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01 *AR 4 1977 al" 'em, f @Owll' Oboo 4 wm $ J AW APPENDI -Moog& ter Qualft J v.7 3 EAT LAXES BASIN F IFIC'M K S T I V J Great Lakes Basin Framework Study APPENDIX 7 WATER QUALITY I FrOPertY Of CSC LlbxaXy@@ U - S . DEPARTMEN i OF ("CIWAERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICEQ CENIER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON, AvENUE CHARLESTON, SC 29401`)-@413 cm GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION Prepared by Water Quality Work Group Sponsored by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Published by the Public Inforn ,Officei-Great Lakes Basin Commission, 3475 'Q4'@. bo' Aigin 48106. Printed in 1975. Plymouth Road, P.O. Box 999, r, @di a Cover photo by Kristine Moore Meves. This appendix to the Report of the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study was prepared at field level under the auspices of the Great Lakes Basin Commission to provide data for use in the conduct of the Study and preparation of the Report. The conclusions and recommendations herein are those of the group preparing the appendix and not necessarily those of the Basin Commission. The recommendations of the Great Lakes Basin Commission are included in the Report. The copyright material reproduced in this volume of the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study was printed with the kind consent of the copyright holders. Section 8, title 17, United States Code, provides: The publication or republication by the Government, either separately or in a public document, of any material in which copyright is subsisting shall not be taken to cause any abridgement or annulment of the copyright or to authorize any use or appropriation of such copyright material without the consent of the copyright proprietor. The Great Lakes Basin Commission requests that no copyrighted material in this volume be republished or reprinted without the permission of the author. OUTLINE Report Appendix 1: Alternative Frameworks Appendix 2: Surface Water Hydrology Appendix 3: Geology and Ground Water Appendix 4: Limnology of Lakes and.Embayments Appendix 5: Mineral Resources Appendix 6: Water Supply-Municipal, Industrial, and Rural Appendix 7: Water Quality Appendix 8: Fish Appendix C9: Commercial Navigation Appendix R9: Recreational Boating Appendix 10: Power Appendix 11: Levels and Flows Appendix 12: Shore Use and Erosion Appendix 13: Land Use and Management Appendix 14: Flood Plains Appendix 15: Irrigation Appendix 16: Drain age Appendix 17: Wildlife Appendix 18: Erosion and Sedimentation Appendix 19: Economic and Demographic Studies Appendix F20: Federal Laws, Policies, and Institutional Arrangements Appendix S20: State Laws, Policies, and Institutional Arrangements Appendix 21: Outdoor Recreation Appendix 22: Aesthetic and Cultural Resources Appendix 23: Health Aspects Environmental Impact Statement SYNOPSIS Many Federal, State, and local programs quality problems of varying degrees of sever- exist for the purpose of maintaining or ity exist in all of the Lake basins. The number enhancing water quality in the Great Lakes of zones or stream reaches requiring ad- Basin. The Federal programs are primarily vanced waste treatment varies considerably the responsibility of the United States not only between the major basins but also Environmental Protection Agency estab- between river basin groups. A substantial lished by Reorganization Plan No. 3, effective part of the wastewater treatment needs and December 2,1970. Principal Federal programs the resultant investments will occur during include those relating to comprehensive pro- the 1970 to 1980 time period, and many of the grams, technical assistance, grant programs, investment requirements occur in the plan- enforcement, Federal installations, Refuse ning subareas or river basin groups contain- Act permit programs, water hygiene, ing large population concentrations or indus- environmental impacts, pesticide programs, try. radiation programs, research, and monitor- In addition to municipal and industrial ing. wastewater control problems, other existing Interstate water quality standards have and potential problems involve wastes from been adopted by all Great Lakes Basin States. watercraft, runoff from urban and rural land, Even though State programs and agencies including residues from application of chemi- have been established to bring about control cals, fertilizers and pesticides, thermal pollu- or prevention of water pollution, many water tion, and disposal of dredged materials. v FOREWORD Appendix 7, Water Quality, was prepared partment of Natural Resources, Michigan under the general direction of the Water Qual- Water Resources Commission ity Work Group of the Great Lakes Basin Lake Huron Basin - Ralph Purdy, Depart- Commission. The work group, consisting of ment of Natural Resources, Michigan Water Federal and State representatives, was under Resources Commission the initial chairmanship of Charles R. Own- Lake Erie Basin-John E. Richards, Ohio bey, Chief of the Planning Branch of the Air Department of Health and Water Programs Division, Region V, Lake Ontario Basin-Russell Mt. Pleasant, United States Environmental Protection State of New York, Department of Agency. Federal departments or agencies Environmental Conservation represented included Agriculture, Army, Preparation of the water quality control Coast Guard, Interior, and the United States needs sections of the appendix was greatly Environmental Protection Agency. States facilitated by the Water Quality Work Group represented were Indiana, Michigan, Min- Subcommittee on Methodology under the nesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Chairmanship of L. Robert Carter, Division of Wisconsin. Water Pollution Control, Indiana State Board In order to facilitate the preparation of the of Health. appendix, a group was established for each of Sections of this appendix dealing with the major Lake basins. A leader was ap- water quality control needs in the Lake On- pointed for each of the groups as follows: tario basin and Planning Subarea 4.4 were Lake Superior Basin-Lovell Richie, Min- prepared by the Rochester, New York, office of nesota Pollution Control Agency the United States Environmental Protection Lake Michigan Basin-Ralph Purdy, De- Agency. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page OUTLINE .................................................................... iii SYNOPSIS ................................................................... v FOREWORD .................................................................. vi LIST OF TA13LES ............................................................ xv LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................... xix INTRODUCTION ............................................................. xxi Purpose .................................................................... xxi Scope ...................................................................... xxi Methodology ............................................................... xxi Basic Treatment ............................................... ....... xxi Advanced Waste Treatment ........................................... xxi Wastewater Flows ..................................................... xxii Waste Treatment Needs ............................................... xxii Treatment Cost Estimates ............................................. xxii Recent Developments ...................................................... xxiii 1 FEDERAL PROGRAMS ................................................... 1 1.1 Environmental Protection Agency ..................................... 1 1.1.1 Comprehensive Programs ...................................... 1 1.1.2 Water Quality Standards ...................................... 1 1.1.3 Technical Assistance .......................................... 2 1.1.4 Grant Programs ............................................... 2 1.1.5 Interstate Enforcement Action ................................ 3 1.1.6 Federal Activities ............................................. 3 1.1.7 Refuse Act Permit Program ................................... 3 1.1.8 Water Hygiene ................................................ 3 1.1.9 Environmental Impact ........................................ 4 1.1.10 Research and Monitoring ...................................... 4 1.1.11 Public Affairs .................................................. 4 1.1.12 Pesticides Programs ........................................... 4 1.1.13 Radiation Programs ........................................... 4 1.2 Department of the Interior ............................................ 4 1.2.1 Geological Survey ............................................. 4 1.2.2 Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife ........................ 4 1.2.3 Bureau of Mines ............................................... 4 1.2.4 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation ................................. 5 1.3 Department of Housing and Urban Development ...................... 5 1.4 Department of Agriculture ............................................ 5 1.5 Department of Defense ................................................ 5 vii viii Appendix 7 Page 1.6 Department of Transportation ......................................... 6 1.7 Department of Commerce .............................................. 6 1.8 Council on Environmental Quality ..................................... 6 1.9 International Joint Commission ....................................... 6 2 STATE PROGRAMS ....................................................... 9 2.1 Illinois ................................................................. 9 2.2 Indiana ................................................................ 9 2.3 Michigan .............................................................. 9 2.4 Minnesota ............................................................. 12 2.4.1 Policy and Purpose ............................................ 12 2.4.2 Statutory Authority ........................................... 12 2.4.3 Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ........................... 13 2.4.3.1 Division of Water Quality .............................. 13 2.4.3.2 Special Regulations ................................... 13 2.4.4 Other State Agencies .... 14 2.4.4.1 Department of Health ................................. 14 2.4.4.2 State Planning Agency ................................ 14 2.4.4.3 Department of Conservation ........................... 14 2.5 New York ............................................................. 14 2.6 Ohio .................... 15 2.6.1 Department of Health ......................................... 15 2.6.2 Department of Natural Resources ............................. 16 2.6.3 Ohio Water Development Authority ........................... 16 2.7 Pennsylvania ........................................................... 17 2.8 Wisconsin .................. ........................................... 18 2.8.1 Department of Natural Resources .................... ; ........ 18 2.8.1.1 Action Regarding Inadequacies ....................... 18 2.8.1.2 Combined Sewerage Systems .......................... 18 2.8.1.3 Policy on Phosphorus Removal from Effluent .......... 18 2.8.1.4 Control of New Waste Discharges ..................... 19 2.8.1.5 Water Quality Standards .............................. 19 2.8.1.6 Drainage Basin Surveys ............................... 19 2.8.1.7 Compliance ............................................ 19 2.8.1.8 Facility Operation-Supervision, Vigitation ............ 20 2.8.1.9 Operator Certification and Training ................... 20 2.8.1.10 Wisconsin's Financial Assistance Program ............ 20 3 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ......................................... 21 3.1 Illinois ................................................................. 21 3.2 Indiana ................................................................ 21 3.2.1 Minimum Conditions Applicable to All Waters at All Places and at All Times ................................................... 21 3.2.2 Stream Quality Criteria ............................. ......... 22 3.2.2.1 Public Water Supply and Food Processing Industry ... 22 3.2.2.2 Industrial Water Supply ............................... 22 3.2.2.3 Aquatic Life ........................................... 22 3.2.2.4 Recreation ............................................ 23 3.2.2.5 Agricultural or Stock Watering ........................ 23 3.2.3 Proposed Criteria, Implementation, and Enforcement Plan .... 23 3.2.4 Summary of Water Uses ....................................... 24 3.3 Michigan ............................................................... 24 3.3.1 Michigan Program Description ................................. 24 3.3.1.1 Objectives ............................................. 25 Table of Contents ix Page 3.3.1.2 Developmental Guidelines ............................. 25 3.3.2 Standards .......... * , , '': * * * * I ... -***-****--**********' 25 3.3.2.1 Public Participation ................................... 25 3.3.2.2 Application of Standards .............................. 25 3.3.2.3 Designated Uses ....................................... 27 3.3.3 Standards Implementation ..................................... 32 3.4 Minnesota ............................................................. 32 3.4.1 Criteria and Description of Use ................................ 32 3.4.2 Designated Uses ............................................... 33 3.4.3 Implementation ............................................... 34 3.5 New York ................................. I......... .................. 35 3.5.1 Water Quality Standards Implementation and Enforcement ... 36 3.5.2 Extent of Interstate Waters ................................... 36 3.6 Ohio ................................................................... 37 3.6.1 Minimum Conditions .......................................... 37 3.6.2 Protection of High Quality Waters ............................. 38 3.6.3 Water Quality Design Flow .................................... 38 3.6.4 Stream Quality Criteria ....................................... 38 3.6.4.1 Public Water Supply ................................... 38 3.6.4.2 Industrial Water Supply ............................... 38 3.6.4.3 Aquatic Life ........................................... 38 3.6.4.4 Recreation ............................................ 39 3.6.4.5 Agricultural Use and Stock Watering .................. 39 3.6.5 Implementation and Enforcement Plan ........................ 39 3.7 Pennsylvania .......................................................... 40 3.8 Wisconsin ................ :,*''*"**''*"***''*******''**'* .... *******'* 40 3.8.1 Legislative Directives ..... 40 3.8.2 Official Adoption of Standa4s* 41 3.8.3 Principles and Guidelines ...................................... 41 3.8.3.1 Measurable Characteristics ............................ 41 3.8.3.2 Interstate and Intrastate Standards .................. 41 3.8.3.3 Use Classification ..................................... 43 3.9 Comparison of State Water Quality Standards ......................... 43 4 LAKE SUPERIOR ........................................................ 45 4.1 Introduction ........................................................... 45 4.1.1 Purpose ....................................................... 45 4.1.2 Scope .......................................................... 45 4.1.3 Basin Description ............................................. 45 4.1.4 Lake Levels ................................................... 48 4.1.5 Lake Currents ................................................. 48 4.2 Water Quality ......................................................... 48 4.2.1 Minnesota ................ :****'*****''*********''****'****'*** 48 4.2.1.1 Superior Slope Drainage ............................... 50 4.2.1.2 St. Louis River Drainage Basin ....................... 51 4.2.2 Wisconsin ...................................................... 52 4.2.2.1 Drainage Areas and Uses ............................. 52 4.2.2.2 Potential Sources of Surface-Water Pollution .......... 52 4.2.2.3 Montreal River Basin ................................. 52 4.2.3 Michigan ...................................................... 52 4.2.3.1 Lake Superior-In shore Area ......................... 52 4.2.3.2 Tahquamenon River Basin ............................ 52 4.2.3.3 Grand Marais-Munising Area .......................... 52 4.2.3.4 Huron Mountains Area ................................. 53 4.2.3.5 Sturgeon River Basin ................................. 53 x Appendix 7 Page 4.2.3.6 Keweenaw Peninsula Area ............................ 53 4.2.3.7 Ontonagon River Basin ................................ 53 4.2.3.8 Porcupine Mountain Area ............................. 54 4.3 Water Quality Control Needs .......................................... 54 4.3.1 Introduction ................................................... 54 4.3.2 Existing Needs ................................................ 54 4.3.3 Wastewater Flows ............................................. 55 4.3.3.1 Minnesota ............................................. 55 4.3.3.2 Wisconsin ............................................. 55 4.3.3.3 Michigan .............................................. 55 4.3.4 Treatment Costs ............................................... 55 4.3.4.1 Minnesota ............................................. 55 4.3.4.2 Michigan .............................................. 55 4.3.4.3 Wisconsin ........... 56 4.3.5 Advanced Waste Treatment 1@e*edis- 56 4.3.5.1 Minnesota ........... 56 4.3.5.2 Michigan and Wisconsin ............................... 56 4.4 Summary and Conclusions ............................................. 56 4.4.1 Planning Subarea 1.1 .......................................... 57 4.4.2 Planning Subarea 1.2 .......................................... 57 5 LAKE MICHIGAN ........................................................ 59 5.1 Introduction ........................................................... 59 5.1.1 Purpose ....................................................... 59 5.1.2 Scope .......................................................... 59 5.1.3 Basin Description ............................................. 59 5.2 Water Quality ......................................................... 61 5.2.1 Lake Michigan ................................................ 62 5.2.1.1 Lake Currents ......................................... 62 5.2.1.2 Existing Water Quality-Deepwater Region ........... 62 5.2.1.3 Existing Water Quality-Inshore Areas (General) ..... 62 5.2.1.4 Inshore Areas in Michigan ............................ 63 5.2.1.5 Green Bay-Michigan Portion ......................... 63 5.2.2 Planning Subarea 2.1 .......................................... 63 5.2.2.1 Michigan Portion ...................................... 63 5.2.2.2 Wisconsin Portion ..................................... 64 5.2.3 Planning Subarea 2.2 .......................................... 65 5.2.3.1 Wisconsin Portion ..................................... 65 5.2.3.2 Illinois Portion ........................................ 66 5.2.3.3 Indiana Portion ....................................... 67 5.2.4 Planning Subarea 2.3 .......................................... 68 5.2.4.1 Kalamazoo River Basin ............................... 68 5.2.4.2 Black River Basin (Holland) ........................... 70 5.2.4.3 Black River Basin (South Haven) ...................... 70 5.2.4.4 Paw Paw River Basin ................................. 70 5.2.4.5 St. Joseph River Basin ................................ 70 5.2.4.6 Grand River ........................................... 72 5.2.4.7 Minor Drainage Basins ................................ 74 5.2.5 Planning Subarea 2.4 .......................................... 75 5.2.5.1 Muskegon River Basin ................................ 75 5.2.5.2 White, Pentwater, and Pere Marquette River Basins .. 75 5.2.5.3 Manistee River Basin ................................. 76 5.2.5.4 Betsie, Boardman, Elk, and Pine River Basins ........ 76 5.2.5.5 Manistique River Basin ............................... 77 5.2.5.6 Escanaba River Basin ................................. 77 Table of Contents xi Page 5.2.5.7 Ford, Days, Rapid, Whitefish, and Sturgeon River Basins 77 5.3 Water Quality Control Needs .......................................... 77 5.3.1 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs (General) .................. 77 5.3.2 Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates (General) .............. 78 5.3.3 Planning Subarea 2.1-Lake Michigan Northwest ............. 78 5.3.3.1 Michigan Portion ...................................... 78 5.3.3.2 Wisconsin Portion .... ' '' -* ............... 78 @o es 5.3.4 Planning Subarea 2.2-Lake Michigan uthw, t ............. 79 5.3.4.1 Wisconsin Portion ..................................... 79 5.3.4.2 Illinois Portion ........................................ 80 5.3.4.3 Indiana Portion ....... 80 5:3.5 Planning Subarea 2.3-Lake Michigan Southeast .............. 80 5.3.5.1 Indiana Portion ....................................... 81 5.3.5.2 Michigan Portion ...................................... 81 5.3.6 Planning Subarea 2.4-Lake Michigan Northeast .............. 84 5.3.6.1 Population and Wastewater Volumes .................. 84 5.3.6.2 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .................... 85 5.3.6.3 Treatment Cost Estimates ............................. 85 5.3.7 General Water Quality Problems .............................. 85 5.3.7.1 Eutrophication ........................................ 85 5.3.7.2 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation ....................... 87 5.3.7.3 Combined Sewer Overflows ............................ 87 5.3.7.4 Thermal Discharges ................................... 87 5.3.7.5 Wastes from Watercraft ............................... 88 5.3.7.6 Oil Pollution ........................................... 88 5.3.7.7 Organic and Inorganic Contaminants .................. 89 5.3.7.8 Disposal of Dredged Material .......................... 89 5.3.7.9 Alewife ................................................ 89 5.3.7.10 Recreational Developments ............................ 89 5.4 Summary and Conclusions ............................................. 90 5.4.1 Planning Subarea 2.1 .......................................... 90 5.4.2 Planning Subarea 2.2 .......................................... 91 5.4.3 Planning Subarea 2.3 .......................................... 91 5.4.3.1 Kalamazoo River Basin ............................... 92 5.4.3.2 Paw Paw River Basin ................................. 92 5.4.4 Planning Subarea 2.4 .......................................... 92 5.4.5 General Water Quality Problems .............................. 93 6 LAKE HURON ............................................................ 95 6.1 Introduction ........................................................... 95 6.1.1 Purpose ....................................................... 