control accomplished by means of aerial photographs. airport obstruction chart--See chart, airport obstruction. angle of coverage--The apex angle of the cone'of rays passing through the front nodal point of a lens. Wide-angle lens--A lens whose focal length is equal approximately to one half the diagonal of the format. Normal-angle lens--A lens whose focal length is equal approximately to the diagonal of the format. Narrow-angle lens--A lens whose focal length is equal approximately to twice the diagonal of the format. bar scale--See scale, bar. base map--See map, base. bathymetric map--See map, bathymetric. bathymetry--The art or science of determining ocean depths. bench mark--A relatively permanent material object, natural or arti- ficial, bearing a marked point whose elevation above or below an adopted datum is known. bench mark, tidal--A bench mark set to reference a tide staff at a tidal station and the elevation of which is determined with re- lation to the local tidal station. cadastral map--See map, cadastral. cartometer--A device consisting of a small wheel and a calibrated dial used to measure distances on a map by following the desired route. 220 C-factor--An empirical evaluation which expresses the vertical (elevation) measuring capability of a stereoscopic system; generally defined as the smallest contour interval which can be plotted to required accuracy. The C-factor is not a fixed constant. It varies over a considerable range, according to the conditions of the photogram- metric system and the precision of use. The C-factor is often used to determine the flight height from which aerial photographs should be taken for photogrammetrically accomplishing topographic mapping, at the smallest contour interval accurately plottable from using a particular aerial camera and instrument system. The practicable flight height is the contour interval multiplied by the C-factor. chart--A special-purpose map generally designed for nautical or aero- nautical navigation or other particular purposes, in which essential map information is combined with various other data critical to the intended use. chart, airport obsturction--TO BE DEFINED BY NOS. chart, coastal--A nautical chart intended for inshore coastwise navi- gation when a vessel's course may carry her inside outlying reefs and shoals, for use in entering or leaving bays and harbors of considerable size, or for use in navigating larger inland water- ways. chart, datum--See datum, chart. chart, harbor--A nautical chart intended for navigatgion and anchorage in harbors and smaller waterways. chart, hydrographic--See chart, nautical. chart, Intracoastal Waterway--A nautical chart intended for navigation of the Intracoastal Waterway which stretches from Boston, Massa- chusetts to Brownsville, Texas. chart, isogonic--A chart of which the chief feature is a system of iso- gonic lines which join points of equal magnetic variation. chart, isopach--TO BE DEFINED BY NOS. chart, nautical--A chart showing depths of water, nature of the bottom, contours of the bottom and coastline, and tides and currents in a given sea or sea and land area. chart, sectional aeronautical--A series of aeronautical charts at a 1:500,000 scale covering the entire United States, suitable for contact or visual flying. I chart, small-craft--A nautical chart intended for navigation of smaller vessels usually in shallow water areas. chart, terminal control area--TO BE DEFINED BY NOS. chart, tidal current--A chart showing, by arrows and numbers, the average direction and speed of tidal currents at a particular part of the current cycle. A number of such charts, one for each hour of the current cycle, usually are published together. chart, world aeronautical--NOS to clarify. (Series being replaced by Operational Navigation Chart ?) choropleth map--See map, choropleth. coastal chart--See chart, coastal. coastal zone--(TO BE DEFINED BY OCZM) color separation--The process of preparing a separate drawing, engraving or negative for each color required in the production of a litho- graphic map or chart. compilation--The production of a new or revised map or chart, or por- tion thereof, from existing maps, aerial photographs, field surveys, and other sources. continuous tone--An image which has not been screened and contains unbroken, gradient tones from black to white, and may be either in negative or positive form. Aerial photographs are examples of continuous-tone prints. Contrasted with halftone (screened); line copy. contour--An imaginary line on the ground, all points of which are at the same elevation above a specified datum surface, usually mean sea level. contour interval--The difference in elevation between adjacent contours on a map. control--The coordinated and correlated dimensional data used in geodesy and cartography to determine the positions and elevations of points on the Earth's surface or on a cartographic representation of that surface. Also a collective term for a system of marks or objects on the Earth or on a map or a photograph, whose positions or ele- vation, or both, have been or will be determined. control, horizontal--Control with horizontal positions only. The posi- tions may be referred to the geographic grid or to other lines of reference, such as plane coordinate systems. 222 I control, vertical--The measurements taken by surveying methods for the determination of elevation only with respect to an imaginary level surface, usually mean sea level. convergent photography--Aerial photography using an assembly of two cameras which take simultaneous photographs and are mounted so as to maintain a fixed angle between their optical axes. The effect is to increase the angular coverage in one direction, usually along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. coordinatograph--An instrument used to plot in terms of plane coordi- nates. It may be an integral part of a stereoscopic plotting instrument whereby the planimetric motions (x and y) of the index mark are plotted directly. culture--Those features that are under, on, and above the ground which are delineated on the map and which were constructed by man, such as roads, trails, buildings, canals, sewer systems, andd the like; and boundary lines. In a broad sense, the term also applies to all names, other identification, and legends on a map. data base--A package of formatted data developed at the end of specific production phases in a form which can be further processed to achieve multiple end products. datum--Any numerical or geometrical quantity or set of such quantities which may serve as a reference or base for other quantities. datum, chart--The plane of reference of soundings, depth curves, and elevations of foreshore and offshore features. datum, international Great Lakes (1955)---TO BE DEFINED BY NOS. datum, national geodetic vertical, of 1929--See datum, sea level, of 1929. datum, North American Datum of 1927--The geodetic datum, adopted in 1927, which is defined by the following geographic position of triangulation station Meades Ranch and the azimuth from that station Waldo, on the Clarke spheroid of 1866: Latitude of Meades Ranch 39 13'26.686"N Longitude of Meades Ranch 98 32'30.506"W Azimuth, Meades Ranch 75 28'09.64" datum, sea level, 1929--A determination of mean sea level that has been adopted as a standard datum for heights, last adjusted in 1929. The sea level is subject to some variations from year to year, 223 but, as the permanency of any datum is of prime importance in I ~~~~engineering work, a sea-level datum after adoption should, in general, be maintained indefinitely even though differing slightly from later determinations of mean sea level based on longer series of observations. The datum itself can be considered to be an I ~ ~~~adjustment based on the tide observations taken at various tide stations along the coasts of the United States over a number of * ~~~~years. datum, sounding--The plane to which soundings are referred. datum, tidal--Specific tide levels which are used as surfaces of ref er- ence for depth measurements in the sea and as a base for the determination of elevation on land. U ~~depth curve--A line on a map or chart con necting points of equal depth below the hydrographic datum. I ~~diapositive--A photographic positive print on glass or film often used in photogrammetry. digital map--See map, digital. displacement--The horizontal *shift of the platted positions of a topo- 5 ~~~~graphic feature from its true position, caused by required adherence to prescribed line weights and symbol sizes. Any shift in the position of an image on a photograph which does not alter the perspective characteristics of the photograph, i.e., shift due to 5 ~ ~~~tilt of the photograph, scale changes in the photograph, and relief of the objects photographed. 1 ~~distortions--Lens aberrations affecting the positions of images from their true relative positions. I ~~echo sounder--An instrument used for depth measurements in water by recording the time interval required for sound waves to go from 3 ~~~~a source of sound near the surface to the bottom and back again. electronic distance measurin g (EDM) devices--Instruments that measure the phase difference between transmitted and reflected or retrans- I ~ ~~mitted electromagnetic waves of known frequency and speed, or the round-trip transit time of a pulsed signal, from which distance is computed. * ~~emulsion--A suspension of a light-sensitive silver salt (especially silver shloride or silver bromide) in a colloidal medium (usually gelatin), which is used for coating photographic films, plates, I ~ ~~and papers. Types of photographic emulsions currently in common usage are panchromatic (black and white), color negative, color positive, infrared color, and in frared black and white. 224 engineering map--See map, engineering. etch--To remove selected areas of the emulsion either chemically or manually. Chemical treatment of a lithographic plate to make non-printing areas grease-repellent and water-receptive or to produce the image on deep-etch plates. An acid solution mixed with the dampening fountain water on an offset press to help control ink on the pressplate. erosion--Removal of weathered rock material by the forces of wind, water, or gravity. exposure--The total quantity of light received per unit area on a sensitized plate or film; may be expressed as the product of the light intensity and the exposure time. The act of exposing a light-sensitive material to a light source. One individual picture of a strip of photographs. feature separation--The process of preparing a separate drawing, engrav- ing, or negative for selected types of data in the preparation of a map or chart. flood control map--See map, flood control. flood plain--A belt of low, flat ground bordering the channel on one or both sides inundated by stream waters when the supply of runoff exceeds the capacity of the stream channel. focal length--A general term for the distance between the center, vertex, or rear node of a lens (or the vertex of a mirror) and the point critical focus. forestry map--See map, forestry. Geoceiver--Doppler Geodetic Receiver, AN/PRR-14, a lightweight, port- able radio receiver used to acquire and record the output signal from navigational satellites for the purpose of-computing hori- zontal and vertical control on the Earth's surface. The set consists of a receiver, a 5-level paper tape recorder, and an antenna-preamp assembly. geographic grid--A system of coordinates df latitude and longitude, which is used to define the position of a point on the surface of the Earth with respect to the reference spheroid. goelogical map--See map, geological. geophysics--The science of the Earth with respect to its structure, composition, and development. 