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Coastal Zone Information Center 4 1h, "A, A V'f 011 If 711 ol gg OW -qW Mal"' 611 L Ak., unici GB 705 G73 G74 n a ra 11'r 1976 appendix v.6 .1141AMi-T L^ES. BASIN F STU-P Ael Great Lakes Basin Framework Study Property of CSC Library APPENDIX 6 WATER SUPPLY -MUNICIPAL.' INDUSTRIAL, AND RURAL U - S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON I SC 29405-2413 r Z_ C14 GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION Fl- Prepared by Water Supply Work Group Sponsored by Water Supply Section U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V CLIN Published by the Public Information Office, Great Lakes Basin Commission, 3475 Plymouth Road, P.O. Box 999, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. Printed in 1975. Cover photo by Kristine Moore Meves. This appendix to the Report of the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study was prepared at field level under the auspices of the Great Lakes Basin Commission to provide data for use in the conduct of the Study and preparation of the Report. The conclusions and recommendations herein are those of the group preparing the appendix and not necessarily those of the Basin Commission. The recommendations of the Great Lakes Basin Commission are included in the Report. The copyright material reproduced in this volume of the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study was printed with the kind consent of the copyright holders. Section 8, title 17, United States Code, provides: The publication or republication by the Government, either separately or in a public document, of any material in which copyright is subsisting shall not be taken to cause any abridgement or annulment of the copyright or to authorize any use or appropriation of such copyright material without the consent of the copyright proprietor. The Great Lakes Basin Commission requests that no copyrighted material in this volume be republished or reprinted without the permission of the author. OUTLINE Report Appendix 1: Alternative Frameworks Appendix 2: Surface Water Hydrology Appendix 3: Geology and Ground Water Appendix 4: Limnology of Lakes and Embayments Appendix 5: Mineral Resources Appendix 6: Water Supply-Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Appendix 7: Water Quality Appendix 8: Fish Appendix C9: Commercial Navigation Appendix R9: Recreational Boating Appendix 10: Power Appendix 11: Levels and Flows Appendix 12: Shore Use and Erosion Apoendix 13: Land Use and Management Appendix 14: Flood Plains Appendix 15: Irrigation Appendix 16: Drainage Appendix 17: Wildlife Appendix 18: Erosion and Sedimentation Appendix 19: Economic and Demographic Studies Appendix F20: Federal Laws, Policies, and Institutional Arrangements Appendix S20: State Laws, Policies, and Institutional Arrangements Appendix 21: Outdoor Recreation Appendix 22: Aesthetic and Cultural Resources Appendix 23: Health Aspects Environmental Impact Statement 0 CGASTAL ZONE SYNOPSIS WFORMAM"M Appendix 6, Water Supply-Municipal, In- ments are not included in this study and are dustrial, and Rural, is concerned with quan- reported separately in Appendix 16, Irriga- titative requirements for water used by com- tion. Rural communities, farms, and isolated munities, manufacturing industries, and rural dwellings on small plots of land comprise rural residents of the Great Lakes Basin. Al- this user category, which includes domestic though water quality is important as a deter- and commercial uses and the watering of minant of water sources, types of water yards, gardens, and livestock. treatment to be applied, and the ultimate uses For the 1970 base year, withdrawal re- to be made of water, the quality of water quirements for the three user categories in available for these uses has not been assessed the Great Lakes Basin are estimated to be in this appendix. Instead, it has been assumed 4,300 million gallons per day (mgd) for the mu- that the quality of water, if it has not been a nicipal -users, 500 mgd for rural users, and constraint to use in the past, generally will not 11,800 mgd for industrial users. Approxi- restrict the use of the Basin's water resources mately 1,200 mgd of the industrial require- in the future. ment is believed to be provided by municipal Each of three uses-municipal, industrial, systems, while the remainder is self-supplied. and rural-has been studied and is re- By the year 2020, municipal withdrawal ported separately. Municipal water supply in- requirements are projected to be approxi- cludes communities of all sizes that are served mately 9,200 mgd, rural requirements approx- by central water service systems. Municipal imately 740 mgd, and industrial requirements supply and uses, which are reported as the approximately 12,800 mgd. In developing the sum of all requirements, are also reported in projections of the water withdrawal require- two major user categories: dome stic-commer- ments for municipal and rural water use, it cial, and industrial. has been assumed that the rural population Industrial water supply pertains only to will remain constant. All increases in popula- manufacturing industries and does not in- tion and the attendant water needs would be clude electric power generation by public or met by municipal water systems. Changes in privately owned utilities. Under the Standard per capita water use in the rural and munici- Industrial Classification System (SIC), manu- pal projections should also reflect the in- facturing is classified under the major indus- creased use of water-using home appliances try groups SIC 19 through SIC 39. This study with increasing affluence, as well as im- is addressed to the activities of industries in provements in water systems management. those groups. Approximately 10 percent of the Projections of the industrial water require- total manufacturing water supply needs in ments are based on estimates of the growth of the Great Lakes Basin are now supplied by the sector and its large water-using indus- municipal systems. The remaining 90 percent tries. These projections are strongly influ- is self-supplied. The fact that the manufactur- enced by projections of the impact of govern- ing sector as a whole is relatively self-suffi- ment and industry actions to abate environ- cient in meeting its water requirements is mental pollution. It is assumed that industry ample justification for studying this sector will attempt to reduce or recover costs related separately from the municipal supply. In addi- to pollution control, and that recirculation and tion, separate discussion of this subject is reuse of water in the manufacturing plants justified by the size of its total requirements, will become a common practice. The assump- the variety of its uses of water, and the prac- tion that industry groups in the Great Lakes tice and feasibility of recycling water in man- Basin will recirculate their water by 2000 at ners not adaptable to domestic use. rates at least equal to the highest recircula- Rural water use covers the farm and rural tion rates presently practiced by similar nonfarm uses of water not supplied through groups is applied in the development of pro- central systems. Irrigation water require- jected requirements for future years. As a v vi Appendix 6 consequence, water requirements for indus- difference between withdrawals and dis- try are projected to decline for some industry charges of water and general assumptions groups and planning subareas during the mid- that relate climatic factors to water use and term projection period. Eventually all with- storage. drawal requirements will begin to rise again when industrial production gains begin to out- In 1970, consumptive losses from municipal, pace the economies in water use that can be industrial, and rural use were estimated at realized through recirculation. For most plan 1,400 mgd in the Great Lakes Basin. Approxi- areas this event may occur around 2000. mately 60 percent of the losses resulted from Water consumption by the three user industrial usage. By the year 2020 approxi- categories is also assessed and projected. In mately 7,600 mgd of water should be con- this appendix, consumption is the estimated sumed, of which 80 percent will be used by quantity of water that becomes unavailable manufacturers. for immediate reuse in a river basin as a result Although the consequences of increasing of its domestic use, its incorporation in farm consumptive losses were not investigated in produce and manufactured products, evapo- the study preceding this appendix, it is noted ration, transpiration, and other losses. Con- in this report that consumption may be highly sumptive losses are estimated by using the relevant to future planning. FOREWORD The Water Supply Section of the Environ- Gordon Anderson, Michigan Department of mental Protection Agency (EPA) was as- Natural Resources signed the task of assessing the present and John Anderson, Illinois Environmental Pro- future water requirements of municipal, in- tection Agency dustrial, and rural users in the Great Lakes John Finck, New York State Department of Basin. The U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Conservation Bureau of Domestic Commerce, and the U.S. George G. Fassnacht, Indiana State Board Department of Agriculture, Economic Re- of Health search Service, were responsible for preparing A. L. Fishback, Ohio Department of Health the industrial water-use assessments and pro- Charles K. Garland, Massillon Steel Casting, jections. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Massillon, Ohio prepared the rural water-use assessments Gene Hollenstein, Minnesota Department of and projections. Conservation Members of the Water Supply Work Group Eugene A. Jarecki, Great Lakes Basin represented various agencies of the eight Commission Basin States, seven Federal agencies, munici- Lowell Johnson, Wisconsin Department of pal governments, and industrial associations. Natural Resources Acknowledgements are extended to Robert Donald Keech, Michigan Department of Brewer of the U.S. Department of Commerce, Public Health Bureau of Domestic Commerce, for his effort Ernest Kidder, Michigan State University in the preparation of the industrial water-use Harry Krampitz, U.S. Army Corps of En- sections of the appendix and for general as- gineers sistance. Acknowledgements are also ex- Wendell R. LaDue, Ohio Water Commission tended to Gordon Anderson of the Michigan Anthony H. K. Ma, City Planning Commis- Department of Natural Resources, who con- sion, Youngstown, Ohio tributed much time and effort in preparing the William S. Miska, U.S. Department of Inter- section on alternative possibilities related to ior, Bureau of Mines future water-use prospects and a portion of John L. Okay, U.S. Department of Agricul- the section discussing methodology. The con- ture, Soil Conservation Service tributions of Lee Christensen of the U.S. De- Gordon E. Olivier, Michigan Department of partment of Agriculture, Economic Research Public Health Service, were of great value in the preparation Louis Orzehoskie, U.S. Army Corps of En- of the rural water-use sections of the report. gineers The assistance from the staff of the U.S. En- Melville L. Palmer, Ohio State University vironmental Protection Agency, Water Sup- Charles Pettit, Public Utilities Bureau, Ak- ply Section, Region V, was invaluable in the ron, Ohio preparation of this appendix. Stanley R. Quackenbush, Michigan De- Members of the Water Supply Work Group partment of Agriculture are listed below: Anthony R. Rudnick, Ohio Department of Andrew Stoddard (Chairman), U.S. Envi- Natural Resources ronmental Protection Agency, Water Supply William J. Schuck, U.S. Environmental Pro- Section, Region V tection Agency, Office of Water Programs, Re- Robert Brewer (Cochairman), U.S. Depart- gion V ment of Commerce, Bureau of Domestic Com- Dr. Norman R. Sedlander, University of To- merce ledo Lee Christensen, U.S. Department of Ag- Arthur E. Slaughter, Michigan Department riculture, Economic Research Service of Natural Resources vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page OUTLINE .................................................................... iii SYNOPSIS ................................................................... v FOREWORD ................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................ xviii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................... xxiv INTRODUCTION ............................................................. xxvii I METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 1 1.1 Municipal Water Supply Requirements ............................... 1 1.1.1 Introduction ................................................... 1 1.1.2 Forecasting Municipal Water Use ............................. 3 1.2 Projected Cost Estimates for Municipal Water Supplies .............. 6 1.2.1 Summary ...................................................... 6 1.2.2 Rationale ...................................................... 7 1.2.2.1 Development of Surface Water Supply Facilities ....... 7 1.2.2.2 Development of Ground Water Supply Facilities ....... 10 1.2.3 Computation Method .......................................... 12 1.2.3.1 Illustrative Example of Cost Estimate Computation ... 13 1.2.4 Federal Assistance Available for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities ........................................ 14 1.2.4.1 Farmers Home Administration ........................ 15 1.2.4.2 Economic Development Administration ................ 15 1.2.4.3 Department of Housing and Urban Development ...... 15 1.2.5 American Water Works Association Statements of Policy on Pub- lic- Water Supply Matters Pertinent to Financing .............. 16 1.3 Industrial Water Supply Requirements ............................... 17 1.3.1 Introduction ................................................... 17 1.3.2 Forecasting Industrial Water Use ............................. 18 1.3.3 Standard Industrial Classification System Codes for Manufac- turing ......................................................... 22 1.4 Rural Water Supply Requirements ................................... 22 1.4.1 Introduction ................................................... 22 1.4.2 Forecasting Rural Water Use .................................. 22 1.4.2.1 Rural Nonfarm Requirements ......................... 27 1.4.2.2 Rural Farm Requirements ............................ 27 1.4.2.3 Sources of Water ...................................... 27 1.4.2.4 Consumptive Water Use ............................... 27 1.4.2.5 Regional Differences in Water Requirements per Unit of Use .................................................... 27 ix x Appendix 6 Page 2 SUMMARY OF GREAT LAKES BASIN WATER USE .................... 29 2.1 Present and Projected Municipal Water Use .......................... 29 2.1.1 Great Lakes Basin ............................................. 29 2.1.2 Lake Superior Basin ........................................... 32 2.1.3 Lake Michigan Basin .......................................... 34 2.1.4 Lake Huron Basin ............................................. 35 2.1.5 Lake Erie Basin ............................................... 35 2.1.6 Lake Ontario Basin ............................................ 36 2.2 Public Health Aspects of Municipal Water Supplies ................... 37 2.2.1 Surface-Water Quality ......................................... 37 2.2.2 Ground-Water Quality ..... 40 2.3 Review of Public Water Supply Research Needs and Recommendations 41 2.3.1 Summary: Research Studies Urgently Needed ................. 41 2.3.2 General Areas ................................................. 42 2.3.3 Water Resources ............................................... 43 2.3.4 Water Treatment .............................................. 44 2.3.5 Water Distribution ............................................ 45 2.3.6 Public Health .................................................. 46 2.3.7 Laboratory Procedures ........................................ 47 2.4 Present and Projected Industrial Water Use .......................... 47 2.5 Present and Projected Rural Water Use .............................. 49 3 LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN ................................................ 55 3.1 Summary ............................................................. 55 3.1.1 The Study Area ......... 55 3.1.2 Economic and Demograpl@ic h'*a*r*a*ct*e*r'i*s'tic*s' 55 3.1.3 Water Resources ........... 55 57 3.1.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 3.1.5 Acknowledgements ............................................ 57 3.2 Lake Superior West, Planning Subarea 1.1 ........................... 59 3.2.1 Description of Planning Subarea ............................... 59 3.2.1.1 Location ............................................... 59 3.2.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 59 3.2.1.3 Climate ................................................ 61 3.2.2 Water Resources ............................................... 61 3.2.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 61 3.2.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 61 3.2.3 Water-User Profile ............................................. 62 3.2.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 62 3.2.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 62 3.2.3.3 Rural Water Users .................................... 62 3.2.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 62 3.2.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 64 3.2.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 64 3.2.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 68 3.2.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 68 3.2.5.1 Municipal .............................................. 68 3.2.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 70 3.2.5.3 Rural .................................................. 70 3.3 Lake Superior East, Planning Subarea 1.2 ............................ 70 3.3.1 Description of Planning Subarea ............................... 70 3.3.1.1 Location ............................................... 70 3.3.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 70 3.3.1.3 Climate ................................................ 70 3.3.2 Water Resources ............................................... 72 3.3.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 72 Table of Contents xi Page 3.3.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 72 3.3.3 Water-User Profile ............................................. 73 3.3.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 73 3.3-3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 73 3.3.3.3 Rural Water Users .................................... 73 3.3.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 73 3.3.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 73 3.3.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 74 3.3.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 74 3.3.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 76 3.3.5.1 Municipal .............................................. 76 3.3.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 76 3.3.5.3 Rural .................................................. 77 4 LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN ................................................ 79 4.1 Summary ............................................................. 79 4.1.1 The Study Area ................................................ 79 4 .1.2 Economic and Demographic Characteristics ................... 79 4 .1.3 Water Resources ............................................... 79 4 .1.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 81 4 .1.5 Acknowledgements ............................................ 83 4.2 Lake Michigan Northwest, Planning Subarea 2.1 ..................... 84 4.2.1 Description of Planning Subarea ............................... 84 4.2.1.1 Location ............................................... 84 4.2.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 84 4.2.1.3 Climate ................................................ 84 4.2.2 Water Resources ............................................... 84 4.2.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 84 4.2.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 86 4.2.3 Water-User Profile ............................................. 86 4.2.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 86 4.2.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 86 4.2.3.3 Rural Water Users .................................... 86 4.2.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 87 4.2.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 87 4.2.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 89 4.2.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 93 4.2.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 94 4.2.5.1 Municipal .............................................. 94 4.2.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 95 4.2.5.3 Rural .................................................. 96 4.3 Lake Michigan Southwest, Planning Subarea 2.2 ..................... 97 4.3.1 Description of Planning Subarea ............................... 97 4.3.1.1 Location ............................................... 97 4.3.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 97 4.3.1.3 Climate ................................................ 97 4.3.2 Water Resources ............................................... 97 4.3.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 97 4.3.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 99 4.4.3 Water-User Profile ............................................ 99 4.3-3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 99 4.3.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 100 4.3.3.3 Rural Water Users ............................ * *... * " 100 4.3.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 100 4.3.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 100 4.3.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 106 xii Appendix 6 Page 4.3.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 108 4.3.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 109 4.3.5.1 Municipal .............................................. 109 4.3.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 110 4.3.5.3 Rural .................................................. ill 4.4 Lake Michigan Southeast, Planning Subarea 2.3 ...................... ill 4.4.1 Description of Planning Subarea ............................... ill 4.4.1.1 Location ............................................... ill 4.4.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... ill 4.4.1.3 Climate ................................................ 113 4.4.2 Water Resources ............................................... 113 4.4.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 113 4.4.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 113 4.4.3 Water-User Profile ............................................. 113 4.4.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 113 4.4.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 114 4.4.3.3 Rural Water Users .................................... 114 4.4.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 115 4.4.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 115 4.4.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 115 4.4.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 118 4.4.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 118 4.4.5.1 Municipal .............................................. 118 4.4.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 121 4.4.5.3 Rural .................................................. 122 4.5 Lake Michigan Northeast, Planning Subarea 2.4 ...................... 123 4.5.1 Description of Planning Subarea ............................... 123 4.5.1.1 Location ............................................... 123 4.5.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 123 4.5.1.3 Climate ................................................ 123 4.5.2 Water Resources ............................................... 123 4.5.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 123 4.5.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 125 4.5.3 Water-User Profile ............................................. 125 4.5.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 125 4.5.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 125 4.5.3.3 Rural Water Users ......................... .......... 126 4.5.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 126 4.5.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 126 4.5.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 126 4.5.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 129 4.5.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 130 4.5.5.1 Municipal .............................................. 130 4.5.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 130 4.5.5.3 Rural .................................................. 130 5 LAKE HURON BASIN .................................................... 133 5.1 Summary ... 133 5.1.1 The Stu y Area ................................................ 133 5.1.2 Economic and Demographic Characteristics ................... 133 5.1.3 Water Resources ............................. 133 5.1.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 135 5.1.5 Acknowledgements ............................................ 137 5.2 Lake Huron North, Planning Subarea 3.1 ............................. 137 5.2.1 Description of Planning Subarea ............................... 137 5.2.1.1 Location ............................................... 137 Table of Contents xiii Page 5.2.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 138 5.2.1.3 Climate ................................................ 138 5.2.2 Water Resources ............................................... 138 5.2.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 138 5.2.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 140 5.2.3 Water-User Profile ............................................. 140 5.2.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 140 5.2.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................. 141 5.2.3.3 Rural Water U sers .................................... 141 5.2.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 141 5.2.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 141 5.2.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 141 5.2.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 142 5.2.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 142 5.2.5.1 Municipal .............................................. 142 5.2.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 144 5.2.5.3 Rural .................................................. 144 5.3 Lake Huron Central, Planning Subarea 3.2 ............................ 144 5.3.1 Description of Planning Subarea ............................... 144 5.3.1.1 Location ............................................... 144 5.3.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 144 5.3.1.3 Climate ................................................ 146 5..3.2 Water Resources ............................................... 146 5.3.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 146 5.3.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 146 5.3.3 Water-User Profile ............................................. 147 5.3.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 147 5.3.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 147 5.3.3.3 Rural Water Users ......................... .......... 147 5.3.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 148 5.3.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 148 5.3.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 149 5.3.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 152 5.3.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 152 5.3.5.1 Municipal .............................................. 152 5.3.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 152 5.3.5.3 Rural .................................................. 153 6 LAKE ERIE BASIN ...................................................... 155 6.1 Summary ............................................................. 155 6.1.1 The Study Area ................................................ 155 6.1.2 Economic and Demographic Characteristics ................... 155 6.1.3 Water Resources .......... .... 157 6.1.4 Present and Projected WaterWithd *raw*al* Requiremen *ts .... 158 6.1.5 Acknowledgements ............................................ 158 6.2 Lake Erie Northwest, Planning Subarea 4.1 .......................... 160 6.2.1 Description of Planning Subarea .............................. 160 6.2.1.1 Location ............................................... 160 6.2.1.2 Topography and Geography ............................ 160 6.2.1.3 Climate ................................................ 162 6.2.2 Water Resources .............................................. 162 6.2.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 162 6.2.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 163 6.2.3 Water-User Profile ............................................ 163 6.2.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 163 6.2.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 164 xiv Appendix 6 Page 6.2.3.3 Rural Water Users .................................... 164 6.2.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 164 6.2.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 164 6.2.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 165 6.2.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 168 6.2.5 Needs, Problem;, and Solutions ................................ 169 6.2.5.1 Municipal ............................................. 169 6.2.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 170 6.2.5.3 Rural ................. ................................ 171 6.3 Lake Erie Southwest, Planning Subarea 4.2 .......................... 171 6.3.1 Description of Planning Subarea .............................. 171 6.3.1.1 Location ............................................... 171 6.3.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 171 6.3.1.3 Climate ................................................ 171 6.3.2 Water Resources .............................................. 171 6.3.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 171 6.3.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 173 6.3.3 Water-User Profile ............................................ 173 6.3.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 173 6.3.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 173 6.3.3.3 Rural Water Users .................................... 174 6.3.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 174 6.3.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 174 6.3.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 178 6.3.4.3 Rural Water Use ....................................... 180 6.3.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 180 6.3.5.1 Municipal ............................................. 180 6.3.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 182 6.3.5.3 Rural .................................................. 183 6.4 Lake Erie Central, Planning Subarea 4.3 ............................. 183 6.4.1 Description of Planning Subarea .............................. 183 6.4.1.1 Location ............................................... 183 6.4.1.2 Topography and Geography ...... ..................... 183 6.4.1.3 Climate ................................................ 183 6.4.2 Water Resource s .............................................. 183 6.4.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 183 6.4.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 185 6.4.3 Water-User Profile ............................................ 185 6.4.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 185 6.4.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 185 6.4.3.3 Rural Water Users .................................... 186 6.4.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 186 6.4.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 186 6.4.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 190 6.4.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 190 6.4.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 190 6.4.5.1 Municipal ............................................. 190 6.4.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 193 6.4.5.3 Rural .................................................. 194 6.5 Lake Erie East, Planning Subarea 4.4 ................................. 194 6.5.1 Description of Planning Subarea .............................. 194 6.5.1.1 Location ............................................... 194 6.5.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 194 6.5.1.3 Climate ................................................ 194 6.5.2 Water Resources .............................................. 194 6.5.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 194 6.5.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 196 Table of Contents xv Page 6.5.3 Water-User Profile ............................................. 196 6.5.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 196 6.5.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 196 6.5.3.3 Rural Water Users .................................... 197 6.5.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 197 6.5.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 197 6.5.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 199 6.5.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 203 6.5.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 203 6.5.5.1 Municipal ............................................. 203 6.5.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 204 6.5.5.3 Rural .................................................. 205 7 LAKE ONTARIO BASIN .................................................. 207 7.1 Summary ............................................................. 207 7.1.1 The Study Area ............................................... 207 7.1.2 Economic and Demographic Characteristics ................... 207 7.1.3 Water Resources .............................................. 209 7.1.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 209 7.1.5 Acknowledgements ............................................ 211 7.2 Lake Ontario West, Planning Subarea 5.1 ............................ 211 7.2.1 Description of Planning Subarea .............................. 211 7.2.1.1 Location ............................................... 211 7.2.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 211 7.2.1.3 Climate ................................................ 212 7.2.2 Water Resources .............................................. 214 7.2.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 214 7.2.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 214 7.2.3 Water-User Profile ............................................ 214 7.2.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 214 7.2.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 215 7.2.3.3 Rural Water Users .................................... 215 7.2.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 215 7.2.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 215 7.2.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 217 7.2.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 219 7.2.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 220 7.2.5.1 Municipal ............................................. 220 7.2.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 221 7.2.5.3 Rural .................................................. 221 7.3 Lake Ontario Central, Planning Subarea 5.2 .......................... 221 7.3.1 Description of Planning Subarea .............................. 221 7.3.1.1 Location ............................................... 221 7.3.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 221 7.3.1.3 Climate ................................................ 223 7.3.2 Water Resources .............................................. 223 7.3.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 223 7.3.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 224 7.3.3 Water-User Profile ............................................ 224 7.3.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 224 7.3.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 225 7.3.3.3 Rural Water Users .................................... 225 7.37.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 225 7.3.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 225 7.3.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 226 7.3.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 230 7.3.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 230 xvi Appendix 6 Page 7.3.5.1 Municipal ............................................. 230 7.3.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 230 7.3.5.3 Rural .................................................. 232 7.4 Lake Ontario East, Planning Subarea 5.3 ............................. 232 7.4.1 Description of Planning Subarea .............................. 232 7.4.1.1 Location ............................................... 232 7.4.1.2 Topography and Geography ........................... 232 7.4.1.3 Climate ................................................ 232 7.4.2 Water Resources .............................................. 234 7.4.2.1 Surface-Water Resources .............................. 234 7.4.2.2 Ground-Water Resources .............................. 234 7.4.3 Water-User Profile ............................................ 235 7.4.3.1 Municipal Water Users ................................ 235 7.4.3.2 Industrial Water Users ................................ 235 7.4.3.3 Rural Water Users .................................... 235 7.4.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements ....... 235 7.4.4.1 Municipal Water Use .................................. 235 7.4.4.2 Industrial Water Use .................................. 237 7.4.4.3 Rural Water Use ...................................... 238 7.4.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ................................ 238 7.4.5.1 Municipal ............................................. 238 7.4.5.2 Industrial ............................................. 238 7.4.5.3 Rural .................................................. 239 8 ALTERNATIVE POSSIBILITIES RELATED TO FUTURE WATER USE PROSPECTS IN THE GREAT LAKES BASIN ............................ 241 8.1 Ground-Water Management .......................................... 241 8.2 Storage of Surface Water ............................................. 241 8.2.1 Offstream Storage ............................................. 241 8.2.2 Onstream. Storage ............................................. 242 8.2.3 Evaporation Reduction in Storage ............................. 242 8.3 Improved Distribution Systems ....................................... 242 8.4 Increased Transport of Water ........................................ 242 8.5 Technological Improvements ......................................... 242 8.5.1 Process Modification in Industries ............................. 242 8.5.2 Recirculation .................................................. 243 8.5.3 Reclamation of Wastewater ...................... 243 8.5.3.1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency @o'1'i'c*y-S*t'a't*e'-* ment on Water Reuse ................................. 243 8.5.3.2 American Water Works Association Policy Statement on the Use of Reclaimed Wastewaters as a Public Water Supply Source ......................................... 243 8.5.4 Other Prospective Technological Advances .................... 244 8.6 Water-Use Management ......... : * *... ***-*******---*****-** 244 8.6.1 Metering and Pricing Policies .................................. 244 8.6.2 Water Rationing ................................................ 244 8.6.3 Public Education ........ 245 8.6.4 Effluent Restrictions and @e*fa'ied 1@e' 245 8.6.5 Water Supply Service as a Tool for Guiding Regional Develop- ment .......................................................... 245 8.7 Land-Use Management ............................................... 245 8.7.1 Land-Use Changes ............................................ 245 8.7.2 Rural Land Management ...................................... 245 8.7.3 Zoning of Industrial Sites ..................................... 246 8.8 Weather Modification ................................................. 246 8.9 Exogenous Factors Affecting Water Needs ............................ 246 8.10 Summary ............................................................. 247 Table of Contents xvii Page GLOSSARY .................................................................. 249 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................. 253 LIST OF REFERENCES ..................................................... 255 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................. 259 ADDENDUM ................................................................. 261 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 6-1 Municipal Water Use .................................................. 2 6-2 Summary of Unit Costs Required for the Development of Municipal Water Supplies ........................................................ 7 6-3 January 1970 Reservoir Costs ......................................... 8 6-4 Summary of Unit Costs Required for the Development of Municipal Surface-Water Supplies ................................................ 8 6-5 Summary of Unit Costs Required for the Development of Municipal Ground-Water Supplies ................................................ 11 6-6 Municipal Water Supply Cost Indices .................................. 12 6-7 Sample Computation of Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Plan- ning Subarea 2.4 ...................................................... 14 6-8 Major Manufacturing Counties in'the Great Lakes Basin ............. 18 6-9 Great Lakes Basin Rural, Domestic, Crop, and Livestock Basic Water Use Budget, 1970 ...................................................... 23 6-10 Great Lakes Basin Rural, Domestic, Crop, and Livestock Basic Water Use Budget, 1980 ...................................................... 24 6-11 Great Lakes Basin Rural, Domestic, Crop, and Livestock Basic Water Use Budget, 2000 ...................................................... 25 6-12 Great Lakes Basin Rural, Domestic, Crop, and Livestock Basic Water Use Budget, 2020 ...................................................... 26 6-13 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use in the Great Lakes Basin ................................................ 30 6-14 Base Municipal Water Supply in the Great Lakes Basin .............. 31 6-15 Base and Projected Municipal Water Supply in the Great Lakes Basin. 31 6-16 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Great Lakes Basin ........ 32 6-17 Total Manufacturing Withdrawals from All Sources, Great LakesBasin. 50 6-18 Shares of Rural Water Requirements by Specific Components, Great Lakes Basin ........................................................... 51 xviii List of Tables xix Table Page 6-19 Relative Direction of Change Projected for Rural Water Requirements, 1970 to 2020, Great Lakes Basin ....................................... 51 6-20 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Great Lakes Basin 52 6-21 Summary of Rural Water Use in the Great Lakes Basin .............. 52 6-22 Rural Nonfarm, Rural Domestic, Livestock, Spray Water, and Total Rural Water Requirements, Great Lakes Basin, 1970 ................. 53 6-23 Rural Nonfarm, Rural Domestic, Livestock, Spray Water, and Total Rural Water Requirements, Great Lakes Basin, 1980 ................. 54 6-24 Rural Nonfarm, Rural Domestic, Livestock, Spray Water, and Total Rural Water Requirements, Great Lakes Basin, 2000 ................. 54 6-25 Rural Nonfarm, Rural Domestic, Livestock, Spray Water, and Total Rural Water Requirements, Great Lakes Basin, 2020 ................. 54 6-26 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Lake Superior Basin .................................................. 58 6-27 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Lake Superior Basin ...... 59 6-28 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 1.1 ................................................. 63 6-29 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 1.1, Wisconsin and Min- nesota ................................................................. 65 6-30 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 1.1, Minnesota ............ 66 6-31 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 1.1, Wisconsin ............ 67 6-32 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 1.1 .......... 68 6-33 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 1.1 69 6-34 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 1.1 ..... 69 6-35 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 1.2 ................................................. 74 6-36 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 1.2, Michigan ............. 75 6-37 Estimated Manufacturing Water Requirements, Planning Subarea 1.2 76 6-38 Rural Water Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 1.2 76 6-39 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Lake Michigan Basin ................................................. 82 6-40 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Lake Michigan Basin ..... 83 xx Appendix 6 Table Page 6-41 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.1 .................................................. 88 6-42 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.1, Wisconsin and Michigan 90 6-43 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.1, Wisconsin ............ 91 6-44 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.1, Michigan ............. 92 6-45 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.1 .......... 93 6-46 Rural Water Use, Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 2.1 93 6-47 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 2.1 ..... 95 6-48 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.2 ................................................. 102 6-49 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.2, Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin ............................................................. 103 6-50 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.2, Illinois ............... 104 6-51 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.2, Indiana .............. 105 6-52 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.2, Wisconsin ............ 106 6-53 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.2 .......... 107 6-54 Estimated Manufacturing Water Withdrawals by State, Planning Sub- area 2.2 ............................................................... 108 6-55 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 2.2 109 6-56 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 2.2 ..... 109 6-57 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.3 ................................................. 116 6-58 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.3, Indiana and Michigan 117 6-59 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.3, Indiana .............. 118 6-60 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.3, Michigan ............. 119 6-61 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.3 .......... 120 6-62 Manufacturing Water Withdrawals and Consumption by State, Planning Subarea 2.3 ........................................................... 120 6-63 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 2.3 121 6-64 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 2.3 ..... 121 List of Tables xxi Table Page 6-65 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.4 ................................................. 127 6-66 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.4, Michigan ............. 128 6-67 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.4 .......... 129 6-68 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 2.4 130 6-69 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 2.4 ..... 131 6-70 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Lake Huron Basin .................................................... 136 6-71 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Lake Huron Basin ........ 137 6-72 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 3.1 ................................................. 142 6-73 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 3.1, Michigan ............. 143 6-74 Estimated Manufacturing Water Requirements, Planning Subarea 3.1 143 6-75 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 3.1 143 6-76 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 3.1 ..... 144 6-77 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 3.2 ................................................. 148 6-78 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 3.2, Michigan ............. 150 6-79 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 3.2 .......... 151 6-80 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 3.2 152 6-81 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 3.2 ..... 153 6-82 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Lake Erie Basin ...................................................... 159 6-83 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Lake Erie Basin .......... 160 6-84 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.1 ................................................. 165 6-85 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.1, Michigan ............. 166 6-86 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.1 .......... 167 6-87 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 4.1 169 x-xii Appendix 6 Table Page 6-88 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 4.1 ..... 169 6-89 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.2 ................................................. 175 6-90 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.2, Indiana and Ohio ..... 176 6-91 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.2, Ohio .................. 177 6-92 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.2, Indiana .............. 178 6-93 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.2 .......... 179 6-94 Estimated Manufacturing Withdrawals by State, Planning Subarea 4.2 180 6-95 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 4.2 180 6-96 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 4.2 ..... 181 6-97 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.3 .................................................. 187 6-98 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.3, Ohio .................. 188 6-99 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.3 .......... 191 6-100 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 4.3 191 6-101 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 4.3 ..... 192 6-102 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.4 ................................................. 198 6-103 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.4, New York and Pennsyl- vania .................................................................. 199 6-104 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.4, New York ............ 200 6-105 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.4, Pennsylvania ......... 201 6-106 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.4 .......... 202 6-107 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use by State, Planning Subarea 4.4 203 6-108 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 4.4 203 6-109 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 4.4 ..... 204 6-110 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industri al, and Rural Water Use, Lake Ontario Basin ................................................... 210 6-111 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Lake Ontario Basin ....... 212 List of Tables xxiii Table Page 6-112 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.1 ................................................. 216 6-113 Municipal Water Supply,. Planning Subarea 5.1, New York ............ 218 6-114 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.1 .......... 219 6-115 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 5.1 220 6-116 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 5.1 ..... 220 6-117 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.2 ................................................. 226 6-118 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 5.2, New York ............ 228 6-119 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.2 .......... 229 6-120 Manufacturing Employment, Employee Productivity, and Water Re- quirements, Oswego River Basin, Planning Subarea 5.2 ............... 229 6-121 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 5.2 230 6-122 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 5.2 ..... 231 6-123 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.3 ................................................. 236 6-124 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 5.3, New York ............ 237 6-125 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.3 .......... 239 6-126 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Planning Subarea 5.3 239 6-127 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 5.3 ..... 240 6-128 Water Resource Management Measures ............................... 247 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 6-1 Wire-to-Water Efficiency ............................................... 9 6-2 Investment Costs for All Types of Treatment of Surface Waters ........ 9 6-3 Surface-Water Treatment Costs ........................................ 10 6-4 Cost of Producing Ground Water in the Great Lakes Basin ............. 11 6-5 Investment Costs for All Types of Treatment of Ground Water ......... 12 6-6 Industrialized Counties-Great Lakes Basin ........................... 19 6-7 Great Lakes Region Planning Subareas ................................ 33 6-8 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Great Lakes Basin ..................................................... 34 6-9 Characteristics of Water Use in Medium-Sized Wet Corn Milling Plant.. 50 6-10 Characteristics of Water Use in Medium-Sized Plant with Own Pulp Mill 50 6-11 Characteristics of Water Use in Medium-Sized Industrial Inorganic Chemicals Plant ........................................................ 51 6-12 Characteristics of Water Use in Large Refinery ........................ 51 6-13 Characteristics of Water Use in Large Integrated Steel Mill ........... 51 6-14 Lake Superior Basin ................................................... 56 6-15 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements-Lake Superior Basin ......................................................... 57 6-16 Planning Subarea 1.1 ................................................... 60 6-17 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 1.1 ................................................... 62 6-18 Planning Subarea 1.2 ................................................... 71 6-19 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 1.2 ................................................... 76 6-20 Lake Michigan Basin ................................................... 80 6-21 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements-Lake Michigan Basin ........................................................ 81 xxiv List of Figures xxv Figure Page 6-22 Planning Subarea 2.1 ................................................... 85 6-23 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 2.1 ................................................... 87 6-24 Total Withdrawal Demands for Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 2.1.. 96 6-25 Planning Subarea 2.2 ................................................... 98 6-26 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 2.2 ................................................... 101 6-27 Total Withdrawal Demands for Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 2.2.. ill 6-28 Planning Subarea 2.3 ................................................... 112 6-29 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 2.3 ................................................... 115 6-30 Total Withdrawal Demands for Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 2.3.. 122 6-31 Planning Subarea 2.4 ................................................... 124 6-32 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 2.4 ................................................... 126 6-33 Lake Huron Basin ..................................................... 134 6-34 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements-Lake Huron Basin ........................................................... 135 6-35 Planning Subarea 3.1 ................................................... 139 6-36 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 3.1 ................................................... 140 6-37 Planning Subarea 3.2 ................................................... 145 6-38 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 3.2 ................................................... 149 6-39 Total Withdrawal Demands for Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 3.2.. 153 6-40 Lake Erie Basin ......................................................... 156 6-41 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements-Lake Erie Basin ............................................................. 158 6-42 Planning Subarea 4.1 ................................................... 161 6-43 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 4.1 ................................................... 163 6-44 Total Withdrawal Demands for Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 4.1.. 170 6-45 Planning Subarea 4.2 ................................................... 172 xxvi Appendix 6 Figure Page 6-46 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water. Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 4.2 ................................................... 174 6-47 Total Withdrawal Demands for Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 4.2.. 182 648 Planning Subarea 4.3 ................................................... 184 6-49 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 4.3 ................................................... 189 6-50 Total Withdrawal Demands for Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 4.3.. 193 6-51 Planning Subarea 4.4 .................................................... 195 6-52 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 4.4 ................................................... 197 6-53 Total Withdrawal Demands for Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 4.4.. 205 6-54 -Lake Ontario Basin .................................................... 208 6-55 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements-Lake Ontario Basin .......................................................... 211 6-56 Planning Subarea 5.1 ................................................... 213 6-57 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 5.1 ................................................... 217 6-58 Planning Subarea 5.2 ................................................... 222 6-59 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 5.2 ................................................... 227 640 Total Withdrawal Demands for Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 5.2.. 231 6-61 Planning Subarea 5.3 ................................................... 233 6-62 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 5.3 ................................................... 238 INTRODUCTION The objective of this appendix is to prepare a the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study. comprehensive appraisal of water supply re- Water-use requirements were also based on quirements for municipal, industrial, and an analysis of present and historical factors, rural sectors, so as to outline characteristics of and institutional and legislative changes af- projected water supply problems, and to fecting water use in the Great Lakes Basin. suggest general solutions. Municipal, indus- The Framework Study is a broad guide to trial, and rural water uses have been assessed the best use or combination of uses of water for the base year, 1970, and projected to the and related land resources of the Great Lakes years 1980, 2000, and 2020. Basin in order to meet short- and long-term This appendix includes current and pro- needs. This appendix contains an analysis of jected water supply requirements for muni- the present situation and a projection of cipal, industrial, and rural water-using sec- water-use demands for 1980, 2000, and 2020, tors of the Great Lakes Basin. A water supply based on economic and demographic projec- report for each of the five plan areas and water tions. use projections for each of the 15 planning Economic projections of population and em- subareas are also included. ployment used in this appendix were taken The work is based entirely on State and from Appendix 19, Economic and Demo- Federal reports and file data. No new informa- graphic Studies, and unpublished data from tion on water supplies was collected. The the Office of Business Economics and the Eco- Water Supply Work Group has prepared pro- nomic Research Service (OBERS). Other data jections for water-use requirements by using were obtained from Appendix 2, Surface Water economic, demographic, and water resource Hydrology, and Appendix 3, Geology and projections reported in other appendixes of Ground Water. xxvii Section 1 METHODOLOGY 1.1 Municipal Water Supply Requirements that one of the more important of these will develop in the Great Lakes Basin. The concept of the emerging Great Lakes 1.1.1 Introduction megalopolis has some interesting implications in relation to water resources management Although the Great Lakes Region occ 'upies and an evaluation of public water supply only four percent of the nation's area, it ac- needs during the next 50 years. One of the counted for approximately 15 percent of the major problems in public water supply is the United States population from 1940 to 1970. existence of multiple small water treatment Population density for the region is four times operations, each of which is generally inade- the national average. There is considerable quate to perform its task of providing an eco- variation between Lake basins in population nomical, safe, and efficient water supply. The distribution and urban-rural balance. The promotion and planning of regional water Lake Michigan and Lake Erie plan areas have supply systems would eliminate some of the accounted for approximately 46 and 39 per- problems in the emerging urban cluster of the cent of the total population for the Great Region from Buffalo to Milwaukee. Lakes Basin in the period from 1940 to 1970. Regionalization of public water systems is The remaining 15 percent of Basin population the grouping of water supply systems within a is distributed as follows: Lake Ontario, 9 per- regional area for management purposes and, cent; Lake Huron, 4 percent; and Lake Supe- when feasible, for physical connection and in- rior, 2 percent. tegration for supplementation of supply and Most of the 29 million people in the Great services. Regional water supply systems Lakes Basin live in urban port areas along the would insure efficient and economical use of lower Great Lakes. Major urban complexes available supplies and would minimize prob- accounting for a dominant share of the Re- lems of water quality. It is recognized that in gion's population include Milwaukee, Wiscon- some areas the existing political and social sin; Chicago, Illinois; Gary-Hammond, In- structure could inhibit the development of re- diana; Detroit, Michigan; Cleveland, Ohio; gional water supply system.311 and Buffalo, New York. More than 80 percent The benefits of regional organization forthe of the population is classified as urban. The purpose of water supply management, waste land in the northern and inland portions of the disposal, and storm drainage facilities have Basin is more sparsely populated than the been realized in several areas of the Basin. In southern counties situated along or near the Detroit a 1,200 mgd intake tunnel in Lake Great Lakes shoreline. Huron has been constructed to serve as the Several urbanized areas around the world source for a regional system to meet water deserve the title of megalopolis, a unified supply needs in the southeastern Michigan grouping of urban and metropolitan clusters area through the year 2000.13 interconnected by numerous ties, usually in a Other regions in the Basin have formulated linear formation. However, this interconnec- similar plans for regional water-use manage- tion does not involve the continuity of the ment. Multipurpose regional water resources built-up area, which may well be distributed management plans have been developed for over widely separated clusters within each northeastern Illinois '48 northeastern Ohio,30 megalopolis. The megalopolis is functionally and northwestern Ohio '47 and each contains interconnected by multiple ties of transporta- regional water supply systems as an integral tion, communication, public utilities, and eco- part of the plan. nomic and social links. Ten megalopoles that It is only in the recent past that problems of fit this preliminary definition will someday water resources management have become of exist throughout the world. It is anticipated major concern to metropolitan areas. Institu- 1 2 Appendix 6 tional arrangements that were designed for TABLE 6-1 Municipal Water Use (gallons per an agricultural society have proven ineffec- capita daily) tive in meeting the needs of the emerging Quantity urban complexes, and new institutional en- Class of Usage Normal Range Average tities must be created to meet the demands of the 21st century. Innovative approaches to Domestic 20 to 90 55 Commercial 10 to 130 20 solving the resource problems and needs of an Industrial 20 to 80 50 urban society are now being attempted in Public 5 to 20 10 some areas of the Basin in efforts to cope with Water unaccounted for .5.to 30 15 these problem S.48 It is anticipated that similar Total TO -t,250 150 approaches will be required as various ag- Source: Fair, Geyer, and Okun, Elements of Water ricultural regions in the Great Lakes Basin Supply and Wastewater Disposal, 1971. become heavily urbanized. Future population increases in major met- widely. Water withdrawals are affected by 01 ropolitan areas will tend to accelerate the many factors, such as cost and availability of need for and the trend to regionalization of water, industrial wastewater disposal re- water supply developments. No longer will the quirements, management, and the type of typical community be able to go its own way, process employed. Major industrial water but it will look instead to a major regional de- users include producers of primary metals, velopment in the establishment of its water petrochemical products, pulp and paper prod- supply. Because an adequate water supply is ucts, beverages, textiles, chemicals, and food. necessary for the economic growth and de- In many instances industries develop their velopment of an area, regional systems will own water supply systems, and under these play a dominant role in any water resources circumstances they impose no demand on the management plan that emerges as a solution local municipal system. to ease the growing pains of a metropolitan The source of water determines the nature area. of the collection, purification', and distribution Estimates of municipal and domestic daily works. Sources of water and their develop- per capita water use for a typical community ment may be classified as folloWS:54 in the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes Region (1) rain water are shown in Table 6-1. Domestic water use (a) from roofs, stored in cisterns for small can be broken down as follows: 41 percent, individual supplies flushing toilets; 37 percent, washing and bath- (b) from larger, prepared caches, stored in ing; 6 percent, kitchen use; 5 percent, drink- reservoirs for large communal supplies ing water; 4 percent washing clothes; 3 per- (2) surface water cent, general household cleaning; 3 percent, (a) from streams, natural ponds, and lakes watering lawns and gardens; 1 percent, wash- of adequate capacity, by continuous draft ing cars.53 (b) from streams with adequate flood flow; In addition to meeting domestic demands, by intermittent, seasonal, or selective draft of municipalities use water for fire protection, clean floodwaters; and storage in reservoirs street cleaning, public swimming pools, ir- adjacent to the stream or otherwise readily rigation of lawns and gardens, heating and air accessible to the stream conditioning, removal of offensive and poten- (c) from streams with inadequate dry- tially dangerous wastes from households weather flow but adequate annual discharge; (sewage) and industry (industrial wastes), and by continuous draft made possible through industrial and commercial needs. A typical the storage of the necessary proportion of municipality is served either by a private or flows in excess of daily use in an impounding public water utility. reservoir created by a dam thrown across the Commercial establishments in a community stream valley often support a sizeable portion of the local (3) ground water economy and require varying quantities of (a) from natural springs water. Hotels, office buildings, shopping cen- (b) from wells ters, restaurants, food processors, laun- (c) from infiltration galleries, basins, or dromats, and service stations are some of the cribs many commercial establishments that use (d) from wells or galleries and possible water from a municipal water supply system. springs. Flow that is increased by water from Figures 6-9 through 6-13 show that the another source can be spread on the surface of quantities of water used by industry vary the gathering ground, carried into charging Methodology 3 basins of ditches, or led into diffusion gal- gram of national economic analysis and pro- leries or wells. jection instituted under the aegis of the U.S. (e) from wells or galleries. The flow is main- Water Resources Council and performed by tained by recharging the ground with the the Office of Business Economics of the U.S. water previously removed from the area for Department of Commerce and the Economic cooling and related purposes. Research Service of the U.S. Department of Wa'ter withdrawals may differ between Agriculture. This is referred to as the OBERS cities having nearly the same populations. An program. The OBERS population projections area supporting industries that are heavy were presented by planning subarea, and users of municipally supplied water, such as were based on a continuation of national eco- the pulp and paper industry, would have a nomic development. much greater withdrawal rate than a compar- Water-use forecasts are difficult to formu- ably populated area without heavy industrial late because of the numerous variables that water users. The quantities delivered in U.S. influence use. Various water-use manage- communities are similar to the values shown ment programs, land-use changes, and tech- in Table 6-1, but with wide variations, be- nological advances can individually or in com- cause of differences in climate; standard of bination drastically influence future muni- living; extent of sewerage; type of mercantile, cipal water-use requirements. However, thor- commercial, and industrial activity; cost of ough analysis of the effects of variation in water; availability of private water supplies; water-use management programs, land-use quality and availability of water for various changes, and technological advances on mu- uses; distribution-system pressures; extent nicipal water demands is limited by the small of meterage; system management; and popu- amount of available data. lation. To adequately determine future municipal The total water withdrawn tiom a municipal water-use requirements, historical and pres- supply for domestic, industrial, commercial, ent water-use data on a per capita basis were and public use divided by the population thoroughly analyzed. Projections are condi- served is a measure of average water use, tional because current problems may be commonly expressed as gallons per capita eliminated through project action. daily (gped). The average per c'apita water use Numerous water and related land resources within the Great Lakes Basin in 1970 was ap- planning studies in areas within and adjacent proximately 183 gpcd, ranging from approxi- to the Great Lakes Basin were researched to mately 202 gped in Planning Subarea 2.2 estimate the domestic and commercial daily (Chic ago- Milwaukee) to approximately 121 per capita usage factor. In these planning gpcd in Planning Subarea 3.1 (the northern studies, engineers, economists, social scien- portion of Michigan's Lower Peninsula). The tists, and regional planners have analyzed national average within the conterminous several interrelated variables and determined United States in 1965 was approximately 157 future rates of per capita usage of water. gped .46 A review of the many factors influenc- Although broad variations in per capita ing municipal water use offers some insight usage may exist in the Great Lakes Basin, a into the wide variation in per capita usage in general rate of change can be applied in this the Great Lakes Basin. appendix. The gallons per capita daily (gpcd) domestic and commercial water usage was as- sumed to change at the rate of 1 percent per 1.1.2 Forecasting Municipal Water Use year to 108 gped, above which the rate of in- crease of 0.25 percent per year was applied Projections of municipal water require- until a maximum of 130 gped was attained. ments are based primarily upon population An exception to this rule occurs in the Chi- forecasts and projections of per capita trends cago area (Planning Subarea 2.2), where per in the rates of municipal water use by domes- capita water usage is expected to decrease tic, commercial, public, and industrial users. because ' of improved leak detection tech- These projections are often based upon many niques. The domestic and commercial per of the factors discussed in the preceding sec- capita water usage factor in the Chicago ser- tion. vice area was assumed to decrease at the rate Population projections for the Great Lakes of 0.67 gpcd per year to the year 2020.40 Basin are presented in Appendix 19,Economic It was assumed that present and future and Demographic Studies. 15 The population population increases will continue to be projections were prepared as a part of a pro- served for the time of this study (1970 to 2020). 4 Appendix 6 Conversely the population currently not ipal water use in 1970 were obtained by sum- served by municipal water supply systems has marizing maximum monthly demands as re- not been projected to be served in the futur@. ported by individual systems in the basin or However, an increased percentage of the region being studied. This figure was con- population will be served by central municipal verted to millions of gallons per day. To make systems because population generally is in- projection systems without maximum month- creasing in the water service areas that were ly demand data the average daily demand studied. This is consistent with the trend to- during the months of maximum demand was wards increased urbanization and the exten- estimated to be 1.2 times the average daily sion of central municipal water supply sys- demand during the year. tems to serve new areas in the Great Lakes The maximum daily demand for municipal Basin. water use in 1970 and for future years under To determine if a water supply need exists, consideration was derived in a similar way, or when such a need will occur, each planning except that when data were unavailable, peak subarea must be evaluated for projections of daily demands were estimated to be 1.5 times future water requirements, capabilities of the average daily demand for the year. existing water supplies, and ongoing pro- Consumptive loss of water is water lost grams in a particular planning subarea. through evaporation or transpiration, incor- Because industrial water use varies, projec- poration with products or crops, or removal tions for municipal water-use demands cannot from the Basin's water resources. be accurately forecast on the basis of the Consumption of domestic and commercial product of the projected population served by municipal water supply was assumed to aver- a municipal water supply system and the age 10 percent, and the consumed portion of daily per capita usage factor. However, it was the industrial water supply was determined considered justifiable on a broad-scale plan- from the Bureau of Domestic Commerce, U.S. ning subarea basis to assume that industry Department of Commerce, projections of in- would continue to use the same proportion of dustrial water requirements. total municipally supplied water for the dura- An estimate of the total capacity of cur- tion of the study as it used in 1970. The amount rently developed municipal water sources is of industrial water used in 1970 was subtract- given for each planning subarea. The method ed from the average demand for individual used to obtain these estimates varied accord- supplies to obtain the domestic and commer- ing to the judgment of State participants in cial average daily demand and per capita this study. Source capacity reported for some water-use factor. This figure was then used for planning subareas is the total design capacity forecasting municipal water-use require- for all existingwater treatment plants, but for ments for the projected years 1980, 2000, and other planning subareas the developed source 2020. capacity was considered equal to the maximum For communities where specific inform ation day demand estimate for 1970. This method is on industrial development and related water based upon three observations. It is a gener- use was not available, it was assumed that a ally acknowledged principle that water per capita water-use factor greater than 100 supplies should be designed to meet maximum gped was due to industrial water users. The day demands for target years. Actual excess was credited to industrial water users shortages are usually remedied promptly. and subtracted from the total municipal aver- Most communities, especially those relying on age demand to obtain the domestic and com- wells, ordinarily operate at nearly total capac- mercial average demands. Exceptions were ity and expand as the need arises. made for areas known to State personnel as Municipal water supply capacity should be not having any significant industrial water increased when demand exceeds supply, when users, but a per capita usage of greater than existing facilities become inoperative, or when 100 gpcd. it is economically expedient to increase excess Municipally supplied industrial water use capacity units rather than deferring con- for 1970 was determined by summarizing in- struction until it is needed. dividual supply data. Projections were cal- Needs are defined as future requirements culated by using an assumed constant ration of (resulting from increases in population and municipally supplied industrial water use to economy) for development of water supply domestic and commercial municipal water facilities beyond the capacity that currently use. exists or the capacity that is programmed for The maximum monthly demands for munic- development (without additional authoriza- Methodology 5 tion). In practice it has seemed reasonable and a target year can be calculated for each source convenient to estimate these additional capac- of supply (the Great Lakes, inland surface wa- ity needs indirectly by considering them to be ters, and ground water) from the following equal to the projected municipal water de- equation: mands of the area's total increase in popula- N = [(gpcd) (f) (AP)l tion and the accompanying increases in com- to,, mercial and industrial activity. In Planning where, Subarea 1.2, where declines in population N = future capacity needs in the were projected, it was assumed that the por- target year (mgd) tion of the total population that was served gpcd = daily per capita water use municipally would remain constant through- factor out the projection period. f = two-significant-digit water- In an area as large as a planning subarea, it use coefficient given by the is normal that some communities will ap- following product, f = ab proach their facility capacity and will have to (dimensionless) plan for new facilities; that other communities a = (daily water use, maximum will have some excess capacity; and that still monthly/average daily use) other communities will install new excess ca- b = (total municipal use/domes- pacity that can fulfill more than is im- tic-commercial use) mediately needed. To project conservatively AP = additional population from the on the basis of past experience, it is assumed base year 1970 to the target that water capacity in future years will be year, projected to be served by similar in local abundance, adequacy, and municipalities (thousands) imminent need across any sizeable area. Therefore, at any projected time, an apparent This relationship, which is independent of cushion of excess capacity will necessarily the base year source capacity, is applied for exist over any planning subarea as a whole. each source of water supply so that the total However, this cushion is an aggregate of local future needs of a planning subarea in a given surpluses, and cannot be used by the planning target year are the sum of the needs for each of subarea as a whole. Therefore, it will not signif- the sources. Thus, total future needs in a given cantly reduce the need for additional capa- target year can be expressed by the following city elsewhere in the planning subarea. Conse- equation: quently where population continues to grow, NT @ NGL + Nis + NGW additional needs for municipal water supply capacity for a large area have been projected where, by assuming that there would be continued NT = total future needs (mgd) presence of excess capacity in future years * NGL = needs for Great Lakes source Additional capacity is assumed necessary (mgd) for the water needs of net population growth N,s = needs for inland lakes and since 1970, and an intermediate maximum streams (mgd) month estimate of water used was developed NGW = needs for ground water (mgd) to reflect possible water conservation prac- tices, staggered timing of peak demands over A sample calculation of total future needs is large areas, and any other conditions that given to clarify the water supply needs projec- may tend to make maximum day values an tions that are presented for each planning unrealistically high estimate of demand. Fu- subarea. Refer to Table 6-67 for the values ture capacity needs for a planning subarea in that appear in the example. Sample Calculation of Total Future Needs for the Year 2000 in Planning Subarea 2.4 Source P1970 P2000 (gpcd) a b f GL 169.8 298.9 122.6 (52.7/43.9) = 1.2 (43.9/36.7) = 1.2 1.4 is 25.9 37.4 122.6 ( 6.6/ 5.5) = 1.2 ( 5.5/ 4.6) = 1.2 1.4 GW 92.1 30.8 122.6 (22.6119.1) @ 1.2 (19.1/16.0) = 1.2 1.4 NIL = [(122.6) (1.4) (298.9-169.8) (103)]/106 = 22.2 mgd N,, = [(122.6) (1.4) ( 37.4- 25.9) (103)]/106 = 1.0 mgd NGW = [(122.6) (1.4) (130.8- 92.1) (103)]/106 = 6.6 mgd NT = 22.2 + 2.0 + 6.6 = 30.8 mgd 6 Appendix 6 In this way the measure of additional munic- veloping, operating, maintaining, and replac- ipal water supply capacity needed is taken as a ing municipal water, supply intakes or wells, function of the net population increase. Im- low lift pumping stations, water transmission plicit in this method of computation is a de- lines, and water treatment facilities. crease in the total capacity cushion for each To prepare estimates of the costs incurred in planning period by an amount equal to the the development of municipal water supply added future water use by the existing (1970) facilities for the time period of this study, it population in the area plus the capacity at- was necessary to review available data per- tributed to present and future facilities that taining to the cost of developing facilities in become outmoded and require replacement. the Great Lakes Basin and to determine unit Because future population growth may be cost figures. Unit cost estimates (roughly, the concentrated in communities with existing cost of establishing the capacity for, and con- excess water supply capacity, such an implied tinuing to provide, one mgd of new municipal reduction of the need for extra capacity con- water supply) were calculated for the devel- tains an element of realism. Also, this effect is opment of surface- and ground-water supplies, in general agreement with the observation including capital costs, annual operation, that as an area matures, the rate of population maintenance, and replacement costs. growth and per capita water use normally The cost estimates presented in this appen- tend to level off and stabilize, and with the dix are the expenditures required for con- corollary observation that as the rate of struction, operation, maintenance, and re- growth decreases, the amount of needed ex- placement of new facilities to satisfy projected cess capacity or cushion becomes less. needs in municipal water supply. The munici- Data concerning present municipal water pal needs and associated costs are related only supply use in each planning subarea were ob- to the additional water use resulting from tained from the records of State and local or- population increases and economic growth ganizations and the U.S. Environmental Pro- within the municipal water-using sector of the tection Agency Water Supply Section. The region. Cost estimates do not include the cost data were compiled and used to forecast mu- of debt financing, water distribution systems, nicipal water use requirements by Water Sup- development of surface water reservoirs, or ply Work Group representatives from State the expenditures incurred for the operation, water supply and water resource agencies. maintenance, and replacement of water sup- As the data on municipal water use in the ply facilities constructed prior to the base Great Lakes Basin were compiled and year,1970. analyzed, it soon became apparent that the Expenditures incurred for the normal oper- data from some areas were more complete ation, maintenance, and replacement (OMR) than from others. When more detailed infor- of existing water supply facilities are not re- mation was available for a particular planning flected in the cost estimates in this appendix. subarea, it was substituted for the computa- Rather, these reported costs reflect expendi- tion methods. tures resulting from the development of addi- tional municipal water supplies. Therefore, to present a more realistic outlook of costs re- 1.2 Projected Cost Estimates for Municipal quired for municipal water supply facilities, Water Supplies the following discussion of expenditures re- quired for the OMR of existing water supply facilities is presented. 1.2.1 Summary It is estimated that $255,450,000 will be needed to provide additional water supplies The guidelines state, "General cost esti- between 1970 and 1980 in Michigan, or mates for broad components of the framework $25,545,000 per year. During 1970, a year of plan will be of reconnaissance quality and de- average activity, $87 million of projects were tail based primarily on experience in the study proposed, of which $48 million was for water region .1124 Estimated costs for municipal mains and $39 million for other water system water supply include costs of conveying the improvements. If it is assumed that supply to, but not including, the distribution $25,545,000 was included in the "other system system. As directed by the Water Resources improvements" it can be concluded that the Council, the costs of water treatment are in- $14 million difference was spent on replace- cluded in the cost estimates reported in this ment of existing facilities. This is a substantial appendix. The estimated costs, are those of de- addition-14/25 or 56 percent of the sum esti- Methodology 7 mated for new or additional sources. It is also surface-water supplies, and iron removal, sof- evident that a second additional amount of tening, and disinfection for ground-water money is spent for water distribution mains supplies. -48/25 or 192 percent of the costs estimated (6) Water treatment plant capacity averages in this study.64 10 mgd for surface-water supplies and 5 mgd Operation, maintenance, and replacement for ground-water supplies. costs of existing municipal water supply A summary of the computed unit cost esti- facilities in Michigan can be assumed to be mates for the development of municipal water representative of OMR costs in the other supply facilities is presented in rounded fig- Basin States because Michigan represents a ures in Table 6-2. substantial portion of the Great Lakes Basin. Using the information presented for the State of Michigan, an estimate of the expected costs TABLE 6-2 Summary of Unit Costs Required of replacerrient for new or additional facilities for the Development of Municipal Water and for water distribution mains can be cal- Supplies (dollars per mgd) culated for any of the planning subareas. Esti- Source Capital Annual OMR mated capital expenditures presented in this Surface Water 299,000 29,800 report must be averaged on an annual basis in order to obtain estimates of monies expended Grcund Water Wells and Rnping (see Figure 6-4 for estim9tes for replacement and water distribution mains. for each Lake B8sin) For Planning Subareas 2.3, 3.2, and 4.1, pub- Transmission and Treatment 120,000 7,6oo lished information contains cost data for the Long distance transport construction, operation, and maintenance of (Vmgd-mlle) - 6,500 220 long-distance water mains for the transfer of water resources within the Basin.13 The costs of providing for this transfer are considered [email protected] Rationale part of the projected costs associated with ad- ditional water use as a result of new growth. To derive unit cost estimates for the de- These costs have been included in the esti- velopment of municipal water facilities, it was mates for these three planning subareas. necessary to review available information All cost estiniates are adjusted to the pertaining to costs of municipal water January 1970 price level. The adjustment is supplies in the Great Lakes Basin. The pri- based on an average of Handy-Whitman mary reference sources were technical letters Water Utility Construction Cost Indexes in published by the Illinois State Water Survey the North Atlantic and North Central Divi- (references 1 through 4) discussing the costs of sionS25 and the Engineering News-Record developing municipal water supply facilities. Construction Cost Index19 (Table 6-5). The Proceedings of the Eighth Sanitary En- The unit cost for the development of surface- gineering Conference, "Cost Aspects of Water and ground-water supplies (apart from long- Supply," at the University of Illinois, were distance pipeline costs) was estimated by as- also used as reference material in preparing suming the following: the unit cost estimates. A detailed derivation (1) The cost for the water supply intake of the unit costs of developing 1 mgd of munic- tower and dewatering conduit is approxi- ipal water supply facilities is presented in the mately 7.5 percent of the total reservoir proj- following sections. ect cost."' (2) The cost of electric energy is $0.02 per kWh. 1.2.2.1 Development of Sur-face Water Supply (3) The average total head pumped against Facilities is 200 feet for surface water supplies. Appen- dix 3, Geology and Ground Water, presents (1) Inland Lakes and Streams-Intake computations of ground water pumping costs Structure assuming continuous pumping with lift at 70 Van Praag has shown that cost for the water percent of available drawdown. supply intake tower and dewatering conduit (4) The average transmission distance is 0.25 runs between 9 percent and 38 percent of the miles for surface-water supplies and 1,000 feet total reservoir project cost."' An analysis of for ground-water supplies. six reservoirs in the Great Lakes Region (as- (5) Water treatment includes coagulation, suming 7.5 percent) has shown the following sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection for average costs of the intake structure and de- 8 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-3 January 1970 Reservoir Costs Water Supply Cost Total Cost Capital Capital OMR Report 7.5% total OMR Sponsor Reservoir Project $ million $1000/yr. $ million $ million $1000/yr. COE Louisville (Wabash R Ind.) 36.8 413-8 5-0 2.8 17.8 COE Helm (Wabash R., Ind:@ 28.7 325.1 6-5 2.2 26-7 COE Big Walnfit (Wabash R., Ind.) 46.5 654.o 11-3 3-5 26.7 COE Big Blue (Wabash R., Ind.) 37-1 482.6 2.8 2.8 7.6 COE Downeyville (Wabash R., Ind.) 42.8 397.5 15.6 3.2 36.8 COE Utica (Licking R., Ohio) 42.2 248.3 lo.6 L-_2 8-1 Totals 234.8 2539-3 51.8 17.7 123-9 Water Supply Capital Water Supply Water Supply Costs/mgd Costs/mgd excluding Allocation Capital OMR storage Sponsor Reservoir Project mgd $ million $1000/yr $ million* COE Louisville (Wabash R Ind.) 2T-7 o.18 o.64 0.10 COE Helm (Wabash R., Ind:@ 36.7 0.18 0-73 o.o6 COE Big Walnut (Wabash R., Ind.) 84.9 0-13 0-31 ox4 COE Big Blue (Wabash R., Ind.) 29.6 0.09 0.26 0.09 COE Downey-ville (Wabash R., Ind.) 82-3 0.19 o.45 o.o4 COE Utica (Licking R., Ohio) 28.0 0-38 0-3 0.11 Average o.18 o.43 o.o6 *The cost for intake tower and dewatering conduit (i.e. excluding storage) were computed as being 7-5 percent of the total project cost. Source: "Randy-Whitman" Water Utility Plant Cost Indexer, and "Engineering-News Record" Construction Cost Index. watering conduit (Table 6-3): capital cost, TABLE 6-4 Summary of Unit Costs Required $60,000; annual OMR cost, $400/yr (Table 6-4). for the Development of Municipal Surface- (2) Great Lakes Source-Intake Structure Water Supplies (dollars per mgd) Capital Annual OMR Richardson analyzed the costs of subaque- Intake 6o,ooo 4oo ous intakes constructed into the Great Pumps 11,000 14,200 Lakes.611 The cost figures expressed in dollars Transmission 12,000 240 Treatment 216,ooo 15,000 per inch of diameter per foot at 1968 price Total 299,000 2-9;-8-4b levels were checked against the costs of five more recent intakes constructed into Lakes Michigan and Winnegago (Wisconsin) and pumps and their contract installation. If pump found to be in general agreement. To arrive at capacity is three times average annual de- dollar costs per mgd, the following assump- mand, the pump cost for a 3-mgd pump capac- tions were made: the intake length into the ity is $3,300. An additional cost of $5,000 is as- Great Lakes would be 4,000 feet; and the veloc- sumed for pump-related piping, electrical ity within the intake would be five feet per sec- work, and housing. The costs have been ad- ond. The capital cost was increased from 1968 justed to reflect January 1970 cost levels: to 1970 price levels and determined to be capital cost: 1.35 ($3,300 + $5,000) = $11,000 $30,000 per mgd, not including the shorewell assume 20 percent of the capital cost expen- which will be covered in the pump costs. diture as the annual OMR costs: $/yr = 0.20 Economies of scale play a leading role in Great ($11,000) = $2,200/yr Lakes intake costs and the intakes are invari- Included in the annual OMR costs are the ably designed for greater capacity and longer annual costs of providing electric power to op- time periods than the other facilities. In fact, erate the pumps. The assumptions made in the annual OMR cost for these intakes would deriving the annual pumping costs were: be only $200 per year. (a) rate of pumping, 694.4 gpm (3) Pumps (b) cost of electric energy, $0.02 kWh (c) total head pumped against, 200 ft Crawford" has given estimated cost for (d) wire-to-water efficiency, 50 percent Methodology 9 The annual costs of providing power for Costs derived for 1964 price levels: pump operation are derived from the following transmission line cost: ($33,000/mi) (0.25 general relationship given by Ackermann: 2 mi) = $8,250 Cost of pumping 1,000 gallons per year: right-of-way cost: ($0.50/ft) (0.25 mi) (5,280 $/yr = (value from Figure 6-1 for wire-to- ft/mi) = $660 water efficiency of 50 percent) X total capital cost: $8,910 (cost/kWh) x (total head/100 ft) x Cost adjusted to January 1970 level: (quantity desired/1000 gpm) x (5.256 capital cost: 1.35 ($8,910) = $12,028 X 105 min/yr) annual OMR cost: assume 2 percent of the The annual costs of providing power for capital cost expenditure as the annual OMR pump operation, assuming the conditions cost: $/yr = .02 ($12,028) = $240/yr stated previously, is given by (5) Water Treatment $/yr = (kWh) x ($) x (ft) x (gpm) x (min) @k-Wh) F10-0ft) (-1000gpm) -Fyr-) The following basic assumptions were used = (0.628) x (0.02) x (200) x (694.4) x (5.256 x 106) in computing the cost estimates for water T1_00_3 (1-100-0) treatment: (a) Basic water treatment includes coagu- = $9,197/yr (1964 price levels) lation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfec- Adjusted to 1970 price levels: tion as unit processes. $/Yr = (1.35) ($9,197) = $12,000/yr (b) Water treatment plant capacity is (4) Water Transmission rated at 10 mgd. These basic assumptions were used in com- Figure 6-2 shows that the water treatment puting the unit cost estimates: plant investment cost will be approximately (a) pipe diameter = 10 inches $1.6 million for a 10 mgd plant. Figure 6-3 (b) transmission distance = 0.25 mile shows that the cost of a 10 mgd plant is approx- (c) right-of-way cost = $0.50/ft imately $0.061/1000 gal for treatment. The (d) transmission pipe cost (installed) total cost of producing 1,000 gallons of water $33,000/mile consists of 50 percent capital investment cost, and 50 percent annual operation, mainte- 2.0 nance, and replacement CoSt.4 Unit costs are adjusted to 1970 price levels. PUMPING HEAD 100 ft 1.5 kw-hr 31.4oo83/E. 10.000 1 ITT I -B SED UPON HE M EAN PLUS ONE STANDARD - ERFOR o EST IMATE OF THE WATER 7 TREA ME T PLANT COSTS 383.Sxo < 1.0 0.9 11300 .9xO.65 Y 267 0.8 THE MEAN OF THE B SED U WAT R TREATMENT PLANT COSTS 0.7 o.6 0.5 Ica 0.4 0.3 Iol 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 c 3.1 ).o loo WiRE-TO-WATER EFFICIENCY (Eo) IN PERCENT WATER TREATMENT PLANT CAPACITY, MGD FIGURE 6-4 Wire-to-Water Efficiency in Per- FIGURE 6-2 Investment Costs for all Types of cent Treatment of Surface Waters Source: W. C. Ackermann, "Technical Letter 7, Water Transmission Costs," Source: W. C. Ackermann, "Technical Letter 11, Cost of Water Treatment in Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, Illinois, July 1968. Illinois," Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, Illinois, October 1968. 10 Appendix 6 100 .1964 PRICES 'HANDY-WHITMAN INDEX FOR UTILITIES- INVESTMENT COSTS 30 YEARS 4% COST TO PRODUCE 1000 GALLONS OF WATER BASED UPON THE MEAN PLUS ONE STANDARD INVESTMENT COST 50% ERROR OF ESTIMATE OF THE INVESTMENT COST Manpower 2 0% 14.265/XO.35 Energy 17% Chemicals 7% 50% Maintenance 2% Ln Repair 2% X:z Heating 2% < Uj _j < y PLUS 2% CAPITAL COST FOR C) TAXES AND INSURANCE ccM UjM 0.35 Y 9.957/X 0 BASED UPON THE MEAN OF THE INVESTMENT 0 COST PLUS ALL OTHER TREATMENT COSTS V) X__ 0.0 m 0.2 0.4 o.6 o.8 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 20 4o WATER TREATMENT PLANT CAPACITY. MGD FIGURE 6-3 Surface-Water Treatment Costs Source: W. C. Ackermann, "Technical Letter 11, Cost of Water Treatment in Illinois," Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, Illinois, October 1968. capital cost: (1.35) ($1.6 X 106) = $2.16 x 101; the data available, the following cost figures per 1 mgd: $216,000 were used to prepare estimates: annual OMR cost: $/yr = (0.50) ($0.061) capital cost: $6,500/mgd-mile 1000 gal annual OMR cost: $220/mgd-mile (10 X 106 gpd) (365 day) (1.35) = $150,000/yr yr per 1 mgd: $15,000 1.2.2.2 Development of Ground Water Supply Facilities (6) Long Distance Transport of Water Supply (1) Well and Pumping Costs Cost estimates for long distance transport of Appendix 3, Geology and Ground Water, pre- large quantities of water were derived from sents cost estimates of developing ground the Detroit Metropolitan Water Services de- water in each of the five Lake basins of the velopment program.13 Information included Great Lakes Basin (Figure 6-4). The well costs total cost, design capacity, diameter, length of shown in Figure 6-4 include the total cost of a number of large transmission lines, overall drilling and providing the pumps needed to annual pumpingcosts, average head provided, produce 1 mgd. The annual OMR costs of and the design head loss in transmission sys- pumping ground water are also presented in tems. Construction costs for large transmis- Figure 6-4. A summary of unit cost required sion lines are $10,560/inch (diam) mile. From for the development of municipal ground Methodology 11 Lake Superior 49 Lake Michigan LEGENO 1P_ to 0 Lake Huron 0 Lake Erie AAJ Unconsolidated- Wirnents a. Lake Ontario aquifer am z 0 Bedrock aquifer Lake Superior 0 U) I 0 Mifwaukee area L) Chicago area 117 Lake Michigan r-i IL Lake Huron River Basin Group 3.2 area UJ IL -A Lake Erie < z Lake Ontano z 0 10 20 30 40 so 60 70 so 90 100 110 120 COST. IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS FIGURE 6-4 Cost of Producing Ground Water in the Great Lakes Basin Assumptions: (1) Number of wells needed to produce I mgd is based on 60 percent of the maximum yield range for typical high-capacity wells. (2) A test well is needed for each production well in unconsolidated and carbonate aquifers. (3) Well depths are based on 75 percent of the maximum well depth of the range for all wells. (4) Pump costs are based on 70 percent of the available drawdown with the pump intake 10 feet off the bottom of the well or the top of the screen. (5) Pumping costs are based on 50 percent wire-to-water efficiency, electric power at 2 cents per kWh, and continuous pumping with lift at 70 percent of available drawdown. (See text explana- tion in Appendix 3, Geology and Ground Water.) (6) Transmission-line costs for well house to distribution system are not included. (The 1970 total costs are estimated to be $11.00 per foot of 10-inch line.) (7) Operations and maintenance costs are not included, but they generally are estimated at 2 percent of capital costs. Source: Appendix 3, Geology and Ground Water, Great Lakes Basin Framework Study. water supplies is given in Table 6-5. A sum- total capital cost: $6,750 mary of municipal water supply cost indices is Costs adjusted to January 1970 levels: presented in Table 6-6. capital cost: 1.35 ($6,750) = $9,100 (2) Water Transmission annual OMR cost: assume 2 percent of the capital cost expenditure as the annual OMR The following basic assumptions were used cost: $/yr = 0.02 ($9,100) = $200/yr in computing the unit cost estimates: (a) pipe diameter = 10 inches (b) transmission distance = 1000 ft TABLE 6-5 Summary of Unit Costs Required (c) right-of-way cost = $0.50/ft for the Development of Municipal Ground- (d) transmission pipe cost = $33,000/mi Water Supplies (dollars per mgd) Costs derived for 1964 price levels: Capital Annual OMR. transmission line cost (installed): Wells and Pumping (See FLigure 6-4) ($33,000/mi) x (1000ft) x (1 mi/5280ft)L= $6,250 TransmissiDn 9,000 200 right-of-way cost: ($0.50/ft) x (1000 ft) Treatment lll,()00 7,400 $500 Total 120,000 7,600 12 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-6 Municipal Water Supply Cost Indices Handy-Whitman25 Engineering News-Record'9 Average Average Ratio (1) Construction Ratio (27 of Ratios Year Index of 1970 to: Index of 1970 to: 1 & 2 Jan. 1950 198 2.12 509.62 2.57 2-35 Jan. 1960 259 1.62 811.84 1.61 1.62 Jan. 1965 332 1.27 947-56 1-38 1-33 Jan. 1966 344 1.22 987-94 1-32 1.27 Jan. 1967 359 1-17 1039-05 1.26 1.22 Jan. 1968 372 1-13 1107-37 1.18 1.16 Jan. 1969 388 1.o8 1216.13 1.o8 1.o8 Jan. 1970 420 1.00 13o8.61 1.00 1.00 (3) Water Treatment percent annual OMR CoSt.4 The following costs The basic assumptions used in computing are adjusted to January 1970 price levels: the unit cost estimates were:4 capital cost: 1.35 ($410,000) = $555,000 (a) Treatment of ground-water supplies per 1 mgd: 555,000/5 = $111,000 includes iron removal, softening, and disinfec- annual OMR cost: $/yr = (0.50) (0.03) tion. 1000 gal (b) Ground-water treatment plant capac- (5 X 106 gpd) (365 day) (1.35) = $36,960/yr ity is rated at 5 mgd. For a water treatment yr plant rated at 5 mgd, the investment cost is per 1 mgd: 36,960/5 = $7,500/yr approximately $410,000 (Figure 6-5). The total costs of water treatment are approximately 1.2.3 Computation Method $0.03 per 1,000 gallons for a 5-mgd plant. The total cost is 50 percent investment cost and 50 A set of equations has been derived to show the methodology used to estimate capital 10,000 OMR and total OMR costs required to satisfy the needs projected for those functional ele- ments being considered in the Framework Study. An estimation of one portion of munici- pal water supply costs is used as an example. It should be emphasized that these costs 1000 apply to facilities constructed after 1970. Thus, OMR costs presented in this appendix 12 BASED U ON THE MEAN PLUS ONE STANDARD.