95 6.1.2 Scope .......................................................... 95 6.1.3 Basin Description ............................................. 95 6.2 Water Quality ......................................................... 97 6.2.1 Lake Huron ................................................... 97 6.2.1.1 Main Body of Lake Huron ............................. 97 6.2.1.2 Saginaw Bay ........................................... 97 6.2.1.3 Other Nearshore Areas ................................ 99 6.2.2 Planning Subarea 3.1 .......................................... 99 6.2.2.1 Pine and Rifle River Basins ........................... 99 6.2.2.2 Au Gres and Tawas River Basins ...................... 105 6.2.2.3 Au Sable River Basin ................................. 105 6.2.2.4 Thunder Bay River Basin ............................. 105 6.2.2.5 Cheboygan River Basin ............................... 106 6.2.2.6 St. Marys River Basin ................................. 106 xii Appendix 7 Page 6.2.2.7 Carp and Pine River Basins ........................... 106 6.2.3 Planning Subarea 3.2 .......................................... 106 6.2.3.1 Saginaw River System ................................ 106 6.2.3.2 Minor Drainage Areas ................................. 112 6.3 Water Quality Control Needs .......................................... 112 6.3.1 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs ............................ 112 6.3.2 Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates ........................ 112 6.3.3 Lake Huron North-Planning Subarea 3.1 ..................... 112 6.3.3.1 Population and Wastewater Volumes .................. 112 6.3.3.2 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .................... 114 6.3.3.3 Treatment Costs ....................................... 114 6.3.4 Lake Huron Central-Planning Subarea 3.2 ................... 114 6.3.4.1 Population and Wast ewater Volumes .................. 114 6.3.4.2 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .................... 114 6.3.4.3 Treatment Costs ....................................... 117 6.3.5 General Water Quality Problems .............................. 117 6.3.5.1 Eutrophication ........................................ 117 6.3.5.2 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation ....................... 119 6.3.5.3 Combined Sewer Overflows ............................. 119 6.3.5.4 Thermal Discharges ................................... 119 6.3.5.5 Waste from Watercraft ................................ 119 6.3.5.6 Recreational Misuse ................................... 119 6.3.5.7 Lakeshore Development ............................... 120 6.3.5.8 Oil Pollution ........................................... 120 6.3.5.9 Viruses ................................................ 120 6.3.5.10 Organic Contaminants ................................ 120 6.4 Summary and Conclusions ............................................. 121 6.4.1 Planning Subarea 3.1 .......................................... 121 6.4.2 Planning Subarea 3.2 .......................................... 122 6.4.3 General Water Quality and Problems .......................... 122 7 LAKE ERIE .............................................................. 123 7.1 Introduction ........................................................... 123 7.2 Water Quality .................................................... 1 123 7.2.1 Planning Subarea 4.1-Michigan .............................. 123 7.2.1.1 Lake Erie ............................................. 123 7.2.1.2 River Raisin ........................................... 126 7.2.1.3 Huron River ........................................... 126 7.2.1.4 Detroit River .......................................... 128 7.2.1.5 River Rouge ........................................... 130 7.2.1.6 Lake St. Clair and St. Clair River ..................... 130 7.2.1.7 Clinton River .......................................... 132 7.2.1.8 Belle, Black, and Pine Rivers ........................... 134 7.2.2 Planning Subarea 4.2 ..................... ! .................... 134 7.2.2.1 Michigan ............................................... 134 7.2.2.2 Indiana ................................................ 134 7.2.2.3 Ohio .................. 136 7.2.2.4 Portage, Sandusky, Huron, and Vermilion Rivers ...... 138 7.2.3 Planning Subarea 4.3 ........................................... 138 7.2.3.1 Ohio .................. 138 7.2.3.2 Ashtabula River, Conneaut Creek, and Turkey Creek.. 143 7.2.3.3 Lake Erie Shoreline ................................... 143 7.2.4 Planning Subarea 4.4 ........................................... 144 7.2.4.1 Pennsylvania .......................................... 144 7.2.4.2 New York ............................................. 148 Table of Contents xiii Page 7.3 Water Quality Control Needs .......................................... 150 7.3.1 Introduction ................................................... 150 7.3.2 Methodology ................................................... 150 7.3.3 Planning Subarea 4.1-Michigan .............................. 150 7.3.3.1 Population and Wastewater Volumes .................. 150 7.3.3.2 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .................... 151 7.3.3.3 Treatment Costs ....................................... 154 7.3.4 Planning Subarea 4.2 .......................................... 154 7.3.4.1 Ohio ................................................... 154 7.3.4.2 Indiana ................................................ 157 7.3.4.3 Michigan .............................................. 158 7.3.5 Planning Subarea 4.3-Advanced Waste Treatment Needs ..... 158 7.3.5.1 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Costs ............... 158 7.3.5.2 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Costs ............... 158 7.3.6 Planning Subarea 4.4 .......................................... 160 7.3.6.1 Major Streams-Pennsylvania ......................... 160 7.3.6.2 Lake Proper ........................................... 160 7.3.6.3 Major Streams-New York ............................ 160 7.3.6.4 Waste Loads ........................................... 162 7.3.6.5 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .................... 163 7.3.6.6 Treatment Costs ....................................... 163 7.3.6.7 General ................................................ 166 7.3.6.8 Other Pollution Sources ............................... 166 7.4 Summary and Conclusions ............................................. 167 7.4.1 Planning Subarea 4.1 .......................................... 167 7.4.2 Planning Subarea 4.2 .......................................... 168 7.4.3 Planning Subarea 4.3 .......................................... 169 7.4.4 Planning Subarea 4.4 .......................................... 169 8 LAKE ONTARIO .......................................................... 171 8.1 Introduction ........................................................... 171 8.1.1 Purpose ....................................................... 171 8.1.2 Scope .......................................................... 171 8.1.3 Basin Description ............................................. 171 8.1.4 Water Uses .................................................... 171 8.1.4.1 Municipal Water Supply ............................... 171 8.1.4.2 Industrial Water Supply ............................... 172 8.1.4.3 Hydroelectric Power ................................... 173 8.1.4.4 Recreation ............................................ 173 8.2 Water Quality ......................................................... 173 8.2.1 Lake Ontario .................................................. 173 8.2.2 Planning Subarea 4.4 .......................................... 174 8.2.2.1 Niagara River ......................................... 174 8.2.2.2 Buffalo River .......................................... 175 8.2.2.3 Tonawanda Creek ..................................... 175 8.2.2.4 Eighteenmile Creek ................................... 176 8.2.2.5 Barge Canal ........................................... 176 8.2.2.6 Cayuga Creek ......................................... 176 8.2.3 Planning Subarea 5.1 .......................................... 176 8.2.3.1 Genesee River ........ 176 8.2.4 Planning Subarea 5.2 .......................................... 177 8.2.4.1 Oswego River ........................................... 177 8.2.4.2 Oneida Lake ........................................... 177 8.2.4.3 Finger Lakes Region .................................. 178 8.2.4.4 Barge Canal ........................................... 178 xiv Appendix 7 Page 8.2.4.5 Oswego River .......................................... 178 8.2.5 Planning Subarea 5.3 .......................................... 179 8.2.5.1 St. Lawrence River Basin ............................. 179 8.2.5.2 Black River Basin ..................................... 180 8.2.6 Special Pollution Problems .................................... 180 8.2.6.1 Wastes from Watercraft ............................... 180 8.2.6.2 Oil Pollution ........ 181 181 8.2.6.3 Disposal of Dredged 4a-erial .......................... 8.2.6.4 Pesticides ............................................. 181 8.2.6.5 Land Runoff ........................................... 182 8.2.6.6 Thermal Pollution ..................................... 182 8.3 Water Quality Control Needs .......................................... 182 8.3.1 Planning Subarea 5.1 .......................................... 182 8.3.1.1 Area Boundaries ...................................... 182 8.3.1.2 Water Uses and Related Quality Problems ............ 182 8.3.1.3 Waste Loads ........................................... 187 8.3.1.4 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .................... 187 8.3.1.5 Treatment Costs ....................................... 187 8.3.1.6 General ................................................ 187 8.3.2 Planning Subarea 5.2 .......................................... 190 8.3.2.1 Area Characteristics .................................. 190 8.3.2.2 Water Uses and Related Quality Problems ............ 190 8.3.2.3 Waste Loads ........................................... 198 8.3.2.4 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .................... 198 8.3.2.5 General ................................................ 199 8.3.3 Planning Subarea 5.3 .......................................... 203 8.3.3.1 Water Uses and Related Quality Problems ............ 203 8.3.3.2 Waste Loads ........................................... 205 8.3.3.3 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .................... 206 8.3.3.4 General ................................................ 206 8.4 Summary and Conclusions ............................................. 208 8.4.1 Planning Subarea 5.1 .......................................... 209 8.4.2 Planning Subarea 5.2 .......................................... 209 8.4.3 Planning Subarea 5.3 .......................................... 210 8.4.4 Special Pollution Problems .................................... 210 SUMMARY ................................................................... 211 GLOSSARY .................................................................. 213 LIST OF REFERENCES ..................................................... 215 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................ 217 ANNEX ...................................................................... 219 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 7-1 Interstate Water Quality Stand ards-Michigan ........................ 26 7-2 Summary of Criteria for Designated Classes of Surface Waters- Minnesota .............................................................. 33 7-3 Classification of Waters, Planning Subarea 1.1-Minnesota Portion .... 34 7-4 Stream Classification of Interstate Waters-New York ................. 37 7-5 Population of Major U.S. Cities-Lake Superior Basin .................. 48 7-6 Municipal Water Use-Superior Slope Drainage ........................ 50 7-7 Domestic Water Use-St. Louis River Drainage Basin ................. 51 7-8 Estimated Industrial Water Use-St. Louis River Drainage Basin ..... 51 7-9 Drainage Areas for Wisconsin Tributary Streams ...................... 52 7-10 Wastewater Flows (MGD), Planning Subarea 1.1-Minnesota Portion .. 55 7-11 Wastewater Flows (MGD), Planning Subarea 1.1-Wisconsin Portion ... 55 7-12 Wastewater Flows (MGD), Planning Subarea 1.2-Michigan ............ 55 7-13 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Esti- mates, Planning Subarea 1.1-Minnesota Portion ...................... 55 7-14 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 1.2-Michigan ................................................. 56 7-15 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 1.1-Wisconsin Portion ........................................ 56 7-16 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 1.1-Minnesota Portion ........................................ 56 7-17 Lake Michigan Basin Counties by Planning Subarea ................... 59 7-18 Major Tributaries of Lake Michigan .................................... 61 7-19 Projections of Wastewater Flows and Population Served, Planning Sub- area 2.1-Michigan Portion ............................................. 78 7-20 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 2.1-Michigan Portion ......................................... 78 xv xvi Appendix 7 Table Page 7-21 Projections of Wastewater Flows and Population Served, Planning Sub- area 2.1-Wisconsin Portion ............................................ 79 7-22 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 2.1-Wisconsin Portion ........................................ 79 7-23 Projections of Wastewater Flows and Population Served, Planning Sub- area 2.2-Wisconsin Portion ............................................ 79 7-24 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 2.2-Wisconsin Portion ........................................ 80 7-25 Projections of Wastewater Flows and Population Served, Planning Sub- area 2.2-Indiana Portion .............................................. 80 7-26 Areas Anticipated to Need Advanced Waste Treatment, Planning Sub- area 2.2-Indiana Portion .............................................. 80 7-27 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 2.2-Indiana Portion .......................................... 80 7-28 Projections of Wastewater Flows and Population Served, Planning Sub- area 2.3-Indiana Portion .............................................. 81 7-29 Areas Anticipated to Need Advanced Waste Treatment, Planning Sub- area 2.3-Indiana Portion .............................................. 81 7-30 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 2.3-Indiana Portion .......................................... 81 7-31 Projections of Wastewater Flows and Population Served, Planning Sub- area 2.3-Michigan Portion ............................................. 81 7-32 Areas Anticipated to Need Advanced Waste Treatment, Planning Sub- area 2.3-Michigan Portion ............................................. 82 7-33 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 2.3-Michigan Portion ......................................... 84 7-34 Projections of Wastewater Flows and Population Served, Planning Sub- area 2.4-Michigan ..................................................... 85 7-35 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 2.4-Michigan ................................................. 85 7-36 Lake Huron Basin Counties by Planning Subarea ...................... 97 7-37 Projections of Wastewater Flows and Population Served, Planning Sub- area 3.1-Michigan ..................................................... 114 7-38 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 3.1-Michigan ................................................. 114 7-39 Projections of Wastewater Flows and Population Served, Planning Sub- area 3.2-Michigan ..................................................... 114 List of Tables xvii Table Page 7-40 Areas Anticipated to Need Advanced Waste Treatment, Planning Sub- area 3.2-Michigan ..................................................... 117 7-41 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 3.2-Michigan ................................................. 117 7-42 Summary of Chemical and Bacteriological Data-Maumee River Basin in Indiana ................................................................ 136 7-43 Nitrate Concentration-Maumee River ................................. 138 7-44 Summary of Lake Erie Water Quality at Municipal Waterworks Intakes 145 7-45 Summary of the Bacterial Quality of the Waters at Beaches Along Lake Erie ..................................................................... 146 7-46 Summary of the Significant Constituents of Ohio Tributaries to Lake Erie and Their Area of Influence ............................................ 149 7-47 Flow Summary of Lake Erie Tributaries, Planning Subarea 4.4-New York ................................................................... 150 7-48 Projections of Wastewater Flows and Population Served, Planning Sub- area 4.1-Michigan ..................................................... 151 7-49 Areas Anticipated to Need Advanced Waste Treatment, Planning Sub- area 4.1-Michigan ..................................................... 153 7-50 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 4.1-Michigan ................................................. 154 7-51 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Esti- mates, Planning Subarea 4.2-Ohio Portion ............................ 157 7-52 Projections of Wastewater Flows and Population Served, Planning Sub- area 4.2-Indiana Portion .............................................. 157 7-53 Areas Anticipated to Need Advanced Waste Treatment, Planning Sub- area 4.2-Indiana ...................................................... 158 7-54 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 4.2-Indiana Portion .......................................... 158 7-55 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Esti- mates, Planning Subarea 4.3-Ohio ..................................... 160 7-56 Waste Loads (MGD), Planning Subarea 4.4-New York and Pennsylvania 163 7-57 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Esti- mates, Planning Subarea 4.4-New York ............................... 163 7-58 Present and Future Treatment Needs, Planning Subarea 4.4 ........... 164 7-59 Treatment Costs for Stream Discharges, Lake Erie-Pennsylvania Por- tion .................................................................... 166 xviii Appendix 7 Table Page 7-60 Treatment Costs, Lake Erie-Pennsylvania Portion .................... 166 7-61 Waste Loads (MGD), Planning Subarea 5.1-New York ................. 187 7-62 Present and Future Treatment Needs, Planning Subarea 5.1-New York 188 7-63 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Esti- mates, Planning Subarea 5.1-New York ............................... 190 7-64 Waste Loads (MGD), Planning Subarea 5.2-New York ................. 198 7-65 Present and Future Treatment Needs, Planning Subarea 5.2-New York 200 7-66 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Esti- mates, Planning Subarea 5.2-New York ............................... 201 7-67 Waste Loads (MGD), Planning Subarea 5.3-New York ................. 205 7-68 Present and Future Treatment Needs, Planning Subarea 5.3-New York 206 7-69 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Esti- mates, Planning Subarea 5.3-New York ............................... 206 7-70 Approved Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.1 ........ 219 7-71 Completed Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.1 ....... 220 7-72 Pending Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.1 .......... 221 7-73 Completed Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.2 ....... 223 7-74 Approved Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.2 ........ 224 7-75 Pending Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.2 .......... 225 7-76 Completed Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.3 ....... 227 7-77 Approved Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.3 ........ 227 7-78 Pending Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.3 .......... 228 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 7-1 Lake Michigan Designated Use Areas .................................. 28 7-2 Lake Huron Designated Use Areas ..................................... 29 7-3 Detroit River and Lake Erie Designated Use Areas .................... 30 7-4 St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair Designated Use Areas ............... 31 7-5 Lake Superior West, Planning Subarea 1.1 ............................. 46 7-6 Lake Superior East, Planning Subarea 1.2 ............................. 47 7-7 Lake Superior Water Circulation Patterns ............................. 49 7-8 Lake Michigan Basin, Plan Area 2 ..................................... 60 7-9 Planning Subarea 2.3-Michigan Portion, Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .................................................................. 83 7-10 Planning Subarea 2.4, Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .............. 86 7-11 Lake Huron Basin, Plan Area 3 ........................................ 96 7-12 Surface Currents, Summer Period, Lake Huron ........................ 98 7-13 Mean Surface Dissolved Oxygen Saturation, Saginaw Bay ............. 100 7-14 Mean Bottom Dissolved Oxygen Saturation, Saginaw Bay ............. 101 7-15 Mean Transparency, Saginaw Bay ..................................... 102 7-16 Median Total Coliform Densities, Saginaw Bay ......................... 103 7-17 Planning Subarea 3.1-Lake Huron North ............................. 104 7-18 Planning Subarea 3.2-Lake Huron Central ............................ 107 7-19 Planning Subarea 3.2-Major Areas of Substandard Water Quality .... 109 7-20 Planning Subarea 3.2-Minor Drainage Areas .......................... 113 7-21 Planning Subarea 3.1-Lake Huron North, Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .................................................................. 115 7-22 Planning Subarea 3.2, Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .............. 118 7-23 Lake Erie Basin, Plan Area 4 .......................................... 124 xix xx Appendix 7 Figure Page 7-24 Planning Subarea 4.1 ................................................... 125 7-25 Raisin River Basin ..................................................... 127 7-26 Huron River Basin ..................................................... 129 7-27 Rouge River Basin ..................................................... 131 7-28 Clinton River Basin .................................................... 133 7-29 Planning Subarea 4.2 ................................................... 135 7-30 Planning Subarea 4.3 ................................................... 139 7-31 Profiles of Oxygen Demand and Dissolved Oxygen, Cuyahoga River- Akron to Lake Erie .................................................... 