225 I` guide--A wrong-reading negative of map copy in the color separation stage used in the preparation of a press plate. It may be either a scribed sheet or a film. half tide level--See mean tide level. halftone--Any photomechanical printing surface or the impression there- from in which detail and tone values are represented by a series of evenly spaced dots of varying size and shape, varying in direct proportion to the intensity of the tones they represent. harbor chart--See chart, harbor. historical map--See map, historical. horizontal control--See control, horizontal. hydrographic chart--See chart, hydrographic. hypsographic map--See map, hypsographic. hypsometric map--See map, hypsometric. imgery--The recording on photographic film (or display on a cathode ray tube) of the electric signals from a sensor (amplified and/or modified electronically) so the images produced thereby bear a spacial relationship in pattern and detail to the direction of the phenomenon sensed. infrared photography--Pertaining to or designating the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths just beyond the red end of the visible spectrum, such as radiation emitted by a hot body. Infrared rays are invisible to the eye and are detected by their thermal and photographic effects. Their wavelengths are longer than those of visible light and shorter than those of radio waves. inking--The drawing of map copy in positive form using pen and ink on high-quality paper. international Great Lakes datum (1955)--See datum, international Great Lakes, (1955). Intracoastal Waterway chart--See chart, Intracoastal Waterway. isogonic chart--See chart, isogonic. isopach chart--See chart, isopach. isopleth--A line of equal or constant value of a given quantity, with respect to either space or time. 226 isopleth map--See map, isopleth. landscape map--See map, landscape. land-use classification system--A coding system of categories and sub- categories designed for use on a map to show how land or water areas are being used by man. land-use map--See map, land-use. land-mass denudation--The evolution of a large region, such as the Eastern United States, through the stages of youth, maturity, and old age as the result of the influence of the forces of weathering and erosion. line drawing--Any map copy suitable for reproduction without the use of a screen; a drawing composed of lines as distinguished from continuous-tone copy. line map--See map, line. line-route map--See map, line-route. lithography--A planographic method of printing based on the chemical repulsion between grease and water to separate the printing from nonprinting areas. manuscript--The original drawing of a map as compiled or constructed from various data, such as ground surveys and photographs. map--A graphic representation, usually on a plane surface at an estab- lished scale, of natural and manmade features on or under the surface of the Earth or other planetary body. The features are positioned accurately according to a coordinate reference system. map, bathymetric--A map showing the physiographic conditions of the bottom of the ocean by the use of depth curves. map, cadastral--A map showing the boundaries of subdivisions of land, usually with the bearings and lengths thereof and the areas of individual tracts, for purposes of describing and recording owner- ship. It may also show culture, drainage, and other features relating to the value and use of land. map, choropleth--A map showing statistical data by means of shading, dotting, hatching, coloring, or otherwise identifying a range of distribution within an area determined by political boundaries. map, digital--A computer-stored data bank containin g geographically oriented information which can be retrieved either in list or graphical form. 227 I map digitization--Conversion of map data from graphical form to digital form. map, engineering--A map showing information that is essential for planning an engineering project or development and for estimating its cost. It usually is a large-scale map of a small area or of a route. It may be entirely the product of an engineering survey, or reliable information may be collected from various sources for the purpose, and assembled on a base map. map, flood control--A map designed for study and planning the control of areas subject to inundation. map, forestry--A map prepared principally to show the size, density, kind, and value of trees in a designated area. map, geological--A map showing the structure and composition of the Earth's crust. map, historical--A map showing data of historical significance or one which has been replaced by a more recent publication. map, hypsographic--A map showing relief with elevations which are referred to a sea level datum. map, hypsometric--A map showing relief by any convention, such as con- tours, hachures, shading, or tinting. map, isopleth--A map showing statistical data by use of isopleths. map, landscape--A topographic map made to a relatively large scale and showing all details. Such maps are required by architects and landscape gardeners for use in planning buildings to fit the na- tural topographic features and for landscaping parks, playgrounds, and private estates. map, land-use--A map showing by means of a coding system the various purposes for which parcels of land are being used by man. map, line--A map composed of lines as distinguished from continuous-tone copy. In the strict sense of the term the map material may consist only of copy suitable for reproduction without use of a screen. In the broad sense the term may be applied to maps composed of open- window copy which requires screening. map, line-route--A map showing the routes and types of construction of wire circuits. It also gives the locations of switchboards and telegraph stations. 228 map, outline--A map which presents just sufficient geographic infor- mation to permit the correlation of additional data placed upon it. map, slope--A map showing the degree of steepness of the Earth's sur- face by the use of various colors or shading for critical ranges of slope. map, soil--A map showing the constitution, structure, texture of the soil and identifies ongoing erosion. map, storm evacuation--A special-purpose map designed to identify areas subject to inundation and recommended areas of refuge. map, thematic--A map designed to provide information on a single topic, such as geology, rainfall, population, etc. map, topogrpahic--A map which presents the horizontal and vertical positions of the features represented; distinguished from a plani- metric map by the addition of relief in measurable form. mean higher high water--The average height of all the daily higher lent period. Higher high water is the higher of two high waters occurring during a tidal day where the tide exhibits mixed charac- teristics. mean high water--The average height of all of the high waters recorded over a 19-year period, or a computed equivalent period. High water is the highest limit of the surface water level reached by the rising tide. mean lower low water--The average height of all the lower low waters recorded over a 19-year period. It is usually associated with a mixed tide. Lower low water is the lower of two waters of any tidal day where the tide exhibits mixed characteristics. mean low water--The average height of all low waters recorded over a 19-year period, or a computed equivalent period. Low water is the lowest limit of the surface water level reached.by the lowering tide. mean sea level--The average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of the tide, usually determined by averaging height readings observed hourly over a minimum period of 19 years. mean tide level--The reference plane midway between mean high water and mean low water. meridian--A north-south reference line, particularly a great circle through the geographical poles of the Earth, from which longitudes and azimuths are determined; or a plane, normal to the geoid or spheroid, defining such a line. 229 metricyEte--A decimal system of weights and measures based on the I ~ ~~~meter as a unit length and the kilogram as a unit mass. military grid--Two sets of parallel lines intersecting at right angles and forming squares; the grid is superimposed on maps, charts, and other similar representations of the Earth's surface in an accurate and consistent manner to permit identification of ground locations with respect to other locations and the computation of direction and distance to other points. mixed tide--A range of tides where there is marked inequality in height between successive high or low tides. mosaic--An assembly of aerial photographs whose edges usually have been torn or cut and matched to form a continuous photographic representation of a protion off the Earth's surface. national geodetic network--The two control survey nets being extended over the United States by the National Geodetic Survey for the control of nautical charts and topographic maps, comprising the horizontal--control survey net, which is referred to the North I ~ ~~~American datum of 1927, and the vertical-control survey net, which 'is referred to mean sea level. I ~~~national geodetic vertical datum of 1929--See datum, sea level, of 1929. National Map Accuracy Standards--See Appendix F. nautical chart--See chart, nautical. 3 ~~~negative--A photographic image on film, plate, or paper, in wihich the subject tones to which the emulsion is sensitive are reversed or complementary. Also, in cartography, any drawing or film on which I ~ ~~~map copy is either white or transparent against a black or opaque background. 