- do not relate in any way to the OMR costs for ERROR OF ESTIMATE OF THE WATER y__ TREATMENT PLANT COSTS facilities constructed before 1970. Y 153.5xo"3 1 Costs have been estimated for a given time period in the following manner: 63 1 0 5XO' Ci = (Ni - Ni-1) X U (2) I- #@ASE UPON T HE MEAN OF THE AOMRi = 1/2 (Ni + Ni-i) x P (3) W@,@ T ER TREATME1 PL@"@ C S, @ST OMRi = AOMRi X (Yi - Yi-i) (4) where i is an integer corresponding to the target year of interest (i = 1, 2, 3). The target 0 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 year 1980 would be the end of the first time WATER TREATMENT PLANT CAPACITY, MGD period, and the subscript, i, would be i = 1. The FIGURE 6-5 Investment Costs for all Types of same reasoning would apply to target years Treatment of Ground Water 2000 and 2020, where i = 2 and i = 3, respec- tively. The base year, 1970, is denoted by a zero Source: W. C. Ackermann, "Technical Letter 11, Cost of Water Treatment in Illinois," Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, Illinois, October 1968. subscript. Methodology 13 The variables of interest and their respec- 3 tive units are: Y Ci = C1 + C2 + C3 (5) Ci = capital costs estimated for a given 3 time period of study from the Ph - 1 @7, AOMRi = AOMR1 + AOMR2 + AOMR3 (6) year to the Ph target year ($) 3 Ni = needs projected for a given time OMRi = OMRi + OMR2 + OMR3 (7) period of study from the base year to the i th target year (mgd) The variables are identical to those ae- U = unit capital cost of developing the scribed previously and the symbol I indi- water supply facility ($/mgd) cates the summation of the estimated incre- AOMRi = annual operation, maintenance, mental costs over the time period of the study and replacement costs estimated from the base year to the target year of inter- for a given time period of study est. from the ith - 1 to the i1h target year The costs estimated to meet the needs of ($/yr) municipal water supplies in the three target P = unit annual OMR cost of supply- years are divided into three raw water source ing needed additional water ($/ categories: Great Lakes, inland lakes and mgd-yr) streams, and ground water. This set of equa- OMRi = total operation, maintenance, and tions was used to calculate the cost estimates replacement costs estimated for a for each type of source. The unit cost figures given time period of study from for capital cost and annual OMR costs are con- the it' -1 year to the ith target year stant for the development of surface water W supplies for the Great Lakes Basin, but they Yi =' the ith target year vary from one planning subarea to another for The total capital cost incurred for a given the development of ground water. Figure 6-4 time period in the development of a raw water reflects this variance and presents the unit source is obtained by multiplying the incre- costs for the development of ground water in mental need projected for each source cate- each Great Lakes basin. gory (Great Lakes, inland lakes and streams, or ground water) for that time period by the unit capital cost of development. 1.2.3.1 Illustrative Example of Cost Estimate The annual OMR cost incurred by supplying Computation the needed additional water to a municipality for a given time period is obtained by multiply- Table 6-7 presents a sample computation of ing the average incremental need projected the costs estimated to meet the projected for each source category by the unit annual needs of municipal water supplies from all OMR cost. It should be noted that the meth- sources in Planning Subarea 2.4. A detailed odology accounts for the annual OMR cost as- example is also presented to demonstrate the sociated with water supply facilities con- methodology used in calculating the cost es- structed in the previous time period and still timates presented in Table 6-7 and in this ap- in use in the specified time period of interest. pendix. In this example the costs incurred for As mentioned elsewhere, annual OMR costs the Great Lakes surface-water source for pertaining to capacity existing in 1970 are Planning Subarea 2.4 are computed for all excluded from this study. time periods. The total OMR costs incurred during any In the example the total capital, annual given time period in the delivery of needed OMR, and the total OMR costs are estimated. additional water to a municipality is obtained These costs are required to meet the needs by multiplying the annual OMR costs com- from the Great Lakes surface-water source in puted for the given time period by the number Planning Subarea 2.4 projected for the time of years in that time period. periods 1970 to 1980, 1980 to 2000, 2000 to 2020, The cumulative costs of developing the 1970 to 2000, and 1970 to 2020. necessary municipal water supply facilities Given: Cumulative needs from the base year 1970 to the il target year N, = 6.4 mgd (1970 to 1980) are estimated by simply adding the costs esti- N2 = 22.2 mgd (1970 to 2000) mated for the given time periods. This can be N.3 = 48.6 mgd (1970 to 2020) described by the following set of equations, where i = 1: Unit capital cost (U): = $299,000/mgd 14 Appendix 6 TABLE6-7 Sample Computation of Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 2.4 Needs (.mgd) Estimated Costs (million ig7o $) Unit Cost 1970- 1970- 1970- 7970- 1980- 2000- 1970- 19767 Source Cost ($/mgd) 1980 2000 2020 1980 2000 2020 2000 2020 Great Capital 299,000 1.91 4.72 7.89 6.63 14-53 Lakes Annual OMR 29,800 6.4 22.2 48.6 0.095 o.43 1.05 0.52 1.57 Total OMR 29,8oo 0.95 8.52 21.09 9.47 30-57 Inland Capital 299,000 .24 .36 .42 .6o 1.02 Lakes Annual ONIR 29,8oo o.8 2.0 3.4 .01 o4 .08 .05 .13 and Total OMR 29,800 .12 .83 1.61 .95 2.56 Streams Capital* 153,000 .26 .75 .67 1.01 1.68 Ground* Annual OMR 35,300 1.7 6.6 11.0 .03 .15 .31 .18 .49 Water Total OMR 35,300 .30 2.93 6.21 3.23 9.44 OW Unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Cost ($Imgd) Annual OMR ($/mgd-yr) Transmission 120,000 7,733 Wells & Pumping 33,000 27,70 Total 153,000 35,300 Unit Annual OMR Cost (P): = $29,800/mgd- 2 yr AOMRi= AOMR, + AOMR, 1970 to 1980 = 0.095 + 0.43 C, (N 0 X U = $0.52 million/yr 6.4 x 299,000 $1.91 million OMRi= OMR, + OMR2 AOMR, 1/2 (NO x P = 0.95 + 8.52 1/2 (6.4) x 29,800 = $9.47 million $0.095 million/yr 1970 to 2020 (i = 1) OMR, AOMR, x (Y,-Y,) 3 = 0.095 x (1980-1970) Ci= C1 + C2 + C3 = $0.95 million = 1.91 + 4.72 + 7.89 1980 to 2000 3 = $14.53 million C2 = (N2-N,) x U AOMRi= AOMR, + AOMR2 + AOMR3 = (22.2-6.4) x (299,000) = 0.095 + 0.43 + 1.05 = $4.72 million = $1.57 million/yr AOMR2 = 1/2 (N2 + N,) x P 3 = 1/2 (22.2+6.4) x (29,800) OMRi= OMR, + OMR2 + OMR3 = $0.43 million/yr = 0.95 + 8.52 + 21.09 OMR2 = AOMR2 X (Y2_YJ = $30.57 million = 0.43 x (2000-1980) = $8.52 million 2000 to 2020 1.2.4 Federal Assistance Available for the C3 = (N3 - NO X U Development of Municipal Water Supply = (48.6 - 22.2) x (299,000) Facilities = $7.89 million Federal loans and grants will undoubtedly AOMR3 = 1/2 (N3+N2) X P be important to the development of municipal = 1/2 (48.6 + 22.2) x (29,800) water supply in the Basin. Although it is not = $1.05 million/yr possible to determine the portions of Federal OMR3 = AOMR3 X (Y3_Y2) and non-Federal costs without analyzing each = 1.05 x (2020-2000) individual project, the following description = $21.09 million and summaries of Federal assistance pro- 1970 to 2000 G = 1) grams reveal the existing policy. 2 Financial assistance for the development of I Ci= C, + C2 municipal water supplies is available to qual- = 1.91 + 4.72 ified municipalities through grant programs = $6.63 million of three Federal agencies. The U.S. Depart- Methodology 15 ment of Agriculture assists rural areas lic works and development of facility projects. through the Farmers Home Administration These loans may cover the full cost of a project (FHA), the U.S. Department of Commerce as- and may run for as long as 40 years, the inter- sists underdeveloped regions through the est being determined by government borrow- Economic Development Administration ing costs. A community that is unable to raise (EDA), and the Department of Housing and its share of the eligible project cost may re- Urban Development (HUD) offers financial ceive a grant of 50 percent or more of the proj- assistance to qualified municipalities for the ect cost and a Federal loan for the remainder acquisition of land and the construction of of the cost. facilities. States, local subdivisions thereof, Indian tribes, and private or public nonprofit organi- 1.2.4.1 Farmers Home Administration zations or associations representing a rede- velopment area or an Economic Development FHA administers a program of loans and Center are eligible to receive EDA grants and grants to public and nonprofit organizations loans. Redevelopment areas located within to help rural residents plan and develop designated economic development districts domestic water supply systems in rural areas. may be eligible for a 10 percent bonus on To reduce user charges applicants may obtain grants for Public Works Projects, but they are development grants for up to 50 percent of the subject to the 80 percent maximum Federal development cost of a water system. Com- grant limit. prehensive planning grant funds may be used Since 1966 EDA has disbursed approxi- for technical and professional services; mately $12.8 million for development of munic- salaries of technical, professional, and clerical ipal water supply facilities within the Great assistants employed specifically to work on Lakes Basin.66 This figure represents 55 per- the plan; pertinent administrative costs; and cent of the total cost of the projects funded. necessary test wells and soil and water inves- These data do not include disbursement of tigations. funds in Planning Subareas 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, and Public or quasi-public bodies and nonprofit 5.3. corporations serving residents of open coun- try and rural towns and villages with popula- 1.2.4.3 Department of Housing and Urban tions of not more than 5,500 and that are not Development part of an urban area are eligible for FHA assistance when: HUD provides grants for construction of (1) they are unable to obtain needed credit community water facilities that are essential elsewhere at reasonable rates and terms for efficient and orderly areawide community (2) they have the legal capacity to borrow growth and development. HUD grants cover and repay money, to pledge security for loans, up to 50 percent of land and construction costs and to operate the facility or services installed for new water facilities. The facilities must be undertheloan consistent with programs for comprehensive (3) they are financially sound and effec- areawide water facilities systems. Cities, tively organized and managed towns, counties, Indian tribes, and public (4) the proposed improvements will pri- agencies of one or more States or one or more marily serve farmers, ranchers, farm tenants, municipalities established to finance specific farm laborers, and other rural residents capital improvement projects are eligible for Applications for loans and grants are made HUD grants. at the local county office of the FHA. The Community Resources Development Administration of HUD also administers a 1.2.4.2 Economic Development program that provides long-term loans to fi- Administration nance the construction of public works. Loans for up to 40 years and covering up to 100 per- EDA provides grants of up to 50 percent of cent of the project cost are made to finance the the development cost for public facilities such construction of water facilities. Loans are as water systems. Severely depressed areas available only for those parts of a project not that cannot match Federal funds may receive covered by aid provided under other Federal supplementary grants of up to 80 percent of agency programs. Priority is given to small the project cost. communities requesting assistance in con- Loans from EDA are also available for pub- structing basic 'Public works. 16 Appendix 6 Those eligible for the HUD Public Facility The cost of such projects should be borne propor- Loans include local units of government such tionately by those who are benefited. as cities, towns, villages, townships, counties, . . . the American Water Works Association sets forth the following principles by which the water supply public corporations or boards, sanitary or industry can best meet its responsibilities to the pub- water districts, and Indian tribes having the lic. These principles are consistent with the best proc- legal authority to build public works and issue esses of intergovernmental action in a free economy bonds to pay for them. The applicant commu- and are based on a long history of demonstrated abil- ity of the public water supply industry to support and nity must have a population of less than finance itself with a minimum of public assistance. 50,000. In designated development areas the population may be up to 150,000. Areas near Role of Federal Government research and development installations of the The role of the federal government in water resource National Aeronautics and Space Administra- programs and projects should be supportive and cooperative not preemptive . . . tion are not subject to a population limit. Non- The federal government should assume the initiative profit private corporations serving com- in development only when: munities of less than 10,000 are also eligible (1) An economically justifiable project is of such for assistance. magnitude as to be definitely beyond the capacity of During fiscal year 1971 HUD disbursed $18.7 local groups. (2) A project is so complex that no clearly defined million for water and sewer improvements to local or state group or groups can be identified as counties within the Great Lakes Basin, 57 not principal beneficiaries. including Planning Subareas 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, and (3) The participation of the federal government is 5.3. necessary to assure the maximum feasible develop- Federal funds available through FHA, ment in keeping with a comprehensive regional or EDA, and HUD are also used to help finance basin plan. the construction of sewage facilities. Until Role of Local Agencies now the bulk of these funds has been directed Historically, local entities have served the population toward wastewater treatment works. with public water supplies, efficiently and econom- ically. Agencies, public or private, such as water dis- tricts, cities, towns, villages, investor owned water companies, commissions, and authorities should be 1.2.5 American Water Works Association responsible under state law for: Statements of Policy on Public Water (1) Planning, financing, constructing, and operat- Supply Matters Pertinent to Financing ing system for public and industrial water supplies for all uses. (2) Managing the systems as self-sustained, Federally supported financing of public utility-type enterprises.5 water supply systems, in the form of grants or loans, will undoubtedly play a part in the de- The Board of Directors has adopted the velopment of the water resources in the Great following Statement on Financing and Rates Lakes Basin. Funding by the private sector of as the policy of the AWWA: the Basin will also be important. In this sec- AWWA believes that the interests of the public and of tion the policy of the American Water Works individual customers of water supply systems serving Association (AWWA) that is pertinent to the the public can be served best by self-sustained, financing of public water supplies is pre- utility-type enterprises, adequately financed, and with rates to the public and customers based on sound sented. engineering and economic principles designed to The public water supply industry in 1970 avoid discrimination between classes of, or individual processed and served approximately 4,354 customers. mgd of potable water to 24 million people in the Ideal Standards Great Lakes Basin. For a longtime the service To this end, AWWA establishes, as an ideal toward has been performed largely on a self- which each water supply utility should strive, the supporting basis. standards set out in the paragraphs'that follow: The Board of Directors has adopted and pub- ... (2) Such a water supply utility should receive lished in the 1971-1972 Annual Yearbook the sufficient gross revenue from those using the service following Principles of National Water Policy to enable it to pay all operating and maintenance expenses, all fixed charges on capital investment, as the policy of the AWWA: employ and compensate trained and competent per- The responsibility for water resources projects, of sonnel for operating and maintenance functions, and which public and industrial water supplies are a pri- have sufficient funds to develop and perpetuate its mary consideration, should rest with that echelon of system in accordance with sound technical and eco- government or of private interests closest to those nomic principles.5 people benefited. This broad management responsi- bility includes sponsoring, planning, development, The Board of Directors has adopted the financing, ownership, operation, and maintenance. following Statement on Practices in Organiza- Methodology 17 tion and Management of Publicly Owned Wa- every industrial activity found in the United ter Utilities as the official policy of the AWWA: States is also found in the Great Lakes Basin. In the 1967 Census of Manufactures more The American Water Works Association recognizes than 60 percent of the 48,591 manufacturing an urgent and growing need for community guidance establishments in the Basin employed less in the choice of management for community-owned water utilities. For this reason the Association has than 20 persons each. However, each year dur- prepared this. . ., so that communities may have the ing the past decade the number of small estab- benefit of the experience of hundreds of well-run, ade- lishments has declined while the number of quateIy financed water utilities. plants employing 20 or more persons has in- creased. Between 1963 and 1967, while the Fundamental Philosophy of Organization total number of establishments decreased (1) Publicly owned water utilities should be oper- from 49,123 to 48,591, the number of large ated on a self-sustained and businesslike basis. The plants increased by 1,748 and total employ- AWWA recognizes that water utility operations can ment increased by 500,000. be managed effectively under many types of organi- zations, however, the form of organization should be Every county in the Basin has some man- such as to identify the utility as a buisness entity. ufacturing plants, although in several coun- Further, the utility organization should have the re- ties manufacturing employment is less than sponsibility of developing policies and should main- tain its own funds and accounting separate from those 100 persons and value added by manufacture of the governmental body.5 is less than $1 million per year. At the other end of the spectrum, there are 11 heavily in- dustrialized counties, each of which recorded 1.3 Industrial Water Supply Requirements more than $1 billion of value added in 1967 (Table 6-8). The total value added by manufac- ture by those 11 counties in 1967 was $35.5 billion, or more than 60 percent of that re- 1.3.1 Introduction ported for the entire Great Lakes Basin. In one of the 11, Cook County, Illinois, the value The Great Lakes Basin is one of the most added by manufacture was greater than that heavily industrialized of the nation's 20 water of 44 of the States. resource regions. There are approximately Figure 6-6 illustrates the distribution of 49,000 factories, mills, refineries, and other manufacturing activity in the Region. There manufacturing plants in the Region, and they is a heavy concentration of manufacturing in employed four million people in 1967. This rep- Planning Subareas 2.2 and 2.3 at the southern resents one-third of the total employment in end of Lake Michigan, in Planning Subareas the Great Lakes Basin. Manufacturing is its 3.2 and 4.1 along the southwest shore of Lake largest economic sector, accounting for more Huron and the western end of Lake Erie, and than 41 percent of the total earnings of the in Planning Subareas 4.2,4.3, and 4.4 along the Region, and in terms of earnings, it is more entire southern shore of Lake Erie. These than twice as large as the next largest sector, seven planning subareas account for approx- wholesale and retail trade. In addition to its imately 88 percent of the total value added by importance to the Basin economy, manufac- manufacture of the entire Basin and approx- turing contributes immensely to the economic imately 90 percent of the manufacturing vitality of the nation. In 1967 the total value water withdrawals. added by all U.S. manufacture was $262 bil- Contributing significantly to the develop- lion, of which $58 billion was provided by the ment of the manufacturing sector are the Great Lakes Basin manufacturing sector. Great Lakes themselves, with vast quantities Nearly 40 percent of the nation's total steel of good quality water, advanced shipping sys- production occurs in this Region, and one of its tems, and port facilities. Raw materials and mills is the largest in the world. The largest oil manufactured products are shipped between refinery, the largest food processing plants, lake ports, and by way of the St. Lawrence and the nuinerous immense manufacturers of Seaway between world ports. The excellent motor vehicles and parts are in the Region. rail, highway, and air transportation facilities Although superlatives of size seem to best and the proximity of the Region to the large describe many of the manufacturing indus- markets of the Eastern Seaboard and the tries, the sector is comprised mainly of small Midwest have encouraged and will continue to establishments with extremely diversified ac- provide impetus to the expansion of the man- tivities and products. With few exceptions, ufacturing sector. 18 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-8 Major Manufacturing Counties in the Great Lakes Basin Total Value added by Number of Total Manufacture County Establishments Employment (Million 1967 $) Milwaukee, Wisc. 1,838 181.,loo 2.94,64.6 Cook, Ill. ll.,870 831,100 11.9640.4 Lake., Ind. 354 98.,ooo 1,698.4 Genesee, Mich. 286 82,300 1,584.o Macomb,, Mich. 1P302 94"100 1Y131.9 Oakland, Mich. 1,576 94-100 1 457.4 Waynel Mich. 41222 3963,200 5.,go8.8 Cuyahoga, Ohio 1,658 277,300 3,911.7 Summit, Ohio 723 92,500 11281.8 Erie., N. Y. 1,417 13414oo 1P903.2 Monroel N. Y. 946 133,000 2,564.1 Source: 1967 Census of Manufactures. 1.3.2 Forecasting Industrial Water Use quirements is a new procedure, and it is com- plicated by the inadequacy of data, the lack of If the projected economic growth occurs, the similarity of growth rates of industries, the output of the Basin's manufacturing sector, introduction of new materials, products, and measured in terms of value added by man- technology, and changes in policies and ufacture, will be 600 percent larger in the year priorities assigned to social, political, and eco- 2020 than in 1970. If the present relationships nomic goals. In this study, four conventional of water withdrawals to manufacturing out- forecasting methods were examined: two put persist throughout the same period, by based upon employment/water-use relation- 2020 manufacturers in the Great Lakes Basin ships, and two based upon value added/ would withdraw nearly 80 billion gallons of water-use relationships. The wide array of water daily, or nearly twice as much water as projections that resulted from the application the total U.S. manufacturing sector with- of the four methods led to the development of a draws today. If such large quantities of water fifth method that i@corporates both employ- were needed, this unlikely problem would oc- ment and value-added relationships applied to cupy the time of water and land resource new assumptions. planners to the exclusion of other matters. Al- Very early in the study it became clear that though it is not expected that the present rela- the only relatively constant relationship that tionships will persist to bring about this large exists between water-use and manufacturing water demand, it is obvious that a 600 percent activity was the ratio of value added by man- increase in industrial activity will have seri- ufacture to gross water use. This was to be ous impact on planning effort. It is important expected because value added is a dollar that estimates of accompanying requirements statement of production, and water use would be determined as rationally as existing data be likely to increase or decrease with the rise and understanding permit. The water or land and fall in production. Because gross water resource problem, its magnitude, the time and use is the sum of the quantity of water with- place of occurrence, and the actions to be drawn and the quantity recirculate@d, it con- taken are dependent upon the method used to tains a key projection parameter, withdrawal, produce the forecast. which can be derived with relevant coeffi- The forecasting of industrial water re- cients. Legend 1967 VALUE ADDED BY (MILLIONS OF CL $0 - 9 $ W OFF MIN $10 - 49 $ ...... ... LAKE SUPERIOR $50 99 $100 ONTARIO so 10 13 3 m WIS LAKE tz Im NTARIO E 0, L @_@@;_TATES --TED U., 3.2 5.1 S'. Cl., R,,- WISCONSI 4.1 L.k, RK st, Cl,,, 4.4 2.2 2.3 NEW Y Y.F -p-E-W4S 4 Z. ILLINOIS IND z 4.3 Z fig , I N D I A N A 0 H 10 z 20 Appendix 6 The task of preparing the water demand manufacture varied in time and between in- projections was subdivided into the following dustries, and therefore could not be used areas: directly as a proxy for value added by manu- (1) translating the Office of Business Eco- facture. The economic output per employee nomics (OBE) drainage area employment pro- and the employment series were extrapolated jections 16 into an economic output measure between 1960 and 1970 to obtain a 1963 out- that would be further transformed into a put figure. value added -figure In the 1963 Census of Manufactures, Vol- (2) discovering historic relationships be- UMe IIIJ the Standard Metropolitan Statisti- tween value added, gross water used, with- cal Areas (SMSAs) were grouped according to drawals, and consumption for the industries planning subarea, and information was tabu- and geographic areas under consideration, lated for employment and value added for casting their relations into numeric coeffi- each of the SIC two-digit industries reported cients, and predicting future changes in the and for total manufacturing. SMSA statistics relationships rather than county statistics were used be- (3) combining the results of operations (1) cause of the lack of SIC two-digit data for most and (2) to yield the actual volume projections. counties. In each planning subarea the Because the projection model was depen- SMSAs accounted for a very high portion of dent on a forecast of physical production, it that manufacturing employment. The ratio of was necessary to rework OBE's industry em- value added to economic output was calcu- ployment projection series for planning sub- lated for each plan area for each of the SIC areas into an equivalent economic output two-digit industries present. For total man- series by multiplying employment by an em- ufacturing the ratio of value added for the ployee productivity measure. OBE had earlier total planning subarea to value added for the prepared long-term forecasts of employee SMSAs, and the ratio of value added for the productivity by Standard Industrial Classifi- SMSA to economic output for the total plan- cation (SIC) two-digit industries using a ning subarea were calculated. It was then measure called economic output per employee, possible to convert the employment projec- varied by industry and by economic area. Be- tions by plan areas into a projected value cause the projections of industrial water use added series for each of the SIC two-digit are presented by two-digit SIC codes in this industries in these plan areas. appendix, a discussion and a listing of the SIC Because a productivity measure was not codes and their major industry group have supplied in the economic base study for the been reproduced from the Standard Indus- manufacturing industries other than the trial Classification Manual. The discussion of above-mentioned five SIC two-digit indus- the system codes follows this section, and a tries, it was necessary to construct one. This listing of the codes appears in the Addendum. was achieved for the large water users by Because the economic areas do not coincide using information from the water use in man- with the boundaries of the planning subareas, ufaeturing value-added-per-employee figures it was necessary to construct an economic for other manufacturing for 1964 for the East- output per employee measure for the plan- ern and Western Great Lakes Census Water ning subareas that incorporate segments of Use Regions. A large water user was defined more than one economic area. This was done to include only those manufacturing estab- for the industries SIC 20, 26, 28, 29, and 33 (in lishments which had an annual intake of at which manufacturing water use is concen- least 20 million gallons per year. A similar trated) by constructing an average weighted- value-added-per-employee figure was calcu- by-county employment. The weighted pro- lated for the small water-using manufactur- ductivity average was multiplied by the em- ers in the residual category of other manufac- ployment figure for each planning subarea. turing. Using the 1963 Census of Manufac- This economic output measure was then re- tures, a value added per employee for the lated to the value-added parameter. Exam- small water-using establishments for other ination of a time series of value added and manufacturing was calculated for the United gross product did not reveal any consistent States and the Middle Atlantic and Eastern trend in the relationship between these two North Central Divisions by netting out the measures. However, it did reveal important five SIC two-digit industries. The latter two differences between the two measures. The geographic measures were weighted to ap- ratio of gross product and value added by proximate a Great Lakes value-added-per- Methodology 21 employee figure. These factors were deflated difficult to isolate this factor from others. It to 1958 dollar value and projected at a 3.2 per- was decided that technological changes would cent compound growth rate. A ratio of 0.28 was be reflected in three measures of water-use calculated as the ratio between employment of efficiency: water consumption per unit prod- large@ water users in other manufacturing to uct, water intake per unit product, and gross total employment in other manufacturing. It water applied per unit product. Expected was then possible to construct a value added changes in applied technology altered each of series for this industrial category. these measures in both a positive and nega- It should be noted that employee productiv- tive manner (negative changes indicating in- ity varied considerably between the large and creasing efficiency). These changes can occur the small water-using establishments within individually or in combination because these the same planning subarea. As in the case of measures are not mutually exclusive. For the economic output per employee for the de- example, while a decrease in gross water lineated industries, the productivity meas- applied per unit product given a constant ures for both large and small users in the other reuse factor automatically reduced water in- manufacturing category varied significantly take per unit product, a reduction in the water between planning subareas. intake requirement per unit product as a re- In general the ratios for the base year of the sult of increased recirculation did not neces- projections were selected from the available sarily reduce either of the other two measures. State, regional, or national ratios that most Each of these efficiency measures has a prod- closely reflected the industrial nature and uct and an applied technology determinant. geography of the planning subareas. These Rather than attempt a composite technologi- ratios were developed for the five SIC two- cal coefficient, the Water Supply Work Group digit industries, other manufacturing, and accounted for changes in water-use tech- total manufacturing. For some industries and nology by altering each of the three measures regions the reliability of the data was highly of water-use efficiency. questionable, and therefore there were some For the most part, the relationship between exceptions to this rule. The trend and value for gross water and value added held fairly con- each of these ratios were examined for each stant. For some industries, such as food proc- industry for various geographic areas. The essing, a downward trend was indicated by ratios of gross water to value added, intake to recent census data. For primary metals indus- gross water, and consumption to gross water tries, regional trends indicated a convergence were calculated from the source material for at a certain value at an approximate time. all of the States, the Eastern Great Lakes, the For determining water intake requirements Western Great Lakes, and the Basin States. the fundamental assumption was that future Of the water parameters tested, gross water incentives such as water pollution control and use retained the most constant relationship to cost minimization will encourage manufac- value added. Most of the water used in produc- turers to expand the practice of water recircu- tion is not consumed in the production process lation and reuse in their plants. Water intake, and is available for recycling. A manufac- then, will be a decreasing fraction of the gross turer's options range from adopting a com- water requirement, as recirculation in- pletely closed system having practically no creases. It was assumed in most cases that discharge with intake only to replace that recirculation would be designed into new which is lost in the production process through manufacturing facilities and incorporated in evaporation or incorporation in the product, to existing plants on such a schedule that the the once-through method, in which the intake average plant in any industry group by the water is neither recirculated nor cascaded year 2000 would be reusing its intake water as into uses accepting declining quality. much as the most efficient regional group is In preparing the projections an attempt was today. However, consumptive losses that made to incorporate the so-called technologi- occur in manufacturing will impose an upper cal factor. The magnitudes and the relative limit to the amount of recirculation- because growth rate of the SIC four-digit industries consumption cannot exceed intake. The recir- within each SIC two-digit industry on a na- culation ratios were not allowed to achieve tional and regional basis were examined. this upper limit, because it is believed that However, incorporation of a technological fac- deteriorating quality conditions would limit tor in industrial water projections adds to the usefulness of the water and that the rela- their uncertainties, because it is extremely tive economics of intake water with its as- 22 Appendix 6 sociated costs would be more favorable than 1.4 Rural Water Supply Requirements the costs associated with additional treatment and recirculation. Another consideration was the desire to avoid the tendency to have the 1.4.1 Introduction reuse factors reach their absolute maximum at year 2020 and the implication that all forces Rural water supply requirements include reach equilibrium at that magic date. domestic water requirements for nonfarm and Comprehensive river basin studies are con- rural farm use, and rural farm requirements cerned with the consumption of water because for livestock, pesticide spray water, and depletions have a serious impact on the sanitizing and cleaning water. To prepare a planned multiple uses of water in the Basin. current assessment and projections of rural Consumption of water, because of the physical water supply requirements, the rural non- relocation of the water in the hydrologic cycle farm category was divided into rural com- and the uncertainty of the geographic location munities and rural nonfarm households. The of its return to the water resource base, com- rural farm category is subdivided into farm plicates the determination of levels and flows, household and livestock requirements. and if losses are large they may have an effect, In rural communities, inhabitants of vil- as yet unknown, on weather and climate. In lages are not served by a centralized or mu- estimating consumptive losses by manufac- nicipal water supply. Generally, each house turing, it was noted that the ratio between has its own separate supply, usually drawn gross water use and consumption has re- from wells. Water requirements for irrigation mained relatively constant. Projections were of lawns and gardens are included. based on the maintenance of that relationship Rural nonfarm households are composed of through the forecasting period, although for persons living in separate dwellings outside several industries in some planning subareas, villages or communities. These are often close the ratio of consumption to gross water use to large urban centers, with each household was increased slightly as recirculation rates having its own individual water system. These for the industry increased. separate households often include commuters who rent or own one- to five-acre plots and are engaged in limited agricultural enterprises. Wells are the most common source of water, 1.3.3 Standard Industrial Classification with some springs and combination wells System Codes for Manufacturing below reservoirs. Rural farm household water supply re- The purpose of the SIC codes is explained in quirements include all water requirements for the following paragraphs, which appear in the the farm household, including watering Standard Industrial Classification Manual is- lawns, family gardens, and noncommercial or- sued by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget: chards. In addition, it includes water used at The Standard Industrial Classification was de- the farmstead, water consumed for production veloped for use in the classification of establishments purposes such as washing milking parlors and by type of activity in which engaged; for purposes of equipment, cleaning farm machinery, and facilitating the collection, tabulation, presentation, mixing pesticide sprays for orchards and field and analysis of data relating to establishments; and crops. for promoting uniformity and comparability in the presentation of statistical data collected by various Rural water supply requirements for live- agencies of the United States Government, State stock include water requirements for livestock agencies, trade associations, and private research or- production, both on pasture and at the farm ganizations. headquarters. The Classification is intended to cover the entire field of economic activities: agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; mining, construction, manufacturing, 1.4.2 Forecasting Rural Water Use transportation, communication, electric, gas, and sanitary services, wholesale and retail trade; finance, Rural water-use budgets were developed for insurance, and real estate; services, and government. 1970, 1980, 2000, and 2020 (Tables 6-9, 6-10, An "establishment" is an economic unit which pro- 6-11, and 6-12). Domestic requirements were duces goods or services-for example, a farm, a mine, calculated by applying these budgets to pro- a factory, a store. In most instances, the establish- jections of future population from Appendix ment is at a single physical location; and it is engaged in only one, or predominantly one, type of economic 19, Economic and Demographic Studies. Simi- activity for which an industry code is applicable.42 larly, livestock and spray water requirements Methodology 23 TABLE 6-9 Great Lakes Basin Rural, Domestic, Crop, and Livestock Basic Water Use Budget, 1970 Type of Use Unit Size Period of Use Unit Use Rural Domestic Family water use 1 person 365 days 50 gal/day/capita Car and truck washing Rural Residence 200 gal/capita Lawn and garden Rural Residence 10 hrs. 300 gal/hr. Swimming pool Hired workers and family 1 person 365 days 40 gal/day/capita Spray Water for Diseasel Insect, and Weed Control Vegetables and potatoes 150 gal/acre Fruit trees 100 gal/acre Small fruit 200 gal/acre Corn 30 gal/acre Soybeans, Hay & Dry Beans 20 gal/acre Livestock Cows, Milk .(8,000#) 300 days Maintenance 12 gal/day+ 1 gal/3 lbs milk Dry cows 65 days lp gal/aay Young stock 365 days 10 gal/day Dairy cleaning and sanitizing 365 days 2 gal/day/cow Liquid manure hand-ling Sows 365 days 3 gal/aay Pigs 180 days 1-5 gal/day Wallow 150 daYs 0.5 gal/day/pig Cleaning and sanitizing Fogging and cooling Laying flock + young 365 days 5 gal/day/100 hens Egg washing 365 days 1 gal/day/100 hens Cleaning and sanitizing 5days 4 gal/day/100 hens Beef cows and replacements 365 days 12 gal/day Cattle and calves (300) 365 days 10 gal day Turkeys (15#) 190 days 2 gal/day/100 Breeding flock 365 days 10 gal/day/100 Cleaning and sanitizing 5% of total water consumption Sheep and lambs (1100 200 days 1 gal/day Ewe flock 365 days 2 gal/day Mortality of Young Stock* Dairy 5% 180 days 5 gal/day Pigs 13% 90 days 0.8 gal/day Chickens 10% 180 days 2 gal/day/100 Beef 5% 180 days 5 gal/day Turkeys 10% 95 days 4-5 gal/day/100 Sheep 13% 100 days 0-5 gal/daY *Approximately 1/2 of the young stock water requirement for 1/2 the period of use. Adapted from: Water Systems Analysis to Meet Changing Conditions, Agricultural Engineering Information Series 152, 1965, and Farm Water Systems Planning Guide, Agricultural Engineering Information Series 181 1967 Michigan State University; Private Water Systems, Midwest Plan Service - 1@,, Iowa" State University, 1968 and Dairy Farmstead Water Usep paper by Elmer E. Jones, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Mdo, June, -L964j, in consultation with Ernest Kidder, Agricultural Engineer; Michigan State Uni- versity; Melville Palmer, Agricultural Engineer, Ohio State University; Donald Keech, Sanitary Engineer, Michigan Department of Public Health, and Arthur Liedp Regional Supervisor, Michigan Department of Agricultural. 24 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-10 Great Lakes Basin Rural, Domestic, Crop, and Livestock Basic Water Use Budget, 1980 Type of Use Unit Size Period of Use Unit Use Rural Domestic Family water use 1 person 365 days 65 gal/day/capita Car and truck washing Rural Residence 200 gal/capita Lawn and garden Rural Residence 10 hrs. 300 gal/hr. Swimming pool (1 per 100 families) 16.0030 gal + make up Hired workers & family 1 person 365 days 55 gal/day/capita Spray Water for Diseasel Insect,, and Weed Control Vegetables and Potatoes 100 gal/acre Fruit trees 75 gal/acre Small fruit 150 gal/acre Corn 30 gal/acre Soybeans, Hay, and Dry Beans 20 gal/acre Livestock Cows, milk (13,000#) 300 days Maintenance 14 gal/day+ 1 gal/3 lbs milk Dry cows 65 days 14 gal/day Young stock 365 days 12 gal/day Dairy cleaning & sanitizing 365 days 3.5 gal/day/cow Li.quid manure handling 365 days 0.1 gal/cow Sows 365 days 4 gal/day Pigs 165 days 2 gal/day Wallow 150 days 1 gal/day/pig Cleaning & sanitizing 180 days 1 gal/day/pig Fbgging and cooling 150 days 0.5 gal/day/pig Laying flock 365 days 6 gal/day/100 hens Egg washing 365 days 1 gal/day/100 hens Cleaning & San-itizing 10 days 4 gal/day Beef cows & replacements 365 days 14 gal/day Cattle and calves (800#) 365 days 12 gal/day Turkeys (15#) 140 days 10 gal/day/100 Breeding flock 365 days 12 gal/day/100 Cleaning & sanitizing 5% of total water con- sumption Sheep and lambs (110) 180 days 1.5 gal/day Ewe flock 365 days 2 gal/day Mortality of Young Stock* Dairy 4% 180 days 6 gal/day Pigs 10% 82 days 1 gal/day Chickens 8% 180 days 2.5 gal/day/100 Beef 4% 180 days 6 gal/day Turkeys 8% 70 days 6 gal/day/100 Sheep 10% 90 days 0.8 gal/day *Approximately 1/2 of the young stock water requirement for 1/2 the period of use. Adapted from: Water Systems Analysis to Meet Changing Conditions, Agricultural Engineering Information Series 152, 1965, and Farm Water Systems Planning Guide., Agricultural'Engineering Information Series 181, 1967, Michigan State University; Private Water Systems, Midwest Plan Service - 14, Iowa State University, 1968 and Dairy Farmstead Water Use, paper by Elmer E. Jones, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Md., June, 1964P in consultation with Ernest Kidder, Agricultural Engineer; Michigan State Uni- versity; Melville Palmer, Agricultural Engineer, Ohio State University; Donald Keech, Sanitary Engineer, Michigan Department of Public Health, and Arthur Lied, Regional Supervisor, Michigan Department of Agriculture. Methodology 25 TABLE 6-11 Great Lakes Basin Rural, Domestic, Crop, and Livestock Basic Water Use Budget, 2000 Type of Use Unit Size Period of Use Unit Use Rural Domestic Family water use 1 lx,-.rson 365 days 70 gal/day Car and truck washing Rural Residence 200 gal/capita Lawn and garden Rural Residence 20 hours 300 gal/hour Swimming pool (1 per 6o families) 3c.ooo gal + make-up Hired workers and family 1 person 365 days 65 gal/day Spray Water for Disease., Insect,, and Weed Control 80 gal/acre Vegetables and Potatoes Fruit 50 gal/acre Small Fruit 120 gal/acre Corn 30 gal/acre Soybeans, Hey & Dry Beans 20 gal/acre Livestock Cows., milk (l8j'OOO#) 300 days Maintenance 14 gal/day + 1 gal/3 lbs milk Dry cwos 65 days 14 gal/day Young stock 365 days 12 gal/day Dairy cleaning & sanitizing 365 days 5 gal/day/cow Liquid manure handling 365 days 0.5 gal/cow Sows 365 days 4 gal/day Pigs 155 days 2 gal/day Wallow 150 days 0.5 gal/aay/pig Cleaning & Sanitizlng 180 days 2 gal/day/pig Fogging & Cooling 150 days 1 gal/day/pig Laying flock 365 days 6 gal/day/100 hens Egg washing 365 days 1 gal/day/100 hens Cleaning & Sanitizing 15 days 4 gal/day/100 liens Beef cows & replacements 365 days 14 gal/day Cattle and calves (800#) 365 days 12 gal/day Turkeys (150 125 days 12 gal/day/100 Breeding flock 365 days 14 gal/day/lOO Cleaning & Sanitizing 5% of total -water consumption Sheep and lambs (1100 150 days 2 gal/day Ewe flock 365 days 2 gal/day Mortality of Young Stock* Dairy 3% 180 days 6 gal/day Pigs 7% 78 days 1 gal/day Chickens 6% 180 days 3 gal/day/100 Beef 3% 180 days 6 gal/day Turkeys 6% 62 days 6 .5 gal/day/100 Sheep 7% 75 days i gal/day Approximately 1/2 of the young stock water requirement for 1/2 the period of use. Adapted from: Water Systems Analysis to Meet Changing Conditions, Agricultural Engineering Information Series 152, 1965, and Farm Water Systems Planning Guide,, Agri- cultural Engineering Information Series 181, 1967, Michigan SLate University; Private Water Systems, Midwest Plan Service - 14, Iowa State University, 1968 and Dairy Farm- stead Water Use, paper by Elmer E. Jones, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Md., June, 1964, in consiLltation with Ernest Kidder, Agricultural Engineer; Michigan State University; Melville Palmer, Agricultural Engineer, Ohio State University; Donald Keech, Sanitary Engineer, Michigan Department of Public Health, and Arthur Lied, Regional Supervisor, Michigan Department of Agriculture. 26 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-12 Great Lakes Basin Rural, Domestic, Crop, and Livestock Basic Water Use Budget, 2020 Type of Use Unit Size Period of Use Unit Use Rural Domestic Family water use 1 person 365 days 75 gal/day Car and truck washing Rural Residence 200 gal/capita Lawn and garden Rural-Residence 20 hours 300 gal/hour Swimming pool (1 per 40 families) 301,000 gal + make up Hired workers and family 1 person 365 days 75 gal/day Spray Water for Disease,, Insect, and Weed Control Vegetables and Potatoes 60 gal/acre Fruit 30 gal/acre Small fruit 100 gal/acre Corn 30 gal/acre Soybeans, Hay & Dry Beans 20 gal/acre Livestock Cows., milk (20,000#) 300 days Maintenance 14 gal/day + 1 gal/3 lbs milk Dry cows 65 days 14 gal/day Young stock 365 days 12 gal/day Dairy cleaning & sanitizing 365 days 5 gal/day/cow Liquid manure handling 365 days 0 .5 gal/cow Sows 365 days 4 gal/day Pigs 150 days 2 gal/day Wallow 150 days 0.5 gal/day/pig Cleaning & Sanitizing 180 days 2 gal/day/pig Fogging & Cooling 150 days 1 gal/day/pig Laying flock 365 days 6 gal/day/100 hens Egg washing 365 days 1 gal/day/100 hens Cleaning & Sanitizing 15 days 4 gal/day/100 hens Beef cows & replacements 365 days 14 gal/day Cattle & calves (8000 365 days 12 gal/day Turkeys (15#) 125 days 12 gal/day/100 Breeding flock 365 days 14 gal/day/100 Cleaning & sanitizing Sheep and lambs (110#) 140 days 2 gal/day Ewe flock 365 days 2 gal/day Mortality of Young Stock* Dairy 3% 180 days 6 gal/day Pigs 5% 75 days 1 gal/day Chickens 5% 180 days 3 gal/day/100 Beef 3% 180 days 6 gal/day Turkeys 5% 62 days 6.5 gal/day/100 Sheep 5% 70 days 1 gal/day *Approximately 1/2 of the young stock water requirement for 1/2 the period of use Adapted from: Water Systems Analysis to Meet Changing Conditions, Agricultural Engineering Information Series 152y 1965, and Farm Water Systems Planning Guide., Agricultural Engineering Information Series 181 1967, Michigan State University; Private Water Systems, Midwest Plan Service - 1@,, Iowa State University, 1968 and Dairy Farmstead Water Use, paper by Elmer B. Jones, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Md., June, 1964, in consultation with Ernest Kidder, Agricultural Engineer; Michigan State Uni- versity; Melville Palmer, Agricultural Engineer, Ohio State University; Donald Keech, Sanitary Engineer, Michigan Department of Public Health, and Arthur Lied, Regional Supervisor, Michigan Department of Agriculture. Methodology 27 were calculated on the basis of projected live- 1.4.2.4 Consumptive Water Use stock and crop production. Irrigation water re- quirements are considered in Appendix 15, Ir- Consumptive water use is the portion of rigation. total water use that is removed from the water environment primarily through evaporation and transpiration, and is thus no longer avail- 1.4.2.1 Rural Nonfarm Requirements able for use within a specific area. Consump- tive use has been estimated by applying Rural nonfarm water requirements are consumptive-use factors to projected rural based on population projection and per capita water requirements for rural nonfarm and domestic consumption rates. Rural nonfarm farm components, the latter consisting of population estimates were derived by sub- rural domestic, livestock, and spray water tracting from total planning subarea popula- uses. tion projections the estimates of farm popula- Consumptive use, expressed as a percentage tion and the population served by municipal of water requirements, has been estimated to water systems. Per capita domestic use rates, be 15 percent for rural nonfarm, 25 percent for similar to those used for rural farm domestic domestic rural farm, 90 percent for livestock, rates, were then applied to populations, re- and 100 percent for spray water .62 It can be sulting in rural nonfarm requirements. assumed that rural nonfarm domestic use is less than rural farm domestic use. This differ- ence is attributed primarily to greater effi- ciency in the distribution and recovery sys- 1.4.2.2 Rural Farm Requirements tems of rural nonfarm residences. Rural farm water requirements are classified as domestic, livestock, and spray 1.4.2.5 Regional Differences in Water water requirements. If the water-use rate is Requirements per Unit of Use applied to projections of each of these categories, water requirement estimates may Rural water requirements are directly re- be calculated. Rural farm population estimates, livestock lated to population and the composition of ag- numbers, and the acreage requiring spray ricultural activity in a planning subarea, water are based on projections developed for especially livestock numbers and cropping Appendix 19, Economic and Demographic patterns. Both the type of farming and gen- Studies. eral climatic factors influence water use. Livestock water requirements per head are generally less in the northern planning sub- areas. Relatively large spray water require- 1.4.2.3 Sources of Water ments are estimated for planning subareas with large acreage in fruits, vegetables, and The sources of water are ground water and row crops. Greater per capita domestic re- surface water. The primary source of rural quirements are projected for the more south- water supply is ground water. It has been es- ern planning subareas. This reflects the influ- timated that 93 percent of the rural and .3nce of temperatures and economic activity on domestic supply in the Great Lakes Region water requirements. comes from this source. The remainder comes The Great Lakes planning subareas were from surface water but, of course, there is grouped to reflect differences in per-unit re- some variation between Basin States. Esti- quirements. A water requirement coefficient mates of the percentages of water from was assigned to each of the three groups to ground water for the Basin States are: 95 per- adjust the water-use requirements that had cent, Michigan; 90 percent, New York and been calculated by using the water budgets. Wisconsin; .88 percent, Minnesota and Group I includes those planning subareas Pennsylvania; 90 percent, Illinois and In- where water requirements are projected to be diana; and 75 percent, Ohio. 100 percent of those calculated using the Although nearly all domestic water comes budgets. Included are Planning Subareas 2.1, from ground water sources, livestock water is 2.2, 2.3, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, and 5.2. often drawn from surface water (24 percent) .61 Water requirements for Group II, (Planning 28 Appendix 6 Subareas 2.4, 3.1, and 5.3) are projected to be climatic factors and the levels of agricultural 90 percent of requirements calculated using activity are assumed to have the greatest im- the-water budgets. pact on the water budget calculations. Water Group III (Planning Subareas 1.1 and 1.3) requirements were projected to be 80 percent consists of those planning subareas where of direct water budget calculations. Section 2 SUMMARY OF GREAT LAKES BASIN WATER USE 2.1 Present and Projected Municipal Water By the year 2000 municipal water supplies Use are expected to serve 6,950 mgd to 36.7 million people (87 percent of the Basin population), an average per capita usage of 189 gped. Pro- 2.1.1 Great Lakes Basin jected needs resulting from the additional water-use demands of new growth are esti- In general the northern portion of the Basin mated at 2,810 mgd in the Great Lakes Basin. is largely rural. The southern portion is heav- To meet these projected needs, it is estimated ily industrialized and urbanized (see Subsec- that capital expenditures of $1,085 million and tion 1.1.1). The OBERS population projections total OMR expenditures of $1,416 million will forecast that the total population of the Great be required during the period 1@70 to 2000. Lakes Basin will be 33.5 million in 1980, 42.3 In 2020 municipal water supplies are ex- million in 2000, and 53.5 million by 2020. This pected to provide 9,196 mgd to 47.8 million represents an 84 percent increase in popula- people (89 percent of the Basin population), an tion during the 50-year period of this study. average per capita usage of 192 gpcd. Pro- During the base year of this study, 1970, it is jected needs resulting from the additional estimated that municipal water supplies water use demands of new growth are esti- served 4,356 mgd to meet the domestic, com- mated at 5,398 mgd in the Great Lakes Basin. mercial, and industrial water-use demands Of To provide the facilities to meet these needs, it 23.6 million people in the Great Lakes Basin, is estimated that capital expenditures of an average per capita usage of 184 gpcd. $2,001 million and total OMR expenditures of Eighty-two percent of the total population $4,229 million will be required from 1970 to of the Basin is served by municipal facilities. 2020 (Table 6-16).. In this appendix estimates Municipal water supplies obtained their sup- of existing and potential yields of ground- ply of raw water from surface water and water and inland surface-water resources are ground water sources that accounted for the presented for each of the 15 planning sub- following percentages of total withdrawal: areas. (These planning subareas are shown in surface waters of the Great Lakes, 78 percent; Figure 6-7.) Figure 6-8 summarizes munici- inland lakes and streams, 9 percent; and pal, industrial, and rural water withdrawal ground water, 13 percent (Tables 6-13 and requirements for the planning period. 6-14). Storage capacities and storage-yield rela- The presently developed capacity of all mu- tionships were obtained from Appendix 2, Sur- nicipal water supply facilities for each of the face Water Hydrology, and were used to esti- sources within the Great Lakes Basin is ap- mate the theoretical yield from existing res- proximately 7,409 mgd. ervoirs and watersheds that have the poten- By 1980 municipal water supplies are ex- tial to be developed to provide on@stream sur- pected to serve 5,217 mgd to 27.9 million face water storage. people, an average per capita usage of 187 In Appendix 3, Geology and Ground Water, gped (Table 6-15). Eighty-three percent of the estimates of ground-water discharge are pre- total population of the Great Lakes Basin will sented. The base flow of unregulated be served by municipal water supplies. Pro- surface-water streams represents the outflow jected Basin needs resulting from additional of the ground-water aquifer in the area. The water-use demands of new growth are esti- sustained yield of the ground-water resources mated to be 872 mgd. From 1970 to 1980 the was estimated by the 70 percent flow duration estimated costs of developing the necessary of the surface-water streams in each planning water supply facilities to meet the projected subarea. needs are $419 million for capital expenditures The information presented in each planning and $192 million for total OMR expenditures. subarea report can be used to indicate the rel- 29 30 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-13 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use in the Great Lakes Basin (mgd) 1970 1980 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Superior 48.5 126 12.5 187 54.3 104 12.8 171.1 Michigan 2,043.0 5,654 234.0 7,931 2,468.0 3,707 265.0 6,440.0 Huron 133.0 540 39.0 712 168.0 491 48.0 707.0 Erie 1,769.0 3,867 133.0 5,769 2,104.0 3,272 148.0 5,524.0 Ontario 362.0 388 52.0 802 423.0 332 62.0 817.0 Total 4,355.5 10,575 4,470,5 15,401 5,217.3 7,906 535.8 13,559.1 Consumption Superior 4.8 11 3.3 19.1 4.7 15 3.3 23 Michigan 191.0 486 75.0 752.0 244.0 683 91.0 1,018 Huron 11.0 34 11.0 56.0 15.0 61 16.0 92 Erie 161.0 338 39.0 539.0 222.0 466 48.0 736 Ontario 34.0 31 22.0 86.0 39.0 44 27.0 110 Total -@O -1. 8 0-0 Y -50-.3 1,452.1 524.7 1,269 185.3 1,979 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Superior 98 126 13 237 3.3 2 0.3 5.6 Michigan 3,588 5,654 234 9,477 479.0 585 31.0 1,095.0 Huron 199 540 39 778 34.0 107 8.3 149.3 Erie 3,0128 3,867 133 7,028 307.0 356 15.0 678.0 Ontario 496 388 52 936 47.0 59 9.0 115.0 Total 7,409 10,575 471 18,456 -C7-0.3 1,109 63.6 2,042.9 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural totaT- Withdrawal Requirements Superior 66.5 117 14.9 198.4 80.8 198 17 295.8 Michigan 3,227.0 3,725 323.0 7,275.0 4.,218.0 6,351 362 10,931.0 Huron 251.0 428 60.0 739.0 365.0 929 72 1,366.0 Erie 2,825.0 2,695 182.0 5,702.0 3,762.0 4,642 209 8,613.0 Ontario 581.0 294 70.0 945.0 770.0 648 78 1,496.0 . Total 6,950.5 7,259 649.9 14,859.4 9,195.8 12,76 738 22,701.8 Consumption Superior 7.9 33 4 44.9 10 61 4.2 75.2 Michigan 372.0 1,449 117 1,938.0 528 2,964 141.0 3,633.0 Huron 28.0 242 22 292.0 45 663 29.0 737.0 Erie 328.0 1,082 60 1,471.0 469 2,312 74.0 2,855.0 Ontario 63.0 102 33 198.0 90 248 39.0 377.0 Total 798.9 2,908 236 3,943.9 1,142 6,248 T8-7.-2- 7,777.2 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Superior 13 15 3 31 25 73 4.6 102.6 Michigan 1,401 2,188 89 3,678 2,594 4,772 128.0 7,494.0 Huron 121 354 21 497 245 861 33.0 1,139.0 Erie 1,055 1,929 49 3,033 2,110 4,025 76.0 6,211.0 Ontario 220 180 18 418 424 519 26.0 969.0 Total 2,810 666 180 7,657 5,398 10,250 267.6 15,915.6 Great Lakes Basin Water Use 31 TABLE 6-14 Base Municipal Water Supply in the Great Lakes Basin 1970 Population Served (thousands) 1970 Municipal Water Use (mgd) From From From Inland From From Inland From Per Planning Great Lakes & Ground- Great Lakes & Ground- Capita Subarea Lakes Streams water Total Lakes Streams water Total (gped) 1.1 154.6 6.o loo.6 261.2 19.9 0-5 J-2-7 33-1 127 1.2 69.4 8-5 43.8 1-21.7 8-7 1.1 5-5 15-3 126 2.1 154.8 i4o-5 264.o 559.3 30-9 25-0 36.9 92.8 166 2.2 6,705.6 8.2 1,408.1 8,i2l.9 1,487-7 0.9 156.2 1,644.8 203 2-3 523-7 1,026:3 1,550-0 92-7 - 173.2 265-9 172 2.4 169.8 25-9 92 1 287.8 23-1 3-5 12-5 39-1 136 3-1 27-8 - 30-1 57-9 3.4 - 3.6 7-0 121 3.2 510-5 7-8 189-7 7o8.0 go.6 1.4 33.6 125.6 177 4.1 4,ol8-3 118-7 259.4 4,396.4 675.4 19.9 43.6 738.9 168 4.2 527-5 519-5 179-1 1,226.1 94.2 67.6 24.1 185.9 152 4:3 2,127.8 445.4 135.0 2,7o8.2 442.9 59.6 14.4 516-9 191 4 4 1,478.o 82.0 14o.4 1,700.4 300-3 11-3 15.6 327.2 192 5-1 638-7 89-3 66-7 794-7 llo.4 13.4 7.2 131-0 165 5.2 124-3 8io.8 118 4 1,053.5 22-5 147-8 16.4 186-7 177 5-3 46.8 75-0 24:4 146.2 6-7 35-0 2-7 44.4 303 Total 17,277.6 2,337-6 4,078.1 23,693.3 3,4og.4 787.0 75-8.3 @,354.6 184 TABLE 6-15 Base and Projected Municipal Water Supply in the Great Lakes Basin 1970 198o - gooo 2020 Population Total Population Total Population Total Population Total Planning Served Water Served Water Served Water Served Water Subarea (thousands) Use(mgd) (thousands) Use(mgd) (thousands) Use(mgd) (thousands) Use(mgd) 1.1 261.2 33-1 277.8 4o.o 326.1 50-8 3B2.7 62.9 1.2 121.7 15-3 111.4 14-3 115-3 15-T 125.9 17.9 2.1 559.3 92.8 692.4 J-28.9 967.8 192.9 1,336.1 280.7 2.2 8,121.9 1,644.8 9,741.o 1,946.8 12,586.8 2,44o.2 16,i28.o 3,065.9 2-3 1,550.0 265-9 1,922.9 2,780-7 525-9 3,885-3 773-8 2.4 287.8 39-1 342-5 47-7 467-1 68-5 637.4 97.9 3-1 57.9 7-0 70-0 8.8 97.0 12-7 137.0 19.0 3.2 708.0 125.6 851.6 159.6 1,205-3 238.2 1,662.2 345.6 4.1 4,396.4 738.9 5,162.6 891:7 6,789.8 1,236.4 8.,933-0 1,710.1 4.2 1,226.1 185.9 1,502.9 236 6 2,013.2 335.4 2,655.6 454.5 4-3 2,708.2 516.9 3,155-0 610 . 2 4,067-9 8oo-3 5,205-2 1,036.8 4.4 1,700.4 327.2 1,862.0 365.9 2,275.2 453.6 2,782.6 56o.9 5.1 794.7 131-0 858.6 150 2 1,138-1 209.4 1,454-3 280.6 5.2 1,053.5 186-7 1,242-3 225:7 1,686.9 319-0 2,245.4 429.4 5-3 146.2 44.4 157o3 47.3 188.8 53.1 230.6 6o.4 Total 23,6,93-3 4,354.6 27j,950-3 5,218.o 36,7o6.o 6,952.1 47,801-3 9,196.4 32 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-16 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Great Lakes Basin (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 211.692 456.o64 535.658 667-756 1203.415 Great Lakes Annual OMR 10-549 43.825 93.245 54-374 147.620 Total OMR 105.492 876-507 1864.913 981.999 2846.913 Inland Lakes Capital lo.644 4o.036 72.866 50.68o 123-546 and Annual OMR -530 3-055 8.682 3.586 12.268 Streams Total OMR 5-3o4 61.119 173.644 66.424 240.068 Capital 20-566 45-525 59.872 66.ogi 125.963 Ground Water* Annual OMR 2.270 9-568 21.2o6 11.839 33.045 Total OMR 22.709 191-372 424.127 214.o8i 638.208 Long Distance Capital 175-350 123-950 192-500 299-300 491.8oo Transport of Annual OMR 5-800 4-38o 6.49o lo.18o 16.670 Great Lakes Total OMR 58.ooo 87.6oo 129.8oo 145.6oo 328.000 Capital 418.652 666.489 916-136 1085.090 2001.023 Total Annual OMR 19.224 61.170 133.o44 8o-391 213.441 Total OMR 191.995 1223.362 266o.894 -1415.615 4229.116 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/mgd-yr) transmission 120.90ou 7,600 wells & pumping 4o,320 27,818 (See Figure 6-4) total 160,320 35,418 ative quantities of water resources available sents an average per capita usage of 127 gpcd, and development potential in the planning the lowest in the Great Lakes Basin. subarea. The water resource figures pre- In 1970 Lake Superior was the source for sented are an aggregate quantity and are more than half the total withdrawal require- generally distributed over a wide portion of a ments of the basin by providing 28.6 mgd, or 59 planning subarea. Because the water re- percent of the withdrawals. Ground water re- source quantities are distributed over such a sources provided 18.2 mgd, 38 percent of the large area, the quantities shown may not be total withdrawals. Inland lakes and streams available for use in urban areas that might of the basin are largely undeveloped, and pro- have a water supply need. Potential capacities vided 1.6 mgd, 3 percent of the total require- and yield used in this section relate to the total ments. The presently developed, rated capac- resource. No attempt has been made to iden- ity of municipal water supplies of the basin is tify the portion of the resource that may not be estimated to be 98 mgd. suitable for use. By the year 2020 the Lake Superior basin, with a projected population of 668,804 persons, will account for only 1.3 percent of the total 2.1.2 Lake Superior Basin population of the Great Lakes Basin. It is ex- pected that municipal water supply facilities In the base year of this study, 1970, the Lake will meet the needs of 80.8 mgd to 508,600 Superior basin accounted for a mere 1.9 per- people (76 percent of the population), an aver- cent of the Great Lakes Basin resident popu- age per capita usage of 159 gpcd. lation. It is estimated that municipal water The water resources of Lake Superior are supplies served 48.5 mgd to 382,900 people (79 expected to provide 71 percent, or 57.6 mgd, of percent of the basin population). This repre- the total projected withdrawal requirements. Oil A-- LEGEND Great Lakes Region Subregions 's Planning Subareas 17, MIN ESOTA OFA- Subregion number Planning Subarea n W LAKE SUPERIOR q'o., County Boundaries Ell ONTARIO STATUTE MI 1.2 A 20 -0 S, M... R,,,,r '0, S wl@@O w LAKE@URON M Isc NSIN 2.1 17f 3.1 2.4 ONTARI AKE I HI N CA@AIDA E7s U@UTLD 3.2 R-, S1. Cl- R-, I.",, 1 1-1 Y WISCONSIN S'. 0., NEW 2.2 MIC GAN @117@N NA OHIO z ILLINOIS 4, 0 4.2 0 I N D I A N A 0 H 10 .z 34 Appendix 6 25,000 freshwater lake in the world, it should be an I Fj INwsmAi. adequate water resource. The necessary de- 206000L Em -"-' velopment of surface-water supplies will occur MUNICIPAL as the need arises. Ground-water resources provide low yield and are poor in quality in some areas of the basin, but this is not consid- ered a grave problem. Development will occur M000 i areasw eret egroun -water resource is 0 < adequate quantity and quality. l0q.000 2.1.3 Lake Michigan Basin !kOOO In the base year of this study, 1970, the Lake Michigan basin, with a population of 13.4 mil- lion, accounted for 46 percent that municipal 0 water supplies served 2,043 mgd to 10.4 million 1970 1980 1990 Y E A R2000 2010 2020 people, or an average per capita usage of 196 lion, accounted for 46 percent of the Great FIGURE 6-8 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Lakes Basin resident population. It is esti- Water Withdrawal Requirements-Great Lakes mated that municipal water supplies served Basin 2,043 mgd to 10.4 million people, or an average Although physically occupying only 4 percent per capita usage of 196 gped, the greatest in of the nation's area, the population of the Great the Great Lakes Basin. Seventy-eight percent Lakes Basin, at 29.3 million in 1970, accounts for of the population was served by municipal 15 percent of the total U.S. population. Munici- water supplies. pal water supplies served 80 percent or 23.6 In 1970 the waters of Lake Michigan served million people in the Basin in 1970. This is ex- as a source for more than three-fourths (80 pected to increase to 4 7.8 million people by 2020. percent) of the total withdrawal requirements The agricultural economy in 1964 sold crops, for the basin by providing 1,634 mgd. Inland livestock, and livestock products valued at $2.4 lakes and streams provided 1.5 percent, or 29 billion, which represented 7 percent of the na- mgd, of the total withdrawals. Ground water tional total. resources provided 18.5 peircent, or 379 mgd, of The Great Lakes Basin is highly industri- the total withdrawals to municipal water us- alized with a diversified manufacturing ers. The presently developed and rated capac- economy concentrated in the central section of ity of municipal water supplies of the basin is the Basin, while the lakeshores are centers for estimated to be 3,588 mgd. heavy industry, with emphasis on iron, steel, By the year 2020 the Lake Michigan basin, petroleum, and chemical production. with a projected population of 24.8 million, will account for 46 percent of the Great Lakes Basin population. It is expected that munici- Ground-water development will provide 26 pal water supplies will serve 4,218 mgd to 22.0 percent, or 21 mgd, and inland lakes and million people (89 percent of the population) to streams are expected to provide 3 percent, or 2 meet the projected withdrawal requirements, mgd. an average per capita use of 192 gped. By the year 2020 projected needs resulting The water resources of Lake Michigan are from the additional water-use demands of new expected to provide 73 percent, or 3,090 mgd, growth are estimated to be 25.3 mgd in the of all projected withdrawal requirements. If Lake Superior basin. No needs are projected facilities that use inland lakes and streams as for Planning Subarea 1.2 because no popula- their raw water source are developed, they tion growth beyond past levels is projected. To would provide 2 percent, or 88 mgd, of total provide the municipal water supply facilities projected withdrawals. Ground-water de- to meet the projected needs, it is estimated velopment is expected to provide 25 percent, or that capital expenditures of $6.9 million and 1,044 mgd, of the projected requirements in total OMR expenditures of $18.6 million will be the Lake Michigan basin. required during the 50-year period 1970 to By the year 2020 projected needs resulting 2020. from the additional water use demands of new Because Lake Superior is the largest growth in the Lake Michigan basin are esti- Great Lakes Basin Water Use 35 mated to be 2,594 mgd. To provide the munici- The water resources of Lake Huron are ex- pal water supply facilities required to meet pected to provide 79 percent, or 288 mgd, of the projected needs, it is estimated that capital total projected withdrawal requirements for expenditures of $790 million and total OMR the basin. Development of facilities using in- expenditures of $2,051 million will be required land lakes and streams as their raw water during the 50-year period 1970 to 2020. source is expected to provide 0.5 percent, or 1.7 No problems are expected in terms of qual- mgd, of the total projected withdrawals. ity and quantity of water resources of Lake Ground-water development is expected to pro- Michigan, assuming that adequate water pol- vide 20 percent, or 75 mgd, of the projected lution abatement programs are in effect. As requirements in the Lake Huron basin. needs arise, surface-water supplies will be de- Rapidly growing demand in the Detroit veloped. Ground-water resources are gener- metropolitan area has resulted in the planned ally adequate in Planning Subareas 2.3 and development of an additional water supply 2.4, but in Planning Subareas 2.1 and 2.2 seri- from Lake Huron to meet future needs. An ous depletion of ground-water aquifers has intake tunnel near Port Huron, Michigan, has occurred near major urban centers, notably a capacity of 1,200 mgd. Chicago. Pollution and contamination of aqui- The water resources of Lake Huron and its fers have occurred and are a constant poten- connecting channels will provide the major tial threat to ground-water resources. portion of the water supply requirements of the Detroit metropolitan area and its service area in Planning Subarea 4.1. By the year 2000 2.1.4 Lake Huron Basin the Detroit Metropolitan Water Department expects to serve 1,273 mgd to 8 million people In 1970 the Lake Huron Basin, with a popu- in southeastern Michigan with the develop- lation of 1.2 million, accounted for 4.2 percent ment of a large intake in Lake Huron.13 of the Great Lakes Basin resident population. By the year 2020 projected needs resulting It is estimated that municipal water supplies from the additional water use demands of new served 133 mgd to 0.8 million people (62 per- growth are estimated to be 245 mgd in the cent of the population) to meet the water de- Lake Huron basin. To provide the municipal mands of the domestic, commercial, and mu- water supply facilities required to meet pro- nicipally supplied industrial water users. This jected needs, it is estimated that capital ex- represents an average per capita usage of 173 penditures of $107 million and total OMR ex- gpcd. penditures of $210 million will be required dur- In 1970 Lake Huron was the source for 71 ing the 50-year period 1970 to 2020. percent of the total withdrawal requirements No problems are expected in the quality and for the basin, or 94 mgd. Inland lakes and quantity of water resources of Lake Huron, streams provided 1 percent, or 1.4 mgd, of the assuming that adequate water pollution total withdrawals. Ground-water resources abatement programs are in effect. As needs provided 28 percent, or 37 mgd, of the total arise surface-water supplies will be developed. withdrawals to municipal water users. The Ground-water supplies are generally sparse in presently developed rated capacity of munici- the basin. Water quality is considered poor in pal water supplies of the basin is estimated to Planning Subarea 3.2 and highly mineralized be 199 mgd. in Planning Subarea 3.1. In 1970 the water from Lake Huron provided part of the public water supply for municipali- ties in Planning Subarea 4.1. The bulk of this 2.1.5 Lake Erie Basin supply was provided by the connecting chan- nels (the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and In 1970 the Lake Erie basin, with a popula- the Detroit River) and Lake Erie. tion of 11.6 million, accounted for 39.7 percent By the year 2020 the Lake Huron basin, with of the Great Lakes Basin resident population. a projected population of 2.3 million, will ac- It is estimated that municipal water supplies count for 4.3 percent of the total population of served 1,769 mgd to 10.0 million people (86 per- the Great Lakes Basin. It is expected that cent of the population), an average per capita municipal water supplies will serve 365 mgd to usage of 177 gpcd. 1.8 million people (78 percent of the popula- In 1970 the water of Lake Erie and the con- tion) to meet the projected withdrawal re- necting channels and withdrawals from Lake quirements, an average per capita use of 203 Huron served as a source for more than gpcd. three-quarters of the total withdrawals. In- 36 Appendix 6 land lakes and streams provided 9 percent, or of the Great Lakes Basin resident population. 159 mgd, of the total withdrawals. Ground- It is estimated that municipal water supplies water resources provided 6 percent, or 98 mgd, served 362 mgd to 2.0 million people (80 per- of the total withdrawals to municipal water cent of the population), an average per capita users. The presently developed rated capacity use of 181 gpcd. of municipal water supplies of the basin is es- In 1970 the waters of Lake Ontario were the timated to be 3,028 mgd. By the year 2020 the Lake Erie basin, with a source for 39 percent of the total withdrawal projected population of 21.3 million people, requirements for the basin (140 mgd). Inland will account for 39.7 percent of the total popu- lakes and streams provided 54 percent, or 196 lation of the Great Lakes Basin. It is expected mgd, of the total withdrawals. Ground-water that municipal water supplies will serve 3,762 resources delivered 7 percent, or 26 mgd, of the mgd to 19.6 million people (92 percent of the total withdrawals to municipal water users. population) to meet the projected withdrawal The presently developed rated capacity of requirements, an average per capita use of 192 municipal water supplies of the basin is esti- gpcd. mated to be 496 mgd. The water resources of Lake Huron, the By the year 2020 the Lake Ontario basin, connecting channels (the St. Clair River, Lake with a projected population of 4.4 million, will St. Clair, and the Detroit River), and Lake account for 8.3 percent of the total population Erie are expected to provide 85 percent, or of the Great Lakes Basin. It is expected that 3,197 mgd, of the total projected witharawal municipal water supplies will serve 770 mgd to requirements, the bulk of the water supply 3.9 million people (89 percent of the popula- required. Approximately one-third of this tion) to meet the projected withdrawal re- amount will come from Lake Huron. Facilities quirements, an average per capita use of 197 that use inland lakes and streams for raw gpcd. water are expected to provide 20 percent, or 416 mgd, of the total projected withdrawals. The water resources of Lake Ontario are ex- Ground-water development is expected to pected to provide 52 percent, or 397 mgd, of the provide 7 percent, or 148 mgd, of the projected total projected withdrawal requirements. De- requirements in the Lake Erie basin. velopment of facilities using inland lakes and By the year 2020 projected needs resulting streams as their raw water source is expected from the additional water use demands of new to provide 41 percent, or 315 mgd, of the total growth are estimated to be 2,110 mgd in the projected withdrawals. Ground-water de- Lake Erie basin. To provide the municipal velopment is expected to provide 7 percent, or water supply facilities required to meet pro- 58 mgd, of the projected requirements in the jected needs, it is estimated that capital ex- Lake Ontario basin. penditures of $973 million and total OMR ex- By the year 2020 projected needs resulting penditures of $1,572 million will be required from the additional water-use demands of new during the 50-year period from 1970 to 2020. growth are estimated to be 424 mgd in the At present there are no problems foreseen with the quantity of water resources of Lake Lake Ontario basin. To provide the municipal Erie. Poor water quality may be corrected water supply facilities required to meet the with pollution abatement programs. The projected needs, it is estimated that capital necessary development of surface-water expenditures of $124.5 million and total OMR supplies will occur as the need arises. expenditures of $277.5 million will be required Ground-water supplies are generally poor in during the 50-year period 1970 to 2020. water quality, with high dissolved solids, iron, There are no problems foreseen with the and hydrogen sulfide common. In some areas quality or quantity of the water resources of the ground-water aquifers have declined in Lake Ontario, assuming that adequate water recent years, creating a problem for resource pollution abatement programs are in effect. management. The necessary development of surface-water supplies will occur as the need arises. Ground-water resources are considered lim- 2.1.6 Lake Ontario Basin ited in availability, and water quality is gen- erally poor with high dissolved solids, hydro- In 1970 the Lake Ontario basin, with a popu- gen sulfide gas, and contamination from sep- lation of 2.5 million, accounted for 8.4 percent tic tanks. Great Lakes Basin Water Use 37 2.2 Public Health Aspects of Municipal Water Water treatment plants were designed prin- Supplies cipally to remove filterable material and to disinfect in order to kill coliform bacteria from sources of relatively unpolluted waters. The 2.2.1 Surface-Water Quality objective of the water treatment plant is to provide a safe water supply to the public, free It is estimated that 17.3 million people (58 from typhoid, dysentery, cholera, and other percent of the total Basin population) used waterborne communicable diseases. This ob- municipally processed water from the surface jective has generally been achieved in the Ba- waters of the Great Lakes in 1970, the base sin. year of this study. To meet the domestic, com- Public health considerations such as con- mercial, and industrial water demands of tamination of raw water by bacteria, viruses, these people and commercial and industrial pathogens, and toxic or harmful substances establishments in the Basin, municipal water are of primary concern in water supply. The supplies withdrew an estimated 3,409 mgd majority of water intakes within the Great from the waters of the Great Lakes in 1970. Lakes are presently located to yield relatively The major consideration associated with pub- high quality waters. As population increases lie water supply in the Great Lakes is the qual- and economic growth continues around the ity of raw water obtained from the Lakes re- shores of the Basin, it will be necessary to lated to the ability to provide adequate treat- insure that the influence of wastewaters dis- ment in water treatment plants and the cost of charged from municipal and industrial treat- withdrawal and treatment. ment plants and urban and other runoff do not Inhabitants of the Basin served by the wa- contaminate water intakeS.28 ters of the Great Lakes generally assume that However, all drinking water supplies in the the water from their faucets is healthful and Basin are safe. Although the communicable free of bacterial or chemical contaminants water-borne diseases of the past such as that can inflict disease. Usually, this assump- typhoid fever, amoebic dysentery, and bacil- tion is correct. The drinking water supplies in lary dysentery were brought under control by the cities and towns of the United States, in- the 1930s, there are still outbreaks of com- cluding the Great Lakes Basin, rank in qual- municable disease from sewage contamina- ity, on the average, among the best in the tion of water supply systems in the United world.9 In this appendix it has been assumed States.9 These disease outbreaks are not that water pollution abatement programs will necessarily due to poor bacterial quality of the successfully maintain water quality of the raw source water, because some outbreaks in- Great Lakes for the 50-year period of this volve a failure in the distribution system, but study. The water quality standards program they are indicative of potential problems with of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency public water supply that must be confronted calls for making the waters of the Great Lakes in planning the future management of the suitable as a source of municipal water supply Great Lakes water resource. and includes plans of implementation and Most municipal water supply systems in the timetables for its accomplishment. Great Lakes Basin were constructed more However, water quality fluctuates, and its than 20 years ago. Each year they become in- changing parameters require the water creasingly obsolete because the populations technologist to be in constant touch with they were designed to serve have increased many other segments of the scientific world. rapidly, thus placing a greater strain on Chemists, bacteriologists, toxicologists, and treatment plant and distribution system ca- biologists are making advances in the assess- pacity. Over the years many municipalities in ment and quantification of water quality pa- the Basin have expanded and improved exist- rameters. These advances generally demon- ing public water supply systems to meet the strate that there is cause for concern over the withdrawal requirements of an increasing future water quality of the Great Lakes and population. its use as a source of public water supply. A Conventional water treatment plants are prominent Water resources authority recently not capable of coping with the large variety of stated that: chemical contaminants introduced into the Great Lakes water quality is indeed threatened for surface waters of the Great Lakes by the mul- many uses, including public water supply uses. On the titude of urban and industrial developments other hand it is rather clear that the situation is not so bad that we must throw up our hands in despair.'2 in the Basin. The potential public health 38 Appendix 6 hazards associated with chemical pollutants sulting in a serious health threat to aquatic have been a matter of increasing concern to life and possibly to man. authorities in the water supply field. In 1960 Many organic chemical pollutants have not Hopkins and Gullans, two outstanding au- been adequately evaluated in terms of their thorities, stated that: toxicity and possible effects on human health. Today the new challenge facing the water supply Because of their persistent nature and be- profession is the control and removal of the hazardous cause many of them are toxic at very low con- non-living contaminants-the chemicals and isotopes centrations, they pose a serious threat to the which are being produced in a bewildering array of health of man and to marine life. Also, due to new compounds. It is to be expected that some of these their persistency, these chemicals can have a chemicals, as well as the wastes from their produc- tion, enter public water supplies. Unfortunately, very synergistic effect with one another, i.e., or- little is known about the extent of the pollution of the ganic compounds that might be only slightly nation's water supplies by these new chemicals which toxic as a sole contaminant, may increase include many commercial poisonS.56 their toxicity many times in the presence of A decade later the U.S. Environmental Pro- other compoundS.32 tection Agency released a study of 969 com- The physiologic effects of long-term expo- munity water supplies in the United States in sure to organic contaminants are not well un- an attempt to determine, on a nationwide derstood. It is possible that there might be basis, the efficacy of current practices in parallels between the health effects of the ac- water treatment and to assess future pros- cumulation and concentration of toxic mate- pects for maintaining safe, high-quality drink- rials on predator fishes, shore birds, and ing water.9 In this study serious concern was people consuming dissolved materials of un- expressed over the possible health hazards known toxicity over a long period of time. The due to the increasing concentration of chemi- fact that'current epidemiological techniques cal pollutants: are inadequate to identify and define these problems is no basis for concluding that they Chemical contaminants in our environment have have no detrimental effects on human been on the increase for about 25 years, due to the health.32 dramatic expansion in the use of chemical compounds for agricultural, industrial, institutional and domes- The International Joint Commission (IJC) tic purposes. There are about 12,000 different toxic has recognized the complex interrelationship chemical compounds in industrial use today, and more between chemical pollutants in the Great than 500 new chemicals are developed each year. Lakes and their potential hazard to human Wastes from these chemicals-synthetics, adhesives, health via public water supplies. In its 1970 surface coatings, solvents and pesticides-already are entering our ground and surface waters, and this report, the IJC states that: trend will increase. We know very little about the One of the major problems relating to public water environmental and health impacts of these chemicals. supplies is the false sense of security based on past For example, we know very little about possible gene- experience in a far less polluted environment. The tic effects. We have difficulty in sampling and analyz- infrequency of waterborne disease outbreaks does not ing them-we have much greater difficulties in de- justify complacency. Conventional water treatment termining their contribution to the total permissible does not remove all dissolved organics and inorganics body burden from all environmental insults.9 32 Substances that have been measured in at Other serious potential public health least detectable amounts in the waters of the hazards are the viruses that have been re- lower Great Lakes are arsenic, cadmium, cently isolated in drinking water supplieS.49 chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, van- Conventional sewage treatment plants do not adium, and zinc. These materials reach the adequately treat viruses. Viable viruses have waters by both natural processes and man's been isolated in effluents from sewage treat- activitieS.32 Table 23-9 in Appendix 23, Health ment plants, urban and rural runoff, and dis- Aspects, presents a tabulation of concentra- charges from watercraft. Until recently it was tions of selected minor elements measured at thought that disinfection techniques in con- various locations in the Basin.26 In general, ventional water treatment plants inactivated the concentrations in the Lakes are well below viruses, thus protecting the health of the pub- the levels considered hazardous for public lic. Studies recently conducted by researchers water supply. from the U.S. Environmental Protection Organic contaminants such as pesticides Agency in two of the most modern water and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are per- purification systems in the country showed sistent in the aquatic environment and that disease-producing viruses remained via- biochemically resistant to degradation, re- ble after conventional disinfection.49 Great Lakes Basin Water Use 39 Information is not available about the ex- should be adopted if the level of total dissolved tent of the presence of viruses in the Great solids exceeds the recommended limit at some Lakes, but it is clear that conventional bac- point in the future?28 teriological analyses can no longer be consid- In its 1970 summary report, the IJC re- ered as an adequate indicator of viral pollu- ported on the accumulation of total dissolved tion. There is as yet no suitable agent avail- solids in the Great Lakes: able that can be used as an indicator of the ... Notwithstanding the fact that these levels in presence of viruses in natural waters .32 The themselves do not inhibit use of these waters, the data IJC, in its 1970 report, discussed the matter of indicate the changes which are occurring through viruses in the Great Lakes and stated that: man's use of the Great Lakes as receiving waters for his wastes.32 . . .viral survival is longest in slightly or moderately polluted water. Such conditions of pollution prevail in many areas of both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The A somewhat different area of concern in situation is critical because the areas where there is water supply is the quality of finished water the highest possibility of viral survival, that is, areas and the cost of operating water treatment near large urban centers, are often the same areas used for recreation and public water supplies. . . .32 plants. Specific problems have been experi- enced with Great Lakes water supplies in terms of taste, odor, color, clogging of intake The Advisory Board to the IJC considered screens, reduced filter runs, and increased the matter of viral pollution serious enough to chemical costs. Municipal water supplies in recommend that: Milwaukee, Chicago, Cleveland, Green Bay, . . .viral research be intensified so as to determine and Toledo have been affected by excessive the significance of viruses in water, the epidemiologic Cladophora growths, phytoplankton blooms, relationship of the various types and amounts of vir- and possibly the residual effects of chemicals uses in waters used for recreation and human con- discharged in municipal and industrial sumption, and morbidity caused by exposure to vir- wastes .28 uses.39 These water supply problems have resulted in increased operating costs in many locations A potential long-range water supply prob- and reduced quality of treated water in Chica- lem is associated with a possible build-up of go. Many of the taste, odor, color, and clogging total dissolved solids, chlorides, calcium and problems are encountered in the summer magnesium salts, hazardous chemicals, and period when water supply demands approach other dissolved chemicals in the Lakes. These a maximum .28 water supply problems are not significant at The following list summarizes the various present, but future population and economic problems influencing present and future growth could accelerate the accumulation of usage of the Great Lakes as a source of public these materials. The present level of total dis- water SUpply:28 solved solids in Lakes Erie and Ontario is 180 (1) bacterial and viral contamination to 200 Mg/1.32 Dissolved solids become danger- (2) presence of toxic or harmful substances ous to domestic and industrial water supplies such as heavy metals and pesticides at a concentration of approximately 500 mg/l, (3) taste, odor, and color the limit established in the U.S. Public Health (4) intake and filter clogging from aquatic Service Drinking Water Standards .14 The IJC plant growth and fish such as alewife recognized the public health significance of (5) build-up of total dissolved solids and the 500 mg/l total dissolved solids concentra- hardness tion recommended by the USPHS, but adopted (6) quality control of treated water a more stringent objective of 200 mg/l for the Future industrial growth and a projected 84- lower Great Lakes. This value was also percent increase in the Basin population by adopted in the Great Lakes Water Quality the year 2020 could result in a deterioration of Agreement between the United States and water quality in previously unaffected areas Canada.22 of the Lakes. This increased growth will place Therefore, there are some basic questions to substantial demands on the capabilities of 'be answered: water treatment plants. The probability of (1) Will total dissolved solids surpass rec- mistakes in the treatment of hazardous sub- ommended concentration levels? stances and the spilling of toxic materials into (2) If so, when might this undesirable con- water supplies may increase along with the centration be reached? other problems mentioned in this section. Ad- (3) What alternative control measures equate planning should be undertaken to 40 Appendix 6 minimize these health risks in the Great ness greater than 300 to 500 ppm is excessive Lakes Basin. for public water supply. The hardness can be Water supply problems associated with bac- reduced to acceptable levels either by cen- teria, viruses, and potentially harmful or toxic tralized softening at municipal treatment chemical substances could probably be con- plants or by individual home softening units, trolled by the proper location of water intakes, although this adds to the total cost of water. the design of unit processes of water treat- Iron can also be a problem in ground-water ment, and the selection of appropriate waste supplies. Excessive concentrations can cause treatment facilities for municipal and indus- reddish stains on plumbing fixtures and laun- trial sewage. Reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, dered clothing and can impart a bitter taste to ion exchange, adsorption, freezing, distilla- the water. The U.S. Public Health Service tion, and increased dosages and contact time standards recommend a limit of 0.3 ppm for of chlorination and activated carbon are all iron in treated water. unit processes of water treatment that are With the exception of these problems technologically feasible for the removal of ground water is relatively free of chemical or harmful substances in drinking water. Water bacterial pollution and is normally accept- quality surveillance programs should be es- able for domestic use without extensive treat- tablished to monitor raw water at critical loca- ment. However, due to certain physical char- tions and treated water quality for bacteria, acteristics of aquifers, the encroachment of viruses, toxic chemicals, and other harmful human-related activity can create pollution substances. problems if adequate safeguards are not tak- en. In extreme cases, actual contamination of the water supply can occur, creating a threat 2.2.2 Ground-Water Quality to public health and severely restricting the use of water for domestic purposes. Because The following discussion about ground- ground water is in a continual state of flow, a water quality and pollution of ground-water pollutant introduced into one segment of the resources is based on a preliminary draft of a water-bearing strata has the potential of regional water supply plan prepared by the spreading throughout the system. Although Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission.72 the natural filtering capability of the soil pro- In general the raw quality of ground-water vides some protection against bacterial pollu- is superior to that of most surface streams in tion, the degree of protection may not always the Basin. This has been a major contributing be complete. Furthermore, there is virtually factor to its widespread use as a water supply. no attenuation of dissolved chemical con- However, because ground water is in contact stituents that may inadvertently be intro- with rocks and soil longer than surface water, duced. Fractured dolomite provides no protec- it tends to absorb certain natural materials. tion whatsoever, and polluted water can These materials may or may not cause water rapidly move great distances through the in- supply problems depending upon their con- terconnected cracks and joints in the rock. centrations. High-capacity pumping wells draw in de- For example, excessive amounts of dis- graded water and influence the spread of pol- solved minerals can affect the palatability of lution. Eventually the wells may become per- water. Water that contains more than 500 ppm manently damaged. When compared with of dissolved solids normally should not be used surface-water flow, ground-water movement for domestic supply if other supplies are avail- is extremely slow. Therefore, once a pollutant able. has been introduced and distributed within an Water that contains high concentrations of aquifer, it may take a long time for it to be calcium and magnesium salts is said to be detected and flushed out. The problem is fur- hard. Very hard water is a problem for domes- ther accentuated by the delays incurred in at- tic supply because it reduces the cleansing tempting to find the source of the pollutant, power of soaps and detergents and can cause evaluating the problem, and making remedial the formation of scale on the inside of pipes, corrections. Even if the source is discovered boilers, and tanks. Exceptionally high concen- and checked promptly, deleterious effects may trations of salts may also indicate water persist for considerable lengths of time. Arti- pollution. There are no recommended stand- ficial flushing is impractical, heavy induced ards for hardness, and a criterion for objec- pumping is expensive, and treatment may be tionable hardness must be developed for each both impractical and expensive. In some community. As a general rule, however, hard- cases, abandonment of the affected wells may Great Lakes Basin Water Use 41 be the only possible alternative. In addition, private wells is a recognized problem in de- certain toxic or chemical materials are natur- veloped flood plains. ally resistant to rapid attenuation. This is par- Perhaps no other aspect of ground-water ticularly true of gasoline, oils, petrochemicals, pollution has attracted so much attention as and pesticide compounds which are not read- nitrate contamination of shallow wells. Al- ily soluble in water. In Aurora, Illinois, for though this is not a significant problem for instance, fuel oil was spilled and later entered public systems, recent studies have indicated the dolomite aquifer. Wells in the area had to that several thousand private, domestic, and be abandoned. Seven years later, when one farm wells in Illinois may be producing waters well was temporarily reactivated, a strong that exceed the safe limit (45 ppm as nitrate- hydrocarbon taste and odor was still present nitrogen). The primary sources of nitrate pol- in the water. lution are livestock feedlots and septic sys- Potential pollution sources may exist either tems, in which nitrates contained in excre- above or below the ground. Typical sources ment are leached through the soil into shallow include poorly located, constructed, or main- wells. When this water is subsequently con- tained septic tanks, leaky sewers, barnyards sumed, the nitrates are reduced to nitrite in and other livestock areas, and improper meth- the intestinal tract. Excessive amounts of nit- ods of liquid or solid waste disposal. However, rite can cause methemoglobinemia, a disease the ground-water pollution potential of sani- in which the oxygen-transportability of the tary landfills appears to have been exagger- blood is impaired. Methemoglobinemia can be ated. There are very few recorded cases of ac- fatal, and infants are particularly vulnerable. tual water supply contamination from solid In summary, there are a large number of waste disposal sites. Modern engineering and potential sources and types of ground-water operational techniques further serve to pollution or contamination. Once pollution has minimize the threat of pollution from these occurred, eradication is slow and difficult. sources. Strict enforcement of the plumbing Prevention is the best solution. codes governing septic tank installation (usu- ally requiring distances of 50 to 100 feet be- tween on-site disposal facilities and wells) 2.3 Review of Public Water Supply Research greatly reduces the risk of pollution from Needs and Recommendations these sources. Poorly cased or uncased wells are a potential To fully evaluate the effect of various con- problem source, but dangers can be minimized taminants in sources of public drinking water, through proper construction procedures. water treatment technology should be de- Abandoned wells should be sealed off to pre- veloped and health aspects of new contami- vent the entrance of contaminants from the nants in the Basin's lakes and streams should surface, or admixture of water from one aqui- be studied. fer with that of another. Other water quality One objective of this appendix is to define degradation can result from the upward mi- and recommend needed research and de- gration of mineralized waters from the St. velopment in order to improve water treat- Simon aquifer into the heavily pumped ment technology. The potential problems of Cambrian-Ordovician system due to the dif- public water supply should be identified ferences in head between the two aquifers. within the 50-year time period of this study. The shallow dolomite aquifer is particularly The American Water Works Association has susceptible to bacterial contamination result- compiled a list of research needs in "Public ing from surface runoff (during and after Water Supply Treatment Technology, "311 a re- rainstorms) entering the aquifer in recharge port prepared for the Office of Water Re- areas. In the course of its flow, overland runoff sources Research, U.S. Department of the In- may pass over various areas where pollutants terior. These research needs are listed in the have been deposited. These materials can be- following seven subsections. come dissolved in or carried in suspension by surface runoff. Subsequent percolation into the ground may afford insufficient filtration 2.3.1 Summary: Research Studies Urgently or attenuation prior to entering the aquifer. Needed Marked increases in the turbidity of water pumped from dolomite wells after a rainstorm Needs include the following: are cause to suspect possible contamination. (1) Extensive research is needed to develop Intrusion of heavily polluted flood waters into epidemiologic information on the effects of 42 Appendix 6 bacteria, viruses, and the organic and inor- tive, precise, reliable, and practical. These ganic constituents of water on human health. should be applied to monitoring water at It is necessary to develop epidemiologic tools sources, throughout treatment, and in dis- as well as conclusions. Without these, intelli- tribution systems, in order to promote the de- gent action cannot be taken. livery of quality water. (2) Development of improved analytical (12) Advanced methods of water treatment techniques is required to meet the need for for removal of organic compounds from water more sensitive, more precise, and more rapid must be developed. These are needed for re- methods. moving hazardous trace materials, organic (3) Modifications in institution and man- pesticide chemicals, exotic chemicals, and in- agement policies for total management of organic compounds. water resources must be studied. The need is (13) There is a need to develop small-size, to provide water supplies of improved quality economical facilities for in-plant regeneration and quantity, with interlinkages of human of adsorbents, particularly granular activated behavior with ecology to the improvement and carbon. enhancement of the quality of life for all the (14) There is a need to determine institu- population of an area. tional arrangements best adapted to enabling (4) Studies are needed on the regionaliza- State agencies to fulfill their rightful role of tion of water systems to develop institutional monitoring the State's waterways, and to ad- aspects and provide means of meeting com- vise water utilities of major or impending munity reactions. For small water systems, changes in water quality.38 the many improvements required include as- In addition, there is a need to evaluate vari- pects of personnel, training, management, ous technological advances that would signifi- financing, and water use. cantly reduce withdrawal requirements for (5) Reuse, or successive use, of water re- industrial and domestic water users. Such ad- quires a systems approach to include studies vances might include process development of treatment requirements, new practices for modifications in industry and development of distributing reused water, legal and economic dry, chemical sanitary facilities for residential studies, socio-political aspects, and consumer use. perceptions of reuse of water. (6) The practicability of dual water sys- tems requires more detailed study, as a means 2.3.2 General Areas to distribute high quality potable water for its necessary uses, and water of lesser quality for The American Water Works Association re- all other purposes. In areas having adequate port further states that research and de- water resources, this study would involve de- velopmental studies have been proposed in termination of an economic balance between several broad areas. These studies relate to the cost of dual distribution systems compared operations affecting the efficiency and with treatment of the total supply and a single economy of public water supply management. system. (1) Closed-Loop Control of Water Quality (7) Studies are needed of legal and institu- tional analyses to ascertain legal rights with Monitoring'will have increasing applica- respect to reuse. tions in the control of water quality and (8) Training programs are needed to pro- treatment. These applications include re- vide higher levels of competence in manager- search to: ial and operational personnel. (a) develop optimization of quality and (9) Research is needed to identify each treatment costs through suitable monitoring; substance, or group of substances, which itautomatic" interpretation from developed commonly cause taste and odor in water. The models; and feed control without human at- intensity of odor (or concentration of the sub- tention, for closed-loop control of the basic stance causing it) must be correlated with the treatments such as coagulation, taste and removal treatment required. odor control, virus control, bacterial control, (10) Research is needed to identify causes and the control of trace organics and heavy of development of taste and odor in water dis- metals tribution systems, and means of preventing (b) develop guidelines for the application of such development. closed-loop control systems (11) There is a substantial need for de- (c) develop a full "line" variety of sensing veloping monitoring systems which are sensi- elements, or sensors, having satisfactory sen- Great Lakes Basin Water Use 43 sitivity, selectivity and maintenance re- elements having significant toxicity potential. quirements for monitoring. (Molybdenum and beryllium may have poten- (2) Regional Management Organization tial toxicity of signi'ficant magnitude.) (7) Conduct research and studies to inter- Research is needed to develop a regional relate requirements for advanced treatment management organization for public water with various applications of reused water for supplies. Such an organization could har- municipal supplies. Four important factors monize the existing conflicting and competing should be considered: institutional arrangements and organiza- (a) the degree of advanced treatment re- tions. It could, at the same time, equitably quired distribute the costs involved, in relationship (b) the cost of advanced treatment to the benefits obtained. (c) methods and costs of delivery of the It seems clear that one form of organization treated water will not be appropriate for all communities. (d) consumer acceptance of this source of Institutions may be required at several levels: supply regional, State, interstate and national. The (8) Develop information as to the utility of institutional arrangements must include: aeration, copper sulfate treatment, or other (a) The relationships between water re- means of improving raw water quality. source institutions at various levels (9) Conduct research on the design of (b) The relationships of a water resource wells as it affects water quality. For example, institution to other institutions having an is there a design available for a gravel packed interest in water, and well that could operate safely under 15 feet of (c) The relationship of the water resource floodwater? institution to the usual governmental en- (10) Evaluate the impact of Federal water titie S.38 quality standards on availability of water re- sources. (11) Determine the relationship between urea from sewage treatment plant effluents 2.3.3 Water Resources and the production of NC13 in water treatment when free residual chlorination is employed. The AWWA has stated that the technical (12) Establish a suitable basis for prescrib- literature identifies many water resources re- ing the limits of pollution that various water search needs relating to water quality and treatment processes can remove. (Uncer- drinking water supply. The following is a rep- tainty about the significance of viruses and resentative list of these: organic chemical contaminants in water, (1) Determine the economic benefits from rather than bacterial loadings, renders uncer- incremental improvement of intake water tain the degree of pollution that treatment quality for municipal and industrial water plants can dependably remove.) uses. (13) Evaluate the quality effects of recrea- (2) Develop instruments for monitoring tional uses of public water supply watersheds. source water, and waters in distribution sys- (14) Make studies of how man can alter na- tems, to provide accurate and current record- ture, when needed, to improve his source of ings of quality characteristics. supply; i.e., by weather modification. (3) Correlate analytical methods with (15) Determine the nature of specific or- water treatment requirements to handle ganic compounds present in raw waters and specific problems. how they can be quantified. (Carbon adsorp- (4) Identify the causes of taste and odor tion and elution is now the only method.) problems and develop effective low-cost (16) Research is needed to determine the treatment processes. Continuing research on toxic byproducts of algae growths. this problem is required, especially where the (17) Research is needed to determine the water supply contains industrial wastes and toxicity of each of the myriad of new organic may be subject to the introduction of new and chemicals wasted to the streams and lakes. unknown contaminants. (18) Investigate the effect of minimized (5) Establish the dynamics of trace ele- nitrate concentrations on various algal popu- ments within water supplies so that control lations. may be instituted to monitor and alleviate (19) Determine the nitrate sources which hazards associated with these elements. are of significant importance to public water (6) Routinely identify the important trace supplies. 