141 7-32 Planning Subarea 4.4 ................................................... 147 7-33 Planning Subarea 4.1, Advanced Waste Treatment Needs .............. 155 7-34 Planning Subarea 4.2, Wastewater Treatment Needs ................... 156 7-35 Planning Subarea 4.3, Wastewater Treatment Needs ................... 159 7-36 Planning Subarea 4.4, Wastewater Treatment Needs ................... 165 7-37 Lake Ontario Basin, Plan Area 5 ....................................... 172 7-38 Lake Ontario West, Planning Subarea 5.1 (Zones of Water Quality Im- pairment) .............................................................. 189 7-39 Planning Subarea 5.2 (Zones of Water Quality Impairment) ............ 202 7-40 Planning Subarea 5.3 (Zones of Water Quality Impairment) ............ 207 INTRODUCTION Purpose control needs at a framework study level. For example, wastewater discharges are "point" The purpose of this appendix is to examine discharges, but some kinds of data may not be existing conditions and future prospects for available or needed below the planning sub- water quality in the Great Lakes Basin as a area or river basin group level of plan formu- part of the Great Lakes Basin Commission lation. Identification of problems for a smaller comprehensive water and related land re- geographic area such as a river basin or com- sources study. The report summarizes water plex sometimes required assumptions about quality conditions and trends in relation to the probable distribution and incidence of established water use designations and poten- water demands, waste flows, and loads. tial future uses. It also identifies the nature, Additional data and study would be re- location, and gravity of water quality prob- quired to document and verify many of the lems, and defines actions needed to maintain specific problem areas indicated in this study, or improve the quality of the waters of the and one should not attach a higher level of Basin. Also found in the report are general accuracy to the study's findings than that cost estimates for carrying out major compo- warranted by a framework study. nents of the required action program. Basic Treatment Scope Basic treatment is the combination of sec- This appendix appraises the effectiveness of ondary or standard biological treatment, ongoing programs in the treatment and dis- which removes 90 percent of the organic con- posal of waterborne wastes. It translates the stituents as measured by the standard 5-day economic projections and water use data de- biochemical oxygen demand, and coagulation veloped in other appendixes into resulting and sedimentation with lime, which removes waste loads, needs for wastewater treatment, 80 percent of the phosphorus. Basic treatment and other measures for dealing with water- includes the activated sludge process, effluent borne wastes under conditions of development chlorination, year-round coagulation and projected for 1980, 2000, and 2020. These data sedimentation with lime, and lime recalcina- are given for appropriate geographic compo- tion. Coagulation and sedimentation with lime nents of each of the major Lake basins. is included in the basic treatment because the Great Lakes Basin States have agreed upon Basinwide phosphorus removal. Methodology Methodology was established to project Advanced Waste Treatment wastewater treatment costs for the 1970 to 1980, 1980 to 2000, and 2000 to 2020 study Advanced waste treatment, defined as periods; to identify reaches of streams where treatment beyond basic treatment, removes advanced waste treatment will be required in most organic and inorganic contaminants each study period; and to identify other water that remain after secondary treatment. quality control needs. For determining cost estimates in this All projections in this appendix are based on study, advanced waste treatment is consid- population and industrial growth projections ered to include the granular carbon adsorp- for the defined multicounty planning sub- tion and ammonia stripping processes. How- areas. ever, several alternative waste removal The use of a number of general assumptions methods exist. These include on-land effluent was necessary to determine water quality disposal techniques and removal of the xxi xxii Appendix 7 effluent from the basin. This appendix does was used to apportion the total municipal and not recommend the method that should be industrial wastewater flows to major node used. points. This discharge was then divided into the 7-day 10-year low flow at the stream's node point. If this ratio is less than eight to one, a Wastewater Flows need exists for advanced waste treatment, stream-flow augmentation, or a combination Projections of wastewater flows were made of these methods. The amount of augmenta- to determine treatment costs and advanced tion needed was not estimated for this study. waste treatment needs. Wastewater flows The lake basin groups of the Water Quality were converted from municipal and industrial Work Group prepared a preliminary list of water-use figures presented in Appendix 6, stream reaches where a potential need for ad- Water Supply Industrial, and vanced waste treatment or flow augmentation Rural. It was assumed that municipal waste- existed. The Surface Water Hydrology Work water flow is equal to municipal water use. For Group furnished the 7-day 10-year low flows purposes of this study, it was also assumed for the places identified. that industrial processing water is treated by While it is clear that all the wastewater in a the industries and is not discharged into mu- planning subarea does not discharge into a nicipal sewerage systems. To the extent feasi- single stream at a single point, this assump- ble, wastewater treatment requirements and tion was made to derive total planning sub- costs were separated into municipal and in- area treatment costs for areas predominately dustrial categories. Only industries that dis- composed of one or two large municipalities. charge process water with a significant or- For areas where the population is fairly ganic loading were included in the industrial evenly distributed among several municipali- category. ties, wastewater flows were applied sepa- rately for each receiving stream. Waste Treatment Needs Treatment Cost Estimates Advanced waste treatment is considered necessary when the residual biochemical oxy- The total cost for basic and advanced waste gen demand (BOD) loading from a secondary treatment was derived for both municipal and treatment plant depletes the dissolved oxygen industrial flows. Both capital costs and in the receiving stream below the level re- operating and maintenance costs were de- quired by State standards for the State mini- rived from two reports prepared by Robert mum flow condition. This is usually the 7-day Smith, Federal Water Quality Administra- average low flow expected to recur once in 10 tion, Division of Research, Cincinnati Water years (7-day 10-year low flow). Research Laboratory. The first report, A One objective of waste-load, treatment- Compilation of Cost Information for Conven- quality studies is to identify stream reaches tional and Advanced Wastewater Treatment where advanced waste treatment and/or flow Plants and Processes,3 dated December 1967, augmentation is needed to meet the water includes graphs and tables showing costs for quality standards. Required minimum dis- the activated sludge and chlorination proc- solved oxygen levels are higher for trout esses. The second report, Cost and Perform- streams than for warmwater fisheries. ance Estimates for Tertiary Wastewater Because this study does not quantify point Treating Processes,4 dated June 1969, includes discharges, a' simplified method was used to graphs and tables on costs for the lime clarifi- identify advanced waste treatment needs. It cation, recalcination, ammonia stripping, and was assumed that if the 7-day 10-year low flow granular carbon adsorption processes. Cost is eight times the wastewater flow, the dis- data were updated to January 1, 1970, using solved oxygen criteria will be met. The actual an annual increase of six percent. These two required dilution ratio depends on the charac- publications should be consulted for details ter of the stream and its assimilative capacity. on unit cost figures. Land costs and the cost Lower ratios were used for certain streams of chemicals for the lime clarification proc- when data indicated that a lower ratio would esses are not included in these figures. satisfy the oxygen requirements. Estimates of the cost of meeting water qual- To determine advanced waste treatment ity control needs were determined for each needs in each planning subarea, judgment planning subarea. Costs were itemized for the Introduction xxiii 1970 to 1980, 1980 to 2000, and 2000 to 2020 standards. All of the elements of the new pro- study periods. gram are interrelated in a mandatory plan- Costs for 1970 to 1980 were determined by ning procedure. State pollution control agencies from existing The goals of the Act are the groundwork for file data, including construction needs lists. In a series of specific actions aimed at the pre- some cases, additional data compiled by the vention, reduction, and elimination of water States were used. pollution. These actions directly affect the in- Costs for new plant capacity for the 1980 to formation contained in this appendix: 2000 study period were based on increases in (1) a review and upgrading of water qual- water use as determined by the Water Supply ity standards in order to accomplish the first Work Group, and on replacement needs. Costs goal were derived by multiplying the difference in (2) stringent new effluent limitations for flow between 2000 and 1980 by the unit cost pollution abatement figures for the unit processes described in the (3) increased Federal funding for con- Smith reports. Judgment was used to choose struction of municipal wastewater treatment unit cost figures based on the variability of facilities community sizes within a planning subarea. These three elements are based primarily New plant capacity costs for the remaining on a set of rigid effluent limitations affecting study period were calculated similarly. both municipal and industrial dischargers. Major repairs are generally considered un- The program of major water quality im- necessary for the first 20 years after a plant provements prescribed in the Act has been has been constructed. For recent plant im- divided into two distinct phases. The phase provement projects, it was assumed that no one deadline is July 1, 1977. By this date every major repair costs would be required for the industrial discharger must put into practice 1970 to 1980 period. Repair costs were based on the "best practicable control technology cur- plant capacity determined by using the pro- rently av,ailable," and municipal dischargers jected volume of flow at the beginning of the are required to complete construction of secon- 1980 and 2000 study periods. Repair and re- dary treatment facilities. Both municipalities placement costs were derived by assuming and industry are required to provide that they would equal 50 percent of the total additional treatment, if required to meet replacement cost. Constant-value 1970 dollars stream quality standards. were used. The second major phase of the Act is di- rected toward more complete pollution con- trol. By July 1, 1983, industries discharging Recent Developments into the nation's waterways will be required to install the "best available" technology to con- The program developed by State and Fed- trol their wastes. Municipalities are required eral governments in response to the Federal to use the "best practicable wastewater Water Pollution Control Act (P.L. 84-660), as treatment technology" for their wastes. amended in 1970, served as the basis for this In order to help States successfully carry appendix. Subsequently a new act was out their water pollution control programs, enacted involving a sweeping revision of the Federal funding for construction of municipal entire governmental program for control of waste treatment facilities has been greatly in- water pollution in this country. This new act, creased. Although the actual amount of Fed- the Federal Water Pollution Control Act eral funds available will be subject to the Amendments of 1972 (P.L. 92-500), proclaims limits derived from the overall Federal two general goals for the United States: budget, the total amount of funds available (1) to achieve wherever possible by July 1, during the 1972-1974 period is nearly three 1983, water that is clean enough for swimming times greater than the amount made avail- and other recreational uses, and clean enough able during the previous 15 years. for the protection of fish, shellfish and wildlife The Refuse Act permit program, established (2) to have no discharges of pollutants into in 1970 to control the discharge of pollutants the nation's waterways by 1985 into navigable waters, has now been replaced The new Act is detailed in some areas and and expanded by the National Pollutant Dis- deals in broad sweeping concepts in others. charge Elimination System or "Permit Pro- The new national water quality goals are to be gram." Under the NPDES all industries and achieved through a permit program based on municipalities must have discharge permits. effluent limitations as well as water quality The Administrator of the Environmental Pro- xxiv Appendix 7 tection Agency is authorized to issue permits ment works. for discharges that meet all applicable Past planning grant provisions have been effluent limitations and discharge criteria. supplemented by a new areawide planning Specific requirements for each discharger will process. The law provides that "to the extent be spelled out in these permits. practicable, waste treatment management As previously mentioned, the entire pro- shall be on an areawide basis and provide con- gram for water quality improvements is coor- trol of all point and non-point sources of pollu- dinated with revised planning procedures. tion . . . ." State program plans are continued under the The new Act also requires Level B water new law in a modified form supplemented by a resource plans by 1980 for all basins in the continuous State planning process, which is United States. These Level B studies will be now the basic element in the entire water pol- coordinated by the various river basin com- lution control effort. The Act provides grants missions, with representation from the EPA, to State or interstate planning agencies that the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and the develop comprehensive pollution control Army, and other Federal agencies. plans for river basins. Interstate cooperative Because of these and other dramatic activities for pollution control are encouraged. changes required by the Act, much of the data The continuous State planning process must supplied in this appendix has been outdated. cover all navigable waters and must include Specifically, projected wastewater treatment effluent limitations, applicable portions of needs and treatment costs are no longer valid. areawide planning, daily-waste load limits for In many cases some incremental higher level streams, procedures for revision, water qual- treatment will be needed. These data have ity standards compliance schedules, control been included, however, for reference. Re- over residual wastes from water treatment vised cost data generated by the 1973 needs processes, and an inventory and priority rank- survey are included in Appendix 1,Alternative ing of needs for construction of waste treat- Frameworks. Section I FEDERAL PROGRAMS 1.1 Environmental Protection Agency ment and revision of comprehensive programs for water pollution control. The first permanent Federal legislation In addition, Section 3(c) of the Federal controlling water pollution, passed by Con- Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, gress in 1956, became Public Law 84-660, the provides for grants not to exceed 50 percent of Federal Water Pollution Control Act. It is the administrative expenses of a planning under this Act, amended in 1961, 1965, 1966, agency for a period not to exceed three years. and 1970, that the Federal efforts described in Such grants are made at the request of the this appendix were directed. Reorganization governor of a State, or a majority of the gover- Plan No. 3, effective December 2, 1970, estab- nors when more than one State is involved. A lished the Environmental Protection Agency regional planning agency can qualify for a (EPA) as a new, independent agency within grant if it provides for adequate representa- the Executive Branch. The functions carried tion of appropriate State, interstate, local, or out by the Federal Water Quality Administra- international interests involved. It must be tion (formerly in the Department of the In- capable of developing an effective comprehen- terior) and several functions of other Federal sive water quality control and abatement plan agencies were transferred to the Environ- for a basin. General provisions of the plans are mental Protection Agency. The principal detailed in the Act. water-related activities of the Environmental Protection Agency include comprehensive programs, water quality standards, technical 1.1.2 Water Quality Standards assistance, grant programs, enforcement, Federal installations, Refuse Act permit pro- The Water Quality Act of 1965 amended the grams, water hygiene, environmental im- Federal Water Pollution Control Act to pacts, pesticides programs, radiation pro- provide for the establishment of water quality grams, research and monitoring, and public standards for interstate waters. In the ab- information. sence of State action, such standards were to be adopted by the Secretary of the Interior and later by the Administrator of the 1.1.1 Comprehensive Programs Environmental Protection Agency (under Reorganization Plan No. 3). All States elected Section 3(a) of the Federal Water Pollution to draft their own water quality standards, Control Act, as amended, indicates that the which with minor exceptions were approved administrator of EPA (per Reorganization by the Federal Agency. Plan No. 3) shall, "in cooperation with other State standards contain three main ele- Federal Agencies, with State water pollution ments: control agencies and interstate agencies, and (1) the delineation of use, such as swimming, with the municipalities and industries in- drinking water, industrial use, or a combina- volved, prepare or develop comprehensive tion of these uses, for each stretch of river, programs for eliminating or reducing the pol- lake, or coastal water lution of interstate and tributaries thereof (2) scientific determination of specific and improving the sanitary conditions of sur- characteristics or criteria permitting the ap- face and underground waters." propriate uses agreed on by the State and the The activities of the various work groups of Federal government. Limits on such pollu- the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study, in tants as bacteria, toxic materials, and taste- which the EPA is participating, provide an and odor-producing substances in the water important basis for the continued develop- are set by the standards. 2 Appendix 7 (3) step-by-step plan for construction by which the Coast Guard is operating, has to cities and industries of waste treatment promulgate 'Federal Standards of perform- facilities and use of other measures to meet ance for marine sanitation devices. the water quality requirements In a joint statement on March 1, 1967, the De- A copy of State standards is available upon partment of the Interior (EPA per Reorgani- request to the appropriate State agency. zation Plan No. 3) and the Corps of Engineers agreed on a program for disposing of polluted material dredged from harbors in the Great 1.1.3 Technical Assistance Lakes. It was agreed that in order to maintain navigation, the Corps of Engineers would pro- EPA technical assistance activities include ceed with dredging on 64 channel and harbor assistance upon request to States, local au- projects in the Great Lakes in calendar year thorities, industries, and other Federal agen- 1967. In addition, the Corps initiated a pilot cies through the State water pollution control program early in 1967 to develop alternative agencies. The program includes maintaining disposal methods, which would ultimately water quality surveillance through a monitor- lead the nationwide effort to improve water ing system. EPA has responsibility for inter- quality through prevention, control, and preting and evaluating water quality data as abatement of water pollution by Federal they relate to pollution control or quality water resources projects. In the fall of 1968 an management. operation al-scaled dike area was started in Technical service and reports on the need the Cleveland, Ohio area. It started receiving for and value of storage for regulation of dredged material from the Cuyahoga River in stream flow are supplied to Federal construc- 1969. A 12-volume report, Dredging and Water tion agencies concerned with water quality Quality Problems in the Great Lakes'5 Was control. completed in 1969. The EPA research facilities in the Great Lakes Region include a National Water Qual- ity Laboratory at Duluth, Minnesota, which is 1.1.4 Grant Programs responsible for developing water quality re- quirements for all freshwater uses in the EPA grant programs pertaining to water United States. Other matters included in the can be categorized as construction grants, program are lake current, wastes from wa- program grants, research and demonstration tercraft, disposal of dredged material, pes- grants, and basin planning grants. On July 2, ticides (see Subsection 1.1.12), and coordina- 1970, amendments to the regulations for tion with Canada on solutions to pollution grants for construction of treatment works problems. were adopted (Title 18, Chapter V, Part 601), Knowledge of lake currents is fundamental requiring that waste treatment projects as- to understanding the fate of pollutants put sisted with Federal funds be included in an into the lake and the effects, both local and effective basin, metropolitan, or regional plan. widespread, of these pollutants on water qual- These regulations provide for initial certifica- ity and associated water uses. This informa- tion of regional or metropolitan plans by the tion was gleaned through a study of speed and governor or his designee and for subsequent direction of currents and water temperatures consideration as to adequacy by the EPA. throughout the Great Lakes. Since passage of the 1956 Act, Federal con- Pollution of Navigable Waters of the United struction grants have been made in each of the States by Wastes from Watercraft,6 a report Great Lakes States to help communities build submitted to the Congress on June 30, 1967, needed sewage treatment facilities. The con- proposed legislation based on its findings. It struction grants section of the Federal Act has recommended that States adopt uniform re- been amended