3 ~~~North American datum of 1927--See datum, North American, of 1927. offset lithography--An indirect method of printing whereby the ink image is transferred from the press plate to an intermediate surface of a rubber blanket, and from that to the paper. orders of Acqcura.Z--The orders of accuracy are known as first (meaning I ~ ~~~the most accurate), second, and third (the least accurate). The orders of accuracy for unadjusted horizontal distances, express- ing the closure error as a fraction of the overall distance measured between points of known higher order of accuracy, are: first 1:250,000; second 1:10,000, and third, 1:5,000. For the unadjusted 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~230 angles in traverses, the orders of accuracy are the following number of seconds of arc times the square root of the number of horizontal angles measured: first, 2; second, 10; and third, 30. For triangle closure in triangulation, the seconds of arc in maximum and average error for each order of accuracy are: first, 3 and 1; second, 5 and 3; and third, 10 and 5. The unad- justed closure error in vertical distances are the following values times the square root of the length of the level circuit in miles or kilometers, respectively: first, 0.017 feet and 4.0 mm; second, 0.035 feet and 8.4 mm, and third, 0.05 feet and 12.0 mm. Any survey in which the closure error is larger than third-order is known as fourth-order. Also, in supplemental control for the photogrammetric compilation of topographic and other maps, fourth- order control could have errors of closre as large as 1:2,500 in the horizontal, 60 seconds times the square root of the number of angles measured in a traverse, maximum of 30 seconds and average of 15 seconds in triangle closures in triangulation, and in the vertical of 0.50 feet or 120 mm, respectively, times the length of the level circuit in miles or kilometers. orthophotograph--A photographic copy, prepared from a perspective photograph, in which the displacements of images due to tilt and relief have been removed. orthophotomap--A photomap made from an assembly of orthophotographs. It may incorporate special cartographic treatment, photographic edge enhancement, color separation, or a combination of these. orthophotomosaic--An assembly of orthophotographs forming a uniform- scale mosaic. orthophotoscope--A photomechanical device, used in conjunction with a double-projection stereoplotter, for producing orthophotographs. orthophotoquad--An orthophotograph presented in quadrangle format with marginal data but with little or no cartographic enhancement. outline maRp--See majp, outline. overlay--A printing or drawing on a transparent or translucent medium at the same scale as a map, chart, or other graphic, to show details not appearing, or requiring special emphasis, on the original. overprint--New material printed or stamped upon a map or chart to show data of importance or special use, in addition to that originally printed. pa3nelinl--The distinctive marking or instrumentation of a ground point to aid in its identification on a photograph. Panels constitute a material marking so arranged and placed on the ground as to 231 form a distinctive pattern over a geodetic or other control-point marker, on a property corner or line, or at the position of an identifying point above an underground facility or feature. pantograph--An instrument for copying maps, drawings, or the like at a predetermined reduction or enlargement. It generally consists of four bars hinged to form a parallelogram linkage, so designed and proportioned that when the frame is pinned to a base at one point, the motion of an attached pencil is proportional to the motion of a tracing stylus; the pivot, pencil, nd stylus always being maintained on line by the linkage arrangement. When used as an instrument for compiling maps at a scale equal to, or larger or smaller than the stereoscopic model. parellel--A circle on the surface of the Earth, parallel to the plane of the equator and connecting all points of equal latitude, or a circle parallel to the primary great circle of a sphere or spheroid; also, a closed curve approximately such a circle. jixel--Smallest resolvable element in a cathode ray tube. Picture element of a television picture; i.e., the smallest area of a television picture that can be delineated by an electric signal passed through part or all of the television system. Element of a picture or other area display, produced by scanning. photogrammetry--The science or art of obtaining reliable measurements by photography. I photography--The art or process of producing images on sensitized material through the action of light. photoidentification--The detection, identification, and marking of ground survey stations on aerial photographs. hqotoindex--An index map made by assembling individual aerial photo- graphs into their proper relative positions and copying the assembly photographically at a reduced scale. Also, an overlay, keyed to a base map, indicating the location and area covered by individual photographs and/or flight strips. photomap--A map substitute or supplement that consists wholly, or in part, of a printed aerial photographic image of the terrain. photomechanics--A combination of photographic and mechanical operations used to reproduce cartographic materials. physiographyj--The field of geography which specializes in physical aspects of the Earth's surface. planimetric map--See map,_planimetric. 232 planimetry--The science of measuring plane surfaces; horizontal measure- ments. Also, parts of a map which represent everything except relief. plat--A diagram drawn to scale showing all essential data pertaining to the boundaries and subdivisions of a tract of land, as determined by survey or protraction. positive--A photographic image on film, plate, or paper having approxi- mately the same rendition of tones as the original subject; i.e., light for light and dark for dark. pressplate--A thin, metal, plastic, or paper sheet, that carries the printing image and who surface is treated to make only the image areas ink-receptive. projection, maR--A systematic drawing of lines on a plane surface to represent the parallels of latitude and the meridians of longi- tude of the Earth or a section of the Earth. projection, conformal--A map projection by which any small piece of the Earth's surface has the same shape on the map as it does on a globe. Examples of conformal projections are the stereographic, the Lambert conformal conic, the Mercator, and the transverse Mercator. projection, equal-area--A map projection by which equal areas of the Earth's surface are represented by equal areas on the map. The shapes of the areas usually differ. Examples of equal-area pro- jections are the azimuthal equal-area, the Mollweide homolographic, the sinusoidal, and the homolosine. Public land system--Public lands are subdivided by a rectangular system of surveys established and regulated by the Bureau of Land Manage- ment, the agency responsible for administration of public lands. The standard format for subdivision is by townships measuring about six miles (480 chains) on a side. Townships are further subdivided into 36 numbered sections of one square mile (640 acres) each. quadrangle--A four-sided figure, bounded by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude, used as an area unit in mapping. The dimensions are not necessarily the same in both directions. rectification--The process of projecting an aerial photograph (mathe- matically, graphically, or photographically) from its plane onto a horizontal plane by translation, rotation, and/or scale change to remove displacement due to tilt of the aircraft. registration--Correct positioning of one component of a composite map image in relation to the other components. This usually is achieved by punching holes, having a fixed horizontal relationship to each 233 other, in each component sheet and then attaching the components together using specially designed fasteners. relief--Variations in the elevation of the ground surface, also features of height above a plain or reference datum. remote sensing--The process of detecting and/or monitoring the chemical or physical properties of an object without physically contacting the object. representative fraction--The scale of a map or chart expressed as a fraction or ratio which relates unit distance on the map to dis- tance measured in the same unit on the ground. reproduction--The summation of all the processes involved in printing copies from an original drawing. A printed copy of an original drawing made by the processes of reproduction. resolution--The minimum distance between two adjacent features, or the minimum size of a feature, which can be detected by a photo- graphic system or a radar system. right-reading copy--A printed or drawn page on which the lettering and/or images are presented in their normal order, reading from left to right. See wrong-reading copy. scale--The relationship existing between a distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the Earth. scale, bar--A line on a map subdivided and marked with the distance which each of its parts represents on the Earth. scribing--The act of marking material with a pointed instrument. Removal of portions of a photographically opaque coating from a transparent base with engraving tools. screen--A grating-of opaque lines on glass or film, crossing at right angles, producing transparent apertures between- intersections. Screens are used to break up a solid or continuous tone image into a pattern of small dots. sea level datum--See datum, sea level. sectional aeronautical chart--See chart, sectional aeronautical. sedimentation--Deposition of eroded particles by hydraulic action. semidiurnal tide--A range of tides consisting of two high tides and two low tides daily, each reaching approximately the same level as its previous counterpart. 234 small craft chart--See chart, small craft. smooth sheet--A final plot or field control and hydrographic develop- ment such as soundings, fathom curves, wire drag areas, etc., to .be used in chart construction. spheroid--Any figure differing slightly from a sphere. Also, a mathe- matical figure closely approaching the geoid in form and size and used as a surface of reference for geodetic surveys. sounding datum--See datum, sounding. spot elevation--A point on a map or chart whose height above a speci- fied reference datum is noted, usually by a dot or a small sawbuck and elevation value. Elevations are shown, wherever practicable, for road forks and intersections, grade crossings, summits of hills, mountains and mountain passes, water surfaces of lakes and ponds, stream forks, bottom elevations in depressions, and large flat areas. standard metropolitan statistical areas--An integrated economic and social unit with a recognized large population nucleus of at least 50,000. A standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) always includes a city (cities) of specified population which constitutes the central city and the county (counties) in which it is located. It also includes contiguous counties when the economic and social relationships between the central and contiguous counties meet specified criteria of metropolitan character and integration. SMSA's may cross State lines. In New England, they are composed of cities and towns instead of counties. State plane coordinate systems--The plane-rectangular coordinate systems established by the National ocean Survey, one for each State in the United States, for use in defining positions of geodetic sta- tions in terms of plane-rectangulation (x and y) coordinates. stereocompilation--The production of a map or chart manuscript from aerial photographs and geodetic control data, by means of photo- grammetric instruments stereo model--The mental impression of a three-dimensional model which results from two perspective overlapping views. stereoplotter--An instrument for plotting a map or obtaining spatial solutions by observation of stereo models formed by pairs of photo- graphs. stereoscopic vision--The particular application of binocular vision which enables the observer to obtain the impression of depth, usually by means of two different perspectives of an object (as two photographs taken from different.camera stations). 