44 Appendix 6 (20) Evaluate the economics of waste- concentrations of specific pollutants due to ac- water denitrification. cidental upstream spills. (21) Further studies are needed to develop (9) Conduct research on the deliberate more adequate information on the distribu- employment of both demineralization and tion by types and concentrations of pesticides addition of specific minerals to provide water in various waters used for public water supply. of any desired mineral quality. (22) Determine the persistence of various (10) Evaluate the utility of polyelectro- organics and their products of decomposition lytes for removal of insecticides in water in water. treatment. (23) Study the influence of reservoir man- (11) Study the application of catalysts. to agement on the production or reduction of. facilitate rapid oxidation of insecticides. tastes and odors. (12) Develop more extensive information (24) Evaluate techniques for the control of on the effects of minerals in water on taste, runoff from farms and forests in relation to odor, and public acceptance. taste and odor production.38 (13) Establish the threshold odor values of (25) Determine natural ground water re- various organic chemicals in water, singly or charge areas in the Basin. Evaluate establish- in combination, and the relationship of these ment of zoning controls to prevent adverse chemicals to algae control. development over recharge areas and deter- (14) Develop new, and possibly more eco- mine areas amenable to artificial recharge of nomical, methods of clarifying water as alter- aquifer. nates to coagulation and filtration. (The an- ticipated change of the turbidity limit in drinking water standards from 5 to 1 J.t.u. will 2.3.4 Water Treatment create a demand for producing water of greater clarity. Water presently put into dis- The technical literature identifies many tribution systems in many instances becomes water treatment research needs relating to cloudy, develops objectionable tastes, or sup- water quality, and the following is a represen- ports the growth of worms.) tative list of these: (15) Determine the physical and chemical (1) Develop a practical method for deter- properties of specific odorants as a basis for mining floe strength, to evaluate the effec- the development of processes specifically de- tiveness of the coagulation process prior to signed for the removal of these compounds. filtration. "The objective of odor research is to provide (2) Develop standard methods for the specific information about the identity of each selection and application of coagulant aids to odor substance, its composition, chemical achieve optimum coagulation and improved reactivity, and odor characteristics. This is to filtrability. enable physical, chemical, and biological odor (3) Conduct research on the rate of oxida- treatment methods to be tailored exactly to tion of iron by chlorine at different tempera- the individual compound to be removed." tures and pH values. (16) Research studies are needed to isolate (4) Develop new and improved treatment and identify geosmin and mucidone from methods to remove water impurities which natural water, since current research is based are unaffected by currently available treat- on laboratory cultures. The two metabolites ment technology. are representative of a larger group of odorous (5) Conduct research to identify the or- metabolites produced by aquatic mi- ganics in water containing sewage treatment croorganisms. There is need to investigate plant effluent. others in this group, as current research has (6) Develop and evaluate processes that given evidence of more than one additional will continuously treat directly recycled mu- metabolite similar in odor to geosmin and nicipal wastewaters to produce "safe and mucidone. satisfactory" drinking water. (17) Evaluate the economic effects of raw (7) Develop economically feasible water water quality against economics of invest- treatment processes to reduce specific toxic ment, for the production and distribution of chemicals to acceptable levels. high-quality potable water. (8) Develop methods of supplementary (18) Evaluate the effect of organic sub- treatment that could be used by conventional stances such as ammonia, other nitrogen water treatment plants to remove abnormal forms, or COD, as nutrients for the growth of Great Lakes Basin Water Use 45 bacteria within water distribution systems, (4) Develop complete programs for disin- and develop criteria for water quality to avoid fecting water mains and storage facilities, in- such growths. cluding sampling and analysis. (19) Develop treatment capabilities that (5) Research is needed to understand the can effectively control a broad spectrum of nature of the micro-environment at the inter- taste and odor problems by one treatment face between the water and the interior face of process. the pipe, where little information is available (20) Compile an inventory of procedures concerning the physical, chemical and biologi- for the removal of each of the common pes- cal phenomena that take place. ticides and for each of the heavy metals, which (7) Conduct studies of stabilizing water can be utilized at each water utility. by chemical treatment, in order to reduce cor- (21) Reevaluate sterilizing agents as al- rosion and incrustation. ternates to chlorine, including iodine, (8) Develop improved techniques to pro- bromine, ozone, and permanganate. Conduct vide representative samples of water in dis- research on methods of evaluating the effec- tribution systems. tiveness of disinfection other than the meas- (9) Investigate the interrelationships be- urement of coliform organisms. tween the quality aspects of water supplies at (22) Evaluate granular carbon filter beds the source, the treatment, and the distribu- as replacement of anthracite or sand beds. tion systems. (The supply of anthracite is rapidly dwindling, (10) Evaluate the effectiveness of automa- and has fallen far behind the demand for this tic control systems to maintain water quality material as a filter medium.) in distribution systems. (23) Identify each substance or group of (11) Evaluate the chemical treatment substances causing taste and odor in water. methods available to reduce corrosion rates in Correlate the intensity of odor (or concentra- distribution systems, and develop improved tion of the substance causing it) and the re- methods of corrosion control. moval treatment required. (12) Conduct more extensive studies of the (24) Study the application of demineraliza- economic and technical feasibility of dual tion for treatment of brackish waters to con- water distribution systems. form to drinking water standards. This appli- (13) Develop improved methods to monitor cation will make possible the use of more quality in distribution systems, for surveil- water resources not now meeting these stand- lance of water quality. ards, waters particularly in the West and (14) Study the design of back-flow preven- Midwest. tion devices to eliminate service problems due (25) Conduct research on water treatment to substantial pressure loss through the unit. processes to assure the effective control of (15) Conduct research to develop a chemi- viruseS.311 cal inhibitor of slime growths which will maintain a residual throughout the distribu- 2.3.5 Water Distribution tion system and not affect potability of the water. The technical literature identifies many (16) Develop and evaluate new materials of water distribution research needs relating to construction and pipe linings which will be re- water quality, and the following is a represen- sistant to corrosion by public water supplies. tative list of these: (17) Conduct research to determine the (1) Conduct research on the relation of benefits and cost of maintaining free chlorine velocities of water flow in the distribution sys- residuals in distribution systems. tem to the protection, or degradation, of the (18) Evaluate the substitution of chlorine water quality. residual for coliform examinations or deter- (2) Develop effective standards for free mine conditions under which it may be a suffi- residual chlorine levels and contact periods in cient indication of bacterial safety. relation to disinfection programs. (19) Collect survey data to determine the (3) Conduct research to develop alternate effect of water quality on household piping procedures for main flushing and disinfection and fixtures. programs when potable water is not available (20) Determine the optimum characteris- to waste. These procedures are needed in the tics of water for domestic use, and prepare an disinfection of large diameter and/or long index of water quality for use by water utility transmission lines. managers and planners .38 46 Appendix 6 2.3.6 Public Health ing 19611 though normal blood contains 0.2 to 1.0 mg/l of arsenic. Evidence supports the view It should be emphasized that the physiolog- that arsenic may be carcinogenic [Hill 1948], ical significance of many substances in water [Doll 19591, [Mereweather 19561, [Drill 1958]. is not Well understood. The technical litera- Drinking water standards give a recom- ture identifies extensive needs for research to mended limit of 0.01 for arsenic, and a rejec- determine the public health effects of chemi- tion limit of 0.05 mg/l.) , cal and biological constituents in water. Fol- (14) Evaluate the adequacy of coliform lowing is a representative list of these: tests to reflect absence of pathogenic virus or (1) Supplement current knowledge relat- bacteria, or to develop a more rapid indicator ing to the hazardous or beneficial effects of test for microbial forms applicable to quality various trace substances in water by both control in water treatment. toxicologic and epidemiologic studies. (15) Explore the impact on man of viruses (2) Improve epidemiological and tox- of nonhuman sources. (Viruses of cattle, icological water supply surveillance tech- wildlife, and many lower forms abound in riv- niques. ers and streams.) (3) Study the possible occurrence and (16) Evaluate the risk of tumor induction public health effects of trace residues of the in man brought about by the action of chemi- many powerful drugs now used almost cals and potential carcinogens in streams. universally-drugs such as the steroids and (17) Conduct extensive epidemiological hormones. studies to determine the extent of water (4) Evaluate need to put all standards of transmission of viruses, and to assess the risk drinking water quality on a scientific basis, of virus transmission by renovated wastewat- and to include in such standards the simul- ers. (Precise studies must be done to deter- taneous influence of all sources of a given ele- mine the infectivity for man of a variety of ment. viruses representing the picornaviruses, (5) Enlarge analytical capability to ade- reoviruses, adenoviruses, and the infectious quately evaluate water quality with regard to hepatitis agent, when these viruses are pre- the body accumulation of specific substances. sent in water.) (6) Expand biologic research on viruses, (18) Investigate whether products toxic to bacterial indicators, and nematodes in water. man result from the application of water disin- (7) Determine if there are constituents in fectant procedures. (Toxicity may be a major water other than nitrates and nitrites in- determinant in the choice of disinfectants.) volved in methemoglobinemia, and if the pre- (19) Evaluate the hazards to consumers of sent USPHS Drinking Water Standard limit high cadmium content zinc for galvanizing of for nitrate is too conservative. water service pipes. (This type of pipe can re- (8) Conduct research on the chronic sult in appreciable concentrations of cadmium physiological effects of boron in water. in the water delivered to consumer taps.) (9) Evaluate the physiological signifi- (20) Determine if the present drinking cance of minerals and organic constituents in water standard for selenium is realistic. water, such as pesticides and herbicides, indi- (21) Undertake studies to collect accurate vidually or in combination. and comprehensive data on the engineering, (10) Continue studies of the relationship (if medical, and public health aspects of the any) between total dissolved solids or water sodium content of domestic water supplies. hardness and heart disease. (22) Determine the need to establish con- (11) Establish drinking water quality centration limits for vanadium in water. standards for emergency use, especially safe (23) Determine the need to establish con- limits to be used for short periods of time in centration limits for molybdenum in water. emergencies. (24) Determine the limit that should be es- (12) Conduct research on the relation be- tablished for mercury in water. tween copper in water and arthritis. (25) Evaluate the relation of polluting (13) Study arsenic limits and methods for substances in water to incidence of goiter. removal, in light of its occurrence in water (26) Evaluate the physiological effects of used in Lane County, Oregon, and other com- heavy concentrations of minerals in water. munities. Determine if the present limit estab- (27) Evaluate the physiological effects of lished for arsenic is realistic. (The body is not organic contaminants in water. known to be dependent upon an intake of ar- (28) Determine the actual need for removal senic, nor is it an element of nutrition [Brow- of specific organic substances from public Great Lakes Basin Water Use 47 water supplies, and the treatment costs for exotic substances, etc. (These may require removal. utilizing membrane filters, electron mi- (29) Conduct research on the physiological croscopes, flame spectrophotometers, auto- significance of polychlorinated biphenyls analyzers, and atomic absorption analyzers.) (PCBs) in drinking water and collect data on (9) Conduct research on biological assay the incidence of PCBs in surface water and methods for rapid determination of water bottom sediments. (The National Academy of safety. There is a need to develop simple test Science estimated global production of PCBs methods for various toxic substances, and to to be about 100,000 tons per year. Sales in the refine aquarium tests methods for continuous U.S. in 1970 were estimated at 34,000 tong.)38 flow-through monitoring. (More than 300 or- ganic pesticidal chemicals are in use in the United States. Many factors affect the fate of pesticides in different aquatic systems. At 2.3.7 Laboratory Procedures present, the determination of chlorinated hy- drocarbons in water may be made only by in- The technical literature identifies labora- struments not found in most water plant tory procedures relating to water quality in laboratories, or even in some State need of research. Following is a representa- laboratories. Water systems therefore are tive list of these: generally quite unprotected so far as control (1) Develop improvements in sampling tests are concerned. Toxicity to fish may be techniques to provide truly representative used as a safety test of water for human con- water samples. sumption, but there is no other practical (2) Develop accurate and rapid techniques method available.)38 to measure taste and odor producing sub- stances in water. (3) Conduct research and development to 2.4 Present and Projected Industrial Water provide methodology for the enumeration and Use isolation of bacteria and viruses. (4) Develop analytical procedures which Manufacturers in the Great Lakes Basin enable identification and quantification of or- took into their plants more than 11.8 billion ganic contaminants of water in the gallons of water per day in 1970. Approxi- milligram-per-liter, microgram-per-liter, or mately 1.1 billion gallons per day, 10 percent of lower concentration range. (The instrumen- their total requirement, was obtained from tal procedures which are most promising at nearby public water supply systems, but most present involve spectrographic and chrom- of the water was obtained through intake and atographic techniques. However, these in- delivery systems owned and operated by the struments lack the sensitivity to analyze manufacturers. organic constituents directly at the levels Of the nearly 11 billion gallons of water found in waters and wastewaters.) Develop- self-supplied by manufacturing for an average ment of concentration techniques that will not day, more than 95 percent was taken from alter the constituent or its distribution in surface-water supplies of the Region. The re- complex mixtures are essential (Baker 1967) maining 320 million gallons per day were ob- (Rosen 1969). tained from company-owned wells. It may be (5) Evaluate and improve the application presumed that the Great Lakes themselves or of c arbon-chloroform- extract and carbon- their connecting waterways were the source alcohol-extract (CCE and CAE) techniques for of most surface water withdrawn for man- determination of organic contaminants. ufacturing, because many of the industries (6) Develop standard methods for biodeg- with very large water requirements (steel radability, to indicate undesirable concentra- mills, petroleum refineries, and chemical tions of resistant organic pollutants in surface plants) are located in the shoreline counties of runoff and in discharges from sewage and in- the Region. Paper manufacturers, particu- dustrial wastes. larly those which process the pulpwood into (7) Develop a suitable indicator for organic chemical pulp, paper, and cardboard, are most substances in water, and relate their presence commonly located inland near the forests to water treatment plant operating problems. which supply their raw material, and on the (8) Expand research to develop improved shores of inland streams and lakes which pro- analytical methods for determining hazard- vide generally ample quantities of good qual- ous inorganic and organic trace materials, ity water. 48 Appendix 6 Approximately 90 percent of the total water plant uses and still remain competitive in withdrawals by all Great Lakes Basin man- existing markets. Nevertheless, manufactur- ufacturers are made by the industries in five ers are increasing the quantities of water that major industry groups: Standard Industrial are recycled in their plants because of stricter Classification (SIC) 20, Food and Kindred application of Federal and State powers to Products; SIC 26, Paper and Allied Products; abate water pollution from industrial waste SIC 28, Chemicals and Allied Products; SIC 29, discharges. Frequently treatment of plant Petroleum and Coal Products; and SIC 33, effluents produces water of equal or better Primary Metals industries. Within each of the quality for a particular use than that of the industry groups there is broad diversity in original source. In order to further offset the raw materials, processes, products, and de- costs of pollution abatement, materials, prod- gree of vertical integration between raw ma- ucts and byproducts are also recovered and terials and finished products. To illustrate the recycled. Several examples of this trend have characteristics of manufacturing water use, been reported. A steel mill recovers mill scale examples are presented of the hypothetical for recycling into the furnaces by treating uses of water by representative establish- effluent from its rolling mills, and in so doing ments in each SIC two-digit group. has reduced its water intake from 140 mgd to The water needs of a manufacturing plant 8.6 mgd. A chemical plant is installing cooling are related directly to its products, the quan- towers for recycling of its cooling water with a tities produced, the processes employed, the potential reduction of 100 mgd in total plant starting materials, the need for electric intake. energy and its availability from exterior The truly closed system cannot be achieved sources, health, safety, environmental con- for manufacturing water use because of con- cerns, the number of employees and employee sumptive losses of water that occur by incor- amenities, aesthetic considerations, and poration of water in products, evaporation, other factors. A manufacturer may meet its employee use, and leaks. Currently the U.S. water needs by choosing options ranging from manufacturing sector has a gross water use of single use (no recycling) to closed systems with approximately 114 bgd (billion gallons per day) multiple recycling. Many changing factors in- and consumes approximately 4 bgd. Water fluence the manufacturer's decision: consumption imposes a minimum withdrawal (1) the availability of water, including requirement at least equal to the losses and water rights of the user and subsequent users thus places an upper limit on the number of (2) the quality of water at source times that water can be recirculated. (3) the quality of water required at each In 1970 the manufacturers of the Great point of use Lakes Basin withdrew 11.8 bgd to meet their (4) pretreatment cost of water prior to use estimated gross water requirements of 2C8 and the feasibility of cost minimization bgd. Approximately 900 mgd was consumed. through recycling, counter-current use, or Of the 11.8 bgd of water withdrawn, more than secondary use 7.5 bgd was used as cooling water. It is be- (5) the value of recoverable products, lieved that evaporation accounted for most of byproducts, and heat energy in the waste the consumptive water losses in the Region. streams Approximately 3.4 bgd was applied to process (6) secondary water use characteristics use. With the exception of a few industries, (7) the degree of treatment required for such as food and beverage manufacture, con- plant effluents and cost reductions that may sumptive losses by incorporation of water into be acquired by recycling the product are minor. In process use evapora- (8) the consumptive losses of water that tion constitutes the largest element of con- occur through its use sumptive loss. The remaining 600 mgd of (9) the availability of dry methods in place withdrawal was used for boiler feedwater, the of water-dependent manufacturing methods domestic needs of employees, and plant and (10) maintenance of attractive plant ground maintenance. grounds Because evaporation adds to the vapor (11) the competitive advantages or disad- phase of the hydrologic cycle, the addition of vantages of water recycling and reuse large quantities of water vapor to the atmos- (12) company policy phere from areas of concentrated industrial Although many advocate that manufactur- activity, along with similar additions from ers adopt a closed system, at present few man- thermal electric power plants and other users, ufacturers can institute such practices for all may increase the occurrence of weather Great Lakes Basin Water Use 49 anomalies. This phenomenon has already highly unlikely that the withdrawal trends been observed downwind from metropolitan will occur with the smoothness that the curves Chicago and other areas. Consumptive losses imply. On the contrary, the trends probably can be expected to increase as the economy will be uneven because of decisions made by grows. The effects of these losses on resource individual companies in response to economic availability, weather, and climate may war- and social factors that are uncertain now. If rant separate study. one or several large water-using plants in a In the following sections discussions and es- planning subarea decide to institute water re- timates of manufacturing water use in the 15 cycling, the projections can be distorted. planning subareas are presented. The esti- The forecasts should be used to indicate mated value added by manufacture for the changes that are expected to occur in man- five major water-using SIC two-digit industry ufacturing water use based upon the existing groups and the remainder of the manufactur- industries and forecasts of industrial growth. ing sector are given (Figures 6-9 through The forecasts are warnings of directions and 6-13). Estimates of gross water use, recircula- magnitudes of the demand/supply relation- tion rates, withdrawal needs, and consump- ships of industry and resources. Planning tive losses for 1970, 1980, 2000, and 2020 have water resources may be reallocated in order to also been included (Table 6-17). accommodate future growth. Table 6-17 shows a decline in the rates of manufacturing withdrawals of water in the Great Lakes Basin for the near future. Gradu- 2.5 Present and Projected Rural Water Use ally the rate will increase and eventually it will approach the rate of increase in manufac- The relative importance of the various rural turing production. In this appendix the rea- water uses is projected to remain the same as sons for the decline and subsequent rise are in 1970. Rural nonfarm use is by far the discussed in the methodology section and in heaviest. Rural nonfarm use accounts for 61 to the chapters dealing with planning subarea 66 percent of the total rural water require- requirements. Although manufacturing ments for 1970 and the projection periods. On withdrawals may initially decrease and then rural farms, water use for livestock is the increase by the year 2020 to only 40 percent greatest, followed by domestic consumption more than the 1970 quantities withdrawn in and spray water (Table 6-18). Although total the Basin, there are likely to be large re- rural water requirements are projected to in- quirements for new water supplies at new lo- crease for both rural farm and rural nonfarm cations in the period 1985 to 2020. In most of purposes, within the rural farm category the planning subareas the total quantities of there is a relative decline in rural domestic water to be supplied at new locations by the requirements. Changes between 1970 and year 2020 may be greater than the quantities 2020 in each component of rural farm water presently supplied to existing manufacturing. requirements for planning subareas were plants. These impending situations present grouped into three general categories: rela- legal, institutional, and structural problems. tively stable, relatively increasing, and rela- Water-use forecasts invite interpolation for tively decreasing (Table 6-19). Tables 6-20 interim years. Interpolation should be used to through 6-25 contain additional information project only for target years because it is on rural water requirements and use. 50 Appendix 6 Public W.t , Supply 0.7- - Sanitary and other uses Public Public 0.03 1.25 gd mgd S-ars Water anit.ry and other uses Supply t-9 Evaporation 4.2 ragd - and other P,oces Us 0.07 gd 0.04 la.. qd - Fume Scrubbing 0.6 mild Evaporation m. Company 2. and the, losse Company .35 Supplied t rag Non-Cont 0. 3m Supplied - Receiving Surface Water gd ..te, r g Waters 1.7 gd 8.85 gd R .. i ving 12.2 mgd - Thermal Power Cooling Waters 7 js., 9 5.8 mgd d 0. Fume Scrubbing Non-Contact Cooling mgd I Injection Boiler Fee ... Well, .9 0.01 mgd I I FIGURE 6-9 Characteristics of Water Use in FIGURE 6-10 Characteristics of Water Use in Medium-Sized Wet Corn Milling Plant Medium-Sized Plant with Own Pulp Mill SIC 2046-Wet Corn Milling-establishments SIC'2621-Paper Mills, except Building Paper primarily engaged in milling corn or sorghum Mills--establishments primarily engaged in grain (milo) by the wet process, and producing manufacturing paper from wood pulp and other starch, syrup, oil, sugar, and by-products such fibers. They also may manufacture converted as gluten feed and meal. Establishments paper products. Pulp mills combined with paper primarily engaged in manufacturing starch mills, and not separately reported, are also in- from other vegetable sources (potato, wheat, cluded in this industry. Where separately re- etc.) are also included. ported, they are classified in Industry 2611. TABLE 6-17 Total Manufacturing Withdrawal From All Sources, Great Lakes Basin (mgd)l Planning -With- 1970 Con- With- 1980 Con- - With- 2000 Con- With- 2020 Con- Subarea drawals smption drawals sumption drawals sumption drawals sumption 1.1 100 8 77 11 79 21 123 35 1.2 33 4 35 5 48 15 86 30 2.1 359 4o 378 59 351 97 6ol 176 2.2 5174 423 3461 587 3543 1202 5867 2415 2.3 554 53 538 88 624 250 1059 509 2.4 96 8 89 14 98 39 183 92 3.1 25 3 23 4 31 10 63 16 3.2 567 34 535 62 497 245 1011 648 4.1 1562 148 1219 196 1031 430 l7o4 842 4.2 371 42 414 69 429 158 724 342 4.3 1449 100 1341 151 1319 381 2131 847 4.4 1051 89 976 iP6 818 251 1189 496 5.1 100 8 log 10 146 18 248 39 5.2 313 22 303 35 299 94 6o4 230 5.3 105 10 70 10 47 14 53 18 TOTAL BASIN 11,859 992 9568 1427 936o 3225 15,646 6735 1 self-supplied + municipally supplied water Great Lakes Basin Water Use 51 P161 ic .05 Nblic Se- NOIN&M W.I., 0.05 gd S. P1 t P`Ibli@ W.I., - I Is's 1.4 nIgd 3 SIPPly t 4 12.5.gd E,opo,otron and .,he, Company E-p-tio, losses Wells It 1.8 and othe, 3.5 n,9d - P,,c,,, Us, losses 0.53 gd .9d 0.4 . d 0. R i W 0.03 Contact Cooling R-ei@mg 359.0 mgd NZ2EMM Won." .9d 8.9n,9d 4.3 Non-Contact Cooling Comp-, 6 75 49.0 gd N.n.C Mac, Caching company ............... S.,f. i:d @e.wote, tmild aupp-, Injection S.,f.c. W.f., 350.0 Ti5 mild 0.50 we Contact Cooling - IF- S-bbing 0 19 mg, FIGURE 6-11 Characteristics of Water Use in FIGURE 6-12 Characteristics of Water Use in Medium-Sized Industrial Inorganic Chemicals Large Refinery Plant, SIC 2911-Petroleum Refining-establish- SIC 2819-Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, Not ments primarily engaged in producing gasoline, Elsewhere Classified-establishments primar- kerosene, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, ily engaged in manufacturing inorganic chemi- lubricants, and other products from crude pe- cals, and not elsewhere classified. Important troleum and its fractionation products, through products of this industry include inorganic salts straight distillation of crude oil, redistillation of of sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, mag- unfinished petroleum derivatives, cracking, or nesium, mercury, nickel, silver, and tin; inOr- other processes. ganic compounds such as alums, calcium car- P.blic bide, hydrogen peroxide, phosphates, sodium W=ly silicate, ammonia compounds and anhydrous 11 Is's ammonia; rare earth metal salts and elemental 7.4 .9d bromine, fluorine, iodine, phosphorus, and al- 38.0 I kali metals. t gd E-p-ti- and other Can,." Cooling 'T.@ TABLE 6-18 Shares of Rural Water Require- C..pa.Y t-_ @ 9.13 ngal ments by Specific Components, Great Lakes S,ppli,d S,,f,c, N-C-1-t Coolmg Basin (percent of total requirements) Water t 1970 1980 2000 2020 W.t Is Rural farm 327.0 gd 195.0 mgd 318.4 gd Domestic 12.6 12.1 8-7 7.8 Thermal Power Cooling Livestock 20.9 24-5 26.8 30.7 Spray 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 FIrne 5-bbing Well, Subtotal 33.8 36.8 35.7 38.7 0.2 gd Rural Nonfarm 66.2 63.2 64.3 61.3 B.ile, Fe,d.ote, Total 3.00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 mgd FIGURE 6-13 Characteristics of Water Use in TABLE 6-19 Relative Direction of Change Large Integrated Steel Mill Projected for Rural Water Requirements, 1970 SIC 3312-Blast Furnaces, Steel Works, and to 2020, Great Lakes Basin Rolling Mills stablishments primarily en- Planning Subareas gaged in manufacturing hot metal, pig iron, sil- Use Increase - -Decrease Stable very pig iron, and ferroalloys from iron ore and Rural Nonfam All planning --- --- iron and steel scrap; converting pig iron, scrap Rural Fbxm subareas iron, and scrap steel into steel; and hot rolling Domestic 2.4, 4.4, 5.1 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.1, 2-3, 4.2 iron and steel into basic shapes such as plates, . ,],es L14 se ,41 o."ng E an ...E 49. ..g iIR5@I V 0 V_ 3-1, 3.2, 4.1, 5-1 sheets, strips, rods, bars, and tubing. Merchant 4-32 5-3 -products or beehive coke Livestock All others 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 blast furnaces and by Sl,r., 3.2, 5.3 All others 1.1, 2-3, 3-1 ovens are also included in this industry. 52 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-20 Rural Water Use Requirements and Consumption, Great Lakes Basin (mgd) 1970 198o 2000 2020 REQLTIREMENTS Rural Fam Domestic 59.4 64-7 56.4 57.6 Livestock 98.9 130-9 174.4 -226.9 Spray Water 1.1 1.1 1.0 -1.0 Subtotal 785-5 159. 197-7 321.18 Rural Nonfarm 312. 338.4 417.8 452-5 Total 471-3 535-0 649.6 738.o CONSU=ON Rural Farm Domestic 14.8 16.2 14.1 14.o Livestock 89.o 117.8 157-5 2o4.1 Spray Water 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 Subtotal lo4.9 135-1 172.7 __9.0 Rural Nonfarm 46.8 5o.8 62.7 67.9 Total 151.8 185.8 235.3 286.9 TABLE 6-21 Summary of Rural Water Use in the Great Lakes Basin (mgd) 1970 198o 2000 2020 Planning Require- Con- Tequire- Con_- Require- Con- Require- Con- Subarea ments sumption ments smption ments sumption ments sumption 1.1 7.5 2.1 7.7 2.1 9.3 2.5 10.0 2.5 1.2 5.0 1.2 5.0 1.2 5.5 1.5 7.0 1.7 2.1 47.5 23.4 57.4 30.5 70.6 38.6 82.7 47.8 2.2 87.6 22.9 94.2 23.9 109.2 26.6 114.9 27.5 2.3 82.3 24.1 93.8 30.2 118.1 42.5 134.4 53.2 2.4 16.8 4.8 19.6 6.7 24.8 9.6 29.7 12.8 3.1 6.8 2.0 9.3 3.3 12.4 3.9 16.8 6.3 3.2 32.5 9.4- 38.3 13.0 47.8 17.7 55.0 23.0 4.1 49.2 11.9 54.1 13.4 63.3 15.6 67.7 17.3 4.2 42.4 15.3 51.0 20.9 64.1 28.3 76.3 37-3 4.3 24.6 5.8 26.2 5.9 30.9 6.9 33.4 7.9 4.4 16.5 6.4 i6.4 7.1 23.5 8.8 31.6 10.9 5.1 10.8 5.2 14.9 6.9 l4.4 8.o 17.6 10.2 5.2 32.1 12.3 36.4 14.8 43.4 17.9 47.0 21.0 5.3 9.2 4.9 10.2 5.6 12.0 6.5 13.4 7.5 Total Basin 1 471.0 151.7 535.0 185.5 650.0 234.9 738.o 286.9 lTotal maj not add due to rounding. Great Lakes Basin Water Use 53 TABLE 6-22 Rural Nonfarm, Rural Domestic, Livestock, Spray Water, and Total Rural Water Requirements, Great Lakes Basin, 1970 (mgd) Planning Rural Rural Spray 'Subarea Non-Farm Domestic Livestock Water Total 1.1 5.6 M 1.2 0.00 7.6 1.2 4.1 o.4 0.5 0.00 5.0 2.1 18.7 8.1 20.5 o.14 47.5 2.2 70.7 5.0 11.7 0.15 87.6 2.3 56.4 11.8 14.o 0.20 82.4 2.4 11.6 2.4 2.7 o.o4 16.7 3.1 4.7 0.9 1.2 0.01 6.8 3.2 22.1 5.1 5.3 o.o8 32.6 4.1 39.6 4.1 5.4 o.o8 49.2 4.2 22.9 8.8 lo.6 0.20 42.5 4.3 20.3 1.8 2.6 0.02 24.7 4.4 9.1 2.6 4.8 m4 16.5 5.1 4.3 2.0 4.5 0.05 10.9 5.2 18.6 4.1 9.3 0.07 32.2 5.3 3.3 1.4 4.5 0.01 9.3 Total Basin 312.0 59.4 99.0 1.09 471.5 Lake Basin 1.0 9.7 1.2 1.7 0.00 12.6 2.0 157.4 27.3 48.9 0.53 234.2 3.0 26.8 6.o 6.5 0.09 39.4 4.o 91.9 17.3 23.4 o.@4 132.9 5.0 26.2 7.6 18.4 0.13 52.4- Source: ERS computation using 1970 Basic Water Use Budget. 54 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-23 Rural Nonfarm, Rural Domestic, TABLE 6-24 Rural Nonfarm, Rural Domestic, Livestock, Spray Water, and Total Rural Water Livestock, Spray Water, and Total Rural Water Requirements, Great Lakes Basin, 1980 (mgd) Requirements, Great Lakes Basin, 2000 (mgd) Plaji7 R.,,f;l. Rur Spray =:g R:f;l. R:.r:l Spray S tic Livestock Water Total Livestock Water Total 1 1 6 1 0 4 1 2 0 01 T T 1.1 T.6 0-3 1.5 0.01 9.4 1:2 4:2 0:2 o:6 0:00 5*. 0 1.2 5-3 0.1 0.1 0.00 5-5 2.1 19.8 9-7 27.8 0-13 57.4 2.1 26.8 7.5 36.2 0.1-2 7o.6 2 2 78.6 3-0 12.5 o.14 94.2 2.2 93.2 2.8 13.2 0.12 109-3 2:3 6o.6 13.5 19-5 0.20 93.8 2-3 74.7 12.0 31-3 0.20 118.2 2.4 12-3 2.8 4.6 m4 19.7 2.4 13-5 3.9 7-3 0-03 24.7 3-1 6.1 M 2.4 0.01 9-3 3-1 9.0 0.7 2.7 0.01 12.4 3.2 23-0 6.6 8.7 0.10 38.4 3.2 28-3 6.2 13.2 m8 47-8 4.1 44.2 3-3 6.6 m8 54.2 4.1 53-0 2.4 7.8 m6 63-3 4 2 24.8 9.8 16.2 0.22 51-0 4.2 31.6 8.8 23.5 0.24 64.1 4:3 22.9 0.9 2.4 0.02 26.2 4-3 27-3 0.7 2.9 0.02 30-9 4.4 7.4 3.2 5-8 0-03 16.4 4.4 14.1 2.8 6.6 0-03 23.5 5-1 5.9 3-1 5.8 m4 14.8 5.1 4-3 2.6 7.4 0-03 14-3 5.2 19.1 5-7 11.7 m6 36.6 5.2 24.2 4.6 14-5 0-05 43.4 5-3 -1. 4 1.5 5.2 0.01 10.1 5-3 4-9 1.0 6.2 0-01 12.1 Total Basin 338.4 64-7 131-0 1.09 534.8 Total Basin 417.8 56.4 174.4 1.01 649.5 Lake Basin Lake Basin 1.0 10-3 o.6 1.8 0.01 12.7 1.0 12.9 o.4 1.6 0.01 24.9 2.0 171-3 29.0 64.4 0-51 265.1 2.0 2o8.2 26.1 87.9 o.47 322.8 3-0 29.1 7.4 11.1 0.11 4,-7 3-0 37.3 6.9 15.9 0.09 6o.2 4.o 99-3 17-3 31-0 0-35 146.0 4.o i26.o 14.7 4o.9 0-35 i8l.8 5-0 28.4 lo.4 22.7 0.11 61.6 5-0 33.4 8-3 28.1 0.09 69.8 Source: ERS computation using 1980 Basic Water Use Budget Source: ERS computation using 2000 Basic Water Use Budget. TABLE 6-25 Rural Nonfarm, Rural Domestic, Livestock, Spray Water, and Total Rural Water Requirements, Great Lakes Basin, 2020 (mgd) Planning Rural Rural Spray Subarea Non-Farm Domestic Livestock Water Total 1.1 8-3 0.2 1-5 0.01 10.0 1.2 6.1 0.1 o.8 0.00 7.0 2.1 29-5 6.9 46.2 0.12 82.7 2.2 99.1 2-3 13.4 0.1-1 l14.9 2-3 79.6 12-5 42.2 0.20 134-5 2.4 14-3 4-3 11.1 0-03 29.7 3-1 11.2 0.7 4.9 0.01 16.8 3.2 30-0 6.8 18.1 0.09 55.0 4.1 56.1 2-5 9.1 m6 67.8 4.2 33.6 9.4 33-1 0.23 76-3 4-3 28.9 0.8 3-8 0.02 33.5 4.4 20.9 2.9 7-9 0.02 31.7 5-1 5.2 2-7 9.7 0-03 17.6 5.2 24-5 4.5 18.o m4 47.0 5-3 5.2 1.0 7. 0.01 -13-4 Total Basin 452-5 57.6 227.0 o.98 737.9 Lake Basin 1 .0 14.4 0-3 2-3 0.01 17.0 2.0 222-5 25-9 112.9 0.45 361.8 3-0 41.2 7.5 23-0 0.10 71.8 4.o 139-5 15.6 53.8 0-34 209.3 5.0 34.9 8.2 34.9 0.08 78.o Source: ERS computation using 2020 Basic Water Use Budget. Section 3 LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN 3.1 Summary imately $3,500, almost 20 percent lower than the national level. In 1960 nearly 265,000 people were employed 3.1.1 The Study Area in the region. Ample raw materials (timber and minerals), the short growing season, and The Lake Superior basin drains 14 percent infertile soils are factors that greatly affect of the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes Basin employment. and encompasses portions of Minnesota, Wis- Although dairy farming is the principal ac- consin, and Michigan. Figure 6-14 is an area tivity, many farmers produce potatoes, hay, map of the basin. Major streams and beef cattle, sheep, and poultry as well. Many tributaries draining the 16,986 square-mile farm owners cut timber during the winter and hydrologic area include the St. Louis, Bad, operate their farms during the summer. The Montreal, Ontonagon, Sturgeon, and farms in this basin are less prosperous than Tahquamenon Rivers. The basin is divided those farther south. In 1960,6,500 agricultural into two planning subareas, Lake Superior employees in the basin produced crops, live- West, Planning Subarea 1.1, and Lake Super- stock, and livestock products valued at $25.4 ior East, Planning Subarea 1.2. The basin is a million. long narrow watershed extending 350 miles Manufacturing and mining of copper and from east to west and 150 miles from its north- iron account for most of the employed popula- ernmost reach to its southernmost boundary. tion at present. In 1960 there were 27,500 Its boundary extends inland as much as 100 manufacturing employees and 21,000 mining miles and as little as 20 miles from the employees. shoreline. Throughout this region the rate of economic growth has been low in recent years. Many forest and mining industries have declined. 3.1.2 Economic and Demographic New activities are little more than replace- Characteristics ments. However, mining will continue to be a most significant economic factor for the basin. In 1970 the resident population of the The change from standard ores to the use of Lake Superior region was approximately concentrated, pelletized ore has stimulated 524,400, nearly 4 percent less than the 1960 iron ore mining. In 1965 the Lake Superior total. The basin contains 2 percent of the basin produced approximately half of the iron Great Lakes Basin population. The most heav- ore in the United States. ily populated areas are St. Louis, Douglas, and Marquette Counties. With the exception of St. Louis and Marquette Counties, all Lake Supe- 3.1.3 Water Resources rior basin counties have populations of less than 50,000. The only SMSA located within the Runoff averages 8 to 10 inches per year. The basin is Duluth- Superior, which in 1960 con- basin contains thousands of short and fast- tained 52 percent of the basin's population. moving streams that, depending on the sea- During the summer and hunting seasons, sig- son, flow erratically. Their average annual nificant numbers of visitors are attracted to discharge does not generally exceed 1,000 cfs. the area. In 2020 the resident population of the The basin contains approximately 58,000 Lake Superior basin is expected to be 669,000. acres of inland lakes larger than 40 acres in In 1962 total personal income in the region size. Many smaller lakes also dot the region. was a little more than $1 billion. Average per Lake Gogebic, the largest inland lake, has an capita income in the basin in 1970 was approx- area of 8,700 acres. There are 14 reservoirs, 55 It CANAM cfn (3D ell 2 .11 HIGAN,, @EWYORK 4 s ;I.MMA' VICINITY MAP N T PA b7 MINNESOTA A wis m CONSIpli LE IN MILES .v zV 30 40 So Lake Superior Basin 57 several of which are located near Duluth, Total OMR expenditures will be $18.6 million. Minnesota. Lake Superior has the largest sur- Lake Superior can be classified as suitable face area of any freshwater lake in the world, for domestic water supply in all periods to the with a volume of 2,935 cubic miles and a total year 2020. Although some problems may be surface area of 31,700 square miles. experienced, the water quality standards pro- Quality of surface waters in the basin is gram for these interstate waters unequivo- generally high. Some areas receive substan- cally calls for making them a suitable source of tial amounts of domestic and industrial municipal water supply. The program also in- wastes. Except for a few nearshore areas, the cludes schedules and implementation plans. biological, chemical, and physical characteris- tics of Lake Superior are generally indicative of an oligotrophic lake. 3.1.5 Acknowledgements The Lake Superior basin has a poor to fair potential for ground-water supplies, but lo- Figures for average municipal water supply cally there are good aquifers. The best aqui- demands and population served by municipal fers are in sand and gravel deposits, especially water supplies are based on 1965 data from the east of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and Michigan Department of Public Health and on in the headwaters of the St. Louis River sys- tem of Minnesota. Sedimentary rocks in the eastern part also have good aquifers. 500 Elsewhere the bedrock is dominantly Pre- eambrian igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock covered by a 25- to 400-foot 400 - RURAL thick glacial drift. ENUNICIPAL The major ground-water problem is that well yields are generally low. Highly 300 mineralized water is found in a few areas, par- ticularly in the Superior Slope, the Apostle Islands, the Keweenaw Peninsula area, and in the headwaters of the Tahquamenon Com-, 200 plex. 3.1.4 Present and Projected Water 100 Withdrawal Requirements In 1970 the Lake Superior basin total water 01970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 withdrawals, 187 mgd, accounted for a mere 1 YEAR percent of the total water withdrawals for the Great Lakes Basin. A summary of present and FIGURE 6-15 Municipal, Industrial, and projected water withdrawal requirements Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements-Lake and needs for the municipal, industrial, and Superior Basin rural water-using sectors is presented in Table 6-26 and Figure 6-15. In 1970 the resident population of the Lake The waters of Lake Superior are expected to Superior basin was 524,400, 2 percent of the provide 75 percent of the municipal water Great Lakes Basin population. Municipal water supply requirements by the year 2020. This supplies served 382,900 people or 71 percent of water resource is more than adequate to meet the basin population. This is expected to in- the water-use requirements projected for the crease to 508,600 by 2000. municipal sector. Development and proper Dairying is the principal farming activity, but management of the water resources of Lake many farmers produce potatoes, hay, beef cat- Superior are needed. tle, sheep, and poultry. Estimated costs for developing, operating, Manufacturing and mining (copper and iron) and maintaining municipal water supply are predominant industrial activities in the ba- facilities are shown in Table 6-27. During the sin. Duluth-Superior is the basin's major ore 50-year period of this study it is estimated that transshipping port. In 1960 the manufacturing $6.9 million will be required for capital in- sector of the economy employed 27,500 people vestment in municipal water supply facilities. while the mining sector employed 2 1,000 people. 58 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-26 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Lake Superior Basin (mgd) 1970-- 198o Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements 1.1 33.2 94 7.5 135 4o.0 70 T.8 118 1.2 15-1 31.5 5.0 51. 8 Y144. T1. 6 5.0 52.9 Total 7775 125 12.5 187 5 .3 15r4. 1-2.7 l'T1 Consumption 1.1 3.2 7.6 2.1 12 3.7 10 2ol 16 1.2 1.6 3-8 1.2 6.6 l.o 4.8 1.2 @r.O Total 11 3-3 =9 7 77 75- --T.-3 23 1970 Capacity- Future Needs 1.1 75-1 94 7-5 -17 3.3 -- 0-3 3-6 1.2 2 0 31o2 5-0 59-5 - 2.1 -- 2.1 2.1 Total 17:1 127' 12.5 237 3.3 0.3 5.7 2000 - 2020 Use mun-___ ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements 1.1 50-8 71 9.4 131 62.9 114 10.0 137 1.2 15.7 46.4 (,7.6 17-2 84 7.1 109-3 I =0. 17.1 296' Total =5 117 14;.g 199 Consumption 1.1 5.8 19 2.5 27 7.9 31.5 2.5 42 1.2 2.1 14'. 3 P. 17.9 2.4 "2 -a - Total 7.@ 33 .0 77 =0- 3 2 1751.-1 1970 CaPacitY- Future Needs 1.1 13.2 -- 1.9 15 25-3 20 2.5 48 1.2 -- 14.9 1.1 11").0 -- 2 t8l 2.1 54.9 -7 Total 13.2 74.9 3.0 71 25-3- 77 103 Lake Superior Basin 59 TABLE.6-27 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facili- ties to Meet the Projected Needs, Lake Superior Basin (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital -777 2.242 2.691 3-019 5-710 Great Lakes Annual OMR -038 .189 .435 .227 .663 Total OMR -387 3-784 8.7ol 4.172 12.873 Inland Lakes Capital .000 .029 -059 .029 o89 and Annual OMR .000 .001 -005 .001 -007 Streams Total OMR .000 .029 .119 .029 .149 Capital .129 .426 -538 -556 1-095 Ground Water* Annual OMR o14 -079 .190 o94 .284 Total OMR .149 1-583 3.8og 1-733 5-542 Long Distance Capital .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 Transport of Annual OMR - - - - - Great Lakes Total OMR - - - - - Capital 0-907 2-700 3.289 3.607 6.896 Total Annual OMR 0-054 0.269 o.631 0-323 0-955 Total OMR 0-537 5-394 12.63o 5-935 18-565 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/Mgj;@@rj transmission 1202000 7,bOO wells & pumping 65,6oo 35,200 (see Figure 6-4) Tota 1 185,6oo 42.8oo 1968 data from the Wisconsin Department of from 18 miles in Lake County to 65 miles in St. Natural Resources. The U.S. Department of Louis County, Minnesota. Commerce, Bureau of Domestic Commerce, furnished data and the analysis on industrial water-use requirements for the Lake Superior 3.2.1.2 Topography and Geography basin. Planning Subarea 1.1, a region of great natural beauty, contains numerous lakes and 3.2 Lake Superior West, Planning Subarea 1.1 streams. A large portion of the area is wilder- ness characterized by forested hills, cascading streams, and rocky cliffs. Elevation ranges 3.2.1 Description of Planning Subarea from 602 feet to 2,301 feet above sea level at Eagle Mountain, the highest point in the re- gion. 3.2.1.1 Location One of the most striking features of the Lake Superior shoreline is its steeply rising walls. Planning Subarea 1.1 is located to the west These escarpments vary from 800 to 1,000 feet of Lake Superior. Four northeastern Min- above Lake Superior in the Bayfield Penin- nesota counties and four northern Wisconsin sula and the Douglas Copper Range to as counties form this planning subarea (Figure much as 1,400 feet above Lake Superior at 6-16). Keweenaw Point in Michigan. The region is 250 miles long around the Dominant land forms of the Superior Slope western end of Lake Superior. Its width varies were created by glacial erosion. Rocky ridges 60 Appendix 6 VICINITY MAP SCALE IN MILES 0 W Im 4,0--t 01-0 Brute Lake Babbitt COOK @L A rand Marais LAKE Chisholm 0 @ Virginia Hibbing veleth 0 Silver Bay face S 0 Two Harbors 'D E 0 APOSTLE ISLANDS 10uh Ri- 0 Bayfield Duluth ST-- S C% Cloquet 0 S enor *Ashla Z CARLTON@ <: K Pot 0 1 nwood 0 (n c')z A4 Z L) ICHIG IV 2 CO _.R.OUGLAS BAYFIELD ASHLAND IRON i SCALE IN MILES 0-4 -Fm@ 0 5 10 15 20 25 FIGURE 6-16 Planning Subarea 1.1 Lake Superior Basin 61 and knobs extend north from Duluth. The shore and have an average length of less than Sawtooth Mountains near Grand Marais are 30 miles. The St. Louis River drains the cen- the most conspicuous bedrock relief. Inland tral two-fifths of the planning subarea and from the shoreline most of the rocky hills are flows eastward into Lake Superior at Duluth, covered with glacial sediments which may be Minnesota. Average annual runoff is about as deep as 200 feet, but probably average less 8 to 10 inches per year across the basin. than 50 feet. The thickest occur near Duluth. Inland lakes and streams have a water stor- Most of the Nemadji River basin in Minnesota age capacity of 337,870 acre-feet. If all inland is covered with glacial lake sediments. In a few lakes and streams considered to be suitable for places the old beach ridges can be observed. development as surface-water impoundments Five major drainage basins combine to form were developed in Planning Subarea 1.1, the a total drainage area of 8,738 square miles total potential storage capacity is estimated to (6,142 square miles in Minnesota, 2,956 square increase to 904,870 acre-feet.45 miles in Wisconsin, and 131 square miles in Water storage areas can now produce a sus- Michigan). The five basins are the Superior tained water supply yield of 595 mgd. If all Shore complex, the St. Louis River basin, the potential water storage areas were fully de- Apostle Islands complex, the Bad River basin, veloped, impounded inland lakes and streams and the Montreal River basin. could produce a sustained water supply yield of 1,191 mgd .45 Potential capacities and yields, as used in 3.2.1.3 Climate this section, relate to the total water resource. No attempt has been made to identify that Planning Subarea 1.1 has a climate typified portion of the water resource not suitable or by very cold winters and rather warm sum- available for use. mers. The tempering influence of Lake Supe- rior is evident along the shoreline. Mean an- nual snowfall ranges from 107 inches at Pi- 3.2.2.2 Ground-Water Resources geon River to 42.4 inches at Meadowlands. Precipitation averages 27.06 inches in the In the St. Louis basin major aquifers are Minnesota portion, and average annual pre- stratified deposits of sand and gravel located cipitation varies from 27 to 33 inches across in glacial drift. The Biwabik iron formation, the Wisconsin portion. Approximately half the the most important bedrock aquifer, is a total rainfall occurs during May, June, July, sedimentary deposit consisting of fine- and August. grained quartz with variable amounts of Prevailing winds in the Minnesota portion hematite, magnetite, and limonite. Where are northwesterly, except for the extreme these deposits have been subject to weather- northern tip where winds are northeasterly. ing and oxidation, porosity and permeability In the Wisconsin portion prevailing winds are have been greatly increased. Ten com- westerly in the late fall through early spring munities in the Mesabi range obtain all or part and easterly the rest of the year. Recorded of their water from this formation. temperature extremes are -5'F and 108'F. Ground water in the Superior Slope (Min- The average annual growing season varies nesota) is available from the unconsolidated from 150 days along the shores of Lake Supe- alluvial sands and gravels along some of the rior to 90 days inland. stream valleys, from stratified glacial sedi- ments, and from igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary bedrock formations. 3.2.2 Water Resources Regional ground-water movement through the glacial deposits and bedrock is southeast- ward toward Lake Superior. Local movement 3.2.2.1 Surface-Water Resources is toward the valleys where discharge aids in maintaining streamflow during periods of low Lake Superior is a water source, supports precipitation. None of the water-bearing commercial and sport fishing, is important for strata in the region produces large quantities shipping, and has significant scenic and rec- of water. In some areas ground-water supplies reational aspects. are insufficient even for domestic purposes, Most of the streams in Planning Subarea except in the Nemadji basin, where ground- 1.1, except for those comprising the St. Louis water supplies are available because of the River basin, flow perpendicular to the lake- thickness of the glacial overlay. 62 Appendix 6 Wisconsin counties in Planning Subarea 1,.1 901,000 acres of land in farm. Crop production do not generally have good ground-water is highly limited by the weather. Oats, hay, aquifers. Sand and gravel units in the glacial and meadow grass are the major crops. drift, particularly adjacent to streams, offer Potatoes, which require a great deal of water, the best potential for ground-water develop- were grown on 1,300 acres. Approximately ment, but seldom can wells in this area be two-thirds of livestock and livestock products developed to yield more than 10 gpm. How- came from dairies, which use great amounts of ever, deep wells in Washburn and Bayfield water. Crop sales returned only $3 million, but tapping the Lake Superior sandstone forma- livestock and livestock product sales returned tion are known to have yields of greater than approximately $14 million in 1964. In 1960 the 100 gpm. rural farm population was 19,000, and rural Appendix 3, Geology and Ground Water, has farms employed 4,000 1)eople. reported the estimated ground-water yield from 70 percent flow duration data in the river basin group to be 2,240 mgd .21 3.2.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements 3.2.3 Water-User Profile A summary of municipal, industrial, and rural water withdrawal requirements for Planning Subarea 1.1 is contained in Figure 3.2.3.1 Municipal Water Users 6-17 and Table 6-28. In 1970 Planning Subarea 1.1 supported a 500 1 population of 354,200. It has one of the lowest 0 mousrRiAL average densities in the Basin with 38 people 400- RURAL per square mile. Population is concentrated in MUNICIPAL the northwestern and central parts, and Duluth is populated by more than 100,000 a, people. The population in 2020 is projected to 300 be 475,500 people, of which 74 percent (382,700) will be served by municipal water supplies. In 1970, 261,200 people were served by municipal 200 water facilities. Average annual per capita personal income was $3,700 in 1970. Major manufacturing activity consists of forestry, 100 pulp and paper industries, and iron ore min- ing. 0 3.2.3.2 Industrial Water Users 1970 1980 1990 YEAR 2000 2010 2020 During the ice-free months the ports of FIGURE 6-17 Municipal, Industrial, and Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin, Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- handle large shipments of minerals, basic Planning Subarea 1.1 metals, and forest products. Most of the man- Planning Subarea 1.1, located in the Duluth- ufacturing activity is in the Duluth-Superior Superior area of Minnesota and Wisconsin, is SMSA. There are more than 300 plants in the sparsely populated, with 354,200 people living in Minnesota portion* and approximately 60 the region in 1970. Seventy-four percent of the plants in the Wisconsin portion. There are ap- population (261,200) was served by municipal proximately 200 manufacturing plants in the water supplies in 1970, and this is expected to other counties of the planning subarea. Most increase to 382,700 by 2020. are in Carlton County, Minnesota, and Ash- Agriculture is limited due to the short grow- land County, Wisconsin. ing season and the scarcity of suitable land. Dairy farming constitutes the major agricul- tural activity in the region. 3.2.3.3 Rural Water Users Major manufacturing activities consist of forestry, pulp and paper industries, and iron In 1964 Planning Subarea 1.1 contained ore mining. Lake Superior Basin 63 TABLE 6-28 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 1.1 (mgd) 1970 198o Use MIM. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 1.0 - 1 0.9 - 1 Minnesota 25.8 68 5.2 99 31-8 51 5.4 88 Wisconsin 6.4 26 2-3 35 7-3 19 2.4 _2 - - 770 70 7-7 14 Total T3.2 97 7-5 135 1 Consumption Michigan 0.1 - - 0.1 - - Minnesota 2.6 5 1-5 9 3-0 7 1.5 12 Wisconsin 0-5 2 0.6 3 o.6 -1 o.6 4 Total 3.2 7 2.1 12 3-7 10 @71 16- 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan 1.5 - 2 - - - - Minnesota 49.6 68 5.2 123 3-0 - 0.2 3 Wisconsin 24.o 26 2.3 _L2 0.3 - 0.1 1 Total T5 --1 97 7-5 177 3-3 T.-3 4- 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 0-7 - - 1 o.6 - 1 Minnesota 41.8 52 6-5 100 52-5 83 7-0 143 Wisconsin 8 2 0 9. 1 44 .12 -N -.L 62.9 -- -3.o - Total 5N 71 9. 131 ilt 10.0 187 Consumption Michigan 0.1 - 0.1 - - Minnesota 4.8 14 1.7 21 6.7 23 1-7 31 Wisconsin 0.9 5 o.8 7 1.1 9 0.8 11 Total 5.7 T9- T-75 28 7.9 31-5 2.5 72 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan - - - - - - Minnesota 12.1 - 1-3 13 23-0 15 1.8 4o Wisconsin 1.1 - o.6 2 2.1 _d 0.7 _a Total 13.2 - 1.9 15 25.3 20 2.5 48 64 Appendix 6 3.2.4.1 Municipal Water Use disinfection treatment and may alter the taste of water. Most of the 30 public water supplies in Plan- To insure that water will be safe and clear, ning Subarea 1.1 serve less than 5,000 people, the Duluth water supply (as well as all other with the exception of Chisholm, Duluth, Hib- surface-water supplies) should receive inter- bing, Virginia, and Cloquet, Minnesota; and mediate treatment such as coagulation, Superior-Ashland, Wisconsin. Nine systems sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. use Lake Superior water, two use inland sur- The City of Superior, the largest consumer face waters, and 19 use ground-water re- of water in the Wisconsin portion of the basin, sources as the source of raw water for public converted its source from a well field to Lake supply. Superior in 1969. The well field, which con- Water withdrawal for municipal systems is sists of 70 to 80 shallow wells, is located on a approximately 25 percent of the total with- point of land extending into the harbor. Supe- drawals required for water supply in the re- rior obtains its lakewater from the intake and gion. Lake Superior supplies approximately 60 facilities constructed by the City of Cloquet, percent of the municipal water. Thirty-eight Minnesota. A treatment plant serving both percent comes from ground water, and less these cities is in the planning stage. At pres- than 2 percent comes from inland lake and ent the treatment process in Superior con- stream sources. The Duluth municipal system sists of disinfection and slow sand filtration. provides treated water for approximately 32 Ashland, the only other city that uses Lake percent of the total planning subarea popula- Superior, will continue with that source of tion. The remaining municipal systems pro- supply and retain its slow sand filters. vide water to 42 percent of the population. The chemical and bacterial quality of water Appendix 19, Economic and Demographic from Lake Superior is uniformly very good Studies, projects a 34 percent population in- except at limited inshore areas near cen- crease for the planning subarea by 2020. In ters of population. Ground-water supplies in 1970 population was 354,200, and by 2020 popu- the small communities receive only chlorina- lation should increase to 475,500. Average tion, although iron removal would be desirable daily municipal water demand is projected to in some instances. Tables 6-29, 6-30, and 641 increase from 33 to 63 mgd by 2020, a 90 per- contain information on municipal water sup- cent increase. Approximately 75 percent of ply for Planning Subarea 1.1. this projected demand will be supplied by the waters of Lake Superior. 3.2.4.2 Industrial Water Use There is virtually no possibility that this source will be inadequate. If ground-water The manufacturing sector expanded slowly needs in a small community increased, a local between 1963 and 1970 with an increase in problem could arise because large capacity value added by manufacture of only 11 per- wells are usually difficult to develop. cent. During the same period approximately Average water usage in Duluth, Minnesota, 30 plants closed down, but total employment is 15.9 mgd. The supply serves 112,000 people climbed from approximately 17,500 to 18,500 and is the largest in the planning subarea. because other establishments expanded. Water for the Duluth supply is withdrawn Among the larger users of water are the min- from Lake Superior through a rotary fine erals beneficiation plants, pulp and paper screen, chlorinated, and pumped to storage mills, and primary metals product factories where it is held for approximately 11/2 hours. whose self-supplied water needs are obtained Ammonia is added to the chlorinated water to primarily from inland surface-water sources. form chloramines as it is discharged from the These sources appear to be adequate for the detention basin to the distribution system. 50-year study period. Basically no treatment other than disinfec- Table 6-32 presents the base year estimates tion is provided for the surface-water supply of and projections of five water-use parameters Duluth. and the value added by manufacture for four Because of the influence of seasonal major water-using SIC four-digit industries changes, weather, and other natural occur- and another manufacturing category that in- rences, surface-water quality is subject to cludes the residual industries of the sector. temporary deterioration. Effects include in- Although as much as 95 percent of the water creased levels of turbidity, algal growths, and needs result from the activities of fewer than miscellaneous contaminants that will hinder 30 establishments, the estimates represent Lake Superior Basin 65 TABLE 6-29 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 1.1, Wisconsin and Minnesota (mgd) Total Population' Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands)_ Demand Month Day sumption GL 154.6 19-9 23.8 30-3 2.0 1970 is 354.2 6.o 0-5 o.6 o.8 GW loo.6 12-7 14.9 17.2 1.2 GL 2o4.7 29-7 35-7 44.6 2-7 1@930 is 370-7 5.2 o.6 0-7 0.9 GW 67-9 9-7 11.6 14-7 0.9 GL 243-1 38-3 46.o 57-5 4.4 2000 is 419.1 5-7 0-7 o.8 1.1 GW 77-3 11.8 14.o 17-9 1.4 GL 286-5 47.4 56.9 71-1 6.o 2020 is 475-5 6-7 o.8 0.9 1.2 GW 89-5 14-7 17.8 22.2 1.9 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) GL 14.2 1.4 5-7 o.6 43.8 1970 is 93 0-5 1.4 GW 9.6 0.9 3-1 0-3 30-0 GL 21-3 2.1 8.4 0-7 2.6 198o is 105 o.6 GW 7.2 0.7 2-5 0.2 0-7 GL 27.4 2.8 10.9 1.6 10.1 2000 is 112 0-7 0.1 GW 8.6 0.9 3.2 0-5 3-0 GL 33.8 3-3 13.6 2-7 19.1 2020 is 118 o.8 0-3 GW 10-7 1.1 4.o o.8 5-9 66 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-30 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 1.1, Minnesota (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 142.6 18.6 22.4 28.7 1.9 1970 is 270.5 3.2 0-3 0-36 o.45 GW 51.0 6.86 8.3 10-3 0.7 GL 156.o 23-0 27.6 34.6 2.2 198o is 288.2 3-5 o.4 0.5 o.6 GW 55.1 8A 10.1 12.6 0.8 GL 189.3 30.6 36.7 45.9 3-5 2000 is 334.3 4.2 0.5 o.6 o.8 GW 66.6 10.7 1P.8 16.1 1-3 GL 227.6 38.4 46.1 57.6 4.9 2020 is 386.1 5-1 o.6 0.7 0.9 GW 79.8 13-5 16.2 20.3 1.8 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (19'(0) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980JO Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sunption 2000,2020 GL 13-0 1-3 5.6 o.6 38-3 1970 is 92 0.3 0.22 GW 4.8 0-5 2.o4 0.2 11.1 GL 16.o 1.6 7.0 o.6 2-3 198o is 103.4 o.4 GW 5-9 o.6 2.5 0.2 0-7 GL 21-3 2.1 9-3 1.4 9.0 2000 is 112 0-5 0.1 GW 7-5 o.8 3.2 0-5 3-0 GL 26-7 2.6 11.7 2-3 16.9 2020 is 117 o.6 0-3 GW 9-5 1.0 4.o o.8 5.8 Needs: Maximum month demand for all additions in population served. Lake Superior Basin 67 TABLE 6-31 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 1.1, Wisconsin (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Terage Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands.) Demand Month Day sumption GL 12-05 1.29 1.4o 1.61 0.1 1970 is 72-7 2.76 0.22 0.25 0-32 aw 38.6o 4.86 5.41 6-38 o.4 GL 48-7 6-7 8.1 10.1 o.6 198o is 73.8 1.7 0.2 0.2 0-3 GW 4.1 o.4 o.4 0-7 GL 53-3 7-7 9-3 11.6 0.9 2000 is 78-3 1-5 0.2 0.2 0-3 GW 4.2 o.4 o.4 0-7 GL 58-9 9.0 10.8 13-5 1.1 2020 is 84.2 1.6 0.2 0.2 0-3 GW 4.5 o.6 0-7 1.0 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (198o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand s-wnption 2000,2020) GL 1. 17 0.1 0.12 5.50 1970 is 97 0.22 1-15 OW 3-77 0-3 1.09 0.1 17-38 GL 5-3 0-5 1.4 0.1 0-3 198o is 108 0.2 GW o.4 GL 6.1 O.T 1.6 0.2 1.1 2000 is 114 0.2 GW o.4 GL 7.1 O.T 1.9 o.4 2.2 2020 is 121 0.2 GW o.6 -- 0.1 **Superior source to Lake Superior in 1969 - Projections made using lake water. 68 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-32 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 1.1 (mgd) SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 33 Other Mfg. Total 1970 -Value Added (Millions 1958$) 42 72 13 56 112 295 Gross Water Required 10 134 11 87 6 248 Recirculation Ratio 2-.00 3.14 1.77 2.03 2.12 Total Water Withdrawal 5 43 6 43 3 1.00 '6.6 '1.6 b 94;@6 Consuffed- - '6-3 4.8 3 1980 Value Added (millions 1958$) 57 113 18 77 162 427 Gross Water Required 13 201 17 107 10 348 Recirculation Ratio 2-77 6.03 3-32 3.63 2.8o Total Water Withdrawal 5 33 5 30 4 77 Self Supplied 70 Water Consumed o.6 7.4 1.0 1.9 0-3 11.2 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 97 247 38 119 334 835 Gross Water Required 21 390 41 148 20 620 Recirculation Ratio 3-15 8.oo 11-70 9.63 4.80 Total Water Withdrawal 7 49 4 15 4 79 Self Supplied 71 Water Consumed 1.0 14.4 1.9 2.9 o.6 21 2020 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 165 497 69 191 731 1653 Gross Water Required 34 672 72 2o4 47 1029 Recirculation Ratio 3-50 8.oo 15-00 12.00 5.86 Total Water Withdrawal 10 84 5 17 8 1.23 Self Supplied 114 Water Consumed 1.2 24-7 3-5 3-8 1.6 35 the requirements for all manufacturing 3.2.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions plants, large and small. Water withdrawals by manufacturers are projected to decrease during the period 1970 to 3.2.5.1 Municipal 2000 even though manufacturing production will grow at a more rapid rate than that of the The water resource available in Planning recent past. The decrease in withdrawals is Subarea 1.1 is more than adequate to meet all expected to occur through the introduction of projected requirements. Needs, which are de- improved efficiencies in reuse and recycling of fined as the water supply demands resulting water in mills and factories. from new growth, pertain only to the develop- ment and proper management of the water resource. 3.2.4.3 Rural Water Use By 2020 the accumulated need for municipal water supply, as shown in Table 6-26, is ex- Rural water requirements and consumption pected to be 25.3 mgd. Lake Superior is ex- were estimated for each planning subarea'ac- pected to provide 19.1 mgd of this need * cording to the methodology outlined in Sub- Ground water should supply 5.9 mgd. It has section 1.4. In Table 6-33 total requirements been projected that inland lakes and streams and consumption are divided according to will supply only 0.3 mgd. rural nonfarm and rural farm use. The rural Table 6-34 gives an estimate of costs to de- farm category is further subdivided into velop municipal water supply facilities to meet domestic, livestock, and spray water require- projected needs. Considerable investment in ments. public water supply systems is needed to pro- Lake Superior Basin 69 TABLE 6-33 Rural Water Use Requirements capabilities, no extensive alternative schemes and Consumption, Planning Subarea 1.1 (mgd) should be needed. The municipal systems 1970 1980 2000 2020 served by Lake Superior do anticipate the REQUIREMENTS greatest increase in usage, but this source is Rural Farm Domestic o.8 o.4 0.2 0.2 unquestionably adequate. Minor changes in livestock 1.2 1.2 1-5 1-5 the demand upon municipal systems could oc- Spray Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtotal =0 1.7 =7 =7 cur. Excessive waste and leakage from the dis- Rural Nonfarm _5.6 Ll 7.6 8-3 tribution system could be reduced when they Total 7.6 7.7 9.4 10.0 become a problem. Domestic customers could CONSUCITION conserve water. Industries could modify proc- Rural Farm 0.2 esses and increase circulation. However, it is Domestic 0.1 0.1 0.1 Livestock 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 not possible to address such alternatives in a Spray Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 quantitative manner. There are problems Subtotal =3 Y-2 -17 7_3 Rural Nonfarm 0.8 1.1 1.2 ' with high iron and manganese concentrations Total 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.5 in ground water and a need for an adequate supply of water in the small communities in the Hurley-Montreal, Wisconsin, vicinity. Hurley uses water from a small lake that has vide for a growing population. Other costs will been a marginal source in dry years, and the also be incurred to provide facilities where in- other three communities use ground water adequacies now exist and to replace facilities that is also not in abundant supply. Engineer- that will wear out or become obsolete. ing firms and planning agencies are studying The Wisconsin counties in Planning Sub- several sources of water including a portion of area 1.1 do not generally have good ground- Michigan for a regional supply. The Wisconsin water aquifers. Future growth away from communities involved are small, economically Lake Superior may be limited by a need for depressed, and have declining populations. water. Expenditures for additional water could be a Because of projected demand and existing hardship and may not be necessary if the pro- TABLE 6-34 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 1.1 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST igTo-198o 1980-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital .777 2.242 2.691 3-019 5.710 Great Lakes Annual OMR -038 .189 .435 .227 .663 Total OMR -387 3-784 8.701 4.172 12.873 Inland Lakes Capital .000 .029 -059 .029 o89 and Annual OMR .000 .001 -005 .001 -007 Streams Total ONIR .000 .029 .119 .029 .149 Capital .129 .426 -538 -556 1-095 Ground Water* Annual OMR x14 -079 .190 o94 .284 Total OMR .149 1-583 3-809 1-733 5-542 Capital -907 2-700 3.289 3.607 6.896 Total Annual OMR -054 .269 .631 -323 -955 Total OMR -537 5-394 12.63o 5-932 18.565 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follors: Capital Annual OMR tC/pgd @ ($/mgd-yr) transmission 120 .9 000 7,6oo wells & pumping 65,6oo 35,200 (see Figure 6-4) total 185,6oo 4228oo 70 Appendix 6 jected water demand -remains the same or de- the entire length of Michigan's Upper Penin- clines. sula (approximately 350 miles) and varies in The Northwestern Wisconsin Regional width from less than 10 miles in Alger County Planning Commission includes the four Wis- to nearly 80 miles in the western portions of consin counties in Planning Subarea 1.1. A the region. portion of their planning responsibility in- cludes water resource and community as- sistance planning. This Commission should be 3.3.1.2 Topography and Geography consulted before any recommendations in this study are carried out. The topography is characterized as hilly with rock escarpments bordering on the lake- shore. The elevation of Lake Superior is 600 3.2.5.2 Industrial feet above mean sea level, but elevations of 1,800 to 2,000 feet above mean sea level are Industrial water sources appear to be ade- common in the area. Although a large part of quate for the time period of this study. No the area is covered by glacial moraine, most of industrial water-use problems are foreseen the area consists of bedrock covered by lake for this planning subarea. deposits. The uppermost bedrock layers are Ordovician in the west, Cambrian sandstone along the southern lakeshore to the Keweenaw 3.2.5.3 Rural Bay area, and Precambrian in the southwest. Four ground-water aquifers, Quaternary, Future rural water requirements are as- Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian, are in use sumed to draw primarily from ground-water in Planning Subarea 1.2. sources, although in some areas streams will Eight major drainage systems combine to become increasingly important. The location drain more than 7,750 square miles, including and quality of ground water will be important 7,665 square miles in Michigan and 92 square for channeling additional development, parti- miles in Wisconsin. These drainage systems, cularly for rural nonfarm dwellings. In areas which flow generally north into Lake Super- where ground water is in short supply devel- ior are the Porcupine Mountains complex, the opment should proceed only after water sup- Ontonagon River, the Keweenaw complex, the plies are located. Some areas cannot develop Sturgeon River, the Huron Mountains com- until a central supply is available. plex, the Grand Marais complex, the Rural water requirements are projected to Tahquamenon complex, and the Sault com- increase 32 percent and consumption is ex- plex. Major drainage areas to the south and pected to increase 20 percent between 1970 west of the region include the Les Cheneaux and 2020. - complex, the Manistique River basin, the Generally, low well yields and poor water Sturgeon-White fish River basins, the Es- quality are the principal problems in this area. canaba River basin, and the Montreal River The chemical quality of ground water varies basin. considerably and thus influences location of rural development. 3.3.1.3 Climate Planning Subarea 1.2 has a continental cli- 3.3 Planning Subarea 1.2, Lake Superior East mate and is significantly affected by Lake Su- perior. The region is subject to great extremes of weather conditions and temperatures 3.3.1 Description of Planning Subarea caused by storms from the west and south- west. The Keweenaw Peninsula serves to de- flect storms originating from a westerly direc- 3.3.1.1 Location tion. Temperatures are generally mild, although Planning Subarea 1.2, located in the north- the region is subject to extreme variation. western portion of the Great Lakes Basin Mean annual temperatures do not exceed 43'F along the southern shore of Lake Superior, in the region but extremes of - 46'F at Kenton contains nine northern Michigan counties in Houghton County and 108'F at Marquette (Figure 6-18). This planning subarea extends have been recorded. Mean temperatures for Lake Supe?ior Basin 71 KEWEENAW ISLE ROYALE Laurium 0 KEWEENAW COUNTY S Houghton LAKE SUPERIOR Portage take Ontonagon Yell- Dog lei 7:@ Marquette Gogebic Lake \ c7. W:kefield Ishpemzc>.e..u..p ironwood HOUGHTON ARAGA o WZ ONTONAGON CGOGEBIC 0 A41C 0 MARQUETTE S 0,`vS1,,v ALGER C LAKE SUPERIOR el 4 Iwo Hearted Sault Ste. Marie WHITEFISH BAY 'p- W 0 Muni Ing T.hq-I'Tianon ",,,@Iewbe,ly LUCE L ALGER CHIPPEWA CIS Q) D MMOND L VICINITY MAP c..... SCALE IN MILES @A @H-rtd Mun V iing IrR q w @Ne LU SCALE IN MILES 15 20 25 FIGURE 6-18 Planning Subarea 1.2 72 Appendix 6 the month of July are in the range of a mean can produce a sustained water supply yield of maximum of 80'F to a mean minimum of 50'F. 1,356 mgd. If all potential water storage areas Winters tend to be severe. Temperatures of were fully developed in Planning Subarea 1.2, -30'F are not uncommon. Mean annual pre- impounded inland lakes and streams could cipitation varies from 36 inches in the western produce a sustained water supply yield of highlands and the Keweenaw Peninsula to 1,525 mgd.11 approximately 28 inches in the eastern low- Potential capacities and yields used in this lands in Chippewa County. Average annual section relate to the total water resource. No precipitation is 32 inches. attempt has been made to identify that por- Average snow accumulation may be as tion of the water resource not suitable or much as 170 inches in the western highlands, available for use. in the Keweenaw Peninsula, and along the lakeshore. Average depths decrease to nearly 80 inches in Chippewa County. Annual growing season ranges from 150 3.3.2.2 Ground-Water Resources days on Lake Superior to 90 days inland. Water available from bedrock and glacial deposits varies from low in the western high- 3.3.2 Water Resources lands to moderate in some eastern counties. Most of the bedrock deposits in the western portion of the region are impervious and very 3.3.2.1 Surface-Water Resources few wells are completed in those formations. Sandstone formations located in the eastern The complex and varied hydrologic charac- portion yield as much as 100 gpm in some teristics encountered in Planning Subarea 1.2 wells. Limestone formations produce as much watersheds account for the variation of as 500 gpm, although the water is sometimes streamflow. Topographic features control to a very hard. Water from surficial deposits gen- large degree the direction and intensity of erally follow a similar availability pattern. In streamflow. Streams in the region are short general, wells completed in the western por- and maintain stable flows. Low infiltration tions of the region produce significantly larger rates are common in the western highlands. quantities of water. Thicker glacial deposits High rates of infiltration generally occur in in the eastern region generally produce as the eastern region. Streams in the western much as 100 gpm, and even higher quantities highlands often flood during the spring. Sea- are obtained from streambed deposits. Water sonal variations in streamflow tend to be less in surficial deposits is generally of good qual- in areas with sandy soils, but where clay soils ity although it is usually hard. Bedrock that predominate streamflow is more varied. Av- exists underneath glacial deposits usually erage annual surface-water runoff for the re- contains highly mineralized water of poor gion is 8 inches. quality. Planning Subarea 1.2 has an abundance of Ground-water resources within the region inland lakes. Marquette, Gogebic, and are not extensive, especially along the shore of Houghton Counties contain most of the sur- Lake Superior, yielding less than 10 gpm to face water acreage. Most of the lakes are un- wells. The Tahquamenon complex has poten- developed and despite widespread public own- tial yields of 100 to 500 gpm from bedrock and ership accessibility is limited. Public use is low glacial drift aquifers. The Sturgeon and On- through the region. Overenrichment and pol- tonagon River basins have good potential. lution are seldom a problem. Chemical quality of ground water is variable although typically hard with an appreciable Inland lakes and streams of the planning iron content. Major aquifer systems and their subarea provide an existing water storage ca- corresponding yields are the Quaternary (15 pacity of 246,700 acre-feet. If all inland lakes to 200 gpm), Silurian (50 to 100 gpm), Ordovi- and streams suitable for development as cian (50 to 500 gpm), and Cambrian (50 to 500 surface-water impoundments were developed, gpm). the total potential storage capacity would in- crease to 338,700 acre-feet.45 Ground-water yield based on 70 percent flow-duration data is estimated to be 2,000 Presently developed water storage areas mgd in River Basin Group 1.2.21 Lake Superior Basin 73 3.3.3 Water-User Profile factories had decreased to 355 and employ- ment had fallen to 7,500. Lumber and wood products, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and 3.3.3.1 Municipal Water Users pulp and paper are the leading activities. Out- put of such products will continue to grow, as In 1970 the population of Planning Subarea well as the production of food products, fabri- 1.2 was 187,300, less than 1 percent of the cated metals, and light machinery. Great Lakes Basin population. Population has declined in this planning subarea during the last decade. Approximately 47 percent of the 3.3.3.3 Rural Water Users 1960 population was classified as urban. The population in the year 2020 is projected to be In 1964 Planning Subarea 1.2 contained 193,800. Major urban settlements are Sault 411,000 acres of land in farm. Although clim at- Ste. Marie, Marquette, Negaunee, and Iron- ic factors and soil conditions severely limit wood, none of which has a resident population cropping, hay and meadow crops are produced. of more than 20,000. Average population den- Approximately 2,000 acres of potatoes, which sity in 1970 was approximately four people per require a great deal of water, were grown in square mile. the area. Approximately two-thirds of live- Municipal water supplies served 121,700 stock and livestock products came from persons in 1970. In the year 2020 municipal dairies, which use large amounts of water. water supplies are expected to serve 125,900 Crop sales amounted to only a little more than people. The total population served by munic- $2 million, and livestock and livestock product ipal water supplies both in the present and sales amounted to nearly $6 million. Accord- future is a constant 65 percent. Average an- ing to the 1960 census only 10,000 people lived nual per capita income in 1970 was $3,300. on farms and 2,000 people were employed on Forestry is the predominant land use fea- farms. ture. Wood production provides significant in- come and employment opportunity. Climate and soil conditions limit agriculture. 3.3.4 Present and Projected Water Manufacturing, transportation, mining, Withdrawal Requirements trades, and services account for most of the employment and income generated by the re- gion. Manufacturing activity in Planning 3.3.4.1 Municipal Water Use Subarea 1.2 centers around natural resources. In 1963 the region contributed approximately Municipal water systems in the region now 3 percent of Michigan's total value added in provide residents with 15.3 mgd. Approxi- manufacture. The nine counties constituting mately 64 percent is withdrawn from Lake the planning subarea contain some of the Superior and other surface-water sources and highest quality recreational resources in the the remainder from ground-water sources. Great Lakes Basin, such as Tahquamenon Shoreline communities and major urban cen- Falls, Pictured Rocks, and the Huron and Por- ters. depend largely upon surface-water re- cupine Mountains, as well as the only national sources, but communities with lower demands park in the Basin, Isle Royale. The area con- rely upon ground-water sources. Of the 74 cen- tains more than two million acres that can be tral water systems operating in this planning used for recreation. Good game populations subarea in 1965, 27 obtained water from Lake attract hunters from the Lower Peninsula of Superior and the St. Marys River, three drew Michigan and from other States. Tourism now from inland surface sources, and 44 relied provides a base for economic development. upon ground water. Sault Ste. Marie is the only community that withdraws water only from the St. Marys River. Withdrawals reach 3.3.3.2 Industrial Water Users 2.7 mgd. Most of the water withdrawn by mu- nicipal systems is used for residential, com- Planning Subarea 1.2 is the least industri- mercial, and institutional uses. However, in- alized planning subarea in the Great Lakes dustrial water supply from municipal systems Basin. In 1963 there were 471 manufacturing is also important. Table 6-36 shows 1970 with- plants operating, employing 8,400 people. By drawals from each source. 1967, although total manufacturing produc- According to recent data, water supply sys- tion had increased, the number of mills and tems will not require expansion. It is reason- 74 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-35 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 1.2 (mgd) 1970 198o U,,: @ e mUn. ind. rural total m1m. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 15-3 31-5 5-0 51.8 144* 'Vi.6 5-0 52.9 Total T5--3 T1-) T-70 51-7 3 3337. 5-0 52.9 Consumption Michigan 1.6 8 1.2 6.6 2--2 4.8 1.2 6-.2 0.9 Total 17 3- 1.2 7.7 7.8 Y.2 6.9 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan 23-0 31-5 5-0 59-5 2.1 2.1 Total T3 -.0 Tl -.5 _570 59-5 2.1 2.1 2000 2020 Use mune ind. rural total m1m. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements 15.7 46.4 67.6 17.9 844Y Michigan 8 ' 7-1 109-3 Total 15-7 46.4 5-5 67.6 17-9 -3 7-1 109-3 Consumption Michigan 2.1 14-3 1-5 17-9 2.4 29.2 1.7 33-3 Total 7-1 -17-3 17 17-9 _29T.7 =-7 33-3 1970 Capacity- Future Needs - Y144* 1.1 16.o 22.8 2.1 4 Michigan 5 -9 Total .9 1.1 19.0 52.7 2.1 57.9 able to assume that the distribution of people groups and from a separate grouping of all requiring water from the Great Lakes, inland other industries in the area. surfaces, and well sources will remain the Only a few establishments in this region re- same. quire large amounts of water. The estimates of Municipal, self-supplied industry, and rural water requirements have been reported only water withdrawal requirements in 1970 and as total manufacturing needs in order to avoid needs in 1980, 2000, and 2020 are shown in distortion (Table 6-37). Table 6-35 and Figure 6-19. 3.3.4.3 Rural Water Use 3.3.4.2 Industrial Water Use Rural water requirements and consumption Water withdrawals by manufacturers in were estimated for each planning subarea by Planning Subarea 1.2 are estimated to have using the method described in Subsection 1.4. averaged approximately 33 mgd in 1970, and Table 6-38 divides total requirements and by the year 2020 these withdrawals are pro- consumption into categories of rural nonfarm jected to be 86 mgd. These totals were derived and rural farm. Rural farm is further divided from estimates of annual production require- into domestic, livestock, and spray water re- ments of four major SIC two-digit industry quirements. Lake Superior Basin 75 TABLE 6-36 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 1.2, Michigan (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply .Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands)__- Demand Month Day sumption GL 69.4 8.7 10-5 13-1 0.9 1970 is 187-3 8-5 1.1 1-3 1.6 0.1 GW (interp.) 43-8 5.5 6.6 8-3 o.6 GL 63-5 8.2 9.8 12.3 0.2 198o is @i7l.4 7.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 0.1 GW 4o.1 5-1 6.2 7-7 o.6 GL 65.7 8.9 10.7 13.5 1.2 2000 is 177.3 8.1 1.1 1-3 1.6 0.1 GW 41.5 5.7 6.8 8-5 o.8 GL 71.8 10.2 12-3 15-3 1.4 2020 is 193.8 8.8 1-3 1-5 1.9 0.1 GW 45-3 6.4 7.7 9-7 0.9 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water ' & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980., Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 20001,2020) GL 7.8 o.8 0.9 0.1 8-7 1970 is 113.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.1 GW 5.0 0.5 0-5 0.1 5-5 GL 7.4 0.1 0.8 0.1 - 1980 is 116.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 - GW 4.6 0.5 0-5 0.1 'GL 8.o o.8 0.9 o.4 2000 is 122.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 - GW 5.1 0.5 o.6 0-3 GL 9.2 0.9 1.0 0-5 2020 is 128.2 1.2 0.1 0.1 - GW 5.8 o.6 o.6 0-3 Note: Noneeds resulting from demands of new growth. 76 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-37 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 1.2 (mgd) 1970 198o 2000 2020 Value Added (millions 1958$) 87 14o 272 49o Gross Water Required lo4 158 357 707 Total Water Withdrawal 33 35 48 86 Estimated Self Supplied 31-5 33.6 46.4 84-3 Water Consumed 4 5 15 30 PLANNING SUBAREA 1-2 TABLE 6-38 Rural Water Use Requirements 500 LAKE SUPERIOR and Consumption, Planning Subarea 1.2 (mgd) 1970 198o 2000 2020 0 INDUS TRIAL REQL11REKENTS RURAL Rural Pam 400- Domestic o.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 MUNICIPAL Live stock 0.5 o.6 0.1 o.8 Spray Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtot 81 @-9 378 0.2 1.0 Rural Nonfarm 4.1 4.2 L.2 @ -.I 300 Total 5.0 5.0 5.5 7-1 -4 CONSU=ON 31 Rural Fbrm Domestic 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0 200 Livestock 0.5 0.5 0-7 o.8 t Spr 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtot:y Water 3: 1 -07 -0. -0.9 379 Rural Nonfarm o.6 o.6 0.8 2--.9 100 Total 1.2 1.2 1-5 1-7 0 3.3.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 YEAR FIGURE 6-19 Municipal, Industrial, and 3.3.5.1 Municipal Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- At present in Planning Subarea 1.2 those Planning Subarea 1.2 supplies drawing upon the Great Lakes and Planning Subarea 1.2 is sparsely populated, connecting waters have a capacity of 8.7 mgd. with 187,300 people residing in the area in 1970. The inland supplies have a total capacity of 1.1 Of these, 65 percent or 121,700 people were mgd, and the developed ground-water capac- served by municipal water supply systems in ity is 5.5 mgd. On the basis of the definition of 1970. This is expected to increase to 125,900 by needs presented in the section on meth- 2020. odology, no need for additional municipal Agriculture is locally important with 6 per- water supply capacity was foreseen for the cent of the total land area in the planning sub- time period of this study. area devoted to farming. Dairying is the most important agricultural activity, with potato production also important in certain counties. 3.3.5.2 Industrial The manufacturing economy is predomi- nantly natural resource oriented, primarily The water sources used by industry ap- along the shoreline and major cities. An impor- pear adequate for the 50-year time period of tant segment of the economy is based on this study. No industrial water supply prob- wholesale and retail trade sales. lems are foreseen in this region.