three times, each time increas- quirenients controlling the discharge of waste ing financial assistance. from watercraft and that all marinas and Section 7 of the Water Pollution Control Act, other installations serving watercraft be re- as amended, authorizes an appropriation of quired to provide the proper disposal facilities. $10 million annually for fiscal years 1968 The Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 through 1971 for grants to State and in- incorporated provisions for the control of sew- terstate agencies to assist them in. meeting age from vessels. According to the Act, the ad- the costs of establishing and maintaining ministrator of the EPA, after consultation adequate pollution control programs. Each with the Secretary of the Department in State is allotted $12,000 and the remainder of Federal Programs 3 the funds is distributed on the basis of popula- to pollution control techniques. See Appendix tion, financial need, and the extent of the F20, Federal Laws, Policies, and Institutional water pollution problems facing the State. Arrangements, and Appendix S20, State Laws, Section 6 of the Water Pollution Control Act, Policies, and Institutional Arrangements, for as amended, authorizes the research and further information. demonstration grants and contracts program. The Act calls for establishing field laboratory and research facilities to conduct research, 1.1.6 Federal Activities investigations, experiments, field demonstra- tion and studies, and training related to the The Federal government has not overlooked prevention and control of water pollution. the pollution hazards created by its own ac- tivities. On February 4,1970, President Nixon issued Executive Order 11507, "Prevention 1.1.5 Interstate Enforcement Action Control and Abatement of Air and Water Pol- lution at Federal Facilities," which states that Under the provisions of the Federal Water heads of agencies are to ensure that all Pollution Control Act, EPA is authorized to facilities under their jurisdiction are de- call an enforcement conference when re- signed, operated, and maintained so as to con- quested to do so by the governor of a State, form to standards pursuant to the Federal when, on the basis of reports, surveys, or Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. Pro- studies, he has reason to believe that pollution cedures are established for abatement of of interstate waters subject to abatement water pollution at existing facilities, at under the Act is occurring. planned new facilities, and at Federal water The purpose of the conference is to bring resources projects. together the State water pollution control Actions necessary to meet the requirements agencies, the representatives of the EPA, and of this order were to be completed or under other interested parties to review the existing way no later than December 31, 1972. In cases situations and the progress that has been where an enforcement conference required made, to lay a basis for future action, and to earlier action, the earlier date was to be appli- give the States, localities, and industries an cable. opportunity to take remedial action under State and local laws. The Environmental Protection Agency is 1.1.7 Refuse Act Permit Program empowered to seek court action if necessary to carry out its regulatory responsibilities. Executive Order 11574, "Administration of The Oil Pollution Act of 1924 prohibited the Refuse Act Permit Program," was signed by discharge of oil by vessels in the waters within the President on December 23, 1970. This pro- the United States. As amended, it made un- gram is to "regulate the discharge of pollut- lawful, with some exception, the grossly negli- ants and other refuse matter into the naviga- gent or willful discharge of oil from vessels ble waters of the United States or their into the navigable waters and adjoining tributaries and the placing of such matter shorelines of the United States. Under Presi- upon their banks." The Secretary of the Army, dential directives, a National Multiagency Oil after consultation with the administrator of and Hazardous Materials Contingency Plan the Environmental Protection Agency re- was developed.' Interim multiagency con- specting water quality matters, is required to tingency plans for the Great Lakes Region issue and amend, as appropriate,'regulations, were developed in July 1968 and April 1969. procedures, and instructions for receiving, The initial phase of regional contingency processing, and evaluating applications for planning was conducted on the Federal level permits pursuant to the authority of the Act of to develop a coordinated Federal response to March 3, 1899, c.425.30 Stat. 1152 (33 U.S.C. spills of oil or other hazardous material. The 407). Relationships with other Federal agen- Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 re- cies are described in the Executive Order. peats much of what was included in the Oil Pollution Act of 1924, except under this Act the Coast Guard is the primary enforcement 1.1.8 Water Hygiene agency on the Great Lakes relative to oil pol- lution by vessels and facilities as defined in The principal water hygiene responsibilities the Act. The EPA provides expertise relative of the EPA include establishing and imple- 4 Appendix 7 menting drinking water standards for sys- human health, non-target fish and wildlife tems subject to Federal law and recommend- and their environments, and establishes ing shellfish and recreational water standards guidelines and standards for analytical through programs of surveillance, research methods of residue detection. and development, technical assistance, and training. 1.1.13 Radiation Programs 1.1.9 Environmental Impact The Office of Radiation Programs of the EPA is responsible for the radiation activities The National Environmental Policy Act of of the Agency, including the development of 1969 and Executive Order 11514 on Protection radiation protection guidelines and and Enhancement of Environmental Quality environmental radiation standards. It moni- require each Federal agency to assess the tors these guidelines and standards as well as environmental impact of its activities, levels of background environmental radiation whether carried out directly or under grants, and evaluates new or proposed Federal or contracts, permits, or licenses, with a view to- Federally regulated activities. The office also ward minimizing adverse environmental ef- offers technical assistance and training pro- fects. Requirements of the NEP Act apply to grams, and conducts a research and develop- EPA's construction actions, planning ac- ment program to support the Agency's objec- tivities, technical studies, and policy state- tives in radiation protection. ments relative to water quality projection. The EPA has the additional role of assisting other agencies in preparing their environmen- 1.2 Department of the Interior tal statements and reviewing their draft statement. 1.2.1 Geological Survey 1.1.10 Research and Monitoring Both the EPA and the U.S. Geological Sur- vey (USGS) have need for continuing water Research and monitoring activities include, measurements of a basic type. The USGS has but are not limited to, the development and responsibility for meeting the data needs of direction of research programs relative to pol- both agencies. This requires collection of data lution sources and pollution control. at fixed points for a period of three years or more. The EPA, other Federal agencies, and State and local cooperators may operate cer- 1.1.11 Public Affairs tain stations or perform other test work as an interim measure or a permanent arrange- EPA's public affairs role involves releasing ment when this appears to be the most effec- facts about water pollution control to the news tive course of action. media, interested groups and organizations, and the public. It also serves those who need particular information in order to participate 1.2.2 Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife effectively in water pollution control pro- grams. Programs for conservation of fish and wildlife are carried on primarily by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. For 1.1.12 Pesticides Programs this study the bureau prepared reports on the fish and wildlife aspects of water pollution The pesticide activities of the EPA include control in each of the Great Lake basins. establishment of tolerance levels for pesticide residues that occur in or on food, the registra- tion of pesticide uses for protection of man and 1.2.3 Bureau of Mines his environment, and review of pesticide for- mulations for efficacy and hazard. EPA also The Secretary of the Interior, through the regulates sale or use patterns when necessary Fish and Wildlife Service (as modified by and checks for compliance with label Reorganization Plan No. 3) and the Bureau of provisions. It conducts research on effects on Mines, is authorized to make such investiga- Federal Programs 5 tions as he deems necessary to determine the 1.4 Department of Agriculture effects on wildlife of domestic sewage, mine, petroleum, and industrial wastes, erosion silt, The Forest Service has responsibility for and other polluting substances. He is to report cooperative State-Federal forestry programs to the Congress concerning such investigation and the administration of the National Forest and make recommendations for alleviating system. One of the objectives is to reduce ero- dangerous and undesirable effects of such pol- sion and sediment production, and to improve lution. However, the Bureau of Mines has no both the water quality and quantity through statutory authority for the control or use of good management practices on the forested either water or wastewater disposal by the portions of watersheds. When appropriate, the mineral industry. Forest Service conducts water quality moni- toring and bacterial sampling in National Forest areas. Other functions include in-depth forestry research, including research on 1.2.4 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation environmentally safe methods of disposing of sewage effluent and sludge on forest land Proper water resource use and maintenance areas. or enhancement of high quality recreational The Agricultural Stabilization and Conser- opportunities at water recreation areas is of vation Service provides financial and techni- great concern to the Bureau of Outdoor Rec- cal assistance to farmers for installing needed reation. As a consequence, the Bureau par- soil conservation practices. ticipates in many water resource studies, The Agricultural Research Service con- either directly through analysis of recreation ducts res6arch on many water related matters needs or by review of the analyses of other including practices and systems for prevent- agencies. The Bureau provides recreation in- ing or controlling contamination of soil and puts for a variety of water resource research water resources by agricultural chemicals and and planning efforts. The Lake Central re- farm wastes. gional office has produced five Great Lakes The Farmers Home Administration water-oriented outdoor recreation studies, provides credit and technical and manage- which emphasize the impact of water quality ment assistance to rural groups for developing on recreation. community water supply and sewerage sys- The pri mary mission of the Bureau's water tems, and administers a program of loans for resources program is to guarantee that all capital improvements and operating costs in types of water recreation areas are free from connection with water and sewerage facilities, pollution and unwise development. land and water conservation measures, and recreational facilities. The Soil Conservation Service develops and carries out a national soil and water conserva- 1.3 Department of Housing and Urban tion program. It provides technical aid both to Development individual landowners and to groups of indi- viduals and organizations who want to con- The Department of Housing and Urban De- serve land and water resources. These proj- velopment is involved in urban planning, ects can be geared to the abatement of water which includes water resources programs in pollution by retarding the surface runoff and the fields of water supply, sewage, and storm erosion, which contribute pesticides, nu- drainage. The Department's grant program trients, and sediment, and by preventing ani- for basic sewer and water facilities is designed mal wastes from reaching surface waters to assist communities finance water and through the runoff process. sewer lines that are, or can be, part of an effi- cient areawide coordinated system with a local program for comprehensive community 1.5 Department of Defense development. The Department's public facil- ity loans program provides long-term loans for Upon the advice of the EPA administrator, the construction of needed public facilities, storage to regulate streamflow and improve such as sewer or water facilities. When aid is water quality may be recommended in multi- available from other Federal agencies, these purpose reservoirs, but not as a substitute for loans apply to those parts of the project not adequate local treatment or other methods of covered by other Federal programs. controlling wastes at the source. 6 Appendix 7 See Subsection 1. 1. 7 for the Secretary of the 1.8 Council on Environmental Quality Army's responsibilities with reference to the administration of the Refuse Permit Program. The Council on Environmental Quality, as The Secretary of the Army, working with created by the National Environmental Qual- other Federal agencies, also has the basic re- ity Act which was approved January 1970, is sponsibility for "granting, denying, condition- composed of three members, appointed by the ing, revoking or suspending Refuse Act Per- President with the advice and consent of the mits." The Corps also engages in programs for Senate. Duties and functions of the Council Pilot Wastewater Management Studies and include, but are not limited to, such activities Urban Studies. as assisting the President in the preparation of the Environmental Quality Report required by the Act; gathering, analyzing and inter- 1.6 Department of Transportation preting trends in the quality of the environ- ment; and developing and recommending to The Department of Transportation Act, the President national policies to improve Public Law 89-670, (80 Stat. 931) provides for environmental quality. the establishment of a Department of Trans- portation. The principal agency within this de- partment having responsibilities in the field of 1.9 International Joint Commission water quality control is the Coast Guard. In accordance with the Water Quality Im- The International Joint Commission, a per- provement Act of 1970 the Coast Guard has manent body of three members from both the the major responsibilities when vessels and U.S. and Canada, was established by the onshore and offshore facilities, as defined in Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 to administer the Act, pollute with oil. In connection with specific delegated powers and, upon request, the National Multiagency Oil and Hazardous to prepare recommendations for action on Materials Contingency Plan, the Coast Guard problems of mutual concern to both countries. provides support in accordance with its re- It was formed to carry out the purposes -of sponsibilities in the fields of navigation, port the 1909 treaty which are "to prevent dis- safety, security, and maritime law enforce- putes regarding the use of boundary waters ment. The Coast Guard is responsible for and to settle all questions which are now pend- promulgation of the Regional Contingency ing between the United States and the Domin- Plan for all coastal regions. ion of Canada involving the rights, obliga- In accordance with the contingency plan, tions, or interests of either along their com- Regional Operations Centers were estab- mon frontier, and to make provision for the lished at the Ninth Coast Guard District Office adjustment and settlement of all such ques- in Cleveland and in the Second Coast Guard tions as may hereafter arise . . ." District Office in St. Louis. The location and The United States commissioners are ap- circumstances of an oil spill determine which pointed by and serve at the pleasure of the of the two sites is activated. The captain of a President. The Canadian commissioners are port is to act as the on-scene commander when appointed by Order in Council of the Canadian a major pollution spill occurs in the Great government, and serve at the pleasure of the Lakes Region. Guidelines entitled "General government. Patterns of Response Actions" have been pre- The treaty gives the IJC responsibilities in pared. two general categories. The first of these is to approve or disapprove all proposals for the use, obstruction, or diversion of boundary wa- 1.7 Department of Commerce ters on either side of the boundary that would affect the natural level or flow of the boundary The National Oceanic and Atmospheric waters on the other side. Examples in the Administration, Department of Commerce, Great Lakes system include the regulating has responsibilities affecting water quality works at Sault Ste. Marie, and the hydroelec- that are assigned to selected elements of the tric power developments on the St. Lawrence Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. These in- River. clude economic aspects of fishery operations The second general responsibility of the IJ`C and the provision of grants for aquatic re- is to investigate and make recommendations search. on specific problems referred to it by either or Federal Programs 7 both governments. References (requests for created for that purpose, and the boards' de- investigation and recommendations) by the tailed report was published in 1969.2 The two governments have been made on such var- Commission's report to the governments, pub- ied subjects as water pollution, air pollution, lished the following year, concluded that the regulation of the levels of the Great Lakes, referenced waters "are being seriously pol- and preservation of the American Falls at luted on both sides of the boundary to the Niagara. detriment of both countries, and to an extent The first pollution reference resulted in an which is causing injury to health and property investigation in 1913 that covered the entire on the other side of the boundary." boundary waters. The final report, published The report contained proposed water qual- in 1918, was largely concerned with bacterial ity objectives for the lower Lakes, and recom- pollution from municipal sewage. Industrial mendations that the governments of Canada wastes were of little concern. The extent of and the United States agree to specific actions sewage pollution at that time resulted in a and programs to abate pollution and improve recommendation that remedial measures be water quality. instituted. The outbreak of World War I and Because of these recommendations, the subsequent events adversely affected action governments entered into negotiation to de- on these findings. velop an international agreement for the pur- In 1946, the Commission received a refer- pose of water quality management of all ence concerning pollution of the St. Clair boundary waters in the Great Lakes system. River, Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River, The agreement, which was concluded April 15, which was later extended to include the St. 1972, greatly expands IJC responsibilities for Marys and Niagara Rivers. Field surveys the coordination and overview of United were carried out from 1946 to 1949, and the States and Canadian Great Lakes water pollu- Commission's report was published in 1951. tion control programs, as well as establishing The report concluded that the waters under a Water Quality Board to implement the reference were being polluted contrary to the provisions of the agreement. Treaty. It recommended remedial measures, as well as water quality objectives to protect Accompanying the agreement was a request the waters for the purposes of domestic and by the two governments for IJC to make a industrial water supply, navigation, fish and study of water pollution in Lakes Huron and wildlife, bathing, recreation, agriculture, and Superior, and a request for IJC to study pollu- other riparian activities. tion of the Great Lakes from the point of view In 1964, the Commission received a ref- of agriculture, forestry, and other land-use ac- erence concerning pollution of Lake Erie, tivities. Lake Ontario, and the international section of The staff of the Environmental Protection the St. Lawrence River. Studies and field sur- Agency has been actively participating in the veys were carried out by two advisory boards above work. Section 2 STATE PROGRAMS 2.1 Illinois provided for the establishment of the Board and outlined its responsibilities and authority The principal State of Illinois agencies con- for control over the pollution of all waters of cerned with water pollution are the the State. Since that time, the Board, with the Environmental Protection Agency and the technical and administrative assistance of the Pollution Control Board. engineering and laboratory staff of the State In 1970, the General Assembly enacted a Board of Health, has pursued programs to statute creating the Environmental Protec- maintain and enhance water quality for all tion Agency Act for the control, prevention, water uses, including public and private pota- and abatement of pollution of the streams, ble water supply, industrial processing, cool- lakes, ponds, and other surface and under- ing water, recreation, fish and wildlife, ag- ground water in the State, and to enhance the riculture, and other legitimate uses. quality of the environment in other aspects as The Board holds regular meetings to con- well. EPA is designated as the water pollution sider water pollution control problems and es- agency of the State. The Pollution Control tablish policy, initiate enforcement actions, Board has the power to decide whether pollu- issue abatement orders, approve plans for tion exists in any of the waters of the State. It water pollution treatment and control also sets rules after hearing cases presented facilities, establish priorities for State and to it either by petition or by the Federal construction grants to municipalities, Environmental Protection Agency. The Board and undertake other business necessary to may also assess penalties and require bonds maintain water quality. Board members serve for performance. Although the area of Illinois as hearing officers in enforcement actions and that drains into Lake Michigan is relatively participate in the Federal conference on Lake small, the Lake is important to the State's Erie. economy, and every effort is made to prevent The Board adopted water quality standards pollution of the waters that are used by the and plans of implementation for individual Metropolitan Chicago area for water supply. basins for all State waters in Fiscal Year 1967. Additional information is contained in Ap- These standards were approved by the Secre- pendix