235 I stick-up--Adhesive-backed or wax-backed film or paper on which map names, symbols, descriptive terms, etc., have been printed, for application in map and chart production. storm evacuation map--See map, storm evacuation. targeting--See paneling. terminal control area chart--See chart, terminal control area. thematic map--See map, thematic. tidal bench mark--See bench mark, tidal. tidal current chart--See Chart, tidal current. tidal datum--See datum, tidal. tide station--A place at which tide observations are made. topographic map--See map, topographic. transparency--A photographic print on a clear base, especially adaptable for viewing by transmitted light. Also, the light-transmitting capability of a material. Universal Transverse Mercator grid--A military grid system based on the transverse Mercator projection, applied to maps of the Earth's surface extending to 840 N and 800 S latitudes. wrong readingcopRy--A cartographic image which is a reverted or mirror image of the original. 236 U I a I I I I I PART VI I APPENDIXES I I I II a I U I I - I U APPENDIX A COOPERATING AGENCIES IN THE COASTAL ZONE Alabama Assistant State Geologist Geological Survey of Alabama P.O. Drawer 0 University, Alabama 35486 California Director Department of Water Resources P.O. Box 388 Sacramento, California 95802 Connecticut Chief Cartographer Bureau of Planning and Research Department of Transportation P.O. Drawer A Wethersfield, Connecticut 06109 Director Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey Box 128, Wesleyan Station Middletown, Connecticut 06457 238 Delaware State Geologist Delaware Geological Survey University of Delaware 101 Penny Hall Newark, Delaware 19711 Florida State Topographic Engineer Department of Transportation Burns Building, 605 Suwannee Street Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Administrative Assistant Department of Natural Resources Larson Building Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Georgia Director and State Geologist Georgia Department of Natural Resources Earth and Water Division 19 Hunter Street, NW. Atlanta, Georgia 30334 239 Ill Iinois Chief I ~~~Illinois Geological Survey 121 Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois 61801 I ~~Indiana IAssistant Chief Division of Water- Department of Natural Resources 606 State Office Building Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 IAttn: Head, Surveying and Mapping Section I ~~Louisiana Office Engineer Department of Public Works U ~~~P.O. Box 44155, Capitol Station Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70804 Maine State Geologist IMaine Geological Survey 3 ~~~Department of Forestry 211 State Office Building 3Augusta, Maine 04330 240 Maryland Di rector I ~~~Maryland Geological Survey 214 Latrobe Hall The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218 Massach usetts Deputy Chief Engineer for Highway Engineering Department of Public Works 100 Nashua Street Boston, Massachusetts 02114 Michigan State Geologist Geological Survey Division 3 ~~~Department of Natural Resources Stevens T. Mason Building Lansing, Michigan 48926 * ~~Minnesota 3 ~~~Commissioner Department of Administration 1 ~~~114 Administration Building 3 ~~~St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 241 * ~~Now York Di rector H ~~~Data Services Bureau New York State Department of Transportation 1220 Washington Avenue Albany, New York 12226 North Carolina * ~~~Director Office of Earth Resources * ~~~Department of Natural and Economic Resources P.O. Box 27687 Ohio Chief Engineer 3 ~~~Aerial Engineering Section Ohio Department of Transportation Box 899 3 ~~~Columbus, Ohio 43216 * ~~Oregon State Engineer H ~~~Water Resources Division 3 ~~~516 Public'Service Building Salem, Oregon 97310 242 Pennsylvania Director and State Geologist Department of Environmental Resources Bureau of Topographic and Geological Survey 660 Boas Street I ~~~Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120 * ~~Puerto Rico * ~~~Head Topographic Mapping and Photogrammetry Services Division I ~~~P.O. Box 8218 Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910 Texas Principal Engineer * ~~~Texas Water Development Board P.O. Box 13087, Capitol Station Austin, Texas 78711 Virginia I ~~~Geologist Division of Mineral Resources Department of Conservation and Economic Development P.O. Box 3667 Ch~arlottesville, Virginia 22903 243 Washington State Geologist Geologic and Earth Resources Division Department of Natural Resources Olympia, Washington 98501 Wisconsin State Geologist and Director Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey 1815 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706 244 APPENDIX B STATE MAPPING ADVISORY COMMITTEES IN THE COASTAL ZONE Alaska Chairman State Mapping Advisory Committee Department of Natural Resources Juneau, Alaska 99801 Maine Chairman State Mapping Advisory Committee Maine Geological Survey Augusta, Maine 04330 Michigan Chairman State Mapping.Advisory Committee Michigan Department of Natural Resources 515 West Michigan Lansing, Michigan 48926 245 Minnesota Chairman State Mapping Advisory Committee Environmental Quality Control State Planning Agency 550 Cedar Street 3 ~~~St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 I .~Texas 3 ~~~Chairman State Mapping Advisory Committee 3 ~~~Texas Water Development Board Austin, Texas 78701 I~~~~~~~~~~~~4 APPENDIX C H ~~~~~~CONTACTS FOR COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT. I ~~Alabama I ~~~Technical Advisor Alabama Coastal Area Board Alabama Development Office State Office Building Montgomery, Alabama 36104 Alaska U ~~~Director Division of Marine and Coastal Zone Management Department of Environmental Conservation I ~~~Pouch 0 I ~~~Juneau, Alaska 99801 American Samoa Executive -Secretary * ~~~Environment al Quality Commission Office of the Governor Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 247 California Secretary for Resources Resources Agency 1416 Ninth Street Sacramento, California 95814 Chairman California Coastal Zone Conservation Commission 1540 Market Street San Francisco, California 94102 Connecticut Coastal Zone Management Representative Department of Environmental Protection 118 State Office Building Hartford, Connecticut 06115 Delaware Director, State Planning Office Thomas Collins Building Dover, Delaware 19901 248 FlIori1da Coordinator * ~~~Coastal Coordinating Council 3 ~~~309 Magnolia Office Plaza Tarllahassee, Florida 32301 U ~~Georgia * ~~~Director Office of Planning and Budget Room 611 1 ~~~270 Washington Street, SW. Atlanta, Georgia 30334 Guam Director 3 ~~~Bureau of Budget and Management Office of the Governor U ~~~Agana, Guam 969'10 U ~~Hawaii * ~~~Director Department of Planning and Economic Development I ~~~Executive Chambers P.O. Box 2359 Honolulu, Hawaii 96804 249 I Illinois Director of Conservation Room 602 State Office Building Springfield, Illinois 62706 Indiana Deputy Director Department of Natural Resources 608 State Office Building Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 Louisianna Executive Director State Planning Office P.O. Box 44425 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70804 Maine State Planning Director State Planning Office 184 State Street Augusta, Maine 04330 250 Maryland Chief Coastal Zone Management Program Water Resources Administration Department of Natural Resources Tawes State Office Building Annapolis, Maryland 21401 Massachusetts Secretary Executive Office of Environmental Affairs 18 Tremont Street Boston, Massachusetts 02108 Michigan Director Department of Natural Resources Stevens T. Mason Building Lansing, Michigan 48926 Minnesota Director of Environmental Planning State Planning Agency 801 Capitol Square Building St. Paul, Minnesota 55155 251 Mississippi Executive Di rector Mississippi Marine Resources Council P.O. Box 497 Long Beach, Mississippi 39560 New Hampshire Di rector 3 ~~~Division of State Planning State House I ~~~Concord, New Hampshire 03301 I ~~New Jersey * ~~~Assistant Chief Office of Environmental Analysis * ~~~Department of Environmental Protection P.O. Box 1889 Trenton, New.Jersey 08625 U ~~New York * ~~~Deputy Director * ~~~Office of Planning Services Executive Department 488 Broadway Albany, New York 12207 252 North Carolina Secretary I ~~~Department of Natural and Economic Resource s 116 West Jones Street Raleigh, North Carolina 27611 I ~~Ohio U ~~~Director 3 *~~Department of Natural Resources 1930 Belcher Drive Columbus, Ohio 43224 * ~~Oregon * ~~~Director Department of Land Conservation and Development Room 660 1600 SW Fourth Avenue U ~~~Portland, Oregon 97201 * ~~~Executive Director * ~~~Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission P.O. Box N Florence, Oregon 97439 253 Pennsylvania * ~~~Deputy Secretary Resources Management Department of Environmental Resources P.O. Box 1467 I ~~~Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120 Puerto Rico 3 ~~~Secretary Department of Natural Resources I ~~~P.O. Box 5887 Puerto de Tierra, Puerto Rico 00906 Rhode Island Chief * ~~~Statewide Planning Program Department of Administration 265 Melrose Street 3 ~~~Providence, Rhode Island 02907 * ~~South Carolina * ~~~Chairman Coastal Zone Management Council E ~~~P.O. Box 547 Beaufort, South Carolina 29902 254 Texas State Land Commissioner * ~~~General Land Office P.O. Box 12428 Capitol Station Austin, Texas 78711I Virgin Islands Director of Planning Office of the Governor P.O. Box 2606 Charlotte Amalie I ~~~St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00801 * ~~Virginia * ~~~Associate Director Commerce and Resources Section * ~~~Division of State Planning and Communi ty Affairs 1010 James Madison Building 109 Governor Street Richmond, Virginia 23219 255 Washington Director I ~~~Department of Ecology State of Washington Olympia, Washington 98504 I ~~Wisconsin I ~~~Director State Planning Office Room B-1 30 I West Wilson Street Madison, Wisconsin 53702 I~~~~~~~~~~~~5 APPENDIX D SOURCES FOR LISTS OF QUALIFIED PRIVATE CONTRACTORS for mapping information and services American Congress on Surveying and Mapping 430 Woodward Bu i I di ng 733 15th Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20005 American Society of Cartographers P.O. Box 1493 Louisville, Kentucky 40201 American Society of Civil Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 American Society of Photogrammetry 105 N. Virginia Avenue Falls Church, Virginia 22046 Association of American Geographers 1710 16th Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20009 Engineers Joint Council 2029 K Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20006 257 International Remote Sensing Institute 6151 Freeport Boulevard Sacramento, California 95822 258 ~~~~ ~~~APPENDIX E COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT 92nd Congress, S. 3507 I-. Octb~~~~~ ~~ 1972 ~ ~ 6 STAT, 1280 illent, beneticial list. prutection. anti develoipment of the land and water resotrces of the Natiejn's coastall zones and for offier purp~oses. U ~~~Be it enareed by tire Sefnate and liouse of lRepresentatives of the L nite-d.State'. of A-merica' inl (onqa'esi tusen~dji ,l That thle Act entitled Y-srine Re- - * ~~"Ani Act to pt-ovide for a, co~ipvensivtw. ton--ran-Cazwd coorainizmed so-res and niational programin maill science,1K to estabillih a -National Council on ,hisrn on MNarine Sciencee. josand 1Resonrccs, and for other pur- Ato poe" approvedl .Jine 17. lt96f (80 Stitt. 