- Lake Superior Basin 77 3.3.5.3 Rural cent and consumption is projected to increase 43 percent between 1970 and 2020. Future rural water requirements will be The quality and quantity of ground water drawn primarily from ground-water sources, will influence the location of new rural de- although in some areas streams will become velopment. Ground water varies from hard to more important. The location and quality of very hard, and has an appreciable iron con- ground water will be important in planning tent. The high iron content is a basinwide development, and particularly in the location problem. Mining and wood product wastes of rural nonfarm dwellings. In areas where have polluted shallow aquifers in Michigan. ground water is in short supply, development Ground-water management is most important should proceed only after water supplies have in the eastern portion of the planning subarea. been located. Some areas cannot be developed Potentially important ground-water and until a central supply is available. Rural water saline-water zones require careful planning to requirements are projected to increase 40 per- prevent contamination. Section 4 LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN 4.1 Summary Grand Rapids, Jackson, and Muskegon, Michigan. The northern and interior portions of the Lake Michigan basin have low popula- 4.1.1 The Study Area tion densities and smallrural communities. Continued growth and urbanization around The Lake Michigan drainage area extends the southern shores of Lake Michigan and mi- north of Chicago, through Wisconsin and the gration away from the north foreshadow the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the Straits of development of a megalopolis extending from Mackinac, the outlet of Lake Michigan, and Detroit to Milwaukee. The resident population south through Michigan and northeastern of the Lake Michigan basin is expected to Indiana to a point close to Chicago. Figure reach 23.2 million by 2020, an increase of 85 6-20 is an area map of the Lake Michigan ba- percent from 1970. sin. The study area extends over 45,330 square In 1960 total employment in the Lake miles. Lake Michigan has a surface area of Michigan region was 4,675,422, approximately 22,300 square miles and a total basin area of 48 percent of those employed in the Great 67,630 square miles. The basin extends 350 Lakes Region. Manufacturing activity is a miles from north to south and approximately major employment source. Total personal in- 270 miles from east to west. The basin of Lake come generated in the region was $32.4 billion Michigan is the only basin of the Great Lakes in 1962. Northeastern Illinois and Michigan that lies entirely within the United States. counties in Planning Subareas 2.2 and 2.3 ac- Approximately 63 percent of the basin is in counted for nearly 90 percent of the total. With Michigan, 32 percent is in Wisconsin, and the the exception of Planning Subareas 2.1 and remaining 5 percent is in Indiana and Illinois. 2.4, per capita income levels equaled or ex- The Illinois drainage area excludes the Chi- ceeded the national level in 1962. Average per cago and Calumet Rivers, which are now di- capita income in 1970 in the basin was $4,035, verted out of Lake Michigan to the Mississippi the second highest average per capita income River basin. The basin is divided into four in the Great Lakes Basin. planning subareas: Lake Michigan North- Forest and mineral resources, specialized west, Planning Subarea 2.1; Lake Michigan agriculture along the lakeshores, and year- Southwest, Planning Subarea 2.2; Lake round recreation are vital aspects of the Michigan Southeast, Planning Subarea 2.3; economy in the northern basin. In the south- and Lake Michigan Northeast, Planning Sub- ern basin widely diversified manufacturing area 2.4. trade and service and agriculture charac- terize the economy. The Lake Michigan basin is a major contributor to the national value 4.1.2 Economic and Demographic added in manufacture. Characteristics Despite the basin's preeminence in indus- trial and manufacturing activity, agriculture In 1970 the population of counties in the and forest production are also important. In Lake Michigan basin was nearly 12.5 million, 1964 the value of all farm products sold in the approximately 46 percent of the population in region was more than $1 billion, approximate- the Great Lakes Region. Cook County, Illi- ly 44 percent of the entire Great Lakes agri- noi3, and Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, each cultural crop value. contained more than 6.4 million people in 1970. Other major population centers include Green Bay and Racine, Wisconsin; Hammond- 4.1.3 Water Resources Gary and St. Joseph-Elkhart, Indiana; and Kalamazoo, Battle Creek, Lansing, An abundant supply of generally high- 79 80 Appendix 6 CANADA T" NMYONK 4 @ENH$@LVANIA ('N.,ANA I VIONITY MAP 0 -j 2.1 - - - 2.4 --Wl C H I A N .1 A 0 0 41 .LLINOIS 2.2 ILLI Ols T. I N D I A N ES .@L=fLE FIGURE 6-20 Lake Michigan Basin 0 10 20 30 40 50 Lake Michigan Basin 81 quality water comes from surface and subsur- to provide 70 percent of the municipal water face sources in the Lake Michigan basin. Av- supply requirements by 2020. The remainder erage annual runoff in the basin is approxi- of the projected demands will be satisfied by mately 10 inches. The river systems of the ground-water and inland surface-water re- basin are products of glacial moraines, are sources in the basin. This vast water resource typically short, and have limited drainage ba- is more than adequate to meet the projected sins. The Grand, Wolf, and St. Joseph drainage water-use requirements for the municipal sec- basins are among the largest in the basin. tor. Needs exist mainly in the development Many of the rivers of northern Wisconsin and and proper management of the water re- Michigan flow through national or State for- sources of Lake Michigan. ests. Southern streams generally originate or Estimates of the costs for developing, flow through agricultural and urban areas. operating, and maintaining municipal water Rivers, lakes, and embayments in the basin supply facilities to meet the projected needs in cover approximately 1,010,700 acres. Wiscon- sin, Michigan, and Indiana contain more than 8,100 inland lakes, covering more than 680,000 20,000 LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN acres. Lake Winnebago, in east-central Wis- I consin, is the largest inland lake in the basin 11voil3rRIAL (215 square miles). Lake Michigan is the fifth ERURAL largest freshwater lake in the world. 16,000- MUNICIPA4 Subsurface water resources are contained in unconsolidated sediment as well as bedrock aquifers in the Lake Michigan basin. In fact, lp,ooo - the Lake Michigan basin has the greatest ground-water potential of any of the individ- ual Great Lakes basins. The glacial drift con- 8,000 tains many high-producing aquifers, particu- larly in most of the Lower Peninsula of Michi- gan. In addition, high-producing bedrock aquifers lie underneath the western shore of 4,000 Lake Michigan. - Areas of poor ground-water yield are rela- tively scarce and usually occur in the Pre- 0 cambrian areas of northern Wisconsin, in 1970 1980 1990 Y E A R2000 2010 2020 Michigan's Upper Peninsula, in the Ottawa River basin in the Lower Peninsula, and in FIGURE 6-21 Municipal, Industrial, and northern Indiana. Overlying aquifers in the Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements-Lake glacial drift provide good freshwater sources. Michigan Basin The presence of saline water presents a poten- tial for contamination source in the overlying The Lake Michigan basin accounts for 46 per- aquifer. cent of the total Great Lakes Basin population, with 13.3 million inhabitants in the region in 1970. Municipal water supplies served 10.4 mil- 4.1.4 Present and Projected Water lion people or 78 percent of the basin population Withdrawal Requirements in 1970. This is expected to increase to 22.0 mil- lion by 2020. In 1970 Lake Michigan basin total water Agricultural activity is specialized in the withdrawals, 7,931 mgd, accounted for 51.5 northern basin with dairy farming and fruit percent of the water withdrawals for the en- products the most important. In the southern tire Great Lakes Basin. Approximately 71 basin, agriculture is widely diversified with percent of this withdrawal was due to tremen- corn, oats, soybeans, truck crops, and dairying dous industrial activity in the southern por- the major enterprises. tion of the basin (Planning Subareas 2.2 and The southwestern shoreline of Lake Michigan 2.3). A summary of present and projected is one of the most heavily industrialized areas in withdrawal requirements and needs for the the nation. Steel, petrochemical, transportation municipal, industrial, and rural water-using equipment, and heavy machinery production, sectors is shown in Table 6-39 and Figure 6-21. and food processing are among the major indus- The waters of Lake Michigan are expected trial activities in the basin. 82 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-39 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Lake Michi- gan Basin (mgd) 1970 1980 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements 2.1 92.8 320.0 47.5 460.3 128.9 222.0 57.4 408.3 2.2 1645.0 4790.0 87.6 6522.6 1947.0 3006.0 94.2 5047.2 2.3 265.9 454.0 82.3 802.2 344.3 398.0 93.8 836.1 2.4 39.1 89.6 16.8 145.5 47.7 81.2 19.7 148.6 Total 2042.8 _@6_53.6 234.2 7930.6 2@'6_7.9 -Y7-07.2 T6_5.1 6440.2 Consumption 2.1 8.9 37.0 23.5 69.4 13.3 50.0 30.5 93.8 2.2 156.2 394.3 22.6 573.1 195.1 540.9 23.9 759.9 2.3 21.8 47.0 24.2 93.0 30.8 79.0 30.2 140.0 2.4 3.6 7.7 4.8 16.1 4.7 13.3 6.7 24.7 Total 190.5 T8_6.0 75.1 751.1 @_43.9 T8_3.2 T1_.3 1018.4 1970 Capacity- Future Needs 2.1 292.0 320.0 47.5 659.5 34.2 105 9.9 149.1 2.2 2761.0 4790.0 87.6 7638.6 354.5 440 6.6 801.1 2.3 476.8 454.0 82.3 1013.1 81.0 40 11.5 132.5 2.4 58.7 89.6 16.8 165.1 8.9 2.9 11.8 Total 3587.5 5653.6 234.2 9476.3 478.6 585 30.9 1094.5 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural _@otal mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements 2.1 193.0 269.0 70.5 532.5 280.7 481.0 82.7 844.4 2.2 2440.0 2944.0 109.3 5493.3 3066.0 4939.0 114.9 8,119.9 2.3 525.9 425.0 118.1 1069.0 773.8 764.0 134.5 1,672.3 2.4 68.5 86.8 24.8 180.1 97.9 167.1 29.8 294.8 Total 3226.4 3724.8 322.7 7274.9 4218.4 6351.1 361.9 10,931.4 Consumption 2.1 26.1 82.0 38.6 146.7 42.7 149.0 47.8 239.5 2.2 280.5 1105.0 26.7 1412.2 378.2 2264.0 27.6 2669.8 2.3 58.7 224.0 42.5 325.2 95.2 462.0 53.2 610.4 2.4 7.2 37.5 9.6 54.3 10.9 89.4 12.8 113.1 Total 372.5 1448.5 117.4 1938.4 @_2_7.0 T9_64.4 T4-1-.4 3632.8 1970 Capacity- Future Needs 2.1 102.7 159 23.0 284.7 202.4 346.0 35.2 583.6 2.2 986.1 1890 21.7 2897.8 1768.0 4020.0 27.3 5815.3 2.3 281.1 139 35.8 455.9 560.3 328.0 52.2 940.5 2.4 30.8 --- 8.0 38.8 63.0 77.5 13.0 153.5 Total 1400.7 2188 88.5 3677.2 2593.7 4771.5 127.7 7492.9 Lake Michigan Basin 83 TABLE 6-40 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Lake Michigan Basin (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE C3ST 197o-198o 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital lo6.o85 195.605 252.714 301.691 554.405 Great Lakes Annual OMR 5.286 20-320 42.661 25.607 68.268 Total OMR 52.865 4o6.412 853.233 459.277 1312-511 Inland Lakes Capital 2.990 6.458 9.418 9.448 18.866 and Annual ONR .149 .619 1.411 -768 2.179 Streams Total OMR 1.49o 12-396 28.220 13.886 42.107 Capital 18.481 39-999 51.220 58.48o 109-701 Ground Water* Annual ONE 2.o82 8.672 18-951 10-754 29-7o6 Total OMR 20.825 173.447 379-029 194.272 573-302 Long Distance Capital 5-850 21.450 78.ooo 2T-300 105-300 Transport of Annual OMR 0.200 0-720 2.630 0.920 3-55 Great Lakes Total OMR 2.000 14.4oo 52.6oo 16.4o 121.6oo Capital 133.692 264.211 392-572 397-851 790.224 Total Annual OMR 7-723 30-361 65-705 38.085 103-794 Total OMR 77.244 607.223 1314.o96 684.465 2051-159 *Ground water -unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual ONR ($/mgd) ($/Mgd-yr) transmission 120,000 7,6oo wells & pumping 42,4oo 28,975 (see Figure 6-4) total 162.,4oo 36,575 the Lake Michigan basin are shown in Table supply must be drawn from other sources, 6-40. During the 50-year period of this study, such as Lake Michigan. $790 million will be required for capital in- vestment in municipal water supply facilities and $2,051 million will be required for total 4.1.5 Acknowledgements OMR expenditures. Lake Michigan water can be classified as The municipal water supply average de- suitable for domestic water supply for all mand for most of the water supply systems in periods to the year 2020. Although some prob- the Wisconsin portion of Planning Subarea 2.1 lems may be experienced, the water quality and Planning Subarea 2.2 is the quantity standards program for these interstate wa- submitted by the Wisconsin Department of ters demands that these waters be a suitable Natural Resources for 1967 and 1968. source of municipal water supply and includes Figures for average municipal water supply plans of implementation and timetables for so demands and population served by municipal doing. water supplies in Michigan were based on 1965 Ground-water resources in Planning Sub- data from the Michigan Department of Public area 2.2 have undergone heavy local with- Health. drawals from certain aquifers, and con- The U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau sequently their water level has decreased sig- of Domestic Commerce, furnished data and nificantly. Some western suburbs of Chicago the analysis for industrial water-use require- in Du Page County have experienced short- ments. Additional information about indus- ages. In these areas greater dependence must trial water use was based on a special survey be placed upon shallow aquifers. The future conducted in 1967 by the Indiana State Board 84 Appendix 6 of Public Health. Information from technical total of 16,861 square miles (15,308 square reports of the Northeastern Illinois Met- miles in Wisconsin and 1,553 square miles in ropolitan Area Planning Commission was also Michigan). used to derive base year estimates and projec- tions of municipal water use. 'the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Eco- 4.2.1.3 Climate nomic Research Service, provided information on rural water-use requirements in the Lake The climate of Planning Subarea 2.1 is Michigan basin. classified as continental and is characterized by weather extremes common to the interior of large land masses. Pressure centers moving 4.2 Lake Michigan Northwest, Planning from west to east cause weather changes Subarea 2.1 every few days. The climate and temperature of the region are moderated by Lake Michi- gan. The growing season varies from 80 to 160 4.2.1 Description of Planning Subarea days, increasing from northwest to southeast. Precipitation is adequate, and averages from 28 to 32 inches per year. Generally, higher av- 4.2.1.1 Location erage annual precipitation coincides with higher elevations. Droughts, although they do Planning Subarea 2.1 is located along the occur, are rarely widespread. Snow covers the northwestern shore of Lake Michigan. It con- ground in practically all winter months, and sists of three counties in the Upper Peninsula streams are ice-covered from late November of Michigan and 20 counties in northeastern to late March. Wisconsin (Figure 6-22). The region is approx- imately 200 miles from north to south and 100 miles from east to west. 4.2.2 Water Resources 4.2.1.2 Topography and Geography 4.2.2.1 Surface-Water Resources Planning Subarea 2.1 may be divided into Of the approximately 10.4 million acres en- two geographical categories: the Northern compassed in Planning Subarea 2.1, 361,500 Highlands, and the Central Plain and Eastern acres are water in the form of lakes, ponds, Lowlands in the southern region. rivers, and streams. Runoff averages 10 to 15 The Northern Highlands are composed of a inches annually, generally increasing from combination of igneous and metamorphic south to north. On the whole the rivers have a rocks, the remains of ancient mountains. The slightly higher concentration of dissolved sol- region consists of slopes and hills. Its moder- ids than rivers to the west and north of the ate relief averages approximately 200 feet. region, and their waters are moderately hard. Exceptions to this are some isolated hilly to Fully developed water storage areas in the mountainous areas in Iron and Dickinson planning subarea's inland lakes and streams Counties. Elevation varies from 1,000 to 2,000 provide an existing storage capacity of 153,950 feet. acre-feet. If all inland lakes and streams suit- The southern region contains flat-lying able for development as surface-water im- sandstones, shales, and dolomites formed poundments were developed, the total poten- from sediments laid down in oceans millions of tial storage capacity would increase to 269,950 years ago. Topographically the Central Plain acre-feet. This does not include Lake Win- has a flat to gently rolling surface with low nebago, which has an estimated capacity of 2.5 relief. The Eastern Lowlands is an area of million acre-feet. 45 ridges and lowlands of moderate relief. Eleva- Presently developed water storage areas tion varies from 600 to 1,000 feet. can produce a sustained water yield of 888 Drainage is generally from west to east. The mgd. If all potential water storage areas were Menominee, Feshtigo, Pensaukee, Su * amico, fully developed in Planning Subarea 2.1, im- and Fox Rivers rise in the Northern High-- pounded inland lakes and streams could pro- lands and flow into Green Bay. The Sheboygan duce a sustained water supply yield of 1,333 and Manitowoc Rivers flow into Lake Michi- Mgd.45 gan. These eight major river basins drain a Potential capacities and yields used in this I Lake Michigan Basin 85 VICINITY MAP SCALE IN MILES Ift IRO Pairo J, Iron River L ke Michigamme DICKINSON C pin. Riw MENOM Po"I. 'w" ron Mounta 0 Norwa / 11 FLOR CE Kingsford Cd@ Esca aba ARINE 0 River FOREST ?WASHINGTON ISLAND Y' An igo LNGLADE Men I ee s M OMINEE It. Mari ettee Oconto Sh..... I ke DOOR Stu on Bay Shawano J01, S AWANO OCONTO KEWAUNEE lintonvilleO Z Little % Algoma 0 TA IE Green Bay De Pere Kewaunee Waupaca New London ROWN WAUPACA MA TOW C Menash CA@,@ ki Neenah* Ib it---c River Two Rivers Lake Poygan M1 Berlin Oshkosh Chilton Manitowoc WAUS ARA @01*L WINNEBAGO FOND U j S E YGA OR Pon Gree, Lake 'o n:d. Sh bo Sheboygan ymo t MAR ETTE GR EN LAKE Portage CALE IN MILES FIGURE 6-22 Planning Subarea 2.1 0 5 10 15 20 25 86 Appendix 6 section relate to the total water resource. No people were employed in manufacturing (34 attempt has been made to identify that por- percent) and trades and services (34 percent). tion of the water resource not suitable or A small percentage (13 percent) were available for use. employed in agriculture. The remainder were employed in government, transportation, utilities, construction, mining, forestry, and 4.2.2.2 Ground-Water Resources the military. As in the case with surface water, ground- water reserves are abundant. In the Drift 4.2.3.2 Industrial Water Users Province ground water is obtained from sands and gravels in glacial deposits. Where such Planning Subarea 2.1 is the North Woods to deposits are thin, water supplies are scarce, many residents of the lower Great Lakes because the rocks that underlie most of this Basin and neighboring States. Its attractions province are poor aquifers. However in the for a growing influx of summer and winter Drift-Paleozoic Province the underlying sand- vacationers have created the foundations for stone is a good aquifer and has been heavily enterprises that provide much of the income pumped. The mineral content and hardness of and employment in the region. The woods, wa- the ground water is related to geologic struc- ter, prosperous farms, and primitive areas ture, and increases from northwest to south- that attract so many visitors also serve as the east. In some cases it exceeds the 500 mg/l base for a vigorous and growing manufactur- USPHS standard for total dissolved solids. ing sector. In 1967 there were 2,058 operating Thus, in most of Forest County the ground manufacturing plants in Planning Subarea water is soft, while in the counties along Lake 2.1, with approximately 1,860 in the 20 Wiscon- Michigan it is very hard. Ground-water yield sin counties and the remainder in the three in River Basin Group 2.1 (based on 70 percent Michigan counties to the north. Total man- flow-duration data) is estimated to be 3,880 ufacturing employment was 120,300 in 1967, mgd. 21 having grown from 105,600 in 1963. During the same period the value added by manufacture increased nearly 43 percent to $1.6 billion. 4.2.3 Water-User Profile To a large extent, manufacturing is com- posed of industries related to agricultural and forest products, which account for approxi- 4.2.3.1 Municipal Water Users mately one-half of the value added by man- ufacture in this otherwise diverse sector. SIC The population of Planning Subarea 2.1 in 26, Paper and Allied Products, the largest in- 1970 was approximately 949,100, an increase dustry group in terms of employment and of 7 percent since 1960. Forty-nine percent of value added, includes 19 pulp mills and 26 the inhabitants were classified as urban and paper mills, the majority located in the Fox 51 percent as rural. Population concentration River and Menominee River basins. In 1967, was primarily in the Green Bay-Lake Win- 473 operating establishments, or approxi- nebago area, which includes the Cities of Ap- mately one of every four manufacturing pleton, Green Bay, Menasha, Neenah, plants, were engaged in the processing and Oshkosh, and Fond du Lac. The average popu- preparation of food products from regional lation density is 56.3 people per square mile. farms and dairies. Lumber and wood products Nine of the 12 counties that experienced a loss industries are also significant in the manufac- in population between 1950 and 1960 are the turing sector, but not all industries are farm heavily forested, lightly populated counties or forest product related. There are producers north of Green Bay. The heavily populated of primary metals and fabricated metal prod- counties in the Green Bay-Lake Winnebago ucts, manufacturers of machinery, and equip- area gained in population. ment plants that produce transportation In 1970 municipal water supplies served equipment and parts. 559,300 people, 59 percent of the total popula- tion of the planning subarea. The total popula- tion in 2020 is estimated to be 1.7 million, of 4.2.3.3 Rural Water Users which 1.4 million will be served by municipal water supplies. Average annual personal in- In 1964 there were approximately 4.9 million come in 1970 was $3,726. The majority of the acres of land in farm in Planning Subarea 2.1. Lake Michigan Basin 8 7 Principal crops consisted of silage, hay, pas- used in the Fox River basin will require larger ture, and oats. Vegetables, including potatoes, pipelines and conveyance facilities to meet the peas, cabbage, and sweet corn, are grown in demand. Industrial use of municipal water the area. Some of the vegetable crops consume comprises more than half of the total use and large amounts of water. Dairying, which also is anticipated to increase from 16 mgd to 60 requires a great deal of water, is very impor- mgd. tant in the area. Nearly three-fourths of the The population served by inland lakes and livestock and livestock product sales came streams will increase from 141,000 to 369,000 from dairies. In 1964 crop sales amounted to by 2020, and the average daily water usage approximately $52 million, and livestock and will increase from 25 mgd to 80 mgd. The in- livestock product receipts were more than dustrial use of municipal water from these $233 million. Farm population included sources is also high and is projected to in- 154,000 people and farms employed 43,000, ac- crease from 11.1 mgd to 35.9 mgd. cording to the 1960 Census of Population. The population served by ground water is projected to increase from 264,000 to 541,000 by 2020, or from 37 mgd to 90 mgd. There are 4.2.4 Present and Projected Water likely to be interference and declining water Withdrawal Requirements level problems in a number of areas when the A summary of present and projected water withdrawal requirements and needs for the PLANNING SUBAREA municipal, industrial, and rural water-using 1,000 LAKE MICHIGAN sectors is presented in Figure 6-23 and Table 1 6-41. El IIVI?Usrl?144 600- RURAL MUNICIPAL 4.2.4.1 Municipal Water Use 600 Municipal water withdrawal includes all water processed by municipalities even if used by industry. A few communities in Planning Subarea 2.1 are supplied from Lake Michigan. 400- Neenah, Menasha, Appleton, and Oshkosh get their water from Lake Winnebago. All other municipalities rely on ground water as their source. 200i" During 1970 in Planning Subarea 2.1, 132 public water supply systems provided water for 559,300 people in 22 counties. Lake Michi- 01970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 gan was the source for six municipal water Y E A R supplies. Inland lakes and streams were the FIGURE 6-23 Municipal, Industrial, and source for seven public water supply systems, Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- and the remaining 115 withdrew raw water Planning Subarea 2.1 from ground-water supplies. The total resident population is expected to Approximately half of the 949,100 people re- increase 82 percent to 1.7 million people by siding in Planning Subarea 2.1 are classified as 2020. Municipal water supplies are expected to living in urban areas, with municipal water provide water to 82 percent, or 1.4 million supplies serving 559,300 people (59 percent) in people, by 2020. 1970. This is expected to increase to 1.4 million The total population served by water from by 2020. the Great Lakes is expected to increase from Dairy farming and livestock and fruit and 155,000 in 1970 to 426,000 in 2020. The pro- vegetable production are the prime agricultural jected total municipal withdrawal from Lake activities. Livestock and livestock product sales Michigan in 2020 is 111 mgd, approximately are a major source of income. four times the present withdrawal of 31 mgd. Manufacturing activity accounts for 70 per- Of this daily average of 111 mgd, 62 mgd will be cent of total employment in the planning sub- in cities near the Lake in the Sheboygan- area. Paper products and food processing are Green Bay area. The 46 mgd projected to be mAjor industries. 88 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-41 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.1 (mgd) 1970 1980 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 5-1 9 9 23 5.7 8 lo.8 Wisconsin 8 311 38.5 4 214 46.6 384 11 H. eol 123.2 Total 9 320 7775 128.9 222 57.4 4og Consumption Michigan .5 1 4.4 6 .6 1 5.8 7 Wisconsin 8.4 _@6 19.1 64 12.7 49 24.7 86 Total 8.9 37 23.5 70 13.3 50 30-5 97 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan 7.7 9 9 26 .3 3 1.8 5 Wisconsin 284-3 311 38.5 634 33.9 102 8.1 144 Total 292.0 TOO 74-775 705 10-5 779 719- 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 8.o 8 13.3 29 10 13 15.6 39 Wisconsin 1@@ 261 _57.2 503 2'(O.-r 468 6 - 1 8o6 1 192.9 757 Total 26-9 70.5 532 72T77 771 42.:7 Consiznption Michigan 1.0 2 7.3 10 1.2 4 9 14 Wisconsin 25-1 80 '@I- 1 6 4 145 8 8 8 .6 149 Total 26.1 2 38 H27 @7 8 239 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan 1.6 4 4.3 10 3.6 lo 6.16 20 Wisconsin 101.1 10- 13.7 275 198.8 '@'@6 28.6 563 102.7 159 23.0 285 Total 202. 3Z T5.2 583- ground-water withdrawals approach the pro- junction with sewer projects as emphasis on jected figures. It seems apparent that the lo- water pollutant abatement continues. The cation of most of the population growth will number of new water systems could be 10 or coincide with the location of these problems, 20, but the quantity of water required to serve and cooperative planning of well spacing or an them would be insignificant compared to the alternative source will have to be developed. projected figures. With one exception all the communities with The City of Green Bay is located in the Fox a present population of 1,000 or more are River basin. The city discharges its wastewa- served by public water supply systems. It is ter into Green Bay, but draws water from anticipated that a number of small com- Lake Michigan. The suburbs of Green Bay use munities will install water systems in con- ground water and the water levels have in- Lake Michigan Basin 89 creased since Green Bay ceased using its dustries, primarily those in SIC 26, are so lo- wells. The suburbs and industries are not cated that public water system supplies are practicing areawide ground-water manage- unavailable or uneconomic. Total water with- ment, and there is a local interference be- drawals by the manufacturing sector in 1970 tween wells. The overall withdrawal is not ex- are estimated to have averaged 359 mgd, but cessive or approaching safe yield at this only 39 mgd were supplied by municipal sys- time, but the projected water consumption tems. Of the 320 mgd self-supplied, approxi- figures indicate that another source may have mately 305 mgd were obtained from surface- to be considered in a few years.59 One solution water sources, primarily rivers and inland would be to extend the use of Lake Michigan lakes, and approximately 15 mgd were ob- water to the entire area and operate a com- tained from company-owned wells. bined utility or commission. Table 6-45 presents the base-year estimates The cities that now use Lake Winnebago as a and projections of five water-use parameters source could possibly use Lake Michigan and constant dollar estimates of value added water instead. Although at least two engi- by manufacture for the five major water- neering studies have been conducted, no ac- using SIC two-digit industry groups and the tion has been taken and none seems likely in other manufacturing groups that comprise the near future. the sector. It is most apparent from this table The City of Fond du Lac uses ground water that the industrial water requirements of entirely, drawn mainly from Cambrian Planning Subarea 2.1 are influenced to a sandstones. There is controversy in this area great extent by the water needs of the mills over well interference between the city, other and factories in the SIC 26 industry group. municipalities, industries, and institutions. In 1970 the gross water requirements of The safe yield of the sandstone has not been SIC 26 were 936 mgd, but by maintaining approached, but the declining water levels in an industrywide average recirculation rate of this area, as near Green Bay, are due to well 3.14, the required water withdrawals were locationS.62 The ultimate solution may be the held to only 298 mgd. Those withdrawals use of either Lake Winnebago or Lake Michi- amounted to 80 percent of all industrial water gan water, but cooperative efforts of proper used by the manufacturers of the region. In- well location could delay this for many years. dustry group SIC 20, the next largest SIC Another alternative may be to use excess sur- two-digit group, required water withdrawals face waters during periods of high levels and of only 19 mgd. flows to periodically recharge the depleted Expansion of industry output has been de- storage of underground aquifers in this re- rived from OBERS economic. projections in gion. terms of estimated constant dollar values The northern one-third to one-half of the added by manufacture for each group of in- area contained in Planning Subarea 2.1 is un- dustries (Table 6-45). Throughout the plan- derlain by Precambrian rocks that are of no ning period the SIC 26 industry group will con- value as aquifers. The communities must de- tinue as the dominant factor in industrial velop wells in the glacial drift that vary in water supply. Even though the industry as a thickness and lithology and could create water whole is expected to be able to reduce its with- shortage problems at some locations. The drawal requirements per dollar output by number of communities located in this area is improving the effective recirculation of water small and there is little potential for growth. from the present rate of 3.14 to 8.0 by the year Tables 6-42 through 6-44 contain information 2000, this group of industries is estimated to on municipal water supply for Planning Sub- require 446 mgd by the year 2020. area 2. 1. Table 6-45 indicates that as a result of ex- pected improvements in recirculation and reuse of water by industry groups SIC 20, 26, 4.2.4.2 Industrial Water Use and 33, water withdrawals by those groups willdecrease in theearlyyearsof the planning The majority of manufacturing establish- period. Due primarily to the dominant role ments, because of their small daily water re- of SIC 26, the total withdrawals of the manu- quirement, are able to meet their water needs facturing sector are expected to decline simi- by purchase from public systems. The public larly. However, in the later years withdrawals systems provide only approximately 11 per- for all industry categories may be expected cent of the manufacturing sector supply at to increase as opportunities for further con- present. In general the large water-using in- servation of water by increasing the recircu- 90 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-42 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.1, Wisconsin and Michigan (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 154.8 30-9 4o.o 53-3 2.8 1970 is .949.1 140-5 25-0 28.8 36.7 2-3 GW 264.o 36.9 44.2 55-1 3-7 GL 228.8 53.4 64.1 80.2 5.6 ig8c) is lo82.2 179-1 34.6 41-5 52.0 3-5 GW 284-5 4o.9 49.1 61.4 4.2 GL 313.6 77-5 93-0 116.4 11.2 2000 is 1357.6 259.6 53.4 64.1 80.2 7-3 GW 394.6 62.0 74.4 93-0 7.6 GL 425.8 111.1 133.6 166-7 18-3 2020 is 1726.o 369.1 8o.1 96.1 120.2 IP-3 GW 541.2 89-5 107-3 134.2 12.1 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (ig8o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption. 000.,2020) GL 14.9 1-5 16.o 1-3 8o.6 1970 is 95 13-9 1.4 11.1 0.9 78-3 GW 23-9 2.6 13-0 1.1 133-1 GL 24.6 2-5 28.8 3-1 21-5 1980 is 105 19.2 1.9 15.4 1.6 9.2 GW 29.1 2.9 11.8 1-3 3-5 GL 35.6 3.6 41.9 7.6 48.4 2000 is 113 29-5 3-0 23-9 4-3 29.6 CW 44.o 4.4 18.o 3.2 24-7 GL 50.8 5-0 6o-3 13-3 86.1 2020 is 119 44.2 4.4 35-9 7-9 59-7 GW 63.6 6-3 25-9 5.8 56-5 Lake Michigan Basin 91 TABLE 6-43 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.1, Wisconsin (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 143.4 29.7 38.6 51-5 2-7 1970 is 885.1 128.2 23.8 27-3 34.8 2.2 GW 237-T 34.2 41.o 51.1 3-5 GL 216-7 52.1 62-5 78.2 5-5 198o is lol6.-i 166-3 33.2 39.8 49.9 3.4 GW 257-3 37-9 45-5 56.9 3.8 GL 299.1 75.6 90-7 113-5 10.9 2000 is 1283-5 244-7 51.4 61-7 77.2 7-0 GW 363-9 57-9 69-5 86.9 7.2 GL 407.8 lo8.6 130.6 162.9 18.o 2020 is 1639-9 351.1 77.6 93-1 116.4 12.0 GW 505.1 84-5 101-3 126.7 11-5 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average con- Average Con- (198o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 200012020) GL 13-9 1.4 15-8 1-3 78.8 1970 is 95 12.9 1-3 10.9 0.9 76.4 GW 21-T 2.4 12-5 1.1 129.1 GL 23-5 2.4 28.6 3-1 21.4 1980 is lo6 18.o 1.8 15.2 1.6 9.1 GW 26.6 2.6 11-3 1.2 3.4 GL 34.o 3.4 41.6 7-5 47-9 2000 is 113 27.9 2.8 23-5 4.2 29.2 GW 4o.6 4.1 17-3 3-1 24.o GL 48-7 4.8 59-9 13.2 85-0 2020 is 119 42.1 4.2 35-5 7.8 58.8 GW 59-5 5-9 25-0 5.6 55-0 92 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-44 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.1, Michigan (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 11.4 1.2 1.4 1.8 0.1 1970 is 64.o 12-3 1.2 1.5 1.9 0.1 GW 26-3 2.7 3.2 4.o 0-3 GL 12.1 1-3 1.6 2.0 0.1 1980 is 66.1 12.8 1.4 1.7 2.1 0.1 GW 27.2 3-0 3.6 4-5 o.4 GL 14-5 1.9 2-3 2.9 0-3 2000 is 74.1 14.9 2.0 2.4 3.0 b-3 GW 30-7 4.1 4.9 6.1 o.4 GL 18.o 2-5 3-0 3.75 0-3 2020 is 86.1 18.o 2.5 3-0 3.75 0-3 GW 36.1 5-0 6.o 7.5 o.6 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980, Year Source daily Demand sunption Demand sumption 2000,2020) GL 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.8 1970 is 83-8 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.9 GW 2.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 4.o GL 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 1980 is 92.6 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 Gw 2-5 0-3 0-5 0.1 0.1 GL 1.6 0.2 o.4 0.1 0.5 2000 is 109.2 1.6 0.2 0.7 0.1 o.4 GW 3.4 0-3 o.4 0.1 0-7 GL 2.1 0.2 o.4 0.1 1.1 2020 is 115.2 2.1 0.2 o.4 0.1 0.9 GW 4.1 o.4 0.9 0.2 1.6 Preliminary 1970 Census figures for these three counties total 61,150 persons. Lake Michigan Basin 93 TABLE 6-45 Estimated Manufacturing Wat@!r Use, Planning Subarea 2.1 (mgd) SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 29 SIC 33 Other Mfg. Total 1970 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 172 502 38 29 51 833 1625 Gross Water Required 37 936 9 30 18 49 1079 Recirculation Ratio 1.93 3.14 1.77 5.96 2.03 2.12 Total Water Withdrawal 19 298 5 5 9 23 359 Self Supplied 320 Water Consumed 1.3 35.3 0.3 o.6 0.3 1.9 4o 198o Value Added (Millions 1958$) 226 721 8o 54 71 1290 2442 Gross Water Required 47 1296 17 71 22 76 1529 Recirculation Ratio 2-77 6-03 3-32 8.go 3.63 2.80 Total Water Withdrawal 17 215 5 8 6 27 278 Self Supplied 222 Water Consumed 1.9 48 1.0 1-3 o.6 2.9 56 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 364 1383 328 84 go 2964 5213 Gross Water Required 72 2176 94 98 29 187 2656 Recirculation Ratio 3.15 8.oo 11-70 19.61 9.63 4.8o Total Water Withdrawal 23 272 8 5 3 39 351 Self Supplied 269 Water Consumed 2.9 80 4.o 1.9 o.6 7-0 97 2020 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 617 264o g4o 386 347 6850 11,780 Gross Water Required 137 3568 255 454 96 428 4938 Recirculation Ratio 3-50 8.oo 15-00 23.92 12.0 5.86 -- Total Water Withdrawal 39 446 17 19 8 73 6ol Self Supplied 481 Water Consumed 5.4 131 12-5 8-7 1.6 16 176 lation rate become fewer. Eventually practi- outlined in Subsection 1.4. Table 6-46 divides cal limits on reuse and recirculation of water total requirements and consumption into will require that water withdrawals increase categories of rural nonfarm and rural farm. in direct relation to increases in industrial Rural farm is further divided into domestic, production. The ultimate constraints upon livestock, and spray water requirements. multiple recirculation are the comsumptive losses of water that affect both the quantity and quality of the water retained for re-use. In preparing forecasts of industrial with- TABLE 6-46 Rural Water Use Requirements drawals (Table 6-45), the possibility of the con- and Consumption, Planning Subarea 2.1 (mgd) sumptive constraints being reached before - year 2020 was avoided by applying different RQUIRueNTs 1970 1980 2000 2020 Rural Farm rates of improvements in recirculation for the Domestic 8.1 9.7 7.4 6.9 period 1970 to 2000 than for the period 2000 to Livestock 20.5 27.8 36.2 46.2 Spray Water 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2020. During the last 20-year period the slower Subtotal =2 37.6 737 T372 rates of improvements result in sharp in- Rural Nonfarm 18.7 19-8 26.8 29.5 creases in withdrawal demands to satisfy the Total 47.5 57.4 70.6 82.7 continued expansion of industrial activity. CONSUMPTION Rural Farm Domestic 2.0 2.4 1.9 1.7 Livestock 18.5 25.0 32.6 41.6 4.2.4.3 Rural Water Use Spray Water 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Subtotal 20 7 =27 77. 4-37 Rural water requirements and consumption Rural Nonfarm 2:8 '1_0 4.o 4.4 were estimated according to the methodology Total - 23.5 30.5 38.6 47.8 94 Appendix 6 4.2.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ified system of water supply using Lake Michigan. The water would be conveyed to the cities along the south and west sides of Lake 4.2.5.1 Municipal Winnebago and down the lower reaches of the Fox River. This project did not materialize, The presently developed quantity of water probably because of extensive funding needs supply is not adequate to meet all projected and the problems of getting so many separate future requirements. If properly managed the governmental units to cooperate on such a available water resource will be adequate to massive project. To establish such a project, meet the projected future requirements. Only detailed planning would be required to advise development and proper management of the the communities involved of the costs and water resource is necessary. benefits that would accrue. It is also likely To meet projected growth, municipal water that outside funding of a significant share of supply should be developed to provide 34 mgd the total cost would be required to serve as an by 1980,103 mgd by 2000, and 202 mgd by 2020. incentive to the local communities to organize Additional development will occur in all major such a project. sources of raw water, e.g., Lake Michigan, in- In areas where ground-water levels have land lakes and streams, and ground water. In severely declined, a ground-water manage- some cases the present supply source does not ment program is warranted. Required well provide the best water available in an area, spacings should minimize overlapping cones and new sources will need to be developed to of depression. A system of ground-water re- provide higher quality water. charge may be feasible. Excess surface waters Several communities now use surface water during periods of high levels and flows can be from Lake Winnebago as a source of public stored in underground aquifers. water supply. This source is adequate for In areas where growth is predicted and present and projected requirements, but the ground water is the principal raw water quality of treated water is not as high as that source, there will have to be a reassessment of enjoyed by many other communities, and the existing practices and water use to avoid cost of treatment is generally high. The pri- water shortages and controversies over low- mary quality problems associated with Lake ered ground-water levels. These problems can Winnebago water are algae (producing taste be alleviated by wise management of available and odor problems), temperature, and hard- ground waters, but if the projected demands ness. The maximum depth of the lake is 20 feet occur, especially in Brown County, it appears and the poor quality is mainly due to natural that another source must be developed. conditions rather than pollution by municipal Domestic water conservation and changes in and industrial wastes. The Lake Michigan industrial process water use and recycling water quality in the basin is excellent except could allow for a reduction in the size of a where rivers receive discharges from urban pipeline to Lake Michigan if this supply is de- areas. Complete treatment of raw water is re- veloped. Developments in technology may quired of all municipalities using Lake Michi- make it feasible to obtain satisfactory water gan water. from Green Bay. A combination of water pol- The ground water in both the upper dolo- lution abatement and new, economical water mite and lower sandstone aquifers within the treatment methods may make Green Bay basin is without exception quite hard and more desirable as a source of water, but its often contains objectionable iron. In addition, shallowness could be a drawback. Before any some of the sandstone contains water with ex- other source is developed, a study of alterna- cessive sulfate and total solids concentrations. tive methods that could lower the investment A few of the municipal systems practice iron in surface-water supply development is rec- removal and softening. ommended. It is not possible to consider the The problem of supplying high quality water amount of reduction in water demands due to at low cost to the Fox River valley com- alternatives without an analysis beyond the munities can be solved by a variety of meth- scope of this study. ods. Individual systems, systems that use The amount of ground water that can safely combinations of surface and ground water, be pumped year after year in any area de- and joint systems with sophisticated treat- pends on the amount of water stored in un- ment that use Lake Michigan water are all derground formations and the amount of possible alternatives. An informal proposal water replenished to the ground-water source. was made several years ago to provide a un- Water already contained in a natural Lake Michigan Basin 95 ground-water reservoir has been accumulat- reservoirs of underground aquifers. Such arti- ing for years. Most underground aquifers ficial recharge is especially applicable in areas have the capacity to store tremendous quan- where underground water in storage has been tities of water to carry through periods of little depleted by heavy pumpage. or no rainfall and recharge. However, if pump- The estimated costs for new construction age is greater than the replenishment, in- and associated operations are listed in Table roads will be made on the water already stored 6-47. All estimates are adjusted to January in the earth, as in the Green Bay area. In such 1970 price levels. As described in the meth- cases continued pumping slowly lowers the odology, the costs include conveyance of the water table. raw water supply and water treatment but not Thus, despite the abundance of ground surface-water storage or urban distribution. water in many parts of this region, it is not an In addition to water supply costs resulting inexhaustible resource. Like all natural re- from growth demands, expenditures must be sources it must be conserved and properly de- made to replace equipment and facilities that veloped to insure its availability in the future. will wear out or become obsolete. A program of ground-water management would be beneficial in this area. The spacing of wells (especially new wells) should cause the 4.2.5.2 Industrial least amount of interference with adjacent wells. The output of the manufacturing sector in Nearly every year surface waters flow ex- Planning Subarea 2.1 is expected to increase cessively. Lake Michigan levels have been 740 percent by 2020. However, as discussed higher than desired in recent years. This ex- earlier, the demand for water by manufactur- cess water could be withdrawn and stored for ers is expected to increase by less than 70 per- use during a shortage. cent, from 360 mgd to 600 mgd, between now Further study is needed, but it may be prac- and 2020. Because water is available, in- tical to store excess surface waters in large creases in withdrawals should not strain the TABLE 6-47 Estimates of Costs In icurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 2.1 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-1980 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 6.428 8.o43 11.272 14.471 25-743 Great Lakes Annual OMR -320 l.o4l 2.oo4 1-361 3-365 Total OMR 3.203 20.830 4o.o8l 24.033 64.li4 Inland Lakes Capital 2-750 6.ogg 8.999 8.850 17.850 and Annual OMR -137 .578 1-330 -715 2.o45 Streams Total OMR 1-370 11-562 26.611 12-933 39-544 Capital -590 3-578 5-367 4.169 9-537 Ground Water* Annual OMR .064 -523 1-5o6 .588 2.o94 Total ONR .649 lo.4,62 30-125 11.111 41.236 Capital 9-770 17-721 25.64o 27.491 53-131 Total Annual OMR 0-522 2.143 4.841 2.665 7.506 Total OMR 5.224 42.855 96.818 48-078 144.896 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/mgd-yr) transmission 1202000 7,6oo wells & punping 48,800 29,500 (see Figure 6-4) 177 total 73- 37,100 96 Appendix 6 resource base. If all new manufacturing pro- sources, although in some areas streams will duction were to occur through the expansion play an increasingly important role. The loca- of existing production plants, then much of the tion and quality of ground water will be very new water need could be met with water con- important in channeling additional develop- served through recirculation, and only a few ment, particularly the location of rural non- new sources would be needed. But it is highly farm dwellings. In areas where ground water unlikely that this will occur. Existing man- is in short supply, development should proceed ufacturing plants probably will be enlarged to only after water supplies have been discov- account for most of the early increases in out- ered. Some areas will not develop until a cen- put, but new plants will also be built, and it is tral supply is available. probable that the largest share of manufac- turing activity in the later years of the plan- ning period will occur in plants that do not now exist. MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER DAY Figure 6-24 illustrates the hypothetical 800 change in water supply needs between exist- ing and new manufacturing locations. In pre- 700 - 0 PROVIDE FOR NEW paring this set of curves, it is assumed that the PRODUCTION AT NEW first 100 percent increase in value added by MPLANT LOCATIONS M TO PROVIDE FOR NEW manufacture results from expansion of exist- 600 - PPRODUCTION AT EXISTING CURVE 3 LANE LOCATIONS ing production facilities, and that all later in- 11 MAINTAIN EXISTING creases occur in new plants at new locations. PRODUCTION AT EXISTING PLANT LOCATIONS Curve 1 represents the withdrawals required 500 to maintain existing production levels at existing plants. Curve 2 represents the with- 400 drawal demands to maintain existing produc- tion plus the first 100 percent production in- crease. Curve 3 represents the demand for all ... ... ..... . 300 manufacturing production. The area between Curves 2 and 3 represents the withdrawal de- CURVE 2 mand at new locations. Under these circum- 200 stances then, the new supply needs for man- ufacturing are estimated to be 125 mgd by the CURVE 1 year 2000 and 435 mgd by the year 2020. 100 It is not now known where new manufactur- ing plants will be built, but they will probably 0 be built in the same general areas in which 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 manufacturing now takes place. The mills and YEAR factories of the SIC 26 industry group, which represents the major portion of the industrial FIGURE 6-24 Total Withdrawal Demands for demand, will probably continue to build in re- Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 2.1 gions that are relatively remote from central water supply systems large enough to satisfy their needs. The SIC 26 industry group would account for about 95 mgd of the estimated 125 mgd new supply needs for the year 2000 and Rural water requirements are projected to approximately 325 mgd of the 435 mgd esti- increase 74 percent between 1970 and 2020, mated for the year 2020. The remaining quan- and consumption is projected to increase 103 tities of new water supply for all other man- percent during the same period. ufacturing groups are not very large and can Lowered water levels are common in parts be provided for by enlarged municipal water of the planning subarea near urban centers. supply systems. Aquifers have been polluted and this trend is a constant potential threat. Ground water with a high sulfate content exists in several coun- 4.2.5.3 Rural ties. Hard water and high iron content are common problems. Water quality is a general Future rural water requirements are as- problem only in the upper Menominee River sumed to draw primarily from ground-water basin. Lake Michigan Basin 97 4.3 Lake Michigan Southwest, Planning Lake Michigan. Both temperature and pre- Subarea 2.2 cipitation are controlled by geographical loca- tion.-Wisconsin counties are cooler and drier than the more southern Indiana counties. 4.3.1 Description of Planning Subarea Mean annual precipitation ranges from 28 inches in Ozaukee County to 36 inches along the Lake Michigan shoreline in Illinois and In- 4.3.1.1 Location diana. Precipitation is highest in the spring and lowest during the late summer. A rela- Planning Subarea 2.2 borders the southern tively long frost-free period, 180 days along and western shore of Lake Michigan and in- the shore and decreasing inland, is suitable for cludes seven Wisconsin counties, six Illinois agriculture. Mean temperature ranges from counties, and four Indiana counties (Figure 78'F to 80*F in the summer and 28'F to 32'F in 6-25). This planning subarea is approximately the winter. 160 miles long and 90 miles wide at its broadest point. 4.3.2 Water Resources 4.3.1.2 Topography and Geography 4.3.2.1 Surface-Water Resources Planning Subarea 2.2 ranges from level to gently rolling land on glaciated plains. Eleva- Discharges are not large and streams are tion ranges from 580 feet at Lake Michigan to typically short and slow moving. Streams more than 1,000 feet in several northwest reach their highest levels in the spring, and counties. Belts of morainic hills, beach ridges, their lowest flows in late summer. The Chicago and outwash, roughly paralleling the Lake River has been diverted, and its now was re- Michigan shore, traverse the Wisconsin and versed to follow the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Illinois counties. Relief in these belts may rise Canal to the Illinois River. The Milwaukee to 100 or 200 feet. Moraines in Indiana are River drainage basin is the largest in the typically northeast to southwest in orienta- planning subarea. In Appendix 2, Surface tion. Along the entire planning subarea, the Water Hydrology, it was reported that the top of the divide lies anywhere from 10 to 50 existing and potential reservoir storage ca- miles from the shore, limiting drainage to pacity in Planning Subarea 2.2 is considered Lake Michigan. to be negligible. No municipal water supplies Bedrock formations in the region consist use inland streams as a source of supply in the largely of limestone, sandstone, and shale. planning subarea. During the Pleistocene epoch these sedimen- A significant number of inland lakes dot the tary rocks were completely buried under de- area. The northern portion of Lake and posits left by great glaciers that moved slowly McHenry Counties in Illinois contain a major and repeatedly over the planning subarea. concentration of lakes in the Fox Chain 0' The thickest drift occurs where these glaciers Lakes. Most available inland lake frontage is buried old valleys or built moraines. Depths of in private ownership, resulting in problems of 200 feet are not uncommon. At the southern public access. Only one inland lake in In- tip of Lake Michigan along Cook, Lake, Porter, diana, supplying a maximum safe yield of ap- and La Porte Counties is a narrow lacustrine proximately 1.1 mgd, is used in Planning Sub- plain that was deposited by the waters of gla- area 2.2 as a source of public water supply. cial Lake Chicago. This flat region contains Potential capacities and yield relate to the extensive sand dune deposits along its In- total resource. No attempt has been made to diana shoreline. The major drainage basin is identify that portion of the resource that may the Chic ago-M ilwaukee complex, which drains not be suitable or practical for use. 1,344 of the 8,244 square miles of the planning Until recently water that was diverted from subarea. Lake Michigan for domestic water supply was not limited except for water diverted into the Chicago Sanitary District Drainage and Ship 4.3.1.3 Climate Canal, which was limited to 1,500 efs. The United States Supreme Court decree of June Climate in Planning Subarea 2.2 is typically 12, 1967, placed a limit of 3,200 cfs (approxi- humid continental with some modification by mately 2,069 mgd), which took effect March 1, 98 Appendix 6 VICINITY MAP SCALE IN M!LES 0 50 100 OZAUKEE WASHINGTON f West Band . Port Washington C... 0 Hartford@ Cedar urg 0Oconomowoc Milwaukee @ Waukesha 0 South Milwaukee MILWAUKEE WAUKESHA Root WALWORTH A Racine Elkhorn RACRT@ Kenosha s WISCO SIN KENOSHA ILLINOIS 0 Zion oHarvard Waukegan 0 Marengo 0 Crystal Lake Lake Forest Highland Park McHENRY LAKE KANE Elgin COOK Saint Charles 0 Chicago ICHIGA INDIANA OU PAG chigan City Aurora Cal t Chesterton I--- 0 La Porte -,,met Ri"' o,e Chicago Heights@ *Yalparaiso LA PORTE Z 0 crown Point .di PORTER Kn.. Wil I LAKE STARKE SCALE IN MILES 0 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 6-25 Planning Subarea 2.2 2.2 Lake Michigan Basin 99 1970, on all water diverted from Lake Michi- the shallow and deep aquifers in the Illinois gan by the State of Illinois. If the total diver- portion of Planning Subarea 2.2. Ground- sion for domestic water supply used by Chi- water yield (based on 70 percent flow-duration cago and other northeastern Illinois com- data) in the portion of this area that is in the munities increases and exceeds 1,700 efs, the Lake Michigan drainage basin (River Basin excess diversion over 1,700 cfs must be sub- Group 2.2) is estimated to be 90 mgd .211 Bedrock tracted from the 1,500 efs formerly allocated aquifers extending along the Cook County- for the dilution of sewage effluent. Lake Michigan shore have an estimated po- The Illinois State Legislature has passed a tential yield of 50,000 to 100,000 gpd per square bill that places the responsibility for alloca- mile. Bedrock areas inland are generally cap- tion of Lake Michigan water diversion for able of producing twice that quantity. Wells water supply purposes on the Illinois Depart- completed in sand and gravel aquifers produce ment of Transportation and its Division of from 100 to 500 gpm. Water Resources Management. Increasing Most wells in Indiana are completed in gla- demands for municipal water supply will in- cial drift, although some penetrate bedrock. crease competition for water in northeastern Well depths range from less than 100 feet Illinois. Even with fair and intelligent alloca- along Lake Michigan to more than 400 feet in tions of the available supply, the current limi- inland deposits. Average depth of wells com- tation on Lake Michigan water of 3,200 cfs pleted in glaciofluvial sand and gravel may become critical before 2020. reaches range from approximately 150 feet with yields of several hundred gallons per minute up to as much as 2,000 gpm in the east- 4.3.2.2 Ground-Water Resources ern portion of the planning subarea. The total sustained ground-water yield in the Indiana A large supply of good quality ground water portion of River Basin Group 2.2 is estimated is available in Planning Subarea 2.2. However, to be 110 mgd. The Indiana part of the area this highly developed area is the most heavily has saline water in most of the bedrock forma- pumped ground-water region in the Great tions, with the only good quality water avail- Lakes Basin. As a result, extensive lowering able in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer in the of the piezometric level and deep pumping northwest portion. Most supplies have rela- levels have occured in the sandstone aquifer, tively high iron and manganese content and In Wisconsin two bedrock aquifers generally are considered hard. underlie the counties. The lower one, consist- ing primarily of Cambrian and St. Peter sandstones, is the principal bedrock source and is generally capable of yielding at least 50 4.3.3 Water-User Profile gpm. A dolomite aquifer, consisting princi- pally of the Niagara dolomite, overlies the sandstone aquifer and also provides ample 4.3.3.1 Municipal Water Users supply. Glacial drift, consisting of alluvial sand and gravel, also contains available In 1970, 9.4 million people resided in Plan- ground-water quantities. Ground-water yield ning Subarea 2.2. Eighty-six percent of the in the Wisconsin portion of River Basin Group population used central water systems in 2.2 (from 70 percent flow-duration data) is es- 1970. The population of Planning Subarea 2.2, timated to be 250 mgd.21 Both the sandstone with a density of 1,140 people per square mile, aquifer and the shallow (dolomite and glacial is highly concentrated along the Lake Michi- drift) aquifer are heavily pumped, and major gan shoreline. Milwaukee, Chicago, Gary, and water level declines in county wells are com- Hammond accounted for more than 54 percent mon. of the population, which increased 10 percent With dependable sandstone bedrock aqui- from 1960 to 1970. The total population in 2020 fers overlain by thick sand and gravel aquifers is projected to be 17.4 million, an 89 percent of glacial drift in Illinois planning subarea increase from 1970. The planning subarea be- counties, ground-water yields are typically comes rural as one travels inland from shore. high. The Illinois State Water Survey calcu- By 2020,16.1 million people are expected to be lated for the Northeastern Illinois Planning served by municipal water supplies. Average Commission that a potential sustained yield of annual per capita income (in 1970 dollars) in 567 mgd could be continuously pumped from the planning subarea was $5,063 in 1970. 100 Appendix 6 4.3.3.2 Industrial Water Users 1964 census there were approximately 3.2 mil- lion acres in farms. Cash grain and dairy The southwestern shoreline of Lake Michi- typify the agriculture of the area. Important gan is one of the most heavily industrialized crops are corn, soybeans, oats, and meadow areas of the nation. The Gary-Hammond- grass. However, truck crops, which are heavy Chicago industrial complexes, extending for water users, are grown near the urban cen- more than 50 miles along the shore, form the ters. Dairying, also a heavy water user, is very backbone of an economy that accounts for important, especially in the Wisconsin portion much of the total economic activity of Indiana of the area. Nearly half of the livestock and and Illinois. Along the western shoreline, in- livestock product receipts in the area come dustry in Milwaukee, Kenosha, and Racine from dairying. Crop sales were approximately adds to the hard manufacturing output of the $132 million, and livestock and livestock prod- planning subarea. uct sales were nearly $153 million in 1964. Nearly 8 percent of the total national value According to the 1960 census 95,000 people added by manufacture originates in the 17 lived on farms and 39,000 were employed on counties of this planning subarea. Manufae- farms. turing output of one of its counties, Cook County, III inois, exceeds that of 44 of the indi- vidual States. Growth in manufacturing out- 4.3.4 Present and Projected Water put increased from slightly more than $15 bil- Withdrawal Requirements lion in 1963 to nearly $19.5 billion value added in 1967, due to increases in employee produc- tivity and total employment. 4.3.4.1 Municipal Water Use The planning subarea is noted for its steel- associated industries such as processing and Lake Michigan supplies the major portion of fabricating, as well as basic chemicals produe- water for industrial and municipal use. Rural tion, petroleum refining and processing, water use comes largely from individual wells. machinery, and transportation equipment. Figure 6-26 and Table 6-48 show that Plan- However, the manufacturing sector is quite ning Subarea 2.2 counties demanded more diversified. With very few exceptions, nearly than 6,500 mgd in 1970 to satisfy water supply every SIC four-digit industry that is found in requirements, of which approximately 4,800 the United States is found also in Planning mgd or 73 percent was for industrial water Subarea 2.2. Most of them, however, are small supply. Of the 1,645 mgd municipal with- manufacturers in terms of employment. Of the drawal in 1970, Cook County, Illinois, alone 17,637 manufacturing establishments operat- required 1,200 mgd, more than one billion gal- ing in 1967, more than 10,000 employed less lons of which were treated and used in Chicago than 20 people each, and less than 2,400 and its suburbs. Lake Michigan supplies the employed as many as 100 people. greatest volume of water for shoreline areas, Water requirements for the vast diversified approximately 6,100 mgd of the total 1970 de- manufacturing activities of the planning sub- mand. area are very large. This amount was esti- As urban sprawl continues, this source will mated to be more than 5,100 mgd in 1970. This probably be used by more of the systems pres- large water requirement would be difficult to ently using ground water. Inland lakes or meet anywhere else in the United States. streams are not sources for public water sup- There is little doubtthat Lake Michigan water ply systems in any of the Wisconsin or Illinois has been a key factor in the concentration of counties. One inland lake in Indiana supplies industries in the basin. 0.9 mgd for municipal use. Considering the Information on water use by individual limitation of potential reservoir storage ca- manufacturing establishments in the area is pacity and safe yield of existing inland lake available, but somewhat limited. and stream water supply sources, it does not seem likely that there will be additional use of this source in Planning Subarea 2.2. 4.3.3.3 Rural Water Users Total water withdrawal requirements are projected to decrease through the planning Even though Planning Subarea 2.2 is the period 1980 to 2000 because of greater incen- most highly populated and industrialized of tives for recirculation of water by manufac- all the planning subareas, according to the turers. By the year 2020, however, the total Lake Michigan Basin 101 water withdrawal is expected to increase by crease from 1,100 mgd in 1970 to 1,800 mgd by 124 percent of the 1970 withdrawal to 8,120 2020, or approximately 161 percent. Both the mgd. municipally supplied industrial water and the During 1970 the average daily withdrawal consumption of Lake Michigan water will in- in Planning Subarea 2.2 from Lake Michigan crease greatly during the projection period. At was approximately 1,500 mgd. The projected present, an average of 368 mgd is supplied to figure for 2020 is 2,500 mgd, a total increase of industries by municipalities. It is predicted approximately 1,000 mgd, based upon the in- that this will increase to 790 mgd in 2020. In crease in the present population served by 2020 it is expected that 227 mgd will be con- Lake Michigan water and the expected water sumed by industry. Continued use of Lake use by that population. Michigan as the dominant water supply Domestic and commercial municipal water source is the only reasonable basis for plan- use from Lake Michigan is expected to in- ning. In addition to the consideration of legal problems associated with additional use and diversion of lake water, considerable planning 206000 and construction will be necessary to provide treatment and conveyance facilities to the in- 0 land population. The planning of areawide 16,000- ROVAL utilities or water districts should begin with- MUNICIPAL out delay to allow time for the resolution of the technical and political problems that are cer- IP,000 tain to occur. The use of ground water in Planning Sub- area 2.2 is projected to increase from an aver- age of 156 mgd to 561 mgd by 2020. There will 8,000 undoubtedly be an increase in ground-water withdrawal in cities located some distance from Lake Michigan. It is expected that there 4,000 will also be some abandonment of wells in favor of the Lake. At this time it is not possible to determine the number of systems or the 0.- quantity of water involved. The population 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 served by ground water is expected to grow YEAR from 1,408,100 to 3,788,400 by 2020. If the pre- FIGURE 6-26 Municipal, Industrial, and sent system of ground-water development Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- continues to 2020, the water levels in deep Planning Subarea 2.2 wells in major pumping centers are expected to continue to fall. Increased competition be- Planning Subarea 2.2 has the highest popula- tween wells will result in an unnecessary re- tion concentration of any of the planning sub- duction of well yields, because the 927 mgd of areas in the Great Lakes Basin, with 9.4 million ground-water resource available is in excess of people residing in the area as of 1970. Municipal the current and projected future demand. A water supplies served 85 percent or 8.0 million regionwide system of ground-water manage- people in 1970, and this is expected to increase ment is needed to avoid haphazard withdraw- to 16.1 million by 2020. als that can result in waste of the available Despite major urban concentrations along the resource and increased development costs. Lake Michigan shoreline, agriculture uses a The capacity of existing source development sizeable acreage. Corn, oats, soy bean and truck is shown for 1970 in Tables 6-49, 6-50, 6-51, and crop production, and dairying are the principal 6-52. Municipal water supply needs are shown agricultural activities. in the 1980,2000, and 2020 columns. Because of The southwestern shoreline of Lake Michigan the economy of scale and fluctuations in water is one of the most heavily industrialized areas in use, excess capacity is developed in municipal the nation. Heavy industry dominates manufac- systems. A cushion of excess capacity is as- turing. Production of primary metals, heavy sumed to always be necessary. Additional machinery, chemical, petroleum and coal prod- water needs are therefore projected as the ucts, and food processing constitute a major water needs of net population increases. portion of the industrial activity. (continued on page 106) 102 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-48 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.2 (mgd) 1970 1980 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind - rural total_ Withdrawal Requirements Illinois 1337.0 1348.0 39.8 2724.8 1490.0 1150.0 42.8 2682.8 Indiana 96.8 3184.0 19.7 3300.5 127.4 1728.0 21.2 1876.6 Wisconsin 211.1 257.6 28.1 496.8 329.0 127.9 30.2 487.1 3005.9 Total 1644.9 4-789.6 7.6 6522.1 1946.4 .9 94.2 5046.5 Consumption Illinois 127.8 99.5 10.2 237.5 149.5 195.7 10.8 356.0 Indiana 9.0 278.6 5.1 292.7 12.8 333.1 5.4 351.3 Wisconsin 19.4 16.2 7.2 42.8 32.9 12.1 7.7 52.7 Total Y5-6.2 79-4.3 T2-.6 573.0 195.2 540.9 @-3.9 760.0 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Illinois 1844.0 1348.0 39.8 3231.8 209.6 182 3.0 394.6 Indiana 183.0 3184.0 19.7 3386.7 27.3 225 1.5 253.8 Wisconsin 733.8 257.6 28.1 1019.5 117.6 33 2.1 152.7 Total 2760.6 T7-89.6 -@-7-76 7638.0 354.5 440 6.6 801.1 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Illinois 1759.0 1775.0 49.6 3583.6 2081.0 3356.0 52.2 5489.2 Indiana 188.2 1083.0 24.6 1295.8 270.1 1407.0 25.8 1702.9 Wisconsin 493.2 86.5 35.1 614.8 715.2 176.2 36.9 928.3 Total 244U-.-4 T9-44.5 1-0-9.3 5494.2 3066.3 114.9 8120.4 Consumption Illinois 196.7 669.3 12.1 878.1 245.7 1561.0 12.5 1819.2 Indiana 22.7 431.6 6.0 460.3 35.6 670.2 6.2 712.0 Wisconsin 61.1 4.2 8.6 73.9 96.9 32.8 8.9 138.6 Total -i-8O.5 71-05.1 f 6-.-7 1412.3 378.2 2264.0 27.6 2669.8 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Illinois 587.9 1130 9.8 1727.7 1024.0 2647 12.4 3683.4 Indiana 93.5 611 4.9 709.4 184.2 1053 6.1 1243.3 Wisconsin 304.7 149 7.0 460.7 559.4 320 8.8 888.2 Total T8-6.1 T8-9-0 21.7 2897.8 1767.6 -4-626 T7-.3 5814.9 Lake Michigan Basin 103 TABLE6-49 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.2, Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 6705.6 1487.7 1785-0 2231-9 141-3 1970 is 9379.6 8.2 0.9 1.1 1.8 0.1 GW 14o8.1 156.2 188-3 234-5 14-T GL 7855-0 1715.6 2058.6 2573.4 171.9 198o is lo998.8 7-5 0.9 1.1 1.8 0.1 GW 1878-5 230-3 276.4 345.6 23-1 GL 9874.4 2o66-7 248o.o 3100-1 238.5 2000 is 13844.4 7-1 -0.9 1.1 1.8 0.1 GW 2705-3 372.6 447.2 558.9 41.9 GL 12332.9 2503-9 3oo4.6 3755.9 311-1 2020 is 17385.8 6-7 0.9 1.1 1.8 0.1 QW 3788.4 561.1 073.2 841.9 67-0 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1.980, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) GL 11.46.9 114-7 34o.8 26.7 2377.4 1970 is 155 o.8 0.1 0.1 1.1 GW 129.0 12.8 27.2 1.9 382-3 GL 1302.4 130-3 413.2 41.6 285.4 198o is 153 o.8 0.1 0.1 GW 186.4 18.6 43-9 4.5 69.1 GL 1542.0 153-9 524.7 84.6 777.8 2000 is 147 o.8 0.1 0.1 GW 296.4 29.6 76.2 12-3 2o8-3 GL 1835.2 183.6 668.7 127-5 1363.2 2020 is 141 o.8 0.1 0.1 GW 44o.2 44.o 120.9 23-0 4o4.o Notes: Per capita water use is expected to decrease in Chicago because of greater emphasis and improved techniques in leak detection. Suburban per capita water use is however expected to increase. The net result is a projected decrease of six-tenths gallons per capita per day each year as shown. 104 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-50 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.2, Illinois (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day sumption 1970 GL 694o.o 5008-3 1213.5 1456.2 1820-3 116.2 GW 1193.4 123.4 149.o 185.2 11.6 1980 GL 7884.8 5558-9 1308.2 1569.8 1962-3 131-1 GW 1587.5 182.2 218.6 273.4 18-3 2000 GL 9625.8 6598.5 - 1458.2 1749.8 2187.3 163-3 GW 2289.o 300.6 36o.8 450.9 33.4 2020 GL 11782.1 7829-3 1622.6 1947-1 2434.o 192.0 GW 3214.4 458.0 549.5 687.2 53.7 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (198o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2Q20) 1970 GL 175 978.5 97.8 235-0 18.4 1566.o GW lo6.o 10.5 17.4 1.1 277.9 1980 GL 169 1052.4 105.3 255.8 25.8 156.1 GW 153-3 15-3 28.9 3-0 53-5 2000 GL 159 1168.6 116.6 289.6 46.7 422.2 GW 246.9 24.7 53.7 8.7 165.7 2020 GL 151 1294-5 1-29-5 328.1 62.5 698.2 GW 369.6 36.9 88.4 16.8 325.4 Notes: Per capita water use is expected to decrease in Chicago because of greater emphasis and improved techniques in leak detection. Suburban per capita water use is however expected to increase. The net result is a projected decrease of six-tenths gallon per capita per day each year as shown. Lake Michigan Basin 105 TABLE 6-51 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.2, Indiana (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day_ sumption GL 527-5 84.4 101-3 126.6 7.8 1970 is 780.2 8.2 0.9 1.1 1.8 0.1 GW 82.9 11.5 13.8 17.3 1.1 GL 641.o 111-7 134.o 167.5 11.2 198o is qi4.6 7.5 0.9 1.1 1.8 0.1 GW lo4-5 14.8 17.8 22.2 1-5 GL go4.o 165-3 198.4 248.o 20-3 2000 is 1221.6 7.1 0.9 1.1 1.8 0.1 GW 149.0 22.0 26.4 33-0 2-3 GL 1237.0 238-7 286.4 358.0 32.1 2020 is 1611.2 6-7 0.9 1.1 1.8 0.1 GW 205.9 30-5 36.6 45.8 3.4 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per IadustEial Water ' & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (198o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand s!Mtion 2000,2020) GL 52.6 5-3 31.8 2.5 146.8 1970 is 103 0.8 0.1 0.1 1.1 GW 10.1 1.0 1.4 0.1 35.1 GL 69.6 7.0 42.1 4.2 23.5 1980 is ill 0.8 0.1 0 1 GW 13-0 1-3 1.8 0.2 3.8 GL 103-0 10-3 62-3 10.0 81-5 2000 is 116 o.8 0.1 0.1 GW 19-3 1.9 2-7 o.4 12oO GL 148-7 14og 90.0 17.2 161.8 2020 is 122 o.8 0.1 0.1 GW 26.8 2.7 3.7 0.7 22.4 106 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-52 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.2, Wisconsin (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sumption 1970 GL 1659.4 1169.8 18g.82 227-50 285-00 17.4 GW 131.82 21.29 25.46 32.o4 2.0 198o GL 2199.4 1655-1 295-7 354.8 443.6 29.6 GW 186-5 33-3 4o.o 50-0 3-3 2000 GL 2997.0 2371-9 443.2 531.8 664.8 54.9 GW 267-3 50-0 6o.o 75-0 6.2 2020 GL 3992.5 3266.6 642.6 771.1 963-9 87.o GW 368.1 72.6 87.1 io8.9 9.9 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water - & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (198o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) 1970 GL 98 115.8o 11.6 74.02 5.8 664-55 GW 12.85 1-3 8.44 0-7 69-3 198o GL log 18o.4 18.o 115-3 11.6 105.8 GW 20.1 2.0 13.2 1-3 11.8 2000 GL L14 270.4 27-0 172.8 27-9 274.1 GW 30.2 3-0 19.8 3.2 30.6 2020 GL 120 392.0 39.2 250.6 47.8 503.2 GW 43.8 4.4 28.8 5-5 56.2 4.3.4.2 Industrial Water Use self-supplied by industry, but it is estimated to be less than 100 mgd. Nor is there an inventory Demands for industrial water in Planning of quantities withdrawn from surface Subarea 2.2 far overshadow the municipal streams. However, if we assume that surface demand. It is estimated that withdrawals or streams provide the same portion of industrial purchase of water by the manufacturing see- self-supply as they do for the municipalities, tor exceeded 5,000 mgd in 1970, of which only industries in the area probably withdrew less 7.2 percent of the demand, or 360 mgd, was than 50 mgd from those sources. Therefore, of supplied by municipal systems. the estimated 5,150 mgd required by the plan- Lake Michigan is the principal source of ning subarea's manufacturers, 4,650 mgd was self-supplied industrial water because of the self-supplied from Lake Michigan. location of the majority of large water-using These large quantities of water enabled manufacturing establishments along the manufacturers to meet their larger gross lakefront, and because of the low costs of water requirement of 11,600 mgd by recircula- water withdrawn from that source. There is no tion at various rates within their plants. As complete inventory of quantities of well water may be seen in Table 6-53, there are differ- Lake Michigan Basin 107 TABLE 6-53 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.2 (mgd) SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 29 SIC 33 Other Mfg. Total 1970 Value Added (millions 1958$) 2,423 458 2,183 597 2,618 11,364 ig,673 Gross Water Required 317 857 2,26o 1,577 5,814 726 11,605 Recirculation Ratio 2.1-1 3.47 6.76 5.96 1-53 2.22 Total Water Withdrawal 1,T6 247 335 269 3,800 327 5,154 Self Supplied 4,79o Water Consumed 32 42 67 51 205 26 423 1980 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 2,924 681 3,828 946 3,367 16,821 28,567 Gross Water Required 435 1,218 4,245 2,497 7,o67 1,090 16,552 Recirculation Ratio 2-77 6.03 8.73 8.90 3.63 2.86 -- Total Water Withdrawal 157 202 486 288 1,947 381 3,461 Self Supplied 3,oo6 Water Consumed 35 58 128 go 237 38 587 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 4,138 1,385 12,130 2,3i6 5,228 35,416 6o,613 Gross Water Required 536 1,976 15,152 5,948 9,700 2,386 35,698 Recircu].ation Ratio 3.15 8.00 11-70 1-9 61 9 63 4.80 Total Water Withdrawal 170 247 12295 327 1,007 497 3,543 Self Supplied 2,944 Water Consumed 42 93 452 212 324 80 1,202 2020 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 6,479 2,759 30,267 4,876 8,320 76,267 128,968 Gross Water Required 697 3,744 37,330 11,670 13,145 5,221 72,307 Recirculation Ratio 3-50 8.00 15-00 23.92 12.00 5.86 Total Water Withdrawal 199 468 2,522 548 1,238 B91 5,B67 Self Supplied 4,939 Water Consumed 55 188 1,130 440 440 170 2,415 ences in present day estimated recirculation ments as well. The value-added parameter is rates between the various industry groupings. derived from the OBERS projections and is For example, SIC 33, Primary Metals, has the included to serve as an index of the rate of largest water requirements and the poorest growth of the industry groups and sectors. recirculation rate. For that industry group in These projections indicate that withdrawal particular and all other industries in general, requirements for the manufacturing sector reasonable improvements in recirculation may be expected to decrease during the early rates can bring about dramatic reductions in years of the planning period and begin to in- the water supply. This is clearly shown in the crease in the later years to approach the pres- projections, which have had gradually improv- ent day withdrawal demands in approxi- ing recirculation rates applied to them for the mately 2020. various industry groups. The projection of im- All industry groups shown in the table are proved recirculation rates was made accord- projected to have increasing withdrawal de- ing to the views presented in the discussions of mands except SIC 26 in the early years and methodology. SIC 33 throughout the planning period. SIC 33 Table 6-53 presents the base year estimates accounted for approximately 75 percent of the and projections of five water-use parameters water demand of the manufacturing sector in and the annual value added by manufacture 1970, but it is the least efficient in water use as for the five major water-using SIC two-digit indicated by its recirculation rate. It also has industry groups and the residual manufactur- the slowest growth rate of the industry groups ing groups that constitute the manufacturing considered, with the exception of SIC 20. Be- sector. Although the large water-using indus- cause of its relatively slow growth and the pro- tries (those with withdrawal requirements of jected increased water reuse, the withdrawal 20 million gallons or more per year) account for requirement is expected to decrease even more than 98 percent of the base year with- though the gross water demand of the indus- drawal requirement, the estimates include the try increases. Because of the expected im- small water-using manufacturing establish- provements in water management by this in- 108 Appendix 6 dustry group, the manufacturing sector water the year 2020 suggests that municipal systems requirements are projected to decline. can be expected to increase the quantity of However, Industry Group SIC 28 is pro- their service to that sector. jected to grow at such a rapid rate (a@proxi- Table 6-54 presents estimates and projec- mately 1,400 percent during the 50-year plan- tions of the manufacturing withdrawal re- ning period) that even with the improvements quirements for the portions of Illinois, In- in recirculation rates, the withdrawal re- diana, and Wisconsin in Planning Subarea 2.2. quirements of the industry group will increase For the base year, 1970, the estimates for SIC nearly 600 percent over the 1970 requirement. 33 were derived by assuming that the 3,000 By the year 2020 the SIC 28 industry group mgd reported by Indiana industries in the will have a gross water demand of nearly 1967 State of Indiana survey had not changed 38,000 mgd. Even though an average recircu- by 1970. 12 The remaining estimated with- lation rate of 15:1 may be achieved, more than drawal requirements of 800 mgd were distrib- 2,500 mgd will need to be withdrawn to meet its uted between Illinois and Wisconsin indus- water needs. tries in proportion to the 1967 value added by Table 6-53 also shows that consumption of manufacture for industries in SIC 33 in the water by manufacturing will increase to more major SMSAs of the two States. All other SIC than 2,400 mgd. To place the size of this water two-digit industry groups and the industries loss into perspective, the total present day in the category of other manufacturing were withdrawal requirements by Chicago are 1,000 estimated by the ratios of the 1967 value added mgd. Three industry groups will account for by manufacture of the major SMSAs. The 2,000 mgd of the water consumption: SIC 28, 1967 ratios were held constant for the projec- 1,130 mgd; SIC 29, 440 mgd; and SIC 33, 440 tions. mgd. One additional comment on the projected water requirements concerns the broad in- 4.3.4.3 Rural Water Use dustry category of other manufacturing. Al- though this group includes other large Rural water requirements and consumption water-using industries, it comprises small es- were estimated for Planning Subarea 2.2 fol- tablishments that obtain water from public lowing the methodology outlined in Subsec- systems. The growth of its withdrawal re- tion 1.4. Table 6-55 divides total requirements quirement from 327 mgd in 1970 to 891 mgd in and consumption into categories of rural non- TABLE 6-54 Estimated Total Manufacturing Water Withdrawals by State, Planning Subarea 2.2 (mgd) SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 29 SIC 33 Other Mfg. Total 1910 Estimates Illinois 133 216 284 115 613 244 1605 Indiana 5 6 35 154 3000 28 3228 Wisconsin 38 25 16 187 75 341 1980 Estimates- Illinois 119 177 413 124 314 284 1431 Indiana 5 3 51 164 1537 15 1775 Wisconsin 34 21 23 96 82 256 2000 Estimates Illinois 129 216 1099 14o 162 371 2117 Indiana 5 6 135 187 795 19 1147 Wisconsin 36 25 61 50 107 279 2020 Estimates Illinois 150 41o 2141 235 178 665 3779 Indiana 6 11 262 313 868 34 1494 Wisconsin 43 48 119 192 192 594 Lake Michigan Basin 109 farm and rural farm used. Rural nonfarm in- this total need, 78 percent, or 1,363 mgd, is pro- cludes large numbers of individual wells for jected as derived from Lake Michigan sources. suburban areas in this planning subarea. The estimated costs necessary to provide Rural farm is further divided into domestic, the projected water supply needs for each of livestock, and spray water requirements. the planning years are listed in Table 6-56. The costs include conveyance of the raw water supply and water treatment. They do not in- 4.3.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions clude surface water storage, urban distribu- tion, or debt financing. Much of the urban area in Planning Subarea 4.3.5.1 Municipal 2.2 has traditionally relied on Lake Michigan as the main source of municipal and industrial Table 6-49 shows that the projected need for water. As urban growth continues much of the additional municipal water supply capacity in demand will spread with it into the Missis- Planning Subarea 2.2 is 1,767 mgd by 2020. Of sippi River basin. For reasons of economy and projected future growth, it is logical for these TABLE 6-55 Rural Water Use Requirements areas to also consider Lake Michigan as a and Consumption, Planning Subarea 2.2 (mgd) source of water. 1970 1980 2000 2020 The 927 mgd of ground-water resource that REQUIRKENTS is estimated to be available in Planning Sub- Rural Farm area 2.2 is greater than the projected 561 mgd Domestic 5-0 3-0 2.8 2-3 Livestock 11-7 12-5 13-3 13.4 of use by the year 2020. However, heavy local Spray Water 0.2 0.1 0*1 0.1 withdrawals from certain aquifers have low- 0 1=9 1-57 - - Subt tal IN 15-9 Rural Nonfarm 70-7 78.6 93.2 99.1 ered water levels in wells and reduced well Total 87.6 94.2 109.3 114.9 yields. Many ground-water supplies have problems with the continuous fall of deep well CONSLt=ON water levels. Rural Fbrm Domestic 1.2 o.8 0-7 o.6 It is not anticipated that there will be many Livestock lo.6 11.2 11.9 12.0 Spray Water 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 additional water supply systems, but popula- Subtotal 2=0 =1 T2.7 12.7 tion growth will increase. In fact, it is very Rural Nonfarm lo.6 n.8 14.0 14.0 possible that the number of individual sys- Total 22.7 23.9 26.6 27.6 tems will decrease as systems merge or are TABLE 6-56 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 2.2 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 85-334 147.227 175-034 232-562 407-596 Great Lakes Annual ONR 4.252 15.841 31-900 20.o94 51-995 Total OMR 42-524 316.833 638.ol8 359-338 997-376 Capital 11-594 23-357 32.838 34.952 67-791 Ground Water* Annual OMR 1.1247 5.007 11-052 6.254 17-3o6 Total OMR 12.472 loo.141 221.o4o 112.613 333.654 Capital 96-930 170-586 207-873 267 515 475-388 Total Annual OMR 5.499 20.849 42.953 26:348 69-301 Total OMR 54.998 416-975 859-061 471.972 1331-030 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/mgd-yr) transmission 120.9000 7,6oo wells & pumping 47,8oo 28,500 (see Figure 6-4) 71-7,90-0 36 total .9100 110 Appendix 6 consolidated into areawide utilities. More em- Transportation and Planning Commission in phasis should be placed on developing plans Indiana; and the Southeastern Wisconsin Re- for areawide utilities and cooperative efforts. gional Planning Commission in Wisconsin. Problems such as water quality, well interfer- These institutions are involved in detailed re- ence, and efficient and competent operation gional plans that include public water supply. could be solved by preventing the prolifera- Before embarking on a definite municipal tion of small water systems'. Instead of relying water supply course of action, further study on wells in the immediate area, larger utilities and coordination with these organizations should cross corporate boundaries to develop would be warranted. the best water sources. Preparation of such plans should begin now before increased popu- lation and water use necessitate independent 4.3.5.2 Industrial crash programs. Local, county, and regional planning commissions should be involved. The The total withdrawal demands by the man- implementation of plans for areawide utilities ufacturing sector in Planning Subarea 2.2 are may require new laws and regulations. expected to decrease 'dramatically between Based on studies by Schicht and Moench'69 1970 and the mid-1980s as water reuse is ex- s@me areas in the Illinois portion of Planning panded. By the mid-1980s water withdrawals Subarea 2.2 now dependent upon ground may be only 60 percent of the present 5,150 water will need to import water as early as mgd withdrawn, even though the output of the 1990. Demands in these areas will exceed re- manufacturing sector will have doubled. Be- charge to shallow and deep aquifers and ex- ginning in 1990 the rate of withdrawals will ceed the additional water available from min- accelerate annually and eventually match the ing the deep aquifers. The effects of high with- rate of growth of manufacturing output. .drawal rates from deep aquifers in Illinois on For the total manufacturing sector, output deep aquifers in Wisconsin should be included measured in the value added by manufacture in a more detailed study of the water available is forecast to increase from $19.7 billion in 1970 from deep aquifers. The effects of withdrawals to $129.0 billion in 2020 (expressed in constant from shallow aquifers are a local problem. 1958 dollars). If it is assumed that existing In Planning Subarea 2.2 intensive met- plants can enlarge their operations at their ropolitan and industrial development is ex- present locations by 100 percent, approxi- pected to continue. It is fortunate that surface mately $109 billion of manufacturing activity water from Lake Michigan and ground water will occur at new locations for which new from two principal aquifer systems are in rela- water supplies must be developed. tive abundance. However, water supply prob- Figure 6-27 illustrates the changing lems do exist. The issue of interbasin diver- characteristics of the industrial water de- sion places a constraint on withdrawal of mand during the 50-year planning period. In Lake Michigan waters. Severely declining the preparation of this chart on the effects of ground-water levels will eventually restrict improved recirculation practices on the major the availability of the ground water, particu- water-using industries, it was assumed that larly in the lower sandstone aquifer. existing plants would provide the first 100 Through planning studies and investiga- percent increase in manufacturing output. tions in Illinois and Wisconsin, problems have Curve 1 represents the withdrawal demand to been identified and solutions presented. Al- maintain 1970 production levels at existing though solutions may be difficult to imple- plants. Curve 2 represents the withdrawal ment, more emphasis should be placed on de- demands to maintain 1970 levels plus the first veloping plans for areawide and regional 100 percent increase in production occurring utilities. Government and concerned parties at existing plants. Curve 3 represents the total should be aware of future water supply prob- withdrawal demand for all old and new pro- lems and should be taking steps for implemen- duction. The area between Curves 2 and 3 rep- tation of the planning studies at an early date resents the withdrawal requirements for new to avoid having to apply short-range solutions production assumed to occur at new locations. to long-range problems. From these curves it can be seen that by the Regional councils actively involved in plan- year 2000 approximately 1,200 mgd of indus- ning in the planning subarea include the trial water will be required at locations where Council of Governments of Cook County and plants do not currently exist, and by the year the Northeastern Illinois Planning Commis- 2020 the demand at new locations will increase sion in Illinois; the Lake-Porter Regional to 4,000 mgd. The problems associated with Lake Michigan Basin ill meeting those new withdrawal needs and the MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER DAY range of their solutions will be influenced 8000 strongly by other planning goals, such as land OVIDE FOR NEW PRODUCTION AT NEW PLANT LOCATIONS use, environmental quality, subregional eco- 7000 - El To " nomic development, the availability of the PRODUCTION AT EXISTING PLANT LOCATIONS water supply, and facilities for its return to 01 10 P111111 111"'W the resource base. Undoubtedly, much of the 6000 - TO MAINTAIN EXISTING PRODU TION AT EXISTING PLANT CLOCATIONS CURVE 3 new industrial development will occur at loca- tions inland from the Lake Michigan 5000 shoreline, provided that adequate water supplies are available. The inland dispersal of new industries should be encouraged, and the 4000 management of the water resource base could be achieved best by the enlargement of munic- ipal systems and the development of regional 3000 systems to provide industrial water and con- trol its disposal. 2000 CURVE 2 4.3.5.3 Rural 1000 CURVE I Future rural water requirements will be 0 drawn primarily from ground-water sources, 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 although in some areas streams will become YEAR increasingly more important. The location FIGURE 6-27 Total Withdrawal Demands for and quality of ground water will be important Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 2.2 in channeling additional development, par- ticularly for rural nonfarm dwellings. In areas where ground water is in short supply, de- and six northern Indiana counties (Figure velopment should proceed only after water 6-28). The planning subarea is approximately supplies are located. Some areas will not de- 150 miles long and 115 miles wide. velop until a central supply is available. Rural water requirements are projected to increase 26 percent between 1970 and 2020, and con- 4.4.1.2 Topography and Geography sumption is expected to increase 22 percent during the same period. Pleistocene glaciers created the gently roll- Heavy metropolitan usage decreases ing topography across this area. Belts of ground-water quality and quantity. Salinity is morainic hills with stronger slopes occur a problem in the southern part of this area. throughout the planning subarea. Elevations Hardness and a high sulfate content are prob- vary across the region from 600 feet near the lems in some areas. Restrictions on well drill- Lake Michigan shore to more than 1,100 feet ing operations are necessary to inhibit deep inland. Flat to undulating lowland with scat- drilling and the accompanying spread of tered gently to strongly rolling morainic hills saline water. with prominent sand dunes and ridges charac- terize the shoreline near Muskegon and ex- tend to the Michigan-Indiana State line. The 4.4 Lake Michigan Southeast, Planning broad glaciated plains inland are deeply man- Subarea 2.3 tled by till and outwash. Relief in the inland morainic belts reaches 100 to 200 feet in local areas. Glacial deposits are typically deep with 4.4.1 Description of Planning Subarea some local bedrock outcroppings. Bedrock formations consist largely of shales, lime- stones, and sandstones. Surface formations, 4.4.1.1 Location formed primarily by the receding Wisconsin glacier 20,000 years ago, consist of moraines, Planning Subarea 2.3 is located along the till plains, and thick glacial outwash. Most of southeastern shore of Lake Michigan and in- the rivers were created by meltwaters of the cludes 19 southwestern Michigan counties receding glacier. 112 Appendix 6 M 0 CAL o KENT Sparta ville Rockford WA Belding CLINTON SHIAWASSEE A'A 0 -A Grand Have.)ej@l,,,, dWal er 0 G nd Owosso Ra PI-C owel Durand N ds Ionia ton, k St. John "j_'ko,unna Hudsonville, I 1W rtland 09 ass s Zeeland L001@' . I M- 10 IA Holland ALLEGAN F @@Y@ Lansing Grand Ledge Hastings .P Ce ar Rj@ X Gun Lake Mason (,he rtl. O@@ 'k @9 ton Rapid IN ack 'f Plainwell 4\1 ver Otsego @Rl .40 N GHAM VAN BUREN K CALHO )l JACKSON South Haven a UN azoo Battle Creek Jackson Pa l3ortage Marshall Albion 0 Michiga p Center St. Joseph * Benton rbor ---I ST. OSEP ANCH DALE HLLSD -0 Cc- Dow ac hree Ri s Cold atero [email protected])1.ale A, Buchanfo Niles Sturgis BERRIEN L! MICHIGAN 0 '-4, Ike' INDIANA ite pig,,., EU91@14-/ MICHIGAN 0 A. @@ hart OHIO South ig a Bend 1* 4-1 Gosheh LAC@IRANGE Ligonie NOBLE ST.. OSEPH LK AR endalivilleo) Plymouth T, VICINITY MAP c..... SCALE IN MILES 0 50 Im SCALE IN MILES 0-4 0-4 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 FIGURE 6-28 Planning Subarea 2.3 Lake Michigan Basin 113 This area is drained by the Grand, Black, produce a sustained water supply yield of Kalamazoo, and St. Joseph Rivers, and the Ot- 4,071 mgd .45 tawa complex. The total drainage area is Potential capacities and yields used in this 12,956 square miles. section relate to the total water resource. No attempt has been made to identify that por- tion of the water resource not suitable or 4.4.1.3 Climate available for use. Planning Subarea 2.3 has a humid continen- tal climate and is subject to a variety of 4.4.2.2 Ground-Water Resources weather. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 32 inches in the northeast to 36 inches in The availability of ground water varies with the south and southwest portions of the plan- the geology at any particular location. In gen- ning subarea. Temperatures vary across the eral ground-water supplies are available planning subarea. Lake Michigan has a tem- throughout the planning subarea. Ground pering effect on the climate: winters are mild- water from bedrock comes largely from er and summers cooler along the shore than in sandstones, while the shales in the region are inland areas. The prevailing winds blow from the least productive rock types. The western the west and southwest. Growing seasons and southwestern sections are underlain by range from 140 days in the eastern portion to shales which sometimes create problems of 180 days along the Lake Michigan shoreline quantity and quality for water supply. The and south. Annual snowfall averages range glacial deposits in the region vary consid- from 35 to 65 inches, the depth increasing with erably in their water yielding characteristics. elevation and latitude. The mean temperature Outwash deposits in the central and western ranges from 78'F to 80'F in the summer and portions are potential sources of large water 28*F to 32'F in the winter. supplies, while the morainic areas in the east- ern and southern areas may produce spotty and unfavorable water supply. Thick glacial 4.4.2 Water Resources drift in Indiana counties makes ample water available for use. Throughout the planning subarea, ground water falls into the hard to 4.4.2.1 Surface-Water Resources very hard classification and often contains ob- jectionable amounts of iron and manganese. More than 2,500 lakes cover nearly 125,000 In general these characteristics are suscepti- acres in the planning subarea. Michigan lakes ble to treatment if better quality is required. constitute approximately 90 percent of the to- Raw water of the Quaternary and Pennsylva- tal. Although public access is limited on most nian aquifers contains total dissolved solids in lakes, recreation on lakes and streams is con- excess of the USPHS recommended drinking sidered a major use of the water resources. water standard. Annual runoff averages 10 inches in the plan- Ground-water yield (based on 70 percent ning subarea. In Planning Subarea 2.3 the flow-duration data) in River Basin Group 2.3 is water supplies of the Great Lakes and con- estimated to be 2,850 mgd .21 necting waters may have a total capacity of 139.1 mgd. The inland surface supplies have a total capacity of 2 mgd. 4.4.3 Water-User Profile Fully developed water storage areas in in- land lakes and streams provide an existing storage capacity of 23,200 acre-feet. If all in- 4.4.3.1 Municipal Water Users land lakes and streams suitable for develop- ment as surface-water impoundments were In 1970, 2.5 million people inhabited Plan- developed, the total potential storage capacity ning Subarea 2.3. In 1960, 59 percent of the in Planning Subarea 2.3 would increase to 4.38 total population was classified as urban', while million acre-feet.45 rural population levels constituted 41 percent. Presently developed water storage areas The populace is spread quite evenly with an can produce a sustained water supply yield of average population density of 179 people per 626 mgd. If all potential water storage areas square mile, although a few major cities ac- were fully developed in Planning Subarea 2.3, count for more than 60 percent of the total impounded inland lakes and streams could urban population. In all the counties a positive 114 Appendix 6 net change in population occurred from 1960 prominent. These include other food process- to 1970. Those counties along the Lake Michi- ing, paper Iand paper products, basic and re- gan shore and those containing major urban fined chemicals, petroleum products, primary centers experienced the highest percentage metals, and industrial equipment. increases, while the rural counties and those Only four Michigan counties have frontage in Indiana had lower increases. on Lake Michigan. Two of these counties, Ber- Municipal water supplies served 1,550,000 rien and Ottawa, have relatively large man- people, 61 percent of the total population of the ufacturing sectors. In Berrien County in 1967, area in 1970. The estimated annual average employment in manufacturing totaled 29,000, per capita income is $4,040 (1970 dollars) with and value added by manufacture totaled $364 the majority of the people employed in man- million (1967 dollars). In Ottawa County dur- ufacturing (36 percent) and trades and ser- ing the same year, 16,000 were employed in vices (40 percent). A small percentage (5 per- manufacturing and value added by manufac- cent) are employed in agriculture, construc- ture was $227 million (1967 dollars). However, tion, transportation and utilities, govern- manufacturing activities are centered in the ment, and military. inland counties such as Elkhart and St. Joseph Counties in Indiana, and Calhoun, Ingham, Jackson, Kalamazoo, and Kent Counties in 4.4.3.2 Industrial Water Users Michigan. There is insufficient information on the Planning Subarea 2.3 is a region of growing sources of water for manufacturing, but pres- manufacturing importance. Between 1963 ent knowledge indicates that there are no in- and 1967 more than 100 new factories were dustrial water pipelines from Lake Michigan constructed, bringing the total number of to the inland county manufacturing locations plants to nearly 4,600. During the same period at this time. The water supply at the inland manufacturing employment increased by locations is obtained mainly from the St. 47,000 new jobs to a total of 337,000, 40 percent Joseph, Kalamazoo, and Grand Rivers and of all jobs in the region. Value added by man- their tributaries, and to a lesser extent from ufacture in 1967 reached $5.1 billion, an in- municipal systems and company-owned wells. crease of more than 40 percent in current dol- The manufacturing sector is expected to con- lars. Of the 15 planning subareas in the Great tinue its growth and diversified character Lakes Basin, Planning Subarea 2.3 ranks throughout the planning period, expanding its fourth in manufacturing output. irhe three output at an above average rate compared to planning subareas that outrank it in man- the Great Lakes Region as a whole. Pro- ufacturing activity contain major cities and jections of value added by manufacture indi- ports, such as Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, cated a growth by the year 2020 of 770 percent and Cleveland, but this planning subarea has over the 1970 level, bringing the total value no cities of that size and no major Great Lakes added to a 1958-dollar level of $28,447 million. port. Manufacturing is well distributed through- out the 25-county region, but is most concen- trated in the vicinities of Elkhart and South 4.4.3.3 Rural Water Users Bend, Indiana, and Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lan- sing, and Grand Rapids, Michigan. Approxi- In 1964,6.3 million acres of land were in farm mately one quarter of the manufacturing in Planning Subarea 2.3. The area has a high plants are located in the Indiana counties concentration of fruit and vegetable crops where the major industrial activities and which are heavy water users. In 1964 there larger plants are involved in food processing, were more than 123,000 acres of orchard and paper products, chemicals, metals foundries vines and more than 43,000 acres of vegetable and fabrication, machinery, and transporta- crops. Dairy farming is also important, con- tion equipment manufacture. tributing 44 percent of livestock and livestock Michigan manufacturing plants, which product receipts. Crop sales amounted to ap- number approximately 3,500, are diversified proximately $176 million, while livestock and in their activities. This region is particularly livestock product sales were more than $234 famous for the manufacture of cereal grain million. Approximately 224,000 people lived on foods and products, furniture, and vehicles, farms, and 47,000 people were employed on but other major industrial activities are also farms, according to the 1960 census. Lake Michigan Basin 115 4.4.4 Present and Projected Water face water obtained from Lake Michigan Withdrawal Requirements through company-owned intakes is not known, but 37 mgd of the municipally supplied Table 6-57 presents a summary of munici- industrial water is obtained from public sys- pal, and self-supplied industrial water use for tems which use Lake Michigan as their source. Planning Subarea 2.3. Some manufacturers have Lake Michigan in- takes, but the quantity withdrawn from the Lake is relatively small, because most man- 4.4.4.1 Municipal Water Use ufacturing activity occurs at a considerable distance inland. Total municipal water use in Planning Sub- Table 6-61 presents the base-year estimate area 2.3 reached 266 mgd in 1970 (Tables 6-58 and projections of five water-use parameters through 6-60). Of this total, municipal and value added by manufacture for four ground-water systems supplied 65.1 percent, major water-using SIC two-digit industry while the Great Lakes systems supplied 34.9 groups and the residual manufacturing percent. The municipal systems served 62 per- cent of the resident population, and the re- maining 38 percent of the population was 2,000 served by individual domestic wells. The water withdrawals should increase to INDusrR,4L 1,672 mgd by year 2020 (Figure 6-29). As the RURAL demand for water increases, more water is ex- 1,600- MUNICIPAL pected to be supplied through central dis- tribution systems. Municipal water supply is 2 1,200- projected to increase from 33 percent of the total water use in 1970 to 46 percent by 2020. A Of the 182 central water systems operating 11 in the Michigan portion in 1965, 18 obtained 0 800--- water from Lake Michigan, three drew water from inland surface waters, and 161 relied upon ground water. Seventeen new systems 400 have been developed in this part of Michigan since 1965. All 32 of Indiana's municipal sys- tems in this planning subarea depend on wells, 0 In 1970 municipal water supplies served 1.50 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 million people. This is expected to increase Y E A R to 3.9 million people by 2020. FIGURE 6-29 Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- 4.4.4.2 Industrial Water Use Planning Subarea 2.3 More than half of the population of Planning It is estimated that the manufacturing in- Subarea 2.3 is classified as urban. The total dustries of Planning Subarea 2.3 withdrew population is 2.0 million, and in 1970 municipal water from their own sources and purchased water supplies served 1.6 million people. Munic- from systems an average of 554 mgd in 1970. In ipal water supplies are expected to serve 3.9 the Indiana portion manufacturing with- million by 2020. drawals totaled approximately 60 mgd, which This planning subarea is important agricul- were obtained in relatively equal quantities turally. Fruit and vegetable production is con- from inland river system sources, company- centrated in the area. Considerable irrigation owned wells, and municipal supply systems. occurs in this planning subarea. Feed grain and Manufacturers in the Michigan portion re- livestock are important products. quired 494 mgd, with 88 mgd of the require- Manufacturing employs 15 percent of the ment coming from public water supply sys- population and the planning subarea's primary tems. It is estimated that the manufacturers industrial activity is centered on transportation obtained 20 mgd of the remaining demand equipment, fabricated products, machinery in- from their own wells and 385 mgd from dustries, paper and allied products, and food surface-water supplies. The quantity of sur- and kindred products. 