F20, Federal Laws, Policies and Insti- tary of the Interior, on July 19, 1967. Revised tutional Arrangements, and Appendix S20, water quality standards were provisionally State Laws, Policies, and Institutional Ar- adopted by the Board on March 17,1970. The rangements. implementation plans for respective basins provide background information, cite pollu- tion sources, enumerate water uses, and 2.2 Indiana provide a timetable for specific municipalities and industries to complete construction of re- The Indiana Stream Pollution Control quired wastewater treatment facilities. These Board has the authority to control and pre- have been upgraded by means of additions vent pollution of the surface and ground water adopted by the Board during the 1970 fiscal of the State. All plans and specifications for year. An anti- degradation policy, regarding waste treatment facilities to prevent, abate, existing high quality waters in the State, was or correct pollution of Indiana waters must be adopted by the Board on March 17, 1970. approved by the Board prior to construction. I The Board receives no appropriation. Tech- nical and administrative services are provided 2.3 Michigan by the State Board of Health, Bureau of Engineering. The objective of the Michigan Water Re- Chapter 214, Acts of 1943, as amended, sources Commission is to bring all existing un- 9 10 Appendix 7 lawful pollution under control and prevent the Water quality standards for water uses of development of unlawful pollution from popu- the connecting channels have been adopted. lation growth and increased industrial expan- As of June 1, 1972, treatment facilities capable sion. Where new sources occur, the Commis- of meeting water quality standards were re- sion is to limit the duration and intensity of quired on all existing municipal wastewater the pollution to the fullest extent consistent treatment plants. Secondary treatment is re- with requirements of the Water Resources quired as a minimum unless it can be demon- Commission statute. strated that a lesser degree of treatment or Where inadequacies in control of waste dis- control will provide for water quality charges exist, voluntary corrective action is enhancement commensurate with present first suggested. When it appears to the Michi- and future water uses. Exceptions can be gan Water Resources Commission that a vol- granted by the Michigan Water Resources untary program will not be successful or ac- Commission and the Office of Water Pro- complished within a reasonable time period, grams, U.S. Environmental Protection statutory procedures are initiated. Orders Agency. Discharges of raw human sewage into adopted contain specific effluent restrictions public waters was to be corrected by June 1, and specific dates for approval of construction 1972. Year-round disinfection of all final plans and specifications. Also included are effluents from municipal sewage treatment dates for awarding construction contracts, plants is required. Industrial waste dis- beginning construction, completing construc- charges are to meet the same effluent re- tion, and attaining pollution abatement as re- quirements as required for municipal waste quired by the order. effluent. Industrial waste problems identified Sewerage systems must be developed on the in the interstate plan reports were to be basis of separate sewers for stormwater and cleaned up no later than June 1, 1970. sanitary wastewater. When at all feasible, The Water Resources Commission staff reg- separated sanitary wastewater control ularly inspects each incipient pollution prob- facilities must be developed on the combined lem. All orders now adopted by the Commis- system to protect present and future water sion for both industries and municipalities re- uses of the receiving waters, as stipulated in quire routine reports on the quality of wastes the Water Resources Commission statute. discharged to public waters. In addition Problems associated with the overflow of surface-water quality and waste effluents are storm and sanitary waste from existing com- monitored in order to identify the need for bined sewerage systems to public waters must corrective action to abate existing problems be corrected on or before June 1, 1977. or, if possible, to detect and identify the ap- Discharges in public waters of nutrients, proach of pollution conditions in time to initi- particularly phosphates, must be controlled. ate appropriate corrective action before statu- Persons proposing to make new or increased tory injury develops. The Water Resources use of State waters for waste disposal pur- Commission staff reviews and approves or re- poses are required to use technology and proc- jects plans for industrial waste treatment or esses known to remove phosphorus com- control facilities and counsels management on pounds. All existing waste dischargers will be industrial waste treatment or disposal prob- required to provide facilities for the removal of lems. It develops appropriate restrictions and phosphorus compounds by June 1, 1977. time schedules for Commission approval to The discharge of sanitary waste from recre- correct or prevent pollution problems, and ational watercraft is controlled by rules and participates in enforcement procedures initi- regulations adopted by the Water Resources ated by the Commission. It represents the Commission February 22, 1968, with an effec- Commission at statutory hearings and presses tive date of January 1, 1970. Commission Orders in court when voluntary The Michigan Water Resources Commission compliance is not forthcoming. will prevent the development of new problems The Water Resources Commission has es- by continued implementation of Section 8(b) of tablished a branch laboratory at its Pointe its statute, which requires the filing of a Mouill6e office and has enlarged its staff so statement of use by any person proposing to that its greatly expanded surveillance pro- make new or substantial increase in use of gram can maintain a closer watch on waste State waters. The Commission, upon receipt of discharges and evaluate the effect of such dis- a statement, issues an Order stating the mini- charges on the water quality of the Detroit mum restrictions necessary to guard against River and Michigan waters of Lake Erie. The unlawful uses of State waters. Water Resources Commission's worW in this State Programs 11 program comprises three major types of ac- existing collection and treatment systems. No tivities: public sewerage system may be built or al- (1) sampling and testing Detroit River and tered without specific approval by construc- Lake Erie water at 65 locations along seven tion permit. established river and lake ranges (c) conduct inspections to determine that (2) sampling and testing 75 municipal and construction of public sewerage systems con- industrial waste discharges along the Detroit, forms to approved plans and specifications Rouge, and Raisin Rivers (d) require reduction of overflows from (3) noting the general condition of the river existing combined sewer systems. Adoption of and waste discharges during observation runs accelerated programs for effective control of by boat and helicopter overflows from such system is strongly rec- River range samples are normally tested for ommended. Progress has been made in several phenol, chlorides, sulfates, soluble phos- communities by sewer separation. phates, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, (e) require municipal rather than pri- iron, cyanide, suspended solids, pH, dissolved vate ownership of all sewerage systems serv- oxygen, and total coliform bacteria. Industrial ing the public in hopes of assuring more de- and municipal waste discharges are sampled pendable and effective operation and overall for the specific pollutional constituents pecul- pollution control iar to the individual waste. (f) counsel municipal officials and their The Department of Public Health, acting consulting engineers as to the need and through its Division of Engineering, exercises methods for collecting and treating wastewa- supervisory control over all public sewerage ter systems. The Director of the Department is (g) strongly encourage and, where ap- required by statute, Act 98, Public Acts of propriate, require development of multicom- 1913, as amended, to "exercise due care to see munity area planning to provide effective ser- that all sewerage systems are properly vices and pollution control facilities using planned, constructed, and operated so as to sound management principles. Many such prevent unlawful pollution of the streams, areas are currently served by an integrated lakes, and other water resources of the State." system of sewers, interceptors, and treatment The companion statute, Act 245, Public Acts of works. Others are being planned in the met- 1929, as amended, defines unlawful pollution ropolitan areas of Battle Creek, Benton Har- and authorizes the Water Resources Commis- bor, St. Joseph, Grand Rapids, Jackson, sion to "establish such pollution standards for Kalamazoo, Muskegon, and Traverse City. lakes, rivers, streams, and other waters of the (h) encourage the admission of indus- State in relation to the public use to which trial wastes in municipal sewerage systems they are or may be put, as it shall deem neces- where such wastes will not adversely affect sary." Such pollution standards and the water the system and its performance in relation to quality criteria relating to the public uses cur- effective pollution control rently being promulgated for both interstate (i) foster, encourage, and assist com- and intrastate streams provide the framework munities in the adoption of effective and prac- decisions and actions concerning the plan- tical sewer use ordinances for the control of ning, design, construction, and operation of all industrial wastes admitted to the sewerage sewer systems and treatment works. Ele- system. In many instances technical as- ments of this supervisory program include the sistance and counsel is provided in the loca- following: tion, analyses, and evaluation of wastes, par- (1) facilities planning and approval ticularly those toxic to biological treatment (a) review engineering reports establish- processes, and in the development of effective ing the basis for the design of projects involv- corrective measures and controls. Examples ing collection and treatment of wastewater; are metal plating wastes at Cadillac, consult with the engineers and municipal offi- Ludington, and Wyoming, which were cials on elements of the proposed design prior brought under effective control. to development of plans and specifications; 0) where sufficient information is not require modification of the proposed design available for design purposes, encourage and where appropriate and approve it when it is if appropriate, require communities to con- satisfactory duct pilot or plant scale studies, to provide a (b) review, approve, or reject, and secure dependable basis of design for unusual combi- changes in plans and specifications submitted nations of industrial and municipal wastes to for new municipal systems or for changes in be treated. Such studies were made at Battle 12 Appendix 7 Creek so that cereal products and paper mill (b) conduct formal group training ses- wastes could be treated at the municipal sions to impart specific information related to plant. Similarly, require either pilot or plant- effective operations, to provide opportunity scale studies to develop a basis of design where for exchange of information and experience, an extremely high degree of treatment is re- and to provide incentives for independent quired. Such a study was completed at study and development Jackson. (c) encourage operators to meet on a (k) encourage and assist communities to regular schedule, usually monthly, to ex- conduct studies to establish effective methods change information on plant operational prob- of phosphate removal from their wastes at lems and experiences, and to invite speakers existing treatment works. Such studies were to discuss selected subjects related to facilities made at Lake Odessa and Whitehall. design and maintenance, laboratory equip- (1) require new treatment works to re- ment, etc. move phosphates as stipulated by the Water (4) disinfection policy and practice Resources Commission (a) require all municipalities to disinfect (m) require expansion and im- the plant effluent before discharging it into provements of municipal collection and the surface waters of the State. Virtually all treatment facilities as present capacity is ap- communities in the State are conforming to proached instead of waiting until the facilities this policy, which was adopted in January are overloaded. Approval of sewer extensions 1967. can be withheld until an acceptable program (b) require the provision of adequate for relief is officially adopted if additional load- facilities and their operation, monitoring, and ings would exceed the capacity of the system. testing in such a manner as to assure continu- "Sewer bans" have been imposed several ous effective disinfection times in such circumstances. Authority for (c) require that department forms con- such action has been tested and upheld in the cerning chlorine residual readings and related courts. information are filled out regularly. More (n) order changes in facilities or their op- than 60 communities are performing bac- eration when requirements of the statutes teriological analyses on the chlorinated have not been met. Cases involving deficiency effluent as a check on the chlorine dosage and in facilities can be referred to the Water Re- residual regimens. Many other small com- sources Commission for action. munities are currently planning to apply (o) as agent for the Water Resources additional refinements in control this year. Commission, review and approve or reject Specific abatement programs to correct iden- plans concerning new sewer systems, other tified problems are described in tables on mu- than municipal, or for changes in existing ones nicipal and industrial discharges. (p) assist and encourage local health de- partments to effectively direct and control the installation of private sewage disposal sys- 2.4 Minnesota tems where public sewer systems are not available for connection (q) require construction of separate san- 2.4.1 Policy and Purpose itary sewers for new community systems (2) facility operation-supervision, visita- It is Minnesota's policy to prevent, control, tion and abate pollution in all State waters, so far (a) require the effective operation of all as feasible and practical, in order to conserve treatment works, pumping stations, and waters and protect the public health, in addi- sewer system appurtenances tion to developing the economic welfare of the (b) require all municipalities to submit State. The State safeguards its waters from monthly reports on the operation of treatment pollution by preventing new pollution, and works abating existing pollution under a program (c) supervise operation with on-site in- consistent with its declared policy. spection, instruction, and consultation with plant operating personnel. This requires an average of one visit every three months. 2.4.2 Statutory Authority (3) operator certification and training (a) require all municipalities to employ Minnesota Statutes Chapters 115 and 116 operators whose competency has been cer- assign the basic pollution control authority to tified the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. All State Programs 13 State departments and agencies are directed State grant-in-aid monies, as stipulated in to cooperate with the Pollution Control 1969 legislation. Agency and assist it in the performance of its (4) The Section of Industrial and Other duties. Wastes performs a function similar to the Sec- tion of Sewage Works except it is concerned with industrial waste sources. It reviews 2.4.3 Minnesota Pollution Control Agency plans and investigates works operations. (5) The Section of Enforcement maintains The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency the division's basic data pool on compliance which is concerned with water pollution, air status and conducts investigations of com- pollution, and solid waste programs as plaints of pollution where the source of pollu- specified in the statutes, has the following tion is not initially known. powers and duties in connection with the Water Pollution Control Program: To administer and enforce all laws relating to pollu- 2.4.3.2 Special Regulations tion; to investigate the extent, character, and effect of the pollution of the waters of this State and to gather (1) Interstate Water Quality Standards data and information necessary or desirable in the (Regulation WPC-15) administration or enforcement of pollution laws, and These standards were adopted for in- to make such classification of the waters as it may terstate waters as provided by State law and deem advisable; to establish and alter reasonable or- ders requiring the discontinuance of pollution dis- implementation procedures were established charges in excess of established standards. To require in 1969. the submission for review and approval of plans for (2) Intrastate Effluent Standards disposal systems and to inspect the construction (Regulation WPC-23) thereof; to issue, continue,in effect or deny permits These minimum effluent standards have under such conditions as it may prescribe for the in- stallation and operation of pollution control facilities. been adopted for all sources discharging wastes to intrastate waters. This standard re- To accomplish these and other functions the quires a high degree of treatment from all Agency has established a professional operat- sources. For example, an effluent of 25 mg/l ing staff with expertise in the air, water, and five-day biochemical oxygen demand, 30 mg/l solid waste fields. total suspended solids, and 1000 MPN per 100 milliliters coliform group organisms requires treatment if the waters into which the wastes 2.4.3.1 Division of Water Quality are discharged are not otherwise classified by existing standards. The regulation also pro- The Division of Water Quality is organized vides for a determination of classification into five functional sections as follows: based on WPC-14 (Intrastate Criteria). (1) The Section of Standards and Surveys (3) Liquid Storage Regulation (Regulation performs field studies on lakes and streams, WPC-4) compiles basic water quality data from This regulation applies to the storage and routine water quality monitoring and special keeping of oil and liquid substances capable of studies prerequisite to the development and polluting State waters. It stipulates safe- establishment of water quality standards, guards for the containment of the liquids. prepares such standards and classifications (4) Wastes from Watercraft for hearing purposes, and conducts other spe- (M.S. 361.29, 1961, as amended) cial purpose studies as required by the This Act provides for the regulation of Agency. marine toilets and the control of waste from (2) The Section of Special Services is basic- watercraft licensed by Minnesota. Under the ally a services support unit providing biologi- Act a list of acceptable treatment or storage cal and geological data for special studies or in devices is provided by the Minnesota Pollution support of the work of other sections. Ground- Control Agency to the Minnesota Department water pollution evaluation and pesticide mon- of Conservation to be used in licensing such itoring are performed by the Section. vessels. The list contains units of the (3) The Section of Sewage Works receives Masserator-chlorinator type, the incinerator and reviews plans for municipal sewage works type, and the storage tank type units. While it in addition to performing the sewage works applies to all waters of Minnesota, it applies operations and operator training functions. It only to vessels licensed by Minnesota. also administers the Federal grant-in-aid pro- (5) Water Quality Sampling Programs grams for municipal treatment works and The Pollution Control Agency has con- 14 Appendix 7 ducted a routine water quality monitoring vation is New York's principal agency con- program on the major rivers and some lakes cerned with water pollution control. It was since 1953. The program has varied over the created to consolidate various existing State years depending on needs and resources. programs involving environmental quality, Monthly samples are analyzed for 29 physical, water resources planning-, and development chemical, biological, and bacteriological pa- and management of programs relating to air, rameters. Twenty-four additional parameters land, and water pollution. The functions and are analyzed annually. This program contains duties of the former Water Resources Com- four stations in the Lake Superior Basin. mission were also transferred to the Depart- (6) Pesticide Monitoring Program ment of Environmental Conservation, as were In addition to the routine water quality the activities and jurisdiction of the Depart- monitoring program above, limited pesticide ment of Health in the field of pollution abate- monitoring is also conducted. Water samples ment. The Department of Health continues to are collected as part of the above program for have primary responsibility for the quality pesticide analysis and 10 special sampling sta- and control of public water supplies and for tions have been established to monitor bottom various aspects of environmental conserva- organisms and fish on a semi-annual basis. tion involving public health. Under the legis- None of the special sampling stations are lo- lation that created the new'Department, a cated in the Lake Superior basin. State Environmental Board within the De- partment was also created. The Board assists the Commissioner of Environmental Conser- 2.4.4 Other State Agencies vation in review and appraisal of programs and activities involving the quality of the environment. It also votes upon standards, 2.4.4.1 Department of Health criteria, rules, and regulations proposed by the Commissioners of Environmental Conser- This department, through an inter- vation. departmental agreement, conducts certain Under legislation adopted in 1970, the functions for the Pollution Control Agency. State's Pure Waters Authority was expanded Some services are paid for by the Department, and reconstituted as the Environmental while others involve mutual participation and Facilities Corporation. The Corporation is a cooperation. An example of the latter is "Public Benefit Corporation" designed to as- Agency staff work under the direction of the sist municipalities and State agencies by Department of Health's Engineering Labora- providing needed facilities to abate air, water, tory. and solid waste pollution. The commissioner of the Department of Environmental Conserva- tion serves as chairman of the Environmental 2.4.4.2 State Planning Agency Facilities Corporation. The legislation creating the Department of This agency coordinates State agency Environmental Conservation also created a water-related activities through a Water Re- Council of