203), as amiended (3USC 1101-1124), is firthter amended by adding at the end thereof the foi- 80 stat. 998; * ~~~lowing, niew title: 84 Stat. 865. * ~~~TITLE 111-M\AN'AGF'EMENT OF THE COASTAL ZON-E SHORT TITLE SEC. 301. This title may be cited as the, "Coastal Zone M\anag-ement Act of 197i2". CONGflESSI0O'AL FINDINGS * ~~~SEC. 302. The Congress finds that- (a) There is a national interest in the( effective management, bene- ficial uise, Iprotuct ion, an(' development of the coastal zone:- ()The coasial zone is rich in aI variety of natural. comnirercial.. ree-, Ileationlal inidust rial. and esthetic resources of immediate aend potential value to the jpitseilt anld future Nwe] -being -of thek -Nation: (c) The incereasinur and comipeting dwnand~s upon the lands and waters of out' coastal zone occasiuned by population growth anid eco- humic (leie~ojinwnut. includin,_ requivenlents foi- industry, commerce, residential developutent, recreation, extrac-tionl otf rinemal resources and fossil fuels. transportat ion and navil-ation. waste disposil, and liar. vesting" of flisll. shellfish, and1( othier livingf marin,11e re-sour-ces, have resulted ill thec lo,-, of living mar-ine rosonreeL7s. wildlife. nutrient-rich I are~~as, permnanent and adverse. clian--es to ecolou-ical systenms, decreasing open space for public use..anti shorehiac erosion: (d) The coastal zone. and tile fish. shielifish, other living marine resources, and wildlife thereini. -are ecologically frzagile and conse- quently extremely vulnerabIle to dest-ruction by man's alterations: I ~ ~~(e) Important ecological, cultural, historic, and esthetic values in the coast-al zone w-hich arle essential to the well-being of all citizens are being- irretrievably damiaaed or issut; (f) Special natlli-d und scenic characteristics are, beingr damaged by I. ill-"~'c~peddevelopmenr thiat threatens these values-, ~g nlighta, of competingy demands and the urg-ent need to protect and to give hig-h priority to natural systemsg in the coastal zone, pres- ent state aiild local ins~titutional a-rangemnelirs for planning anic regur litting land and water use-s in such atreats are inadequate; andi (h) The kev to more efflective protection and use of the. land and wat--r resources of thle coastal zone is to encourzge( the states to exorci~se their full autthonriy over thle lands and waters in (lie coastal zone by assisting tile states,, in coopt'ratmin wit-l Federal and local governriients I. ~~and other vitally affected interests, in Ici dellopitig land and wvater use programs';fo tile coast-al zole ne, dnlll~v policies, criteria.-- standards, methods, and processes for dealing with land and wvater' else decisions of more than local significance. 259 I r - 86 STAT. 1281 Pub. Law 92-583 - 2- October 27, 1972 - .. -DECLARATION OF POLICY _" - ......... SEC. 303. Thle Congress finds and declares that it is the national policy (a) to preservc, )rotect. develop, and nhere possible, to restore or enhance, the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations, (b) to encourage nld assist the states to exercise effectively their responsililities in the coastal zone through the devel- opment and implementation of mnanagement programs to achieve wise use of the land and water resources of the coastal zone giving full consideration to ecological, cultural, historic, and esthetic values as . '! . -, well asto needs for economic development, (c) for all Federal anencies engaged in programs atffecting the coastal zone to cooperate and par- .ticipate with state and local governments and regional agencies in .: : effectuating the lurposes of this title, and (d) to encourage tle par- ticipation of tie public. of Federal. state. and local governments and of regional agencies in the developnment of coastal zone nlanagement * .. :. programs. With respect to implementation of such inanagament pro- grams, it is the national policy to encourage cooperation among the various state and regional agencies includiing estab)lishnlent of inter- state and regional agreements, cooperative procedures, and joint action particularly regarding environmental problems. DEFINITIONS SEC. 304. For the purposes of this title- (a) "Coastal zone" means thle coastal waters (inc!ludilng the lands therein and theretuder) and the adjacent shorelands (including the waters therein an(l th0leulllllhr). stronZly intluenced by each other and in proxinity to the sllorelinlls of the sever'al co:lstal states, and includes transitional and intertidal areas, salt narshes, .wetPands. and beaches. ' Tho zone extends, in Great Lakes waters. to the international bound- :: dry betwveen the United States and Canada and. in other areas, seaward to the ollter limlit of tile 7United States territorial sea. The zone extends '" inland from tile shorelines only to the extent necessary to control shorelands, tie uses of vwhich have a direct and significant impact on -' the coastal wvaters. EIxcluded from the coastal zone are lands the use of which is by law subject solely to the discretion of or wihich is held in trust bv the lecderal (;overnmellt. its olficers or' agents. (b) "Coastal wvaters" means (1) in the Great Lakies area, the waters within the. territorial jurisdiction of the United States consisting of the Great 'Lakes. their connectilng waters, harbors, roadsteads. and estuary-type areas. such as bays, shallows, and marshes and (2) in other areas, those waters, adjacent to the shorelines, whilich contain a measurable quantity or percentayle of sea water, including, but not limited to, sounds, I;avs, lagoons. bavous, tonds, and estuaries. (c) "Coastnl stat e" means a state of the IUnited States in. or bor- dering on, the Atlantic, Pacific, or Arctic Ocean. the Gulf of Mexico. Long Island Soundl, or one or more of the Great Lakes. For the Dur- poses of this title, the term also includes Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guaml, and American Samoa. (d) "Estuary" nmeans that part of a river or stream or other body of water havinlg unimpairedl connection with the open sea, where the sea water is measwuablv diluted with fresh water derived from land drainage. The term inclLdes estuary-type areas of the Great Lakes. (e) "E1stuarine sanctuary" means a research area which may include any part or all of an estuary. adjoining transitional areas, and adja- cent uplands, constituting to the extent feasible a natural unit, set I1~~~~~~_ _;t _' _ _ _ 26, _ . ,L. L____ ---,----------- -- ---- . .. . . . - ! October 27, 1972 - 3- Pub. Law 92-583 38 STAT. 1282 aside to provide scientists and students the opportunity to examine over a period of time the ecological relationships within the area. (f) "Sqecretarv" means the Secretarv orx' lmerce. g) "MIanagement programn includes, but is not. iimte- to a con- prehensive statement in iwords, malns. illustrations, or other media of 4- communication, prepare(l and adotied by the state in accordance witll the provisions of this title, setting forth objectives, policies. and stand- ards to guide public and private uses of lands and waters in the coastal zone. ((h) "Water use" means activities which are conducted in or on the water; but does not mean or include the establishment of any water quality standard or criteria or the regulation of the dischllarge or runoff of water pollutants except the standards, criteria, or regulations which are incorporated in any program as required by the provisions of section 307(f). (i) "Land use" means activities which are conducted in or on the shorelands within the coastal zone, subject to the requirements out- lined in section 307(g). / : MANAOE3tEXT PROGRIAM DEVELOPMEXT GR\kNTS SE.' 305. (a) The Secretary is authorized to make annual grants to any coastal state for the lpurpose of assisting in the developmlent of a .e ^ j management progralm for the land and water resources of its coastal zone. (b) Such management program shall include: (1) an identification of the boundaries of the coastal zone sub- ject to the management program; .)-- -d a--eFf i0i 'of-6 i -lt-ilalFconstitute permissible land and ' 'water uses within the coastal zone which have a direct and signifi- cant impact on tile coastal waters; (3) an inventory and designation of areas of paiticular con- cern within the coastal zone; (4) an identification of the means by which the state proposes I to exert control over the land and water uses referred to in para- graph (2) of this subsection, inclucdiln a listing of relevant con- stitutional provisions, legislative enactments, regulations, and judicial decisions: (5) broad guidelines on priority of uses in particular areas. including specificallv those uses of lowest priority; (6) a description of the organizational structure proposed to " implement the management program, including the responsibili- ties and interrelationships of local, areawide, state, regional, and 1 < - - interstate agencies in the management process. (c) The grants shall not exceed 66% per centum of the costs of the Limitation. rogram in any one year and no state shall be eligible to receive more than three annual grants pursuant to this section. Federal funds received from other sources shall not be used to match such grants. In order to qualify for grants under this section, the state must reasonablv demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Secretarv that such grants w-ill be used to develop a management program consistent with the require- meots set forth in section 306 of this title. After making the initial grant to a coastal state, no subsequent grant shall be made under this section unless the Secretarv finds that the state is satisfactorily devel- oping such management program. (d) Upon completion of thle development of the state's management program, the state shall submit suchl program to the Secretary for � '. , 261 I { 86 SAT. 1283 Pub. Law 92-583 - 4 - October 27, 1972 review and appiroval pursuant to the provisions of section 306 of this title, or such other action as he deems necessary. On final approval of such prorranl by the Secretary, the state's eligibility for further grants under this section shall terninLat, and the state shall be cligilie for I ' � grants under section 306 of this title. orantst (e) Grants under thils section shall be allocated to the states based allooation* on rules aund regulations promulgated by the Secretary: Provided, owever, That no managrlement program development grant under this section shall be made in excess of 10 per centumn nor less than 1 per I ! :centumn of the total amount appropriated to carry out the purposes of this section. (f) Grants or portions thereof not obligated by a state during the fiscal year for which they were first anltho0ized to be obligated bv the l1 state or during tile fiscal year immediatelv following, sllall revert to the Secretary, :nd shall be added by him to the funds available for grants under this section. (g) With the approval of the Secretary, the state may allocate to a local government, to an areawide agencyv designlated under section 204 of the Demonstration Cities and Metrlopolitan Development Act of 80 Stat. 1262; 1966, to a regional apgency, or to an interstate agency, a portion of the 82 Stat. 208 ,r.lllnt ulder this section, for tile purpose of carrying out the provi- I 42 usc 3334. 