116 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-57 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.3 (mgd) 1970 198o Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Indiana 45.2 48 14-5 lo8 52-5 42 16-5 1-11 Michigan 220. 4o6 67.8 695 2 1 8 3 66 77.3 122 Total T+ 57 82-3 803 i97 93.8 b36 Consumption Indiana 4.o 5 4.3 13 4.9 T 5-3 17 Michigan 17. 8 42 1 8o 25.9 'L2 24-9 - Y2 L9-- 9 Total 21.7 77 .2 1 0 t7 2 2 73 30.7 79 30 1970 CaPacitY- Future Needs Indiana 145-T 48 14-5 208 7-3 6 2.0 15 Michigan 331.1 4o6 6 8 805 73-7 34 9-5 117 Total 77-6-7. 57 P2 - 3 1013 7170 770 11.5 132 2000 2020 Use mun . ind. rural total mm. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Indiana 72.5 46 20.8 139 100-3 81 23.7 205 Michigan 453.4 379 97-3 930 673.5 683 11o.8 1467 Total 525.9 72-5 = 111-7-9 -773--7 -77 134.5 1-7-72 Consumption Indiana 7-9 24 7-5) 39 11-7 50 9.4 71 Michigan -o 8 200 35.0 286 83.5 412 43.8 539 -'@7'- - -2-27 72- 72 Total 5 5 325 95.7 53.2 710 1970 CaPacitY- Future Needs Indiana 28.3 19 6.3 1)4 58.3 50 9.2 118 Michigan 252.8 120 29.5 402 502.0 27 43.0 812, Total :981.1 139 35.8 757 -70- 73 328 52.2 971 Lake Michigan Basin 117 TABLE 6-58 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.3, Indiana and Michigan (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Cor- Year Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sumption 1970 GL 2541.1 523.7 92-7 111.2 139-1 7.5 GW 1026-3 173.2 207.8 259.8 14-3 198o GL 2914.o 710-9 131-3 157.6 197.0 11.6 GW 1212.0 213-0 255.6 319-4 18.9 2000 GL 3771.8 1211.2 235.8 283-0 353-7 26.4 GW 569.5 290.1 348.1 435-1 32.2 2020 GL 4876 1974.6 4o4.1 484.9 6o6.2 50-1 GW 1910.7 369.7 443-7 554.6 45-0 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average con- (198o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) 1970 GL 107 55.6 5.6 37-1 1.9 139-1 OW lio.6 11.1 62-7 3.2 337-7 198o GL ill 78.8 7-9 52-5 3-7 41-5 GW 135-3 13-5 77-7 5.4 39-5 2000 GL 117 141.4 14.1 94-3 12-3 16o.6 GW 184-5 18.5 105-7 13-7 120-5 2020 GL 123 242.4 24.2 161.6 25-9 356-3 OW 236.1 23.7 133.6 21-3 2o4.o groups that comprise the manufacturing sec- Planning Subarea 2.3 will continue to be the tor. It may be noted that water-use estimates major industrial demand, increasing from 164 and projections are not given for SIC 29, Petro- mgd in 1970 to 310 mgd by the year 2020. leum and Coal Products. The water require- Industries in SIC 28, Chemicals and Allied ments for that industry group were consid- Products, had a gross water requirement of ered and included in the "other manufactur- 428 mgd and are estimated to have withdrawn ing". category. 241 mgd to produce $488 million (1958 dollars) In 1970 approximately 30 percent of the value added by manufacture in 1970. By the total water withdrawals for manufacturing year 2020, the output of this industry group is were made by industries in the Paper and Al- projected to grow to a 1958-dollar value added lied Products industry group, SIC 26. Water of $6,975 million. The gross water require- reuse and recirculation within this group of ments will increase to 7,340 mgd, but with the mills and plants now averages 3.4 times, which improvements of water reuse and recircula- is 20 percent higher than the national average tion of water in their plaints, the industry may for the industry group. Water withdrawals for need to withdraw only 490 mgd. Consumptive paper and allied products manufacture in losses of water by this industry group average 118 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-59 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.3, Indiana (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sunption 1970 GW 487-0 303-0 45-15 54.2 67.8 4.o 198o GW 527.2 343.2 52-5 63-0 78.7 4.8 2000 GW 635-5 451-5- 72-5 87-0 108-7 7.8 2020 GW 778-3 594-3 100-3 120-3 150-5 il.6 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (198o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) 1970 GW ill 33-55 3.4 11.6 o.6 145-7 198o GW 113 39-0 3-9 13-5 0.9 7.3 2000 GW 119 53-9 5.4 18.6 2.4 28-3 2020 GW 125 74-5 7-5 25.8 4.1 58-3 5 percent of the gross water use, or 21 mgd in 4.4.4.3 Rural Water Use 1970. However, by the year 2020 consumptive losses are estimated to exceed 367 mgd, and Rural water requirements and consumption consequently, of the 490 mgd of water taken in were estimated for Planning Subarea 2.3 fol- by the plants, only 125 mgd will be discharged. lowing the methodology outlined in Subsec- Approximately two-thirds of the manufac- tion 1.4. Table 6-63 divides total requirements. turing activity in Planning Subarea 2.3 is in and consumption into categories of rural non- industries included in the category of other farm and rural farm. Rural farm is further manufacturing. In 1970 value added by man- divided into domestic, livestock, and spray ufacture by this group totaled $2,337 million in water requirements. 1958 dollars, and by the year 2020 will exceed $17 billion. Many large factories and plants manufacturing transportation equipment, 4.4.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions machinery, electrical equipment, and metal fabrications are included in this category. Wa- ter withdrawals by this industry group are 4.4.5.1 Municipal estimated to have been 81 mgd in 1970. By the year 2020, despite improvements in reuse and The total projected need for municipal recirculation of water, the withdrawal re- water supply is 560 mgd (Tables 6-57,6@58, and quirement is projected to grow to 188 mgd, or 6-64). Ground water in the area is expected to 18 percent of the total withdrawals by the supply 204 mgd of the need, and Lake Michi- manufacturing sector (Table 6-62). gan will supply the remaining 356 mgd. Lake Michigan Basin 119 TABLE 6-60 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.3, Michigan (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sumption 1970 GL Not 523-7 92-7 111.2 139-1 7.5 GW Projected 723-3 128.0 153.6 192.0 10-3 198o GL 2386.8 710-9 131-3 157.6 197.0 11.6 GW 868.8 16o.5 192.6 24o.7 14.1 2000 GL 3136-3 1211.2 235.8 283-0 353-7 26.4 GW 118.o 217.6 261.1 326.4 24.4 2020 GL 4o98 1974.6 4o4.1 484.9 6o6.2 50.1 GW 1316.4 269.4 323-3 W4.1 33.4 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons M-anicipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) 1970 GL lo6.2 55.6 5.6 37-1 1.9 139-1 GW 77-0 7-7 51-1 2.6 192.0 198o GL llo.8 78.8 7-9 52.5 3-7 41.5 GW 96-3 9.6 64.2 4-5 32.2 2000 GL 116.8 141.4 14.1 94.3 12-3 16o.6 GW 130.6 13-1 87.1 11-3 92.2 2020 GL 122.8 242.4 24.2 161.6 25-9 356.3 GW i6l.6 16.2 107.8 17.2 145.7 Notes: Preliminary 1970 Census population for these 19 counties is 2.,022.,240 persons. Unlike tabulations for future years and for other planning subareas, the population-served figure for 1970 (1,247,000) is a direct engineer's estimate, not derived from GLBC projections of total population. 120 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-61 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.3 (mgd) SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 33 other Mfg. Total 1970 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 318 283 488 268 2,337 3,694 Gross Water Required 35 556 428 99 142 1,26o Recirculation Rntio 1.84 3-39 1.77 2.03 1.75 - Total Water Withdrawal 19 164 241 49 81 554 Self Supplied - - - - - 454 Water Consumed 3.8 22 21 1.9 4.1 53 198o Value Added (millions 1958$) 426 416 915 4ol 3,531 5,689 Gross Water Required 53 808 856 138 217 21072 Recirculation Ratio 2.77 6.03 3.32 3.63 2.44 - Total Water Withdrawal 19 134 258 38 89 538 Self Supplied - - - - - 398 Water Consumed 4.8 31.4 42.8 2.6 6.4 88 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 718 826 3205 762 7,698 13,209 Gross Water Required 82 1448 3375 241 499 5,645 Recirculation Ratio 3-15 8.oo 11-70 9.63 4.8o - Total Water Withdrawal 26 181 288 25 lo4 624 Self Supplied - - - - - 424 Water Consumed 7.7 54.5 169 4-5 13.8 250 2020 Value Added (millions 1958$) 1255 1618 6975 1419 17,180 28,447 Gross Water Required 137 2489 7343 384 11102 11,455 Recirculation Ratio 3.50 8.oo 15-00 12.00 5-86 - Total Water Withdrawal 39 310 49o 32 188 1,059 Self Supplied - - - - 764 Water Consumed 12.5 91.7 367 7-0 31 509 TABLE6-62 Manufacturing Water Withdrawals and Consumption by State, Planning Subarea 2.3 (mgd) 1970 198o 2000 2020 Indiana Self-Supplied 48 42 46 81 Municipally-Supplied 11.6 13-5 18.6 25.8 Consizned 6 9 26 54 Michigan Self-Supplied 406 356 379 683 Municipally-Supplied 88.2 116-5 181.4 269.4 Consuned 47 79 224 455 Lake Michigan Basin 121 TABLE 6-63 Rural Water Use Requirements 132 mgd will be needed by 1980. In the time and Consumption, Planning Subarea 2.3 (mgd) period from 1980 to 2000 an additional 324 mgd 19TO 19?50 2000 2020 in facility capacity will be required. Fifty-two REQUIREbMS percent of the total need, 485 mgd, is required Rural Form lomestic 11.8 13-5 12.0 12.4 from 2000 to 2020. Estimates of the costs in- Livestock 14.o 19.5 31-3 42.2 curred in meeting the projected needs of the Spray Water 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Subtotal 75-7 372 77 -5 716 planning subarea are shown in Table 6-64. Rural Nonfarm 56.4 60 6 74 T T9 6 Total 82.4 93.8 118.1 134.4 CONSUUTION 4.4.5.2 Industrial Rural Farm Dcme:tic 2.9 3.4 3-0 3-1 Figure 640 illustrates the changing char- Live tock 12.6 1T.6 28.1 38.o Spray Water 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 acteristics of the industrial water demand Subtotal 1-5-7 21.2 Tl 7 rl _-3 during the 50-year planning period. The Rural Nonfarm 8-5 9.1 11.2 11-9 total withdrawal of water for manufacturing Total 24.2 30.2 42-5 53.2 is forecast to decline gradually until the mid- 1980s because of water conservation through recirculation. Then the total withdrawal of Water needs resulting from the demands of water will begin to increase as the ability to population growth are shown in the 1980,2000, meet new water demands in new and old plant and 2020 columns of Table 6-57. The current locations by further improvements in water capacity of existing facility developments is conservation no longer matches the industry shown for 1970. Additional capacity totaling growth rate. TABLE 6-64 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 2.3 (millions of 1970 dollars) Source Cost 1970-1980 1980-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 12.408 35.610 58.514 48.019 106.533 Great Lakes Annual OMR .618 3.011 7.701 3.629 11.331 Total OMR 6.183 60.225 154.036 66.409 220.445 Capital 6.320 12.960 13.360 19.280 32.640 Ground water* Annual OMR .746 3.024 6.133 3.770 9.903 Total OMR 7.465 60.480 122.661 67.945 190.606 Long distance Capital 5.850 21.450 78.000 27.300 105.300 transport of Annual OMR 0.200 0.720 2.630 0.920 3.550 Great Lakes Total OMR 2.000 14.400 52.600 16.400 121.600 Capital 24.579 70.021 150.074 94.599 244.474 Total Annual OMR 1.565 6.755 16.465 8.320 24.785 Total OMR 15.649 135.106 329.297 150.755 532.652 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/m&d-yr) transmission 120,000 7,600 (see Figure 6-4) wells and pumping 40,000 30,200 Total 160,000 37,800 122 Appendix 6 For the total manufacturing sector in the neling additional development, particularly in planning subarea, output measured in con- the location of rural nonfarm dwellings. In stant 1958-dollar value added by manufacture areas where ground water is in short supply, is expected to increase from $3.7 billion in 1970 development should proceed only after water to $28.5 billion in 2020. If it is assumed that supplies are located. Some areas will not de- manufacturers can enlarge their output at velop until a central supply is available. existing plant locations to double the 1970 Rural water requirements are projected to value added, then $21 billion of new manufac- increase 63 percent between 1970 and 2020, turing production must occur at new locations and consumption is expected to increase 120 for which new water supplies must be de- percent during the same period. veloped. In Figure 6-30 the three curves illus- trate the changing demand and possible new supply requirements for manufacturing. Curve 1 represents the withdrawal demand necessary to continue present production at MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER DAY existing plants assuming that improvements 1400 in reuse of water continue. Curve 2 represents the withdrawal demand at existing locations to meet an assumed 400 percent increase in 1200 - 0 PROVIDE FOR NEW PRODU TION AT NEW production with -water reuse improvements El IMNT COCATIONS incorporated. Curve 3 represents the total TO PROVIDE FOR NEW CURVE 3 PRODUCTION AT EXISTING withdrawal demand for all old and new pro- looo - PLANT LOCATIONS duction at all locations. The area between TO MAINTAIN EXISTING P ODUCTION AT EXISTING R Curves 2 and 3 represents the new withdrawal PLANT LOCATIONS demands that are assumed to occur at new 800 - locations. From these curves it can be seen that by the year 2000, 310 mgd of industrial water will be 600 required at locations where plants do not now ............... exist, and by the year 2020 the demand at new locations may increase to 780 mgd. The prob- 400 lems associated with meeting the new with- drawal demands will be influenced by other CURVE 2 planning goals, such as land use, environmen- 200 tal quality, subregional economic develop- CURVE I ment, availability of the water supply at its point of use, and facilities for return of the water to the resource base. Much of the new 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 industrial development will occur at locations YEAR inland from the Lake Michigan shoreline, pro- vided that adequate water supplies are avail- able. The inland dispersal of new industries FIGURE 6-30 Total Withdrawal Demands for can be encouraged and management of the Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 2.3 water resource best achieved by the enlarge- ment of municipal systems and the develop- ment of regional systems to provide industrial water and control its disposal. Ground water is generally plentiful in the area, but pollution of ground water is a com- 4.4.5.3 Rural mon local problem. Pollution of aquifers by introduction of man-made contaminants is a Future rural water requirements will be serious local problem. The most common pol- drawn primarily from ground-water sources, lution problem is seepage of wastes into shal- although in some areas streams will be in- low aquifers. Highly saline waters are present creasingly important. The location and qual- in parts of the area, and high iron content is ity of ground water will be important in chan- common in some areas. Lake Michigan Basin 123 4.5 Lake Michigan Northeast, Planning The planning subarea is drained by the Ot- Subarea 2.4 tawa complex, Sable complex, Muskegon River, Manistee River, Traverse complex, Les Cheneaux complex, Seul Choix-Groseap com- 4.5.1 Description of Planning Subarea plex, Manistique River, and the Bay de Noc complex. The total drainage area is 12,647 square miles. 4.5.1.1 Location Planning Subarea 2.4 includes 18 counties in 4.5.1.3 Climate the northwestern part of Michigan's Lower Peninsula and three counties in the southern In general a humid continental climate portion of the eastern half of the Upper Penin- dominates Planning Subarea 2.4. However, sula (Figure 6-31). This planning subarea is latitude differences, elevation variation, and approximately 130 miles wide and 230 miles the influence of the Great Lakes create a long at the widest and longest points. number of diverse localized climates in the outlined regions. Lake Michigan has a stabilizing effect on air temperature in a coast- 4.5.1.2 Topography and Geography al belt averaging 15 miles wide along its lee- ward shore. Because of the prevailing west- Planning Subarea 2.4 comprises parts of two erly winds, winters are milder, summers topographic regions, the eastern lowlands of. cooler, and growing seasons longer along the the Upper Peninsula and the Lake border up- shoreline than inland. The region experiences lands in the Lower Peninsula. The eastern frequent and sometimes rapid weather lowlands range in elevation from 580 to 1,000 changes caused by storms sweeping across the feet above sea level, with the higher areas in Great Lakes from the west and southwest. Ex- western Delta County. treme seasonal variation ranging from 100'F Low, flat plains, intermixed with swamp- to -35'F, a mean annual temperature of 41'F, a lands and low and sand ridges, characterize mean growing season of approximately 130 most of the Upper Peninsula. The Lake border days, and an average precipitation of 30 inches uplands topography is generally strongly roll- typify the region. ing with elevations ranging from 580 to 1,500 The Lower Peninsula also reflects the tem- feet. From Muskegon northward successive pering influence of Lake Michigan. The grow- morainic ridges dominate the uplands, in- ing season varies from 150 days in the coastal terspaced with outwash plains. Coastal bluffs belt to 90 days inland. Land and sea breezes are cut into predominantly light sandy till and provide constant air movement, making the reach heights of more than 400 feet above the area attractive for summer recreation. Snow Lake. Prominent sand dunes dominate the cover lasts from 100 to 120 days per year and coastal region, rising from the flat reentrant may accumulate depths up to 120 inches in valleys between the moraines, and often snow belts in Grand Traverse, Manistee, Char- perch atop coastal bluffs. Submerged mouths levoix, and Antrim Counties. The tempering of streams entering Lake Michigan form effects of the winter snows and large bodies of estuary lakes and adjacent swampy areas, water have encouraged the expansion of fruit and may be partially or completely cut planting in the Lower Peninsula region. off from the Lake by dune ridges. The north- The northern high plains lie beyond the ern extremity of the region, facing primarily moderating influence of the Lakes and exhibit on the Straits of Mackinac, resembles the a greater diurnal and annual range of tem- Upper Peninsula with relict beach ridges and perature, as well as having a shorter (80- to fore-dune ridges on the sloping land face, and 110-day) growing season. Rainfall ranges from minor outeroppings of rock near the shore. 30 to 32 inches. The northern high plains form a sandy plateau, characterized by rolling plains traversed by several major stream valleys 4.5.2 Water Resources which lie well below the general upland level. The flood plains of these streams are bordered by steep cut banks. Elevations range from the 4.5.2.1 Surface-Water Resources level of the Lake to more than 1,700 feet above sea level. Natural water flow patterns throughout the 124 Appendix 6 SCHOOLCRAF 0+ Ma,!ntiq,e Lake DELTA ACKINAC @8,-oort Lake If M.m,nci- ... Island 0 SLqgn- Escanaba c@ Straits of Mackinac is BI... Wend 00 Bea-, Island 43 Pe toskey Charlevoix I c, MMET Lake Chatl-ix B North Marito, Island CHARLEI`nDl@' 0 South Manit.. I,Ind Glen Torch take ANTRIM Lake EELANAU -IS BE@@ T-c-e City dEra, Frankfort Crystal Lake, GRAND TRAVERSE __KALKASKA MISSAUKEE a,- Portage Houghton Lake Manistee 0 Lake ANIII TEE take C .11- Cadillac WE ORD ROSCOMMON sAi. RE- Ludington P.. OSCEOLA VCICINITI MASON LAKE ...... 11 MILES Big Rapi@s 0 So 160 MECOSTA OCEANIA Fremont 7i W h i t"e h a I I I @/ :@j NEWAYGO SCALE IN MILES MUSKEGON 0 5 10 15 20 25 FIGURE 6-31 Planning Subarea 2.4 Lake Michigan Basin 125 planning subarea reflect the combined effects gpm. Water throughout the region is of gener- of climate, topography, geology, and vegeta- ally good quality, although it is hard and may tive cover. Average annual runoff ranges from contain iron. The Silurian and Mississippian 12 to 14 inches. aquifers have total dissolved solids higher Rivers in the Upper Peninsula alternate than the 500 mg/1 USPHS drinking water between spring highs and late summer low standards set for raw water. Bedrock deposits flows. However, major floods and droughts of the Paleozoic age have been tested in only a do occur. Streams of the Lower Peninsula and few places and have produced moderate the northern high plains follow a general pat- yields. tern of high flows in late March and early Ground-water yield in River Basin Group 2.4 April to low flows in October. The average is estimated to be 4,490 mgd (based on 70 per- daily flows do not generally exceed twice the cent flow-duration data). Ground water in the minimum daily discharges recorded. Upper Peninsula portion has an estimated Fully developed water storage areas in in- yield of 990 mgd, and the Lower Peninsula land lakes and streams provide an existing portion is estimated at 3,500 mgd. storage capacity of 157,750 acre-feet. If all in- land lakes and streams suitable for develop- ment as surface-water impoundments were 4.5.3 Water-User Profile developed, the total potential storage capacity would increase to 234,050 acre-feet.45 Presently developed water storage areas 4.5.3.1 Municipal Water Users can produce a sustained water supply yield of 3,367 mgd. If all potential water storage areas In 1970, 487,000 people resided in Planning were fully developed in Planning Subarea 2.4, Subarea 2.4, a 7.5 percent increase from 1960. impounded inland lakes and streams could No city has a population exceeding 50,000. In produce a sustained water supply yield of 1960, 44 percent of the total population was 3,789 mgd.45 classified as urban, 56 percent as rural. Major Potential capacities and yields used in this population concentrations occur on the Lake section relate to the total water resource. No Michigan shore, while summer vacationers attempt has been made to identify that por- and residents significantly increase the total tion of the water resource not suitable or population. Population densities averaging 37 available for use. people per square mile are lowest in the Upper Peninsula counties and those counties inland from the Lake Michigan shore in the Lower 4.5.2.2 Ground-Water Resources Peninsula area. Forty-three percent of the counties showed a net population decrease The availability of ground water in the from 1950 to 1960. Out-migration accounted Upper Peninsula depends upon the subsur- for much of this decline. face geology at any particular location. Glacial Municipal water supplies served 287,800 deposits, differing in thickness and type, ac- people, 58 percent of the population, in 1970. count for much of the variation in yields. Wells The average per capita income of the planning completed in the Munising sandstone forma- subarea is $3,300 (1970 dollars). Manufactur- tion are found in Delta and Mackinac Coun- ing, trades, and services make up more than 70 ties. The Niagara series is also a primary percent of total employment in the planning source for many wells in these counties. The subarea and are the area's major industries. quality of available ground water is generally Employment is concentrated in the largest acceptable for most uses. It is often hard and cities of each county. Agriculture accounts for contains objectionable amounts of iron which 7 percent of the working population of the are susceptible to treatment if better quality planning subarea. By 2020 the population is is required. expected to be 841,443, of which 637,400 people Ground-water supplies in the Lower Penin- are expected to be served by municipal water sula are more abundant and more easily supplies. available than they are in the Upper Penin- sula. Thick glacial drift across the area pro- vides the Lower Peninsula with an ample sup- 4.5.3.2 Industrial Water Users ply of ground water. Most of the region's wells, which are 10 inches or more in diameter and lie Only 487,000 people reside in the planning in glacial deposits, will yield more than 500 subarea at present, and with the concentra- 126 Appendix 6 tion of population in the Muskegon-Muskegon Lake Michigan, four drew water from inland Heights metropolitan area and a few smaller surface waters, 57 relied upon ground water, cities, the general character of the region is and one system tapped both Lake Michigan rural. However, there is a large and growing and ground-water sources. Twelve new sys- manufacturing sector which provides more tems have been developed since 1965. than one-third of the total employment in the At present 492,100 people reside in Planning region, and which constitutes the most impor- Subarea 2.4. A total of 58 percent, or 287,800, tant economic force. were served 39.1 mgd by municipal water In 1967 there were 911 manufacturing supplies. By 2020, it is expected that 76 per- plants operating in the 21-county area, and cent of the total population, 637,400 people, although most are small employers, each will be served 97.9 mgd by municipal facilities. county has some manufacturing activity. The greatest number of plants are located in the Muskegon River basin, with more than 64 per- 4.5.4.2 Industrial Water Use cent of the employment and value added by manufacture in the four lower counties of the In 1970 manufacturers withdrew 96 mgd of basin. The major products are general indus- water to supply their plant needs, obtaining 90 trial machinery, paper and paper products, basic and refined chemicals, primary and fabricated metal, furniture and fixtures, and 500 lumber and wood products. [] INDusrRlAi 400- EBRURAL 4.5.3.3 Rural Water Users ENUNICIPAL In 1964 Planning Subarea 2.4 had 1.9 million 2 300--- acres in farm. Meadow crops predominated the area. There are relatively high acreages of fruit and vegetables, heavywater users, in the area. There were more than 72,000 acres of 200- orchards (largely sour cherries) and vines, and t: almost 16,000 acres of commercial vegetables. 3: ------- More than half of the sales of livestock and 100 livestock products came from dairy farms, a heavy water user. Crop sales amounted to $34.6 million and livestock and livestock prod- 0 uct sales to $38.2 million in 1964. Fifty thou- 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 sand people lived on farms and 10,000 were Y E A R employed on farms according to the 1960 cen- FIGURE 6-32 Municipal, Industrial, and sus. Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 2.4 4.5.4 Present and Projected Water Planning Subarea 2.4 is classified as 44 per- Withdrawal Requirements cent urban and 56 percent rural. Municipal water supplies serve 287,800 people or 58 per- Municipal, industrial, and rural water with- cent of the total planning subarea population. drawal requirements for Planning Subarea The population served by municipal water 2.4 are presented in Figure 6-32. supplies is expected to increase to 637,400 by 2020. Adverse climate, soil conditions and drainage 4.5.4.1 Municipal Water Use make agriculture a secondary industry in some parts of the planning subarea. Dairy products, Table 6-65 gives a summary of municipal, beef, vegetables, fruits, and other crops play a self-supplied industrial, and rural water use role in the agricultural economy of the region. for Planning Subarea 2.4. Quantitative data Industrial activity is somewhat restricted. pertaining to municipal water uses are shown Mining, forestry, pulp and paper, food process- in Table 6-66. Of the 77 central water systems ing, canning and marketing are significant seg- operating in 1965, 15 obtained water from ments of the region's economy. Lake Michigan Basin 127 TABLE 6-65 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.4 (mgd) 1970 1980 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 39-1 89.6 16.8 145.5 4 81.2 19.7 148.6 Total 39.1 !r97. =1. 145.5 ft-17 71-.72 19-7 TIM Consumption Michigan 3.6 7-7 4.8 16.1 4 13.3 6 244*Z .'T Total 3-7 7-7 7-7 N7 13-3 F-7 E27 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan 58.7 j8;266 16.8 165.1 8.9 .2 11.8 7 Z_ 16. Total =5- 7 7 165-1 7. 9' 2.9 11.7 2000 2020 Use mune ind. rural total mune ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 68 86.8 24.8 18o.1 97.9 167.1 29.8 294.8 Total -27.7 97-9 =17.1 29.7 [email protected] Consumption Michigan 6 4 lo.9 8 4 12.8 113.1 37-5 b IH3 10.9 F91744 .2 IL-2 2 Total 77.2 9t. 54 113-1 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan 3o.8 8.o 38.8 63-0 77-5 13-0 . 153-5 Total -3-0-7- M-0 =3- ____77-0 77-5 13-0 153-5 mgd from their own supply sources and only withdrawn a total of 48 mgd and recirculated 6.4 mgd from public water supply systems. the water at an industry average rate of 1.8 There is no information available regarding times. Expansion of industry output by this the sources of the self-supplied industrial wa- group is expected to increase by 1,500 percent ter, but it can be assumed that inland surface- over the next 50 years. If present water use water sources and company-owned wells practices were to continue, the withdrawals of served the majority of establishments, and water could be expected to increase by similar that relatively few plants withdrew directly magnitude. However, higher recirculation from Lake Michigan. rates should become more common in the in- Most of the water withdrawn by manufac- dustry as a result of the changing cost-benefit turers was used by a small number of plants in relationship of industrial water arising from the SIC 26, SIC 28, and SIC 33 industry groups. actions taken to maintain and improve the en- Approximately 50 mills and factories in those vironment. three groups accounted for almost 80 percent Industry groups SIC 26, Paper and Allied of all industrial water use in the region. The Products, and SIC 33, Primary Metals Prod- largest requirement was for the manufactur- ucts, are also large water users in Planning ing establishments in SIC 28, Chemicals and Subarea 2.4. Estimated withdrawals for SIC Allied Products, which are estimated to have 26 in the year 1970 are 17.6 mgd, and for SIC 33, 128 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-66 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 2.4, Michigan (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 169.8 23-1 27-7 34.6 2.1 1970 is 492.1* 25-9 3-5 4.2 5-3 0-3 GW 92.1 12-5 15.0 18.8 1.2 GL 2o8.9 29.1 34.9 43.7 2.8 1980 is 546.8 30.8 4-3 5-1 6.4 0-5 GW 102.8 14-3 17.2 21-5 1.4 GL 298.8 43-9 52.7 65.8 4.6 2000 is 671.4 37.4 5-5 6.6 8.2 o.6 GW 130.8 19.1 22.9 28.T 2.0 GL 439.8 67.6 81.1 lol.4 7-5 2020 is 841-7 44.6 6.8 8.2 10.2 o.8 GW 153.0 23-5 28.2 35.2 2.6 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallon Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (198o., Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) GL 19-3 1.9 3.8 0.2 34.6 1970 is 113.6 2.9 0.3 o.6 0.0 5.3 GW 10.5 1.1 2.0 0.1 18.8 GL 24-3 2.4 4.8 o.4 6.4 198o is 1.1-6.0' 3.6 o.4 0.7 0.1 o.8 GW 12.0 1.2 2-3 0.2 1-7 GL 36-7 3.6 7.2 1.0 22.2 2000 is 122.6 4.6 Oa5 0.9 0.1 2.0 GW 16.o 1.6 3-1 o.4 6.6 GL 56.6 5.7 11.0 1.8 48.6 2020 is 128.6 5-7 o.6 1.1 0.2 3.4 GW 19-7 2.0 3.8 o.6 11.0 Notes: *The water use figures for 1970 are based on the standard assumptions, with population obtained by interpolation between 1965 data and 1980 projections. This would imply a total 1970 population of 492,100, as against a preliminary 1970 Census figure of 484 .9 090. Lake Michigan Basin 129 10.2 mgd. Increased output also has been fore- industry groups and the residual other man- cast for these two industry groups. However, ufacturing category of industries that com- the growth in outputs, approximately 700 per- prise the manufacturing sector in Planning cent by the year 2020 for SIC 26 and 460 per- Subarea 2.4. The total withdrawal require- cent for SIC 33, is less dramatic than that of ments for the sector, 96 mgd in 1970, are esti- the chemicals industries. Recirculation and mated to remain relatively unchanged until reuse of recirculated water is expected to im- the year 2000, after which the withdrawals are prove over current rates in these industry projected to increase sharply to 183 mgd. The groups in conjunction with water pollution table should not be interpreted as forecasts of control measures taken by the individual actual withdrawal requirements for fixed plants. As a result of those actions, total with- years, because the water conservation actions drawals duringthe early years of the planning of a single large water-using factory could period are forecast to drop below present seriously change the time frame. levels. Then withdrawals should increase, as the opportunities for further improvements in recirculation rates diminish. Similar factors 4.5.4.3 Rural Water Use are involved in the estimates of water use for SIC 20 and the large category of other man- Rural water requirements and consumption ufacturing. were estimated for Planning Subarea 2.4 fol- Table 6-67 presents estimates and projec- lowing the methodology outlined in Subsec- tions of five water-use parameters and the tion 1.4. Table 6-68 divides total requirements value added by manufacture for SIC two-digit and consumption into categories of rural non- TABLE 6-67 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 2.4 (mgd) SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 33 Other Mfg. Total 1970 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 72 31 89 57 341 590 Gross Water Required 8 6o 85 21 27 201 Estimated Recirculation Ratio 1.84 3.39 1.77 2.03 1.75 Total Water Withdrawal 4.5 17.6 47.8 10.2 15.4 96 Estimated Self Supplied go Water Consumed 1.0 2.2 4.2 0-3 o.6 8 1980 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 103 47 156 83 653 lo42 Gross Water Required 12 89 147 29 41 318 Estimated Recirculation Ratio 2-77 6.03 3.32 3.63 2.44 Total Water Withdrawal 4.5 14-7 44.2 8.o 17.0 89 Estimated Self Supplied 81 Water Consumed 1-3 3-5 7.4 o.6 1-3 14 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 191 lo6 511 149 1259 2216 Gross Water Required 22 1T4 544 46 88 874 Estimated Recirculation Ratio 3.15 8.oo 11-70 9.63 4.8o Total Water Withdrawal 7-1 21.8 46.5 4.8 18.3 98 Estimated Self Supplied 87 Water Consumed 1.9 Ir.0 26.9 1.0 2.6 39 2020 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 361 218 1329 263 2975 5146 Gross Water Required 39 3o8 1413 70 195 2025 Estimated Recirculation Ratio 3.50 8.oo 15-00 12.00 5.86 Total Water Withdrawal 11.2 38.5 94.2 5.8 33-3 183 Estimated Self Supplied 167 Water Consumed 3.5 12.2 70.0 1-3 5.4 92 130 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-68 Rural Water Use Requirements 2000, and 63.0 mgd by 2020. Estimates of the and Consumption, Planning Subarea 2.4 (mgd) costs required to meet these projected needs 1970 1980 2000 2020 are presented in Table 6-69. REQURO-ONTS Rural Farm Domestic 2.4 2.8 3.9 4-3 Livestock 2.7 4.6 7-3 11.1 4.5.5.2 Industrial Spray Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtotal 7_1 -7.7 =3 7-57. Rural Nonfarm 11.6 12.3 13.5 iL.-a The quantities of water needed by industry Total 16.8 19-T 24.8 29.8 in Planning Subarea 2.4 do not appear to be large enough to present serious problems of CONSLtTTION Rural Ebrm supply during the planning period 1970 to Domestic o.6 0-7 1.0 o.6 2020. Livestock 2.4 4.1 6.6 10.0 Spray Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtotal 71 7-9 -77 70-7 Rural Nonfarm L. I i.-8- L. 02 2*- 4.5.5.3 Rural Total 4.8 6.7 9.6 12.8 Future rural water requirements will be drawn primarily from ground-water sources, although in some areas streams will be in- farm and rural farm. Rural farm is further creasingly important. The location and qual- divided into domestic, livestock, and spray ity of ground water will be important in chan- water requirements. neling additional development, particularly in the location of rural nonfarm dwellings. In areas where ground water is in short supply, 4.5.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions development should proceed only after water supplies are located. Some areas will not de- velop until a central supply is available. 4.5.5.1 Municipal Rural water requirements are projected to increase 77 percent between 1970 and 2020, Those municipal supplies in Planning Sub- and consumption is expected to increase 167 area 2.4 using the Great Lakes have a capacity percent. of 34.6 mgd, the inland surface supplies have a The planning subarea has relatively minor total capacity of 5.3 mgd, and the developed ground-water problems, mainly a few local ground-water capacity is 18.8 mgd. Needs for low-yield or poor quality areas. Local additional municipal water are presented in chemical-quality problems exist in the area. Table 6-65. As a result of additional popula- The operation of brine and salt wells has tion growth, municipal water supply needs are caused ground-water contamination in some projected to be 8.9 mgd by 1980, 30.8 mgd by areas. Lake Michigan Basin 131 TABLE 6-69 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 2.4 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 1-913 4-724 7.893 6.637 14-531 Great Lakes Annual OMR -095 .426 1-054 -521 1.576 Total OMR -953 8-522 21.o98 9.476 30-574 Inland Lakes Capital .239 -358 .418 .598 l.ol6 and Annual OMR .011 o41 .080 -053 -134 Streams Total OMR .119 -834 i.6og -953 2.562 Capital .26o -749 .673 1.009 1.683 Ground Water* Annual OMR -030 .146 -310 .176 .487 Total OMR -300 2.929 6.212 3.229 9.442 Capital 2.413 5-833 8.985 8.2456 17.231 Total Annual OMR 0-137 o.614 1.446 0-752 2.198 Total OMR 1.37-3 12.287 28.920 13.6oo 42.581 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual %TR ($/mga) ($/mgd-yr) transmission 120.'000 7,600 wells and pumping 33,000 27,700 (see Ftgure 6-4) total 153,000 35,300 Section 5 LAKE HURON BASIN 5.1 Summary tribution of the basin's population shows that the most populated counties (greater than 50,000) are clustered in the southern portion 5.1.1 The Study Area (Planning Subarea 3.2), and that each county in the northern portion has fewer than 25,000 The United States portion of the Lake people except for Alpena County. The basin's Huron basin lies within the State of Michigan Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas and comprises approximately 14 percent of the (SMSAs), Bay City, Flint, and Saginaw, con- Great Lakes drainage area (Figure 6-33). tained 57 percent of the 1960 basin population. Two-thirds of the eastern half of Michigan and Since 1940 a majority of the basin counties a small section of the Upper Peninsula drain have been gaining in population. In 1960, 63 into Lake Huron. The basin has been divided percent of the basin residents lived in urban into Lake Huron North, Planning Subarea 3.1, areas (2,500 inhabitants or more) with the re- and Lake Huron Central, Planning Subarea maining 37 percent in rural and rural farm 3.2. The drainage area of Planning Subarea 3.1 areas. The resident population of the Lake encompasses approximately 8,100 square Huron basin is expected to increase by 87 per- miles of the northeastern portion of the Lower cent from 1970 to 2020 to more than 2.3 million. Peninsula of Michigan and the southeastern Manufacturing, especially in the lower ba- tip of the Upper Peninsula. Planning Subarea sin, is the major contributor to basin employ- 3.2 drains approximately 8,000 square miles of ment and aggregate income. In 1962 total per- south-central Michigan, including land bor- sonal income for the Lake Huron region was dering Saginaw Bay and the periphery of approximately $2.3 billion. Per capita income Michigan's agricultural Thumb area. levels, particularly in the northern portion of the basin, have been below the national aver- age with average per capita incomes in 1970 5.1.2 Economic and Demographic dollars ranging from $2,814 in Planning Sub- Characteristics area 3.1 to $4,190 in Planning Subarea 3.2. Ag- riculture, forestry, recreation trades and ser- The economic base of the Lake Huron basin vices, and other related industries supply ap- is influenced by a variety of resources and in- proximately 20 percent of the basin's income, dustries. Pulp cutting, gypsum mining, and a while manufacturing contributes nearly 80 chemical industry based on subterranean percent. brine deposits bolster the economy of Midland, In 1960, 356,000 people were employed in the Alpena, Alcona, and Presque Isle Counties. Lake Huron basin. The manufacturing seg- Heavy and light manufacturing complexes ment of the economy accounted for 41 percent are located in the three principal cities, Bay of the basin's employed population. City, Saginaw, and Flint. A prospering ag- ricultural industry in the area supplies a mul- titude of food products in the basin's central 5.1.3 Water Resources lowlands. A service industry consisting of res- taurants, overnight accommodations, enter- Slightly more than one-third of the average tainment, recreation facilities, and au- annual rainfall (11 inches) leaves the basin as tomobile maintenance centers has grown to stream runoff. This annual surface-water meet the demands of local residents and vis- supply combines with storage water in itors. numerous inland lakes, streams, and subsur- In 1970 the resident population of the Lake face deposits, as well as Lake Huron. Huron region was more than 1.2 million, 4 per- The Lake Huron basin has 208,000 acres of cent of the Great Lakes Region total. The dis- inland lakes and approximately 8,000 miles of 133 134 Appendix 6 CANADA VINNESOTA I WISCONSIN I 5 NEWYORK 4 ILLINOIS PENNSYLVANIA j1N.-A -0 VICINITY MAP 0 N T R' 1 0 o o 0 3.1 L A, K E H U R\ 0 N MICHIGAN 3.2 SCALE IN MILES FIGURE 6-33 Lake Huron Basin Lake Huron Basin 135 streams and rivers. The lakes vary in size from percent of the municipal water supply re- 50,000 acres to small glacial ponds measuring quirements in the basin. With the completion one-tenth of an acre. The nature of the water of 1,200 mgd intake tunnel near Port Huron, resource, its availability, and its quality differ Michigan, the water of Lake Huron will also from place to place. Streams in Planning Sub- provide a significant portion of the 1,273 mgd area 3.1 are short, with generally stable flows withdrawal requirements projected for the and small drainage areas. Water surface on Detroit Metropolitan Water Department ser- inland lakes within the boundaries of Plan- vice area in the year 2020 .13 This regional ning Subarea 3.1 exceeds 134,600 acres. water supply system encompasses most of the Cheboygan County alone contains more than major urban areas in Planning Subarea 4.1 in 50,350 acres of inland lake surface area. the Lake Erie basin. Part of this water will be Ground-water resources decrease in availabil- sold to Flint and other customers in the Lake ity: wells in the western morainal areas yield Huron basin. This abundant water resource is up to 500 gpm and sometimes less than 10 gpm in lacustrine deposits along the lakeshore. In general most water in the glacial deposits is 2,000 hard, but of good chemical quality. However, local areas experience very poor quality 0 INDUSMAL ground water, especially where glacial depos- 1,600- E'VURA4 its are directly underlain by bedrock contain- MUNICIPAL ing highly mineralized water. Planning Subarea 3.2 streams drain primar- ily agricultural land with extensive artificial 1,200 drainage and also the more urbanized areas of Flint and Saginaw valley. Flows are unstable and water quality is poor due to turbidity and .,0 municipal, industrial, and agricultural waste 7t' disposal. Inland lakes are not plentiful except 3: in the basin headwaters, and surface re- 400 sources are variable but generally poor in quantity and chemical quality. Flows of the Saginaw River are altered by the raising and lowering of Saginaw Bay. Lake Huron is the 01970 198.0 1990 2000 2010 2020 second largest of the Great Lakes, with an YEAR area of 23,000 square miles and a volume of 849 cubic miles. Average discharge of Lake Huron FIGURE 6-34 Municipal, Industrial, and through the St. Clair River is 190,000 efs. Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements-Lake Huron Basin 5.1.4 Present and Projected Water In 1970 the population of the Lake Huron Withdrawal Requirements basin was more than 1.2 million, or 4 percent of the total in the Great Lakes Basin. The most In 1970 the Lake Huron basin total water populous regions are in the southern portion of withdrawals, 712 mgd, accounted for 4.6 per- the basin. Municipal water supplies served cent of the total withdrawals in the entire 765,800 people or 62 percent of the population in Great Lakes Basin. This does not include the 1970. This is expected to increase to 1.8 million Lake Huron water withdrawn for use in Plan- by 2020. ning Subarea 4.1 to supplement water from Production of feed grains, winter wheat, veg- the connecting channels (the St. Clair River, etable crops, and livestock are the main ac- Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River), and tivities of the Saginaw basin. Only 20 percent of Lake Erie. the northern basin is farmland, with main A summary of present and projected water production centered around beef cattle, beets, withdrawal requirements and needs for the and grain crops. municipal, industrial, and rural water-using The Lake Huron basin supports an intense sectors in the Lake Huron basin is presented heavy industrial sector in Flint and Saginaw. in Table 6-70 and Figure 6-34. Important manufacturing activities in the Through the year 2020 the waters of Lake northern basin consist of production of cement Huron are expected to provide 288 mgd, or 79 and paper and related products. 136 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-70 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Lake Huron Basin (mgd) 1970 1980 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements 3.1 7.0 25 6.8 8.8 8.8 22 9.3 40.1 3.2 125.6 515 32.5 673.1 159.6 469 38.3 666.9 Total 132.6 540 39.3 TJ_1.9 T6 -8.4 -49-1 7'7-.6 707.0 Consumption 3.1 0.6 3 2.0 5.6 0.9 4 3.3 8.2 3.2 9.9 31 9.4 50.3 14.0 57 13.0 84.0 Total 10.5 34 11.4 55.9 -4.-9 _611 1 -6-.3 92.2 1970 Capacity- Future Needs 3.1 10.5 25 6.8 42.3 1.7 2.5 4.2 3.2 188.4 515 32.5 735.9 32.1 107 5.8 144.9 Total 198.9 540 39.3 778.2 j-3.-8 -170-7 -9-.3 149.1 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural -Eo-tal mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements 3.1 12.7 30 12.4 55.1 19.0 61 16.8 96.8 3.2 238.2 398 47.8 684.0 345.6 868 55.0 1268.6 Total 250.9 428 60.2 T3_9.1 -j'6-4.6 -92-9 T1_.8 1365.4 Consumption 3.1 1.4 10 4.0 15.4 2.0 15 6.3 23.3 3.2 26.9 232 17.7 276.6 43.2 648 23.0 714.2 Total 28.3 242 21.7 292.0 T5-.2 T6_3 -19-.-3 737.5 1970 Capacity- Future Needs 3.1 5.9 5 5.6 16.5 12.6 36 10.0 58.6 3.2 115.4 349 15.3 479.7 232.4 825 22.5 1079.9 Total 121.3 354 20.9 T9 -6.2 _@ 4-5 -.0 -96-1 _j -2-.5 1138.5 considered to be unlimited as a source of water Estimates of the costs to be incurred in de- supply for the time period of this study, and veloping, operating and maintaining munici- more than adequate to meet the water supply pal water supply facilities are shown in Table requiremenis projected for the municipal 6-71. Over the 50-year period of this study, it is water-using sector of the Lake Huron basin estimated that $107 million will be required and the Detroit Metropolitan regional water for capital investment in municipal water supply system. Needs do not exist in the avail- supply facilities and $210 million will be re- ability of the water resource, but in the de- quired for total OMR expenditures in the Lake velopment and proper management of the Huron basin. water of Lake Huron. Lake Huron is suitable for domestic water Lake Huron Basin 137 TABLE 6-71 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Lake Huron Basin (millions of 1970 dollars) SOTJRCE COST 197o-198o 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 19'TO-2020 Capital 8.641 22.215 31-335 30.856 62.192 Great Lakes Annual ONE 130 1.968 4.636 2-398 7-035 Total OMR 4:3o6 39-365 92-737 43.671 136.4og Capital .762 2.053 2.94o 2.816 5-757 Ground Water* Annual OMR .128 .6oi 1.44o -729 2.170 Total ONR 1.281 12.029 28.817 13-310 42.iP7 Long Distance Capital 5-000 14-500 19-500 19-500 39-000 Transport of Annual OMR 0.000 o.66o o.66o o.66o 1-320 Great Lakes Total ONR 0.000 13-20 13-20 13.20 26.4o Capital 14-399 38-755 53-760 53-156 lo6.914 Total Annual ONE 0-575 3-3o8 6.917 3-881 10-799 Total OMR 5.745 66.134 138.336 71.888 210.225 *Ground water unit cost,assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/mgd r transmission 120.9000 7, 0 wells and pumping 35,6oo 44,700 (see Kgure 6-4) total 155,600' 52,300 supply in all periods to the year 2020. Al- Domestic Commerce, U.S. Department of though some problems may be experienced, Commerce; and the Economic Research Ser- the water quality standards program for these vice, U.S. Department of Agriculture, respec- interstate waters demands that these waters tively. be a suitable source of municipal water supply and includes plans and timetables for im- plementation. 5.2 Lake Huron North, Planning Subarea 3.1 5.1.5 Acknowledgments 5.2.1 Description of Planning Subarea Figures on average municipal water de- mands and population served are based on 5.2.1.1 Location 1965 data from the Michigan Department of Public Health. The Michigan Department of Planning Subarea 3.1, composed of 11 coun- Public Health had direct information about ties located in the northeastern quarter of quantities ofw'ater supplied by municipalities Michigan's Lower Peninsula, presents an to industry in 1965. For future years, quan- abundance of natural resources for a variety tities supplied to industry were assumed to of uses (Figure 6-35). The region is bounded by vary in direct proportion to the quantities in Lake Huron to the north and east, the domestic and commercial uses. This assump- Saginaw and Kawkawlin basins to the south, tion is considered reasonable because of the and the Muskegon, Manistee, and Traverse character of the industries seeking water from basins to the west. The planning subarea has a municipal sources. length of more than 70 miles from east to west Data concerning industrial and rural water and extends more than 110 miles from north to supplies were furnished by the Bureau of south. 138 Appendix 6 5.2.1.2 Topography and Geography weather changes caused by storms sweeping across the Great Lakes Region from the west The oldest bedrock formations in Planning and southwest. Because of latitude differ- Subarea 3.1 stretch across the northern one- ences, the northern extremities of the region third of the region. Formed during the Devo- experience cooler temperatures than the nian era, they consist primarily of limestone. southern counties. Cool breezes from Lake Outcrops occur in Alpena, Cheboygan, and Huron make the shoreline attractive for Presque Isle Counties. A wide band of undif- summer vacationists. Seasonal temperature ferentiated bedrock composed of gray-blue variations can be extreme across the region. limestone and calcareous shale lies across Mean annual precipitation ranges from 26 to Cheboygan and Presque Isle Counties. Shale 30 inches with an average of 28 inches. Pre- formations outcrop in Alpena, Presque Isle, cipitation is evenly distributed over the year, and Cheboygan Counties. The Michigan for- but with a slightly greater portion during the mation, composed of shales, sandstone, beds of growing season. Droughts occur occasionally, gypsum, and some dolomitic limestone, out- but are not usually of long duration. Snowfall crops in Iosco and Ogemaw Counties. depths range from 50 to 120 inches, increasing Sandstones are common bedrock types in the from southeast to northwest across the plan- southwest section. Glacial drift covers most of ning subarea. the area except where bedrock outcroppings Mean annual growing seasons vary from occur. nearly 130 days along the shoreline and in the Moraines, consisting of boulders, gravels, southern counties to 90 days in the interior sand, silt, and clay, cover most of the region, uplands. The minimum and maximum aver- except for lakebed formations of clay and age temperature ranges for January and July sands which stretch from 5 to 20 miles inland are 10'F to 38'F and 52'F to 82'F, respectively. along the lakeshore. Separating the moraines are areas of outwash plains and till plains con- sisting of sand and gravels. 5.2.2 Water Resources Physiographic ally, the planning subarea is exemplified by rather flat to rolling terrain with elevations from 600 to almost 1,000 feet 5.2.2.1 Surface-Water Resources above sea level. In the northwestern portion, hilly, sandy morainal uplands predominate. Planning Subarea 3.1 has an abundant sup- Elevations range to 1,400 feet in this section. ply of surface-water resources. Although The northern high plains are generally streams in the planning subarea are not gen- characterized by ridges and plateau blocks erally long or steep in slope, they combine to with smooth crests of 1,200 to 1,400 feet; steep drain more than 8,100 square miles. The Au or broken slopes are also found in its morainal Sable River drains the largest area and aver- system. Mixed hills, plains, and swamps typify ages slightly more than 900 cfs near Mio in the Ogemaw-Alpena upland. Marshlands are Oscoda County. The North Branch of the common in Cheboygan, Presque Isle, Otsego, Thunder Bay River has a highly variable flow and Montmorency Counties. The Cheboygan derived almost entirely from direct surface lowland contains flat, lakebed benches and runoff. Approximately one-third of the total plains less than 200 feet above Lake Huron, precipitation, averaging 11 inches annually, partly stony land over limestone bedrock, and leaves as stream runoff. detached hills and ridges. Flat, sandy plains Inland lakes are plentiful in the area. Sur- characterize the Midland-Arenac subdivision. face area of inland lakes exceeds 134,650 acres. The drainage area includes the Cheboygan Cheboygan County alone contains more than River basin, the Presque Isle complex, the 50,350 acres. Other counties with significant Thunder Bay River basin, the Alcona com- inland water-surface acreage include Presque plex, the Au Sable River basin, and the Rifle- Isle, 15,500; Alpena, 13,370; Alcona, 13,000; Au Gres complex. The hydrologic area of the Montmorency, 12,100; and losco, 10,990. planning subarea is 8,137 square miles. Arenac County contains the least surface- water acreage in inland lakes, 325 acres. Fully developed water storage areas in the 5.2.1.3 Climate planning subarea's inland lakes and streams provide an existing storage capacity of 110,125 Planning Subarea 3.1 has a humid continen- acre-feet. If all inland lakes and streams in tal climate with frequent and sometimes rapid Planning Subarea 3.1 suitable for develop- Lake Huron Basin 139 VICINITY MAP ...... SCALE IN MILES so 100 Pine RiYer L"E CHIPPEWA ...... MACKINAC lot Carp Ri DRUMMOND f-5 ISLAND St. I Mackinac Island @:co Straits of Mackinac Bois Blanc Island C eboygan Black Burt Lek, Mullet Lake Lek Rogers City lb Grand Lake CHmEBOYGAN PRESQUE I E Long L. a lpena 0 Gaylord Thunder Say COD OTSEGO 4@vj MO 0 ENCY ALP NA Hubbard Lake Grayling A. Sable kiver IWIORD OSCODA 'k- Oscoda Au 0, Tawas City E t Tawas OGEM4kW ARENAC Pine RiIe, SAGINAW DAY SCALE IN MILES L 0 5 10 15 20 FIGURE A-35 Planning Subarea 3.1 140 Appendix 6 ment as surface-water impoundments were 5.2.2.2 Ground-Water Resources developed, the total potential storage capacity would increase to 116,125 acre-feet.45 Throughout the northern one-third of the Presently developed water storage areas planning subarea, wells in limestone bedrock can produce a sustained water supply yield of strata yield from 10 to 100 gpm. Wells in 3,141 mgd. If all potential water storage areas shales, dominating most of the central por- were fully developed in Planning Subarea 3.1, tion, produce less than 10 gpm, and sandstone impounded inland lakes and streams could and limestone deposits underlying the south- produce a sustained water supply yield of ern sections yield from 100 to 500 gpm. Ground 3,490 mgd.45 water from bedrock is of good chemical qual- Potential capacities and yields used in this ity, except for a narrow region stretching section relate to the total water resource. No along the Lake Huron shore from south of attempt has been made to identify that por- Presque Isle County. Wells in this area yield tion of the water resource not suitable or supplies generally too highly mineralized for available for use. domestic or public supplies. Utilizing 70 percent flow duration data from Appendix 3, Geology and Ground Water, it is 100 estimated that the potential maximum sus- tained yield of Planning Subarea 3.1 ground- wDusmiAL water resources is 1,945 mgd .21 RURAL Most of the communities obtaining supplies so- MUNICIPAL from ground-water sources rely on glacial de- posits. In general, water availability from gla- cial deposits increases inland from the Lake so from less than 10 gpm to more than 500 gpm. Fine-grained sands, clays, and silts of the lake plains area often make the development of ground-water supply difficult. Thick glacial 40- deposits composed largely of sands cover much of the western portion and wells typi- cally produce over 500 gpm. Most water in the 20i glacial deposits is hard, but of good chemical quality. However, in localized areas water is of very poor quality, especially in areas where 0 the glacial deposits are directly underlain by 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 bedrock containing highly mineralized water. Y E A R FIGURE 6-36 Municipal, Industrial, and 5.2.3 Water-User Profile Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- Planning Subarea 3.1 Planning Subarea 3.1 is sparsely populated. 5.2.3.1 Municipal Water Users The average population density is 17 people per square mile. Municipal water supplies served In 1970 the resident population of Planning 57,800 people or 41 percent of the population in Subarea 3.1 was 140,200, an increase of 15 per- 1970. This is expected to reach 137,000 by 2020. cent over the 1960 total. Alpena, Cheboygan, In 1964 slightly more than 20 percent of the losco, and Presque Isle Counties had the region was devoted to farms. Farms are less highest population levels, while counties in- frequent in the northern half of the planning land generally had populations of less than subarea than in the southern half. Main farm 9,000 people. According to the 1960 census, production is in beef and dairy operations and only Alpena, Cheboygan, Otsego, and Presque meadow crops. Isle Counties supported an urban population. The area is not considered a major manufac- This total reached more than 27,000,23 percent turing area in the State, but it does play a role in of the total resident population. Population the economy. Important manufacturing ac- densities in 1960 were low, Alpena County tivities include production of cement, paper and having the highest with 51 people per square paper products, and miscellaneous metal prod- mile, and Oscoda County the lowest with six ucts. people per square mile. Average population Lake Huron Basin 141 density of the planning subarea was 17.2 million and livestock and livestock product people per square mile. sales $15.7 million in 1964. There were 19,000 In addition to the thousands of vacationing people living on farms, and 3,000 people tourists who come to the region, approxi- employed on farms according to the 1960 cen- mately 20,710 seasonal vacation homes are lo- sus. cated in the region. The highest concentration of these homes is in counties adjacent to Lake Huron and in counties with large numbers of 5.2.4 Present and Projected Water inland lakes. losco, Montmorency, Cheboy- Withdrawal Requirements gan, and Ogemaw Counties are among the counties with the highest levels of seasonal homes. 5.2.4.1 Municipal Water Use Municipal water supplies serve 57,800 people, 41 percent of the population of the Aside from providing a tremendous recrea- planning subarea. The estimated annual av- tional resource, the planning subarea water erage per capita income is $2,800 (1970$). The resource also fills domestic, industrial, and majority of the population is employed in agricultural water needs. Most communities trades and services (41 percent), developed receiving their water supply from municipal largely to meet the demands of the tourist systems depend upon ground water as their trade. By 2020 the population of this area is source of supply. The communities of Alpena, expected to be 266,959, of which 137,000 people Alabaster, and East Tawas depend upon Lake will be served by municipal water supplies. Huron for water supply. Water for residential uses dominates demands from municipal sources. Individual wells provide most of the population with an ample water supply. 5.2.3.2 Industrial Water Users Total water withdrawals are expected to in- crease from 39 mgd in 1970 to 97 mgd by 2020 In 1967 there were 290 manufacturing es- (Figure 6-36 and Table 6-72). Municipal water tablishments in the planning subarea, and withdrawals show the greatest increase. only 54 of those employed more than 20 people However, self-supplied industrial withdraw- each. The manufacturing sector is composed als at 61 mgd in 2020 remain the largest single mainly of small enterprises, the majority of quantity. which are engaged in lumber and wood prod- Municipal water supply data are shown in ucts manufacture. Pulp and paper products Table 6-73. Of the 23 central water systems are manufactured in Cheboygan and Alpena operating in 1965, eight used water from Lake Counties, and primary metal products are Michigan and 15 relied upon groundwater. Six manufactured in small and medium size new water supply systems have been de- plants in several locations in the planning veloped since 1965. At present, municipal subarea. Total manufacturing employment water supplies serve 7.0 mgd to 41 percent of was 7,600 people in 1967 and the estimated the population or 57,800 people in Planning value added by manufacture was $116 million Subarea 3.1. Projections indicate that this will in constant 1958 dollars. Both of these figures increase to 137,000 people receiving 19.0 mgd represent increases of approximately 50 per- by the year 2020. cent over the year 1963. 5.2.4.2 Industrial Water Use 5.2.3.3 Rural Water Users Total water withdrawals by all manufactur- ers averaged 25 mgd in 1970 and by the year In 1964 Planning Subarea 3.1 had 833,000 2020 are projected to reach 65 mgd. These are acres of land in farm. Meadow crops have the derived from estimates of annual require- largest acreage of all crops. Specialty crops, ments based on the projected employment and which are heavy water users, are not signifi- employee productivity information from Ap- cant in this area. Dairy farming, which is a pendix 19, Economic and Demographic heavy water user, is relatively important in Studies. It was assumed that all plants would the area with more than half of the receipts operate year-round on a six-day work week for from livestock and livestock products coming derivation of the daily requirements (Table from this source. Crop sales amounted to $6.5 6-74). 142 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-72 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 3.1 (mgd) 1970 198o Use muno ind. rural total mLr). ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan .7.0 5 6.8 8.8 22 .1 4o Total 7-0 25 6.8 39 @78 72 9-3 TO Consumption Michigan o.6 _I 2.0 6 o.9 4 3.3 8 Totall 37. -3 -2-0 7 0.9 T 3-3 7 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan 10-5 25 6.8 42 1-7 2.5 4.,-.) T-8 727 "'Otal 10-5 25 1-7 2.5 4.2 2000 2020 U s te inun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 12-7 30 12.4 55 19.o 61, 16.3 @9,( Total 12-7 30 12. 75 19.0 71 =1 9T Consumption Michigan 1.4 10 4.o 15 2.0 15 6-3 23 Total 1.7 757 773 Y5_ =2. 0 7) 3 23 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan 5-9 5 5.6 17 12.6 36 lo.o 59 Total 5.9 7 77 -17 "37 79 5.2.4.3 Rural Water Use 5.2.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions Rural water requirements and consumption were estimated for Planning Subarea 3.1 fol- 5.2.5.1 Municipal lowing the methodology outlined in Subsection 1.4. Table 6-75 divides total requirements and At present, developed municipal water sup- consumption into categories of rural nonfarm ply facilities have a rated.capacity of 10.5 mgd and rural farm. Rural farm is further divided consisting of 5.0 mgd drawn from Lake Huron into domestic, livestock, and spray water re- and 5.5 mgd withdrawn from ground-water re- quirements. sources. Needs were estimated according to Lake Huron Basin 143 TABLE 6-73 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 3.1, Michigan (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sumption 1970 GL 14o.2 27.8 3.4 4.o 5.0 0-3 GW 30-1 3.6 4.4 5-5 0-3 198o GL 164-3 35-0 4.4 5-3 6.6 0-5 GW 35-0 4.4 5-3 6.6 o.4 2000 GL 2o8-7 49.o 6.4 7-7 9.6 0-7 GW 48.o 6-3 7.6 9-5 0-7 2020 GL 267-0 69.o 9.6 11-5 14.4 1.1 GW 68.o 2.4 11.3 14.1 0.9 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (198o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) 1970 GL 107.3 3-0 0.3 o.4 0.0 5.0 GW 3.2 0-3 o.4 0.0 5-5 198o GL llo.8 3-9 o.4 0-5 0.1 1.0 GW 3-9 o.4 0-5 0.0 0-7 2000 GL 116.8 5-7 o.6 0-7 0.1 3.2 GW 5.6 !). 6 0-7 0.1 2-7 2020 GL 122.8 8-5 0.9 1.1 0.2 6.05 GW 8.4 0.8 1.0 0.1 6.0 TABLE 6-74 Estimated Manufacturing Water TABLE 6-75 Rural Water Use Requirements Use, Planning Subarea 3.1 (mgd) and Consumption, Planning Subarea 3.1 (mgd) 1970 198o 2000 2020 1970 1980 2000 2020 REQUIREMENTS Value Ad,jed (.4illions 1958) 116 iT6 389 871 Rural Farm Gross Water R@@quired 8o 118 24o 491 Domestic 0.9 o.8 0-7 0.7 Total Water W'thdrawal 25 23 31 63 Livestock 1.2 2.4 2-7 4.9 Estimated Self-Supplied 25 22 30 61 Spray Water 0.0 0.1) 0.0 0.0 Water Consumed 3 4 10 16 Subtotal 2.1 T-7 3-7 770 Rural Nonfarm 4.7 6.1 9.0 11.2 the methodology of this appendix and are Total 6.8 9-3 12.4 16.8 shown in Table 6-72 for this planning subarea. CONSUMPTION It is estimated that only 1.7 mgd will be needed Rural Fenn by 1980 as a result of additional growth. A Domestic 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Livestock 1.1 2.2 2.5 4.4 total of 12.6 mgd will have to be developed in Spray Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 T-_3 -2.7 order to meet the needs by 2020. Estimates of Subt tal the costs incurred in the development of water Rural Nonfarm 0-7 0-9 supply facilities are presented in Table 6-76. Total ;'.0 3-3 4.o 6.3 144 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-76 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 3.1 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 1980-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital .299 .657 l.ol6 .956 1.973 Great Lakes Annual ONR o14 o62 .146 -077 .223 Total OMR .149 1.251 2.920 1.4oo 4-321 Capital log -314 .518 .423 .942 Ground Water* Annual ONR o14 .072 .186 .087 .273 Total OMR .149 1.455 3-723 1.605 5-328 Capital o.4og 0.972 1-535 1-381 2-915 Total Annual OMR 0-030 0-136 0-332 o.165 o.498 Total OMR 0-300 2-707 6.644 3.oo6 9.65o *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/mg -yr) transmission l20pOOO 7.,600 wells & punpina 37,000 35,200 (See Figure 6-4) 157.,000 72- - total ,700 5.2.5.2 Industrial 5.3 Lake Huron Central, Planning Subarea 3.2 The quantity of water available for indus- trial use appears to be of sufficient quality and 5.3.1 Description of Planning Subarea quantity for use during the period of the time under study. There are no needs projected for self-supplied industrial water users. 5.3.1.1 Location Planning Subarea 3.2, comprising 11 coun- ties, is located in the central and western por- 5.2.5.3 Rural tion of Michigan's Lower Peninsula (Figure 6-37). The region is bounded to the north and Future rural water requirements will be east by Lake Huron, to the south by the drawn primarily from ground-water sources, Shiawassee River basin, and to the west by the although in some areas streams will be in- Cedar River, Tobacco River, Chippewa River, creasingly important. The location and qual- Pine River, and Bad River basins. The plan- ity of ground water will be important in chan- ning subarea is approximately 90 miles in neling additional development, particularly in width, and 120 miles in length from north to the location of rural nonfarm dwellings. In south. areas where ground water is in short supply, development should proceed only after water. supplies are located. Some areas will not de- 5.3.1.2 Topography and Geography velop until a central supply is available. Rural water requirements are projected to Planning Subarea 3.2 lies within the Central increase 146 percent between 1970 and 2020, Lowland physiographic province. Glaciation and consumption is expected to increase 212 produced the present topography. The area is percent. characterized by its hilly glacial moraines in Major ground-water problems are low yields the western and southern areas which con- in a large part of the planning subarea and the trast with the flat glacial lake plains in the presence of highly mineralized water. Al- east. Several hills reach altitudes of 1,300 feet, though quality is generally good, the water is whereas the plains are 600 feet above sea often hard and high in iron content. level. Lake Huron Basin 145 L A K E HURON lb Ilk Port Austi M Caseville give( C. CLARE Coo GLADWIN Harbor Beach Clare SAGINAW SAY Bad Axe. Rivar URON chippe Midland Ess xville Mount P11 as". Bay City' ISABEL q.. MIDLAND BAY- Caro* St. Louis ,b Alm Saginaw Vassar Ithaca bA Rivw Q Chesan ng TUSCOLA IOT SAGINAW 0 Mount Morris Flint Flushing Lapeer w Owosso qSwart2 Creek I Durand LAPEE@R 46 GENESEE F ntC,% Holly OHqV VfCINITY MAP S@LE IN MILES SCALE IN MILES L FIGURE 6-37 Planning Subarea 3.2 . 5 10 15 20 146 Appendix 6 Most of the planning subarea is covered ter. This basin is relatively close to potable with thick glacial sediments, but in the east- supplies in Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay. ern part, the glacial deposits are thin and bed- Rainfall is slightly heavier during the sum- rock is exposed in places. Glacial deposits 850 mer, but 60 percent of the runoff occurs during feet thick are reported in the hilly morainal the first four months of the year. A similar northwestern area and are composed largely rainfall-runoff pattern has been observed in of silty and clayey sediments. Till plain, the Tittabawassee and the Shiawassee basin. moraine, and outwash deposits are less com- Fully developed water storage areas in the mon. planning subarea's inland lakes and streams The bedrock underlying the planning sub- provide an existing storage capacity of 36,220 area consists of Paleozoic sedimentary carbon- acre-feet. If all inland lakes and streams suit- ates, shales, and sandstones which form the able for development as surface-water im- northeastern part of the Michigan structural poundments were developed, the total poten- basin. The older consolidated rocks form the tial storage capacity would increase to 984,450 northeastern rim of the structural basin, and acre-feet.45 the younger rocks lie in the middle. This type of Presently developed water storage areas bedrock has been important in the formation can produce a sustained water supply yield of of major physiographic features. Where the 247 mgd. If all potential water storage areas bedrock directly underlying the glacial drift were fully developed in Planning Subarea 3.2, consists of relatively resistant carbonates and impounded inland lakes and streams could sandstones, erosion has formed escarpments produce a sustained water supply yield of and hilly topography. On the other hand, 2,123 mgd .41 where shales are present, they have been eas- Potential capacities and yields used in this ily eroded by various erosional processes and section relate to the total water resource. No now underlie the lake bottoms and other low attempt has been made to identify that por- areas. tion of the water resource not suitable or Major drainage basins of Planning Subarea available for use. 3.2 are the Saginaw, Tittabawassee, Flint, Shiawassee and Cass River basins. These river basins combine to form a drainage area 5.3.2.2 Ground-Water Resources of 8,046 square miles. Ground-water resources throughout the Saginaw basin vary in both quantity and qual- 5.3.1.3 Climate ity. In the eastern lowland area of the Tit- tabawassee basin, fresh ground-water The Saginaw basin has a moderate climate, supplies are often difficult to obtain. Perme- typical of the lower Great Lakes region. The able beds of sand or gravel within the glacial climate is somewhat modified by the influence drift are scarce, and saline or mineralized of the Lakes which nearly surround Michigan. water occurs in the bedrock formations. In the Mean annual temperature varies over the western upland area it is easier to obtain basin from 45'F to 47'F. Mean annual precipi- satisfactory ground-water supplies because of tation is slightly less than 30 inches. Average the increased thickness of the glacial drift. annual snowfall is 40 inches with the heaviest In the Flint basin water supplies from the snowfall occurring in January. Growing sea- Saginaw formation are generally brackish, son varies from 120 days in the north to 148 but fresh water occurs locally. Bedrock chan- days in the south. nels filled with coarse material are widely scattered throughout the area and serve as good aquifers. Although the Davison area is a 5.3.2 Water Resources famous flowing well area, in the deployed moraines area salt is usually found below 200 feet. The Marshall sandstone of the interlo- 5.3.2.1 Surface-Water Resources bate area is a good aquifer. However, the shale of the southeast and northeast corners of Although the City of Flint has developed the Lapeer County is somewhat saline. All of the potential of the Flint River to a considerable aquifers in the region have higher total dis- degree, the surface waters of the Flint basin solved solids than the 500 mg/I USPHS stand- constitute a limited source of water supply. ard for drinking water supplies. Smaller communities depend on ground wa- The quantity and quality of ground water in Lake Huron Basin 147 the Shiawassee basin varies because of the ing goods whose value exceeded $7 billion. difference in thickness and composition of the More than 1,000 manufacturing establish- glacial drift. The northern part is covered by a ments are located in this eleven-county, east- flat, poorly drained glacial lake plain consist- central Michigan region along the shores of ing of dense clays and fine sands. In general, Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron. Most plants only small capacity wells are obtainable. are small in terms of employment and produc- Depth of rock wells varies, depending upon the tion, but there are also very large establish- thickness of glacial drift and permeability of ments and industrial complexes engaged in the rock aquifer. The southern part of the the production of transportation equipment basin is covered by moraines, till plains, out- and parts, chemicals and allied products, wash, and channel deposits offering fair to ex- machinery, primary metals, and fabricated cellent possibilities for the development of metal products. Genesee, Saginaw, Bay and domestic and municipal supplies. In this part Midland Counties are important manufactur- of the basin water generally has better chemi- ing centers which together provide 86 percent cal quality, and salinity problems are not as of the manufacturing employment and ac- numerous as in the northern portion. count for nearly 95 percent of the value added Ground-water yield (based on 70 percent by manufacture in the planning subarea. flow-duration data) in River Basin Group 3.2 is The growth and vigor of the region's man- estimated to be 1,270 mgd .21 ufacturing sector resulted in an increase of more than 23 percent in employment between 1963 and 1967 and an increase in value of 5.3.3 Water-User Profile product of more than 40 percent during the same period. Projections of manufacturing sector growth, provided by OBERS, suggest 5.3.3.1 Municipal Water Users the expansion of industry group SIC 28, Chem- icals and Allied Products, from an estimated There are three SMSAs in Planning Sub- constant 1958-dollar value added by manufac- area 3.2: Flint, Saginaw, and Bay City. In 1970 ture of $600 million in 1970 to more than $11 the population was 1.1 million, and the popula- billion in year 2020. This will have major sig- tion density averaged 134.6 people per square nificance for water resources planning be- mile. The average per capita. income is esti- cause of the large self-supplied water with- mated to be $4,190 (1970$). drawals associated with these industries. Ex- The economy of the region is focused on the panded output by the large undefined cate- intense heavy manufacturing areas of Flint gory of manufacturers signified as other and Saginaw. Most of the manufacturing ac- manufacturing in Table 6-79 from an esti- tivity is concentrated in the urban areas of mated $1.5 billion value added to $12.7 billion Genesee, Saginaw, and Bay Counties. Mid- during the same period is equally important. land County is the center of one of the largest This group includes the many small and large chemical industries in the United States. For manufacturers who normally obtain water the most part population is centered in these supply from municipal systems. It also in- four counties. Most of the other counties in the cludes large plants in the transportation in- basin are dependent on resource-based ac- dustries with water demands that require tivities, such as the prime croplands in the large supplemental self-operated plant sys- Thumb (Huron and Tuscola Counties) and in tems. the central counties of Gratiot and Isabella. In 1970 municipal water supplies served 708,000 people, which represented 65 percent 5.3.3.3 Rural Water Users of the population. The population is forecast to be 2.0 million by 2020, of which 1.7 million In 1964 Planning Subarea 3.2 contained 2.8 people should be served by municipal water million acres of land in farm. This area con- supplies. tains very productive cropland with field beans, corn, wheat, oats, meadow, sugar beets, and soybeans forming the major crops of the 5.3.3.2 Industrial Water Users area. There were more than 15,000 acres of commercial vegetables and 12,000 acres of Manufacturing is the major economic sector potatoes, heavy water users, in the area in in Planning Subarea 3.2, providing nearly 42 1964. Dairy farming, also a heavy water user, percent of all employment in 1970 and produc- grossed more than half the sales of livestock 148 Appendix 6 and livestock products in the area. Crop sales 6-77). Total demand for water withdrawals were valued at more than $104 million and will continue to rise, with central distribution livestock and livestock product sales at more systems providing an increasing share of the than $81 million in 1964. There were 97,000 total water supply. Municipal withdrawals people living on farms and 17,000 people amounted to 18 percent of the total in 1970 and employed on farms according to the 1960 cen- are expected to increase to 25 percent, 35 per- sus. cent, and 27 percent of total withdrawals in 1980, 2000, and 2020, respectively. One of the most important uses of Lake 5.3.4 Present and Projected Water Huron water is for public water supply. Cen- Withdrawal Requirements tral distribution systems served a 1970 popu- lation of nearly 511,000 (46 percent of the popu- lation) with nearly 91 mgd from the Great 5.3.4.1 Municipal Water Use Lakes. Municipal supplies using either ground-water or inland surface-water sources Water withdrawals in Planning Subarea 3.2 supplied 35 mgd to nearly 198,000 people in the totaled 673 mgd in 1970 (Figure 6-38 and Table area. Table 6-78 contains results of the munic- TABLE 6-77 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 3.2 (mgd) 1970 1980 Use m1m. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 125oo' 515 32-5 673 159.6 469 38-3 667 Total 72-5.6 515 32.5 77-7 T59.6 7'9-- _3773 767 Consixaption Michigan 9-9 31 9.4 50 i4.o 57 13-0 84 Total @79 71 -9.7 70 77 13 -,D '87 1970 Capacity Future Needs Michigan 188.4 J12 2,2 @2_1 107 L__8 144 Total _18-8-7 515 32-5 737 32.1 107 5.8 17 @5 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rurai total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 2 8 2 8 47.8 684 345.6 868 c:5 0 126 Total 77-7 7@ 3-75.7 77 -5'5: 0 1-279" Consumption Michigan 26.c) 23 17-7 277 4 625 23-0 714 Total 26-.9 236 17-7 277 43.2 72-5- 23-0 7-174 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan 1 4 '@4c) 15.3 480 2 2 4 L2 23.5 1080 Total L11R;74 '379' - 15-3 787 -2312-7.4 825 23-5 1080 Lake Huron Basin 149 ipal water supply analysis pertaining to Plan- drawing on Lake Huron north of Port Huron ning Subarea 3.2. for a substantial amount of water. One of the By 2020 municipal water supplies are ex- municipal systems obtained its water from in- pected to serve 345.6 mgd to more than 1.6 land surface waters, 64 relied upon ground million persons, accounting for 80 percent of water, and one system tapped both inland sur- the planning subarea's projected population. face- and ground-water sources. Ten new sys- Of the 99 central water systems operating in tems have been developed since 1965. 1965, 33 obtained water from Great Lakes sources. Many of these systems were served by the large Saginaw-Midland system draw- 5.3.4.2 Industrial Water Use ing from Lake Huron at White Stone Point at the head of Saginaw Bay, while some supplies Water use by manufacturers in Planning use water from the main body of Lake Huron. Subarea 3.2 is almost five times as great as the Flint and Flushing purchased treated water domestic and commercial use supplied by mu- from the Detroit system which uses the De- nicipal systems. In 1970 manufacturers re- troit River as a source. Soon Detroit will be quired an average 567 mgd, supplied from their own sources, in addition to the 52 mgd they obtained from public water supplies. A 2,000 large portion of the self-supplied industrial EJ INDUS rRJ4L water is accounted for by withdrawals of ap- IM RURAL proximately 300 mgd from the Tittabawassee 1,r.00 -MAWLINICIPAL River by the chemicals industry complex at Midland, Michigan, and unknown quantities from Lake Huron. Other rivers and streams 0 1,200-- also serve as supply sources for manufactur- ers, as do company-owned wells. In general, A well water supplies are not expected to be im- portant as a source for new manufacturing a Boo---- X supplies because of the limited yields of aqui- fers and the frequent occurrence of poor qual- Au" ity water. 400 Table 6-79 presents the base year estimates and projections of five water-use parameters and constant dollar estimates of value added 0. by manufacture for five of the major water- 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 using SIC two-digit industry groups and the Y E A R residual other manufacturing group that FIGURE 6-38 Municipal, Industrial, and comprise the sector. The value-added param- Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- eter is derived from OBERS projections and is Planning Subarea 3.2 included to serve as an indicator of the rates of growth of the industry groups. The water-use Planning Subarea 3.2 is sparsely populated estimates represent the needs of all estab- with 1.1 million people residing in the region in lishments without differentiation between 1970. Municipal water supplies served 65 per- small and large users. The large water-using cent of the population or 708,000 people in 1970, plants (those withdrawing 20 million gallons and this is projected to be 1.66 million by the per year or more) are relatively few in number, year 2020. but the impact of their water use is huge. Less Production of feed grains, winter wheat, than 40 establishments in the region ac- sugar beets, vegetable crops, and livestock are counted for more than 95 percent of all indus- the main elements of agricultural industry in trial withdrawals. the Saginaw basin. Irrigation plays a minor role In addition to the concentration of water use in the total water use in the planning subarea. among relatively few plants, there is a concen- The economy of the region is focused on the tration of water use by one SIC industry intense heavy manufacturing activity in Flint group. Water requirements of industries in and Saginaw, concentrated in the urban areas of SIC 28 dominate throughout the planning Genesee, Saginaw, and Bay Counties. Most of period (Table 6-79). Approximately 80 percent the water used for industrial purposes is for of water withdrawals for the SIC 28 group processing and cooling. were used for cooling and condensing on a 150 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-78 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 3.2, Michigan (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day sumption. GL 510-5 go.6 lo8-7 135.8 7.2 1970 is 11103.2 7.8 1.4 1-7 2.1 0.1 GW 189-7 33.6 40.4 50-5 2-7 GL 637.6 119-5 143.4 179-3 10-5 198o is 1J246.8 5-0 1.0 1.1 1.4 0.1 GW 209.0 39-1 46.9 58-7 3.4 GL 942-3 186-3 223.5 279.4 20.9 2000 is 1.6oo.5 7.0 1.4 1.7 2.1 0.2 GW 256.o 50-5 6o.6 75-7 5-7 GL 1,337.2 277-9 333.4 416.8 34-7 2020 is 2PO57- 8.o 1.7 2.1 2.6 0.2 GW 317-0 66.o 79.2 99.0 8-3 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs ca-pita Average Con- Average Con- (198o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) GL 53-1 5-3 37.5 1.9 135.8 1970 is 103-9 o.8 0.1 o.6 0.0 2.1 GW 19.7 2.0 13-9 0-7 50.5 GL 70-0 7.0 49-5 3-5 27-9 198o is log.8 o.6 0.1 o.4 0.0 GW 22.9 2-3 16.2 1.1 4.2 GL 109.2 10.9 77-1 10.1 100.0 2000 is 115.8 0.8 0.1 o.6 0.1 GW 29.6 3-0 20.9 2-7 15.4 GL 162.8 16.3 115-1 18.4 201.4 2020 is 121.8 1.0 0.1 0-7 0.1 GW 38.7 3-9 27-3 4.4 31-0 Lake Huron Basin 151 TABLE 6-79 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 3.2 (mgd) SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 29 SIC 33 Other Mfg. Total- 1970 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 97 10 602 34 137 1,5o8 2,388 Gross Water Required 11 5 534 118 55 91 815 Recirculation Ratio 1.84 3.39 1.21 3.02 2.03 1.75 Total Water Withdrawal 6.1 1.6 441 39.1 26.9 52.2 567 Self Supplied 515 Water Consumed 1.3 26.7 1.9 1.0 2.6 33.5 198o Value Added (millions 1958$) 130 18 1,152 47 170 2,364 3,881 Gross Water Required 24 8 lJ1077 182 65 145 1.,501 Recirculation Ratio 2-77 6.03 2-57 5.61 3.63 2.44 Total Water Wathdrawal 5.8 1-3 419 32.4 17-9 59-3 535 Self Supplied 469 Water Consumed 1.6 0.3 51.5 3.2 1-3 4.2 62.1 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 213 44 4.,18o 116 251 5,439 10@243 Gross Water Required 24 18 4.4oo 584 77 351 5,454 Recirculation Ratio 3-15 8.oo 11-70 19.61 9.63 4.8o Total Water Withdrawal 7.7 2.2 376 29.8 8.o 73-1 497 Self Supplied 398 Water Consumed 2.2 o.6 220 lo.6 1.6 9.6 245 2020 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 358 97 lly253 282 319 12JI670 24.,979 Gross Water Required 39 36 11,855 1,.349 89 834 14,202 Recirculation Ratio 3.50 8.oo 15-00 23.92 12.00 5.86 Total Water Withdrawal 11.2 4-5 790 56.4 7.4 142-3 11011 Self Supplied 868 Water Consumed 3.5 1-3 593 25.3 1.6 22.8 648 once-through basis in 1970. The average recir- whose sum total growth in manufacturing culation rate for all water used is estimated to output is forecast to exceed 800 percent be- have been 1.21. Dramatic reductions in with- tween 1970 and 2020. The potential for im- drawal requirements can be achieved by the provement in water management in the many cooling and recirculation of cooling water to different manufacturing activities of this offset the demand for increases in withdraw- group is immensely varied. A close study of the als. In this study improvements are projected group was not within the scope of this study, to occur following an interest rate curve to and the net changes in recirculation rates achieve an average rate of 11.7 by the year have been projected conservatively by exten- 2000, and 15.0 by 2020. Projections do not at- sion of past trends. It is probable that greater tempt to predict sudden and large changes, improvement will be achieved. but deal instead with overall trends and ef- SIC 29, Petroleum and Coal Products, and fects. SIC 33, Primary Metals Products, are signifi- Other manufacturing represents a large as- cant users of water at present, accounting for sortment of small and large industrial estab- 39 mgd and 27 mgd withdrawals, respectively. lishments in varied manufacturing activities, SIC 29 is forecast to expand production by 152 Appendix 6 more than 800 percent during the planning TABLE 6-80 Rural Water Use Requirements period, with similar increases in gross water and Consumption, Planning Subarea 3.2 (mgd) requirements. This industry group presently 1970 198o 2000 2020 recirculates at an estimated rate of 3.0 which REQUIREMENTS Rural Farm is projected to improve to 23.9 by year 2020, Domestic 5 1 6 6 6.2 6.8 requiring that total withdrawals by the group Livestock 5:3 8:7 13-1 18.1 Spray Water 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 increase to 56 mgd. For SIC 33 the projected Subtotal 10-75 Y5 7-3 9=5 75--0 growth rate is 230 percent, but because of im- Rural Nonfarm 22.1 23-0 @u 30-0 provements in recirculation and reuse of wa- Total 32-5 38-3 47.8 55.0 ter, the withdrawals by the group are forecast CONSUMPTION to decline to 7.5 mgd by the year 2020. Rural Farm Domestic 1.3 1 6 1.6 1.7 Total manufacturing sector withdrawals, as Livestock 4-7 7:8 11.8 16.7 Spray Water 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 a result of changing practices in water use, are Subtotal 9.1 75 r3. 5 17.5 projected in Table 6-79 to decline slightly to Rural Nonfarm 1J. 3.4 4.2 4.5 500 mgd in the year 2000, after which the de- Total 9.4 13.0 17-7 23.0 mand increases sharply, reaching 1,000 mgd in year 2020. The rapid increase in withdrawals is expected to occur as improvements in recir- culation rates become less feasible as an al- than adequate to meet the projected water ternative to meeting water requirements of supply needs. the rapidly expanding sector. Estimates of the costs incurred in the de- velopment of municipal water supply facilities are presented in Table 6-81. 5.3.4.3 Rural Water Use The programmed construction of parts of a new pipeline paralleling an existing pipeline Rural water requirements and consumption in this planning subarea necessitates an al- were estimated for Planning Subarea 3.2 fol- ternative computation method for estimating lowing the methodology outlined in Subsec- expenditures during the 1970 to 1980 period. tion 1.4. Table 6-80 divides total requirements The actual calculation was made to the year and consumption into categories of rural non- 2000 with a portion of the dollars assigned to farm and rural farm. Rural farm is further the 1980 date. This was done to allow for the divided into domestic, livestock, and spray probable installation of portions of a larger water requirements. pipeline that will not realize full capacity until completed. 5.3.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions 5.3.5.2 Industrial 5.3.5.1 Municipal Although water must be supplied to meet the needs of new and expanded production At present developed municipal water sup- facilities, the total withdrawal needs for man- ply facilities have a rated capacity of 188.4 ufacturing are not expected to increase until mgd in Planning Subarea 3.2, including 135.8 after the year 2000. If all new production were mgd withdrawn from Lake Huron, 2.1 mgd to occur at existing manufacturing plant loca- withdrawn from inland lakes and streams, tions, then it might be possible to supply the and 50.5 mgd withdrawn from ground-water new water need with water conserved by re- sources. Needs are projected on the basis of a circulation without developing new sources. water-use coefficient and additional popula- However, new production is most likely to tion growth, and are presented in Tables 6-77 occur at new plants as well as old, and new and 6-78. supplies will have to be developed even though Development of 32.1 mgd of water supply total withdrawals do not increase. Knowledge facilities will be required to meet the projected of the probable locations of new manufactur- needs by 1980. Of this total need 27.9 mgd is ing facilities would enable identification of the expected to be withdrawn from Lake Huron. new industrial supply needs and problems. By 2020 the need is projected to be 232.4 mgd, Figure 6-39 illustrates the hypothetical of which 201.4 mgd will be withdrawn from change in water supply needs at old and new Lake Huron. The water supply from Lake manufacturing locations. In preparing this Huron is considered unlimited and is more set of curves, it was assumed that the first 100 Lake Huron Basin 153 TABLE 6-81 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 3.2 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 198o-2000 2obo-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 8-342 21-557 30-318 29.900 6o.218 Great Lakes Annual OMR .415 1-905 4.49o 2.321 6.812 Total OMR 4.157 38.114 89.817 42.271 132.o88 Capital .647 1.727 2.405 2.374 4.78o Ground Water* Annual ONR .129 .605 1.433 -735 2.169 Total OMR 1.297 12.112 28.675 13.41o 42.o85 Long Distance Capital 5.000 14,500 19-500 19-500 39-000 Transport of Annual OMR 0.000 o.66o o.66o o.66o 1.320 Great Lakes Total OMR 0.000 13.200 13.200 13.200 26.4oo Capital 13-990 37-783 52.225 51-775 103-999 Total Annual OMR 0.545 3.172 6.585 3.716 10-301 Total OMR 5.455 63.427 131.692 68.882 200.575 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($7mgdJ ($/mgd-yr) transmission 120JIOOO 7,600 wells & pumping 34)1200 54,200 (see Kgure 6-4) _T_,2_00 Total 15 71 -, R-0 MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER DAY percent increase in value added by manufac- 1400 ture would occur at existing plant locations, and that all further increases in production 1200- TO PROVIDE FOR NEW would occur at new locations. Curve 1 repre- PPRODUCTION AT NEW sents the demand to maintain existing pro- .... LOCATIONS duction levels at existing plants. Curve 2 rep- TO PROVIDE FOR NEW PRODUCTION AT EXISTING resents the demand to maintain existing pro- 1000 PLANT LOCATIONS CURVE 3 duction and to maintain the supply for the 0 MAINTAIN EXISTING PRODUCTION AT EXISTING first 100 percent increase in production. Curve P 'LANT LOCATIONS 3 represents the demand for all manufactur- 800 - ing production. The area between Curves 2 and 3 represents the withdrawal demand at .. .. .. .. .. new locations. Under these circumstances the . .. ............. 600 new supply demand for manufacturing is es- .. .. .. .. ..- timated to be 135 mgd by 1980, 330 mgd by 2000, and 880 mgd by 2020. 400 5.3.5.3 Rural 200 CURVE 2 Future rural water requirements will be CURVE 1 drawn primarily from ground-water sources, 0 1 although in some areas streams will be in- 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 YEAR creasingly important. The location and qual- ity of ground water will be important in chan- neling additional development, particularly in FIGURE 6-39 Total Withdrawal Demands for the location of rural nonfarm dwellings. In Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 3.2 areas where ground water is in short supply, 154 Appendix 6 development should proceed only after water throughout the planning subarea, and there is supplies are located. Some areas will not de- a definite water quality problem. Saline water velop until a central supply is available. is often found at depths less than 100 feet. In Rural water requirements are projected to general poor water can be expected in the cen- increase 69 percent between 1970 and 2020, tral basin area. Development of large supplies and consumption is expected to increase 140 of water in this area requires the use of Lake percent. Huron water or water from inland streams Ground-water supplies are generally sparse and lakes. Section 6 LAKE ERIE BASIN 6.1 Summary tion in 1960 lived in these areas. The Lake Erie region has been one of the fastest growing regions in the Great Lakes. 6.1.1 The Study Area The Lake Erie basin is characterized by a diversified economy which relies upon light The Lake Erie basin is located in the south- and heavy industry, manufacturing, agricul- central portion of the Great Lakes, draining ture, and tourism and recreation for support. more than 21,460 square miles of United Industrial activity is concentrated in the States land in Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, highly populated metropolitan areas located Pennsylvania, and New York (Figure 6-40). near the lakeshore. The chief products are The basin extends from the south-central automobiles, fabricated metal, primary met- Michigan Thumb region near Port Huron, als, rubber, food, petroleum, chemicals, and south through Ohio, and east along Lake Erie paper. Total value added by manufacture in through Pennsylvania to a point near Niagara the region is estimated at more than $17 bil- Falls in northwestern New York State. Fol- lion annually. lowing the axis of the Lake, the basin, lying Despite a trend of decreasing acreage of ac- within the United States and Canada, is ap- tual agricultural production, agricultural proximately 400 miles long and 200 miles wide sales in the Lake Erie basin reached $733 mil- at its widest point in the western section. The lion in 1964. Agricultural production in the study area is divided into four planning sub- western portion of the basin is characterized areas, described as Lake Erie Northwest, by dairy products, vegetables, fruits, and field Planning Subarea 4.1; Lake Erie Southwest, crops, as well as livestock and livestock prod- Planning Subarea 4.2; Lake Erie Central, ucts. The central and eastern sections are Planning Subarea 4.3; and Lake Erie East, smaller in area with higher urban concentra- Planning Subarea 4.4. tions and generate nursery and greenhouse products, vegetables, and specialty crops such as grapes, pears, and sweet cherries. 6.1.2 Economic and Demographic Tourism and recreation add hundreds of Characteristics millions of dollars to the basin's economy each year. The largest enterprises are in Sandusky, On a hydrologic basis, the Lake Erie basin is Ohio, and Erie, Pennsylvania. the most populous of the five Great Lakes ba- The Lake Erie island area resort towns sins, with a 1960 population estimated at 9.8 along the Lake combined with State and re- million. In contrast the Lake Erie plan area gional parks add to the attraction of the re- (county boundaries) in 1970 had a total resi- gion. One of the most serious detriments to dent population of 11.4 million. Population dis- recreational growth is degraded environmen- tribution analysis reveals the major concen- tal conditions in the basin water and land re- tration of people in Wayne County in Michi- source systems. gan, Cuyahoga County in Ohio, and Erie The availability of the Lakes and the St. County in New York. The resident population Lawrence Seaway for waterborne commerce of the Lake Erie basin is expected to increase makes the Lake Erie basin a major distribu- by 86 percent by the year 20230 to 21.2 million. tion center for both raw materials and The U.S. Bureau of Census has designated finished products. The basin has 11 major U.S. 10 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas ports: Detroit, Toledo, Sandusky, Huron, Lo- within the Lake Erie basin. The urbanized rain, Cleveland, Fairport, Ashtabula, Con- areas of the SMSAs comprise approximately neaut, Erie, and Buffalo. Coal and iron ore are 10 percent of the total land area of the basin. the largest volume commodities, but foreign Approximately 80 percent of the basin popula- package trade is also large in tonnage. Lake N YKE QWAR@ E_ 0 N T A R 0 4. 