Environmental Advisers which sources Coordinating Committee made up of consists of seven members appointed by the members from each of the operating State governor. The Council develops guidelines for agencies. weighing complex interrelationships between environmental quality, economic develop- ment, and population growth, and recom- 2.4.4.3 Department of Conservation mends State environmental policies and legis- lation. The Department of Conservation has cer- Other agencies with significant water qual- tain responsibilities for the management of ity responsibilities include the Office of Parks game and fish, for the appropriation of ground and Recreation, the Department of Transpor- and surface waters, and for general matters of tation, the Department of Agriculture and drainage. Markets, the Department of Law, the De- partment of Commerce, the Office for Local Government, the Office of Planning Coordina- 2.5 New York tion, and the Atomic and Space Development Authority. A detailed description of the above The Department of Environmental Conser- agencies is contained in the State of New State Programs 15 York, Department of Environmental Conser- to conventional treatment processes. Indus- vation publication entitled "The Coordinated trial wastes that should be treated prior to Program for the Planning and Development of their acceptance into the system should be the Water Resources of the State of New indicated. York." (3) periodic visits to all municipal waste treatment facilities. Necessary improvements to the facilities or to their operations should be 2.6 Ohio referred to the proper municipal officials with a request for a program of corrective mea- Until October 23, 1972, authority for carry- sures. ing out water pollution abatement programs (4) preparation of a manual describing in Ohio was primarily within various agencies possible methods for removing phosphates of the Departments of Health and Natural Re- from municipal wastes in cooperation with a sources. On that date the Ohio EPA was estab- committee composed of consulting engineers, lished to administer water pollution control and representatives of OWP, USEPA, and abatement programs, including those men- major municipal waste treatment facilities tioned below, and the Ohio Water Pollution (5) helping local health departments con- Control Board and the Ohio Water Commis- trol the installation of private sewage disposal sion were abolished. systems where public sewers are not available (6) counselling both industrial and munic- ipal officials with respect to the required pre- 2.6.1 Department of Health treatment of industrial wastes The industrial wastes program is very simi- The earliest Ohio statutes for the control of lar to that for municipal wastes particularly water pollution are contained in Sections with regard to the first three items. Per- 3701.18 through 3701.21 of the Revised Code, sonnel of the Division of Engineering have which is based on legislation enacted in 1893 been assigned supervision of these programs and amended in 1925. These statutes mandate on an industry by industry basis in order to approval by the Ohio Department of Health of develop considerable knowledge of the indus- plans for proposed treatment facilities for trial waste problems and their solutions municipal or industrial wastes. In addition it within a particular industry. authorizes the Department to supervise All municipal pollution control facilities are waste treatment and disposal facilities. It may required to employ a full-time supervisor cer- require the submission of performance rec- tified by the Ohio Department of Health. This ords as well as other pertinent information. mandatory certification is only granted upon The last section directs the Department to the fulfillment of specified education and ex- study the lakes and streams, determine the perience requirements, as well as passing an uses of the waters and causes contributing to appropriate written examination. Four their pollution, and determine the practicabil- grades of certification have been established. ity of abating and correcting pollution so as to The required grade is based on the size and prevent damage to public health and welfare. complexity of the treatment facility and the It also authorizes the Department to adopt necessary requirements to meet downstream and enforce regulations relative to water pol- water quality standards. The certification lution control. All of the above functions are program is also carried out by the Division of carried out by personnel of the Division of Engineering under the direction of an Advis- Engineering. In carrying out these functions, ory Board of Examiners. considerable time is spent in developing Sections 6111.09 through 6111.30 of the Re- guidelines for proposed projects with repre- vised Code provide that upon proper petition sentatives from the municipality or industry. or complaint the Department will investigate, With respect to municipal wastes, the effort hear cases, and order the correction of water includes: pollution that damages public health or com- (1) review of engineering reports to deter- fort, or pollutes a public water supply. The Act mine the design of proposed collection and requires proof of unsanitary conditions treatment facilities. Modification may be caused by discharge of sewage or other necessary. wastes. Findings and orders of the Director of (2) strongly encouraging multicommunity Health are subject to approval by the Public collection and treatment systems and the ac- Health Council. Important legal features of the ceptance of those industrial wastes amenable Act are that an order of the Director of Health 16 Appendix 7 is prima facie evidence in a law suit resulting of Michigan-Ohio, Indiana-Ohio, and from water pollution, and that mandamus Penn sylvani a-Ohio in compliance with the proceedings in the Ohio Supreme Court have Federal Water Quality Act of 1965. The first been successful in enforcing compliance with two interstate streams consist of the Maumee an order of the Director of Health. River and some of its tributaries. The The Water Pollution Control Act of Ohio, Penn sylv ani a-Ohio streams consist of the Sections 6111.01 to 6111.08 of the Revised Ashtabula River as well as Turkeyfoot and Code, which became effective September 27, Conneaut Creeks. 1951, created a Water Pollution Control Board During 1967,1968, and 1969, the Board held in the Ohio Department of Health with powers hearings and adopted stream water quality to prevent, control, and abate new and exist- standards for the Ohio intrastate tributaries ing pollution of State waters. The Act empow- of Lake Erie, using the same format and water ers the board to issue, modify, or revoke orders quality criteria used for interstate streams. for the abatement of water pollution; to issue, The Division of Engineering is the technical revoke, modify, or deny permits for the dis- arm of the Board. The Division makes recom- charge of sewage and industrial wastes into mendations on water quality, water use, per- State waters; and to institute proceedings in mit conditions, and pollution abatement or- Common Pleas Court to compel compliance ders. with provisions of the Act or with orders of the Board. Board permits or orders are designed to 2.6.2 Department of Natural Resources bring into co mpl iance, in a logical fashion, a specific cause or causes of water pollution Section 1501.20 of the Revised Code au- within a specified time period. Where thorizes the Department of Natural Re- adequate pollution control facilities are sources to formulate, maintain, and imple- provided, the permit will only require evi-. ment comprehensive plans "for the develop- dence of satisfactory maintenance and opera- ment, use, and protection of water resources, tion of the facilities. Evidence must show that covering all aspects of water management, in- the effluent is not degrading water quality of cluding regional water development plans." the receiving stream below established stand- These plans are coordinated directly with ards. All industrial permits require informa- those of the Departments of Development and tion relative to proposed expansions or Health, and indirectly, through joint mem- changes in processes that will result in bership on the Ohio Water Commission and additional pollution, as well as a proposal for the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board. As a the necessary treatment, reduction or elimi- result of this authority the Department has nation of wastes. Where compliance with the prepared an overall water development pro- permit conditions is evident, the renewed gram for northwest Ohio and is currently pre- permit conditions are prepared by the staff of paring a similar program for northeast Ohio. the Division of Engineering, with concurrence Much of the information developed for these from the Board. When compliance with the plans will be pertinent to this report. permit conditions is not obtained without due The Department, through the Divison of cause, the matter is brought to the attention Wildlife, is also responsible for the enforce- of the Board for its recommendations. The ment of the recently enacted stream littering permit may be renewed or an order to show law. cause why the renewal of permit should not be denied may be issued. To prevent increased pollution from an 2.6.3 Ohio Water Development Authority existing inadequate pollution control facility, the Board has the power to prohibit additional The primary purpose of the Ohio Water De- connections to or extension of sewerage sys- velopment Authority, created during 1968 by tem. In a number of cases, this power has been the Ohio legislature, is to finance the con- most effective in bringing about the construc- struction of water, sewer, and industrial tion of the necessary corrective measures. waste facilities for th e abatement of the pollu- The Board also has the power to adopt, tion of State waters. The Authority is empow- amend and repeal standards of quality for ered to acquire, construct, maintain, and op- State waters. Accordingly, it has held hear- erate such facilities, making them available to ings and subsequently adopted stream water anyone, including private and public corpora- quality standards for the interstate waters tions. These facilities are to be financed State Programs 17 through bonds issued by the Authority and pal water pollution control agency for the De- payable from the revenues generated by the partment and the Environmental Quality use of the facilities. Board. It makes inspections, conducts inves- The authorizing legislation (Chapter 6121 of tigations, and does other acts required by the the Revised Code) permits the Authority con- law. It is subject at all times to the rules, siderable latitude in financing and operating regulations, and policies of the Environmen- these facilities. It may operate and maintain tal Quality Board. The Department of En- its facilities, or it may lease or contract them vironmental Resources issues all orders to private or public corporation. Upon final and permits for water pollution control payment of the bonds for a particular facility, facilities as well as public water works and the State may sell the facilities or continue to public swimming places. It has a water quality operate them as a State facility. laboratory in the City of Erie and a regional water quality office in Meadville, both of which serve the northwestern part of the 2.7 Pennsylvania State, including all of the Lake Erie basin in Pennsylvania. The regional office is responsi- The principal legislation used to control ble for investigations and initiation of water pollution in Pennsyfvania is the Clean enforcement actions. Stream Law, the Act of June 22, 1937, P.L. Among the other agencies with respon- 1987, as amended. Other legislation includes sibilities relating to water quality are the the Solid Waste Management Act, the Munici- Environmental Quality Board, the Environ- pal Sewerage Facilities Act, and the Bitumi- mental Hearing Board, and the Citizens nous Strip Mine Act. Penalties for pollution Advisory Council. are also provided in the Pennsylvania Fish The Department of Environmental Re- Code, which is administered by the Pennsyl- sources under the provisions of the Clean vania Fish Commission. Streams Law has the duty and responsibility The Clean Streams Law which defines the to assure that all sewage discharged into the powers of the Department of Environmental waters of the Commonwealth receives Resources to abate pollution, defines pollution adequate treatment to meet water quality as: standards and protect stream uses. A minimal contamination of any waters of the Commonwealth secondary treatment is required for discharge such aswill create or is likely to create anuisance orto to all streams in the Lake Erie basin. A high render such waters harmful, detrimental or injurious degree of treatment is required for certain to public health, safety or welfare, or to domestic, areas of the Lake Erie basin, and a phos- municipal, commercial, industrial, agricultural, rec- phorus removal requirement is widespread in reational, or other legitimate beneficial use, or to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish or other aquatic this basin. life, including but not limited to such contamination Violations, such as an inadequately treated by alteration of the physical, chemical or biological or unauthorized discharge, are met with an properties of such waters, or change in temperature, order or a notice of change of treatment re- taste, color or odors thereof, or the discharge of any liquid, gaseous, radioactive, solids, or other sub- quirements, which requires that the violator stances into such waters. The Board shall determine submit a time schedule and plan to abate the when a discharge consitutes pollution, as herein de- discharge or provide adequate treatment. fined, and shall establish standards whereby and This must be accomplished within a reason- wherefrom it can be ascertained and determined able time period. Failure to comply with or- whether any such discharge does or does not consti- tute pollution as herein defined. ders or notices results in. further enforcement action. The department's authority to direct Waters of the Commonwealth "shall be con- compliance with provision of the Clean strued to include any and all rivers, streams, Streams Law has been affirmed by the court creeks, rivulets, impoundments, ditches, in a number of instances. water courses, storm sewers, lakes, dammed The Department has the authority to re- water, springs, ponds, and all other bodies of quire a municipality to acquire, construct, re- channels of conveyance of surface and under- pair, alter, complete, extend, or operate a sani- ground water or parts thereof, whether tary sewer system or treatment plant where it natural or artificial, within or on the bound- has determined that such action is needed to aries of this Commonwealth." prevent or eliminate pollution or public health The Bureau of Water Quality Management nuisances. in the Pennsylvania Department of At present, there is a comprehensive water Environmental Resources acts as the princi- quality management study under way in the 1 18 Appendix 7 Pennsylvania basin of Lake Erie. This study 2.8.1.1 Action Regarding Inadequacies has received 75 percent funding under Section 15 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Whenever voluntary corrective action fails and is being conducted to prepare a report in to achieve adequate control of waste dis- compliance with Federal grant regulations re- charges, several alternative actions may be lating to water quality management on a taken. basinwide basis. The Department may issue general orders, The Clean Streams Law prohibits the dis- and adopt rules applicable throughout the charge of industrial wastes unless a permit for State for the operation of practicable and the discharge has been issued by the Depart- available systems methods and means for ment of Environmental Resources. The De- preventing and abating continuing pollution partment will not approve discharges that of the waters of the State. Such general orders will cause pollution or violate water quality and rules are issued only after the interested criteria. parties have been afforded an opportunity to The Department has undertaken a pollution be heard. incident prevention program, initiated in The Department may issue special orders 1969, that is required of all new permit appli- directing particular owners to control con- cants and high risk permit holders. tinuing pollution of State waters within a This program which requires that the in- specified time. If any order is not complied dustry establish a program to prevent acci- with within the time period specified, the De- dental discharges of polluting materials, con- partment is to immediately notify the Attor- siders plant operations, operating procedures, ney General. The Attorney General may take the effects of breakdown by treatment plant action within 30 days under Statute 144.536. equipment, maintenance and inspection, a The Department may issue temporary personnel training program, communications, emergency orders without prior hearing when chain of command for reporting, effects of it determines that protection of the public power failure, procedure for notification of health necessitates immediate action. pollution incidents, and clean-up services and The Department's conservation wardens equipment. The pollution incident plan pro- are authorized to make arrests under statutes gram has a high priority for expanded pro- S. 29.288, 29.29(3), 346.94(6) and (6m), and gram activities in Pennsylvania. 947.047, which pertain to the intermittent dep- osition or discharge of wastes on or near wa- ters and highways. Under Section 29.65 the 2.8 Wisconsin Department is further authorized to take civil action in order to sue for destruction of fish or wildlife. 2.8.1 Department of Natural Resources Responsibility for Wisconsin's water pollu- 2.8.1.2 Combined Sewerage Systems tion control program is centered in the De- partment of Natural Resources. The Division It is departmental policy that new sewage of Environmental Protection is the unit systems must be developed on the basis of within the Department responsible for the separate sewers for storm water and sanitary protection, maintenance, and improvement of wastewater. All new plans must be approved the quality and management of State waters. according to this policy. The Division of Fish, Game, and Enforcement In accordance with the recommendations of shares related responsibilities. One major re- the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference, sponsibility of the Department of Natural Re- all existing combined sewerage systems must sources is to see that a comprehensive action be corrected on or before October 1, 1977. program is directed at all present and poten- tial sources of water pollution, whether home, farm, recreational, municipal, industrial or 2.8.1.3 Policy on Phosphorus Removal from commercial, in order to protect human life and Effluent health, fish and aquatic life, scenic and ecolog- ical values, and domestic, municipal, recre- Methods exist for substantial removal of ational, industrial, and agricultural uses of phosphorus from sewage and industrial water. wastes. It is the policy of the Natural Re- State Programs 19 sources Board that the Department of Bacteriological sampling includes the mili- Natural Resources may require any waste- pore filter coliform test and fecal coliform water discharger-regardless of population, counts. Sampling, conducted frequently, cov- volume, or type of waste discharged, or geo- ers a wide range of parameters. For example, graphic location-to provide for removal of ex- during 1967-69, the Northeastern Wisconsin cess amounts of phosphorus where such dis- Regional Planning Commission conducted charges are causing, or may cause, overfertili- tests of over 22,000 water samples taken from zation of surface waters. 107 stations along 67 streams. It subsequently In conformance with recommendations of published a report containing the data. the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference, In addition to samples taken from streams, the Department took the actions necessary to all waste discharging facilities are studied. An achieve an overall reduction of at least 80 per- industrial waste census report is made for cent of the phosphorus coming from municipal each industry to determine water usage, type and industrial water treatment facilities lo- of treatment, and whether an effluent is being cated within the Lake Michigan drainage discharged into surface water. basin by December 31, 1972. A detailed survey is made of major munici- pal sewage treatment plants and some indus- trial plants. This survey consists of sampling 2.8.1.4 Control of New Waste Discharges throughout a 24-hour period to obtain a meas- ure of treatment efficiency and amount of Chapter 144.555 requires that: waste discharged during a typical day's opera- any industry which intends to increase the quantity tion. of industrial wastes discharging to the surface waters Since 1961, Wisconsin has also had a con- of the State or to discharge a new waste to said waters or which intends to alter an existing outlet or build a tinuing stream quality monitoring program new outlet for industrial wastes shall, before starting to determine the water quality of major such work, advise the Department in writing concern- streams. Samples are taken on a monthly ing its intentions and supply the Department with a basis in order to evaluate changes in water general report describing steps which shall be taken quality throughout the year. Field tests are to protect the surface waters of the State against new pollution or an increase in existing pollution. The re- made for pH, temperature, and dissolved oxy- port shall be submitted not less than 30 days before gen at the time of sampling, and laboratory approval is desired, and no construction work shall be tests are made for biochemical oxygen de- started until the report has been approved. Variation mand, chlorides, color, hardness, methylene in or resumption of operation of existing facilities blue, active substances (detergents), pH, and shall not be construed as creating new pollution nor an increase of existing pollution within the meaning solids. Such information has become increas- of this section. ingly valuable as the length of record in- creased because it gives long-time averages and shows trends as the characteristics 2.8.1.5 Water Quality Standards change. Water quality standards and use designa- tions have been adopted for both the inter- state and intrastate waters of Wisconsin. 