'sions of this section. ' ~ ZUIOL13"�Expiration (h) The authority to make grants under this section shall expire on j date, June 30, 1977. AD[MINISTILTIVT GRCANTS Limitation. SEC. 300. (a) The Secretary is anuthorized to make annual grants to any coastal state for not more than 6G''3 per centum of the costs of adiministering thle state's nanagement prorianm, if he aplproves such prograni in accordance with subsection (c) hereof. Federal funds received from other sources shall not be used to pay the state's share I- pro~~~~l~~anof costs. Allooation, (b) Such grants shall be allocated to the states writh approved pro- grams based on rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary fwhich shall take into account the extent and nature of the shorelino and area covered by the plan. population of thle area, and other rele- ' * -.--~~vant factors: 'roviLitlcd, however, That no annull adminillistraltive grrant tuader this section sall be Illmade ill excss of 10 per centlrn nolr less than * | I~~~~~~1 per centuni of the total amomunt approprinted to carry out the pur- 3y~~~~~~ ~~poses of this section. Program (c) I'rior to -rantin- aplproval of a management program submitted requirements. by a coastal state, the Secretarv shall find that: (1) The state has developed'aid ad(lopted a management program for its coastal zone in accordanmce with rules and regulations promnulgated by the Secretary, after notice, and witht t Ie opportunity of full p.rtici- .pation by relevant Federal agencies. state agencies, local governments, regional organizations, port authorities, and other interested parties, * . public and private, vwhich is adequate to carry out the purposes of this *-~~~~~ ~~title and is consistent with the policy declared in section 303 of this title. (2) The state has: (A) coordinated its program with local, areawide, and inter- {I .state plans applicable to areas within the coastal zone existing on January 1 of the year in which the state's management program is submitted to thie Secretary, which plans have been develoned by a local government. an areawide agenc- designated pursuant to regulations established under section 204 of the Demonstration 'K ~~~~~~~~~6' I !-i - 1262 I . -- 86 STAT, 1284 Octobe- 27, 1972 - 5 - Pub, Law 92-583 e6 STAT. 1284 Cities and AMetropolitan Development Act of 1966, a regional 80 Stat. 1262; agency, or an interstate agencv; and 82 Stat. 208. (B) established an effective meclhanism for continuing col- 42 USC 3334. sultationll and coordination lbetween the management agency desig- n ated pursuant to paragraphll (5) of this sulbsection anld with local governments, interstate agencles, regional agencies, and areawide agencies within the coastal zone to assure the full participation of such local governments and agencies in carrying 6ut the pur- poses of this title. , :" (3) h'lle state has leld public hearings in the development of the managelellnt program. (4) 'lle m anag eliment nprogranl and any changes thereto have been reviewed anlld aplprovedl by the Governor. (5) The Governor oftllhe state has designated a single agency to receive and administer the grants for impllemenlting the management program irequired under paragraph (1) of this subsection. (6) The state is orglanlize(d to inmp)ellent the management prograam requlred ulder paragraph (1) of tils subsection. -(7) The state lhas the authorities necessaly to implement the pro- gram, including tlhe authority required under subsection (d) of tlhis. section. (8) The management program provides for adequate consideration of the national interest involved in the sitinlr of facilities necessary to meet requirements vwhich are other than local in nature. (9) The management progrnm makes provision for procedures wlhereby specific areas may te designated for the purpose of preserv- ing or restoring them for their conservation, recreational, ecological, or esthetic values. (d) IPrior to granting approval of the management program. the Secretary slhall find that the state, acting throuarll its chlosen a-tency or agencies, including local governments. areawide agencies desimlmted ulnder section 204 of the I)emonstlration Cities anlld Metrololitan, I)evelolment Act of 19;f;, regional agencies, or intelstate azrenies, has autllorty for the management of the coastal zone in accordance with tlh managemenlt ptro-raln. Sluch authority sllhall include power- (1) to administer land and water use rorlations, control devel- opment in order to ensure compliance with the managenment pro- * gram, and to resolve conflicts amollng competing uses: and (2) to acquire fee simple and less thean fee-simple interests in lands, waters, antd other pro erltv throughtl condemnation or other means when neeessary to adchieve confor!nalnce with tlhe manage- ment program. (e) Prior to grantingr approval, the Secretary shall also find that thl program provides: (1) for any one or a combination of the following general tech- niques for control of land and water uses within the coastal zone; (A) State establishment of criteria and standards for local implementation, subject to administrative review and enforce- ment of compliance, (13) Direct state land and water use planning and regula- tion;or (C) State administrative review for consistency with the management program of all development plans, projects, or land and water use regrulations, including, exceptions and variances thereto, proposed by any state or local authority or private developer, with power to applove or disapprove after public notice and an opportunity for hearings. 263 85 STAT. 1-285 Pub. Law 92-583 w -6 -Octob~er 27, 1972 (2) for a miethod of assuring that local land and water use regulations withinl thle coastal zone (lo not unreasonably restrict. I . . - ~~~~~~~~~~or exclulde' land and ustr 1es of regional benctfit. (f) With the a polofthe Secretary, at state mnav allocate toa local govirnrient, -.nl arvawidc, agelicy designated under section 20O-1 of thle D)enionstration Cities and .Metropolitall Dcl-elopierit A.ct of 80 Stat. 1262; 1966, at regionial agency. or ain interstate a-efl, it portion of the griant * ~~~~~82 Stat. 203. under this section foi- thle iurpose of carryingrout tile p~rovision~s of this 42 USC 3334. sections Irovide'd. That such allocation Shall liar relieve tile state of tile responsibility for erisrirurll that any funds so allocated are, ap~plied in. furtherance of such state's approved inana-genrit progyram. Program (g) The state sball be autlior-ized to amenld the managl--lenret pro- modification, gTram. The modification shall be in -accordance with tire p~rocedures required under subsection (c) of this section. Any anellilhuent or mlodiificatiioni of tile p)rograrn must be approved by thle Secretary before .1: ~ ~~~~~~~additional administrative -rants arc miade to the, state under the pro- gram as amended. Segmrental (ih) At the discretion of the state and wvith the ap~proval of the development. Secre~tary, a mnanagemient programn may be developed and adopted in. .11 ~ ~~~~~~~segrments so that immnediate attenit-loimay be dlevotedi to those areas Within tile coastal zone. which nrost urgently need managem~nent pro- ranis: Protided. That the state adtequately providies for tile, ultlimate, coordination of tire various segmients of tile nranagement 1)rograin into, * 7 ~ ~~~~~~~~a single unitied progyramn and( that tire unified program will be coin- pleltect as soon as is reilsoilably practicable. INTERAGENCY COORDINUTION A-VD COOPERATON I i ~~~~~~~~SF-c. 307. (a) In carryinrg ourt his functions and responsibilities under this title, thme Secretary shall consult wvith, cooperate 'with, arid, to the, liaxmniiII extent practicable, cooldm~t his ~vit~ies with other interested Federal agrencies. E l * ~~~~~~~(b) Tile Secretary shall i ot aliprove the mamiagenlent progriam sub- inittecl by a state pursutant to section 80 nnless the Views of F~ederal agencies principally affeted by such progrramn have been adequately Consisdlvrd. In class_ of serious disaecrlelrret lbetween airy F'ederal agenicy arid thle state in thle dleveloprrerit of tile prograimr thle Sucre- tury, inl cooperation with tire E.xecutive Oflice of tile II'residerrt, shall seek to irie0liate the dlillerenrces. (c) (1) Each Federal agency conducting oi- supportin'r activities - directlyn affectingr tile coasral] zone shall corrdrct or support those 1 . 1 . act~~~~~~Reivit mes ill a marin11er 'which is. to thea maxrrmrrn extent practicable,. coirs's5telit ,with approved State Ilanageullmt progr-amls. (2) Any-, Federal ag-encN which sluall undertake ,anx- development Proet. in'the coastal zone of a state sirall insulre tirat the project is, I ! ~ ~~~~~~~to tile niaxiunirr extent practicable. consistent with approved state mauiagemennt progranris. Certifioation. -(3~) After final appr-oval by time Secretary of a staite's nairanaerent *Program. any appllicanit for a. requnired Fe deral license or- perriiit to Cond~uct all activitv atlectingz land or wvater uises, in tire coastal zone of that. state shrall pr'ovide in 'tire ap~plicat ion to thelmcicensing or perumit- thin agrency a certification that the proposed ,activity comrplios w~ith -tire st~ate's a'pproved PI--rogru arid that such activity wVill be ('onldurted in a mariner consistent with tire programn. At tire -:anie timie, tire appli- ioant shart] funiesh to the state~or its desimlate~l atrericy a copy of the. cerification. %witir all necessary ruforroatiori and datal. Each coa'stal state shall establish procedures for public notice inl tire. case of all such I - .. .* ~~~~ ~~~~264 -' a 7- 7 ... ... October 27, 1972 - 7 - Pub. Law 92-583 as STAT. 1286 certifications and, to the extent it deems appropriate, procedures for public hearings in connection therewith. At the earliest practicable Notifioation. '3 � concerned that tile state concurs with or objects. to the applicant's certification. If the state or its designatecd agency fails to furnish the required notification within six months after receipt of its copy of the * ~ ~applicallts certiiication, the state's concurrence with the certification shall be conclusively presurmed. No license or permit silall be granted by the Federal agencyv until the state or its designated agency has con- curredl with the applicant's certification or until, by the state's failure to act, the concurirence is conclusively presulned. unlless the Secretary, on his own initiative or upon appeal by the applicant, finds, after pro- viding a reasonable opportunity for detailed comnments from the Fed- * cral agenvcy involved and from the state, that the activitv is consistent wtith tlhe obijectives of this title or is otherwise necessary in the interest of national seecurity. (d) State anld local governments submitting applications for Fed- eral assistance under other Federal progralns affecting tlhe coastal zone shall indicate the views of the appropriate state or local agency as to the relationship of such activities to the approvei managiaemelnt pro- gram for the coastal zone. Such apt)lications shall be submnitted and coordinated in accordlance with the provisiolls of title IV of the Inter- governmental Coordination Act of 19(iS (82 Stat. 1098). Federal agen- 42 USC 4231. cies shall not approve proposed projects that are inconsistent with a coastal state's malnagemnent program, except ul)on a finding by the Scrctary that such [project is consistent'with tlhe purposes of this title or necessary in the interest of nat ional security. (e) Nothing in this title shall be construed- (1) to diminish either Federal or state jurisdiction. responsi- bility, or rights in the field of