1 (-MICHIGAN NEW Y 4.4 -PENNSYLVANIA 2 .2 .3 UO 0 rn Lake Erie Basin 157 Erie accounts for 13 percent of the annual mile. Lake Erie is the fourth in the chain of ton-miles of shipping out of a total of more five Great Lakes, and has become infamous for than 106 billion on the Great Lakes. In 1968 its advanced eutrophic condition. Lake Erie is total traffic on Lake Erie reached 143.2 million the shallowest and has the least volume of the tons, the highest of any Lake or connecting five Great Lakes. There are two diversions of channel in the Great Lakes system. water out of Lake Erie, the Welland Canal In 1960 approximately 3.8 million persons (7,000 efs average) and the New York State (39 percent of the population) found employ- Barge Canal (700 cfs average). The Niagara ment in. agriculture, forestry, fisheries, min- River, Lake Erie's natural outlet, discharges ing, manufacturing, trades and services, and an average of 202,000 cfs from Lake Erie. other occupations in the Lake Erie region. Basin streams and lakes reflect poor Manufacturing, trade, and services are the natural drainage conditions, high dissolved major employers in the region. solid concentrations, and low quality water in Total personal income generated in the re- most stream reaches due to municipal, indus- gion in 1962 exceeded $26.2 billion, 39 percent trial, and agricultural waste disposal prac- of the total in the Great Lakes Region. Per tices. Lake Erie has phosphorous concentra- capita income levels have been higher than tions six times higher t han that contained in the rest of the nation. Planning Subarea 4.1 the other Lakes. Low dissolved oxygen con- (the Detroit area) and Planning Subarea 4.3 centrations and high algae growths are (the Cleveland area) have led the Lake Erie characteristic of most surface-water re- region with per capita income6 of $4,653 and sources in the Lake Erie basin. Taste and odor $4,912, respectively. In terms of 1970 dollars irregularities, due to excessive algal concen- the aycrage per capita income for the Lake trat;ons in the surface water, are a problem Erie basin was $4,432 in 1970. for Toledo and Cleveland in the western basin of Lake Erie. The Lake Erie basin has the least overall 6.1.3 Water Resources ground-water potential of the Great Lakes ba- sins. Glacial drift provides excellent aquifers The availability and quality of surface and in selected areas of Michigan, New York, and subsurface water resources in the basin is a Ohio. Carbonate aquifers are plentiful in reflection of natural and man-made factors western Ohio and northern New York areas. bearing upon those resources. Approximately Areas of limited ground-water potential are one-third of the water that falls as precipita- found in the lake plains along the southern tion in the basin runs off annually. Glacial and shore of Lake Erie east of Sandusky and in the bedrock features control the drainage pat- upland areas of Pennsylvania and New York. terns of streams in the Lake Erie basin. Here, conjunctive use of surface water and Drainage is irregular and deflected in the ground-water is a necessity to provide ade- western portion of the basin by morainal fea- quate water. The total estimated ground- tures. Streams in the east are short and flow water potential of the Lake Erie basin is 1,945 directly to Lake Erie as they drain from the mgd. Niagara and Portage Escarpments. Chemical quality of the ground water has With the exception of Planning Subarea 4.1 been a limiting factor in ground-water de- in the western portion, there are few inland velopment in the Lake Erie basin. However, lakes and ponds in the Lake Erie basin. Artifi- most poor quality water can be treated to im- cial impoundments, particularly in Ohio, are prove its quality, so the use of ground water found frequently throughout the basin. A 1966 becomes an economic factor. Water from the inventory listed 1,473 inland lakes and artifi- surficial sand and gravel aquifers is good to cial impoundments with 89,650 acres of fair in quality. Iron is usually present and the surface-water area in the Lake Erie basin. water can be hard and contain appreciable The estimated total surface area of rivers and dissolved solids. Bedrock aquifers con- embayments in the Lake Erie basin is 197,600 sistently yield hard to very hard water with acres. dissolved solids often over the recommended Lakes St. Clair and Erie are major water limit of 1,000 mg/l. Salt water is usually a local resources in the basin. Lake St. Clair is a very problem, but overall salinity tends to increase shallow lake with a total surface area of 430 with depth. Iron and sulfate contents may be square miles (162 square miles in the U.S.) relatively high in localized areas and increase and a volume It low water datum of 1 cubic treatment costs. 158 Appendix 6 6.1.4 Present and Projected Water connecting channels are expected to provide Withdrawal Requirements approximately 85 percent, or 3,197 mgd, of the municipal water supply requirements pro- In 1970 the Lake Erie basin total water jected to the year 2020, totaling 3,762 mgd. withdrawals, 5,769 mgd, accounted for 37 per- Inland lakes and streams and ground-water cent of the withdrawals for the entire Great resources are expected to supply 11 percent Lakes Basin. A summary of present and pro- and 4 percent, respectively, of the municipal jected water withdrawal requirements and water supply requirements by 2020. As dis- needs for the municipal, industrial, and rural cussed in a previous section, the waters of water-using sectors is presented in Table 6-82 Lake Huron will provide most of the municipal and Figure 6-41. water supply requirements in Planning Sub- The waters of Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and area 4.1 through the Detroit Metropolitan Water Department regional supply system. By 2020 the system is expected to supply Iwo through interbasin transfer almost 1,100 mgd 0 INDusmAi. or 30 percent of the total Lake Erie basin mu- 0 RURAL nicipal requirement." 8,000- mmu'VICIPAi. The water supply available from Lake Erie is considered unlimited for the time period of 81 this study and is more than adequate for the 0 water-use requirements projected for the mu- :E 6,000- X ---- nicipal water-using sector of the basin. Needs A in the availability of the water resource do not exist in the Lake Erie basin, but rather in the 0 4,000 X development of water supplies and proper management of the water quality of the Lake. Estimates of the costs incurred in develop- Z=01.. ing, operating, and maintaining municipal water supply facilities are shown in Table 6-83. During the 50-year period of this study it is estimated that $972 million will be required 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 200 for capital investment in municipal water Y r: A R supply facilities and that $1,572 million will be FIGURE 6-41 Municipal, Industrial, and required for total OMR expenditures in the Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements-Lake Lake Erie basin. Erie Basin Lake Erie is suitable for domestic water supply in all per.'ods to the year 2020. Al- The 1970 population of the Lake Erie basin, the though some problems may be experienced, most populous in the Great Lakes Basin, was the water quality standards program for these 11.6 million people. The major concentration of interstate waters calls for making these wa- people is along the southern shore of Lake Erie. ters suitable for municipal water supply. The Municipal water supplies served 10.0 million program includes plans for implementation people or 86 percent of the total basin popula- and timetables for making this possible. tion in 1970. This is projected to be 19.6 million by 2020. Agricultural production in the western por- 6.1.5 Acknowledgments tion of the basin is characterized by dairy prod- ucts, vegetables, fruits, field crops, livestock Municipal water supply data came from the and livestock products. The central and eastern Ohio Department of Health files as supplied by regions produce vegetables, nursery products, local community officials for Planning Sub- and specialty crops. areas 4.2 and 4.3.50 Figures on average muni- Industrial activity is concentrated in the cipal water demands and population served are highly populated urban areas near the lake- based on 1965 data from the Michigan De- shore, since it relies on an abundant water sup- partment of Public Health for Planning Sub- ply and waterborne commerce. Chief manufac- area 4. 1.29 Water supply data for the base year turing activities are automobile, primary met- (1970) was obtained from draft reports pre- als, rubber, food, petroleum, chemical, and pa- pared by contract consultants for each New per production. York county in Planning Subarea 4.4. Lake Erie Basin 159 TABLE 6-82 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Lake Erie Basin (mgd) 1970 1980 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements 4.1 738.9 1297 49.4 2085.3 891.7 900 54.2 1845.9 4.2 185.9 318 42.4 546.3 236.6 347 51.1 634.7 4.3 516.9 1306 24.7 1847.6 610.2 1171 26.3 1807.5 4.4 327.2 946 16.6 1289.8 365.9 854 16.4 1236.3 Total 1768.9 3867 133.1 5769.0 T1-04.4 -j-27-2 T4-8.O 5524.4 Consumption 4.1 60.8 135.0 11.9 207.7 79.6 173.7 13.5 266.8 4.2 18.5 36.0 15.3 69.8 25.5 60.0 21.0 106.5 4.3 52.0 85.3 5.8 143.1 82.0 117.1 5.9 205.0 4.4 30.0 82.0 6.4 118.4 34.8 115.0 7.1 156.9 Total T6-1.3 T3-8.3 "TT-4 539.0 221.9 465.8 47.5 735.2 1970 Capacity- Future Needs 4.1 1295.0 1297 49.4 2641.4 165.3 30.8 4.8 200.9 4.2 441.7 318 42.4 802.1 23.4 58.0 8.7 90.1 4.3 800.7 1306 24.7 2131.4 79.5 153.0 1.6 234.1 4.4 490.8 946 16.6 1453.4 39.1 114.0 --- 153.1 Total 3028.2 3867 133.1 7028.3 TO-7.3 T5-5.8 17571 678.2 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements 4.1 1236.0 589 63.3 1888.3 1710.0 1092 67.7 2869.7 4.2 335.4 333 64.1 732.5 454.5 594 76.3 1124.8 4.3 800.3 1103 31.0 1934.3 1037.0 19r46 33.4 3016.4 4.4 453.6 670 23.5 1147.1 560.9 1010 31.6 1602.5 Total 2 8 2 @@-.3 -@-69-5 181.9 5702.2 6 -2.4 T64-2 2-09.0 8613.4 Consumption 4.1 136.6 372.7 15.6 524.9 207.8 744 17.3 969.1 4.2 42.5 140.0 28.4 210.9 62.5 312 37.4 411.9 4.3 101.0 338.1 6.9 446.0 140.1 781 7.9 929.0 4.4 48.2 232.0 8.8 289.0 58.9 475 10.9 544.8 Total 32 TO-82.8 [email protected] 1470.8 469.3 T31-2 73.5 2854.8 1970 Capacity- Future Needs 4.1 553.4 401 13.9 968.3 1094.0 923 18.3 2035.3 4.2 116.2 238 21.7 375.9 260.8 523 33.9 817.7 4.3 247.7 836 6.3 1090.0 494.8 1730 8.7 2233.5 4.4 137.7 454 6.9 598.6 260.0 849 15.0 1124.0 Total 1055.0 1929 48.8 3032.-8 2109.6 4025 75-._9 6210.5 160 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-83 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Lake Erie Basin (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 1980-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 89.102 202.034 267-754 291.136 558.89o Great Lakes Annual OMR 4.44o 18.948 42-359 23-388 65-747 Total OMR 44.402 3T8.966 847-184 423-368 1270-552 Inland Lakes Capital .657 16.923 41.022 17-581 58.6o4 and Annual OMR -032 .908 3-796 .941 4-738 Streams Total OMR -327 18.178 75-930 18-505 94.436 Capital 1.278 2.748 3-528 4.027 7.555 Ground Water* Annual OMR -095 -396 .865 .492 1-357 Total OMR .955 7.931 17-312 8.886 26.199 Long Distance Capital 164-500 88.ooo 95-000 252-500 347-500 Transport of Annual OMR 5.6oo 3-000 3.200 8.6oo 11.800 Great Lakes Total OMR 56.ooo 6o.ooo 64.ooo 116.ooo 180.000 Capital 255-541 309-702 407.298 565.242 972-539 Total Annual OMR lo.168 23.259 50.24o 33.426 83.667 Total OMR lol.430 465-167 loo4.8o6 566.844 1571.657 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) (.$/mgd-yr) transmission 120JI000 7,600 wells & pumping 27,000 14,367 (see Figure 6-4) total 177-,000 21,967 Data concerning industrial water supplies basin, and to the south by the Maumee River were furnished -by the Bureau of Domestic basin and the Ohio State line. To the east, the Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce. region lies at the edge of Lake St. Clair, the The Economic Research Service, U.S. Depart- St. Clair River, the Detroit River, and Lake ment of Agriculture, provided data on rural Erie. The total drainage area is 145 miles long water supplies. with an average width of 40 miles. 6.2 Lake Erie Northwest, Planning Subarea 6.2.1.2 Topography and Geography 4.1 In the western half or upstream portions of the major tributaries, a moderately rolling to 6.2.1 Description of Planning Subarea rugged terrain is interspersed locally with relatively flat areas. Elevations generally range from 800 to 1,000 feet, with areas in Oak- 6.2.1.1 Location land, Washtenaw, and Lenawee Counties at elevations exceeding 1,000 feet above sea Planning Subarea 4.1 is composed of nine level. Numerous inland lakes, interconnected counties located in the central portion of the by marshy lands and small streams, are found Great Lakes Basin in the southeastern corner in the area. The lower lake bed portion of the of Michigan's Lower Peninsula (Figure 6-42). region is predominantly level, generally with- The region is bounded to the north by the out any naturally formed lakes, and is marked Saginaw River basin and small tributaries to by a series of fragmentary ancestral lake Lake Huron, to the west by the Grand River beach ridges. Elevations in the lake bed area Lake Erie Basin 161 r7@1 m VICINITY MAP lo 1- SCAL I't IN M __,__!LES a 50 too 0 z 'U'RIOIN SAN LAC Port uron ST. CLAIR 0 LAND MAC B St. Clair ii@ Holly Rorneo chmond LIVINGSTON -C,-Lake Orion Marine City R Chester 0 New Baltimore Pontiac 0 Howell Anchor Bay Algonar Mt. Clemen 0 Se M, ord C@ 0r <7 Northville a WAYNE 0 0 0 LAKE ST. CLAIR @D Chelsea A n Yrsila@nti cl@ C, WASHTENAW Milan Flat Rock 00 ecumseh nroe Hu n Adrian all, Blissfii Id SCALE IN MILES 0 10 15 \LENA WEE MICHIGAN MONROE OHIO FIGURE 6-42 Planning Subarea 4.1 162 Appendix 6 increase from less than 600 feet near the Lakes storms, by extreme seasonal temperature var- Erie-Huron shores to nearly 800 feet inland. iation, and a fairly even annual distribution of Limestone, sandstone, and shale deposits precipitation. Average yearly temperatures dominate subsurface formations in the west- vary from 47'F at Port Huron to 50*F at Mon- ern portion of the region, while shale and lime- roe, with extremes ranging from 108'F in the stone become more prevalent in Macomb, summer to -26'F in the winter. Averaging 31 Wayne, southern Washtenaw, and northern inches annually, precipitation is usually Lenawee Counties. Dolomite and sandstone ample for the growth and development of veg- dominate subsurface formations in Monroe etation. Sixty percent of the precipitation County. The surface geology of southeastern usually falls during the six-month period from Michigan is the result of deposition of border April through September. Total annual moraines from the Lakes Erie-Huron lobe and snowfall averages vary from 42 inches at Port the Saginaw lobe during the Wisconsin glacial Huron to 29 inches at Monroe. Depths gener- period, and from the ponding of glacial melt ally increase with distance from the lakes and waters. A mixture of sand, silt, clay, and gla- with increasing latitude. The growing season cial drift characterize the rolling land in the averages 180 days in Detroit, but it is three western half of the area. Predominant forma- weeks shorter in the northern portions of the tions are moraines of clay, sand, and gravel; area. outwash plains, primarily of sand, gravel, and clay; and till plains or ground moraines of in- terbedded sands and gravel. Depths vary, but 6.2.2 Water Resources glacial drift averages 100 to 300 feet in thick- ness in the region. In the eastern half the level land is a former 6.2.2.1 Surface-Water Resources lake plain consisting of water-worked glacial drift. The region is characterized by former Drainage patterns of the streams in the glacial-lake bottoms, beaches, and level planning subarea reflect topographic glacial stretches along the shoreline of Lake Huron, features. Glacial moraines predominantly the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit control drainage in the western half of the River, and the western edge of Lake Erie. basin. After leaving the peripheral morained These shorelines are mainly composed of clay, areas, the streams traverse irregular till silt, and sand, with waterlaid moraines of clay, plains, are deflected by intermediate or clay with sand, gravel, and boulders. Glacial moraines, and enter upon the level glacial lake drift is very thin in Monroe County, where bed. Average stream discharges do not exceed there are numerous bedrock outcrops, but it 700 efs. The average annual runoff is 10 inches becomes thicker to the north and west, reach- per year in this area. ing 250 and 300 feet at many points in the area. The natural and artificial lakes in south- Planning Subarea 4.1 has a total drainage eastern Michigan constitute one of the re- area of 5,205 square miles. It includes seven gion's major water resource assets. Most of major drainage systems: the Black River, the 3,651 inland lakes are located in the Pine River, Belle River, Clinton River, River morainic hills and outwash which comprise Rouge, Huron River, and Raisin River. These the western half of the region. Oakland principal tributaries drain the region and flow County leads the region with 1,534 lakes with a in a southeasterly -direction, averaging from total surface area of 22,669 acres. A little more 30 to 50 miles in length, and fall approximately than 1,000 miles of inland lake shoreline are 400 feet from the headwaters to their outlets. found in this area, 90 percent of which is in private ownership. Area streams and lakes have poor natural 6.2.1.3 Climate drainage conditions, high dissolved solid con- centrations, and low quality water in most Planning Subarea 4.1 has a humid continen- stream reaches due to municipal, industrial, tal climate and lies in the pathway of storms and agricultural waste disposal practices. that sweep across the Great Lakes area from Fully developed water storage areas in the the west and southwest. Although the climate planning subarea's inland lakes and streams is moderated by the stabilizing influence of provide an existing storage capacity of 12,000 the Great Lakes, it is characterized by fre- acre-feet. If all inland lakes and streams in quent and sometimes rapid weather changes. Planning Subarea 4.1 considered suitable for These are caused by the passage of such development as surface-water impoundments Lake Erie Basin 163 were developed, the total potential storage central distribution systems. Since 1960 the capacity would increase to 971,235 acre-feet.45 area population total has increased 17 per- Presently developed water storage areas cent, with urban expansion accounting for can produce a sustained water supply yield of most of the increase. Wayne County contains 212 mgd. If all potential water storage areas more than 2.8 million people with a population were fully developed in Planning Subarea 4.1, density of nearly 4,700 persons per square mile impounded inland lakes and streams could (the highest density in Michigan). Urban ex- produce a sustained water supply yield of pansion continues to spread in all directions 1,167 mgd.45 from the Detroit urban center. By 2020 the Potential capacities and yields in this sec- population of Planning Subarea 4.1 is ex- tion relate to the total water resource. No at- pected to double to 9.5 million people. It is ex- tempt has been made to identify that portion pected that 8.9 million people, 91 percent of the of the water resource suitable or available for population, will be served by municipal water use. supplies in 2020. Average annual per capita income in the southeastern Michigan area is estimated at approximately $4,700 per year 6.2.2.2 Ground-Water Resources (1970$). Manufacturing activities in the plan- ning subarea account for the employment of Ground-water resources are poor to moder- 39 percent of the resident working population. ate as one travels from east to west over the basin. In general, bedrock formations un- 5P00 derlying the large lake plain area consist of shales, sandstones, and limestones from INDusrRmi. which little water can be obtained. Water ob- 4,000- M RURAL tained from bedrock sources usually has a M MUNICIPAL high mineral content and is unsuitable for or- dinary use. Sandstone formations produce moderate yields in parts of Washtenaw, 3.000- Livingston, and Sanilac Counties. Most water for domestic supplies comes from glacial deposits. These deposits are thin- 2,ooo- nest on the lake plain and thicken to the west and northwest. The large lake plain area, composed mainly of lake clay, is unfavorable 1,000 for the development of large ground-water supplies. In the western and northwestern portion of the region where outwash deposits are thick, wells will yield more than 500 gpm. 01970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Generally water from glacial deposits is hard, YEAR but of good chemical quality. Objectionable FIGURE 6-43 Municipal, Industrial, and amounts of mineralization occur locally where Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- glacial deposits directly overlie bedrock con- Planning Subarea 4.1 taining highly mineralized water. Ground-water yield in River Basin Group 4.1 Planning Subarea 4.1 is one of the more heav- is estimated to be 600 mgd (based on 70 per- ily populated, with a total population of 5.0 mil- cent flow-duration data) .21 lion people in 1970. Municipal water supplies served 80 percent or 4.0 million people in 1970, and by 2020 this is expected to increase to 8.6 6.2.3 Water-User Profile million. Vegetable and fruit production are important in this nearly urbanized area. Dairy products 6.2.3.1 Municipal Water Users are also important. Manufacturing is concentrated in urban In 1970, approximately 56 percent of Michi- Wayne and Oakland Counties, and particularly gan's total population resided in Planning in Detroit. The chemical and paper industries Subarea 4.1. Of the nearly five million people have the greatest water-use projections, with in the planning subarea, approximately 87 increases of 100 percent and 400 percent re- percent obtained their water supply through spectively from 1970 to 2020. 164 Appendix 6 6.2.3.2 Industrial Water Users 6.2.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements The nine counties of southeastern Michigan which comprise Planning Subarea 4.1 are a Table 6-84 presents a summary of munici- mixture of heavily industrialized counties in pal, self-supplied industrial and rural water the Detroit urban area, and essentially rural use for Planning Subarea 4.1. counties in the southern, western, and ex- treme northern parts of the region. In the De- troit metropolitan area, Wayne, Oakland, and 6.2.4.1 Municipal Water Use Macomb Counties support manufacturing sec- tors that provide 89 percent of the manufac- The major regional water supplier is the turing employment of the planning subarea, City of Detroit, which currently draws its and that account for more than 88 percent of water from the Detroit River. In 1966 the De- the region's value added by manufacture. In troit Department of Water Supply pumped 207 1967 there were more than 800 manufacturing billion gallons for an estimated 3.47 million establishments scattered through all coun- people. As the regional system continues to ties, but heaviest concentration was found in grow, service is anticipated to extend to many the three counties named above, in which points throughout Planning Subarea 4.1. Of 7,100 individual factories were located. The the 240 central water systems operating in the value added by manufacture in all the coun- planning subarea in 1965,93 systems obtained ties totalled $9.6 billion in 1967, and the man- water from Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, ufacturing employment of more than 650,000 Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, and Lake people accounted for 39 percent of total em- Erie, seven systems drew water from inland ployment in the region. surface waters, and 138 systems relied upon The manufacturing sector has been growing ground water. Two systems tapped both in- steadily during recent years, with more fac- land surface- and ground-water sources. In tories being established, more factories grow- the mid-1960s municipal water use exceeded ing to larger size, and more employment being 650 mgd. More than 50 percent of the total provided. Much of the employment is found in went to users located in minor basins draining motor vehicle manufacture and related in- directly into the Great Lakes and their con- dustries, but the growth of employment in necting channels. More than 90 percent of the other industries is occurring at a more rapid water used by municipalities is from the Great rate, and most new employment in recent Lakes and connecting channels. years has been in industries not directly re- The population served by municipal water lated to motor vehicle manufacture. These supply in Planning Subarea 4.1 was 4.4 million trends will probably continue as the region's in 1970. The population served is expected to economy becomes less dependent on the au- increase to 8.9 million by 2020. In 1970, 91.4 tomotive industries, and more broadly based percent of the population used water with- in its manufacturing activities. drawn from the Great Lakes, 2.7 percent from inland surface waters, and 5.9 percent from ground-water sources. These percentages are 6.2.3.3 Rural Water Users expected to change to 97.4 percent, 0.3 percent, and 2.3 percent respectively by 2020. In 1964 Planning Subarea 4.1 contained 2.3 The 1970 average daily municipal with- million acres of land in farm. Major crops con- drawal in Planning Subarea 4.1 from the sisted of corn, wheat, oats, soybeans and Great Lakes and connecting channels was es- meadow. The area also grew more than 28,000 timated to be 675 mgd (Table 6-85). The pro- acres of commercial vegetables and more than jected figure for 2020 is 1,666 mgd, a total in- 10,000 acres of orchards and vines, heavy crease of almost one billion gallons daily. water users. Dairy farming, also a heavy Water consumption in domestic and com- water user, contributed more than half of the mercial use should continue to be 10 percent of receipts of livestock and livestock products withdrawals. Consumption of water supplied coming from this source. More than $68 mil- by municipalities to industry follows the rates lion were derived from crop sales and more calculated by the U.S. Bureau of Domestic than $82 million from livestock and livestock Commerce for other manufacturing for a product sales in 1964. There were 78,000 per- given year. In this area, the rate will rise from sons living on farms, and 21,000 employed on 5 percent in 1970 to 16 percent in 2020. farms, according to the 1960 census. Use of inland lakes and streams and ground Lake Erie Basin 165 TABLE 6-84 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.1 (mgd) 1970 1980 Use muno ind. rural To-tal mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 738.5 1297 4Q.4 20 5 891.7 900 @44 1846 738 r9l:.T 2 Total .5 1297 o85 79-1.7 900 5 3 Y84-6 Consumption Michigan 6o.8 !;.U 11 9 @LO8 79-o 173.7 1@-5 266.8 Total 6-0.7 135 11.9 2o8 7-9.7 173-T 13.5 266.8 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan 1295 1297 f4.44 2642 6 .3 0. 8 4.8 201 -1 5 "L Total 1295 1297 9.7 2=2 175.3 30.7 7.7 201 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural To-tal mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Michigan 1236 98c) 6'1.'@ 188c) 1710 1092 67.7 2870 Total 1236 5 r9 7713 M9 1710 1092 7777 28-(0 Consumption Michigan 66*66 .7 15.6 525 207.8 744 17.3 969.1 372 D . .7 72 5 2= _777 17 Total 13 372 15.7 T. .3 979.1 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Michigan 553-4 4ol 13.9 L)6 8 1094 .2_21 18. 2035 Total 553.4 01 13-9 9-6-9 T09 923 173' 2035 water in southeastern Michigan for municipal to have been 1.56 billion gallons per day in water supply is expected to decrease as more 1970, of which 265 mgd or 17 percent was ob- cities switch sources in favor of Great Lakes tained from municipal water supply systems. water. Total withdrawal requirements from This ratio of municipally supplied industrial these sources are expected to decrease from water is quite high in comparison to the na- 63.5 mgd in 1970 to 44.4 mgd in 2020. The De- tional ratio of less than 10 percent, and the troit Metropolitan Water Department is cur- overall Great Lakes Basin ratio of 11 percent. rently constructing a 1,200 mgd intake in Lake Two factors may account for these differ- Huron as a regional water supply system for ences. First, the category of industries that is many southeastern Michigan communitieS.13 included under other manufacturing accounts for the greatest share of value added by man- ufacture (Table 6-86). Although other man- 6.2.4.2 Industrial Water Use ufacturing includes large water-using estab- lishments such as the automotive industry, At present manufacturing water withdraw- the category is composed mainly of industries als are approximately double the withdrawals with small water requirements, which are for domestic and commercial uses. Total with- more economically satisfied by purchase from drawals for all manufacturing are estimated municipal systems. Second, the concentration 166 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-85 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.1, Michigan (mgd) Total Population Total MuniciRal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 4ol8.3 675.4 81o.4 1013-1 55.5 1970 is 5033-0 118.7 19.9 23-9 29.9 1.7 GW 259.4 43.6 52.3 65.4 3.6 GL 4802.6 829.3 995.1 1244.o 74.o 198o is 5799.2 110.0 18.7 22.5 28.1 1.4 GW 250.0 43.7 52.4 65.4 3-9 GL 6509.8 1185.6 1422.8 1778.5 131.1 2000 is 7426.4 30-0 5.0 5.9 7.4 0.5 GW 250.0 45.8 54.9 68.6 5.0 GL 8703.0 1665-T 1998.7 2498.5 202.4 2020 is 9569.6 30-0 5.1 6.2 7.7 o.6 GW 200.0 39.3 47.2 59.0 4.8 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water_Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (198o., Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) GL 433.6 43.4 241.8 12.1 1200.0 1970 is 107.9 12.8 1-3 7.1 o.4 29.9 GW 28.o 2.8 15.6 o.8 65.4 GL 532.4 53-3 296.9 20.7 165-3 198o is 110.9 12.0 1.2 6.7 0.2 - GW 28.1 2.8 15-06 1.1 - GL 761.2 76.1 424.4 55.0 553.4 2000 is 116.9 3.2 0-3 1.8 0.2 - GW 29.4 2.9 16.4 2.1 - GL lo6q.4 lo6.9 596.3 95.5 1093-9 2020 is 122.9 3-3 0.3 1.8 0-3 - GW 25.2 22.5 14.1 2.3 Notes: The source capacity is determined to be somewhat greater than estimated maximum day to bring the latter figure into better agreement with known capacities. Lake Erie Basin 167 TABLE 6-86 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.1 (mgd) Other SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 29 SIC 33 Mfg. Total 1970 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 435 85 581 78 81o 6696 8685 Gross Water Required 48 166 511 266 12o4 438 2633 Recirculation Ratio 1.84 3-39 1-77 3-02 1.4o 1-75 Total Water Withdrawal 26 49 289 88 86o 250 1562 Self Supplied 1297 Water Consumed 5.11 6.7 26 4.5 93.2 13 148 198o Value Added (Millions 1958$) 590 124 lo18 98 999 9816 12645 Gross Water Required 72 235 956 381 1379 649 3672 Recirculation Ratio 2.77 6.03 3-32 5.61 2.59 2.44 Total Water Withdrawal 26 39 288 68 532 266 1219 Self Supplied goo Water Consumed 6.7 9-3 48 6.7 lo6 19 196 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) loo6 799 3230 215 1464 20287 27000 Gross Water Required 117 1320 3428 1079 1820 1402 9166 Recirculation Ratio 3-15 8.oo 11-7 19.61 9.63 4.8o -- Total Water Withdrawal 37 165 293 55 189 292 1031 Self Supplied 590 Water Consumed 11 52 170 20 138 39 430 2020 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 1778 1413 8387 433 2228 43210 57449 Gross Water Required 193 2000 891o 2o8o 24oo 3035 16618 Recirculation Ratio 3-50 8.oo 15.0 23-92 1-2.0 5.86 -- Total Water Withdrawal 55 250 594 87 200 518 17o4 Self Supplied 109P Water Consumed 18 8o 442 39 179 84 842 of industries in Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb provide the major source in the northeast. Counties have relatively limited frontage on Surface streams such as the Raisin, Huron, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River, and the and Rouge Rivers are also used,for industrial lack of sizeable inland surface sources pro- supplies, but there is no information available vides few locations for the development of about the quantities obtained from any of the large individual industrial supplies. These cir- sources. Information is not available on well- cumstances will continue to influence indus- water supplies used by industries. However, trial water supply development, and it is ex- because of the relatively poor yields of pected that municipal water systems will pro- ground-water aquifers in this planning sub- vide even larger shares of the industrial water area, it is believed that industry-operated requirements of the future. wells provided only a very small part of the Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River are the total industrial water used. principal sources of self-supplied industrial Table 6-86 presents the base year estimates water in the Detroit metropolitan area, Lake and projections of five water-use parameters Erie is a major source in the southeastern coun- and constant dollar estimates of value added ties, and Lake Huron and the St. Clair River by manufacture for the five major water- 168 Appendix 6 using SIC two-digit industry groups and the practices, the withdrawal requirements would residual manufacturing groups that comprise increase correspondingly to more than 8,000 the manufacturing sector. The value-added mgd. However, improvements in the recircu- parameter is derived from OBERS projections lation rates should cause a slight decrease in and is included in the table as an indicator of total manufacturing withdrawals to the year the rates of growth of the industry groups and 2000 after which the withdrawals will increase sector. It is also a key element in the water use to 1,700 mgd by the year 2020. projection methodology. The water-use esti- Two industry groups, SIC 28 and 33, and the mates represent the needs of all establish- broad industry grouping under other man- ments without differentiating between small ufacturing are most influential in the chang- and large water users. The large water-using ing withdrawal requirements. SIC 28 has been establishments (those withdrawing 20 million forecast by OBERS to expand its production gallons per year or more) are relatively few in rapidly during the planning period for a net number and probably do not exceed 300 fac- production increase of more than 1,400 per- tories, but the impact of their water require- cent. Although the industry group should im- ments is huge. It is estimated that the 300 prove its recirculation rate from 1.77 in 1970 to large water-using establishments account for 15.0 in 2020, this improvement does not keep more than 97 percent of the total withdrawal pace with the growth in production. The net needs of the manufacturing sector. result is an increase in the water withdrawal In addition to the concentration of water use demands for SIC 28. among these 300 plants, there is a further con- On the other hand, SIC 33 is projected to centration of water use within particular in- expand production more slowly. The im- dustry groups. The largest water withdrawals provements in recirculation by this industry in 1970 were found in SIC 33, the Primary group from 1.40 to 12.0 should meet increasing Metals industry group, followed by SIC 28, water needs for the added production. The net Chemicals and Allied Products (Table 6-86). result for SIC 33 is a decrease in water with- Manufacturing establishments in these two drawal demands. groups accounted for 1,149 mgd of the esti- Other manufacturing represents a large as- mated total manufacturing withdrawals of sortment of small and large industries whose 1,562 mgd. sum total growth during the planning period These withdrawals of water enabled man- should exceed 640 percent. The potential for ufacturers to meet their larger gross water improvements in water reuse by these indus- requirement of 2,633 mgd in 1970 by recircula- tries is not as great as for the SIC two-digit tion and reuse of water at 'Various rates within industries. Therefore, its withdrawal re- their plants. There are differences in present quirements will grow from 250 mgd in 1970 to day estimated recirculation rates between the 518 mgd in year 2020, and municipal systems various industry groupings (Table 6-86). Al- can be expected to increase the quantity of though their gross water needs are larger their service to this sector. However, a close than any of the other industry groups, the study of this residual industry group was not recirculation rates of SIC 28 and SIC 33 are the within the scope of this study, and therefore lowest. For these two industry groups in par- the recirculation rate improvements were ticular and all industries in general, reason- forecast conservatively. It is possible that able improvements in recirculation rates can greater improvement will be achieved. bring about dramatic reductions in the quan- Table 6-86 shows that consumption of water tities of water that need to be supplied. Im- by manufacturing in the planning subarea proved recirculation rates have been forecast will increase to approximately 850 mgd. To put for the manufacturing industries in the man- this figure into perspective, it may be recalled ner discussed in the projection methodology that the total present day domestic and com- outlined in Section 1 of this appendix. mercial withdrawal requirements for the For the total manufacturing sector the planning subarea are only 475 mgd. Three in- value added by manufacture is projected to dustry groups will account for 705 mgd of the increase from $8,685 million (1958$) to $57,450 water consumption: SIC 28, 442 mgd; SIC 33, million (1958$) from 1970 to 2020. The gross 179 mgd; and other manufacturing, 84 mgd. water needed to meet the manufacturing re- quiremeilts of 2020 is 16,600 mgd, an increase of 630 percent over the gross water require- 6.2.4.3 Rural Water Use ments of 1970. Without improvements in recir- culation rates and other water management Rural water requirements and consumption Lake E?ie Basin 169 were estimated for Planning Subarea 4.1 fol- Subarea 4.1 to be 1,094 mgd in 2020. This ca- lowing the methodology outlined in Subsec- pacity will be used to supply water needed for tion 1.4. Table 6-87 divides total requirements additional growth. All needs should be met by and consumption into categories of rural non- withdrawals from the Great Lakes and their farm and rural farm. Rural farm is further connecting channels. divided into domestic, livestock, and spray If all potential water storage areas were water requirements. fully developed, inland lakes and streams in Planning Subarea 4.1 could produce a sus- tained yield of 1,167 mgd .45 Ground-water 6.2.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions aquifers in this area can produce 600 mgd .21 The quantity of the water resource available in Planning Subarea 4.1 is adequate to meet 6.2.5.1 Municipal the projected future requirements, but the management and proper development of the Table 6-85 shows the projected need for ad- water resource is necessary. ditional water supply capacity in Planning The estimated costs for new construction are presented in Table 6-88. All estimates are adjusted toJanuary 1970price levels. The costs TABLE 6-87 Rural Water Use Requirements include transmission of the water supply and and Consumption, Planning Subarea 4.1 (mgd) water treatment, but not intraurban distribu- 19TO 1980 2000 2020 Lion. REQUIREMENTS Published information on the Detroit Met- Rural Farm Domestic 4.1 3.3 2.4 2.5 ropolitan Water Department program for Livestock 5.4 6.6 7.8 9.1 southeastern Michigan presents dimensions Spray Water 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 a Subtotal -97 i0_.O 15-3 117 nd approximate locations of proposed large Rural Nonfarm 39.6 1L4.2 53-0 56.1 transmission mains through the year 2000.13 Total 49-3 54.2 63-3 67.7 These proposals for transmission lines were CONSUMPTION used along with the $10,560 unit-cost figure Rural Farm presented in Subsection 1.2.2 of this appendix Domestic 1.0 o.8 o.6 o.6 to estimate costs for construction to the year Livestock 4.9 5.9 7.0 8.2 Spray Water 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2000 in Planning Subarea 4.1. Judgment was Subtotal 7.7 M -7- 7 n used in extrapolating a result for the period of Rural Nonfarm 1-.2 @.6 8.o 8.4 2000 to 2020. --Tot al __ 11.9 13.5 15.6 17.3 The cost estimates in Table 6-88 are related TABLE 6-88 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 4.1 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 49.424 116.o4i 161."og 165.466 327-o76 0 Great Lakes Annual OMR 2.462 lo.7o8 24.544 13-171 37-716 Total OMR 24.629 214.172 49o.895 238.802 729.697 Long Distance Capital 164.5o6 88.ooo 95-000 252-500 347-500 Transport of Annual OMR 5.6oo 3-000 3.200 8.6oo 11.800 Great Lakes Total O@IR 56.ooo 6o.ooo 64.ooo u6.ooo 180.000 Capital 213-925 2o4.o42 256.61o 417-967 674-576 Total Annual OMR 8.o63 13-709 27-745 21-772 49-516 Total OMR 8o.63 274.lT3 554.895 354.802 909-700 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($Imgd) ($/MgCL-yr) transmission 120.9000 7,600 wells & pumping total 120 005 .60-0 .9 7.9 170 Appendix 6 to additional population growth. No attempt plants. Curve 3 represents the total with- has been made to subtract costs of meeting drawal demand for old and new production. needs which are within the scope of ongoing The area between Curves 2 and 3 represents programs. the withdrawal requirements for new produc- The City of Detroit is engaged in a $110 mil- tion at new locations. By the year 2000, 370 lion construction program that will result in mgd of industrial water will be required at 400 mgd additional treatment facilities (al- locations where plants do not presently exist, ready completed) and an intake in Lake Huron and by the year 2020 the demand at new loca- with a design capacity of 1,200 mgd. tions will be 1,180 mgd. In regard to intake capacity, the ongoing program will satisfy projected needs beyond the time period of this study. The 400 mgd of MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER DAY treatment capacity will be entirely additional 2500 to present capacity. 0 PROVIDE FOR NEW PRODUCTION AT NEW PLANT LOCATIONS TO PROVI E FOR NEW 6.2.5.2 Industrial 2WO - PRODUCTIDOIN AT EXISTING KANT LOCATIONS TO MAINTAIN EXISTING Water withdrawals by manufacturers in PRODUCTION AT EXISTING Planning Subarea 4.1 are estimated to be 1,562 PLANT LOCATIONS CURVE 3 mgd in 1970. Although manufacturing produc- 1500 tion will continue to grow, the increasinggross water demand to meet the expanding output ...... ..... . ...... ... will be more than matched by the increasing ........ .. ..... ......... reuse and recirculation of water in the man- .. ........ ............ ufacturing plants. As a result total water i6oo .. .......... . withdrawals are expected to decline to 1,000 mgd by the late 1980s. As maximum feasible recirculation rates are approached in 1990, the .. .. ....... withdrawal demand will start to increase 500 CURVE 2 sharply to a total sector demand of 1,700 mgd by the year 2020. CURVE I For the total manufacturing sector, output measured in value added by manufacture is 0 projected to increase from $8.685 billion in 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1970 to $57.449 billion in 2020. If it is assumed YEAR that existing manufacturing plants can en- large their capacities at present locations by FIGURE 6-44 Total Withdrawal Demands for 100 percent to double the present value added Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 4.1 by manufacture, then $40 billion of manufac- turing activity will occur at new plants in new locations for which new water supplies must The fulfillment of new withdrawal needs be developed. will be affected by other planning goals such Figure 6-44 illustrates the changing as land use, environmental quality, subre- characteristics of the industrial water de- gional economic development, the availability mand during the 50-year planning period. In of the water supply, and facilities for its return the preparation of this chart the effects of im- to the resource base. Undoubtedly, much of proving recirculation practices by the major the new industrial development will occur in water-using industries, the increases in man- inland counties if sufficient water supply is ufacturing output, and the basic assumption available. Inland dispersal of new industries that existing plants will double their outputs and management of the water resource can be during the first stages of the 50-year period best achieved by the enlargement of munici- are taken into account. Curve 1 represents the pal systems and the development of regional withdrawal demand to maintain 1970 produc- supply systems to provide industrial water tion levels at existing plants. Curve 2 repre- through the development of local sources and sents the withdrawal demand to maintain the transfer of large quantities from Lake Hu- 1970 levels assuming that the first 100 percent ron, Lake Erie, and the interconnecting river- increase in production will occur at existing lake system. Lake Erie Basin 171 6.2.5.3 Rural The till plains are characterized by several broken moraines deposited at the retreating Future rural water requirements will be edges of glaciers. The lake plains are charac- drawn primarily from ground-water sources, terized by ancient shoreline deposit composed although in some areas streams will be in- of sand and gravel and shallow lake-bottom creasingly important. The location and qual- silts and clays. Relief adjacent to major ity of ground water will be important in chan- streams is generally 20 to 40 feet. neling additional development, particularly Planning Subarea 4.2 is drained by the the location of rural nonfarm dwellings. In Maumee, Touss aint- Portage, Sandusky, and areas where ground water is in short supply, Huron-Vermilion River basins. The total development should proceed only after water drainage area is 9,950 square miles. supplies are located. Some areas will not de- velop until a central supply is available. Rural water requirements are projected to 6.3.1.3 Climate increase 37 percent between 1970 and 2020, and consumption is expected to increase 45 Planning Subarea 4.2 has a humid, conti- percent. nental climate with warm summers and Ground-water supplies for rural areas are mildly cold winters. The mean annual temper- being depleted by the demands of the met- ature is approximately 51'F, with recorded ropolitan areas in this planning subarea. The temperature extremes of -30'F and 100'F. chemical quality of the ground water is likely The frost-free season averages 170 days, with to be poor in much of the area because of the slightly longer seasons in the Lake Erie presence of saline bedrock water. High shoreline counties. Average annual precipita- chloride and sulfate content is common. Little tion ranges from 32 inches to 36 inches, with or no regional ground-water information is the highest level farthest inland. Snowfall available for planning purposes. averages 30 inches per year and ranges from a high of 32 inches near the lakeshore to 24 inches inland. 6.3 Lake Erie Southwest, Planning Subarea 4.2 6.3.2 Water Resources 6.3.1 Description of Planning Subarea 6.3.2.1 Surface-Water Resources 6.3.1.1 Location Streamflow in this planning subarea re- flects a variety of factors. Because of the flat Three counties in northeastern Indiana and topography, streams characteristically follow 20 counties in northwestern Ohio combine to slow-moving courses. Glacial moraines have form this planning subarea. Planning Sub- forced streams like the Blanchard and the St. area 4.2 is 150 miles long and varies in width Marys to flow east to west across the planning from 90 miles at the Indiana-Ohio border to subarea before confluence with the general 25 miles at both ends of the region (Figure north to south drainage trend. Average an- 6-45). nual runoff is 10 inches in the basin. Inland lakes are not plentiful in Planning Subarea 4.2. The largest lake is Lake St. 6.3.1.2 Topography and Geography Marys. The topography makes upground res- ervoirs feasible where water supplies are Elevations range from nearly 980 feet in the needed. Lake Erie serves the water supply northwestern extremities of the planning and recreational needs of the shoreline coun- subarea to 580 feet at the Lake Erie shore. The ties, while inland streams and lakes supply the land is very flat to undulating with very little interior of the planning subarea. local relief in most areas. The land gently Streams and lakes in the area reflect poor slopes to the north and east so that drainage natural drainage conditions with dissolved generally follows topographic features. solid concentrations and low quality water in Repeated glacial advances left till and out- most stream reaches due to municipal, indus- wash over much of the planning subarea. In trial and agricultural waste disposal prac- addition, former lakes left lacustrine deposits. tices. 172 Appendix 6 N s LAKE ERIE I MICH[ N C.. M;umee Bay 0 LUCAS Toledo Montpel ..r OTTA A Cj, Kellys Island Crec AL LLIAMS FULTON i'O . (Port Clint Sandusky Say BryanO ',4el 0 DEFIANCE Napoleon Maumee Bowling Gree Vo Sandusky 0 Auburn Fennont ERIE Z-, 0 Defianc SA US Y Belle@ 0 Nor Ik 'a reek W D Fo oria ii@ 0 HENRY Paulding. UTNAM Tiffin o I aid River Findlay 0 Wilard ON PAULD111 Blanc SENECA HU Fort ayn VAN WfRT CRAWFORD W ALLF N Carey Van Wert D lp s AL EN COCK Bucyru -I- -Ott-,@ River Upper an sky Lima Ada YANDOT DAMS MERCER ap ZE 0 eta/""' Celina St. Marys VICINITY MAP ... SCA@E I-MILE- 0 1,0 1. I-E -0. W SCALE IN MILES 10 15 20 25 FIGURE 6-45 Planning Subarea 4.2 Lake Erie Basin 173 Fully developed water storage areas in the formations of the western basins. Excess iron planning subarea's inland lakes and streams is a common constituent of ground-water provide an existing storage capacity of 139,975 supplies in the planning subarea. acre-feet. If all inland lakes and streams suit- able for development as surface-water im- poundments were developed, the total poten- 6.3.3 Water-User Profile tial storage capacity would increase to 236,000 acre-feet.45 Presently developed water storage areas 6.3.3.1 Municipal Water Users can produce a sustained water supply yield of 516 mgd. If all potential water storage areas In 1970 the population of Planning Subarea were fully developed in Planning Subarea 4.2, 4.2 exceeded 1.6 million, 65 percent of which impounded inland lakes and streams could was classified as urban in 1960. Highest popu- produce a sustained water supply yield of lation concentrations occur in the major 2,423 mgd .45 urban centers of Toledo, Lima, Fort Wayne, Potential capacities and yields used in this and Sandusky, and in the counties adjacent to section relate to the total water resource. No Lake Erie. Small rural communities dot the attempt has been made to identify that por- entire planning subarea. Average population tion of the water resource not suitable or density was 162.7 people per square mile in available for use. 1970. By 2020 the population of this area is projected to exceed 3.1 million people. At pres- ent municipal water supplies serve 1.2 mil- 6.3.2.2 Ground-Water Resources lion people, 73 percent of the population. It is projected that 2.7 million people will be served The sources of ground water in Planning by 2020. The estimated annual average per Subarea 4.2 include consolidated bedrock and capita income in 1970 was $4,227 (1970$). Man- unconsolidated glacial deposits. Mississippian ufacturing, trades, services, and agriculture and Upper Devonian rocks, which cover a account for most of the economic value of the large portion of the region, offer little or no planning subarea. ground water because they consist primarily of shale. Occasional sandstones provide domestic and farm supplies, but they usually 6.3.3.2 Industrial Water Users produce less than 25 gpm. Lower Devonian limestone and dolomites contain dependable Manufacturing industries provide approx- water sources for farm, domestic, and limited imately 35 percent of the total employment in industrial supplies. This water is unusually Planning Subarea 4.2. Most of the manufac- hard, ranging from 350 mg/l to 700 mg/l, and turing activities are concentrated around To- requires treatment in most cases. In several ledo, Sandusky, Lima, and Findlay, Ohio, and aquifers the raw water source exceeds the 500 Fort Wayne, Indiana. Although many of the mg/l USPHS standard for total dissolved sol- counties are predominantly rural in charac- ids. Hydrogen sulfide is a problem in many ter, manufacturing plants are located in all limestone and dolomite areas. The community counties and contribute significantly to em- of Bellevue at one time contaminated ground ployment and the general economy. In 1967 water in parts of Sandusky, Erie, and Huron there were 2,711 manufacturing plants in the Counties by pumping domestic sewage wastes planning subarea, 15 fewer than in 1963. How- into porous limestone formations. ever, the number of establishments employing Glacial material consisting primarily of 20 or more persons grew from 1,011 plants in sands and outwash gravel commonly as- 1963 to 1,117 in 1967. Total employment in- sociated with kames and moraines yields mod- creased by more than 18 percent and the value erate supplies of ground water. Wells in pre- added by manufacture grew from $2.5 billion glacial valleys that filled with outwash and to $3.4 billion during the same period. fractured limestones may produce 300 gpm. Fort Wayne, Indiana, at the confluence of Ground-water yield in River Basin Group 4.2 the St. Marys and St. Joseph Rivers, is a major is estimated to be 635 mgd (based on 70 percent manufacturing city at the approximate center flow-duration data). 21 of the three-county Indiana portion of Plan- The glaciated till encountered in the eastern ning Subarea 4.2. In 1967 there were 494 man- basins does not produce the quantities of ufacturing establishments in the Indiana por- ground water obtainable in the limestone tion, some 383 of which are found in the Fort 174 Appendix 6 Wayne SMSA. In 1967 the 494 plants provided saint, Huron, Sandusky, and Portage Rivers. employment for 51,000 people and produced As shown in Figure 6-46 and Table 6-89, coun- goods with a value of shipments of $1.75 bil- ties in the planning subarea required more lion. Major industries in the area are food than 500 mgd in 1970 to satisfy the water sup- processing, nonferrous metal rolling and ply requirement, of which approximately 318 drawing, fabricated metal products, and mgd, 58 percent, were for industrial water machinery manufacture. supply. Of the 186 mgd municipal water with- In the 20 counties of Ohio that comprise the drawals in 1970, approximately 100 mgd, 54 remainder of the planning subarea, the Cities percent, were required by Toledo and Fort of Toledo, Lima, Findlay, and Sandusky are Wayne. major manufacturing centers producing For municipal use approximately equal nearly one-third of the total manufactured amounts were supplied from inland streams, goods of the planning subarea. However, the lakes, and Lake Erie. Of the total 186 mgd in manufacturing sector in each county is en- 1970, approximately 51 percent came from larging in output and employment. In the To- Lake Erie, 13 percent from ground water, and ledo metropolitan area the major industries are food processing, paper products, chemi- cals, petroleum refining, primary metals, fab- 2,000 ricated metals, machinery, electrical machin- ery, and transportation equipment. The total E] INDusrRmt. value of shipments from the Toledo area in 1,600- EE RURAL 1967 was $2.76 billion. Similar manufacturing NNUNICIPAI. activities are found in the other cities and - counties of the planning subarea. The area is '0' noted especially for its production of high !@ "'00 quality machinery which is manufactured in < 10 of the 20 counties and sold in markets Boo ------ worldwide. 6.3.3.3 Rural Water Users 400 In 1964 Planning Subarea 4.2 contained nearly 5.5 million acres of land in farm. The 0 two major crops in the area were corn and 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 soybeans, each occupying more than a million Y E A R acres in 1964. Other important crops included FIGURE 6-46 Municipal, Industrial, and wheat, oats, and meadow crops. More than Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- 36,000 acres of vegetable crops, largely to- Planning Subarea 4.2 matoes, a heavy water user, were grown in the area. Dairy farming, also a heavy water user, More than half of the population of 1.7 million contributed more than $46 million out of the people residing in Planning Subarea 4.2 in 1970 $187.7 million receipts from livestock and was classified as urban. Municipal water livestock products. Crop sales totaled more supplies served 73 percent of the population, or than $204 million in 1964. According to the 1.2 million people in 1970. This is expected to 1960 census, 168,000 people lived on farms and increase to 2.7 million by 2020. 35,000 worked on farms. This planning subarea is one of the basin's most productive agricultural regions. Corn, wheat, oats, soybeans, and tomatoes lead the 6.3.4 Present and Projected Water crop list, along with fruits and truck crops along Withdrawal Requirements the shore of Lake Erie. Agriculture employs 6 percent of the working force. Major industrial centers occur largely along [email protected] Municipal Water Use the shore of Lake Erie, but smaller complexes are located in the interior. Important indus- The major portion of water for Planning trial activity is centered in transportation Subarea 4.2 for industrial and municipal use is goods, primary and fabricated metals, glass supplied by Lake Erie and the Maumee, Tous- products, petroleum, and paper and printing. Lake Erie Basin 175 TABLE 6-89 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.2 (mgd) 1970 1980 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Indiana 29.2 13 5.9 48 41.4 13 7.1 62 Ohio 156.7 305 36.5 498 195.2 334 44.0 573 Total 715-.9 37 727 577 2-377 -377 71-.1 -63-5 Consumption Indiana 3.0 1.9 2.1 7.0 4.5 2.5 2.9 9.9 Ohio 15.5 34.1 13.2 62.8 21.0 57.5 18.1 96.6 . Total 18.5 767 15.3 70 25.5 6o 21.0 107 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Indiana 68.5 19 5.9 93 2.0 8 1.2 11 Ohio 373.2 299 366J. 709 21.4 50 1-1 J2 Total 441.7 318 802 237 58 8.7 90 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural - 7=a mun. ind. ruraT--- =7a Withdrawal Requirements Indiana 72.2 10 8.9 91 109.9 13 lo.6 134 Ohio 263.2 323 55.2 641 44 6 8 65-7 _22-1 "l 335.4 33 _67-71 732 -'57 Total 3 9 76.3 1125 Consumption Indiana 9.2 8 4.o 21 15.3 7 5.2 28 Ohio 33.3 132 24.4 l9o 7.2 i_02 32.2 384 42.5 777 .5 312 -3-77 Total 14o 28. 211 62 71-2 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Indiana 22.9 33 3.0 59 71.8 73 4.7 150 Ohio 93.3 205 18.7 317 189.o 450 29.2 668 Total 116-.2 -237 21.7 -377 27-07 _@2_3 7-3.9- T17 the remaining 36 percent from inland streams least, with its relative share dropping to 8 per- and lakes. As growth continues, Lake Erie will cent in the year 2020. continue to be a very important source, but Approximately 87 percent or 162 mgd of the the majority of future water demands will be municipal water supply is withdrawn from met by a system of reservoirs in the inland surface waters and requires purification areas. This proposed reservoir complex will treatment including coagulation, sedimenta- cause inland lakes and streams to become the tion, rapid sand filtration, and disinfection. dominant source in the planning subarea, The remaining ground-water supplies are dis- supplying approximately 233 mgd or 51 per- infected and receive some type of major cor- cent of municipal water supply by 2020. rective treatment such as softening or iron Ground water will continue to supply the removal. A few ground-water sources are high 176 Appendix 6 in iron, sulfates, and hydrogen sulfide, espe- adequate in the area at present with a few cially in the Maumee River basin. Thpse small communities needing expansion of sources will probably be replaced by future ground-water sources to meet their require- surface-water sources. Water is hard in lime- ments. stone areas, but treatable. Some individual The total municipal supply average demand communities not providing treatment for hard requirements are expected to increase to 237 water are planning to do so in the future. mgd by 1980, to 355 mgd by 2000, and to 455 Developed source quantities are generally mgd by 2020 (Tables 6-90, 6-91, 6-92). The av- TABLE 6-90 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.2, Indiana and Ohio (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximiza Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day sumption_ GL 527-5 94.2 114-5 144.9 9.4 1970 is 1686.7 519.5 67.6 87-3 lo6.2 6.7 GW 179.1 24.1 28.2 37.4 2.4 GL 628.0 112.4 136.6 172.9 12.0 198o is 1963.4 69o.8 98.4 126.9 154.9 lo.8 CW 184.1 25.8 30-1 40.2 2.7 GL 8o4.o 144.2 175.1 221.4 17.8 2000 is 2473.8 1012.3 161.2 2o8-3 256.o 21.1 GW 196.9 30-0 35.2 46.6 3-6 GL 1019-5 183-0 222-3 280.8 24-3 2020 is 3116.2 1393.8 233-1 302.0 372.4 33.2 GW 242.3 38.4 45.0 59.3 5.0 Domestic and Conmi-rcial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (198o,, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) GL -(0.0 7.0 24.2 2.4 196.8 1970 is log 44.9 4-5 22.6 2.2 175.9 GW 18.3 1.8 5.8 o.6 69.o GL 83.8 8.4 28.6 3.6 21.4 1980 is 116 65.5 6.6 32.9 4.2 - GW 20.2 2.0 5.6 0.7 2.0 GL 107.8 lo.8 36.4 7.0 59-3 2000 is 119 lo8.-T 11.0 52.5 10.1 49.6 GW 23.4 2-3 6.6 1-3 7-3 GL 136.8 13.7 46.2 lo.6 105.5 2020 is 122 157-5 15.8 75.6 17.4 l4o.5 GW 29.9 3-0 8.5 2.0 14.8 Notes: 54-3 mgd additional inland lake and stream source capacity is programmed for development by 1980. Lake Erie Basin 177 erage day in the maximum month of total mu- municipal water use will be consumptive use nicipal water usage per year is expected to and will not be available for reuse. The con- increase from 230 mgd in 1970 to 294 mgd in sumptive water use can be expected to amount 1980, 419 mgd in 2000, and 569 mgd in 2020. The to roughly 25.5 mgd in 1980, 42.5 mgd in 2000, maximum day of water usage can be expected and 62.5 mgd in 2020. to almost triple by 2020 to 713 mgd. Diversion of water from one basin to It is assumed that 10 to 15 percent of the another in this area is not expected to exceed 7 TABLE 6-91 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.2, Ohio (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum. Maximum Con- Tear Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 527.5 94.2 114-5 144.9 9.4 1970 is 1350.1 325.0 43-9 56.o 63.5 4-3 GW 1@@2.9 18.6 21.6 29.1 1.8 GL 628.0 112.4 136.6 172.9 12.0 ig8o is 1559.8 439-7 64.6 82.2 93-9 T-1 GW 137.5 18.2 21.0 28.8 1.9 GL 8o4.o 144.2 175.1 221.4 17.8 2000 is 1912.5 628.2 101.2 129.1 148.o 13-5 GW 125.6 17.8 20.6 28-3 2.0 GL 1019-5 183-0 222-3 28o.8 24-3 2020 is 234o-3 828.6 141.9 181.5 207.9 20.6 GW 137-5 19-7 22.6 31-3 2.3 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980, Year Source daily Demand sui-aption Demand sumption 2000,2020) GL 70.0 7-0 24.2 2.4 196.8 1970 is 113 28.2 2.8 15.6 1-5 127.9 GW 14.6 1.4 4.o o.4 48-5 GL 83.8 8.4 28.6 3.6 21.4 198o is 117 41.7 4.2 22.9 2.9 - GW 15.7 1.5 3-1 o.4 - GL 107.8 lo.8 36.4 7.0 59-3 2000 is 122 66.5 6.8 34-7 6-7 34.o GW 15.2 1.5 2.6 0.5 - GL 136.8 13-7 46.2 lo.6 105.5 2020 is 125 93.4 9.4 48.5 11.2 83-5 GW 17-3 1-7 2.4 o.6 - Notes: 30-3 mgd additional inland lake and stream source capacity is prograrnmed for development by 1980. 178 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-92 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.2, Indiana (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximuft Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day sumption 1970 is 336.6 194.5 23.7 31-3 42.7 2.4 GW 36.2 5.5 6.6 8.3 o.6 198o is 403.6 251-1 33.8 44.7 61.o 3.7 GW 46.6 7.6 9.1 11.4 o.8 2000 is 561.3 384.1 6o.o 79.2 lo8.o 7.6 GW 71.3 12.2 14.6 18.3 1.6 2020 is 775.9 565.2 91.2 120.5 164.5 1-2.6 GW lo4.8 18.,T 22.4 28.o 2. 'T Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980, Year Source daily Demand sunption Demand sumption 2000,202C) 1970 is 85.8 16.7 l.T 7.0 0.7 48.o GW 103-1 3-7 o.4 1.8 0.2 20.5 1980 is 94.8 23.8 2.4 10.0 1.3 - GW lo8.9 5.1 0.5 2.5 0.3 2.0 is log.8 42.2 4.2 17.8 3.4 15.6 2000 GW 114.5 8.2 o.8 4.o o.8 7-3 2020 is 115.4 64.1 0".4 27.1 6.2 57.0 GW 120.4 12.6 1.3 6.1 1.4 14.8 Notes: 24 mgd additional inland lake and stream source capacity is programed for development by 1980. mgd within the next 50 years. This diversion area and are three times greater than the would be out of the Maumee River basin and quantities withdrawn for domestic and com- into the Toussaint-Portage complex. mercial uses. The water withdrawal demands for manufacturing will increase throughout the planning period with demands estimated 6.3.4.2 Industrial Water Use to be 414 mgd by 1980, 429 mgd by 2000, and 724 mgd by 2020. These steadily increasing with- Total withdrawals for all manufacturing are drawal requirements reflect the rapid growth estimated to have been approximately 370 forecast for the SIC 28 industry group whose mgd in 1970. Of this total, 320 mgd were self- production has been forecast to nearly double supplied and slightly more than 50 mgd were every 10 years, and the growth of the large obtained from municipal systems. Manufac- group of manufacturing industries categor- turing water withdrawals, at present, are the ized as other manufacturing (Table 6-93), largest water demands in the planning sub- which is forecast to increase by more than Lake Erie Basin 179 TABLE 6-93 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.2 (mgd) SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 29 SIC 33 Other Mfg. Total 1970 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 328 100 152 14o 310 2379 3409 Gross Water Required 42 18 113 658 220 143 1194 Recirculation Ratio 2-36 3.74 2.01 4.95 2.18 2.43 Total Water Withdrawal 18 4.8 56 133 101 59 371 Self Supplied 318 Water Consumed 2.2 o.6 3.2 22 8 5.8 42 198o Value Added (Millions 1958$) 427 152 323 2o4 432 3678 5216 Gross Water Required 54 27 255 1074 3o6 222 1941 Recirculation Ratio 2.77 6-03 3.64 7.84 2.82 3-05 Total Water Withdrawal 20 4.5 70 137 log 73 414 Self Supplied 344 Water Consumed 2.6 1.0 7.0 37 12 9-3 69 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 683 320 1255 4466 757 8278 11759 Gross Water Required 72 50 1110 2350 537 525 4645 Recirculation Ratio 3-15 8.oo 11-70 19.61 7-o6 4.8o Total Water Withdrawal 23 2.06 95 1-20 76 log 429 Self-Supplied 333 Water Consumed 3.5 1.6, 31 83 18 21 158 2020 Value Added (.kt*Lllions 1958$) 1158 655 3389 962 1336 1876o 2626o Gross Water Required 126 88o 3000 426o 947 1200 lo4oo Recirculation Ratio 3.50 8.oo 15-00 23-92 12.00 5.86 TotalWater Withdrawal 36 11 200 193 79 205 724 Self-Supplied 594 Water Consumed 5.8 2.9 883 169 34 47 342 790 percent by the year 2020. Although wa- locations. Among the inland sources, the ter conservation practices by these manu- Maumee River and its tributaries are major facturers are expected to improve consider- sources of industrial water*supply, but the ably, the rapid growth rates will require Toussaint, Portage, Sandusky and Huron Riv- more water than can be conserved by reuse ers also supply water to industry. Wells are and recirculation in the plants. As a conse- estimated to provide less than 2 percent of the quence, the demand for new water inputs to total industrial water at present. these manufacturers will continue to in- Table 6-93 presents the base-year estimates crease. and projections of five water-use parameters In Toledo, Sandusky, and other locations and constant dollar estimates of value added along the shore of Lake Erie, industries obtain by manufacture for the five major water-using a substantial part of their supply through SIC two-digit industry groups and the residual their own intakes in Lake Erie. However, the manufacturing groups that comprise the inland plants must rely on the rivers and wells manufacturing sector. The water-use esti- because there are no major intakes in Lake mates represent the needs of all establish- Erie for delivery of industrial water to inland ments without differentiating between small 180 Appendix 6 or large water users. The large water-using ratio of values added by manufacture, as were establishments (those that withdrew 29 mil- the total demands for SIC 20 and 26 and other lion gallons per year or more) are relatively manufacturing. An identical method was used few in number and probably do not exceed 85 to obtain the State consumption figures on factories, but the impact of their water re- total water supply for all users (Table 8-94). quirements is tremendous. It is estimated that these 85 large water-using establishments ac- count for more than 95 percent of the total 6.3.4.3 Rural Water Use withdrawal needs of the entire manufacturing sector in the planning subarea. Rural water requirements and consumption In addition to the concentration of water use were estimated for Planning Subarea 4.2 fol- among these 85 plants, there is a further con- lowing the methodology outlined in Subsection centration of water use within particular in- 1.4. Table 6-95 divides total requirements and dustry groups. The largest water withdrawals consumption into categories of rural nonfarm in 1970 were found in SIC 29, Petroleum and and rural farm. Rural farm is further divided Coal Products, SIC 33, Primary Metals, and into domestic, livestock, and spray water re- SIC 28, Chemicals and Allied Products (Table quirements. 6-93). Manufacturing plants in these three in- dustry groups accounted for 290 mgd of the estimated total manufacturing sector with- 6.3.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions drawals of 371 mgd. By the year 2020 the with- drawals of industries in SIC 28 and SIC 29 will together exceed the total manufacturing sec- 6.3.5.1 Municipal tor withdrawals of the present day. In Table 6-94 average recirculation rates are shown for The presently developed quantity of munic- industry groupings. The impact of water con- ipal water supply sources is not adequate to servation through reuse is evident in the SIC meet all projected future requirements. The 29 industry group. Without recirculation and reuse of water, the withdrawal demand for this industry alone would have been 658 mgd TABLE 6-94 Estimated Total Manufacturing instead of 133 mgd in 1970. Improvements in Water Withdrawals by State, Planning Subarea recirculation of water by that industry group 4.2 (mgd) and others can bring about dramatic reduc- tions in the quantities of water that need to be State 1970 1980 2000 2020 supplied to meet production requirements. Ohio 349 389 397 678 Improved recirculation practices have been forecast for the manufacturing industries in Indiana 22 25 32 46 the planning subarea in the manner discussed Total 371 414 429 724 in the section on methodology. The distribution of the industrial water withdrawal demands between the industrial sectors of the Indiana counties and the Ohio counties is presented in Table 6-94. These TABLE 6-95 Rural Water Use Requirements estimates were derived by proportioning de- and Consumption, Planning Subarea 4.2 (mgd) mand on the basis of the ratio of value added 1970 1@980 2000 2020 by manufacture in each State section to the REQUIRE=S Rural Farm value added in the total planning subarea, as Domestic 8.8 9.8 8.8 9.4 reported in the 1967 Census of Manufacturers. Livestock lo.6 16.2 23.5 33.1 Spray Water D.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Because there are no large water-using estab- Subtotal 1-97 773 _35-7 72777 lishments in the SIC 28 and 29 industry groups Rural Nonfarm 22.9 24.8 31-5 L-6 in the Indiana counties, the demands of those Total 42.4 51-1 64.1 76-3 industries were assigned to the Ohio portion. CONSUMPTION SIC 33 industry group establishments are lo- Rural Farm cated in each State portion, but the very large Domestic 2.2 2.5 2.2 2.4 Livestock 9.5 14.6 21.2 29.7 water-using establishments are in Ohio. Ap- Spray Water 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 proximately 80 percent of the SIC 33 water Subtotal 7179 17-3 2-37 727 demand is in Ohio. The remaining 20 percent Rural Nonfarm 3-4 3-7 4-7 5.0 was distributed between the two States by Total 15.3 21.0 28.4 37.4 Lake Erie Basin 181 quantity of the water resource available is ad- An additional 24 mgd of inland lake and equate to meet the projected future require- stream source capacity is programmed for de- ments, but the resource should be developed velopment in the Indiana portion of Planning better. Subarea 4.2. The remaining new construction Water supply needs for the time periods needs are for 71.8 mgd by 2020. 1980, 2000, and 2020 are shown in Table 6-89. Some of the capacity of this new construc- The current capacity of existing sources is tion will be used to replace existing facilities shown for 1970. A cushion of excess capacity is that have become obsolete. It will not all be assumed necessary. Development to provide used for additional water use. at least an additional 23 mgd by 1980, 93 Inland lakes and streams in Planning Sub- mgd by 2000, and 145 mgd by 2020 is needed. area 4.2 potentially can yield more than 2,400 Approximately 50 percent of this need is pro- mgd if fully developed. Lake Erie is suitable jected as additional development of inland for water supply uses and may be considered lake and stream sources, and 41 percent as capable of supplying an unlimited quantity. It Great Lakes sources development. has also been estimated that 635 mgd of sus- Estimated costs for new construction and tained yield are available from underground associated operations are listed in Table 6-96. aquifers. The water resource in Planning All estimates are adjusted to January 1970 Subarea 4.2 can meet all projected water uses price levels. The estimated costs include con- and needs. veyance of the raw water supply and water In the Ohio portion of Planning Subarea 4.2, treatment but not surface-water storage and consisting of 20 counties, four river basins, urban distribution. and 123 individual community sources, the The Northwest Ohio State Water Plan, Northwest Ohio State Water Plan presents which will be described later, provides for de- a water-resource development plan for the velopment of an additional 140 mgd of water area.25 available for municipal use in the Ohio portion The objective of the State Water Plan is to of Planning Subarea 4.2, with 30.3 mgd avail- provide an adequate quantity of clean water able by 1980. This will leave an additional need for all the people for all uses. The approach is for new construction of 79.3 mgd by 2020 .47 on a regional water management basis and TABLE 6-96 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 4.2 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-1980 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 6.398 11-332 13-813 17-730 31-544 Great Lakes Annual OMR -318 1.202 2.455 1-521 3-976 Total OMR 3-188 24.o48 49.11o 27.237 76-347 Inland Lakes Capital .000 14.830 27-179 14.830 42.009 and Annual OMR .000 .739 2.832 .739 3.571 Streams Total OMR .000 14.T8o 56.649 14-78o 71.430 Capital .290 .768 1.o87 1.058 2.146 Ground W,,.ter* Annual OMR .025 116 .276 14l .417 Total OMR .250 2.325 5-525 2.575 8.100 Capital 6.689 26.931 42.o8i 33.620 75-701 Total Annual OMR 0-344 2.057 5-564 2.4ol 7.967 Total OMR 3-189 41.155 111.285 44-593 155.879 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OIAR (t/mgd@ ($/mgd-yr) transmission 120.9000 7,600 wells and pumDing 25,000 17,4oo (see ngure 6-4) Total 145,005 25,000 182 Appendix 6 includes recreation, streamflow regulation, MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER DAY water quality control, agricultural water sup- 800 ply, flood control, and domestic and industrial CURVE 3 water supply. 700 TO PROVIDE FOR NEW P ODUCTION AT NEW The Northwest Ohio State Water Plan in PLRANT LOCATIONS Planning Subarea 4.2 indicates that municipal OVIDE FOR NEW 600 - PRODUCTION AT EXISTING PLANT LOCATIONS water supply use in 1965 was 154 mgd, and M'Op" that this use would more than triple by 2020. TO MAINTAIN EXISTING PRODUCT(ON AT EXISTING The plan provides for the construction of 35 PLANT LOCATIONS 500 multiple purpose upground reservoirs to serve 34 communities, 30 water intakes to serve 30 communities adjacent to streams, three in- 400 - takes and pipelines to Lake Erie, and the drilling of 89 test wells to locate underground water supplies. 300 Water is relatively abundant in the area, but shortages exist in individual communities. Lake Erie is the largest single source of water. 200 . ..... CURVE 2 The main problems are management and pay- ing the cost of the development. 100 CURVE I The Northwest Ohio State Water Plan ap- pears to be the best solution to the water sup- ply needs in the Ohio portion of Planning Sub- 0 area 4.2. 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 In some cases it might be necessary for a YEAR proposed development in one watershed to FIGURE 6-47 Total Withdrawal Demands for supply a need in another watershed. Limited, Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 4.2 further Level B study is warranted as a sup- plement to the existing Northwest Ohio State Water Plan. increases in manufacturing output, and the basic assumption that existing plants will double their outputs during the first stages of 6.3.5.2 Industrial the 50-year period are taken into account for development of the curves. Curve I represents The total withdrawal demands by manufac- the withdrawal demand to maintain 1970 pro- turing industries in Planning Subarea 4.2 duction levels at existing plants. Curve 2 rep- should increase 15 percent by the year 2000 resents the withdrawal demand to maintain and be about 100 percent larger than base 1970 levels, assuming that the first 100 per- year demands by the year 2020. Although the cent increase in production will occur at increasing demand would not appear to over- existing plants. Curve 3 represents total with- tax the water resource base, there are prob- drawal demand for old and new production. lems of water supply for industries that will The area between Curves 2 and 3 represents arise in meeting the water demands of new the withdrawal requirements for new produc- manufacturing facilities. tion at new locations. By the year 2000, 180 For the total manufacturing sector, output mgd of industrial water will be required at measured in value added by manufacture is locations where plants do not presently exist,. forecast to increase from $3.409 billion in 1970 and by the year 2020, the demand at new loca- to $26.260 billion in 2020. If it is assumed that tions will be 535 mgd. the existing plants can enlarge their opera- The problems associated with meetingthose tions at present locations by 100 percent, then new withdrawal needs will be influenced by some $20 billion of manufacturing activity, for other planning goals such as land use, envi- which new water supplies must be developed, ronmental quality, subregional economic de- will be occuring at new locations. Figure 6-47 velopment, the availability of the water sup- illustrates the changing characteristics of the ply, and facilities for its return to the resource industrial water demand during the 50-year base. Much of the new industrial development planning period. In the preparation of this will occur in the inland counties if a sufficient chart, the effects of improved recirculation water supply is available. The inland dispersal practices by the SIC two-digit industries, the of new industries and the management of the Lake Erie Basin 183 water resource can beat be achieved by the shales, underlies the area. The sediments enlargement of municipal systems and the de- slope gently from west to east across the plan- velopment of regional supply systems to pro- ning subarea. Erosion has cut deep valleys vide the industrial water through the de- into the less resistant limestones, leaving ele- velopment of local sources and the transfer of vated sandstone deposits. The Wisconsin gla- large quantities from Lake Erie and upland cier moved slowly across the entire planning reservoirs. subarea, depositing glacial till and outwash deposits and smoothing the bedrock outcrops to create a flat to rolling topography across 6.3.5.3 Rural the region. Elevations in the glaciated plateau generally range from 1,000 to 1,200 feet with Future rural water requirements will be some higher local areas in Geauga County. drawn primarily from ground-water sources, The lake plain area represents former lake although in some areas streams will be in- shorelines. The very flat elevations in the lake creasingly important. The location and qual- plains are generally from 680 to 680 feet above ity of ground water will be important in chan- sea level. A major feature known as the Por- neling additional development, particularly in tage Escarpment runs the length of the the location of rural nonfarm dwellings. In boundary between the lake plains and the areas where ground water is in short supply, plateau from Cleveland to the Pennsylvania development should proceed only after water border. supplies are located. Some areas will not de- Five drainage basins combine to form a total velop until a central supply is available. drainage area of 3,640 square miles. These Rural water requirements are projected to drainage basins are the Black-Rocky complex, increase 80 percent between 1970 and 2020, the Cuyahoga River basin, the Chagrin com- and consumption is expected to increase 44 plex, the Grand River basin, and the percent during the same period. Ashtabula-Conneaut complex. Ground-water supplies in Planning Subarea 4.2 are fairly adequate in quantity, with the exception of a few areas. Water quality is a 6.4.1.3 Climate more critical problem. Throughout much of the area, water from carbonate-rock aquifers Planning Subarea 4.3 has a continental cli- is very hard and highly mineralized. The dis- mate. Lake Erie has some moderating effects solved solids content of some ground water is on the lakeshore counties. Average annual considerably above the limit recommended by precipitation ranges from 33 to 43 inches, and the U.S. Public Health Service for drinking is generally evenly distributed throughout the water. Iron is often present in high concentra- year. Rainfall increases from the shoreline in- tions, as is hydrogen sulfide in localized areas. land and from southwest to northeast. Spring brings the most abundant rainfall, and snowfall depths reach up to 60 inches in Lake 6.4 Lake Erie Central, Planning Subarea 4.3 and Geauga Counties. The average frost-free period runs from 200 days along the Lake Erie shore to 150 days in inland counties. The basin 6.4.1 Description of Planning Subarea as a whole has a mean annual temperature of 50'F with recorded extremes of -30'F and 1000F. 6.4.1.1 Location Eight northeastern Ohio counties make up 6.4.2 Water Resources this area, which lies on the south central shore of Lake Erie (Figure 6-48). The area is 110 miles long and 60 miles wide at the widest 6.4.2.1 Surface-Water Resources point. The streams of Planning Subarea 4.3 are typically short (100 miles or less) with low av- 6.4.1.2 Topography and Geography erage discharges and low gradients. Average annual runoff varies from 11 to 18 inches Sedimentary bedrock, composed largely of across the region. Major problems in rural limestone with overlying sandstone and areas are siltation and the accumulation of 184 Appendix 6 o Geneva C'en River Jefferson F.vport H a LAKE 4kSHTABULAI ;0 L.'wn Cle land efa@k Rive 00 Elyria UEAUGA Oberl1r, CUYAHOGA 0 we ngton LORAIN kron MEDINA .1.. 1A.E VICIM11 AP Jr, SCALI IN MILES 20 FIGURE 6-48 Planning Subarea 4.3 Lake Erie Basin 185 assorted pollutants in streams that ultimately Quality of ground water is also variable. reach Lake Erie. Additional degradation of Water from the Rocky River basin is generally the water resource results from industrial and very hard and contains high levels of dissolved municipal waste discharges. Deterioration of minerals. The Black River basin's supply water quality is most severe near Lake Erie at commonly contains salt and hydrogen sulfide. the mouths of streams in the planning sub- Waters of the Chagrin and lower Cuyahoga area. River basins are generally soft, but contain Area streams and lakes reflect poor natural high iron concentrations. drainage conditions with dissolved solid con- Several of the aquifers (Silurian, Quarter- centrations and low quality water in most nary, Devonian, and Mississippian) have high stream reaches due to municipal, industrial, total dissolved solids counts and exceed the and agricultural waste disposal practices. 500 mg/l USPHS drinking water standard for Inland lakes and ponds are few (191) in the total dissolved solids. planning subarea drainage basins. Portage, Ground-water yield in RiverBasin Group 4.3 Geauga, and Summit Counties contain most of is estimated to be 315 mgd (based on 70 percent the lakes in the planning subarea, which total flow-duration data). 21 9,500 acres. Fully developed water storage areas in in- land lakes and streams provide an existing 6.4.3 Water-User Profile storage capacity of 32,070 acre-feet. If all in- land lakes and streams suitable for develop- ment as surface-water impoundments were 6.4.3.1 Municipal Water Users developed, the total potential storage capacity would increase to 2.34 million acre-feet.45 In 1970 more than 3.0 million people resided Presently developed water storage areas in Planning Subarea 4.3. By 2020 the popula- can produce a sustained water supply yield of tion is expected to exceed 5.5 million people. 199 mgd. If all potential water storage areas Nearly 30 percent of the State's total popula- were fully developed, impounded inland lakes tion is concentrated in 9 percent of its land and streams could produce a sustained water area. Fifteen cities in 1970 had a total popula- supply yield of 1,494 mgd.45 tion exceeding 25,000, accounting for more Potential capacities and yields used in this than 64 percent of the planning subarea popu- section relate to the total water resource. No lation. Cleveland and Akron have the highest attempt has been made to identify that por- populations, while their satellite communities tion of the water resource not suitable or make up the bulk of the remaining total popu- available for use. lation. Highest population densities are in CuyahQga and Summit Counties and the adja- cent shoreline counties, with an average popu- 6.4.2.2 Ground-Water Resources lation density of 932 people per square mile. Population has continued to increase in Availability of ground water varies across areas surrounding the Cleveland-Akron com- Planning Subarea 4.3. In general sandstones plexes and along the Lake Erie shore. In 1960, and sand and gravel deposits produce the 88.4 percent of the residents were classified as largest quantities, while shale bedrock cov- urban. Cuyahoga County, a virtually ur- ered with clay or deposits of clay and silt pro- banized county, sustained a 99.6 percent duce little or no ground water. Those areas of urban population. In 1970 the average per least abundance are found in the till plain area capita income in Planning Subarea 4.3 was along Lake Erie. The lower reaches of all $4,600 (1970$). drainage basins produce little ground water. Municipal water supplies served 2.7 million Exceptions to this are the deposits near Cleve- people (89 percent of the total population) in land and Garfield Heights which have pro- 1970. This is expected to increase to 5.2 million duced up to 100 gpm. Inland areas in the upper by 2020. reaches of the planning subarea drainage sys- tems generally yield from 5 to 25 gpm. Pennsylvanian sandstones underlying the 6.4.3.2 Industrial Water Users upper Cuyahoga River basin yield up to 100 gpm. In addition a few isolated areas like Planning Subarea 4.3, one of the smallest in Akron and Cuyahoga Falls are capable of the Great Lakes Basin, is a giant among the yielding up to 1,000 gpm. manufacturing centers of the nation. In 1967 186 Appendix 6 this eight-county, northeastern Ohio region ac- rubber and plastic goods factories, metal fab- counted for 11 percent of the total value added ricators, and electrical machinery makers. by all Great Lakes manufacturers. Its man- Although Planning Subarea 4.3 has large ufacturing sector is vigorous and diverse and land areas in many of the counties that are provides 42 percent of the total employment still predominantly rural, the general charac- opportunities in the area. The products of the ter of the region is highly technological, ur- factories and mills range from basic chemicals ban, and cosmopolitan. It has a world market to complex pharmaceuticals, from primary for its products and its technology which are steel ingots to sophisticated machine tools, moved internationally through private and and from footwear to transportation equip- intergovernmental channels. ment. In the four-year period from 1963 to 1967, the value added by manufacture of these products increased from $4.9 billion to $6.5 bil- 6.4.3.3 Rural Water Users lion for a gain of 33 percent, the most rapid rate of gain of any of the planning subareas of In 1964 Planning Subarea 4.3 contained the Great Lakes Basin. 892,000 acres in farm. The Cities of Cleveland There are approximately 5,500 manufactur- and Akron, Ohio, occupy a significant portion ing establishments in the region, with the of the planning subarea. Orchards and veget- greatest concentrations in the vicinities of able crops, heavy water users, used more than Cleveland, Akron, and Lorain, Ohio. Cleve- 16,000 acres of cropland in 1964. Dairy produc- land, located at the mouth of the Cuyahoga tion, a heavy water user, contributed well over River on the Lake Erie shore, is the third half of the receipts of livestock and livestock largest Great Lakes port and is the port of products. Crop receipts totaled more than $42 entry and embarkation for large quantities of million and livestock and livestock products the raw materials and finished products of the more than $35 million in 1964. The 1960 census region's manufacturers. There are more than indicated 34,000 people living on farms and 2,800 manufacturing plants in Cleveland 13,000 employed on farms. alone. In the Counties of Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, and Medina, which comprise the Cleveland SMSA, an additional 1,300 factories 6.4.4 Present and Projected Water are located. Among the largest of these plants Withdrawal Requirements are primary steel mills, metal fabricators, chemical plants, machine tool manufacturers, Table 6-97 presents a summary of munici- makers of power machinery, and transporta- pal, self-supplied industrial, and rural water tion equipment. use for Planning Subarea 4.3. In the inland City of Akron and in Summit and Portage Counties, which comprise the Ak- ron SMSA, there are approximately 900 manu- 6.4.4.1 Municipal Water Use facturing plants. The rubber and plastic prod- ucts, fabricated metal items, machinery and Lake Erie and the streams of Planning Sub- machine tools made in the factories of this area 4.3 are the major sources of water supply two-county region supply national and world for municipal, industrial, and agricultural markets. purposes. Together these sources provided The Lorain-Elyria SMSA is within the more than 1,600 mgd in 1970. Public water boundaries of Lorain County whose most active supply sources supplied more than 500 mgd in economic centers are the City of Lorain, a 1970. The City of Cleveland alone withdrew Lake Erie port, and the inland City of Elyria. 395 mgd of Lake Erie water. The estimated The major activities of the 270 manufacturing 1970 population of Planning Subarea 4.3 is plants in the SMSA include the manufacture 3,029,500 people. of primary metals products, metal fabrica- An average of approximately 517 mgd is tions, power machinery and equipment, and currently being supplied to 2.7 million people, transportation equipment. 89 percent of the total population, through Ashtabula County and the City of Ashta- municipal water systems in the planning sub- bula are at the extreme northeastern part area. of the planning subarea. There are 160 man- A breakdown of the various portions of this ufacturing establishments in the city-county total average quantity, the maximum month region, including major chemicals plants, average day, the maximum day, domestic and Lake Erie Basin 187 TABLE 6-97 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.3 (mgd) 1970 198o Use 111M. ina. rural total mun. ind. rural total "Withdrawal Requirements Ohio 6 o6 24 1848 61o.2 1171 6 1808 'l .' 1' ' Total _517 79 1307 @27. '7 18=8 .610.2 1171 227'3 1808 Consumption Ohio 52.0 85-3 5.8 143 82.0 117.1 5.9 205 Total 52.0 7573 -5.7 -173- 72-.0 T1 -7. 1 779 205 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Ohio 8oo 1306 24 2131 79-5 1.6 4 _717 2131 Total M F-7 -177 22 79-5 153 -1.7 22T 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural total Mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements Ohio 8oo 1103 31.0 19-3-4 1MI '1046 T1.4 6 3016 Total FO 7*-- '3 1103 31.0 1934 1037 t1t 3-3.7 3016 Consumption Ohio 101.0 338.1 6.9 446 14o.1 781.o 7.9 929 101.5 - 77 -7 =1- 0 7.9 Total 3 37 r7l 7-79 929 1970 Capacity- Future Needs Ohio 247.7 �8@66 6 8 22 4 logo 4 4 8 1730 .3 9 . F. L.@4 Total =27.7 logo r97-7 1730 .7 223 commercial use, heavy manufacturing use, stream treatment plants and ground-water and developed water source capacities is source plants use lime-soda softening. shown in Table 6-98. Ground-water treatment plants usually have Approximately 409 mgd, 80 percent of the iron and manganese removal, and some soften total, is used in the Cuyahoga River basin, with ion exchange. A few small ground-water About.143 mgd, 28 percent of the total demand, source systems have disinfection only. comes from ground-water sources, and 13 mgd The expansion of ground-water sources ap- of this is in the Cuyahoga River basin. pears to be limited with the general trend to Generally the quality of water sources is surface-water sources in the future. good. Although there are some localized areas The total per capita usage is 198 gped, of where surface-water pollution occurs, the which domestic and commercial use account quality is expected to improve with implemen- for 138 gped. Heavy industry water use ac- tation of water quality management pro- counts for the remainder. This per capita use grams. is much higher than in northwestern Ohio, Water treatment for Lake Erie waters and and is above the State average. The Black- some inland streams generally consists of Rocky complex shows the highest per capita coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtra- consumption of .207 gpcd. Lower per capita tion, and disinfection, with taste and odor con- consumption occurs for the Cuyahoga (195 trol measures applied as needed. Some inland gped) and Chagrin (133 gpcd) River basins, the 188 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-98 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.3, Ohio (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 2127.8 442.9 482-5 6oo.4 44.6 1970 is 3029-5 445.4 59.6 67-5 79-3 6.o GW 135-0 14.4 16.1 20.8 1.4 GL 2462-3 513.6 559.8 696-3 65.6 198o is 3476-3 529-3 77-7 87.7 103-0 14.2 GW 163.4 18.9 21-5 28-3 2.2 GL 3145.8 659-7 719.2 894.4 83-0 2000 is 4389.2 700.8 111.8 125-5 147.6 14.6 GW 221-3 28.8 33.6 45.2 3.4 GL 3997-3 84o-3 916-3 1139.2 113-9 2020 is 5526-5 914.4 156-3 174.8 2o6.1 21-3 GW 293-5 4o.2 47-7 65.2 4.9 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000.12020) GL 320.8 32.0 122.1 12.6 689.4 1970 is 138 41.1 4.1 18.5 1.9 80.0 GW 12.2 1.2 2.2 0.2 31-3 GL 372.1 37.2 141.5 28.4 75.8 1980 is 14o 53.2 9.3 24.5 4.9 GW 16.1 1.0" 2.8 o.6 3.7 GL 478.1 47.9 181.6 35.1 232.1 2000 is 142 75.8 7.6 36.o 7-0 3-1 GW 24.5 2.6 4-3 o.8 12-5 GL 6og.1 61.o 231.2 52.9 426.2 2020 is 144 105.3 9.6 51-0 11.7 45.3 GW 34.3 3.5 5.9 1.4 23.3 Notes: Totals are generally rounded off to one decimal point. There is no Great Lakes source deficiency. The 1970 source capacity listed is works capa- city. Akronts 40 mgd reservoir and Wellington's 1 mgd upground reservoir are assumed to be in use by 1980. Lake Erie Basin 189 Ashtabula-Conneaut complex (127 gped), and voir to be constructed in the next decade in- the Grand River basin (95 gped). crease the developed source to 121 mgd avail- Developed source quantities are adequate able in 1980. An additional 3.1 mgd in 2000 and at present. Surface sources on Lake Erie have 45.3 mgd in 2020 may be necessary, but the use practically unlimited development potential of the Lake Erie water source can satisfy the and already provide 86 percent of the de- requirements. If the Grand River Reservoir is veloped source quantity. Although inland constructed, it can satisfy a major portion (40 stream sources amount to only 10 percent of mgd) of this need. the total water withdrawals, the expansion of The developed source capacities for ground inland stream source quantities is much more water indicate 31.3 mgd in 1970, but these data difficult. are generally based on a limiting works capac- Consumptive loss i's approximately 52 mgd ity and do not reflect safe yields of the aqui- or 10 percent, with most of this being in the fers. Apparent needs of 3.7 mgd in 1980, 12.5 Cuyahoga basin where the largest cities, mgd in 2000, and 23.3 mgd in 2020 can be at Cleveland and Akron, are located. least partially satisfied by additional wells or Diversions of raw water from one basin to switching to existing surface-water sources. another for treatment do not occur at present, The water resource available in the plan- but used treated water discharge diversions occur in several places. The population served from water withdrawals in the Ashtabula- 5P00 Conneaut complex exceeds the estimated complex total population due to partial water INDusrRm. service in the Grand basin. Also, the Chagrin 4POO - RURAL basin population served is only a small portion MUNICIPAL of the total basin population due to withdraw- als in the Cuyahoga and Grand basins being 3,00. used and discharged in the Chagrin basin, There is no way to separate the data with the present methods of record keeping and report- ing. Quantities of diversion of treated water 2@000 X from one river basin to another are unknown. The total present diversion into or out of Planning Subarea 4.3 is probably insignifi- cant. Although diversions within the area are 1,000 likely to increase in future years, they proba- bly will remain insignificant in the near fu- 0 ture. 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 The average day in the maximum month of YEAR total municipal water usage per year is ex- FIGURE 6-49 Municipal, Industrial, and pected to increase from 566 mgd in 1970 to 669 Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- mgd in 1980,878 mgd in 2000, and 1,139 mgd in Planning Subarea 4.3 2020 (Figure 6-49). The peak day water usage can be expected to more than double by 2020 Planning Subarea 4.3 is a highly populated from 700 to more than 1,400 mgd. portion of the Lake Erie basin. The total popula- Approximately 10 to 14 percent of the total tion was 3.0 million people in. 1970. Municipal municipal water use will be consumptive loss water supplies served 90 percent of the popula- and not returned to this planning subarea for tion or 2.7 million people in 1970. This is ex- reuse. This loss is expected to amount to 52 pected to increase to 5.2 million by 2020. mgd in 1970, 82 mgd in 1980, 101 mgd in 2000, Agriculture occupies a relatively small por- and 140 mgd in 2020. tion of the planning subarea's economic activity, Although the existing capacity for Lake employing 1 percent of the total working force. Erie is listed at 690 mgd, this is not the total Truck and dairy farming and specialty crops are source available and is based largely on water prevalent. works capacity. The source is practically un- This planning subarea contains the largest limited. manufacturing and population concentration in The developed source capacities for inland Ohio. Steel production and rubber tire produc- streams indicate 80 mgd. The 1 mgd Wel- tion are major industrial activities. Manufactur- lington Reservoir under construction and the ing employs 40 percent of the total working proposed 40 mgd Akron Hubbard Road Reser- population. 