2.8.1.7 Compliance Most orders are issued on the basis of the 2.8.1.6 Drainage Basin Surveys comprehensive drainage basin surveys. One of the major responsibilities of the Division of Wisconsin has been divided into 28 major Environmental Protection is to insure that drainage areas. A stream survey program has newly constructed and remodeled facilities been devised to study each drainage basin will provide adequate treatment. This in- every four years. Stream surveys consist of volves reviewing and approving plans for all locating all possible sources, taking appropri- new facilities before construction begins. ate samples, and preparing a formal report to Chapter 144.536 requires that all such or- be presented at a public fact-finding hearing. ders shall be enforced by the Attorney General Typical chemical stream sampling includes and that the County Circuit Court where vio- pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and 5-day lation has occurred in whole or in part shall BOD. In some instances toxic metals, oils, sus- have jurisdiction to enforce the order by in- pended solids, or nutrients are determined. junctional and other appropriate relief. 20 Appendix 7 2. 8.1.8 Facility Operation-Supervision, It is expected that courses will be held an- Visitation nually to train and upgrade operators throughout the State in order to improve In order to insure the effective operation of plant operating efficiency. facilities, the department may investigate, in- spect, and require the submission and ap- proval of plans for the installation of systems 2.8.1.10 Wisconsin's Financial Assistance and devices for handling, treating, or dispos- Program ing of any wastes. Section 144.55 requires every owner of an The Wisconsin Legislature held in Chapter industrial establishment to furnish the De- 144.21 that "State financial assistance for the partment with all information required in the construction and financing of pollution pre- discharge of its duties under Section 144.025. vention and abatement facilities is a public No member of the Natural Resources Board or purpose and a proper State government func- any employee of the Department may be de- tion in that the State is a trustee of the waters nied entrance to an industrial establishment of the State and that such financial assistance for the purpose of collecting such information. is necessary to protect the purity of State wa- Wisconsin Administrative Code, Section RD ters." 8.03 (4) states that: The department may enter into agreement suitable analyses shall be made and records kept upon with municipalities to make payments to mu- approved forms of the operation of all municipal water nicipalities from the appropriation made by purification and sewage treatment plants. Reports Section 20.706(l) to pay not less than 25 per- regarding municipal sewage treatment plants shall cent and not more than 30 percent of the esti- be submitted during the month of January for the mated reasonable costs of the approved proj- preceding year and oftener upon written notice of the Department. Similar reports and records may also be ect. These payments shall be in even annual required upon refuse disposal plants and privately- amounts and shall extend for a period of not owned water purification and sewage treatment more than 30 years. The appropriations made plants by written notice from the Department. by Section 20.706(l) allocated the following amounts for these fiscal years: 2.8.1.9 Operator Certification and Training 1968-1969 $750,000 1969-1970 $1,000,000 Wisconsin Administrative Code, Section 1970-1971 $1,625,000 14.01, states that "It is necessary that every During the spring elections of 1969, the waterworks and sewage treatment plant people of Wisconsin voted "yes" in a public employ an operator who holds a valid certifi- referendum to pass Outdoor Recreation Act cate. Certification shall be available to all in- Program 200 State bonding program. Of the dividuals who can meet the qualifications for a $200,000,000, $144,000,000 would be allocated given grade." Both municipalities and indus- for water pollution prevention and abatement tries are included under the requirements. In assistance. After July 1, 1969, the State 1968 the Department switched from a volun- entered into agreements to pay 25 percent of tary to a mandatory certification program. In the cost of eligible construction and to com- a one-year period 659 municipal and 69 indus- plete payments in stages during construction. trial wastewater operators were trained and Final payment was to be made after audit on certified. completion of the project. Section 3 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 3.1 Illinois No distinction is made between intrastate and interstate water quality standards. Under provisions of the Water Quality Act of In general, standards call for secondary 1965, Illinois has adopted water quality treatment, including effluent chlorination, for standards for its interstate waters. No con- all municipal wastewater treatment plants. flicts exist in the water quality criteria for the They also require treatment or control of in- interstate waters of Indiana and Illinois. dustrial wastewater treatment plants equal Revised water quality standards were to that provided by municipalities on the same adopted by the Illinois Pollution Control stretch. All sewered communities are to have Board on March 7,1972. These standards, with treatment facilities by the end of 1972 and all the effluent standards adopted on January 6, incorporated communities with public water 1972, provide a consistent and coherent set of supplies but no sewers are to have sewers and regulations concerning water quality criteria, sewage treatment facilities before the end of stream-use designations, maximum discharge 1977. The standards also require advanced limits, thermal limits, sewer discharge waste treatment or provision of low-flow criteria, and all other provisions necessary for augmentation during the next 10 years or the protection of the State's waters. sooner for plants discharging into streams The new regulations are based upon the having inadequate assimilative capacity. principle that all waters capable of supporting Prompt and regular submission of monthly aquatic life, except a few highly industrialized operational reports is also required. streams around the Chicago area, should be protected to insure that such capability is maintained, and that waters used for public 3.2.1 Minimum Conditions Applicable to All supplies should be preserved. Waters at All Places and at All Times All waters should be: 3.2 Indiana (1) free from substances attributable to In accordance with the Water Quality Act of municipal, industrial, agricultural, or other 1965, Indiana water quality standards were discharges that settle and form putrescence or revised. Water quality criteria were set ac- otherwise objectionable deposits cording to the use concept, and a plan for im- (2) free from floating debris, oil, scum, and plementation was outlined. other floating materials attributable to mu- After the required public hearings, the nicipal, industrial, agricultural, or other dis- criteria and implementation plan were charges in amounts sufficient to be unsightly adopted by the Stream Pollution Control or deleterious Board and together they become known as the (3) free from materials attributable to mu- "Water Quality Standards." They were ap- nicipal, industrial, agricultural, or other dis- proved by the U.S. Department of the Interior charges producing color, odor, or other condi- in July 1967. tions in such degree as to create a nuisance The new standards, which became Stream Pollution Control Board Regulations SPC 1R, (4) free from substances attributable to 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, apply to all State waters. municipal, industrial, agricultural, or other However, Regulations SPC 4,5,6,7,8,9, and 10 discharges in concentrations or combinations apply only to certain waters in the Lake that are toxic or harmful to human, animal, Michigan basin. plant, or aquatic life 21 22 Appendix 7 3.2.2 Stream Quality Criteria is withdrawn for use (either with or without treatment) for industrial cooling and process- ing: 3.2.2.1 Public Water Supply and Food Process- (1) dissolved oxygen: not less than 2.0 mg/l ing Industry as a daily-average value, nor less than 1.0 mg/l at any time The following criteria are used in the evalu- (2) pH: not less than 5.0 nor greater than ation of stream quality at the point at which 9.0 at any time water is withdrawn for treatment and dis- (3) temperature: not to exceed 95'F at any tribution as a potable supply: time (1) bacteria: coliform group not to exceed (4) dissolved solids: other than from 5,000 per 100 ml as a monthly-average value naturally occurring sources, concentration (either MPN or MF count) nor exceed this should not exceed 750 mg/l as a monthly- number in more than 20 percent of the sarn- average value, nor 1,000 mg/l at any time. The ples examined during any month nor exceed values of specific conductance of 1,200 and 20,000 per 100 ml in more than five percent of 1,600 micromhos/cm (at 25 degrees C) may be such samples considered equivalent to dissolved solids con- (2) threshold-odor number: taste and odor centrations of 750 and 1,000 mg/l. producing substances, other than naturally occurring, shall not interfere with the produc- tion of a finished water by conventional 3.2.2.3 Aquatic Life treatment consisting of coagulation, sedimen- tation, filtration, and chlorination. The The following criteria are needed to main- threshold odor number of the finished water tain a well-balanced, warmwater fish popula- must be three or less. tion. They are applicable to any point in the (3) dissolved solids: other than solids from stream except those areas immediately adja- naturally occurring sources, the concentra- cent to outfalls. In such areas cognizance will tion should not exceed 500 mg/l as a monthly- be given to opportunities for the admixture of average value, or 750 mg/l at any time. The waste effluents with river water. values of specific conductance of 800 and 1,200 (1) dissolved oxygen: not less than 5.0 mg/l micromhos/cm (at 25 degrees C) may be con- during at least 16 hours of any 24-bour period, sidered equivalent to dissolved-solids concen- nor less than 3.0 mg/l at any time trations of 500 and 750 mg/l (2) pH: no values below 6.0 nor above 9.0 (4) radioactive substances: gross beta ac- and daily-average (or median) values prefer- tivity (in the known absence of Strontium-90 ably between 6.5 and 8.6 and alpha emitters) not to exceed 1,000 (3) temperature: not to exceed 93'F at any picocuries per liter at any time time during the months of April through (5) chemical constituents: not to exceed November, and not to exceed 60'F at any time the following specified concentrations at any during the months of December through time: March Constituent Concentration (mg/1) (4) toxic substances: not to exceed one- Arsenic 0.05 tenth of the 96-hour median tolerance limit Barium 1.0 obtained from continuous flow bioassays Cadmium 0.01 where the dilution water and toxicant are con- Chromium tinuously renewed. Other application factors (hexavalent) 0.05 may be used in specific cases when justified on Cyanide 0.025 the basis of available evidence and approved Fluoride 1.0 by the appropriate regulatory agencies. Lead 0.05 (5) taste and odor: there shall be no sub- Selenium 0.01 stances that impart unpalatable flavor to food Silver 0.05 fish, or result in noticeable offensive odors in the vicinity of the water (6) trout streams: in addition, the following criteria are applicable to those waters desig- 3.2.2.2 Industrial Water Supply nated for put-and-take trout fishing: (a) dissolved oxygen: not less than 6.0 The following criteria are applicable to mg/l as a daily-average value, nor less than 4.0 stream water at the point at which the water mg/1 at any time Water Quality Standards 23 (b) pH: not less than 6.5 nor greater than lution Control Law (Chapter 214, Acts of 1943, 8.5 at any time as amended), has the authority to control and (c) temperature: not to exceed 65'F. prevent pollution in State waters. All plans However, slightly higher temperatures may and specifications for abatement or correction be tolerated with higher dissolved oxygen con- of any polluted conditions shall be approved by tent than specified. the Stream Pollution Control Board. The Board adopted the criteria that appear in Appendix 6, Water Supply-Municipal, In- 3.2.2.4 Recreation dustrial, and Rural, as standards of water quality for the waters of the Maumee River The following criteria are used for the basin. All waters will be required to meet the evaluation of conditions at any point in waters standards, as adopted in final form, for the designated to be used for recreational pur- appropriate public and industrial water sup- poses: ply, aquatic life, recreational, and agricultural (1) whole body contact: coliform group not uses mentioned previously. Compliance with to exceed 1,000 per 100 ml as a monthly- these standards will enhance the quality of average value (either MPN or MF count) dur- waters within this basin. Every effort con- ing any month of the recreational season. This sistent with the powers granted under the In- number should not be exceeded in more than diana Act will be made to maintain high qual- 20 percent of the samples examined during ity waters. any month of the recreational season, nor The minimum weekly flow over a 10-year should it exceed 2,400 per 100 ml (either MPN period will be used in applying the standards. or MF count) on any day during the recre- It is recognized that the all-time minimum ational season. The months of April through flow will be less but will occur only a very small October, inclusive, are designated as the rec- percentage of the time. During these periods, reational season. only minimum damage to the stream will re- (2) partial body contact: coliform group not sult. The board plans to require compliance to exceed 5,000 per 100 ml as a monthly- with the coliform standards for recreation average value (either MPN or MF count). This during the recreational season of April number should not be exceeded in more than through October, inclusive, and year-round 20 percent of the samples examined during for water supply. But it must be recognized any month, nor exceed 20,000 per 100 ml in that there are uncontrollable sources of col- more than five percent of such samples. iform pollution other than sewage treatment plant effluents such as stormwater runoff mentioned previously in this report. 3.2.2.5 Agricultural or Stock Watering Drastic or sudden temperature changes will not be permitted. The Board will insist upon Criteria for agricultural or stock watering gradual changes in temperature not exceed- are the same as those for minimum conditions ing a change of 2"F per hour nor more than 90F applicable to all waters at all places and at all in 24 hours, whichever is greater. times. Unless otherwise specified, the term The board now conducts approximately 100 giaverage" means an arithmetic average. stream surveys per year on various waters The analytical procedures used as methods around the State as part of its data collection of analyses to determine the chemical, bac- program. Similarly, samples are collected teriological, biological, and radiological qual- biweekly from 71 locations on Indiana streams ity of waters sampled shall be in accordance and lakes. Of the 71 stations, four are located with the latest edition of Standard Methodsfor in this basin. These will be increased within the Examination of Water and Wastewater or budgetary and personnel limitations. other methods approved by the Indiana Chapter 273, Acts of 1967, requires the Stream Pollution Control Board and the En- classification of wastewater treatment plants vironmental Protection Agency. and certification of plant supervisors. Plans for implementing this law, which became ef- fective on July 1, 1968, are now under way. 3.2.3 Proposed Criteria, Implementation, and Inspections of wastewater treatment plants Enforcement Plan by representatives of the Board have been in- creased and will be further increased to insure The Indiana Stream Pollution Control compliance with the standards. Board, under the present Indiana Stream Pol- The prompt and regular submission of oper- 24 Appendix 7 ational monthly reports will be required of the supply must meet the criteria whenever used treatment plants to enable evaluations of for these purposes. effluent quality. Where practicable, the board requires the larger treatment facilities to ini- tiate a downstream sampling program. 3.2.4 Summary of Water Uses All those municipalities which have or will be required to have secondary sewage treat- (1) All waters in the basin will be required ment facilities must provide the following re- to support a well-balanced, warmwater fish moval of BOD: population and must be suitable for agricul- (1) trickling filter plant-at least 80 per- tural uses. cent (2) All waters, where natural tempera- (2) activated sludge plant-at least 90 per- tures permit, will be required to support put- cent and-take trout fishing. The characteristics of a receiving stream, in- (3) All reservoirs and lakes and the St. cluding low flow, will continue to be used in Joseph River (Allen County) must be main- determining the type of treatment required. tained for whole body contact recreation and The board requires construction of munici- all other streams for partial body contact rec- pal treatment facilities in accordance with the reation, such as boating, canoeing, and fish- following timetable: ing. (1) Effluent chlorination facilities were to (4) All waters used for public or industrial be provided by the end of 1968. water supply must meet said criteria. (2) Provision of adequate dilution or instal- lation of advanced waste treatment at Au- burn, Decatur, Garrett, and Fort Wayne will 3.3 Michigan be required within the next 10 years. Phos- phate removal will be required at Fort Wayne as soon as practicable methods are developed. 3.3.1 Michigan Program Description (3) Installation of sewers and sewage treatment facilities for incorporated com- The Federal Water Quality Act of 1965 (Pub- munities with public water supplies and no lic Law 89-234) provided that prior to June 30, recognized sewage treatment facilities will be 1967, the States could adopt water quality required within the next 10 years. criteria applicable to interstate waters and (4) Secondary treatment will be required portions thereof within the State, and a plan at all new installations. for implementing and enforcing the criteria. All industries will be required to provide a The Federal Statute (Public Law 89-234) re- degree of treatment or control that is equiva- quires that "Standards of quality established lent to that required of municipalities on the . . . shall be such as to protect the public same stretch of the stream. Except in rare health or welfare, enhance the quality of instances this will be the equivalent of secon- water and serve the purposes of this Act." The dary treatment. Exceptions must be justified act further requires that in establishing such to the satisfaction of the Indiana Stream Pol- standards "State authority shall take into lution Control Board and the Federal Water consideration [the water's] use and value for Pollution Control Administration. public water supplies, propagation of fish and The Board notified all municipalities of wildlife, recreational purposes, and agricul- more than 2,000 population that have dis- tural, industrial and other legitimate uses." charged significant quantities of phosphate to On December 17, 1965, Governor George the Great Lakes Basin that phosphate re- Romney wrote to the Secretary of Health, moval was required before the end of 1972. Education, and Welfare, John Gardner, With the exception of certain waters in the that it was the intent of the State of Michigan Lake Michigan basin, all waters of the State to adopt water quality criteria applicable must be capable of supporting a well-balanced, to interstate waters. warmwater fish population, and all lakes and Interstate water quality standards were reservoirs must be maintained for whole body formally adopted by the Michigan Water Re- contact recreation, with streams maintained sources Commission on June 28, 1967. Six for partial body contact recreation such as months later on January 4, 1968, the Commis- boating and fishing. sion also adopted water quality standards ap- All waters which are now, or will be in the plicable to the intrastate waters of Michigan. future, used for public or industrial water Michigan's interstate water quality stand- Water Quality Standards 25 ards have been reviewed and, with the excep- the value or where a significant possibility of tion of certain temperature criteria for fish public hazard existed. and wildlife, have been approved by the Secre- (2) The parameters selected to measure tary of the Interior. water quality are those felt to be significant for all the uses defined in this report. Future research and technological developments may 3.3.1.1 Objectives show the need for modification of the stand- ards. The goal of Commission action is the (3) Analysis of the-levels of water pollut- cleanest waters possible for the residents of ants will be made according to procedures out- Michigan. In striving to achieve this goal, two lined in Standard Methods for the Examina- important objectives were incorporated into tion of Water, Sewage and Industrial Wastes, both the approved interstate and intrastate published jointly by the American Public water quality standards. Health Association, American Water Works Waters in which the existing quality is better than the Association, and the Federation of Sewage established standards on the date when such stand- and Industrial Wastes Association, or other ards become effective will not be lowered in quality by methods approved by the Michigan Water Re- action of the Water Resources Commission unless and until it has been affirmatively demonstrated to the sources Commission and the Office of Water Michigan Water Resources Commission and the De- Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection partment of the Interior that the change in quality Agency. will not become injurious to the public health, safety, (4) Application of chemicals for water re- or welfare; or become injurious to domestic, commer- cial, industrial, agricultural, recreational or other source management purposes in accordance uses which are being made of such waters; or become with statutory provisions is not subject to the injurious to the value or utility of riparian lands; or requirements of the standards except in case become injurious to livestock, wild animals, birds, of water used for public water supply. fish, aquatic life or plants, or the growth or propaga- (5) The standards apply to stream flows tion thereof be prevented or injuriously affected; or whereby the value of fish and game may be destroyed equal to or exceeding the 10-year recurrence or impaired, and that such lowering in quality will not of minimum low flow average 7-day duration. be unreasonable and against public interest in view of the existing conditions in any interstate waters of Michigan. 