planning, development, or control of water resources, submerged lands. or navigable waters; nor to displace, supersede, linit, or mnodify any interstate compact or the jurisdiction or responsibility of any legally established joint or commnon agency of two or more states or of two or more states and thle Federal Government: nor to limit tile authority of Congress to authorize and fund projects; (2) as supersedilng, modifying, or repealing existing laws appli- cable to the various Federal atencies; nor to all'ect thle jurisdiction, powers, or prerogatives of the Internationlal Joint Commission, United States and Canada, the Permlanent Engineering Board, and the United States operating entity or entities established pur- sualnt to the Columbia River Basin Treaty, signed at Washington, January 17 1961. or tile International Boundllvry and Water Corn- mission, United States and Mexico. (f) Notw.ithstanding any other provision of this title, nothing in this title shall in anly way affect any requirement (1) established- by tlhe Federal 5Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. or the Clean Air Are, p. 816. Aet, as amended, or (2) establislhed by the Federal Government or by 81 Stat. 485; any state or local governmcllt pursualnt to such Acts. Such require- 84 Stat. 1675. ments shall be incorporated in any program developed pursuant to 42 USC 1857 this title and shall be thle water pollution control and air pollution no'teo control requirements applicable to such proram. (g) lWhen any state's coastal zone management program, submitted for approval or proposed for modification pursuanlt to section 300 of this title, includes requirements as to shorelands which also would be subject to aIny Federally supported national land use program wNVIieh may be hereafter enacted, the Secretary, prior to approving such pro- . . ._26 5 I Pub. Law 92-583 - 8 - October 27, 1972 86 STAT. 1287 llgram, shall obtain tile concurrence of the Seeretary of tile Interior, or such other FIcderal official as may be designated to administer the national land use program, with respect to that portion of the coastal ,, �' P zone manargelnent program affecting such inland areas. PUBLIC IE:ARINGS S;Fc. 308. All public hearingzs required under this title must be anenlounced at least thirty days prior to the hearing date. At the time of thle anllouncmelllet, all agency materials pertinent to the hearinrs, including documents, studies, and other data, must be made available to the publ'ic for review 'tnd study. As similar materials are subse- quently developed, tlev shall be made available to the public as tlhey ~~i.i~ ~~~ Itbeecome available to the agency. REVIEW OF I'ERFOR:.tANCE SEC. 309. (a) The Secretary shall conduct a continuing review of ithe manallgemenlt programs of t'he coastal states and of the performance of eacll state. Finanoial (b) Tie Secretary shall lhave th autllority to termllinate any financial assistance, assistan lllce extended under section :06( andl to withdl raw any uniexpended t'ennination, portioln of suchI assistance if (1) lihe deterlmlillnes that thle slate is failing to adllere to anld is not justified in deviatinglr ron the programl llpproved by tile Secretarv; and (2) tllhe state Ias been given notice of thle proposed terlmillnationl and withdrawal and given anll opl)Ortunity to present evidence of adherence or justification for altering its program. RECORDS SEC. 310. (a) Each recipient of a giranlt nder this title shall keep stell records as the Secretary shall prescribe, including records whlich fully disclose the amoullt al{l dislpositioln of the iundls received ullder the ra;nt, the total cost of tle project. or dertal;ilng suplplied by other sorices, and such otller recolrds as will facilitare all et'cetive audit. Audit4 (b) The Secretary and the Compltroller General of the United States, or any of their divly authorized representaltives. shall have access for thle purpose of audit andll examninarion to any books. docu- Ilents, palers, and records of the recipiellt of the grant that are perti- nent to the determination that fulds granted are used in accordance vith this title. ADVISOIRY COI[5[lr'EE Costal Zone SEC. :t11. (a) The Secretary is authorized aled directed to establish Mlnagement a Coastal Zone 'Management Advisory Committee to advise, consult Advisory with, and make recomlnlldationts to tle. Secretaylv on matterls of policy Caunittee, concelrnilln thle coastal zone. Suchll committee shall be composed of not establicsitent; morc than fifteen persons desirniated by the Secretary and shall per- memnbership. form such functions and operate in su'chl a lannler .is the Secretary mav direct. The Secretarv shall insure that the committee member- shipi as a group possesses -a broad range of experience and knowledge relating to problemls involvinr mana enrlllelt, use, conservation, pro- tection, and development of coastal zone resources. Compensationt (b) Atembers of the committee who are not regurlar full-time travel ex- employees of the lnited States. while serving on the business of the penses. committee, including traveltime, may receive compensation at rates not exceeding $100 per diem; and while so serving away from their . . 266 October 27, 1972 -9 -Pub. Law 92-583 86SA.28 homles or reg"ular plAczes of business may be allowed travel expenses, including pe diemi it lieu of sub)sistence, as authiorized by section 57403 of title 5, United States Code, for individuals in thp,_Govern- 80 Stat. 499; ment service employed intermittently. 83 Stat. 190. promnul-gated by hiim, is aublhorized to make available to a. coastal state grats f il)to 50 per centurn of thle costs of acquisition, development, ..%. seodnatura and :uinpoess0crig'iliie estuarie ns ofaitg. S1111 ot xced -100'00. N Feera fudsreceived Pursuant to secton 05 r sctin 36 sallbe sedforthepurpose, of thils section. Sro 33. a) The Secretary shall prepare and submit to the Presi- detfoitransmittal to tile Conaress not later than November I of each yerareport on tile admlinistra~tion of this title for the pre'eAeding fsa yer iereport shin hi include but not beo restricted to (1) an idenitifi'. andaiescriptiori of thle status of each stat's ~r'ograns arid its accomn- plishmnents during tile, precedingr Federal fiscal year: (.3) anl itemiza- te tho ie alhx'Catioll of funds to thle various oaaltatsrnd a breakdown of thle major projects ard areas oil whichl these, funds wvere, epnec;(4) an idvntifrecrtioni of any) state progranms whichi have hbeen reviewed arid dlisappiroved or wvithi l'sl)(2cu to wichlil -ranlts hlave been termixinated under thais title, and a statement of the reasons for such action; (5) aL listing of all activities, and p~rojects whInch. pursruant to U ~ ~~~~the provisions of subsection (C) or suibsection (d) of section 3010, are not consistent -with ain applic-able arplrovedi state nrarra eine pro- gram;. (6) a suininar'v of tIle ro-mulations isssued by thle Secretar~y or ill effect. during thle precLedling Fedu'raul fiscal year-:(7 I smai of a. coordinated~ltoa statg and program' for' the -Nation's coastal zone, including identitifcatiun and cliscrussion of Federal, reg-ional, state., andlclrsosblte n ucin hrii 8 a surmaram of outstanding pi s O i l 0~~~~~~~~~i order of priority. andc 9)s othier inomto mybappro- (b) rport equim Lisuibsection (a) sirall contain such recoin- Menatins or ddiioal e-ilaton.as the Secretary- deeins neces~sary I ~ ~~~~~to achlieve the objectives of this title and enhance its elfective operation. RULES AND REI~rTA'l0.NS SEC. 314. The S-ecretary lshall develop and promulgate, pursuant I ~ ~~~~~to section 55.3 of title 5, U~nited States Code, after notice and oppor- 80 Stat. 383. tinity for full participation by relevant Fetleral 'ag-encies, state agencies, local goverrne~nts, reaiorral organlizations, Port authorities. Faid other initerested. parties, bo~th public and priv'ate, such rules, and regulations as may be necessatry to cari'y out the provisions of this ~~~~~~~tite *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 85 SAT. 289 Pub. Lam 92-583 -10 -October 27, 197S i i AtTIIORIZATION or~~~~~~~~~O ArPRorRIATIO'-IS -,--SEQ 815. (a.) Thiere, are autithorizc~d'-obe,,appropriated.- I ~~~~~~(:1) the suia of $0,000,000 for the fiscal year endinc, June 30, 1973, and for each of Elie fiscal years 1974 tdirough1 197 for grants under sectioa 305, toremnain a-ial ni xadd (2) such sums, not to exceed $30,000,000, for the fiscal year endin, Juns 80 10 Tan o each of thes fiscal -ears 1975 throughl Lvailable until expended; and (3) such sum-s, not to exceed '$6,000,000 f Or the fi-scal year end- - - ~~~~~~ing June 30, 1974, as inay be necessary, for grants under section 312, to remain available unitil ex pendcldd. i(b) There, are also authorized to ,appropriated such sums, not to exceed $3,000,000, for fiscal year 19i and for each of the four succeed- ing fiscal years, as may be nece-ssary for administrative expenses iucident to the admi-inistr"Ation of this titic. Approved October 2.7, 1972. LEGISLATIVE HISTOWr: I. ~ ~~~~~~~~HOUSE REPORTS: ND. 92-1049 aooomparzring H.R. 14146 (Comm. on Merahant Marine and Fisheries) and No. 92-1544 (Coixn. of Conferenoe). I SENATE REPORT No. 92-753 (Corm. on Commerce). CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 115 (1972): I ! ~ ~~~~~~~~~Apr. '25, coonsidcred and passed Senate. Aug, '2, considered and pa-ssed House, amended, In lieu of~ 1-R. 14346. Oct. 12, House and Senate azreed to conf~erenoe report. WEEKLY COMPILATION OF PRESIEMNIAL BOCLMENTS, Vol. 8, 11o. 44. Cot. 281, Presidential statement. I .<0 I-~~~~~~~~6 APPENDIX F UNITED STATES NATIONAL MAP ACCURACY STANDARDS I ~~~With a view to the utmost ec onomy and expedition in producing maps which fulfill not only the broad needs for standard or principal maps, but also the reasonable particular needs of individual agencies, standards of accuracy for published maps are defined as follows: I. Horizontal acc-uracy. For maps on publication scales larger than 1:20,000, not more than 10 percent of the points tested shall be in error by more than 1/30 inch, measured on the publication scale; for maps on publication scales of 1:20,000 or smaller, 1/50 inch. * ~ ~~hese limits of accuracy shallI apply in all cases to positions of well-defined points only. Well-defined points are those that are easily visible or recoverable on the ground, such as the following: monuments or marker~s, such as bench marks, property boundary monu- I~~ ~mns intersections of roads, railroads, etc.; corners of large buildings or structures (or center'points of small buildings); etc. In general what is well defined will also be determined by what is I ~ ~~plottable on the scale of the map within 1/100 inch. Thus while the intersection of two road or property lines meeting at right angles would come within a sensible interpretation, identification of the intersection of such lines meeting at an acute angle would obviously not be practicable within 1/100 inch. Similarly, features not identifiable upon the ground within close limits are not to be considered as test points within the li-nits quoted, even though I ~~~their positions may be scaled closely upon the map. In this class would come timber lines, soil boundaries, etc. 2. Vertical accuracy, as appl ied to contour maps on all publication scales, shallI be such that not more than 10 percent of the elevations tested shallI be in error more than one-half the contour interval . In checking elevations taken from the map, the apparent vertical error may be decreased by assuming a horizontal displacement within the permissible-horizontal error for a map of that scale. I ~~3. The accuracy of any map may be tested by ccomparing the positions of points whose locations or elevations are shown upon it with corresponding positions as determined by surveys of a higher I ~ ~~accuracy. Tests shall be made by the producing agency, which shallI also determine which of its maps are to be tested, and the extent of such -testing. 