190 Appendix 6 ning subarea appears to be adequate to meet As may be seen in Table 6-99, two industry future needs through 2020. groups, SIC 28 and.SIC 33, account for 90 per- cent of the total manufacturing water with- drawals in 1970. SIC 28, Chemicals and Allied 6.4.4.2 Industrial Water Use Products, is a difficult industry to assess be- cause of the diversity of its manufacturers and The total water withdrawals for all man- the rapid shifts in products and manufactur- ufacturing in Planning Subarea 4.3 are esti- ing processes. Each of the major water-using mated at 1,450 mgd in 1970, of which 1,305 mgd industries within the SIC 28 industry group were self-supplied and 145 mgd obtained from share one common characteristic: the public water supply systems. At present greatest part of their water requirements is manufacturing water demands are the largest for cooling and condensing because of the in the planning subarea, four times larger exothermal and endothermal processes gen- than the quantities withdrawn for domestic erally involved in chemical manufacture. The and commercial uses, and approximately 40 projection of the withdrawal demand for this percent larger than the withdrawals by elec- industry group in Planning Subarea 4.3 as- tric power utilities. The manufacturing sector sumes that recirculation of cooling water will reuses and recirculates its water, with an be increased so that the average recirculation average recirculation rate of 1.93 in 1970, but rate for all water uses within the SIC 28 estab- the practice of recirculating water is expected lishments will average 15.0 by the year 2020. to expand rapidly. For example, within the pri- In spite of the improved recirculation rate, the mary metals industry group, facilities now withdrawal demand for this industry group under construction will enable the reduction will increase to 1,400 mgd by the year 2020 of water withdrawals by more than 100 mgd. because of the expansion of production. Greater reuse of water throughout the sec- SIC 33, Primary Metals Industries, at pres- tor will permit the continued expansion of in- ent the largest water-using SIC two-digit in- dustrial production to occur in the planning dustry group in the planning subarea, had a subarea until the year 2000 without requiring withdrawal demand of 810 mgd in 1970. This an increase in total quantities withdrawn. By industry group will continue to reduce its 1980 the withdrawal demand is expected to be withdrawals to 310 mgd by the year 2020. De- 1,340 mgd, falling further to 1,320 mgd by the spite a growth in value added by manufacture year 2000. Between 2000 and 2020 the with- of nearly 350 percent, this decrease will occur drawal demand will increase sharply, rising to because of improvements in the average 2,130 mgd in the year 2020. The rising with- water recirculation rate from the present 1.78 drawal requirement will accompany a growth to an estimated 12.0. in manufacturing production of an estimated Improved recirculation rates have been $24 billion in value added by manufacture dur- forecast for all industry groupings in the man- ing the same period. Because improvements in ner discussed in the methodology. recirculation of industrial water will be much slower after 2000, the gross water demand for the enlarged production will require increas- 6.4.4.3 Rural Water Use ingly larger water withdrawals. Table 6-99 presents the base-year estimates Rural water requirements and consumption and projections of five water-use parameters were estimated for Planning Subarea 4.3 fol- and constant dollar estimates of value added lowing the methodology outlined in Subsec- by manufacture for the five major water- tion 1.4. Table 6-100 divides total require- using SIC two-digit industry groups and the ments and consumption into categories of residual manufacturing groups that comprise rural nonfarm and rural farm. Rural farm is the industrial sector. The water-use estimates further divided into domestic, livestock, and represent the needs of all establishments spray water requirements. without differentiation between small or large water users. The large water-using estab- lishments (those that withdrew 20 million gal- 6.4.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions lons per year or more) are relatively few in number and probably do not exceed 220 fac- tories, but they account for 97 percent of the 6.4.5.1 Municipal total withdrawal needs of the entire manufac- turing sector. Table 6-97 shows the capacity of existing Lake Erie Basin 191 TABLE 6-99 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.3 (mgd) Other SIC 20 _SI_- 26 sic 28 SIC 29 SIC 33 Mfg. Total 1970 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 265 97 674 lo6 1025 4156 6323 Gross Water Required 35 31 989 41 144o 250 2786 Recirculation Ratio 2-36 3.74 2.01 0.2 1.78 2.43 Total Water Withdrawal 15 8 492 21 81o 103 1449 Self Supplied l3o6 Water Consumed 1.9 1.4 28 6 52 11 100 198o Value Added (Millions 1958$) 335 150 1291 160 1350 61ol 9387 Gross Water Required 42 49 2020 62 1875 235 4283 Recirculation Ratio 2.77 6.03 3.64 3-0 2.82 3.05 Total Water Withdrawal 15 8 555 21 665 77 1341 Self Supplied llT1 Water Consumed 2.2 1.7 56 9 67 15 151 2000 Value Added (millions 1958$) 5o6 318 4552 372 2184 12761 2o693 Gross Water Required 53 go 8073 144 2750 816 11926 Recirculation Ratio 3.15 8.oo 11.7 3.5 7-o6 4.8o Total Water Withdrawal 17 11 6go 41 390 170 1319 Self Supplied 1103 Water Consumed 2.6 3-0 225 22 96 32 381 2020 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 805 649 ligio 801 354o 27074 44779 Gross Water Required 88 158 21000 310 3720 176o 27036 Recirculation Ratio 3.50 8.oo 15.0 4.o 12.0 5.86 -- Total Water Withdrawal 25 20 14oo 76 310 300 2131 Self Supplied 1946 Water Consumed 4.2 5.6 590 46 132 69 847 TABLE6-100 Rural Water Use Requirements water supply source developments in the 1970 and Consumption, Planning Subarea 4.3 (mgd) column. Cumulative water supply needs are 1970 3.9bo 2000 2020 shown for 1980, 2000, and 2020. A cushion of REQU`@FOIENTS Rural Farm excess capacity is necessary for future as well Domestic 1.8 0.9 0-7 0.8 as existing development. Construction for Livestock 2 6 2.4 2.9 3 8 Spray Water 0:0 0 0 0.0 0:0 2,234 mgd of new water supply capacity is Subtotal 77 3:3 T-77 77 needed in Planning Subarea 4.3 by the year Rural Nonfarm 20.3 22.9 27-3 28.9 2020. Of this total need, 1,144 mgd or 51 per- Total 24.7 26.3 31.0 33.4 cent is required between 2000 and 2020. Addi- CONSUMPTION Rural Arm tional water supply capacity totaling 234 mgd Domestic 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 is needed from 1970 to 1980. The 1980 to 2000 Livestock 2.3 2.2 2.6 3.4 Spray Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 period will require an additional 856 mgd. Subtotal 27 -2.7 2.7 -37 Rural Nonfarm 3-0 3.4 4.1 4-3 The projected need for municipal water -Total- 5.8 5.9 6.9 7.9 supply capacity in Planning Subarea 4.3 is 495 192 Appendix 6 mgd by the year 2020 (Table 6-98). Of this total, more than adequate for meeting this demand. 426 or 84 percent is derived from Lake Erie However, problems remain in the financing sources. and management of this enormous amount of Estimated costs for new construction and municipal water supply. associated operations are shown in Table The Ashtabula-Conneaut River basin com- 6-101. All estimates are adjusted to January plex is the only drainage basin where there 1970 price levels. The costs include con- are no projected water resource deficiencies. veyance of the water supply and water treat- Deficiencies in the other drainage basins can ment, but not surface-water storage and in- be corrected by expansion of existing well traurban distribution costs. fields or by expansion of service areas of cer- The greatest costs are concentrated in the ta.in water supply systems. The Northeast Cuyahoga River basin. However, estimates of Ohio Development Plan may be referred to for costs will be dependent upon the extent of re- proposed solutions to specific water supply gionalization of distribution and the selection deficiency probleMS.30 of future alternative sources, i.e., Lake Erie, Water is relatively abundant in the area, the Grand Reservoir, and inland stream res- but shortages exist in individual communities. ervoirs. At this time no information about Lake Erie is the largest single source of water. these factors is available. The main problems are management and pay- There is a need for more efficient manage- ing the costs of development. The Northeast ment of existing systems, elimination of small Ohio Water Management Plan contains a de- inefficient systems, extension of some indi- tailed discussion of the needs and problems vidual systems to greater areawide distribu- confronting the various communities of the tion, provision of adequate financing and more planning subarea and potential solutions to equitable rate adjustments, and overcoming the problems. The program for development of legal obstacles or public opposition to projects. the Northeast Ohio Water Management Plan Most of the new water supply in Planning proceeds through four stages: Inventory, De- Subarea 4.3 should come from Lake Erie mand Projections, Project Development, and sources. The quantity of Lake Erie water is Formulation of the Comprehensive Plan. TABLE 6-101 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 4.3 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 22.664 46-733 58-035 69-397 127.433 Great Lakes Annual OMR 1.129 4.587 9.8o8 5.717 15--25 Total OMR 11.294 91.7-4 196.173 103-o48 299.221 Inland Lakes Capital .000 .926 12.617 .926 13-544 and Annual OMR .000 o46 .721 o46 .767 Streams Total OMR .000 .923 14.423 .923 15-347 Capital .54o 1.284 1.576 1.825 3.4ol Ground Water* Annual OMR o44 .196 .434 .241 -.676 Total OMR .449 3-936 8.699 4-386 13.085 Capital 23.2o4 48.946 72.231 72.231 144-331 Total Annual OMR 1.174 4.831 lo.965 6.005 16-970 Total OMR 11-744 96.615 219.295 lo8.358 327.655 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/mgd-yr) transmission 120.9000 7,600 wells & pumping 26YOOO 16,700 (see Figure 6-4) total 171-000 -27,300 Lake Erie Basin 193 6.4.5.2 Industrial new locations. Thus, during the early period of industrial expansion all water withdrawal Figure 6-50 illustrates the changing demands for the first 100 percent increase in characteristics of the industrial water de- production are assumed to be supplied from mand in Planning Subarea 4.3 for the period existing sources out of the excess water supply 1970 to 2020, during which the output of man- conserved by recirculation. All new produc- ufacturers is expected to grow from $6.323 bil- tion is assumed to require new water source lion value added by manufacture to $44.779 development. Curve 1 represents the with- billion. The gross water requirements to sup- drawal demand to maintain 1970 production port the expansion of production of more than levels at existing plants. Curve 2 represents 700 percent will increase proportionally. If the the withdrawal demand to maintain 1970 present practices of limited recirculation of levels plus the first 100 percent increase in water were to continue, by 2020 nearly 10,000 production at existing plant locations. Curve 3 mgd of water would be necessary. However, represents the total withdrawal demand for improvements in water management by in- existing plus new production at all locations. dustries should result in withdrawals of only The area between Curves 2 and 3 represents 2,130 rngd by 2020. the withdrawal requirements for new produc- The 700 percent increase in manufacturing tion at new locations. By the year 2000, 520 output will occur in part by increasing produc- mgd of industrial water will be required at tion at existing plant locations. However, be- locations where plants do not presently exist, cause of limitations of land at many sites, en- and by the year 2020, the demand at new loca- vironmental quality goals, subregional eco- tions will be 1,520 mgd. nomic goals, availability of water and other Only 10 percent of the present water with- factors, much of the new production will occur drawal requirements of the manufacturing in new plants at new locations. Figure 6-50 is sector are supplied from municipal water sys- constructed on the assumption that the first tems, with the remaining 90 percent self- 100 percent increase in value added will come supplied by the individual plants. All man- at existing plants by the late 1980s. After that ufacturing plants in the planning subarea ob- all growth in output will occur in new plants at tain water from municipal systems, but the cost of the water generally limits its use to essential employee needs and the relatively MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER DAY minor manufacturing process demands. For 2500 plants with large requirements for process r._77771 TO PROVIDE FOR NEW and cooling water, company-owned and oper- P ated supply facilities are developed. Except P LIAIN"D CIGICIAIT 1101N Z I WCURVE 3for the inland area around Akron, which has TO PROVIDE FOR NEW 2000 PRODUCTION AT EXISTING PLANT LOCATION water system capacity to serve several large 10 MAINTAIN EXISTING industrial users, the majority of the very large PRODUCTION AT EXISTING P water-using factories are located near the LANT LOCATIONS shore of Lake Erie or along the banks of the 1500 Cuyahoga, Black, Rocky, Chagrin, Grand, and Ashtabula Rivers. The potential for developing inland surface-water and ground-water sources to meet the large new industrial water demand 000 of the future does not appear to be feasible at present. Yet, if the crowding of the greatly enlarged manufacturing sector of the future along the shoreline of Lake Erie and the lower 500 CURVE 2 reaches of the rivers is to be avoided, consid- eration should be given to the development of CURVE I new inland industrial areas and the develop- ment of regional industrial water supply 0 schemes to transport large volumes of Lake 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 YEAR Erie water to the inland locations. The return of water from the new inland industries to FIGURE 6-50 Total Withdrawal Demands for Lake Erie will introduce new problems in Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 4.3 management of both the quality and quantity 194 Appendix 6 of the water in the return flow channels and for the wave-cut escarpments of glacial lakes structures. at higher levels. The upland plateau has a smoothly rolling surface cut by valleys at var- ious intervals. The entire planning subarea is 6.4.5.3 Rural underlain by sedimentary rock, sandstone, shale, limestone, and dolomite. Future rural water requirements will be Drainage in the planning subarea is gener- drawn primarily from ground-water sources, ally from southeast to northwest. Streams rise although in some areas streams will be in- in the upland plateau and flow into Lake Erie creasingly important. The location and qual- or the Niagara River. The Erie-Chautauqua ity of ground water will be very important in complex, Cattaraugus Creek, and Tonawanda channeling additional development, particu- Creek, the major drainage basins in this plan- larly in the location of rural nonfarm ning subarea, combine to form a total drain- dwellings. In areas where ground water is in age area of 761 square miles. short supply, development should proceed only after proven water supplies are located. Some areas will not develop until a central 6.5.1.3 Climate supply is available. Rural water requirements are expected to The climate of Planning Subarea 4.4 is increase 36 percent from 1970 to 2020, and con- classified as humid continental and charac- sumption is expected to increase 37 percent terized by variations in weather common to during the same period. the interior of large land masses. Winters are Low yielding aquifers characteri-ze much of cold and snowy; summers are warm and dry on Planning Subarea 4.3. Most can yield only a the lake plain and warm and humid on the few gallons per minute to wells. The mineral upland plateau. Pressure centers move from content of the water at relatively shallow west to east bringing weather from the inte- depths in the bedrock can cause problems. The rior of the continent. Lake Erie has a moderat- salinity of the bedrock aquifers increases to- ing influence on the climate of the lake plain. ward the south. In many areas along Lake The growing season varies from 120 to 165 Erie potable ground-water sources have been days, increasing from northwest to southeast. contaminated by salt water and oil leaking Precipitation is adequate and averages from from improperly abandoned oil and gas test 32 to 48 inches per year. Floods may be ex- holes. Iron and manganese are present in pected to occur at any time of the year, but most aquifer waters. There appear to have they are most probable in the spring months. been no long-term water level declines. The temperature range is from 78F to 84F in the summer and 17'F to 25'F in the winter. 6.5 Lake Erie East, Planning Subarea 4.4 6.5.2 Water Resources 6.5.1 Description of Planning Subarea 6.5.2.1 Surface-Water Resources 6.5.1.1 Location Of the approximately 3 million acres com- prising Planning Subarea 4.4, 45,900 acres Planning Subarea 4.4, located at the eastern are surface water. Chautauqua Lake in Chau- end of Lake Erie, consists of four counties in tauqua County, with 12,700 acres of surface, western New York State and one county in is the largest inland lake. Runoff averages northwestern Pennsylvania (Figure 6-51). 20 inches annually. The area is 115 miles long and 95 miles wide at Presently there are no fully developed water its longest and widest points. storage areas in the planning subarea's inland lakes and streams. If all inland lakes and streams suitable for development as 6.5.1.2 Topography and Geography surface-water impoundments were developed, the total potential storage capacity would be Planning Subarea 4.4 can be divided into 886,000 acre-feet .45 two areas, the lake plain and the upland At present there are no developed water plateau. The lake plain is relatively flat except storage areas. If all potential water storage Lake Eric Basin 195 LAKE ONTARIO 7- NIAGARA Lockport Nia ra Fa Is N N onawanda k Grand I and s Buffalo Ellicott Lancas EastAur ra v Hamburg iii; Q 00 " Cr. Springville Callo"aug jr 9 Dunkirk ERIE 4- Fredonia -_j We treld z Fresque Island < 0 Salamanca Erie inW @ Jamestown *Olean X-/ z z z W CHAUTAUQUA NEWYORK CATTARAUGUS L I PENNSYLVANIA X z 0 Corry W ERIE Union City 0 0- VICINITY MAP SCALE IN 0 50 100 SCALE IN MILES W,@ 0 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 6-51 Planning Subarea 4.4 196 Appendix 6 areas were fully developed, impounded inland 6.5.3.2 Industrial Water Users lakes and streams could produce'a sustained water supply yield of 1,585 mgd .45 Manufacturing activities are concentrated Potential capacities and yields used in this in the vicinity of Erie, Pennsylvania, and the section relate to the total water resource. No Buffalo, New York, SMSA, which includes Erie attempt has been made to identify that por- and Niagara Counties in New York State. The tion of the water resource not suitable or planning subarea is composed of Erie County, available for use. Pennsylvania, and the New York counties of Cattaraugus, Chautauquai Erie, and Niagara. It includes the eastern end of Lake Erie, the 6.5.2.2 Ground-Water Resources U.S. portion of the Niagara River, and the southwestern shoreline of Lake Ontario. More Ground-water reserves are abundant. than 2,600 manufacturing establishments Yields are especially high in glacial deposits of were active in this five-county region in 1967. sand and gravel found in partially buried val- The total value added by manufacture in those leys prevalent in the area. Water obtained plants was more than $3.6 billion, an increase from these deposits is generally hard. Yields of nearly 33 percent over the 1963 level of pro- from bedrock are not as great, except from duction. limestone formations in the New York coun- Only a small portion of Erie County, ties of Erie and Niagara. Pennsylvania, lies within the Great Lakes Ba- Ground-water yield in River Basin Group 4.4 sin. The land rises from much of the lakeshore is estimated to be 380 mgd (based on 70 percent in steep bluffs 100 to 200 feet high and the flow-duration data) .21 Three of the aquifer watershed between the Great Lakes and Ohio systems (Quaternary, Silurian, Silurian- River basins lies from only 6 to 13 miles inland. Devonian) yield water that exceeds the 500 The City of Erie, located at Erie Harbor be- mg/1 USPSH recommended drinking water hind the 7-mile long Presque Isle Peninsula, standard for total solids. is the center of population and economic acti- vity in the county. Nearly all of the county's food processing, steel manufacture, paper 6.5.3 Water-User Profile and paper products, fabricated metal, and industrial machinery industries are located in this vicinity. Industrial water supply for the 6.5.3.1 Municipal Water Users larger plants is obtained primarily through industry-operated intakes in Lake Erie, and In 1970 the population of Planning Subarea to a lesser extent from the steep gradient 4.4 was 1.8 million people, 80 percent classified streams of the region. as urban and the remaining 20 percent Chautauqua County, the westernmost New classified as rural. The 2020 population is pro- York county in the planning subarea, is simi- jected to exceed 3 million persons. lar in terrain to Erie County, Pennsylvania, The population is concentrated in and with high bluffs rising sharply from the lake- around the Cities of Niagara Falls and North shore and the watershed boundary lying only Tonawa nda along the Niagara River, Buffalo 4 to 13 miles inland from the Lake. Except for and Cheektowaga at the eastern end of Lake the small cities of Dunkirk, Fredonia, Silver Erie, and Erie, Pennsylvania, on the southern Creek, and Westfield, this portion of the plan- shore of Lake Erie. Average population den- ning subarea is predominantly rural and sity is 713 people per square mile, with the woodland. The few industries center around highest concentration in Niagara and Erie food processing, metal fabrication, and tex- Counties, New York, and Erie County, tiles and draw their water supplies from Lake Pennsylvania. Erie and the several major creeks of the area. Municipal water supplies served 1.7 million Few industries are located in the portion of people in 1970, 91 percent of the population. Cattaraugus County that lies within the Great Average per capita annual income was $4,236 Lakes drainage basin. Cattaraugus Creek is (1970$) in 1970. The population served by mu- the boundary between Cattaraugus and Erie nicipal water supplies is predicted to be 2.8 Counties, New York, and its drainage basin is million people by 2020. Manufacturing predominantly rural and not heavily popu- employs 38 percent of the area's population, lated. Industries in this region include food while 6 percent are employed in agricultural processing plants, canneries, and small minor activity. manufacturing plants. Lake Erie Basin 197 The remaining portions of Erie and Niagara The estimated total population of Planning Counties are dominated by the Cities of Buf- Subarea 4.4 is 1.85 million persons. The data falo and Niagara Falls and the many large and show that 1.7 million persons, or 91 percent of small communities in the vicinity. In the Buf- the total population, are being supplied water falo SMSA there are approximately 1,700 through central water systems. manufacturing establishments engaged in An average of approximately 327 mgd is the production of a wide variety and large vol- currently being supplied through central mu- ume of goods. Major industries are food prod- nicipal water systems. A breakdown of the ucts, paper and paperboard, basic chemicals various portions of this total average quantity and plastics, petroleum and coal products, used in each State portion of the planning steel and iron, fabricated metals; general in- subarea and for heavy water-using industry dustrial machinery, and transportation and domestic and commercial purposes is equipment. shown in Tables 6-103, 6-104, and 6-105. The bulk of the water use, more than 76 per- cent, is in the Tonawanda River basin. More 6.5.3.3 Rural Water Users In 1964 Planning Subarea 4.4 contained 1.45 million acres of land in farm. Meadow crops 2,500 exceeded 290,000 acres. Fruits and vegetables, heavy water users, contributed more than E] 1,vDvsrRJAL 37,000 and 47,000 acres respectively. Dairy 2,000- [M RURAL farmers, a heavy water user, contributed ENUNICIPAL more than three-fourths of the value of live- & stock and livestock product sales. Crop sales 6 totaled $47 million and livestock and livestock V@)@ "'0'-- product sales $64 million in 1964. The 1980 cen- -4 sus listed 48,000 people living on farms and 14,000 employed on farms. 1,000- 6.5.4 Present and Projected Water 5001 Withdrawal Requirements 0- 6.5.4.1 Municipal Water Use 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Y E A R Lake Erie and the Niagara River supply the FIGURE 6-52 Municipal, Industrial, and major portion of the Planning Subarea 4.4 Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- municipal water supply. The Cities of Buffalo Planning Subarea 4.4 and Erie get theirwater from Lake Erie, while Niagara Falls and North Tonawanda obtain The population of Planning Subarea 4.4 is their water from the Niagara River. Approxi- concentrated in and around the Cities of Niag- mately 70 percent of the total municipal water ara Falls, North Tonawanda, and Buffalo in New withdrawals serves these four cities. York, and Erie in Pennsylvania. Municipal Water supply needs for additional growth water supplies served 1.7 million people or 91 are shown in the 1980, 2000, and 2020 columns percent of the population of 1.85 million in 1970. of Table 6-102 and in Figure 6-52. The current The population served is predicted to be 2.8 mil- capacity of existing source developments is lion by 2020. shown for 1970. A cushion of excess capacity is The planning subarea is largely an industrial necessary. A total of 1,124 mgd of additional region with only 6 percent of the working force constructed capacity is needed to supply addi- employed in agricultural activity. Meadow tional water uses in Planning Subarea 4.4 by crops are dominant, with some fruit and vegeta- the year 2020. Of this total need, 525 mgd or 47 ble production. percent is required between 2000 to 2020. Ad- Manufacturing employs 38 percent of th-e ditional capacity totaling 153 mgd is needed by population. Electrical machinery, motor vehi- 1980. The 1980 to 2000 time period will require cles, transportation equipment, and food and an additional 446 mgd. kindred products are major industries. 198 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-102 Summary of Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.4 (mgd) 1970 198o Use mun. ind. rural total MIM. ind. rural total Withlrawal Requirements New York 272.1 gil 13.8 1197 3ol.4 826 13.6 1141 Pennsylvania 55.1 35 2.8 93 64-5 28 2.8 95 Total 327.2 97 1290 757.9 7_5r 17.7 12=3 Consumption New York 24.6 79 5-3 log 28-5 ill 5.9 146 Pennsylvania 5.4 3 1.1 66j* 4 1.2 11 70-.0 b2 '97 7 71 157 Total 11 37 115 1970 Capacity- Future Needs New York 412.8 gil 13.8 1338 30.8 110 141 Pennsylvania 78.0 2.8 115 8.3 4 12 Total T9_07 +9) -16-7- -175-3 39.1 114 153 2000 2020 Use mun. ina. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements New York 372.6 639 19-5 1031 463.0 948 26-3 1437 Pennsylvania 81.0 30 [email protected] ill -97.9. 62 6' Total 06 669 23-5 1147 @2 453. 56o.9 lolo 3 1_61i@O Consimuption New York 4o.3 222 7-3 270 49.o 453 9.1 511 Pennsylvania 7.9 10 1 1 9.9 22 1.8 4 Total 7872 232 _21?g =5.9 475 10.9 5 1970 Capacity- Future Needs New York 113-0 434 5-7 553 219.2 797 12-5 1029 Pennsylvania 24.7 20 1.2 46 4o.8 52 2-5 95 Total . -137.7 757 6-9 599 7T9_ T5_-_O 1-127 than 91 percent or approximately 300 mgd is infected and some receive a type of corrective supplied from Lake Erie and connecting treatment such as softening or iron removal. channel sources. Heavy water-using indus- The total average municipal water supply tries in Planning Subarea 4.4 are being requirements are expected to increase by 1.1 supplied approximately 89 mgd, 27 percent of times to 366 mgd by 1980,1.4 times to 454 mgd the total municipal water supply. by 2000, and 1.7 times to 561 mgd by 2020. The Approximately 312 mgd, 95 percent of the average day in the maximum month of total planning subarea's municipal water supply, municipal water use per year is expected to are received from surface waters and require increase from 393 mgd in 1970 to 439 mgd in purification treatment including coagulation, 1980, 545 mgd in 2000, and 673 mgd in 2020. sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Approximately 10 percent of the municipal The remaining ground-water supplies are dis- water use will be consumptive loss. The con- Lake Erie Basin 199 TABLE6-103 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.4, New York and Pennsylvania (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 1478.o 300-3 36o.4 449.5 27.7 1970 is 1851-9 82.0 11-3 13.6 17.4 o.8 GW 14o.4 15.6 18-7 23-5 1.5 GL 16og.4 331.4 397.8 497.1 31.6 1980 is 2o18 93.6 14.1 16.9 21.0 1.2 GW 159.0 20.4 24.4 30.4 2.0 GL 1981.o 4lo-5 493-0 616.6 43.8 2000 is 2454 110.1 18.2 21.8 27-3 1.8 GW 184.1 24.9 29.9 37-3 2.6 GL 2444.4 5o8-3 6og.8 762-5 53.5 2020 is 2977-3 125.6 22.4 26.8 33.7 2-3 GW 212.6 30.2 36.2 53-7 3-1 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Saply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (198o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 200012020) GL 211.2 21.1 99.1 6.6 422 1970 is 130.6 7.7 0.7 3.6 0.1 25.8 GW 13-3 1.2 2-3 0-3 43-0 GL 217.2 22.2 114.2 9.4 32.1 198o is 131 9-3 0.9 4.8 0-3 2.9 GW 17.4 1.7 3-0 0-3 4.1 GL 272.4 26.2 138-1 17.6 122.4 2000 is 1-34-3 12.0 1.1 6.2 0-7 7-1 GW 21.2 2.1 3.7 0-5 8.2 GL 34o.6 33.7 167.7 19.8 235.6 2020 is 137.2 15.4 1.5 7.0 o.B 10.7 GW 25.9 2-5 4.3 o.6 13.7 sumptive loss can be expected to amount to 35 rameters and constant dollar estimates of mgd in 1980, 48 mgd in 2000, and 59 mgd in value added by manufacture for the five major 2020. water-using SIC two-digit industry groups, the combined residual manufacturing group, and the total manufacturing sector of Plan- 6.5.4.2 Industrial Water Use ning Subarea 4.4. The total water withdrawals for all manufacturing are estimated to have Table 6-106 presents the base-year esti- been 1,050 mgd in 1970, of which 945 mgd were mates and projections of five water-use pa- self-supplied and 105 mgd were obtained from 200 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-104 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.4, New York (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 1311-0 248-5 298.2 371.7 22.5 1970 is 1617.9 76.3 9.5 11.4 14.7 0.5 GW 126.o 14.1 16.9 21-3 1.4 GL 1424.4 271.1 325-3 406.6 25.6 1980 is 1765.1 86.2 11.8 14.1 17.6 1.1 GW 14l.9 18.5 22.2 27.6 1.8 GL 1759-0 334.9 4o2.3 502.9 36.2 2000 is 2144.o 100.9 15.1 18.1 22.7 1.7 GW 164.7 22.6 27.1 33-9 2.4 GL 2189.4 417-3 500.8 626.o 44.1 2020 is 2617-3 115.3 18.6 22-3 28.o 2.1 GW 190.9 27-1 32.6 49.1 2.8 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (198o, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand suraption 2000,2020) GL 158.7 16.8 89.8 5.7 352.0 1970 is 116.9 6.5 o.4 3-0 0.1 22.8 GW 11.9 1.1 2.2 0-3 38.0 GL 169.1 17-5 101.2 8.1 25.4 198o is 116.5 7-9 o.8 3-9 0-3 2.1 GW 15.6 1-5 2.9 0-3 3-3 GL 215.3 20.5 119.6 15.7 101.1 2000 is 120.8 10.3 1.0 4.8 0.7 5.2 GW 19.0 1.9 3.6 0-5 6.7 GL 273.6 26.7 143-7 17.4 199.7 2020 is 124.2 13.4 1.3 5.2 o.8 8.1 GW 23.0 2.2 4.1 o.6 11.4 public water supply systems. Although the should continue over the next 50 years as the availability of water from Lake Erie and the industrial output of the region grows from its rivers and streams of the region allows for present level of $3,747 billion value added by larger withdrawals, the manufacturers re- manufacture to $24,643 billion in the year used and recirculated the water withdrawn 2020. The combination of individual industry 2.22 times to make it equivalent to their larger growth rates and the implementation of im- gross water requirements of 2,340 mgd. proved recirculation practices should result in Improvements in the average rates of recir- a decline of water withdrawals to 975 mgd in culation of water in all manufacturing groups 1980 and 820 mgd in the year 2000. Because Lake Erie Basin 201 TABLE 6-105 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 4.4, Pennsylvania (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Sapply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day sumption GL 167 51.8 62.2 77.8 5.2 1970 is 234 5.7 1.8 2.2 2.7 0.1 GW 14.4 1.5 1.8 2.2 0.1 GL 185 6o-3 72-5 90-5 6.o 198o is 253 7.4 2-3 2.8 3.4 0.1 GW 17-1 1.9 2.2 2.8 0.2 GL 222 75.6 90.7 113-7 7.6 2000 is 310 9.2 3-1 3-7 4.6 0.1 GW 19.4 2-3 2.8 3.4 0.2 GL 255 91.0 109.0 136-5 9.4 2020 is 36o 10-3 3-8 4.5 5-7 0.2 GW 21.7 3-1 3-7 4.6 0.3 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 2000,2020) GL 42.5 4-3 9-3 0.9 70-0 1970 is 294.4 1.2 0.1 o.6 3-0 GW 1.4 0.1 0.1 5-0 GL 47-3 4.7 13-0 1-3 6-7 198o is 241.1 1.4 0.1 0.9 0.8 GW 1.8 0.2 0.1 -o.8 GL 57-1 5-7 18-5 1.9 21-3 2000 is 243.4 1.7 0.1 1.4 1.9 GW 2.2 0.2 0.1 1-5 GL 67.0 7-0 24.o 2.4 35-9 2020 is 250-5 2.0 0.2 1.8 2.6 GW 2.9 0-3 0.2 2.3 further improvements in reuse of industrial Metals Industries, should increase production water will be slower, the withdrawals should from 1970 to 2020 by more than 390 percent as increase b@ the'year 2000. Industrial water indicated by value added by manufacture. withdrawals are projected to total 1,200 mgd During the same period the average recircula- by the year 2020. tion rate is expected to improve more than 600 Two industry groups, SIC 28 and SIC 33, percent. Consequently, the withdrawal de- account for nearly 90 percent of the present mand for SIC 33 is projected to decline from industrial withdrawals, with SIC 33 industries 670 mgd to 298 mgd. accounting for 64 percent. SIC 33, Primary SIC 28, Chemicals and Allied Products, is 202 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-106 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 4.4 (mgd) Other SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 29 SIC 33 Mfg. Total 1970 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 34o 128 493 50 836 1900 3747 Gross Water Required 57 166 543 222 1213 141 2342 Recirculation Ratio 2.77 2.93 2.12 4.41 1.81 2-39 Total Water Withdrawal 20.5 57 256 50 670 59 11-12 Self Supplied 946 Water Consumed 1.6 8-3 16 3-8 55.8 3.8 89 198o Value Added (Millions 1958$) 430 156 922 64 1134 2767 5473 Gross Water Required 66 202 1017 337 1559 209 3390 Recirculation Ratio 3-15 6.03 3-98 7.25 2.83 3-03 Total Water Withdrawal 21 33 255 47 551 69 976 Self Supplied 854 Water Consumed 1.9 10.1 31 6.1 71-5 5.4 126 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 686 235 3194 88 1902 5641 11746 Gross Water Required 91 305 3522 6o8 2349 408 7283 Recirculation Ratio 3.50 8.oo 11-70 19.61 6.97 4.80 -- Total Water Withdrawal 26 38 301 31 337 85 818 Self Supplied 670 Water Consumed 2.2 15 lo6 11 lo6 11.2 251 2020 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 1129 361 8o95 156 3302 ll6oo 24643 Gross Water Required 123 469 8929 1100 3576 914 15111 Recirculation Ratio 3.50 8.oo 15-00 23.92 12.00 5.86 -- Total Water Withdrawal 35 59 595 46 298 156 u89 Self Supplied 1010 Water Consumed 3.2 23 268 21 158 23 496 expected to increase production by more than culation have been quantitative and qualita- 1,600 percent between the years 1970 and 2020, tive inadequacies of water supply; cost sav- while the recirculation rate improves by more ings through conservation of heat energy, than 700 percent. Thus for this industry the product, and materials; and the maintenance demand for water to meet new production re- of special qualities such as high pressure quirements is greater than the volume con- steam supply. Incentives to recirculate have served by recirculation, and the total with- more recently resulted from the efforts of the drawal demand is projected to increase from industries to reduce the quantities of pollu- 256 mgd to 595 mgd. tants discharged in their waste streams. In Similar patterns of change in recirculation the Great Lakes Basin inadequacies of supply and withdrawal are observed for other indus- will continue to be a minor factor in decisions try groupings as the growing need for water by manufacturers to recirculate. The major for expanding production is met by varied incentives have been cost savings, strongly combinations of water input and multiple re- influenced by added costs for the control of use. In the past the major incentives for recir- water pollution from their plants' activities. Lake Erie Basin 203 Pollution control will continue to be a major TABLE6-108 Rural Water Use Requirements incentive in the Great Lakes Basin. and Consumption, Planning Subarea 4.4 (mgd) The distribution of the industrial water 1970 1980 2000 2020 withdrawal demands and consumption be- REQUIREMENTS Rural Farm tween the industrial sectors of the New York Domestic 2.6 3.2 2.8 2.9 and the Pennsylvania portions of the planning Livestock 4.8 5.8 6.6 7.9 Spray Water 0.0 2-1-0 0.0 0.0 subarea are presented in Table 6-107. These Subtotal 774 9.0 7.7 =0 estimates were derived by proportioning the Rural Nonfarm 9.1 7.4 14.1 20.9 demand on the basis of the ratio of value added Total 16.6 16.4 23-5 31-6 by manufacture in each State portion to the CONSUMPTION value added in the total planning subarea, as Rural Farm reported in the Census of Manufactures. Domestic 0.6 0.8 0-7 0.7 Livestock 4.4 5.2 5-9 7.1 There are no large water-using establish- Spray Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ments in the SIC 28 and 29 industry groups in Subtotal 7_0 7-0 -67 -77 the Pennsylvania portion; therefore the de- Rural Nonfarm 1.4 1.1 2.1 3-1 mands of these industries were assigned to the Total 6.4 7-1 8.8 10.9 New York portion. only in development of the water resource TABLE 6-107 Estimated Manufacturing because the quality of the water resources Water Use by State, Planning Subarea 4.4 (mgd) available is adequate to meet the projected klenn future requirements. New York sylv n1a Portion Portion Total Development of municipal water supplies to 1970 provide 39 mgd by 1980, 138 mgd by 2000, and Self-Supplied 911 35 946 260 mgd by 2020 for additional growth is Municipally Supplied 95 10 105 necessary. Approximately 236 mgd, 91 percent Consm.ed 85 4 8, of the total need, is projected as additional 1980 Self-Supplied 826 28 854 development of Lake Erie and Niagara River Municipally Supplied lo8 14 122 sources. Cons@med 120 6 126 The estimated costs for new construction 2000 and associated operations are presented in Self-Supplied 639 30 669 Municipally Supplied 128 20 148 Table 6-109. The costs include conveyance of Consumed 239 12 251 the raw water supply and water treatment, 2020 but not surface water storage and urban dis- Self-Siapplied 948 62 1010 Municipally Supplied 153 26 17) tribution. Consumed 472 24 496 In Pennsylvania, water supplies in the Lake Erie basin are composed of relatively small ground-water sources which supply primarily 6.5.4.3 Rural Water Use residential needs. The major exception is the Erie city water supply which obtains water Rural water requirements and consumption directly from Lake Erie and supplies more were estimated for Planning Subarea 4.4 fol- than a third of its water to industry. The lowing the methodology outlined in Subsec- Northeast Borough Water Department ob- tion 1.4. Table 6-108 divides total require- tains up to 70 percent of its supply through ments and consumption into categories of interbasin transfer from the Upper Allegheny rural nonfarm and rural farm. Rural farm is basin (the West Branch of French Creek). further divided into domestic, livestock, and Future requirements present no problem spray water requirements. because the Erie city supply is virtually un- limited and should needs in the surrounding areas unexpectedly surpass the quantities 6.5.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions available, additional water can be obtained through the Erie city supply. Treatment at this time is no problem, but it could become a 6.5.5.1 Municipal future problem if the increasing trend in de- terioration of water quality continues. The presently developed quantity of water Future needs for public water supply in New supply is not adequate to meet all projected York will present no problems. Treatment is future requirements.'However, a need exists not a major problem but, as in the city of Erie, 204 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-109 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 4.4 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital lo.614 27-926 34.295 38-541 72.836 Great Lakes Annual ONR .528 2.449 5.550 2.978 8.528 Total OMR 5.289 48.991 111-005 54.28o 165.285 Inland Lakes Capital .657 1.166 1.225 1.823 3-049 and Annual OMR .032 .123 .242 .156 -399 Streams Total OMR .327 2.473 4.857 2.8ol 7.658 Capital .450 .69o .855 1.14o 1.995 Ground Water* Annual OMR .024 o87 .173 .112 .286 Total OMR .249 1.759 3-469 2.oo8 5.478 Capital ll.-723 29-783 36-376 41-505 77.881 Total Annual OMR 0.587 2.662 5-966 3.248 9.214 Total OMR 5.867 53.224 119-331 59-091 178.423 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/mgd-yr) transmission 7,600 17= wells and pumping 30.9000 9,000 (see Figure 6-4) total 150,,riob 1770-0 I it may become one at a later date as pollution The New York counties have intermunicipal levels of Lake Erie continue to increase. water supply studies currently under way or Present considerations for the Lake Erie completed and financed entirely by the State basin in Pennsylvania are included in the of New York. This program was initiated to State Water Plan, a comprehensive water re- assure adequate water supplies in all areas of sources study under way to investigate water the State of New York to the year 2020 and to supply and needs throughout Pennsylvania. encourage intermunicipal cooperation in the Proposals are being formulated for all areas to development of water supply facilities. insure availability of needed water supplies until the year 2020. A comprehensive multipurpose planning 6.5.5.2 Industrial study by the Erie-Niagara Basin Regional Water Resources Planning Board has recently Manufacturing production in Planning been completed."' This study evaluates Subarea 4.4 is projected to increase from the present water resources and determines fu- 1970 level of $3.6 billion (1958$) value added ture water requirements, including water by manufacture to a 2020 level of $24.6 billion. supply for a 2,000 square mile area consisting Undoubtedly, existing manufacturing plants of portions of Cattaraugus, Erie, Niagara, can expand at their present locations to pro- Genesee and Wyoming Counties (New York). vide some of the increased production, but a In the Buffalo metropolitan area three large large part of the increase can be provided only systems served 924,000 people in 1966 by using by the installation of new plants at new loca- Lake Erie and the Niagara River as sources. tions. Figure 6-53 shows the changing charac- These systems are the City of Buffalo, the Erie teristics of the water withdrawal require- County Water Authority, and the town of ments during the 50-year period of expanding Tonawanda. The Erie-Niagara Board Plan production. In constructing this chart it was includes continued expansion of these and assumed that the first 100 percent increase in other systems as the source for most future production would occur at the existing plants, water supplies."' the doubling of output being achieved by 1990. Lake Erie Basin 205 MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER DAY ropolitan area an industrial supply system 1600 has been in operation for a number of years to TO PROVIDE FOR NEW provide approximately 200 mgd of Lake Erie P ODUCTION AT NEW 1400- PLANT LOCATIONS water to several major manufacturing com- TO PROVIDE FOR NEW panies. Other supply sources developed for in- PRODUCTION AT EXISTING PLANT LOCATIONS dividual plant needs obtain water from Lake 1200- TO MAINTAIN EXISTING CURVE 3 Erie and to a lesser extent the rivers of the PRODUCTION AT EXISTING PLANT LOCATIONS region. Although information on quantities of 1000 well water used by manufacturers in the re- gion is not available, it is estimated that the total quantity of well water presently used is 800 less than 25 mgd. The determination of the methods by which the water will be supplied in the future (indi- 600 vidual company supplies or municipal or re- gional water systems) will be strongly influ- 400 enced by the land use planning for the area. If CURVE 2 industrial development continues to occur near the lakeshore and major streams, it is probable 200 CURVE 1 that individual company suppliers will be de- - ---_ --- ---------- veloped. However, if land use planning includes 0 the development of inland sites for future in- 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 - dustrial development, the extension of munici- YEAR pal systems or development of regional indus- trial supply systems would provide more posi- FIGURE 6-53 Total Withdrawal Demands for tive management of the water resource of the Manufacturing-Planning Subarea 4.4 planning subarea. 6.5.5.3 Rural During this time the improving practices of water reuse would allow the water needs for Future rural water requirements will be increased production to be met by using the drawn primarily from ground-water sources, water from existing sources without the need although in some areas streams will be in- to expand those sources. After 1990 all addi- creasingly important. The location and qual- tional increases in manufacturing production ity of ground water will be very important in should require new manufacturing plants at channeling additional development, particu- new locations for which new water supplies larly in the location of rural nonfarm must be provided. dwellings. In areas where ground water is in Curve 1 represents the withdrawal demand short supply, development should proceed to maintain 1970 production levels at existing only after water supplies are located. Some plants. Curve 2 represents the withdrawal areas will not develop until a central supply is demand to maintain the 1970 production available. levels plus the first 100 percent increase in Rural water requirements are projected to production at existing plant locations. Curve 3 increase 91 percent and consumption is ex- represents the total withdrawal demand for pected to increase 71 percent between 1970 all manufacturing production at all locations. and 2020. The area between Curves 2 and 3 represents Poor chemical quality is probably the the withdrawal demands for new production greatest ground-water problem in Planning at new locations and thus represents the fu- Subarea 4.4 High amounts of dissolved solids ture water supply needs. By the year 2000, 300 are present at relatively shallow depth mgd of new industrial water supply will have throughout most of the area. The northeastern to be provided at locations where plants do not portion has extremely mineralized ground presently exist, and by the year 2020 the new water, too mineralized for public supply use. water supply need will be 840 mgd. In Pennsylvania shallow saline water is pres- Only 10 percent of the industrial water sup- ent locally. In general individual domestic ply is obtained from municipal water systems wells can obtain potable water from shallow in the planning subarea. In the Buffalo met- aquifers throughout the planning subarea. Section 7 LAKE ONTARIO BASIN 7.1 Summary Poor climate, soils, and topography discourage agriculture (with the exception of dairy farm- ing) in Planning Subarea 5.3, but mineral, for- 7.1.1 The Study Area est, and recreational resources strengthen the area's economy. Industrial activity is highly The Lake Ontario basin drains 17,575 diversified in Planning Subarea 5.2. Syracuse square miles of land in the State of New York is the principal industrial center, producing and 95 square miles in the Commonwealth of such things as machinery, food, paper, and Pennsylvania. Following the long axis of Lake chemicals such as caustic soda. Dominant ag- Ontario, the study area is approximately 250 ricultural activity in this area includes dairy miles long and 140 miles wide at its widest farming and fruit and vegetable production. point. Approximately 15 percent of the Great Grape production is especially good in this re- Lakes Basin is included in the Lake Ontario gion. Near the lakeshores fruit orchards and study area (Figure 6-54). Approximately one- dairy farms dominate the landscape of Plan- third of New York State is within the basin. ning Subarea 5.1, while livestock production is For planning purposes the basin has been prevalent in the more rugged inland plateaus. subdivided into three areas described as Lake Industrial activity in the Rochester area is Ontario West, Planning Subarea 5.1; Lake On- characterized by paper products, chemical tario Central, Planning Subarea 5.2; and Lake products, and specialized photographic Ontario East, Planning Subarea 5.3. equipment. All the major cities in the Lake Ontario basin serve as trade and service cen- ters for the residents. 7.1.2 Economic and Demographic The Lake Ontario basin has four Federal Characteristics harbors: Rochester, Great Sodus Bay, Os- wego, and Ogdensburg. Coal, food products, In 1970 the resident population of the Lake chemicals, and petroleum products are major Ontario region totaled slightly more than 2.5 commodities shipped from these ports. In 1968 million people, an 11 percent increase over the Lake Ontario carried 47.1 million tons of traf- 1960 population level. Major population con- fic. The St. Lawrence River, between the In- centration occurs in the Finger Lakes region, ternational Boundary and Lake Ontario, car- along the Lake Ontario shore, and within the ried 33.1 million tons the same year. An abun- region's three Standard Metropolitan Statis- dance of generally high quality land and water tical Areas, Rochester, Syracuse, and Utica- resources form the basis for the important Rome. In 1960 the nine counties comprising tourist and recreational enterprises in the these SMSAs in the Lake Ontario region con- Lake Ontario basin. It has been estimated tained more than 72 percent of the population. that approximately $273 million are spent an- Small towns and rural communities dot the nually by tourists in the basin. Lakeshore and entire region, with the exception of the east- interior resorts are favorite summer and ern highlands. Major cities include Rochester, winter recreation areas. Irondequoit, Auburn, Syracuse, Rome, Utica, In 1960 approximately 835,000 persons were and Watertown. By the year 2020 the resident employed in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, population of the Lake Ontario basin is ex- mining, manufacturing, trades and services, pected to be 4.4 million, a 76 percent increase and other occupations in the Lake Ontario re- over the 1970 level. gion. Manufacturing and trades and services The Lake Ontario region is largely rural, were the region's major employers. Total per- with fruit, vegetable, and dairy production of sonal income generated in the region in 1962 major importance along with localized areas neared $5.4 billion. Only Planning Subarea 5.1 of diversified manufacturing and industry. exceeded the national per capita income av- 207 Appendix 6 ... vA NE. ya@K lk 4 PENNMV-,@ VICINITY MAP 7-1 0 N T A R 1 0, .4f L A K E ""t, slAr$ ONTARIO 5.2 ....... ...... N E W 'E"Syll-A SCALE IN MILES FIGURE 6-54 Lake Ontario Basin Lake Ontario Basin 209 erage in 1970 of $4,783 (1970$). Planning Sub- duce more than 4.9 billion gallons per day of areas 5.2 and 5.3 averaged $4,017 and $3,478 ground water. respectively (1970$). Water-critical areas occur along the entire Lake Ontario lowland from Niagara Falls to the Black River. The bedrock aquifers are low 7.1.3 Water Resources yielding and, in addition, saline water is pres- ent in much of the lowland south of the Lake. Water resource systems in the Lake Ontario Sustained droughts create severe water basin are complex and variable. Climatic, top- shortages in the dairy counties of the Ontario ographic, and geological factors influence lowland and in the Black River valley. Locally the flow and runoff of area streams. The basin the sand and gravel aquifers are very produc- contains more than 28,000 miles of rivers and tive. streams. Going from east to west and north to Lake Ontario is the fourth largest of the south, average runoff increases from approx- Great Lakes with a total surface area of 7,340 imately 15 inches to 50 inches annually. square miles (3,460 square miles in U.S.) and a Originating in the highland regions of the volume of 393 cubic miles. The Lake is 193 Adirondacks, Tug Hill Plateau, and the Ap- miles long and 53 miles wide. There are no palachians, many regional streams exhibit major diversions out of the Lake, and outflow flashy, steep gradients with numerous wa- through the St. Lawrence River averages terfalls. As the streams reach the flatter lake 239,000 efs. Chemical quality conditions are plain areas, they become sluggish and mean- largely determined by those of Lake Erie, its der before draining into Lake Ontario. Major major inflow source. rivers in the basin include the Genesee, Os- wego, Oneida, Seneca, Black, and Raquette Rivers. Rivers, lakes, and embayments in the 7.1.4 Present and Projected Water With- Lake Ontario region cover a surface area of drawal Requirements 449,300 acres. Inland lakes in the region ac- count for 74 percent of this water area. As In 1970 the Lake Ontario basin total water might be expected, most inland lakes are withdrawals, 802 mgd, accounted for 5 percent found in the headwaier areas of the basin. of the withdrawals for the entire Great Lakes Planning Subarea 5.3 contains more than 281 Basin. A summary of present and projected inland lakes, most of which are located in St. withdrawal requirements and needs for the Lawrence County. In contrast to the many municipal, industrial, and rural water-using lakes in the easternmost portion of the basin, sectors is shown in Table 6-110 and Figure the central section (Planning Subarea 5.2) has 6-55. fewer lakes (approximately 85), but they cover The waters of Lake Ontario are expected to 191,000 acres. Glaciation, erosion, and surface provide 52 percent of the total municipal upheaval have given rise to the Finger Lakes, water. supply requirements by 2020. Inland which occupy a series of nearly parallel surface-water resources and ground-water troughs in the southwestern portion of the resources are projected to supply 41 percent Oswego River basin. These lakes range in size and 7 percent, respectively, of the remainder from 30 square miles to Lake Oneida's 80 of the projected withdrawal requirements for square miles. The numerous natural lakes in the municipal sector. Lake Ontario is consid- the Lake Ontario basin provide a high degree ered unlimited in its ability to provide for the of natural flood control. future water supply needs of the basin but the Moderate to poor ground-water resources water resource must be properly developed are available in the Lake Ontario basin. Fine and managed. grained sedimentary or igneous rocks un- Estimates of the costs of developing, operat- derlie most of the basin. The better yielding ing, and maintaining municipal water supply aquifers occur locally in the carbonate rocks of facilities to meet the projected needs in the central New York, the sandstone and carbon- Lake Ontario basin are shown in Table 6-111. ate rocks along the St. Lawrence Valley, and During the 50-year period of this study, $124 the sand afid gravel in the glacial drift in val- million will be required for capital investment ley bottoms. The Adirondack area of Planning in municipal water supply facilities, and $278 Subarea 5.3 has the greatest estimated million will be required for total OMR expen- ground-water yield of the basin and one of the ditures in the Lake Ontario basin. greatest in the entire Great Lakes Basin at Lake Ontario can be classified as suitable 3,070 mgd. The Lake Ontario basin could pro- for domestic water supply in all periods to the 210 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-110 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Lake On- tario Basin (mgd) 1970 1980 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements 5.1 131.0 50 10.8 191.8 150.2 51 14.9 216.1 5.2 186.7 262 32.1 480.8 225.7 240 36.5 502.2 5.3 44.4 76 9.3 129.7 47.3 41 10.2 98.5 Total 76-2-.l _j88 -3-2-.2 802.3 423.2 _j32 Z-1.6 816.8 Consumption 5.1 11.3 5 5.2 21.5 13.8 6 6.9 26.7 5.2 16.8 19 12.3 48.1 21.4 30 14.8 66.2 5.3 4.4 7 4.9 16.3 4.0 8 5.6 17.6 Total -T2-.5 TY 22.4 85.9 39.2 @4_ T_3 110.5 1970 Capacity- Future Needs 5.1 173.8 50 10.8 234.6 14.3 4 4.1 22.4 5.2 239.7 262 32.1 533.8 29.2 55 4.4 88.6 5.3 82.1 76 9.3 167.4 3.8 0.9 4.7 Total -4-95-.6 _j8 8 T2_.2 935.8 47.3 _@_9 _97.4 115.7 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements 5.1 209.4 66 14.4 289.8 280.1 140 17.6 437.7 5.2 319.0 211 43.4 573.4 429.4 486 47.1 962.5 5.3 53.1 17 12.1 82.2 60.4 22 13.4 95.8 Total -3'8-1.5 -2-9--4 _@9_._9 945.4 769.9 648 78.1 1496.0 Consumption 5.1 22.7 9 8.0 39.7 33.1 23 10.2 66.3 5.2 34.2 83 17.9 135.1 49.1 212 21.1 282.2 5.3 6.4 10 6.6 23.0 7.6 13 7.5 28.1 Total T3-.3 10-2 32.5 197.8 89.8 248 38.8 376.6 1970 Capacity- Future Needs 5.1 82.6 21 3.6 107.2 144.4 84 6.8 235.2 5.2 123.3 159 11.3 293.6 251.3 435 15.0 701.3 5.3 14.1 2.8 16.9 28.7 4.1 32.8 Total T2_0.0 T8_0 TT.77 417.7 424.4 519 25.9 969.3 Lake Ontario Basin 211 Z'000 community basis, summarized by county line E] INDusmAL boundaries and compiled into the three plan- 0 RURAL ning subarea reports. Data for the base year 1,600 EmUNICIPAL 1970 were obtained from draft reports pre- pared by contract consultants for each county except Lewis and Cayuga Counties. Data for 1,200 these counties were obtained from files of the Division of Water Resources, New York State A Department of Environmental Conservation. Data for Monroe County were obtained from Boo State of New York Water Resources Commis- sion files. Data and the analysis pertaining to indus- 400L trial and rural water supplies were furnished by the Bureau of Domestic Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Economic 0 Research Service, U.S. Department of Ag- 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 riculture, respectively. YEAR FIGURE 6-55 Municipal, Industrial, and 7.2 Lake Ontario West, Planning Subarea 5.1 Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements-Lake Ontario Basin In 1970, 2.5 million people, 9 percent of the 7.2.1 Description of Planning Subarea total Great Lakes Basin population, resided in the Lake Ontario basin. Major population cen- ters are Rochester, Syracuse, and Utica-Rome. 7.2.1.1 Location Municipal water supply served 2.0 million people, 80 percent of the total basin population, Planning Subarea 5.1, located in the north- in 1970. By 2020 this is projected to increase to eastern portion of the Great Lakes Basin 3.9 million. along the southern shore of Lake Ontario, en- The Lake Ontario region is largely rural, with compasses six northwestern New York coun- fruit, vegetable, and dairy production of major ties (Figure 6-56). Stretching more than 56 importance. Near the lakeshore fruit orchards miles from its east to west extremities and and dairy farms predominate, while livestock more than 94 miles from north to south, Plan- production is prevalent in the rugged inland ning Subarea 5.1 is bordered to the north by plateau regions. Lake Ontario, to the east by the Wayne- Industrial activity in the basin is highly diver- Cayuga complex and the Oswego River basin, sified. Machinery, food products, paper, chemi- and to the south and west by the Susquehanna cals, and specialized photographic equipment River, Allegheny River, and Erie-Niagara are the predominant manufacturing enter- River basins. The headwaters of the Genesee prises in the Lake Ontario basin. River are located in the Allegheny mountains, while streams in the Niagara-Orleans com- plex begin on the Lake Ontario plains. year 2020. Although some problems may be experienced, the water quality standards pro- 7.2.1.2 Topography and Geography gram requires these waters as a source of mu- nicipal water supply and includes plans of im- The Genesee River basin consists of a series plementation and timetables for making this of terraces descending northward from the Al- possible. legheny plateau to Lake Ontario and sepa- C]'ND" R RAL, J.UN" rated by northward facing escarpments. The headwater plateau area consists of broad val- 7.1.5 Acknowledgements leys at elevations of 1,000 to 2,000 feet above sea level, rising to the south and separated by Municipal water supply data were compiled rounded ridges rising up to 500 feet above the by the State of New York's Department of En- valley floor. North of the Portage escarpment, vironmental Conservation on an individual the Genesee River flows across two plain 212 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-111 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Lake Ontario Basin (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 7.o86 33-966 34.983 41.052 76-035 Great Lakes Annual OMR -353 2-398 5.834 2.752 8.586 Total OMR 3.531 47-978 116.696 51-509 168.2o6 Inland Lakes Capital 6.996 16.624 22-365 23.621 45-986 and Annual OMR -348 1.525 3.468 1.874 5-343 Streams Total OMR 3.486 30-515 69-374 34.ool 103-376 Capital .030 .528 1.857 ..558 2.416 Ground Water* Annual OMR .002 o45 .231 o48 .279 Total OMR .023 .916 4.629 .94o 5.569 Capital 14.113 51-121 59.217 65.234 1-24.450 Total Annual ONE 0.7o4 3-973 9-551 4.676 14.226 Total OMR 7.039 79.444 191.026 86.483 277-510 *.Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/mgd-yr) transmission 120.9000 7,600 wells & pumping 31,000 15,850 (see Figure 6-4) total 151,000 23,450 areas, known as the Erie and Huron plains. A are generally less than 50 feet thick in the poorly defined Onondaga escarpment separat- uplands, their thickness in the valleys var- ing these areas crosses the basin north of ies between 100 and 300 feet. Bedrock in the LeRoy and Honeoye Falls. The plains are Niagara-Orleans complex consists largely of areas of undulating terrain in which eleva- sandstones, limestones, and shales. Glacial tions rise unevenly from 500 feet near Roches- and lacustrine deposits blanket these forma- ter to 1,000 feet near the Portage escarpment. tions. The Niagara-Orleans'complex and the Near Lake Ontario, cutting through the City Genesee River basin combine to drain over of Rochester, the Niagara escarpment sepa- 3,515 square miles of land in New York and rates the Huron plain from the Ontario plain. Pennsylvania. The escarpment is well defined with several falls at Rochester. Elevations in the Ontario plain range from 500 feet above sea level to 250 feet just above Lake Ontario. 7.2.1.3 Climate The Niagara escarpment cuts-the Nia- gara-Orleans complex from east to west, Cold, snowy winters and mild summers largely separating distinctive topographic re- typify the humid, continental climate found in gions. The Ontario plain north of the escarp- Planning Subarea 5.1. Significant differences ment is dominated by lacustrine features. The in temperature and annual precipitation exist region is of low relief with elevations generally between the Ontario plains and the Allegheny less than 500 feet above sea level. uplands in the Genesee basin. Lake Ontario Bedrock formations in the Genesee River moderates temperatures along the shore and basin consist of shales, limestones, and provides average frost-free periods from 140 to sandstones which dip gently south at 40 to 60 160 days in the Ontario plains, while the Al- feet per mile. Thickness of these layers ex- legheny region averages 110 to 150 days of ceeds 100 feet in most places. Glacial deposits growing season. Temperature extremes in the of sand, clay, and gravel overlie these bedrock region are very marked, ranging from 104'F to formations. Although these glacial deposits -40'F. Average temperatures for December, Lake Ontario Basin 213 L A K E 0 N T A R 1 0 e.V. 0 100 10,@ State B.'g. C.,,,a/ 0Albion Rochester 0 Medina Brockport Lemston Lo kport LEANS Niagara Fa 0 ack Clek a, Grand Island *Bata)ia MO ROE LIVINGSTON GENESE Lake Hemlock Lake Honeo a Lake Dansvill 0 J!QE WYOMING NT ALLEGANY s S Wellsville NEWYO@K PENNSYLVANIA VICINITY MAP .... SCALE IN M!LES 0 50 Im SCALE IN MILES 0 5 10 15 FIGURE 6-56 Planning Subarea 5.1 214 Appendix 6 January, and February in the Genesee basin Presently developed water storage areas remain below freezing. can produce a sustained water supply yield of Average annual precipitation, while fairly 761 mgd. If all potential water storage areas well distributed throughout the years, varies were fully developed, impounded inland lakes from 32 inches in the Ontario plains to 26 in- and streams could produce a sustained water ches in the central Genesee basin, to nearly 40 supply yield of 1,344 mgd .45 inches along the western rim of the basin. Potential capacities and yields used in this During March and April a combination of fro- section relate to the total water resource. No zen soils, rising temperatures, melting snow, attempt has been made to identify that por- and rainfall produce periods of heavy runoff in tion of the water resource not suitable or the Genesee basin. Drought conditions in the available for use. Lake Ontario plains are not uncommon from the last week of July through September. Due to the snow squall effects created by Lakes 7.2.2.2 Ground-Water Resources Erie and Ontario and the topographic features in the southern portion of the region, snowfall Ground-water resources in Planning Sub- accumulations are substantial. area 5.1 are moderate in both quantity and quality. Sandstones, limestones, and glacial drift-filled valleys produce the highest water 7.2.2 Water Resources quantities, while shales, siltstones, and lacus- trine sediments are poor ground-water sources. Ground water from the Ordovician- 7.2.2.1 Surface-Water Resources Silurian acquifers exceeds the 500mg/l USPHS standard for total dissolved solids. Principal streams draining the region in- Wells in bedrock formations across much of clude the Genesee River and its tributaries, the region generally do not produce more than Oak Orchard Creek, Eighteenmile Creek, and 10 gpm. An exception to this general condition Johnson Creek. Average annual runoff totals occurs from a line south of the Erie Barge approximately 14 inches and ranges from 12 to Canal to the Onondaga escarpment. Bedrock 20 inches, increasing from northeast to south- wells in this area can yield from 10 to 100 gpm. east. Total surface-water yield from the basins Surficial deposits, composed largely of glacial has been estimated at 1,300 mgd. Approxi- drift in the Genesee basin and lacustrine sed- mately 50 percent of the annual runoff occurs iments on the Ontario plains area, produce during the February-April snowmelt period, less than 10 gpm. However, drift-filled stream and only 10 percent occurs during the summer valleys in the Genesee basin often produce months, June through August. quantities in excess of 100 gpm. The Genesee River varies from a steep gra- Ground-water supplies are not large enough dient stream in its headwaters (slopes up to to be an adequate sole source of water supply 102 feet per mile) to a sluggish, meandering for large cities and major water-using indus- stream in its flow over flat alluvial plains tries, nor are they so small that they can be (slopes average 0.8 feet per mile). Streams in ignored. Ground-water resources can be used the Niagara-Orleans complex are not steep, by villages, farms, and commercial or indus- and their flows are relative stable. trial establishments with small or moderate Except for Livingston County, inland lakes water needs. The present basinwide ground- are not plentiful in the region. Principal lakes water use averages 18 mgd. in the Genesee basin include the Little Finger Ground-water yield in River Basin Group 5.1 Lakes: Conesus, Hemlock, Canadice, and Hon- is estimated to be 550 mgd (based on 70 percent eoye. In addition, Silver Lake above Mount flow-duration data). 21 Morris Dam and Rushmore Lake are artificial impoundments. Fully developed water storage areas in the 7.2.3 Water-User Profile planning subarea's inland lakes and streams provide an existing storage capacity of 337,000 acre-feet. If all inland lakes and streams suit- 7.2.3.1 Municipal Water Users able for development as surface-water im- poundments were developed, the total poten- With the exception of Monroe County (the tial storage capacity would increase to 778,050 Rochester metropolitan area), Planning Sub- acre-ft .45 area 5.1 has a sparse, evenly distributed popu- Lake Ontario Basin 215 lation with few significant urban centers. The The manufacture of machinery, metal parts, rural landscape is broken only by the sprawl- and electrical equipment is also important. ing Rochester urban complex on the shores of In general, manufacturing in Planning Sub- Lake Ontario. In 1970 nearly 886,200 persons area 5.1 is in capital intensive industries that lived in the region. Approximately 28 percent employ highly skilled workers with the result of the 1960 total was classified as rural, with 72 that productivity per employee is among the percent classified as urban. Monroe County highest in the nation. accounted for nearly 90 percent of the urban population. Average population density in 1970 was 252 people per square mile. Munici- 7.2.3.3 Rural Water Users pal water supplies serve 794,700 people, or 90 percent of the population. The 2020 population In 1964 Planning Subarea 5.1 contained 1.4 is projected to be 1.53 million with 1.45 million million acres of land in farm. Meadow crops to be served by municipal water supplies. Av- exceeded the acreage of any other individual erage annual per capita income in 1970 was crop with 271,000 acres. However, vegetables $4,783 (1970$). and fruits, heavy water users, contributed The Rochester metropolitan area serves as significantly to crop acreage with more than a center for trades and services for the region. 45,000 and 18,000 acres respectively. Dairy Smaller centers occur throughout the basin to farming, also a heavy water user, contributed serve rural and tourist needs. Wholesale and 77 percent of the receipts of livestock and retail trades sales exceeded $2.3 billion in livestock products. Crop receipts were more 1963, while selected services provided jobs for than $43 million and livestock and livestock approximately 39 percent of the 1960 work product receipts more than $61 million in 1964. force in the planning subarea. The 1960 census listed 38,000 people living on farms and 12,000 employed on farms. 7.2.3.2 Industrial Water Users 7.2.4 Present and Projected Water Manufacturing activities in Planning Sub- Withdrawal Requirements area 5.1 are greatly concentrated in the City of Rochester, New York, and Monroe County, Table 6-112 presents a summary of munici- which surrounds the city. The planning pal, self-supplied industrial and rural water subarea lies entirely within the State of New use for Planning Subarea 5.1. Figure 6-57 de- York and is comprised of Monroe and Orleans tails municipal, industrial, and rural water Counties along the Lake Ontario shoreline, withdrawal requirements. and Genesee, Livingstone, Wyoming, and Al- legany Counties reaching inland in the drain- age basin of the Genesee River. Manufactur- 7.2.4.1 Municipal Water Use ing plants are found in all counties, but of the 1,250 factories in the planning subarea, 950 An inventory of water used in the region are located in Monroe County, mainly in the indicates that the Rochester metropolitan City of Rochester. Monroe County provides 87 area accounts for most of the total water con- percent of the total manufacturing employ- sumption. Forty-one water supply systems, ment and 89 percent of the value added by which withdraw water from ground water, in- manufacture. land lakes, and Lake Ontario, serve the Nearly one-third of the manufacturing em- Genesee River basin. Average annual munic- ployment and one-half of the total value added ipal requirements for the Genesee basin in is accounted for by industries in SIC 38, Scien- 1960 totaled 129 mgd, including industrial re- tific Instruments, Photographic and Optical quirements from municipal sources. Munici- Goods, which is represented by approximately pal supplies for Rochester are obtained from 60 plants located principally in Monroe and Hemlock and Canadice Lakes and from Lake Orleans Counties. Although this industry Ontario. The Monroe County Water Authority group is not usually considered to be a large systems obtain supplies from Lake Ontario water user, it dominates among water users in and provide water to several communities. Planning Subarea 5.1 because of its size. SIC Small inland communities generally rely on 20, with its large output of canned and frozen ground water, although surface-water sup- food products, is also large in total employ- plies are important in local areas such as ment, value added, and water requirement. Wellsville, Warsaw, Perry, Avon, Livonia, and 216 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-112 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.1 (mgd) 1970 198o Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements New York 1-31.0 5o lo.8 191.8 150.2 .21 14. 216.1 14 Total 131-0 50 lo.8 191.8 150.2 51 .9 216.1 Consumption New York 11-3 5-2 22 2, 81 6 @62 27 1; 7 Total 11-3 5 5.2 22 6 .9 27 1970 Capacity- Future Needs New York 173.8 50 lo.8 235 4 4 4.1 22 1737 = 235 1' Total 70 173 -7 771 T2_ 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements New York 2o9.4 66 14.4 289.8 28o.1 14o 1 6 4 6 37.7 Total 209.7 7 77. [email protected] 70.1 437-7 Consumption New York 22-7 9 8.o 4o 3.3.1 21 10.2 66 Total 22.7 9 770 170 33-1 23 76 1970 Capacity- Future Needs New York 82.6 21 t66 107 144.4 84 6.8 235 '7 Total =2. 21 3 107 1777. 7 b. 235 LeRoy. Municipal systems in the Niagara- Approximately 74 mgd, 56 percent of the Orleans complex supply 2.0 mgd to basin com- water use, is supplied from Lake Ontario munities. The Monroe County Water Author- sources. Heavy water-using industries in ity and the Niagara County Water District Planning Subarea 5.1 are being supplied ap- also serve parts of this region, tapping proximately 50 mgd or 38 percent of the total ground-water and surface-water supplies as municipal water use through municipal sys- sources. tems. The estimated total population of Planning Approximately 124 mgd, 95 percent of the Subarea 5.1 is 886,200. Table 6-113 shows that planning subarea's municipal water supply, is 795,000 people, 90 percent of the total popula- received from surface waters and requires tion, are being supplied water through central purification treatment including coagulation, water systems. sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. An average of approximately 131 mgd is The remaining ground-water supplies are dis- currently supplied through central water sys- infected and some receive some type of correc- tems in Planning Subarea 5.1. A breakdown of tive treatment such as softening or iron re- the various portions of this total average moval. quantity is shown in the accompanying tables. The average daily demand in the maximum Lake Ontario Basin 217 500 In Planning Subarea 5.1 the consumptive water loss can be expected to amount to 14 El INDUS rRIAL mgd in 1980, 23 mgd in 2000, and 33 mgd in 400- EM 0?UR41. 2020. 0,WUNICIPAI. 7.2.4.2 Industrial Water Use 300 A Table 6-114 presents the base year esti- a POO mates and projections of five water-use parameters and constant dollar estimates of value added by manufacture for four major water-using SIC two-digit industry groups, 100 the combined residual group of other man- ufacturing industries, and the total manufac- turing sector of Planning Subarea 5.1. Total 0 water withdrawals for all manufacturing 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 were estimated at 100 mgd in 1970 of which YEAR 49.6 mgd was obtained from public water sup- FIGURE 6-57 Municipal, Industrial, and ply systems. Self-supplied water for manufac- Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- turing obtained from company-owned wells Planning Subarea 5.1 was believed to be 8 mgd, and the remaining self-supplied water was obtained from Planning Subarea 5.1 has a relatively sparse surface-water sources. Although the availa- population with 794,700 people, 90 percent of bility of water from Lake Ontario and the riv- the total population, served by municipal water ers and streams of the region allows for large supplies in 1970. This figure is expected to reach withdrawals, the manufacturers reused and 1.5 million by 2020. Approximately 28 percent of recirculated the water they withdrew 2.45 the 1960 population was classified as rural. times rather than increasing withdrawals for Important agricultural crops are hay and pas- once-through use to meet their gross water ture, fruits, and vegetables. Dairying is the requirement of 245 mgd. dominant livestock activity. Improvements in the average rates of recir- Major manufacturing activities are located in culation of water in all manufacturing groups Monroe County. Manufacturing activities are should continue over the next 50 years as the dominated by Eastman Kodak and the Xerox output of the planning subarea grows from the Corporation in Rochester, with 40 percent of the present level of $1.857 billion (constant 1958$) working force employed in manufacturing ac- to $14 billion in the year 2020. Water with- tivities. drawals will increase slowly to the year 2000, since water needs for increased production can be met in large part by water conserved through reuse and recirculation. Beginning in month of water use is 1.2 times the average approximately 2000, further improvements in demand per year. The per capita usage of total reuse of industrial water will be impractical municipal water use is 165 gped, and domestic and withdrawals will increase rapidly to meet and commercial per capita use is 111 gpcd the requirements of rising production. With- when heavy industry water is subtracted. De- drawals are projected to be 248 mgd by the veloped source capacities appear to be ade- year 2020. quate at present. SIC 20, Food and Kindred Products, ac- The total average municipal water supply counts for 42 mgd of the present withdrawals. requirements are expected to increase by 1.2 This SIC two-digit group of industries will con- times to 150 mgd by 1980,1.6 times to 209 mgd tinue to be a major user of water with with- by 2000, and 2.1 times to 280 mgd by 2020. The drawals increasing to 71 mgd in the year 2020, average day in the maximum month of total 30 percent of the total manufacturing sector municipal water use per year is expected to withdrawals. At present the major use of increase from 157 mgd in 1970 to 180 mgd in water by this industry group is for dairy prod- 1980, 251 mgd in 2000, and 317 mgd in 2020. ucts and for the canning and freezing of fruits, Approximately 11 percent of the municipal for which recirculation and reuse of water is water use is predicted to be consumptive loss. limited by the need to maintain high stand- 218 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-113 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 5.1, New York (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand Month Day sunption (3) (1),(2) GL 638.7 llo.4 132-5 165.6 9.4 1970 is 886.2 89-3 13.4 16.1 20.2 1.2 GW 66.7 7.2 8.6 lo.8 0.7 (1),(2) GL 686.8 125.4 150.5 188.1 11.5 1980 is 978.2 100.5 16.2 19.4 24-3 1.5 GW 71.3 8.6 10-3 12.9 o.8 (2) GL 921.7 176.6 211.9 264.8 19.3 2000 is 1221.8 130.2 22.2 26.6 33.3 2.3 GW 86.2 lo.6 12.7 15.8 1.1 GL 1191.9 237-5 265.1 356-3 28.2 2020 is 1538.o 159.7 29.0 35.2 47.7 3.3 GW 102.f 14.1 16.4 21.1 1.6 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water - & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980, Zear Source daily Demand sumption Demand sunption 2000,2020) GL 65.8 6.6 44.6 2.8 136.2 1970 is 102 9.6 1.0 3.8 0.2 19.7 1 GW 6.o 0.0 1.2 0.1 17.9 GL 74.8 7.4 50.6 4.1 14-3 1980 is 108 11-3 1.1 4.9 o.4 GW 6.9 O-T 1.6 0.1 GL 105.0 10.5 71.6 8.8 75.7 2000 :19 113 15.3 1.5 6.9 0.8 6.9 GW 8.6 0.9 1.9 0.2 GL 141.8 14.2 95.7 14.o 128.9 2020 is 119 19.4 1.9 9.6 1.4 15.5 GW 11.5 1.2 2.5 o.4 Notes: (1) Does not include 6880 in the village of Medina and Town of Ridgeway now served by Niagara County Water District. (2) Includes population of City of Rochester which has both an upland and a Lake Ontario source. (3) 36 mgd obtained from upland sources by the City of Rochester is included in the 1970 Great Lakes figures shown. Lake Ontario Basin 219 TABLE 6-114 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.1 (mgd) SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 33 Other Mfg. Total 1970 Value Added (millions 1958$) 218 38 88 30 1483 1857 Gross Water Required ill 3 113-5 7.3 110 245 Recirculation Ratio 2.77 2.93 1.93 1.81 2.39 Total Water Withdrawal 42 1 7 4 46 100 Self Supplied 50.4 Water Consumed 2 0.1 2.6 o.4 2.9 8 198o Value Added (M--llions 1958$) 282 53 16o 41 2261 2797 Gross Water Required 135 4 25.4 9.6 167 341 Recirculation Ratio 3-15 6.03 3-98 2.83 3.03 Total Water Withdrawal 43 0.7 6.4 3.4 55 lo8.5 Self Supplied -7 51.4 Water Consumed 2.4 0.1 2.9 0.5 4.5 lo.4 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 448 99 499 71 5155 6272 Gross Water Required 184 6.5 87.6 15.3 398 691 Recirculation Ratio 3.50 8.oo 11-70 6.97 4.8o Total Water Withdrawal 53 o.8 7.5 2.1 83 146.4 Self Supplied 66.o Water Consumed 3.3 0.2 3.6 0.9 10-3 18-3 2020 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 750 165 116 126 11720 13977 Gross Water Required 2.48 10 .6 N1.5 22.2 926 1448 Recirculation Ratio 3.50 8.00 15-00 12.00 5.86 Total Water Withdrawal 71 1.3 16.1 1.9 158 248 Self Supplied 140.2 Water Consumed 4.5 o.4 10 1.2 23-1 39 ards of plant sanitation. These industries will this large mix of industries. Value added by continue to account for the major growth in manufacture is expected to grow in constant the food industries of the planning subarea 1958$ value from $1.483 billion in 1970 to and the greatest share of the increase in with- $11.720 billion in the year 2020. To match this drawals. growth in output, water withdrawals will in- The category other manufacturing in Table crease from an estimated 46 mgd to 158 mgd 6-114 includes the manufacturing plants that while the recirculation rate improves to al- account for 80 percent of all value added by most 6 to 1. manufacture. The large output of the scien- tific, photographic, and optical industries is included, as well as the output of the metal 7.2.4.3 Rural Water Use fabricators, machinery, and electrical equip- ment plants which are responsible for much of Rural water requirements and consumption the value added in this category. This large were estimated for Planning Subarea 5.1 fol- group of industries withdrew an estimated 46 lowing the methodology outlined in Subsec- mgd of water in 1970 which was reused at an tion 1.4. Table 6-115 divides total require- average of slightly less than 2.5 times to meet ments and consumption into categories of their significantly large gross water require- rural nonfarm and rural farm. Rural farm is ment. Most of the growth in manufacturing further divided into domestic, livestock, and output during the next 50 years will occur in spray water requirements. 220 Appendix 6 7.2.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions tional development of the Great Lakes sources. Future needs for public water supply will 7.2.5.1 Municipal present no major problem in the planning subarea. Water treatment is not a major prob- The presently developed quantity of munic- lem at present, but may become so at some ipal water supply sources is not adequate to future date if pollution levels in Lake Ontario meet all projected water supply requirements, continue to increase. Upstream multipurpose but the quantity of the water resource avail- reservoir development potential in the able is adequate to meet the projected future Genesee basin is sufficient to meet projected requirements. However this resource must be water quality needs and to meet future water developed and managed. Development must supply needs of communities removed from provide an additional 14 mgd by 1980,83 mgd Lake Ontario. These upstream reservoirs may by 2000, and 144 mgd by 2020. Approximately be considered as alternatives to additional di-. 90 percent of this need is projected as addi- version from Lake Ontario to serve Monroe County. The estimated costs of providing municipal TABLE6-115 Rural Water Use Requirements water supply to meet the projected needs in and Consumption, Planning Subarea 5.1 (mgd) the planning subarea are included in Table 1970 1980 2000 2020 6-116 at January 1970 price levels. REQUIREMENTS Rural Fbrm A comprehensive multipurpose planning Domestic 2.0 3.1 2.6 2.7 study by the Genesee River Basin Regional Livestock 4.5 5.8 7.4 9-T Water Resources Planning Board is under Spray Water 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtotal 7.7 T-5 12.4 way.20 This study will evaluate present water Rural Nonfarm 4.3 5.9 4.3 5-2 resources and determine future requirements Total 10.8 14.9 i4.4 17.6 for the Genesee River basin. The Genesee Consumption River Basin Study Coordinating Committee Rural Farm report is being used as a base for the Regional Domestic 0.5 o.8 0.7 0.7 Board Study. Livestock 4.1 5.2 6.7 8.7 Spray Water 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 In the Rochester metropolitan area two Subtotal 770 7-1 -77 _9_-_@ large systems serve 500,000 people, mainly Rural Nonfarm o.6 0. 0.6 O@a from Lake Ontario. These systems are the City 7. Total -2 10.2 of Rochester and the Monroe County Water TABLE6-116 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facili- ties to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 5.1 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 197o-198o 1980-2000 2000-2020- 1270-2000 1970-2020 Capital 4.275 18-358 15-9o6 22.634 38-541 Great Lakes Annual OMR .213 1.341 3-o48 1.554 4.602 Total OMR 2.130 26.820 6o.970 28.950 89.921 Inland Lakes Capital .000 M63 2.571 2.o63 4.634 and Annual OMR .000 .102 -333 .102 .436 Streams Total OMR .000 2.056 6.675 2.056 8.731 Capital 4.275 20.421 18.478 24.697 43-175 Total Annual OMR .213 1.443 3.382 1.656 5-039 Total OMR 2.130 28.876 67.646 31-oo6 98.652 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/mgd-yr) transmission 1P.01000 7,600 wells & pumping - - (see Figure 6-4) total 120.9000 7,6oo Lake Ontario Basin 221 Authority. The Authority wholesales raw supplies are located. Some areas will not de- water to the City of Rochester and treated velop until a central supply is available. water to many municipalities in Monroe Rural water requirements are projected to County. The Authority also retails water in increase 62 percent and consumption is ex- portions of the City of Rochester and, under pected to increase 95 percent between 1970 contract, operates several townwide water and 2020. districts in the county. The capacity of the The moderate ground-water supply in this Authority's Lake Ontario intake is 140 mgd planning subarea requires careful develop- and the Authority has facilities adequate to ment to overcome local problems. Poor yields treat 68 mgd of water. occur where the glacial drift is thin. The City of Rochester obtains water from Mineralized and hard ground water is present upland sources in addition to purchasing 40 at relatively shallow depths in most locations. mgd of raw Lake Ontario water from the Mon- In order to obtain fresh water, careful and roe County Water Authority. The city's up- shallow exploration is needed to prevent en- land sources, Hemlock and Canadice Lakes, countering nonpotable water. The poorer have a safe yield of 36 mgd and this water quality water generally occurs in the northern receives ammoniation, chlorination, and part of the basin. Salt mining in the central fluoridation. Genesee River basin results in leaking of All counties in the planning subarea have saline water into local streams and probably intermunicipal public water supply studies into the local ground water. Hydrogen sulfide under way that are completely financed by the gas in ground water is a local problem. State of New York. The purpose of this aid program is to assure adequate water supplies in all areas of the State to the year 2020 and to 7.3 Lake Ontario Central, Planning Subarea encourage intermunicipal cooperation in the 5.2 development of water supply facilities. Where applicable these studies were used in prepar- ing the data presented in this appendix. 7.3.1 Description of Planning Subarea 7.2.5.2 Industrial 7.3.1.1 Location Most of the manufacturing growth in Plan- Planning Subarea 5.2, located within the ning Subarea 5.1 is expected to occur in Mon- north central portion of New York State, pre- roe, Orleans, and Genesee Counties. The con- sents a unique mix of urban, rural, and recrea- centration of industrial growth in this essen- tional environments. The region is bounded by tially metropolitan area presents oppor- Lake Ontario and the Black River basin to the tunities for management of the supply of in- north, the Mohawk River basin to the east, dustrial water through existing public water and the Susquehanna and Genesee River ba- supply systems. It is presently estimated that sins to the south and west. The basin has a such systems may provide 118 mgd out of their length of more than 100 miles from east to total supply need of 248 mgd to industries in west and extends approximately 120 miles year 2020. It is reasonable to assume that the from north to south. Figure 6-58 shows the 12 public system responsibility could be en- counties that make up this area and their lo- larged. cation in relation to the rest of the basin. 7.2.5.3 Rural 7.3.1.2 Topography and Geography Future rural water requirements should be Planning Subarea 5.2 drainage basins have drawn primarily from ground-water sources, been extensively glaciated by the movement although in some areas streams will be in- of ice masses out of Canada. The glaciers left a creasingly important. The location and qual- layer of soil composed of silt, clay, sand, and ity of ground water will be important in chan- gravel overlying a series of southward sloping neling additional development, particularly in bedrock formations. Sedimentary rocks com- the location of rural nonfarm dwellings. In prising the bedrock, strata range in age from areas where ground water is in short supply, Ordovician to Devonian. They are composed of development should proceed only after water limestone, dolomite, sandstone, and shale lo- 222 Appendix 6 oce ,(@riP7 co Od Creek s Creek 0 S G 0 Oswego Camden Fulton WAYNE I W..da Rome Oneida Lake Clyde Ba winsville Utica fell. 119. C. Sn-. Syrac e Oneid III, Palmyra Lyons ONTAR 16 Newark Aubu Emand.i.u. Waterloo S a Falls Ofiloo ON NDA A Ca,renovia ERKIMER Geneva@ Lake ONEIDA Canandai9w C-Y-9. S... tele-s La -1-famillon take 0-.. . YATES Seneca Lake Lake MADISON Penn Yen Lake CAYU SENECA KeukaLake Ithaca atkins. Glen TOMPKINS SCHUYLER VICINITY MAP S- @EIN MILES 0 WIW SCALE IN MILES 1 0--" 0 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 6-58 Planning Subarea 5.2 Lake Ontario Basin 223 cally interbedded with gypsum and salt portions of the planning subarea. Monthly dis- layers. Barriers of glacial debris left by the tribution of precipitation throughout the year retreating ice form the drainage divides in the is normally uniform. planning subarea. The tempering effects of Lake Ontario and The planning subarea may be arbitrarily di- the Finger Lakes become most apparent in the vided into four topographic regions. The lake range in temperature that occurs in different plains, which occupy the northern portion, are portions of the planning subarea. Winters are characterized by low relief and numerous coldest and summers wettest in the east- marshes. The land is typically flat to gently ernmost portions of the planning subarea. The rolling, and elevations range from 300 to 600 lake plains and Finger Lakes regions offer feet above sea level. A notable number of falls warm, drier summers making recreation occur on s.tre ams found in the western portion pleasant. The number of frost-free days varies of the lake plains region. In contrast, the east- from 160 to 200 days along the Lake to 120 to ern portion of the lowlands is characterized by 160 days in the interior. Storms with periods of gently rolling hills with wide swampy areas intense rainfall are common in the planning between and streams with few falls. Stream subarea. The temperature range is 78F to profiles become steeper toward their head- 84"F in the summer and 17'F to 25'F in the waters in the Tug Hill plateau. Northwest of winter. Syracuse the land is dominated by asymmet- rical glacial features called drumlins, giving the region a distinct hilly appearance. The 7.3.2 Water Resources Appalachian upland escarpment roughly fol- lows an east-west line through the northern ends of the Finger Lakes. Deeply glaciated 7.3.2.1 Surface-Water Resources valleys, oriented in a north to south direction, characterize the Finger Lakes region. The up- Planning Subarea 5.2 is rich in surface- lands between the Finger Lakes are relatively water resources. Annual runoff ranges from level with elevations more than 1,000 feet an average of 10 inches in the west to 40 inches above sea level. Elevations increase gradually in the northeast section of the planning sub- to more than 2,000 feet in the Tug Hill and area. The total annual average runoff is esti- Appalachian plateau regions. Actually an out- mated at more than 2,150 billion gallons. Vari- lier of the Appalachian plateau, the Tug Hill ations in streamflow differ greatly between plateau drops off from almost 2,100 feet to the and within the basins. adjacent lowlands. The main drainage areas More than 40 percent of the annual runoff are the Wayne-Cayuga, Oswego, Salmon- occurs during the spring months. The Finger Perch, and Black River basins. The drainage Lakes region provides a natural regulating area is approximately 6,650 square miles. effect on the peak flows of the Oswego River. Minimum daily recorded flows range from 0 to 0.11 cfs per square mile. That is, zero-flow 7.3.1.3 Climate conditions consistently occur on Flint Creek for periods up to 20 days, while Oneida Creek Climate in Planning Subarea 5.2 is classified has a minimum recorded flow of 0.11 cfs. as humid continental. It is tempered by the The Barge Canal makes use of the Oswego proximity of Lake Ontario and the presence of River and its two major tributaries. Where the large bodies of water including the Finger Seneca, Oneida, and Oswego Rivers have been Lakes. Prevailing winds blow from west to canalized, the dependable supply is equal to east in the summer and from southwest to the low flow of the river. However, subject to northeast in the winter. Passing over the legal constraints, these flows can be supple- lakes, these winds absorb considerable mois- mented by water from Lake Erie and the ture which is deposited as orographic precipi- Genesee River on the west, from the Finger tation in the Tug Hill-Adirondack plateau re- Lakes, and from the Rome-Summit area by gions of the planning subarea. Mean annual minimum diversion of 120 efs from the precipitation ranges from 32 inches along the Mohawk and Black Rivers and a small reser- lakeshore to 52 inches in the eastern portion of voir on the Susquehanna headwaters. the basin. In winter much of the precipitation The greatest surface water asset of the comes as snow. On the average 64 inches fall planning subarea is its abundance of large in- annually along the shores, while depths up to land lakes. In addition to frontage on Lake 128 inches accumulate in the northeastern Ontario, lake resources include more than 85 224 Appendix 6 inland lakes with total surface area exceeding sin. The movement of ground water in this 191,000 acres. The Oswego basin contains nine formation readily dissolves the soluble layers major lakes in the Finger Lakes region, which of limestone, dolomite, and particularly the control 3,400 square miles of drainage area. gypsum and salt members. Wells sustain These natural reservoirs make possible a de- quantities ranging from 20 to 350 gpm, but the pendable yield of more than 580 mgd. Some water is generally of poor quality, containing 4,485 farm ponds with approximately 2,095 objectionable amounts of iron, carbonate acres of water surface also dot the counties of hardness, and manganese. Sand and gravel the planning subarea. deposits along the Seneca River from Fully developed water storage areas in in- Baldwinsville to Syracuse yield from 250 to land lakes and streams provide an existing 700 gpm. Water in this area is usually of good storage capacity of 3.6 million acre-feet. If all quality except where it overlies the soluble inland lakes and streams suitable for de- rock formations described above. velopment as surface-water impoundments Ground-water yield in River Basin Group 5.2 were developed, the total potential storage is estimated to be 1,290 mgd (based on 70 per- capacity would increase to 4.04 million acre- cent flow-duration data).21 feet.45 Presently developed water storage areas can produce a sustained water supply yield of 7.3.3 Water-User Profile 5,746 mgd. If all potential water storage areas were fully developed in Planning Subarea 5.2, impounded inland lakes and streams could 7.3.3.1 Municipal Water Users produce a sustained water supply yield of 6,028 mgd .45 Growth rates and population densities from Potential capacities and yields used in this 1960 to 1970 were highest in counties sustain- section relate to the total water resource. No ing major urban and industrial centers such attempt has been made to identify that por- as Syracuse, Utica, Oswego and cities along tion of the water resource not suitable or the Erie Barge Canal. Sixty-two percent of the available for use. 1960 population was classified as urban. Sub- The majority of the surface-water resources urban growth continues to eliminate agricul- have a quality suitable for domestic, agricul- tural land in expanding counties such as tural, and most industrial uses. Sediment Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Tompkins, and loadings, ranging from 100 to 500 tons per Oneida. However, most of the area should con- square mile per year, impair water quality and tinue to have a low population density. Aver- gradually fill up lakes and reservoirs in the age population density was 195.3 people per planning subarea. The higher loads tend to be square mile in 1970. Population levels are not in the steep sloping streams, including those excessive along the Lake Ontario shore. The draining into the Finger Lakes and those in population pressure increases seasonally with the Tug Hill upland areas. In addition, high summer residents supplementing the year- levels of chlorides and hardness occur in the round resident total. Oswego River. Oneida River tributaries con- Annual average per capita income in 1970 tain higher iron concentrations than most was estimated to be $4,017 (1970$). Municipal streams in the planning subarea. water supplies served 91,800 people, 75 per- cent of the total population of the planning subarea. The projected 2020 population is 2.55 7.3.2.2 Ground-Water Resources million with 2.2 million served by municipal water supplies. Manufacturing activities ac- In the upland areas glacial deposits of fine count for 32 percent of the planning subarea's materials overlie shale bedrock of low overall working force, and trades and services ac- porosity. Wells produce no more than 20 gpm count for 42 percent. Agriculture employs only in this area. Deposits in the lowlands near the 5 percent of the population even though a lakeshore overlie fine grained sandstone and large percentage of the land area is considered produce comparable quantities. Ground water rural. in these areas is usually hard and locally high In 1960 more than 42 percent of the work in iron and manganese. force was employed in activities that provide A broad band of carbonate and shale bed- goods and services to the planning subarea. rock with interbedded layers of gypsum crops Major centers of activity occur in large urban out along the northern half of the Oswego ba- centers such as Syracuse, Ithaca, Oswego, and Lake Ontario Basin 225 Utica. A large number of educational institu- totaled more than $59 million and livestock tions such as Syracuse, Cornell, and Colgate and livestock product receipts nearly $129 mil- Universities are important factors in the lion in 1965. The 1960 census listed 79,000 planning subarea's present and future people living on farms and 24,000 employed on economy. farms. 7.3.3.2 Industrial Water Users 7.3.4 Present and Projected Water Withdrawal Requirements Industry is highly developed and diversified in Planning Subarea 5.2. The economic center of the region is the rapidly growing industrial 7.3.4.1 Municipal Water Use city of Syracuse in Onondaga County, where approximately 600 manufacturing plants are In 1970 public water systems provided 75 located. In 1967, 40 percent of the $1.96 billion percent of the residents with more than 186 of value added by manufacture was accounted mgd. Lake Ontario provides the public water for_by the mills and factories of Syracuse and supply for the major urban area around Syra- Onondaga County. Smaller industrial centers cuse in Onondaga County. Communities on include Utica, Auburn, Geneva, Newark, and the major lakes take their supply from those Ithaca. Manufacturing plants are found in all lakes. Some use is made of the limited quantity 12 counties. The total number of plants de- of ground water available in the planning creased from 1,730 to 1,636 between 1963 and subarea for small community supplies. 1967. However, the decrease in total number Total water withdrawals in Planning Sub- was offset by expansion of many surviving area 5.2 are expected to double to 962 mgd by plants and construction of new plants. Nine the year 2020 (Table 6-117 and Figure 6-59). thousand newjobs increased employment to a The largest increase in water withdrawals will total manufacturing employment level of be through central distribution systems. Mu- 142,200. nicipal water supply withdrawals are ex- High quality machinery and other metal pected to increase by a factor of 2.6 by the year working industries are the most prominent 2020. Water users will become more dependent industrial activities, but food processing, upon central distribution systems as the paper manufacture, and basic chemical indus- quantity of total water supply increases. tries are also significant. The largest soda ash, Table 6-118 contains quantitative data per- caustic soda plant in the world is located on taining to municipal water supply in Planning the shores of Onondaga Lake. Rope, shoes, Subarea 5.2. The estimated total population of diesel engines, and woolen goods are manufac- Planning Subarea 5.2 was 1.38 million people tured in Auburn; paper, boilers, and machin- in 1970. The data show that 1.05 million people, ery in Oswego; guns, adding machines, and 75 percent of the total population, were machine parts in Ithaca; optical goods and supplied through central water systems. castings in Geneva; and paper products in An average of 187 mgd are currently being Fulton. supplied through central water systems in Planning Subarea 5.2. Table 6-118 indicates the portions of this total average quantity 7.3.3.3 Rural Water Users used by heavy water-using industry and dom- estic and commercial users. In 1964 Planning Subarea 5.2 contained al- The bulk of the water use, more than 88 per- most 2.7 million acres of land in farm. Meadow cent, is in the Oswego River basin. More than crops exceeded the acreage of any other indi- 12 percent, approximately 23 mgd, is supplied vidual crops with 548,000 acres, and vegetable by Lake Ontario sources. Heavy water-using and fruit crops, heavy water users, contrib- industries in Planning Subarea 5.2 are using uted more than 48,000 and 45,000 acres respec- approximately 51 mgd or 27 percent of the tively. Important specialty crops are snap total municipal water supply. beans, cabbage, onions, apples, sweet cherries, Approximately 170 mgd or 91 percent of the grapes, and pears. Dairy farming, also a heavy municipal water supply is received from sur- water user, is important in the area and con- face waters and requires purification treat- tributes almost 80 percent of the receipts from ment including coagulation, sedimentation, livestock and livestock products. Crop receipts filtration, and disinfection. The remaining 226 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-117 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.2 (mgd) 1970 198o Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements New York 186.7 262 32.1 481 225.7 240 6 5_02 Total 17-7 2=2 _32.1 771- 725-7 70 377'5 502 Consumption New York 16.8 19 lu. 48 21.4 o 14.8 66 Total =1. 19 12-3 2 7l. 30 1778 '66 1970 Capacity- Future Needs New York 239-T 262 32.1 534 29-2 55 4.4 89 Total 739.7 .272 32.1 .5 37 29.2 55 7.7 89 2000 2020 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements New York 211 4 44 486 4 62 319-0 r 57 .4 429.4 9 .5 Total 319.0 211 431- 42@o4 @-11 @62.5 Consumption New York 4 '2 8 17*' 135 4 * 1 212 21.1 282 _'4 43' 135 F9771 -2 Total 34-2 17.9 212 21.1 1970 Capacity- Future Needs New York 1-23-3 152 11.3 2 4 15-0 701 _94 251.3 4 Total 123-3 159 llo3 29 251-3 V5 15.0 701 ground-water supplies are disinfected and in 2000, and 2.3 times to 429 mgd in 2020. The some receive a type of corrective treatment average day in the maximum month of total such as softening or iron removal. municipal water use per year is expected to The average daily demand in the maximum increase from 224 mgd in 1970 to 271 mgd in month of water use is 1.2 times the average 1980, 380 mgd in 2000, and 516 mgd in 2020. demand per year. The per capita usage of total Approximately 10 percent of the municipal municipal water use is 177 gpcd. Domestic and water use will be consumptive loss. In Plan- commercial per capita use is 129 gpcd when ning Subarea 5.2 the consumptive loss can be heavy industry water use is subtracted from expected to amount to 17 mgd in 1970, 21 mgd the total usage. in 1980, 34 mgd in 2000, and 49 mgd in 2020. Developed source capacities appear to be adequate at present with the exception of Ithaca and some communities along the Seneca-Cayuga Canal which require de- 7.3.4.2 Industrial Water Use velopment of water treatment facilities. The total average municipal water supply Manufacturing water withdrawals at pres- requirements are expected to increase 1.2 ent are more than double the withdrawals for times to 226 mgd in 1980,1.7 times to 317 mgd domestic and commercial uses. In 1970 the Lake Ontario Basin 227 1P00 to serve as an indicator of the rates of growth E INDUSMAI. of the industry groups. The water-use esti- RURAL mates represent the needs of all establish- Soo MUNICIPAL ments without differentiation between small and large water users. The large water-using plants (those that withdrew 20 million gallons 600 or more per year) are relatively few in number, but they have a great impact on water re- quirements. Approximately 80 large water- using establishments account for more than 400 NMI- 95 percent of the total withdrawals by the sec- t tor. In addition to the concentration of water use 200@@ among a few plants, there is also a concentra- tion of water use by SIC industry groups. The largest water withdrawals in 1970 and 0 throughout the projection period are found in 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 SIC 28, Chemicals and Allied Products (Table Y E A R 6-119). In 1970 this group of industries with- drew from their own supply sources and pur- FIGURE 6-59 Municipal, Industrial, and chased from municipal systems a total of 177 Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- mgd, more than one-half of the total manufac- Planning Subarea 5.2 turing requirement. The output of SIC 28, de- In 1970 more than 1.38 million people resided rived from OBERS projections of employment in Planning Subarea 5.2, with municipal water and employee productivity, is expected to in- supplies serving 1,050,000 people, 75 percent of crease by more than 1,600 percent between the total population. Municipal water supplies 1970 and the year 2020. As a consequence the are expected to serve 2.2 million by 2020. gross water requirements would increase in Agriculture employs only 5 percent of the similar magnitude. The industry's increasing population. Dairying and fruit and vegetable need for water will most likely be met by im- production are important activities. provement of the present low recirculation Industry is highly developed and diversified rate. in the planning subarea. The principal indus- Other manufacturing represents a large as- trial center is Syracuse. The main industries are sortment of both small and large industrial metalworking, food processing, paper, chemi- establishments whose sum total growth dur- cal, and optical equipment manufacturing, and ing the planning period should exceed 720 per- other diversified industrial activities. Manufac- cent. The potential for improvement in water turing employed 32 percent of the working force management in this group varies between in- in 1960. dustries. A close study of this residual indus- try group was not within the scope of this study, and therefore net changes in recircula- tion have been forecast conservatively. total withdrawals for manufacturing were In January 1971 the New York State De- approximately 98 billion gallons for the year. partment of Environmental Conservation Assuming an average six-day work week, the published a report entitled "Oswego River estimated withdrawals were 313 mgd of which Basin-Industrial Water Requirements 50 mgd were obtained from public water sup- Study."31 The New York State study consid- ply systems. Self-supplied industrial water, ered industrial water-use characteristics and 260 mgd, is obtained largely from inland future requirements of manufacturers lo- streams and lakes. cated within the hydrologic boundaries of the Table 6-19 presents the base-year estimates Oswego River basin rather than the county J 'NDS ,FMR 1A L' MAN."'.. and projections of five water-use parameters boundaries of Planning Subarea 5.2. Although and constant dollar estimates of value added somewhat smaller in area, the Oswego River by manufacture for four major water-using basin constitutes the major part of the plan- SIC two-digit industry groups and the re- ning subarea and includes the major man- sidual manufacturing groups that comprise ufacturing centers with the exception of the sector. The value-added parameter is de- Utica, New York. rived from OBERS projections and is included The New York State study incorporated 228 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-118 Municipal Water Supply,, Planning Subareas 5.2, New York (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands) (thousands) Demand Month Day sxmption GL 124.3 22.5 27.0 33.7 2.1 1970 is 1384.7 810.8 147.8 177-3 221.7 13.1 GW 118.4 16.4 19.7 24.6 1.6 GL 286.,'8 44.5 53.4 66.7 4.4 198o is 1571.7 832.6 162.5 195.0 243.7 15-3 GW 122.9 18.7 22.5 28.1 1.7 GL 625.2 92.0 lio.4 138-0 9.4 2000 is 2015.9 892.9 194.2 236.7 295.8 21.4 GW 168.8 32-8 33-1 41.3 3.4 GL loig.4 148-3 178.0 222.5 15-3 2020 is 2556.5 996.3 242.2 291.7 362.6 29.5 GW 229.7 38.9 46.7 58.3 4.3 Domestic and Commercial Source MuniciRal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Munie_@ipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sumption 200OP2020) GL 18.0 1.8 4.5 0-3 31-9 1970 is 129 lo4.o io.4 43.7 2.7 175.2 GW 13.8 1.4 2.6 0.2 32.6 GL 38-9 3-9 5.5 0-5 8.8 ig8o is 131 109.2 10.9 53-3 4.4 20.4 GW 15-0 1.5 3.7 0.2 GL 84.5 8.5 7.5 0.9 59-1 2000 is 137 119.5 12.0 74-7 9.1 61-5 GW 27.4 2.7 5.4 0.7 2.7 GL 138-3 13.8 10.0 1-5 120.5 2020 is 139 142.8 14-3 100.2 15.2 116-5 GW 31-3 3-1 7.6 1.2 14.o 1964 employment data on individual manufac- from OBERS derived projections. Future turing plants in the hydrologic area and inter- water-use prerogatives by manufacturers in views with selected manufacturing plant the Oswego River basin study differ consid- management staff. Projections of manufac- erably from those of the Water Supply Work turing employment and employee productiv- Group, resulting in smaller gross water use ity were developed by the Department of En- and recirculation rates, but in somewhat simi- vironmental Conservation and may differ lar intake requirements (Table 6-120). Lake Onta?io Basin 229 TABLE 6-119 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.2 (mgd) SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 28 SIC 33 Other Mfg. Total 1970 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 168 52 189 71 985 1465 Gross Water Required 28 1-11 272 103 74 588 Recirculation Ratio 2.77 2.93 1.54 1.81 2-39 -- Total Water Withdrawal 10 38 177 57 31 313 Self Supplied -- -- -- -- -- 262 Water Consumed o.6 5.4 9.0 4.8 1.9 22 1980 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 221 72 344 88 1555 2280 Gross Water Required 35 145 541 125 118 964 Recirculation Ratio 3-15 4.64 3-03 2.83 3-03 -- Total Water Withdrawal 11 31 178 44 39 303 Self Supplied -- -- -- -- -- 24o Water Consumed 1.0 7.0 17.6 5.8 3.2 35 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 355 129 1182 128 3591 5385 Gross Water Required 47 232 2o6o 156 2T8 2773 Recirculation Ratio 3-50 8.oo 11-70 6.97 4.8o -- Total Water Withdrawal 13.5 29 174 22.4 58 299 Self Supplied -- -- -- -- -- 211 Water Consumed 1-3 11 68 7 7 94 2020 Value Added (millions 1958$) 6o6 229 3073 214 6494 10616 Gross Water Required 65 352 534o 228 973 6958 Recirculation Ratio 3.50 8.oo 15-00 1P.00 5.86 -- Total Water Withdrawal 18.6 44 356 19 166 6o4 Self Supplied -- -- -- -- -- 486 Water Consumed 1.6 17 176 10 25 230 TABLE 6-120 Manufacturing Employment, Employee Productivity, and Water Requirements, Oswego River Basin, Planning Subarea 5.2 1964 1990 2020 Manufacturing Employment log,447 132,832 16o.,131 Employee Productivity Ratio 1.00 1.96 4.19 Gross Intake (mgd) 362 579 lo8l Initial Intake (mgd) 252 358 64o Recirculation Ratio 1.44 1.62 1.69 230 Appendix 6 7.3.4.3 Rural Water Use tained from the Onondaga County Water Dis- trict. Ground-water sources in Onondaga Rural water requirements and consumption County are judged to be of insufficient quan- were estimated for Planning Subarea 5.2 fol- tity and of poor quality. Many systems now lowing the methodology outlined in Subsec- using ground-water sources will shift to pur- tion 1.4. Table 6-121 divides total require- chasing water from the Authority. A major ments and consumption into categories of increase in the Onondaga County Water Dis- rural nonfarm and rural farm. Rural farm is trict pumping, transmission, and treatment further divided into domestic, livestock, and facilities will be needed by 1990. spray water requirements. Treatment of raw water is not a major prob- lem at present, but it may become one at a later date if pollution levels of Lake Ontario TABLE6-121 Rural Water Use Requirements continue to increase unchecked. and Consumption, Planning Subarea 5.2 (mgd) This report has estimated the costs of treatment and conveyance of the municipal REQUIRIMNTS 1970 198o 2000 2020 water supply, but it does not include costs of Rural Fann the distribution system. Estimated costs for Domestic 4.1 5.7 4.6 4.5 projected water supply needs in Planning Livestock 9-3 11-T 14.5 18.0 Spray Water 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Subarea 5.2 are listed in Table 6-122. All esti- Subtotal 137 177 T9_2 mates are made at January 1970 price levels. Rural Nonfarm 18.6 19.1 24.2 24-5 Comprehensive multipurpose planning Total 32.1 36.5 43.4 47-3, studies are under way for the Cayuga Lake CONSUMPTION Basin Regional Board (Seneca, Tompkins, and Rural Farm Cayuga CountieS)'34 the Wa-Ont-Ya Regional Domestic 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.1 Livestock 8.4 10-5 13-1 16.2 Board (Wayne, Ontario, and Yates Coun- Spray Water 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 tie S)'35 the Eastern Oswego Regional Board Subtotal 7-5 _17_-@ Rural Nonfarm 2.8 2.9 3.6 3-7 (Cayuga, Madison, Oneida, Onondaga, and Total 12-3 14.8 17-9 21.1- Oswego Counties),36 and the Black River Basin Board (Oneida, Jefferson, Herkimer, and Lewis Countie S).37 These studies will evaluate present water resource require- 7.3.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions ments and determine future requirements for all purposes for the entire Oswego and Black River basins. 7.3.5.1 Municipal Municipal water supply development is 7.3.5.2 Industrial needed to provide an additional 29.5 mgd by 1980,123.3 mgd by 2000, and 251.0 mgd by 2020. Water withdrawals by manufacturers in Approximately 117 mgd, 46 percent of the total Planning Subarea 5.2 were estimated at 313 need, should come from additional develop- mgd for 1970. As manufacturing production ment of inland lake and stream sources. expands, the accompanying increase in gross Future needs for public water supply will water requirement will be met in part by new present no major problem in this planning withdrawals of water and by recirculation and subarea. Shifts from ground water to Great redirection of water use. As a result of im- Lakes sources will occur in many areas of provements in recirculation, total water with- Onondaga County. The Onondaga County drawals are not expected to increase signifi- Water District obtains 25 mgd from Lake On- cantly until the year 2000. Then, as improve- tario and wholesales treated water to the ments in recirculation rates increase, the Onondaga County Water Authority and the withdrawal demand will increase sharply to a City of Syracuse. The Onondaga County Water total sector demand of 600 mgd. Authority also receives a limited supply -(20 Figure 6-60 illustrates the changing mgd) of water from Otisco Lake. The Author- characteristics of the industrial water de- ity in turn sells water to many municipal sub- mand during the 50-year planning period. In divisions in the county. The City of Syracuse the preparation of this figure the effects of obtains water from Skaneateles Lake where improving recirculation rates by the major the maximum practical withdrawal is 43.5 water-using industries and the increases in mgd. Water in excess of this amount is ob- manufacturing output were taken into ae- Lake Ontario Basin 231 TABLE 6-122 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 5.2 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-1980 1980-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital 2.631 15-039 18-358 17.670 36.029 Great Lakes Annual OMR -131 1.011 2.676 1.142 3.818 Total OMR 1-311 20.234 53-520 21-545 75.o66 Inland Lakes Capital 6.ogg 12.288 16.445 18-388 34.833 and Annual OMR -303 1.220 2.652 1.524 4.176 Streams Total OMR 3-039 24.4o6 53-o44 27.445 80.489 Capital .000 .41o 1.717 .41o 2.128 Ground Water* Annual OMR .000 .034 .216 -034 .251 Total OMR .000 .699 4-325 .699 5.024 Capital 8.731 27-739 36-522 36.470 72.991 Total Annual OMR o.435 2.267 5.544 2.702 8.246 Total OMR 4.351 45-339 llo.89o 42.69o 16o.581 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual ONR ($/mgd) ($/mgd-yr) transmission 120,11,000 7,600 wells & pumping 321$000 18,300 (see Figure 6-4) total 152,000 25,900 MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER DAY count. It is assumed that the first 100 percent 800 of present value added will occur in existing plants and that all additional increases will 700 0 PROVIDE FOR NEW occur at new locations. Curve 1 represents the PRODUCTION AT NEW withdrawal demand to maintain 1970 produe- P 0 El ILANT L CATIONS 0 PROVIDE FOR NEW tion levels at existing plants. Curve 2 repre- 600 - PRODUCTION AT EXISTING CURVE 3 'PLANT LOCATIONS sents the withdrawal demand to maintain TO MAINTAIN EXISTING 1970 production levels and to meet the with- PRODUCTION AT EXISTING PLANT LOCATIONS 500 - drawal demand assuming that the first 100 percent increase in production will occur at the existing plants. Curve 3 represents the 400 - total withdrawal demand for all production regardless of plant location. The area between Curves 2 and 3 represents the withdrawal de 300 mands to occur at new locations. By the year 2000, 135 mgd of new industrial water will be needed at locations where plants do not pres- 200 ently exist. By the year 2020 the demand at CURVE 2 new locations will be 445 mgd. 100 The problems associated with meeting these CURVE I new withdrawal needs will be related to other planning goals such as land use, environmen- 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 tal quality, and subregional economic de- YEAR velopment. In anticipation of the large growth in industrial activities forecast for the plan- FIGURE 6-60 Total Withdrawal Demands for ning subarea, development planning should Manufacturing-Planning Subareas 5.2 include alternatives for meeting new indus- 232 Appendix 6 trial water demands by supply through re- strip along the St. Lawrence River with eleva- gional industrial water systems and by the tions ranging from 300 feet along its banks to enlargement of capacity and expansion of ser- 500 feet inland. Limestone and sandstone bed- vice areas of municipal systems. rock underlie marine clays which predominate in the area. The St. Lawrence Hills, encom- passing much of the northern portion of the 7.3.5.3 Rural planning subarea south of the marine plain, become gently rolling and elevations increase Future rural water requirements will be southward to almost 900 feet. Sandstone un- drawn primarily from ground-water sources, derlies the region covered with glacial drift. although in some areas streams will be in- Igneous and metamorphic rocks underlie the creasingly important. The location and qual- western Adirondack Hills south of these two ity of ground water will be important in chan- regions. The Hills actually form a broad zone neling additional development, particularly in of foothills complementing the higher Adiron- the location of rural nonfarm dwellings. In dack peaks to the east. Elevations range from areas where ground water is in short supply, 1,000 to 4,621 feet, the highest peaks being development should proceed only after water farthest southeast., Glacial action rounded supplies are located. Some areas will not de- most peaks in the planning subarea and velop until a central supply is available. formed many lakes. Streams cut deep valleys Rural water requirements are projected to in their flow across the land. The Tug Hill increase 46 percent and consumption is pro- plateau reaches elevations from 1,800 to 2,000 jected to increase 71 percent between 1970 and feet, dropping off to lowlands in all directions. 2020. Paleozoic sandstones, limestones, and shales Ground water is generally available only in underlie the plateau which is actually an out- quantities sufficient for domestic and farm lier of the Appalachian Uplands. supplies. Water quality is a problem. More The eastern Ontario hills rise quickly from than half the planning subarea has water at Lake Ontario at elevations near 250 feet to depths of less than 500 feet containing an un- predominantly low hills composed of glacial desirable concentration of dissolved solids. drift at elevations near 800 feet at the foot of Better quality water occurs in the poorer Tug Hill. Lying between Tug Hill and the yielding uplands in the south and northeast. Adirondacks, the Black Valley forms a low- Ground-water contamination in local areas land whose valley floor averages 750 feet in has occurred from septic tank seepage. elevation. Carbonate and crystalline rocks underlie the valley which also has many lacustrine deposits. 7.4 Lake Ontario East, Planning Subarea 5.3 Drainage basins in the area include the Perch, Black, Oswegatchie, and Grass- Raquette-St. Regis basins. This hydrologic 7.4.1 Description of Planning Subarea area drains 7,340 square miles of New York lands. The Oswegatchie, Grass, Raquette, and St. Regis Rivers, rising in the Adirondack 7.4.1.1 Location Mountains, flow northwest along roughly parallel courses to the main valley floor where Planning Subarea 5.3 is a sparsely popu- they change course to a northeasterly direction lated region whose water and land resources and empty into the St. Lawrence. The Black provide .an excellent base for recreation. Lo- River watershed drains the Adirondacks and cated along the St. Lawrence River and the the Tug Hill Plateau and flows generally from northeastern shore of Lake Ontario, the plan- southeast to northwest across the planning ning subarea comprises three counties and subarea. The St. Lawrence complex drains low has an area of approximately 90 square miles plain areas with typically short rivers dis- (Figure 6-61). charging into Lake Ontario and the St. Law- rence River. 7.4.1.2 Topography and Geography 7.4.1.3 Climate Distinct geologic and glacial action helped to form the region's topography. The St. Law- Planning Subarea 5.3 experiences cold, rence marine plain is a flat to gently rolling snowy winters and moderate summers. Wide Lake Ontario Basin 233 M ena N Oar Ogdensburg Potsdam c4ntbn 1 9 D i lack e G neu Tuaper I,al, 0 cr. berry (a4o atertown Boyer 1-at@ aquette ake LAKE Lowvi(te- la@o ONTARIO JEFFERSON Moose V,CINf1Y MAP SC.11 IN -1@1 Im 0-1ID I SCALE IN MILES 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 6-61 Planning Subarea 5.3 234 Appendix 6 variation in precipitation patterns occurs over storage capacity of 162,100 acre-feet. If all in- the planning subarea. In the northern and land lakes and streams suitable for develop- western lake plains regions precipitation av- ment as surface-water impoundments were erages 36 inches, while significantly higher developed, the total potential storage capacity quantities fall in the Adirondacks and the would increase to 4.78 million acre-feet.45 Black River basin. The moisture provided by Presently developed water storage areas the Great Lakes, the prevailing winds, and the can produce a sustained water supply yield of orographic effects of the mountains combine 876 mgd. If all potential water storage areas to produce the heaviest rainfall of any major were fully developed in Planning Subarea 5.3, drainage area in the State in the Black River impounded inland lakes and streams could basin. It is not uncommon for average precipi- produce a sustained water supply yield of tation to reach 52 inches annually in the high- 7,098 mgd.45 er elevations in southwestern Lewis County. Potential capacities and yield used in this In winter, snow accumulation averages 80 section relate to the total resource. No at- inches along the northern boundary and in- tempt has been made to identify that portion creases to an average of 128 inches in the of the water resource not suitable or available Adirondacks. for use. Mean annual temperatures are typically cold in the winter and mild in the summer. Jefferson County experiences some moderat- 7.4.2.2 Ground-Water Resources ing climatic effect from Lake Ontario. Length of the growing season varies from 165 to 120 Availability of ground water depends on days, decreasing from west to east and with existing geologic conditions. Several increasing elevation. The temperature ranges ground-water regimes result from the envi- from 78F to 84"F in the summer and 17'F to ronments of the crystalline rocks of the 25'F in the winter in Planning Subarea 5.3. Adirondacks, the sandstones and shales of Tug Hill, the sedimentary rocks of the low- lands, and the glacial mantle overlying much 7.4.2 Water Resources of these bedrock types. The metamorphic and igneous bedrock in the Adirondacks produces low to moderate ground-water supplies. 7.4.2.1 Surface-Water Resources Although they are adequate for farm and domestic use, the ground-water resources in Surface water is in ample supply in Plan- this region are relatively undeveloped. ning Subarea 5.3. Major streams drain and Sedimentary rocks found in the periphery of have their origins in the highland regions of the Highlands have produced large supplies of the Adirondacks and the Tug Hill plateau. The ground water. Recorded yields of 700 gpm streams flow quickly in their upper reaches have been obtained from dolomites in the and become sluggish as they meander in the Massena area, but the average drilled well plains areas near their outlets to the St. Law- yields 15 to 30 gpm. rence River or Lake Ontario. Average annual Deep wells in these units are plagued with runoff, which increases from 20 inches in the sulfide and chloride contamination, while plains to 40 inches in highland areas, is com- ground water from the Ordovician aquifer ex- monly highest in spring and lowest in late ceeds the 500 mg/l USPHS drinking water summer. standard'for total dissolved solids. In addition, Lakes, ponds, and swamps occur throughout water from calcareous rocks ranges from the drainage basins. The upper reaches of the moderately to extremely hard. Sandstone and basins contain most of the lakes. A source of shales of the Tug Hill region also produce only excellent scenic attractions and recreation moderate ground-water supplies. Variability facilities, some major lakes include the Fulton in thickness and stratification in glacial drift Chain of Lakes, Stillwater Reservoir, deposits make ground-water supplies uncer- Raquette Lake, Long Lake, Tupper Lake, tain. Ranging from less than a foot to several Carry Falls Reservoir, Lake of the Woods, hundred feet in thickness, the glacial drift Black Lake, and Cranberry Lake. Streamflow produces sufficient quantities to supply farm regulation is common on the Black and and domestic uses. The quality of water de- Raquette Rivers. rived from till and other types of overburden is Fully developed water storage areas in in- generally the same as that found in the un- land lakes and streams provide an existing derlying bedrock. Lake Ontario Basin 235 Ground-water yield in River Basin Group 5.3 quantities of water. There are five large estab- is estimated to be 3,070 mgd (based on 70 per- lishments producing primary metals products cent flow-duration data) .21 that have large water requirements for mate- rial processing, cooling, and condensing. Machinery and equipment, fabricated metals, 7.4.3 Water-User Profile wood, and wood products are also products of the region's manufacturers. The major man- ufacturing centers are Massena and Wa- 7.4.3.1 Municipal Water Users tertown, and there are clusters of plants near Ogdensburg, Potsdam, Carthage, and several Planning Subarea 5.3 is a sparsely popu- smaller communities. lated region, the 1970 population numbering 214,500 people. Principal urban centers in- clude Watertown, Ogdensburg, and Massena. 7.4.3.3 Rural Water Users Few cities in the planning subarea exceed a population of 5,000. In 1960, 40 percent of the In 1964 Planning Subarea 5.3 contained 1.4 population was classified as urban. Lewis million acres in land in farm. Meadow crops County is decidedly rural with 15.6 percent of comprised almost half of the acreage with its 1960 population classified as urban. Popu- 651,000 acres in 1964. Specialty crops are in- lation concentrations occur during recrea- significant in the planning subarea. Dairy tional seasons, placing additional pressure on farming, a heavy water user, is very impor- available resources. Average population den- tant in the area, providing nearly 80 percent of sity in 1970 was 29.3 people per square mile. all farm receipts. In 1964 less than $4 million Average per capita income in 1970 was $3,500 were derived from crop sales while more than (1970$). In 1970 municipal water supplies $60 million were derived from livestock and served 146,200 people, 68 percent of the popu- livestock product sales. The 1960 census listed lation. The projected 2020 population is 30,000 people living on farms and only 9,000 298,586, of which 230,600 should be served by employed on farms. municipal water supplies. 7.4.4 Present and Projected Water 7.4.3.2 Industrial Water Users Withdrawal Requirements Planning Subarea 5.3 is situated at the ex- Table 6-123 gives a summary of municipal, treme eastern end of the Great Lakes Basin self-supplied industrial and rural water use along the shore of Lake Ontario and the head- for Planning Subarea 5.3. waters of the St. Lawrence River in New York State. Three counties, Jefferson, Lewis, and St. Lawrence, form the political boundaries of 7.4.4.1 Municipal Water Use the planning subarea. In 1963 there were 282 operating manufacturing establishments Surface- and ground-water sources provide employing 15,200 people. By 1967 the number adequate water for municipal water supply of plants had decreased to 246, but the growth systems. Surface-water sources provide the in size of many of the remaining plants re- bulk of supply for public water systems. Urban sulted in an increase in employment of 11 per- areas within the planning subarea used 44 cent to 16,600 employees. Output of manufac- mgd in 1970. Industrial water users in the turers also increased from $195 million (con- planning subarea consume almost two-thirds stant 1958$) to $233 million between 1963 and of the total municipal water supply. However, 1967. most industrial water is self-supplied from Most of the manufacturing plants employ rivers and wells. Principal industrial users are less than 20 people and have relatively small manufacturers of paper and paperboard water requirements, which are commonly met products, and milk receiving or cheese com- by purchase of water from public systems. panies. One-fourth of the manufacturers are engaged An average of 45 mgd is currently being in dairy and food products processing. Among supplied to domestic, commercial, and indus- the larger manufacturing plants are 25 estab- trial users through municipal water systems lishments producing many grades of paper in Planning Subarea 5.3. Table 6-124 shows and paperboard products that require large the various portions of this total average 236 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-123 Summary of Municipal, Self-Supplied Industrial, and Rural Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.3 (mgd) 1970 1980 Use mun. ind. rural total mun. ind. rural total Withdrawal Requirements New York 44A '6 4 41 10.2 7@1 r_ .22 Total 7.7 9-3 130 .3 1 99 Consumption New York 4.4 z 4 16 4.o 6 18 Total .7 7 t.'79'- 17 70 7 25 t 17 1970 Capacity- Future Needs New York 82.1 6 6 8 4 Total 72.1 6 ILI 6 0*9 N-7 9-3 Y17 0.9 2000 2020 Use Mun. ind. rural to=ta mun. ind. rural to7aT Withdrawal Requirements New York 53-1 17 12.1 82 6o.4 22 4 6 JjL4 96 9 Total 53-1 17 12.1 72 r07. 72 7 Consumption New York 6.4 lo 6.6 @U Z 6 8 7 t6 2d 7.5 2 7_0 7 Total 7.7 77 23 13 7.5 2 1970 Capacity- Future Needs New York 14.1 2.8 6 8 4.1 2nj 32 Total quantity used for heavy water-using industry The average daily demand in the maximum and domestic and commercial purposes. month of water use is 1.2 times the average The bulk of the water use, more than 78 per- demand per year. Daily per capita usage of cent, is in the Grass-Raquette-St. Regis River total municipal water use is 304 gped. Domes- basin. More than 15 percent, approximately 7 tic and commercial per capita use is 109 gpcd mgd, is supplied from Lake Ontario and con- when heavy industry water is subtracted from necting channel sources. Heavy water-using the total per capita usage. industries in Planning Subarea 5.3 use ap- The total average municipal water supply proximately 29 mgd, 64 percent of the total requirements are expected to increase by 1.1 municipal water supply. times to 47 mgd by 1980,1.2 times to 53 mgd by Approximately 42 mgd, 94 percent of the 2000, and 1.3 times to 60 mgd by 2020. The municipal water supply, is withdrawn from average day in the maximum month of total surface waters and requires purification municipal water use per year is expected to treatment including coagulation, sedimenta- increase from 53 mgd in 1970 to 57 mgd in 1980, tion, filtration, and disinfection. The remain- 64 mgd in 2000, and 72 mgd in 2020. ing ground-water supplies are disinfected and Approximately 10 to 20 percent of the mu- some receive a type of corrective treatment nicipal water use will be consumptive loss. In such as softening or iron removal. Planning Subarea 5.3 the consumptive loss Lake Ontario Basin 237 TABLE 6-124 Municipal Water Supply, Planning Subarea 5.3, New York (mgd) Total Population Total Municipal Water Supply Population Served Average Maximum Maximum Con- Year Source (thousands)(thousands) Demand month Day sumption GL 46.8 6-7 8.1 10.1 0.7 1970 is 214.5 75-0 35.0 42.0 52-5 3.5 GW 24.4 2-7 3.3 4.1 0.2 GL 49.9 7.4 8.8 11.0 o.8 198o is 225.7 81.6 36.8 44.1 55.1 2.9 GW 25.8 3.1 3.7 4.7 0.3 GL 59.9 9.1 10.9 13-7 0.9 2000 is 257.2 98.o 4o.1 48.1 6o.2 5.1 GW 30.9 3-9 4.7 5-9 o.4 GL 72.5 11.1 13.3 16.6 1.2- 2020 is 298.6 120.4 44-3 53-1 66-5 5.8 GW 37.7 5.0 6.o 7.5 o.6 Domestic and Commercial Source Municipal Water Supply Capacity Gallons Municipally Supplied (1970) per Industrial Water & Needs capita Average Con- Average Con- (1980, Year Source daily Demand sumption Demand sum2tion 2000,2020) GL 6.o o.6 0.8 0.1 18.8 1970 is log 7.5 o.8 27.5 2.8 50.4 GW 2.4 0.2 0.3 0.0 1-2.9 GL 6.5 0.7 0.9 0.1 o.6 198o is 117 g.-- 0.9 27.9 2.0 3-0 GW 2.8 0-3 0.3 0.0 0.2 GL 8.o o.8 1.1 0.1 2-5 2000 is 121 11-3 1.2 28.7 3-9 lo.6 GW 3.5 0-3 0.5 0.1 1.0 GL 9.8 1.0 1.3 0.2 4.9 2020 is 124 14.5 1-5 29.7 4-3 21.8 GW 4.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 2.0 can be expected to amount to 4 mgd in 1970 and ues added by manufacture for three SIC two- 1980, 6 mgd in 2000, and 7 mgd in 2020. digit major water-using industry groups and for the residual industry groups that are categorized as other manufacturing, which 7.4.4.2 Industrial Water Use make up the manufacturing sector. Manufac- turing water use is concentrated in two SIC Table 6-125 presents estimates and pro- two-digit industry groups: SIC 26, Paper and jections of five water-use parameters and val- Allied Products, which withdrew an estimated 238 Appendix 6 32 mgd in 1970, and SIC 33, Primary Metals 7.4.4.3 Rural Water Use Products, which withdrew 68 mgd. The com- bined withdrawals of those two industry Rural water requirements and consumption groups accounted for more than 95 percent of were estimated for Planning Subarea 5.3 fol- industrial water use in the planning subarea. lowing the methodology outlined in Subsec- Any action taken by those manufacturers that tion 1.4. Table 6-126 divides total require- results in an improvement in reuse and recir- ments and consumption into categories of culation of water will have dramatic effects on rural nonfarm and rural farm. Rural farm is the industrial water demand/supply relation- further divided into domestic, livestock, and ships for the entire region. spray water requirements. The total withdrawal requirements for the manufacturing sector were estimated at 105 mgd in 1970. Total withdrawal requirements 7.4.5 Needs, Problems, and Solutions are expected to decline to 70 mgd in 1980 and 47 mgd in 2000, and then increase to 52 mgd in year 2020 as the opportunities diminish for 7.4.5.1 Municipal further improvements in recirculation. Municipal water supply development to 250 provide an additional 28.7 mgd by 2020 is needed. Approximately 21.8 mgd, 76 percent of wusrmAt. the total need, should come from additional 200- RURAL development of inland lake and stream SMUNICIPAL. sources. Water resources can easily supply future public water demand, but problems may arise 150- at a later date if pollution levels of Lake On- tario continue to increase. Two regional comprehensive water re- a 100 sources planning studies, sponsored by the X State of New York, are under way in Planning Subarea 5.3. These studies are in the Black 50 River basin '37 involving Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, and Oneida Counties, and in the St. Lawrence River basin'33 involving Franklin and St. Lawrence Counties. These studies will 01970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 evaluate present water resources and deter- YEAR mine future resource requirements for the re- FIGURE 6-62 Municipal, Industrial, and gion. Rural Water Withdrawal Requirements- The New York counties have intermunicipal Planning Subarea 5.3 public water supply studies under way or completed, financed wholly by the State. This Planning Subarea 5.3 is a sparsely populated aid program was initiated to assure adequate area, with 68 percent of the population, or water supplies in all areas of New York State 146,200 people, served by municipal water sup- to the year 2020, and to encourage intermunic- plies in 1970. This is expected to- increase to ipal cooperation in the development of water 230,600 by 2020. supply facilities. Dairying is the principal agricultural activity This report has estimated the costs of in all counties, although some mixed general treatment and conveyance of the municipal farming occurs in the Black River valley and water supply, but it does not include the cost of eastern Lake Ontario region. Employment in the distribution system. Estimated costs for agriculture involves 20 percent of the working projected water supply needs in Planning population in the planning subarea. Subarea 5.3 are listed in Table 6-127. All esti- Major centers of manufacturing activity in- mates are made at January 1970 price levels. clude Massena, Ogdensburg, and Watertown. Major industries include pulp and paper mills, mills receiving and processing, and primary 7.4.5.2 Industrial metals. Large-scale industrial activity is not widespread in the planning subarea. At present 29 mgd of industrial water with- Lake Ontario Basin 239 TABLE 6-125 Estimated Manufacturing Water Use, Planning Subarea 5.3 (mgd) SIC 20 SIC 26 SIC 33 Other Mfg. Total 1970 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 30 44 85 110 269 Gross Water Required 4.2 94 123 8 229 Recirculation Ratio 2.77 2.93 1.81 2.07 Total Water Withdrawal 1.6 32 68 3.2 105 Self Supplied 76 Water Consumed 0.1 4.5 5.5 0.3 10 1980 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 4o 49 91 178 358 Gross Water Required 5.1 100 132 13 250 Recirculation Ratio 3.15 6.03 2.83 3-03 Total Water Withdrawal 1.9 16-3 47 4.5 70 Self Supplied -- -- 41 Water Consumed 0.15 4.8 5.6 0-3 10 2000 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 69 66 112 422 669 Gross Water Required 7.4 119 162 30 318 Recirculation Ratio 3-50 8.oo 6.97 4.8o Total Water Withdrawal 2.6 14.8 23 6.9 47 Self Supplied 17 Water Consumed 0.2 5.8 6.9 0.8 14 2020 Value Added (Millions 1958$) 127 93 150 967 1337 Gross Water Required 10.1 142 217 69 438 Recirculation Ratio 3-50 8.00 12.0 5-86 Total Water Withdrawal 4.2 17.8 18 13-1 53 Self Supplied -- -- 22 Water Consumed 0-3 7.0 9.2 1.9 18 TABLE6-126 Rural Water Use Requirements drawal requirements are supplied by munici- and Consumption, Planning Subarea 5.3 (mgd) pal water supply systems. The quantity 1970 1980 2000 2020 should increase to 31 mgd by the year 2020. If industrial water withdrawals in the future REQUIREMMS Rural Farm rem 'ain at the present-day magnitudes, there Domestic 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.0 should be no major problem in meeting those Livestock 4-5 5-2 6.2 7.2 Spray Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 needs. Subtotal 970 @7 _f.72 Rural Nonfarm I-J 3-4 4-9 5-2 Total 9-3 10.2 12.1 13.4 7.4.5.3 Rural CDNSU=ON Rural Farm Future rural water requirements will be Domestic o.4 o.4 0.3 0.3 drawn primarily from ground-water sources, Livestock 4.1 4.7 5.6 6.5 Spray Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 although in some areas streams will be in- Subtotal T 75 3_1 -5.7 r-7 creasingly important. The location and qual- Rural Nonfarm 2-2 .2-LI 9-.1 .2_.8 ity of ground water will be important in chan- Total 4.9 5.6 6.6 7.5 neling additional development, particularly in 240 Appendix 6 TABLE 6-127 Estimates of Costs Incurred for the Development of Municipal Water Supply Facilities to Meet the Projected Needs, Planning Subarea 5.3 (millions of 1970 dollars) SOURCE COST 1970-198o 198o-2000 2000-2020 1970-2000 1970-2020 Capital .179 .568 .717 .747 1.465 Great Lakes Annual OMR oo8 o46 .110 .055 .165 Total OMR o89 .923 2.205 1.013 3.218 Inland Lakes Capital .897 2.272 3.348 3.169 6.518 and Annual OMR o44 .202 .482 .247 .730 Streams Total OMR .447 4.052 9.655 4.499 14.155 Capital .030 .120 .150 .150 .300 Ground Water* Annual OMR .002 .012 .031 x14 o46 Total OMR .021 .252 .630 .273 .903 Capital l.lo6 2.96o 4.217 4.o67 8.283 Total Annual OMR 0.056 0.262 o.625 0-317 o.941 Total OMR 0.557 5.229 12.490 5.786 18.276 *Ground water unit cost assumptions are as follows: Capital Annual OMR ($/mgd) ($/mgd-yr) transmission 120JI000 7,600 wells & pumping 30,000 13.,4oo (see Figure 6-4) total 150)000 711.'000 the location of rural nonfarm dwellings. In Water problems occur during droughts, espe- areas where ground water is in short supply, cially for the dairy farms in the 131ack River development should proceed only after water valley. Chemical quality of the ground water is supplies are located. Some areas will not de- generally good, but hard water is prevalent. velop until a central supply is available. Saline water is commonly present in the car- Between 1970 and 2020, rural water re- bonate aquifer at shallow depth. Deep-well quirements are expected to increase 45 per- digging should be avoided to prevent salt cent and consumption. is expected to increase water contamination of the upper fresh water 52 percent. zones. High sulfate content of ground water Major ground-water resources are not can also be a problem in the carbonate aquifer available in the areas where they are needed. area. Iron problems are not as widespread. Section 8 ALTERNATIVE POSSIBILITIES RELATED TO FUTURE WATER USE PROSPECTS IN THE GREAT LAKES BASIN The numerical data in most of these plan- preserved as open space and remain unpaved ning subarea reports, based on the OBERS for their recharge value. projections of population and the economy, Artificial recharging may be increased to have suggested that the supply of water for maintain ground-water supplies, particularly municipal, industrial, and rural uses will be in more shallow aquifers. Already in use in adequate for the projected time period, pro- some places, this practice involves depositing vided the water resources are well managed. stormwater, treated sewage, or other appro- In the future, water supply needs of the Great priate surplus water in a well, pit, or basin Lakes Basin may be satisfied by systems sig- leading to the desired aquifer. Kalamazoo, nificantly different from those existing today. Michigan, is an example of a fairly large city This possibility is already incorporated into with an operational ground-water recharge the quantitative estimates made for indus- basin. With favorable circumstances and com- trial water supply. This section discusses fu- petent design, such facilities can maintain ture water-use practices that may differ water levels to a useful degree. As with all slightly from past trends, either in character methods of water handling, the operation or in relative importance. must be carefully fitted to local conditions. 8.1 Ground-Water Management 8.2 Storage of Surface Water Wells comprise the most widespread source of water, with local conditions largely deter- 8.2.1 Offstream Storage mining ground-water development practices. The kind of proper management assumed in An upground or offstream reservoir is an this study centers around the principle of sus- earth structure designed to impound water. tained yield, with due attention to well spac- Unlike the more common onstream reservoir, ing, scheduling of withdrawals, and other fac- an upground storage reservoir is located off tors. Some flexibility over limited periods is the main stream channel and water is con- afforded by the presence of very large quan- veyed to it from a stream by pump or canal. tities of water in deep aquifers which, in some Upground reservoirs can be constructed al- instances, can be mined judiciously, provided most anywhere, and they have smaller overall adequate consideration is given to the pos- land requirements than onstream reservoirs sibilities of aquifer compaction and practical due to uniform depth, minor siltation prob- limits on drilling depth .48 lems, and flexibility in location. There are Although it is difficult to estimate the de- many offstream reservoirs in areas of rela- gree to which various ground-water manage- tively flat topography in the Great Lakes Ba- ment practices are assumed in the numerical sin. Offstream reservoirs are generally used data of this report, there is expected to be con- for water supply for serving municipal and tinuing and increasing attention to re- industrial systems, but these reservoirs can plenishment of ground water. Natural re- also be used for low-flow augmentation. charge is expected to be aided in rural areas by Other proposed storage techniques not use of recommended runoff-retarding farming primarily directed toward water supply goals practices such as contour plowing and terrac- might nonetheless contribute to the dependa- ing, as well as control of plants that transpire ble quantity of water available for with- freely. In urban areas, places where sand or drawal. Where storm flows have been a prob- gravel aquifers are near the surface can be lem, excess flow could be stored in natural 241 242 Appendix 6 aquifers, in underground excavations, or on pressure to need points within the system; rooftops and other urban surfaces designed sufficient emergency and back-up capacity; intentionally to retard runoff or recharge line-ups with neighboring systems; and fur- ground water. It must be noted that there are ther training of operating personnel. often important quality differences in water from surface and subsurface sources, but the possibility of transferring water back and 8.4 Increased Transport of Water forth between surface and underground loca- tions (conjunctive use) may afford a flexibility As the need for additional water supply in- tantamount to an increase in the quantity creases beyond the capability of nearby available. sources, water transmission by pipeline will become more practical. Where inland water sources provide the best prospects for expand- 8.2.2 Onstream Storage ing supplies, pipelines to more plentiful streams may be developed. It is expected that To satisfy future water supply needs it most of the long distance pipelines will use the may be necessary to stabilize streamflow Great Lakes as the source of water. Because of through reservoir or onstream storage con- the large capital cost, many pipelines will trol. There are many existing and potential serve regional areas or other combinations of reservoir sites within the Great Lakes Basin. user units. A handful of Michigan cities are Some of the potential sites may have to be set already served by long-distance pipelines, and aside to prevent development that would pre- further extension of this practice is assumed clude reservoir construction. Appendix 2, Sur- in the numerical data presented in this report. face Water Hydrology, presents a tabulation of Several regional water supply systems exist existing and potential reservoir sites in each or are planned within the Great Lakes Basin of the planning subareas of the Great Lakes such as those in southeastern Wisconsin, Basin. southeastern Michigan, and the Duluth- Superior area. One objection to this method is that piping 8.2.3 Evaporation Reduction in Storage water to upstream users from the Great Lakes may create a cyclical flow of water. Therefore, Evaporation is not likely to be a problem adequate waste treatment becomes particu- because of the relative abundance of water in larly important under these circumstances to the area. However, in future times in some prevent the cumulative buildup of waste ma- localized areas, evaporation reduction may terials in the stream receiving the dis- become important. Ways to reduce evapora- chargeS.65 tion include chemical means (floating monomolecular films), wind and solar screens, proper site location of storage reservoirs, and 8.5 Technological Improvements mechanical covers. 8.5.1 Process Modification in Industries 8.3 Improved Distribution Systems The wide variations of water use within It is estimated that leaks in water distribu- many industries, such as steel manufacturing, tion systems amount to a loss of 10 gallons of are well known. Unproved possibilities in var- water per capita each day. This loss is a signif- ious manufacturing processes (e.g., a rela- icant portion of the total per-capita use of tively new dry method of making paper) could water supplied through distribution systems, affect industrial water use to an unforeseen and elimination of the loss would result in sub- degree. This study assumes virtually across- stantial savings of water as well as offering tbe-board steps to reduce water use in man- fewer opportunities for contamination. Other ufacturing. Such steps could help serve the possible improvements include replacements multiple purpose of providing for the indus- of systems or portions of systems having in- try's water needs, meeting legal restrictions sufficient capacity because of pipe size and/or on industrial effluent, recovering valuable deposits on pipe linings; computer controlled byproducts, and achieving improvements in distribution to direct water under proper production efficiency as well. Future Water Use Prospects 243 8.5.2 Recirculation ventional sources may well delay the adoption of domestic reuse measures. There is good potential for reuse of water, whether by complete recirculation or through cascading into progressively less demanding 8.5.3.1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency use. Considerable technology for reuse is now Policy Statement on Water Reuse available, and some incentive exists to reclaim byproducts and to reduce effluent (Subsection The Environmental Protection Agency has 8.6.4). Now and in the immediate future, reuse issued the following statement on the reuse of is practical for purposes requiring less than water: complete reclamation: industrial uses or The demand for water is increasing both through ground-water recharge. Large-scale indus- population growth and changing life styles, while the trial reuse has great potential and was consid- supply of water from nature remains basically con- ered in the calculation of the figures presented stant from year to year. This is not to imply that the nation will shortly be out of water, although water in this appendix. Large-scale reuse may in shortages are of great concern in some regions and turn release natural sources of water for pot- indirect reuse has been common for generations. It able supply. must be recognized that there is a need to use and reuse wastewater. Therefore, (1) EPA supports and encourages the continued development and practice of successive wastewater 8.5.3 Reclamation of Wastewater reclamation, reuse, recycling and recharge as a major element in water resource management, providing The concept of reclaiming wastewater for the reclamation systems are designed and operated so domestic or industrial uses is not new, but as to avoid health hazards to the people or damage to the environment. conventional sources of water have generally (2) In particular, EPA recognizes and supports the been preferred because of abundantly avail- potential for wastewater reuse in agriculture, indus- able water and inadequate reclamation trial, municipal, recreational and ground-water re- technology. However, shortages of water in charge applications. some areas of the country and technological (3) EPA does not currently support the direct in- terconnection of wastewater reclamation plants with breakthroughs enhance the prospects for use municipal water treatment plants. The potable use of of reclaimed wastewater. Industry is already renovated wastewaters blended with other accepta- treating and reusing increasing shares of its ble supplies in reservoirs may be employed once re- water supply. Several new or modified treat- search and demonstration has shown that it can be done without hazard to health. EPA believes that ment techniques have been developed which other factors must also receive consideration, such as are capable of reducing both organic and inor- the ecological impact of various alternatives, quality ganic components of wastewater to extremely of available sources, and econoMi,S.17 low levels. Experiments are being conducted or proposed for evaluating the possible uses of treated sewage to fertilize pasture and forage 8.5.3.2 American Water Works Association crops, to grow useful aquatic plants and fish Policy Statement on the Use of for harvest, and-in the final stage of the re- Reclaimed Wastewaters as a Public clamation process-to provide water suitable Water Supply Source for swimming.53 Ultimately, direct reuse for potable supply The views of the American Water Works may be possible. The future of reuse for gen- Association about reuse of wastewater are eral municipal supply is dependent upon three summarized in the following statement: main factors: economics, public acceptance, The American Water Works Association recognizes and assurance of virological safety. At present that properly treated wastewaters constitute an in- alternative sources of supply are more eco- creasingly important element of the total available nomical than the supply made available by water resources in many parts of the North American advanced treatment. Therefore, there has continent as well as elsewhere in the world. Historically, wastewaters have been reused after been no demand for reuse for general supply. discharge of the effluents to streams and into the Such demand will build up gradually and in ground. This practice has provided dilution, separa- selected locations of water scarcity. Given suf- tion in time and space, and has allowed natural ficient economic demand and clearance of treatment phenomena to operate before reuse. In contrastto such indirect reuse, planned directreuse is health factors, public acceptance will follow. increasingly being made of reclaimed waters for wide Even so, in the Great Lakes region the general varieties of beneficial uses such as industrial cooling, abundance of water available from more con- certain industrial processes, irrigation of specific 244 Appendix 6 crops and recreational areas. Moreover, there is in- control will probably make more water avail- creasing use of reclaimed waters for planned ground able for withdrawal at a lower unit cost. In water recharge. The Association believes that the full potential of addition, improvements in distribution sys- reclaimed water as a resource should be exploited as tem design, better pipe materials, improved rapidly as scientific knowledge and technology will water treatment practices, better storage allow, to the maximum degree consistent with the facilities, and other improvements will help to overriding imperative of full protection of the health meet the increasing demand for water. Indus- of the public and the assurance of wholesome and potable water supplied for domestic use. The Associa- try's growing ability to conserve water has tion encourages an increase in the use of reclaimed been noted. For domestic water conservation, wastewaters for beneficial purposes, such as indus- there are possibilities of individual home trial cooling and processing, irrigation of crops, recre- water reclamation through recycling systems ation, and (within the limits of historical practice), ground water recharge. Further, the Association and new types of chemically operated flush- commends efforts that are being made to upgrade less toilets. Further improvement of desalting wastewater treatment and to improve quality before techniques, reverse osmosis and other means discharge into sources of public water supplies. may eventually make feasible the use of some The Association is of the opinion, however, that cur- ground water now considered too brackish for rent scientific knowledge and technology in the field of wastewater treatment are not sufficiently ad- most purposes. vanced to permit direct use of treated wastewaters as a source of public water supply, and it notes with concern current proposals to increase significantly 8.6 Water-Use Management both indirect and direct use of treated wastewaters for such purposes. It urges, therefore, that immediate steps be taken, through intensive research and devel- opment,-by the AWWA Research Foundation and the 8.6.1 Metering and Pricing Policies Water Supply Section of the Office of Water Programs in the Environmental Protection Agency to advance Present practices of accounting for and pric- technological capability to reclaim wastewaters for all beneficial uses. Such research and development is ing water withdrawals reflect a variety of at- considered to be of greater national need than that titudes toward the apportionment of this re- now being directed to desalinization. It should: source. The tradition (common in humid parts (1) Identify the full range of contaminants possi- of the country) that water is a "free good" bly present in treated wastewaters that might affect the safety of public health, the palatability of the wa- shows up in some municipal supplies which ter, and the range of concentrations. are partly or completely unmetered, or where (2) Determine the degree to which these contami- rates are charged with cover service charges nants are removed by various types and levels of only, and place little economic value on the treatment. water itself. In recent years dramatic reduc- (3) Determine the long-range physiological effects of continued use of reclaimed wastewaters, with vari- tions in water use have been recorded in mu- ous levels of treatment, as the partial or sole source of nicipalities replacing flat rates with charges drinking water. based on metered use. Because water is in- (4) Define the parameters, testing procedures, creasingly recognized as a valuable resource analytical methodology, allowable limits, and moni- toring systems that should be employed with respect rather than a free good, it seems probable that to the use of reclaimed wastewaters for public water- there will be a continued spread of metering supply purposes. and quantity-related rate structures (perhaps (5) Develop greater capability and reliability of proportional to gallons used, or even ascend- treatment processes and equipment to produce re- ing as some would recommend). As a result, claimed water of reasonably uniform quality, in view of the extreme variability in the characteristics of some of the wastage included in present use untreated wastewaters. rates may be eliminated, dampening to some (6) Improve the capabilities of operational per- degree the expected upward swing of the sonnel. water-use curve in some parts of the Basin. The Association believes that the use of reclaimed wastewaters for public water-supply purposes should be deferred until research and development demon- strates that such use will not be detrimental to the 8.6.2 Water Rationing health of the public and will not affect adversely the wholesomeness and potability of water supplied for A limited type of water rationing, affecting domestic use.5 the main consumptive use of municipal water, already exists in many Great Lakes Basin 8.5.4 Other Prospective Technological communities where lawn sprinkling is re- Advances stricted to alternate days. While extension of rationing to uses (chiefly nonconsumptive) in- Technological advances in water quality side the home is conceivable, this should be a Future Water Use Prospects 245 rare, last-resort emergency measure rather and foreseeable demand. This role is probably than a long-term practice. Over the long haul, still prevalent and may represent the only a realistic price structure for water, discussed immediately practical approach. However, the in Subsection 8.6.1, would seem able to com- argument has been advanced by some bine any necessary limitations on use with a economists, planners, and others that deci- desirable degree of flexibility and administra- sions to provide or withhold water supply ser- tive feasibility. vice should be based on social and environ- mental considerations, as part of overall plans 8.6.3 Public Education for the general welfare and desirable de- velopment of the regional area concerned. In Over the past few years both public and pri- this latter view, water supply and other vate users of the mass communications media utilities would be extended where settlement have transmitted a vast amount of informa- and development should be encouraged, but tion and exhortation related to the wise use of would be refused to areas where such services natural resources, and a great deal of active might foster overpopulation or other detri- interest has been aroused. Various efforts are mental social or environmental effects. If being made to make natural resources in- these proposed new decision-making criteria struction a required subject in public school were accepted and acted upon, their effects curricula. In at least one major university, the within the Great Lakes Basin would appear former home economics program has been re- primarily on a local scale, rather than affect- named human ecology. Attitudes fostered by ing whole planning subareas significantly. such public education may tend to lower the amounts of water taken in by municipalities and industries, perhaps by encouraging vot- 8.7 Land-Use Management ing citizens to support institutional changes in that direction. 8.7.1 Land-Use Changes 8.6.4 Effluent Restrictions and Related Measures Upstream land-use changes can have an ef- fect on the amount of water available for The future level of industrial water intake is downstream users. An obvious case in point is being held down significantly by governmen- the reduction in quantity or quality of water tal effluent restrictions because it is some- available downstream stemming from the times easier for a manufacturer to make presence of municipal and industrial use up- wastewater reusable within the factory than stream. Other examples are the effects on to render it suitable for discharge to a stream. streamflow that would be expected from rural An additional inducement for industries to re- land uses and practices: vegetation types, duce effluent, and hence intake, is exemplified land treatment, erosion reduction measures, in Michigan's new practice of charging indus- and other factors. Wise upstream land man- tries a fee, based on quantity and strength of agement can help to maintain streamflows liquid waste, for the purpose of financing the and reduce the magnitude and number of necessary effluent monitoring operations. streamflow variations. By influencing land There has been some debate on the nationwide use, and the location or density of various academic level55 as to whether an incentive types of water uses, zoning can be used to en- system of systematic effluent charges should courage a more desirable distribution of water be developed to replace or supplement the use (Subsection 8.7.3). Possible future oppor- present standards-and-penalties arrange- tunities to establish planned new towns may ments for insuring water quality. It is not provide dramatic, though perhaps not numer- clear how such a possible shift might affect ous, instances of such land management. Ad- water demand in the Great Lakes Region. vance news of a forthcoming United Nations report indicates that thought is being given to the possibility of future worldwide watershed 8.6.5 Water Supply Service as a Tool for 44zoning" to conserve water SUpply.6 Guiding Regional Development Traditionally the responsibility of the water 8.7.2 Rural Land Management supply industry has been to provide good, safe, efficient water service in response to existing In places where water shortages exist, the 246 Appendix 6 amount of water evapotranspired from the West, where the scarcity of water is used to land surface is particularly important, be- justify large storage facilities to hold runoff cause this water is, for practical purposes, lost from large areas of the countryside until it can forever. To minimize consumptive use where be used. In the Great Lakes Basin, where the desirable, reductions in irrigation water re- specific location and timing of available water quirements can be accomplished by soil condi- are the major causes of such shortages as may tioning and cultivation practices, proper spac- develop, present knowledge of potential ing of plants, utilization of rotation practices weather modification capabilities offers little aimed at conserving water (based upon soil assurance that sufficient precision for "water and evaporation conditions), and correct use on demand" will be possible.60 of efficiently designed irrigation systems. Apart from intentional stimulation of pre- Management of watershed vegetation may cipitation, it is acknowledged that consider- be able to increase the available runoff for able inadvertent weather modification is al- downstream withdrawal, although at least ready taking place, particularly around cities. one recognized authority cautions against Heat and v apor- attracting particles are re- "the widespread and erroneous myth . . . that leased into the atmosphere, apparently caus- there is a direct, invariable and positive rela- ing increases in precipitation, fog, and clouds. tionship between forest growth and stream It is possible that the water regimen of the 1271 flow. Some research suggests that a wa Great Lakes Region could be changed by side tershed is likely to yield more water if it is effects of future precipitation-modification ef- covered by grass than if it is covered by trees, forts upwind or storm-suppression measures and that some species of trees transpire signif- being devised. Another possible result is that icantly more than otherS.67 Broad-scale ef- weather modification activities elsewhere forts to increase runoff seem remote in the might affect the comparative economic ad- Great Lakes Basin with its abundance of wa- vantage status of the Great Lakes Basin in ter, but the potential may exist. some respects and bring about a shift in water users. If weather modification efforts should further extend to "sunlight management" to 8.7.3 Zoning of Industrial Sites lengthen the growing season, the demand for water in warm-weather uses could change Water may be a major limiting factor in in- correspondingly.60 dustrial growth in a particular area. The un- guided course of industrial growth sometimes results in severe water shortages and costly 8.9 Exogenous Factors Affecting Water Needs importation of water to meet industrial de- mands. The future may see attempts to avoid There are some basic assumptions underly- many such problems through investigation ing this study: and assessment of the location and amount of (1) It is assumed for planning purposes available water supplies and enactment of a that the region will develop in a reasonably good zoning ordinance to control the type of orderly way, propelled chiefly by forces inter- industry in an area, industrial density, and nal to the United States, and that any disrup- other factors affecting water supply. Zoning tions that may occur in this pattern will be may be used as a tool to insure that supplies of short-lived. water will not be outstripped by demand. The (2) It is assumed that there will be no numerical data presented in this appendix major wars directly affecting the Great Lakes have not been adjusted to reflect this possibil- Basin in the various target years. ity. (3) It is assumed that there will be no mas- sive influxes of population in reaction to natural conditions or man-made pressures 8.8 Weather Modification outside the Basin. (4) It is assumed that there will be no In some parts of the United States, tech- wholesale, long-term contamination of the niques for stimulating precipitation through major sources of water within the Basin. cloud seeding figure in long-range thinking (5) It is assumed that any possible increase about adequacy of water supplies. However, in the net amount of water diverted out of the for the future water supply of the humid Great Great Lakes Basin in the future will not be Lakes Region the potential direct effects of great enough to cause shortages for projected rainmaking are not as great as in the and uses. Future Water Use Prospects 247 These assumptions, and others cited these measures are designed to mitigate, and elsewhere, may all prove to be true, but any sets forth broad prerequisites for their appli- major departure of future fact from this gen- cation. Although the various management eral perspective could call for new conclusions measures are separated in the previous dis- regarding the area's water supply. cussions and in the table, it is essential to re- member that a metropolitan water system is a complex integrated unit. All of the compo- nents and all of the uses are inextricably in- 8.10 Summary terrelated. Any change in one component caused by a particular management measure This section has reviewed several broad ap- will influence the other components to some proaches to water resource management and extent. The influence of changing any of the public water supply. Table 6-128 lists several components should be thoroughly evaluated management measures currently in use in prior to the adoption of a particular water re- northeastern Illinois, specifies the problems source management program. TABLE 6-128 Water Resource Management Measures MEASURES WATER PROBLEMS REDUCED PREREQUISITES CURRENT APPLICATION I. Interbasin transfer A. Tunnels flooding; low flow; water basins with surplus water Chicago Sanitary supply needs; recreation Canal System needs B. Open channel C. Pipelines Chicago Sanitary Canal System II. Storage and surface runoff A. Preservation of natural flooding; preserve open space in flood plains forest preserve flood storage natural recharge plains, stream channels B. Downstream storage flooding downstream space and Salt Creek, Weller Creek, channel capacity and St. Joseph Creek improvements C. Artificial storage flooding; low flow, water sites for storage Skokie Lagoons, on Skokie supply needs; recreation River, Fox Chain O'Lakes needs III, Ground-water management A. Withdrawal water supply needs; low unused water, collection shallow aquifers (locally) flow of hydrologic and geologic Cambrian-Ordovician data aquifer I. Development of maxi- mum sustained yield 2. Withdrawal from storage Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer B. Replenishment water supply needs; prime recharge areas forest preserve flood low flow plains I. Natural recharge flow; flooding open space preservation 2. Artificial recharge surplus water, storage none space suitable geologic and hydrologic conditions IV. Conjunctive use of surface flooding; low flow, surplus water, surface and none and subsurface reservoirs recreation needs subsurface storage space, artificial recharge and pumping facilities V. Water quality management A. Pollution source control pollution; recreation treatment plants widespread for a few needs; water supply pollutants, none for needs others B. Transport of pollutants pollution, recreation transport water widespread use of needs streams to transport waste C. Accommodate pollutants pollution safe geologic environments VI. Water-use management A. Increase use efficiency water supply needs, ordinances, information during emergency transport situations B. Use transfer water needs, pollution C. Increase reuse D. Match use with supply Source: "The Water Resource in Northeastern Illinois: Planning Its Use," Technical Report No. 4 48 GLOSSARY alkalinity-the capacity of water to accept pro- tive of a depletion of a water resource to the tons or neutralize acids, usually imparted extent that the water consumed may be by the bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide transferred out of a particular watershed components of a natural or treated water and to the extent that the water may be supply. relocated to the vapor phase of the hy- drologic cycle. It is water that is not im- aquifer-a formation of a relatively permeable mediately available for planned reuse. water-bearing rock. The terms water- bearing bed, water-bearing stratum, and contact cooling water-water used to remove water-bearing deposit are used synonymous- heat from process materials, products, or ly. The water from an aquifer is generally equipment by water sprays, flooding, available to wells. quenching in baths, or other direct contact. average daily demand-average quantity of cubic feet per second-unit expressing rates of water delivered in a day by a central water discharge. One cubic foot per second is equal supply system, usually expressed in million to the discharge of a stream of a rectangular gallons daily. cross section one foot wide and one foot deep, flowing at an average velocity of one foot per bedrock-any solid rock exposed at the surface second. or overlain by unconsolidated material. dolomite-sedimentary carbonate rock of bicarbonates and carbonates-chemical com- varying proportions of magnesium carbo- pounds formed by the action of carbon nate (magnesium limestone). dioxide in water on carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite. They produce alka- domestic water use-water used in residences linity, and a combination with calcium and for drinking, bathing, culinary, lawn sprink- magnesium cause carbonate hardness. ling, and sanitary purposes. boiler feedwater-water used for steam gener- drawdown-the difference between the water ation to replace steam losses, to maintain level before pumping began and the water steam quality, and to control solids content level during pumping. of boiler water, i.e., all water used to replace the loss of water in a boiler system. fume scrubbing water-water used for emis- sions control and recovery of material, commercial water use-water use of busi- products, or byproducts in gaseous or vapor nesses (shopping centers, stores, laundries, effluent streams from hoods, stacks, and car washes, etc.) or some small indus- cupolas, towers, etc. tries with small water-use requirements for processing or sanitary purposes. gallons per capita per day-water use ex- pressed in gallons used per person per day, consumption (depletion)-the loss of water obtained by dividing the total water use per through use, measured indirectly as the dif- day by the population served. ference betwee n the volumes of water in- take and water discharge. It is the result glacial drift-any rock material transported primarily of evaporate losses, but includes by a glacier and deposited by the ice or water water incorporated into manufactured derived from the melting of the ice. processes, seepage from holding ponds, water consumed by people and animals, and glacial till-nonsorted, nonstratified sediment similar unaccounted losses. It is representa- carried or deposited by a glacier. 249 250 Appendix 6 gross water use-the total quantity of water portance of iron in municipal water supplies that Would have been used if no water had is indicated by stains on laundry and porce- been recirculated. For example, if 5 million lain and the bitter taste that may be detect- gallons are used for processing and no water ed by some persons at concentrations of is recirculated in that step, the-gross water more than 0.3 mg/l. use would be 5.0 million gallons. However, if in addition to the 5 million gallons of intake limestone-a rock consisting of at least 50 per- water, 10 million gallons of process water is cent calcium carbonate. Most limestones are recirculated, then the gross water use would partly or wholly of organic origin and con- be 15.0 million gallons. The gross water use tain the hard parts of various organisms can be reported as gross freshwater use if such as the shells of mollusks and the skele- the intake water that is mixed with the re- tons of corals. The calcium carbonate or circulated water is fresh water, and as gross limestone is readily soluble in water that brackish water use if the intake water is contains carbon dioxide, and many lime- brackish. stone areas develop underground drainage and other characteristic features. ground water-water in the ground in the zone of saturation, from which wells, springs, and loess-an unstratified deposit of yellowish- ground-water runoff are supplied. The brown loam thought to be chiefly deposited terms underground water and subterra- by wind. nean water are sometimes used as synonymous with ground water and some- maximum daily demand-maximum quantity times as synonymous with subsurface water of water delivered in a day by a central in general. water supply system, generally expressed in millions of gallons per day. ground-water recharge-the addition of water to the zone of saturation. Infiltration of pre- maximum monthly demand-maximum total cipitation and its movement to the water monthly water production (in any given table is one form of natural recharge. Injec- year of record) averaged on a daily basis, tion of water into an aquifer through wells expressed in millions of gallons per day. is one form of artificial recharge. milligram per liter-a unit of concentration hardness-o rigin ally, hardness was un- representing one milligram of solute in one derstood to be a measure of the capacity of liter of solution. water for precipitating soap and the incrus- tations left when heated. Calcium and mag- mining-the removal of ground water from an nesium are the only two ions that both pre- aquifer at a rate greater than the recharge cipitate soap and occur in natural waters in rate of that aquifer. significant quantities. Hardness is there- fore defined as a characteristic of water that municipal water use-water supplied through represents the total concentration of the a centralized or municipal distribution sys- calcium and magnesium ions, expressed as tem. Water supplied by the municipal sys- calcium carbonate. Hardness equivalent to tem for domestic, commercial, and indus- the bicarbonate and carbonate is called car- trial uses are included in municipal water bonate hardness. Any other hardness is use. called noncarbonate. Waters of hardness up to 60 mg/l are considered soft; 61 to 120 mg/l, non-contact cooling water-water used for cool- moderately hard; 121 to 180 mg/l, hard; more ing and condensing through heat exchange than 180 mg/l, very hard. surfaces that separate the cooling water from the item to be cooled or condensed. iron, total-the total iron present may be Does not include water used for cooling and either in true solution, in a colloidal state condensing in thermal electric generating which may be peptized by organic matter, in plants. the form of inorganic or organic complexes, or in the form of relatively coarse suspended planning subarea-group of counties whose particles. Furthermore, it may occur at two area closely approximates the natural levels of oxidation, either as bivalent fer- drainage limits of the decimally numbered rous iron or as trivalent -ferric iron. The im- subdivisions of the respective drainage Glossary 251 areas (river basin groups) for each of the five Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area Great Lakes. (SMSA)-a county or group of counties con- taining at least one city of 50,000 inhabi- process water use-all water, liquid or vapor, tants or contiguous cities with a combined which comes into contact with the product population of 50,000 or more. In addition to being manufactured. the county containing such a city or cities, contiguous counties are included in an recirculation (reuse)-refers to the multiple SMSA if they are metropolitan in character use of intake water within a single estab- and are integrated socially and econom- lishment in which the water after one use is ically with the central city. The criteria of recycled with or without treatment for the metropolitan character relate to the attri- same use, or is channelled to other stages of butes of the outstanding county as a place of the plant for use in place of new intake water work or residence for a concentration of in a cascade system where water of di- nonagricultural workers and stipulate that minishing quality is acceptable. Recircula- at least 75 percent of the labor force in a tion or reuse of water may be a deliberate county must be nonagricultural and, usu- measure for water conservation or may be a ally, that the county must have 50 percent or secondary benefit associated with recovery more of its population living in contiguous of materials, products, byproducts, heat, or minor civil divisions with a density of at pollution control. least 150 people per square mile. recirculation (reuse) rate-ratio of the quan- surface water-the water on the surface of the tity of gross water used to the quantity of land, representing drainage from the land. intake water. Surface water is considered only as stream- flow, regardless of source. Lakes and reser- regional water supply system-grouping of voirs are viewed as streamflow in storage. public water supply systems within a re- thermal power cooling water-water used to gional area for management purposes, and condense steam and for other cooling pur- for physical connection and integration for poses in steam electric generating facilities supplementation of supply and services. operated by a manufacturing plant. river basin-a term used to designate the hy- treatment-water supply treatment by com- drologic area drained by a river and its plete conventional "means including coagu- tributaries. lation, sedimentation, rapid granular filtra- tion, and disinfection. river basin group-two or more river basins or complexes combined for the purpose of re- value added by manufacture-value added by porting. manufacture is derived by subtracting the total cost of materials (including materials, sandstone-a sedimentary rock consisting of supplies, fuel, electric energy, cost of resales sand, usually quartz, united by some ce- and miscellaneous receipts) from the value ment, such as silica. of shipments (including resales) and other receipts, and adjusting the resulting Standard Industrial Classification (SIO-the amount by net changes in inventories be- Standard Industrial Classification was es- tween the beginning and end of the year. It tablished by the Bureau of the Budget to is considered the best available value meas- facilitate the collection, tabulation, pre- ure for appraising the relative economic im- sentation, and analysis of data on estab- portance of manufacturing activity between lishments classified by the type of activity in industrial and geographic areas and time which they are engaged. The classification periods. covers the entire field of economic activities. It comprises a numerical system for classify- water discharged-water that leaves plant ing operating establishments by industry on premises, excluding steam or evaporative a two-digit, three-digit, or four-digit basis, losses. It includes the quantity that is dis- according to the degree of detail of informa- charged from, but not into, the holding tion needed. ponds. . 252 Appendix 6 water table-the upper surface of a zone of combined electrical, mechanical, and hy- saturation except where surface is formed draulic efficiencies of pumps and motors; by an impermeable body. could be expressed as: energy output -0- pump x 100 wire-to-water efficiency-an expression of the energy input to pump motor LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS acre-ft-acre-feet mg/1-milligrams per liter AWWA-American Water Works Association mgd-million gallons per day BDC-Bureau of Domestic Commerce NWWA-National Water Well Association bgd-billion gallons per day OBERS-Office of Business Economics- Economic Research Service efs-cubic feet per second OMR-Operation, maintenance, and replace- EDA-Economic Development Administra- ment costs tion ppm-parts per million ERS-Economic Research Service RBG-River Basin Group EPA-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency SIC-Standard Industrial Classification FHA-Farmers Home Administration SMSA-Standard Metropolitan Statistical gpcd-gallons per capita daily Area gpm-gallons per minute USDA-U.S. Department of Agriculture HUD-U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development USDC-U.S. Department of Commerce IJC-International Joint Commission USPHS-U.S. Public Health Service 253 LIST OF REFERENCES 1. 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Anon., "Procedures for Evaluation of Water Anon., "Water Use by Appalachian Manufac- and Related Land Resources Project," Report turers, 1964," U.S. Department of Commerce, to the Water Resources Council by the Special Business and Defense Service Administra- Task Force, July 1970. tion, Washington, D.C., 1967. Anon., "Priority and Planning Elements for Clark, J.W., and Viesmann, W., Water Supply Developing Illinois Water Resources Techni- and Pollution Control, International cal Appendix," Illinois Department of Busi- Textbook Co., Scranton, Pa., 1966. 259 260 Appendix 6 Hinomoto, H., "Unit and Total Cost Functions McDonald, C. K., and Sasman, R. T., "Artificial for Water Treatment Based on Koenig's Ground-Water Recharge Investigations in Data," Water Resources Research, 7 (5), 1971. Northeastern Illinois," Ground Water, 5 (2), 1967. Howe, C., and Easter, W. K., Interbasin Trans- fer of Water: Economic Issues and Impacts, McHarg, Ian, Design with Nature, The Resources for the Future, Inc., Johns Hopkins Natural History Press, Garden City, New Press, 212 pp., 1971. York,1969. Kahn, H. K., and Weiner, A. J., The Year Mische, E. R., and Dharmadhikari, V. F., 2000-A Framework for Speculation on the "Runoff-A Potential Resource," Water and Next Thirty-Three Years, Macmillan Co., New Wastes Engineering, February 1971. York, New York, 1967. Moench, A. F., and Visocky, A. P., "A Prelimi- nary 'Least Cost' Study of Future Ground Kollar, K. L., and Brewer, R., "Water Re- Water Development in Northeastern Illinois," quirements for Manufacturing," Journal of Illinois State Water Survey, Circular No. 102 the American Water Works Association, 60 (10), Urbana, Illinois, 1971. 1968. Parkhurst, J. D., "Wastewater Reuse-A Sup- Koenig, L., "Costs of Water Treatment by plemental Supply," Jour. SED, ASCE, 96 Coagulation, Sedimentation, and Rapid Sand (SA3) (653-663) June 1970. Filtration," Journal of the American Water Works Association, 59 (3), 1967. Rodals, R., "Good Water," Washington Post, Lehr, J. H., "Ground Water-An Imperative August 3, 1972. in Water Resources. Planning," Journal of the Schicht, R. J., and Ackermann, W. C., "Future American Water Works Association, January Water Resource s-Recharging," paper pre- -February 1971. sented at the Illinois Section, American Water Works Association, Chicago, Illinois, March Mack, L. E., "Groundwater Management in 1971. Development of a National Policy on Water," National Water Commission Report No. Zurck, D., and Benstock, M., Water Wasteland, NWC-EES-71-004, January 1971. Grossman Publishers, 1971. ADDENDUM The Addendum contains a listing of the Standard Industrial Classification codes and their major industry groups, referred to in the text. This list has been reproduced from the Standard Indnstrial Classification Mannal. Code Code Major Group 20-FOOD AND KINDRED 2086 Bottled and canned soft drinks PRODUCTS 2087 Flavorings 201 Meat Products 209 Fats and oils 2011 Meat packing plants 2091 Cottonseed oil mills 2013 Prepared meats 2092 Soybean oil mills 2015 Poultry dressing plants 2093 Vegetable oil mills, n.e.c. 2094 Grease and tallow 202 Dairy products 2095 Roasted coffee 2021 Creamery butter 2096 Shortening and cooking oils 2022 Natural cheese 2023 Condensed and evaporated milk 209 Other food preparations 2024 lee cream and frozen desserts 2097 Manufactured ice 2025 Special dairy products 2098 Macaroni and spaghetti 2026 Fluid milk 2099 Food preparations, n.e.c 203 Canned and frozen foods 2031 Canned and cured seafoods Major Group 21-TOBACCO PRODUCTS 2032 Canned specialties 2033 Canned fruits and vegetables 2111 Cigarettes 2034 Dehydrated fruits and vegetables 2035 Pickles and sauces 2121 Cigars 2036 Fresh or frozen packaged fish 2037 Frozen fruits and vegetables 2131 Chewing and smoking tobacco 204 Grain mill products 2141 Tobacco stemming and redrying 2041 Flour and. meal 2042 Prepared animal feeds 2043 Cereal preparations Major Group 22-TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS 2044 Rice milling 2045 Blended and prepared flour 2211 Weaving mills, cotton 2046 Wet corn milling 2221 Weaving mills, synthetics 205 Bakery products 2051 Bread and related products 2231 Weaving, finishing mills, wool 2052 Biscuit and crackers 2241 Narrow fabric mills 206 Sugar 2061 Raw cane sugar 225 Knitting mills 2062 Cane sugar refining 2251 Full-fashioned hosiery mills 2063 Beet sugar 2252 Seamless hosiery mills 2253 Knit outerwear mills 207 Candy and related products 2254 Knit underwear mills 2071 Confectionery products 2256 Knit fabric mills 2072 Chocolate and cocoa products 2259 Knitting mills, n.e.c. 2073 Chewing gum 226 Textile finishing, except wool 208 Beverages 2261 Finishing plants, cotton 2082 Malt liquors 2262 Finishing plants, synthetics 2083 Malt 2269 Finishing plants, n.e.c. 2084 Wines and brandy 2085 Distilled liquor except brandy 227 Floor covering mills 261 262 Appendix 6 Code Code 2271 Woven carpets and rugs 2395 Trimmings and stitching 2272 Tufted carpets and rugs 2397 Schiffli machine embroideries 2279 Carpets and rugs, n.e.c. 2399 Textile products, ii.e.c. 228 Yarn and thread mills 2281 Yarn mills, except wool Major Group 24-. LUMBER AND WOOD 2282 Throwing and winding mills PRODUCTS 2283 Wool yarn mills 2284 Thread mills 2411 Logging camps and contractors 229 Miscellaneous textile goods 242 Sawmills and planing mills 2291 Felt goods 2421 Sawmills and planing mills 2292 Lace goods 2426 Hardwood dimension and flooring 2293 Padding and upholstery filling 2429 Special product sawmills, n.e.c. 2294 Processed textile waste 2295 Coated fabric, not rubberized 243 Millwork and related products 2296 Tire cord and fabric 2431 Millwork plants 2297 Scouring and combing plants 2432 Veneer and plywood plants 2298- Cordage and twine 2433 Prefabricated wood products 2299 Textile goods, n.e.c. 244 Wooden containers 2441 Nailed wooden boxes and shook Major Group 23-APPAREL AND 2442 Wirebound boxes and crates RELATED PRODUCTS 2443 Veneer and plywood containers 2445 Cooperage 2311 Men's and boys' suits and coats 249 Miscellaneous wood products 232 Men's and boys' furnishings 2491 Wood preserving 2321 Men's dress shirts and nightwear 2499 Wood products, ii.e.c. 2322 Men's and boys' underwear 2323 Men's and boys'neckwear 2327 Separate trousers Major Group 25-FURNITURE AND 2328 Work clothing FIXTURES 2329 Men's and boys'clothing, ii.e.c. 251 Household furniture 233 Women's and misses' outerwear 2511 Wood furniture, not upholstered 2331 Blouses 2512 Wood furniture, upholstered 2335 Dresses 2514 Metal household furniture 2337 Women's suits, coats, and skirts 2515 Mattresses and bedsprings 2339 Women's outerwear, n.e.c. 2519 Household furniture, n.e.c. 234 Women's undergarments 252 Office furniture 2341 Women's and children's underwear 2521 Wood office furniture 2342 Corsets and allied garments 2522 Metal office furniture 235 Millinery, hats and caps 2531 Public building furniture 2351 Millinery 2352 Hats and caps 254 Partitions and fixtures 2541 Wood partitions and fixtures 236 Children's outerwear 2542 Metal partitions and fixtures 2361 Children's dresses 2363 Children's coats 259 Furniture and fixtures, ii.e.c. 2369 Children's outerwear, n.e.c. 2591 Venetian blinds and shades 2599 Furniture and fixtures, n:e.c.. 2371 Fur goods 238 Miscellaneous apparel Major Group 26-PAPER AND ALLIED 2381 Fabric dress and work gloves PRODUCTS 2384 Robes and dressing gowns 2385 Waterproof outer garments 2611 Pulp mills 2386 Leather and sbeeplined clothing 2387 Apparel belts 2621 Paper mills, except building 2389 Apparel, n.e.c. 2631 Paperboard mills 239 Fabricated textiles, n.e.c. 2391 Curtains and draperies 2661 Building paper and board mills 2392 Housefurnishings, n.e.c. 2393 Textile bags 264 Paper and paperboard products 2394 Canvas products 2641 Paper coating and glazing Addendum 263 Code Code 2642 Envelopes 284 Cleaning and toilet goods 2643 Bags, except textile bags 2841 Soap and other detergents 2644 Wallpaper 2842 Polishes and sanitation goods 2645 Die cut paper and board 2843 Surface active agents 2646 Pressed and molded pulp goods 2844 Toilet preparations 2649 Paper and board products, n.e.c. 285 Paints and varnishes 265 Paperboard containers and boxes 2851 Paints and varnishes 2651 Folding paperboard boxes 2852 Putty and calking compounds 2652 Set-up paperboard boxes 2653 Corrugated shipping containers 2861 Gum and wood chemicals 2654 Sanitary food containers 2655 Fiber cans, tubes, drums, etc. 287 Agricultural chemicals 2871 Fertilizers 2872 Fertilizers, mixing only Major Group 27-PRINTING AND 2873 Agricultural pesticides PUBLISHING 2879 Agricultural chemicals, n.e.c. 2711 Newspapers 289 Other chemical products 2891 Glue and gelatin 2721 Periodicals 2892 Explosives 2893 Printing ink 273 Books 2894 Fatty acids 2731 Books, publishing and printing 2895 Carbon black 2732 Book printing 2899 Chemical preparations, n.e.c. 2741 Miscellaneous publishing Major Group 29-PETROLEUM AND 275 Commercial printing COAL PRODUCTS 2751 Printing: letterpress 2752 Printing- lithographic 2911 Petroleum refining 2753 Engraving and plate printing 295 Paving and roofing materials 2761 Manifold business forms 2951 Paving mixtures and blocks 2952 Asphalt felts and coatings 2771 Greeting cards 299 Petroleum and coal products, n.e.c. 278 Bookbinding and related work 2992 Lubricating oils and greases 2782 Blankbooks: looseleaf binders 2999 Petroleum and coal products, n.e.c. 2789 Bookbinding and related work 279 Printing trades services Major Group 30-RUBBER AND PLASTICS 2791 Typesetting PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 2793 Photoengraving 2794 Electrotyping and stereotyping 3011 Tires and inner tubes 3021 Rubber footwear Major Group 28-CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 3031 Reclaimed rubber 281 Basic chemicals 3069 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 2812 Alkalies and chlorine 2813 Industrial gases 3079 Plastics products, n.e.c. 2814 Cyclic (coal tar) crudes 2815 Intermediate coal tar products 2816 Inorganic pigments Major Group 31-LEATHER AND 2818 Organic chemicals, n.e.c. LEATHER PRODUCTS 2819 Inorganic chemicals, n.e.c. 3111 Leather tanning and finishing 282 Fibers, plastics, rubbers 2821 Plastics materials 3121 Industrial leather belting 2822 Synthetic rubber 2823 Cellulosic man-made fibers 3131 Footwear cut stock 2824 Organic fibers, noncellulosic 314 Footwear, except rubber 283 Drugs 3141 Footwear, except rubber 2831 Biological products 3142 House slippers 2883 Medicinals and botanicals 2834 Pharmaceutical preparations 3151 Leather gloves 264 Appendix 6 Code Code 3161 Luggage 3331 Primary copper 3332 Primary lead 317 Purses and small leather goods 3333 Primary zinc 3171 Handbags and purses 3334 Primary aluminum 3172 Small leather goods 3339 Primary nonferrous metals, ii.e.c. 3199 Leather goods, n.e.c. 3341 Secondary nonferrous metals 335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing Major Group 32-STONE, CLAY, AND 3351 Copper rolling and drawing GLASS PRODUCTS 3352 Aluminum rolling and drawing 3356 Rolling and drawing, ii.e.c. 3211 Flat glass 3357 Nonferrous wire drawing, etc. 322 Pressed and blown glassware 336 Nonferrous foundries 3221 Glass containers 3361 Aluminum castings 3229 Pressed and blown glass, ii.e.c. 3362 Brass, bronze, copper castings 3369 Nonferrous castings, n.e.c. 3231 Products of purchased glass 339 Primary metal industries, ii.e.c. 3241 Cement, hydraulic 3391 Iron and steel forgings 3392 Nonferrous forgings 325 Structural clay products 3399 Primary metal industries, n.e.c. 3251 Brick and structural tile 3253 Ceramic wall and floor tile 3255 Clay refractories Major Group 34-FABRICATED METAL 3259 Structural clay products, n.e.c. PRODUCTS 326 Pottery and related products 3411 Metal cans 3261 Vitreous plumbing fixtures 3262 Vitreous china food utensils 342 Cutlery, hand tools, hardware 3263 Earthenware food utensils 3421 Cutlery 3264 Porcelain electrical supplies 3423 Edge tools 3269 Pottery products, ii.e.c. 3425 Hand saws and saw blades 3429 Hardware, ii.e.c. 327 Concrete and plaster products 3271 Concrete block and brick 343 Plumbing and nonelectric heating 3272 Concrete products 3431 Plumbing fixtures 3273 Ready-mixed concrete 3432 Plumbing fittings, brass goods 3274 Lime 3433 Nonelectric beating equipment 3275 Gypsum products 344 Structural metal products 3281 Cut stone and stone products 3441 Fabricated structural steel 3442 Metal doors, sash, and trim 329 Nonmetallic minerals 3443 Boiler shop products 3291 Abrasive products 3444 Sheet metal work 3292 Asbestos products 3449 Miscellaneous metal work, ii.e.c. 3293 Gaskets and insulations 3295 Minerals: ground or treated 345 Screw machine products and bolts 3296 Mineral wool 3451 Screw machine products 3297 Nonclay refractories 3452 Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets 3299 Nonmetallic minerals, ii.e.c. 3461 Metal stampings Major Group 33-PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES 347 Metal services, ii.e.c. 3471 Plating and polishing 331 Steel rolling and finishing 3479 Metal coating, engraving, etc. 3312 Blast furnaces and steel mills 3313 Electrometallurgical products 3481 Fabricated wire products, ii.e.c. 3315 Steel wire drawing 3316 Cold finishing of steel shapes 349 Fabricated metal products, n.e.c. 3317 Steel pipe and tubes 3491 Metal barrels, drums and pails 3492 Safes and vaults 332 Iron and steel foundries 3493 Steel springs 3321 Gray iron foundries 3494 Valves and pipe fittings 3322 Malleable iron foundries 3496 Collapsible tubes 3323 Steel foundries 3497 Metal foil and leaf 3498 Fabricated pipe and fittings 333 Primary nonferrous metal 3499 Fabricated metal products, ii.e.c. Addendum 265 Code Code Major Group 35-MACHINERY, EXCEPT 3622 Industrial controls ELECTRICAL 3623 Welding apparatus 3624 Carbon and graphite products 351 Engines and turbines 3629 Electric industrial goods, ii.e.c. 3511 Steam engines and turbines 3619 Internal combustion engines 363 Household appliances 3631 Household cooking equipment 3522 Farm machinery and equipment 3632 Household refrigerators 3633 Household laundry equipment 353 Construction and like equipment 3634 Electric housewares and fans 3531 Construction machinery 3635 Household vacuum cleaners 3532 Mining machinery and equipment 3636 Sewing machines 3533 Oil field machines and equipment 3639 Household appliances, n.e.c. 3534 Elevators and moving stairways 3535 Conveyors 364 Lighting and wiring devices 3536 Hoists, cranes, and monorails 3641 Electric lamps 3537 Industrial trucks and tractors 3642 Lighting fixtures 3643 Current carrying devices 354 Metalworking machinery 3644 Noncurrent carrying devices 3541 Metal-cutting machine tools 3542 Metal-forming machines tools 365 Radio, TV, receiving equipment 3544 Special dies and tools 3651 Radios and TV receiving sets 3545 Machine tool accessories 3652 Phonograph records 3548 Metalworking machinery, n.e.c. 366 Communication equipment 355 Special industry machinery 3661 Telephone; telegraph apparatus 3551 Food products machinery 3662 Radio, TV communication equipment 3552 Textile machinery 3553 Woodworking machinery 367 Electronic components 3554 Paper industries machinery 3671 Electron tubes, receiving type 3555 Printing trades machinery 3672 Cathode ray picture tubes 3559 Special industry machinery, ii.e.c. 3673 Electron tubes, transmitting 3679 Electronic components, n.e.c. 356 General industrial machinery 3561 Pumps and compressors 369 Electrical products, n.e.c. 3562 Ball and roller bearings 3691 Storage batteries 3564 Blowers and fans 3692 Primary batteries, dry and wet 3565 Industrial patterns 3693 X-ray and therapeutic apparatus 3566 Power transmission equipment 3694 Engine electrical equipment 3567 Industrial furnaces and ovens 3699 Electrical products, ii.e.c. 3569 General industry machinery, n.e.c. 357 Office machines, n.e.c. Major Group 37-TRANSPORTATION 3571 Computing and related machines EQUIPMENT 3572 Typewriters 3576 Scales and balances 371 Motor vehicles and equipment 3579 Office machines, ii.e.c. 3713 Truck and bus bodies 3715 Truck trailers 358 Service industry machines 3717 Motor vehicles and parts 3581 Automatic vending machines 3582 Commercial laundry equipment 372 Aircraft and parts 3584 Vacuum cleaners, industrial 3721 Aircraft 3585 Refrigeration machinery 3722 Aircraft engines and parts 3586 Measuring and dispensing pumps 3723 Aircraft propellers and parts 3589 Service industry machines, ii.e.c. 3729 Aircraft equipment, n.e.c. 3599 Miscellaneous machinery 373 Ships and boats 3731 Ship building and repairing 3732 Boat building and repairing Major Group 36-ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 374 Railroad equipment 3741 Locomotives and parts 361 Electric distribution products 3742 Railroad and street cars 3611 Electric measuring instruments 3612 Transformers 3751 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 3613 Switchgear and switchboards 379 Transportation equipment, n.e.c. 362 Electric industrial apparatus 3791 Trailer coaches 3621 Motors and generators 3799 Transportation equipment, n.e.c. 266 Appendix 6 Code Code Major Group 38-INSTRUMENTS AND 3951 Pens and mechanical pencils RELATED PRODUCTS 3952 Lead pencils and art goods 3953 Marking devices 3811 Scientific instruments 3955 Carbon paper and inked ribbons 382 Mechanical measuring devices 396 Costume jewelry and notions 3821 Mechanical measuring devices 3961 Costume jewelry 3822 Automatic temperature controls 3962 Artificial flowers 3963 Buttons 3831 Optical instruments and lenses 3964 Needles, pins, and fasteners 384 Medical instruments and supplies 398 Miscellaneous manufactures 3841 Surgical and medical instruments 3981 Brooms and brushes 3842 Surgical appliances and supplies 3982 Hard surface floor coverings 3843 Dental equipment and supplies 3983 Matches 3984 Candles 3851 Ophthalmic goods 3987 Lamp shades 3988 Morticians' goods 3861 Photographic equipment 399 Miscellaneous manufactures 387 Watches and clocks 3992 Furs, dressed and dyed 3871 Watches and clocks 3993 Signs and advertising displays 3872 Watchcases 3995 Umbrellas, parasols and canes 3999 Miscellaneous products, ii.e.c. Major Group 39-MISCELLANEOUS 1911 Guns, howitzers, and mortars MANUFACTURING 192 Ammunition; guided missiles 391 Jewelry and silverware 1921 Artillery ammunition 3911 Jewelry, precious metal 1922 Ammunition loading and assembling 3912 Jewelers' findings and materials 1925 Guided missiles, complete 3913 Lapidary work 1929 Ammunition, n.e.c. 3914 Silverware and plated ware 3931 Musical instruments and parts 1931 Tanks and tank components 394 Toys and sporting goods 1941 Sighting and fire control equipment 3941 Games and toys, n.e.c. 3942 Dolls 1951 Small arms 3943 Children's vehicles 3949 Sporting and athletic goods, n.e.c. 1961 Small arms ammunition 395 Office supplies 1999 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. V 00 411 OW -4 '4k' 4 @O#g# OW DATE DUE 0" I Minne ota State of New York Wo. 2333 "A Education & Welfat Department '* ousing & Urban Deveropment Department of the Interior Department of Jd ice S S& t Department of @ t e Department of Transportation Environmental Protection Agency Federal Power Commission 366 ..... .....