1 ~~4. Published maps me'eting these accuracy requirements shallI note this fact on their legends, as follows: "This map complies with National * ~~~Map Accuracy Standards." * ~5. Published maps whose errors exceed those aforestated shall omit from their legends allI mention of standard accuracy. 269 6. When a published map is a considerable enlargement of a map drawing (manuscript) or of a published map, that fact shall be stated in the legend. For example, "This map is an enlargement of a 1:20,000-scale map drawing", or "This map is an enlarge- ment of a 1:24,000-scale published map". 7. To facilitate ready interchange and use of basic information for map construction among all Federal mapmaking agencies, manuscript maps and published maps, wherever economically feasible and consistent with the uses to which the map is to be put, shall conform to latitude and longitude boundaries, being 15 minutes of latitude and longitude, or 7.5 minutes, or 3-3/4 minutes in size. U.S. BUREAU OF THE BUDGET Issued June 10, 1941 Revised April 26, 1943 Revised June 17, 1947 270 APPENDIX G EXAMPLES OF PRODUCTS I. Landsat image 2. USGS aerial photograph 3. USGS 7 1/2-minute orthophotomap/line map combination 4. USGS 7 1/2-minute orthophotoquad 5. USGS 7 1/2-minute topographic quadrangle 6. USGS slope map 7. USGS 7 1/2-minute geologic quadrangle 8. USGS flood plain map 9. USGS/NOS Topographic-bathymetric map 10. NOS storm evacuation map II. USGS/NOS geodetic control diagram 12. NOS coast chart 13. NOS lake chart 14. NOS aeronautical chart 15. BLM plot 16. National Forest map 17. National Park map 18. Federal highway map of the United States 19. (Census map) 271 i( nAI3bt LAIN bh I - I1 NATION'S CAPITAL AREA A~~~~~~~~r r ~ ~ ~ ~ I.I-. y _ r_- m ::' -'"' ... . .... ........ > ' ~ ~,, , *. - *> . ~. j 's*f . . .I _15~~~~~~ -~~~~~;~ b..- --. NONALRV AE R ONAUTICS A .D S P ACE ADMINI SR ATION V; AE --l .,. ; , , j , TI ,. . :f -- -' * mmI wI�rih NASA aid oleries NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AlD SPACE ADMINISTRATION IvAGE INyERIOR-GEOLO0ICAL SURVEY, WASHINGTON, D.C.-1972 W077-301 W076-3011 N038-00 11OCT72 C N38-54/W076-48 N N38-52/W076-43 MSS 4 5 7 0 SUN EL38 AZ149 191-1114-N-I-N-D-IL NASA ERTS E-1080-15192-7 01 5 O 10 20 30 40 MILE *11111 I I I1 Scale approximately 1:1,000,000 2SGeogc Survey U-S. Geological Survey I I I I I I I I Aerial photograph USGS I I I I I I I I I I 273 0 0 D Y A T T 5376 85~~~~~~~3 '/ZZ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ H~~~~~~i Fork LO 1<Z ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IL~ 21 )179 2160 21~~~4 18 * 7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~VVINr TRAIL 5373 V.-,.., �, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T~T 70 N. (I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11 T.AO- 6* 19 N. A AR S TA TE FO0R E T ~~5 0 4 4 5 1 4 5 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~4530000 E. 939 37'30' ROAD CLASSIFICATION Primary highway, Light-duty road, hard or 0 6000 7000 FEET ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~hard surfacd improved surface l< ___KILOMETER__ Secondary highway, hard surface . . Unimproved road 50 FEET IN CANADA~~~~~~~~ Interstate Route 07 U. S. Route SteRoe QUADRAGLE LOATIONDEVLIN, MINN.-ONT. AL MAP ACCURACY STANDARDS N4830-W9337.5/7. 5 IO 80225, OR WASHINGTON, D.C. 20242 Lf AVAILABLE ON- REQUEST 17 AMS 7281 1I SW- SERIES V8720 ilve-m~~~~~~~~~~~~i~ *v7-. Mr- U N /"'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ take".~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~$C 1 j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C-'XCJ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 - 71' ~~~~� �1 -'4~t FE v*''~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ 'x ~~~~ '4 1 ~ ~ ~~~~~'''r',.d, "" �7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I,'~ 4' / / 'A' ' fiS'A~~~~~ Q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C oN "" 1. *j 7 "'4141 / *~~~~~~~71lp," 1 IK w-I Ii ~~~1:~~ -� t. O N STERLING QUADRANGLE ' 1 ~~~VIRGINIA-MARYLAND[Njt 7.5MINTESERIES ORTHOPHOTOQUAD 00~~~~~~~0 04~~~~~~~~4 T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z 7r. 'K~~~~~~~ - - --I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . ~ ~ ' 'S L $ A?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~y STELIN QUDRAGL - ~~~I RIIA-MARYLAN 7.5 MINUTE ~ ~ "-' StERIS(OPGA I I I I I I I i I I USGS slope map I I I I I I Ia I I 277 i svJTocg. ....'.Sno>.. Stony Qe ~ ~ ~ 1 / /2~P Qb p-cg/ ICE!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~vsf .2" t~~~~~7~ L-i~b S 1 ~~~~~~~~4 ..AA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7svc /Q4sv (A Hopkins-i IC vfsfs2 pg-cg 6 yS'~t,2 1 Th~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'n / C 1 Qs~~~~~, / . ~~~~~~~~'Qs Qb U Q IN' '. 'sTERsCHANG %$TERHANGE Rock''? /k) 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~flt, ~~~~~~Qd / IC>. fsvcs pgc9 C~~~~~~t. pgg' /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4 ;-c'0- 0 flv5pgc cb .~/3 I nl~~~s cs, pg bg cb-.. "N, - 'rl ins: are,~~~at I> 'Kc<b7~N Q: ~~l M.7 I GELOGI QUARANGE MA 7. 6 .... 1 ORLE~flS QUADRANGLE MASSACHUSETTS Y 19 ~~~~~~~k a I~~ Qbw 5' to.-.. ~ / 4 ryPstaim lS A ~~~~~U~~~~-K I ~~~~~~~~~~~~?OO~~~~~~~~~~' Carb I~~~~~~~~~2 1 2 / 6<~~~~~~~~~~~FT8 *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. PT~~3'obgg-6 X.90 T I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PLAN AND PROFILE OF QUEETS RIVER, WASHINGTON, AND TRIBUTARIES I ~~~~MISCELLANEOUS DAM SITES ( 3 plan sheets, .? profile sheets) ii SHelenk -J10'~ f'~ I( ~ </VAshton /-.-.. a'3 poin~~~~~~~~~~--(~~>Lnig- eH&,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~gcb Croplorors I- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Woodside- -7 Topsail~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/ il Beac Hampste t~ i ec 1 C~~~~~~~stle~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~ Hultnh ..-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c ts H!I ~~aysville irkland S.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ui t. t .Plant~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N r cim f6 and~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ IeNra- _- -a Ot *imi ~ e~ � EUFRT3OT AOIA'2 0 1 r 1972le Bal1- "C ~ L OPGRPHC-ATYMTRC ERE EXPERIMENTAL PRINTING~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z: T~~Y~E~/ j in~ton Beach '--~ ~ais~ m br o 421 -1 n ,' NI I I I I I I I I. NOS storm evacuation map I I I I I I I I I I 281 I 4'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 1 0" '~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I IE I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~H EHEA I ~~~A SCARBORO REEN STANDPIPE /or a d d i t ionalEENISLAN O WSCARBORO, GRN ANPE CAEELIZABETH F LIH-ITHOOSE 'H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LE PITHf See chart 1204 for additional horizontal cont rol. "I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ F ' ' F F See chart 1205 for additional horizontal control. NASON ~I~ iR~NC I . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F L E T C H E R S N E C K 1 5 6 I.'~~~~~~~~~ I I I I I I I I NOS coast chart I I I I I I. I I I I 28.3 24~~~~~~C 7 323 21 20~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~26 Is~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 17 62 16 9 17 18 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"20 26 22 ' 110 "'%2 25 ~ o25 //29 ~~~~~~~~~"' 26 2V/7 151271/1 19 21 ... I " I - 119 -2- ~25269 I2 172/ / 24 I0 20 20 / 23 9~~~~~~~~~~~ 24 21 1 7 1 9 20 22 2 2 /~~~~// 25 1~~~~~~~~~1 4 ohse Habo Lt 26 N~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 1 9 0 2 6 3 2 IvstHR4~ 2 5 92 2 1 3 23~~~~2 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 15~ ~~~~~~~~~~~1 17 20 ~~~~~~~~~~1942 X~~~~~~~T 70 0134 1Wi 5S .R 12 6 5 14 1 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 4 G2 I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~14 7~~~~~~~~~~ 14 TR, o 2 4 4 4 10 15~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 7~~~~~~~~~ 12 6~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7< *1// Rohete Habr6-< -~ ~~~~~~~~ 7 8 4~~i13LL29 U-1 winoku -- . 'I- 22.2 T ORO ~~~\hite Oak 1 PAf FORD r Tabro ':3584. ~ eoI 160 AVIS~~ ~~~~~, St Ge~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~orged - Onlac ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 FOLKSTON74 A30 ES~IF TER- H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oypr SMYOTC 2. 388 fl e8L80 422 '~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S JAKSNDRLEWS97.p ~ UA~ ~~~A CEI S T -16.M ARYSg Highland~~~~~~~~~6 - 250 R etr ES 235 StANOIN~~~~~~~~~~~~32 -2 RADN BEA C H ragdl T~~nonee o SCIONali c YUAERONANDINALCAT -OLMO j /73s R290313 icolata T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~BACH~ Up' - - /1 (97-> / 1D - - Y/IJ('j/,tjn Q> - K 1Y) 60 60 40 B' Cs- ,SCC,'�I pYc'43 I 4) (SO - U a -' * 0 0 -B- I '- ,tYec'9 ,tc'JO c/il C Ce- , I it 7:466 Thco2L@. Ills- 0 C- 10 ,vtCr.r g'ec 16' V. U 6Q74 CC> AC I Tr K> N) t j$J37cT r Scar Crcc.JS Xv nAil- - - - U-- -t - r&62 r - fl-iJr---- - - t26 - ,, - - - - - - - - - -- - s'tA%s- .'---CZ5CC&VZ-17-72.-*Y> - -' I "- - -- .t, - -,, - -- �, I stS-;i: - - Loo Vfy, Py * L IV, PikN Loko~~~~~~~../B~~~~~~6~~~~~o . ,Portridoo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ P N N E A _~~~~~~,___ 6. Dr4Lt_ -~ tB~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ !krr B ooin - - - l g-t ko 7 LAKE1 I ono~~~~~~~B dad COUR LAK ,Rib R.~ L BLosh L ~~~*' RoooL LI ~~~~~~~Moon C-..~Gribo C71._odih,\ ~ -. Long -uk L[ Ot. Lok, obl InC tL I.~~~~~ i Tog~~~o. f/Roth Cone - - Slob ___~Bng.UmiI __ Litl Id. I J Noith '- SootlE~~ 'o Vonrh Crot'- -- . . st. -~~~~~~~~~~~~co~ 4 P Toe -Lew ~~~~~VL Lakowe R o L, ___ Ablto Et'~~fIo 20 t L Tot, -- - - o~o Po n---- LI~~~~~~~~ - StenoL .~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ Zoot N--04Eto /d enPiots� Lo oronB ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lo 4 ~~~~~~I Binogoon -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t Lok Lih- 2 C'~~~~.o _-tI/t p104oirtpiMnk Lak,, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~RBTo,, 6 'si/sooN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ML A - - -w- k C,~ ~o~ns ~ llgTde~~E jr LU Gb01 o S PIKE L~dmB.Tor ~ *~tL ~ CSVS ~~~~~~V. - ---LABAES CRESEN L. o ow~~~~AE , I Good I-AorAor BD~,TACK STATE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RV PARK ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'I I I B I I U U I I National Park map I I I I I U I I I 288 I I I I I U I I Federal highway map of the United States I I I I I U I I I 289 I I I I I I Census map I I I I I I I 290 I INDEX A * I ~~~B I D 291 I U I I I IFNI I I I 1 I I