3.3.2 Standards Water which does not meet the standards will be im- proved to meet the standards. Michigan's standards use 11 water quality This non-degradation policy was accepted parameters and five major water use by the Department of the Interior in its ap- categories. Table 7-1 presents the acceptable proval of Michigan's Interstate Water Quality level of parameters for specific water uses. Standards, making Michigan one of the first States in the nation to include a non- degradation objective in its water quality 3.3.2.1 Public Participation standards. To assure a maximum of public understand- 3.3.1.2 Developmental Guidelines ing and to ascertain specific interest view- points regarding designated use areas, a se- The standards' parameters presented are ries of six public hearings covering interstate for receiving waters and are designed to be waters and five public hearings covering in- used in conjunction with a system of stream or trastate waters were held throughout the lake sector designations according to their State. The hearings were well attended. In the present or prospective water use. These five intrastate hearings, for example, more standards have been designed to both protect than 900 concerned citizens attended with 90 the receiving waters of the State for desig- presenting oral testimony in addition to the nated use, and to provide maximum protection submission of numerous written statements. of the high quality Great Lakes into which they eventually empty. Several basic premises were used when for- 3.3.2.2 Application of Standards mulating these standards: (1) Definite numerical values were used The water-use designations are based on where evidence was adequate to substantiate existing water quality and quantity, current 26 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-1 Interstate Water Quality Standards-Michigan COLIFOPM CROUP (organisms per 100 ml or MPN) less than 10. For Inland Waters--Total Dissolved Solids: Shall not Required for WATER SUPPLY (INDUSTRIAL); RECREATION (PARTIAL BODY exceed 500 as a monthly average, nor exceed 750 at any time. CONTACT); FISH, WILDLIFE, & OTHER AQUATIC LIFE; AGRICULTURAL; & Chlorides: The monthly average shall not exceed 125. COMMERCIAL! The average of any series of 10 consecutive samples shall not exceed 5,000 nor shall 20% of the samples examined ex- Required for WATER SUPPLY (INDUSTRIAL): Total Dissolved Solids ceed 10,000. The average fecal coliform density for the same 10 Shall not exceed 500 as a monthly average nor exceed 750 at any consecutive samples shall not exceed 1,000. time. Chlorides,-- The monthly average shall not exceed 125. Required for WATER SUPPLY (DOMESTIC): For Great Lakes and Con- Required for FISH, WILDLIFE, & OTHER AQUATIC LIFE: Standards to be necting Waters--The monthly average shall not exceed 2,000 nor established when information becomes available on deleterious shall 20% of the samples examined exceed 2,000.For Inland Waters-- effects. The monthly average shall not exceed 5,000 nor shall 20% of the Required for AGRICULTURE: @700 dissolved minerals. Maxim= percen- samples examined exceed 5,000, nor exceed 20,000 in more than 5% tage of sodium 402 as determined by formula (Na x 100/(Na+Ca+mg+k) of the samples. when the bases are expressed as milli-equivalents per liter. Required for RECREATION (TOTAL BODY CONTACT): The average of any series of 10 consecutive samples shall not exceed 1,000 nor shall NUTRIENTS (.Phosphorus, ammonia, nitrates & sugars) 20% of the samples examined exceed 5,000. The average fecal coli- form density for the same 10 consecutive samples shall not exceed Required for WATER SUPPLY (DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL); RECREATION (TO- 100. See Appendix A, Section H. TAL BODY CONTACT & PARTIAL BODY CONTACT); FISH, WILDLIFE, & OTHER AQUATIC LIFE; AGRICULTURAL; & COMMERCIAL: Nutrients originating from industrial, municipal, or domestic animal sources shall be DISSOLVED OXYGEN (mg/1) limited to the "tent necessary to prevent the stimulation of Required for WATER SUPPLY (DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL); RECREATION growtbe of algae, weeds, & slimes which are or may became injurious (TOTAL BODY CONTACT & PARTIAL BODY CONTACT); & COMMERCIAL: Present to the designated use. (AGRICULTURAL: N03 concentrations shall can- at all times in sufficient quantities to prevent nuisance. form to USPHS Drinking Water Standards.) Required for FISH, WILDLIFE, & OTHER AQUATIC LIFE: Values to be maintained at average 7-day law flow (once/lOyrs)--Intolerant Fish. Cold Water; Not @6. Warm Water; Average daily not @5 nor any value TASTE & ODOR PRODUCING SUBSTANCES <4. Tolerant Fish: Warm Water; Average daily not 14 nor any value Required for WATER SUPPLY (INDUSTRIAL); RECREATION (TOTAL BODY CON- <3. Greater values at greater flaws. TACT & PARTIAL BODY CONTACT); AGRICULTURAL; & COMMERCIAL: Concen- Required for AGRICULTURAL: Not <3 at any time - trations of substances of unnatural origin shall be less than those SUSPENDED, COLLOIDAL, & SETTLEABLE MATERIALS which are or may became injurious to the designated use. Required for WATER SUPPLY (DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL); RECREATION Required for WATER SUPPLY (DOMESTIC): Same as above with the addi- tion of the following--?Tonthly average phenol concentration less (TOTAL BODY CONTACT & PARTIAL BODY CONTACT); FISH, WILDLIFE, & than 0.002 mg/l & maximum concentration limited to 0.005 g/l for OTHER AQUATIC LIFE; AGRICULTURAL; & COMMERCIAL: No objectionable a single sample. unnatural turbidity, color, or deposits in quantities sufficient to interfere with designated use. Required for FISH, WILDLIFE, & OTHER AQUATIC LIFE: Concentration of substances of unnatural origin shall be less than those bich RESIDUES (debris & material of unnatural origin, & oils) are causing or my cause taint in the flesh of fish or game. Required for WATER SUPPLY (DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL); RECREATION TEMPERATUREI(OF) (TOTAL 13ODY CONTACT & PARTIAL BODY CONTACT); FISH, WILDLIFE, 4 OTHER AQUATIC LIFE; AGRICULTURAL; & COMMERCIAL: Floating jolids-- Required for WATER SUPPLY (DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL); & C014MRCIAL: None of unnatural origin. Residues--No evidence of such materials The maximum natural water temperature shall not be increased by more except of natural origin. No viaii;le film of oil, gasoline, or re- than 10'F. lated materials. No globules of grease. Required for RECREATION (TOTAL BODY CONTACT & PARTIAL BODY CON- TACT): 90*F maximum. TOXIC & DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES Required for FISH, WILDLIFE, & OTHER AQUATIC LIFE: See note2l Required for WATER SUPPLY (INDUSTRIAL); RECREATION (TOTAL BODY Required for AGRICULTURAL: Not applicable. CONTACT & PARTIAL BODY CONTACT); & COMMERCIAL: Limited to concen- trations less than those which are or may became injurious to the designated use. HYDROGEN ION (pH) Required for WATER SUPPLY (DOMESTIC): Conform to current USPHS Required for WATER SUPPLY (INDUSTRIAL), RECREATION (TOTAL BODY CON- Drinking Water Standards except--Cyanide: Normally not detectable TACT & PARTIAL BODY CONTACT; & COMMERCIAL: Maintained within the with a maximum upper limit of 0.2 mg/l. Chromium,6: Normally not de- range of 6.5-8.8 with a maximum induced variation of 0.5 unit with- tectable with a maximum upper limit of 0.05 mg/l. Phenol: Monthly in this range. average concentration less than 0.002 mg/l and maximum concentra- Required for WATER SUPPLY (DOMESTIC); & AGRICULTURAL: pH shall not tion limited to 0.005 mg/I for a single sample. have an induced variation of more than 0.5 unit as a result of Required for FISH, WILDLIFE, & OTHER AQUATIC LIFE: Not @1/10 of unnatural sources. the 96-hr. median tolerance limit obtained from continuous flow I bio-assays where dilution water and toxicant are continuously re- Required for FISH, WILDLIFE, & OTHER AQUATIC LIFE: Maintained between 6.5 & 8.8 with a maximum artifleally induced variation of newed. Other application factors my be used if justified by 1.0 unit Within this range. Change in the PH of natural Waters evidence on hand and approved by appropriate agency. outside these values must be toward neutrality (7.0). Required for AGRICULTURAL: Conform to current USPHS Drinking Water Standards as related to toxicants. Toxic & deleterious substances RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS shall be less than those which are or my become injurious to the designated use. Required for WATER SUPPLY (DOMESTIC); & AGRICULTURAL: An upper limit of 1,000 picocuries/liter of gross beta activity (in absence TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (mg/1) of alpha emitters & Strontium 90). If this limit is exceeded the specific radionuclides present must be identified by complete anal- Required for RECREATION (TOTAL BODY CONTACT & PARTIAL BODY CONTACT); ysis in order to establish the fact that the concentration of & COMMERCIAL: Limited to concentrations less than those which are nuclides will not produce exposures above the recommended limits or may became injurious to the designated use. established by the Federal Radiation Council. Required for WATER SUPPLY (DOMESTIC): For Great Lakes & Connecting Required for WATER SUPPLY (INDUSTRIAL); RECREATION (TOTAL BODY CON- Waters--Total Dissolved Solids: The maximum shall not exceed 200. TACT & PARTIAL BODY CONTACT); FISH, WILDLIFE, & OTHER AQUATIC LIFE; Chlorides: The monthly average shall not exceed 50. A monthly & COMMERCIAL: Standards to be established when information becomes average of 10 is a desirable limit where existing conditions are available on deleterious effects. IFor the Great Lakes and connecting waters no heat load in sufficient quantity to create conditions which are of my became injurious to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other uses which are being or may be made of such waters; or which are or may became injurious to the value or utility of riparian lands; or which are or may become injurious to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish, or aquatic life, or the growth or propagation thereof. 21ntolerant Fish - Cold Water Species: Ambient--32o to natural maximum; Allowable Increase--10*; Maximum Limit--70*. Intolerant Fish - Warm Water Species: Ambient--32* to 35% 36* to natural maximum; Allowable Increase--15% 10-; Maximum Limit--85'. Tolerant Fish - Warm Water Species: Ambient--120 to 59% 60* to natural maximum; Allowable Increas-15% 10% Maximum Limit--87*. Water Quality Standards 27 water uses, and estimated future uses. A se- (4) Agricultural ries of 11 water and related land resource in- All waters will be protected for agricultural ventory reports, six covering interstate wa- uses. ters and five intrastate waters, were compiled (5) Commercial by the staff of the Water Resources Commis- All waters will be protected for commercial sion and were used as background material for use. determining use designations. The Water Resources Commission must It should be noted, when reviewing the use have discretion in determining the extent of designations, that in those instances where the mixing zone. In general, the Water Re- more than one use is to be protected, the most sources Commission encourages the use of restrictive use designations shall apply. The outfall structures that minimize the extent of standards allow for a mixing zone for entering the mixing zone. wastes but in no instance shall the mixing Based on their existing uses and reasonable zone act as a barrier to fish migration or inter- future uses the waters of the St. Clair River, fere unreasonably with designated water Lake St. Clair, Detroit River and Lake Erie uses. will be protected as described below. The use of two designations, one for tolerant (1) Water Supply fish and warmwater species, the other for All the above named waters will be pro- commercial species and others, applied only tected for domestic and industrial water sup- until January 1974. By that time the waste ply, except that portion of the Detroit River disposal situations involved were to be placed from Point Hennepin to the mouth. The indi- before the Water Resources Commission for vidual parameters shall be measured at the critical reconsideration with a view toward point of water withdrawal. the application of higher quality use des- (2) Recreation ignations. The water quality standards for Except at the mouths of tributaries and in the designated use areas shall not apply dur- the immediate vicinity of enclosed harbor ing periods of authorized dredging for naviga- areas and wastewater treatment plant out- tion purposes and during such periods of time falls, all of the above named waters will be when the after-effects of dredging degrade protected for recreation (total body contact), water quality in areas affected by dredging. except during conditions relating to natural However, water quality standards for the des- causes (Figures 7-3 and 7-4). ignated use shall apply in areas used for the (3) Fish, Wildlife, and Other Aquatic Life disposal of spoil from dredging operations. All the above named waters will be pro- tected for fish, wildlife, and other aquatic life (warmwater sport fish). 3.3.2.3 Designated Uses (4) Commercial Navigation All the above named waters will be pro- Based on their existing uses and reasonable tected for commercial navigation in the desig- future uses the waters of Lake Superior, Lake nated navigation channels as maintained by Michigan, Lake Huron, and St. Marys River the Corps of Engineers. were classified into designated use areas as Based on their existing uses and reasonable described below. future uses the Michigan waters of the (1) Water Supply Maumee River Basin will be protected as de- All waters will be protected for domestic and scribed below. industrial water supply. The individual pa- (1) Recreation rameters shall be measured at the point of All the above waters will be protected for water withdrawal. recreation (total body contact), except during (2) Recreation conditions relating to natural causes. All waters will be protected for total body (2) Fish, Wildlife, and Other Aquatic Life contact recreation, except in the immediate All the above named waters will be pro- vicinity of enclosed harbor areas and river tected for fish, wildlife, and other aquatic life mouths where partial body contact will apply (warmwater sport fish). (Figures 7-1 and 7-2). (3) Agricultural (3) Fish, Wildlife, and Other Aquatic Life All the above named waters will be pro- All waters will be protected for intolerant tected for agricultural uses. fish, warmwater species, and for intolerant In general, the designated uses for the inter- fish, coldwater species, where they are natur- ior waters of the Michigan portion of the Lake ally suitable for such use. Huron basin are as follows: 28 Appendix 7 r/ EXPLANATION Partial body contact areas 0 0 GRANI) 14AVEN GROC) ,4EN SOUT" =0 IN ACK R IVES ILLINOIS S41NTJOSEPH RIVER 11TUAINT MICHIGAN INDIANA -0H I; $CALE IN MILES 0 10 FIGURE 7-1 Lake Michigan Designated Use Areas Water Quality Standards 29 IS Ft V T M LTS IN I S A IE % % EXPLANATION Partial body contact areas z STANDISH A q@P- \.O%G ATKAWKAWLIN G S f0 SCALEIN MILES 0 5 10 15 20 25 FIGURE 7-2 Lake Huron Designated Use Areas 30 Appendix 7 OX C 4f 0 G RSE RIVER A T ECORSE LAJ A. L) FRI 0 RIVER Q t@@ F?IVEP f?AISM AT MONFIOE 15&1 I-ool -17 Ile` looo, .oo- EXPLANATION Partial body contact areas looo, SCALE IN MILES 0 1 2 3 4 5 FIGURE 7-3 Detroit River and Lake Erie Designated Use Areas Water Quality Standards Ell LAC Arpo T RO CANADA 7' S7-CIAI)? -4 A FAIRHAVE 14 133Y 14 0 J# J* LAKE �r ST CLAIR EXPLANATION Partial body contact areas SCALE IN MILES 2 3 4 5 CANADA FIGURE 7-4 St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair Designated Use Areas 32 Appendix 7 (1) Water Supply ment or control will provide for water quality All existing public water supply intakes in enhancement commensurate with present normal daily use are to be protected for and future uses. Exception to the requirement domestic water supply. All public waters, with for at least secondary treatment must be jus- three specified exceptions, are to be protected tified to the satisfaction of the Michigan for industrial water supply. Water Resources Commission and the Office of (2) Recreation Water Programs, U.S. Environmental Protec- In general, all public waters north of the tion Agency. Discharges of raw sewage of Saginaw River basin are to be protected for human origin to public waters were to be cor- total body contact. All public waters in and rected by June 1, 1972. Year-round disinfec- south of the Saginaw River basin are to be tion of all final effluents from municipal sew- protected for partial body contact. However, age treatment plants is required. Industrial all natural lakes, all artificial lakes on public waste discharges were to meet the same waters, and specifically designated reservoirs treatment requirements as municipal waste or portions of streams are to be protected for effluents and industrial waste problems iden- total body contact. tified in the interstate plan reports must, no (3) Fish, Wildlife and Other Aquatic Life later than June 1, 1970, have adequate treat- In general, most of the waters north of the ment or control facilities. Saginaw River basin are to be protected for intolerant fish, coldwater species and all streams tributary to the Great Lakes are pro- 3.4 Minnesota tected for anadromous fish. In and south of the Saginaw River basin, all waters will be pro- Minnesota has adopted water quality tected for intolerant fish, warmwater species, standards for its interstate waters under the unless specifically. designated for tolerant provision of the Federal Water Quality Con- fish or designated as trout streams (intolerant trol Act of 1965 (P.L. 89-234). The Interstate fish, coldwater species). Water Quality Standards and Use (4) Agricultural Classifications were approved by the State of All public waters with the exception of two Minnesota in June 1967. These standards, reaches are protected for agricultural use. along with the use classifications, were ap- (5) Commercial and Other proved by the Secretary of the Interior in The reaches not protected for agricultural November 1969. use are protected for commercial and other The standards contain three major compo- uses. nents: a description of water-use classifica- This discussion of designated use areas is tions, criteria for water quality needed to intended to provide a broad generalization support the designated uses (Table 7-2), and only. For detailed information on the actual an implementation plan. Table 7-3 shows the uses designated for specific waters, the follow- classifications of all the water in the study ing publications of the Michigan Water Re- area. sources Commission should be consulted: Use Designation Areas for Michigan's Intrastate Water Quality Standards, March 1969, and 3.4.1 Criteria and Description of Use Summary of Water Quality Standardsfor Des- The non-degradation clause contained in ignated Use Areas in Michigan Interstate Wa- WPC-15 is applicable to all waters in the State ters, November 1968. of Minnesota. It reads as follows: Waters which are of quality better than the estab- lished standards will be maintained at high quality 3.3.3 Standards Implementation unless a determination is made by the State that a change isjustifiable as a result of necessary economic On interstate waters, where non- or social development and will not preclude appropri- compliance with the standards exists as the ate beneficial present and future uses of the waters. Any project or development which would constitute a result of a discharge from an existing munici- source of pollution to high quality waters will be re- pal wastewater treatment plant, treatment quired to provide the highest and best practicable facilities adequate for meeting established treatment to maintain high water quality and keep water quality standards were to be provided water pollution at a minimum. In implementing this policy, the Secretary of the Interior will be provided no later than June 1, 1972. Secondary treat- with such information as he requires to discharge his ment is required as a minimum unless it can be responsibilities under the Federal Water Quality Act, demonstrated that a lesser degree of treat- as amended. Water Quality Standards 33 In forming the specific standards as they ap- (6) other considerations deemed proper by pear in Water Pollution Control Regulations the Agency WPC-14, 15, 16, and 17, the following factors Table 7-2 is a summary of values for the were taken into consideration: parameters used in various classes of in- (1) size, depth, surface area covered, vol- terstate waters as they appear in WPC-15, ume, direction and rate of flow, stream gra- which covers all of the interstate waters in the dient, and temperature of the water study area except the Nemadji River basin for (2) the character of the district bordering which standards are found in WPC-15 and 17. the waters and its peculiar suitability-for the Standards (criteria) for Minnesota's intra- particular uses, with a view to conserving the state waters were approved by the Minnesota value of the district by encouraging the most Pollution Control Agency in April 1969 (WPC- appropriate use of lands bordering the waters, 14) and were established in the same method for residential, agricultural, industrial, or rec- as the interstate standards. reational purposes (3) use the waters for transportation, domestic, and industrial consumption, bath- 3.4.2 Designated Uses ing, fishing and fish culture, fire prevention, the disposal of sewage, industrial wastes, and Based on considerations of best usage in the other wastes, or other uses within this State, interest of the public and in conformance with and, at the discretion of the agency, any such the requirements of the applicable statutes, uses in another State on interstate waters the interstate waters of the State are to be flowing through or originating in this State grouped into one or more of the following (4) the extent of present defilement of foul- classes: ing of the waters resulting from past dis- (1) domestic consumption (to include all in- charges terstate waters that are or may be used as a (5) the need for standards for effluent from source of supply for drinking, cooking, food disposal systems entering waters of the State processing, or other domestic purposes, and TABLE 7-2 Summary of Criteria for Designated Classes of Surface Waters-Minnesota Minimum Tol:l Coliform Dissolved Ia.lved Turbidity Or ganisms Temp Oxygen Ammonia Chlorides Phenol PH Solids Chromium Copper Cyanide Water Use Classification Val ue (MPN 1100 .1) ('F) (.01) (.g/1) (.g/1) (.g/1) Range (.g/1) (.g/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) 1. Domes tic Cons umption 5 1 --- --- --- 250 0.001 --- 500 0.05 1.0 0.01 A. (Ground Water) 5 50 --- --- --- 250 0.001 --- 500 0.05 1.0 0.01 B. Surface ,High Pro tection C. S.rface,.Moderate 25 4000 --- --- --- 250 0.001 --- 500 0.05 1.0 0.01 Protect n a. S, rf.ce,.Low 4000 --- --- --- 250 0.001 --- --- 0.05 --- 0.2 Protect n 2. Fisheries & Recreation A. Co ld Water Fishery 10 1000 No 7 Do and/ or WhoIaBody inct. 5.Ob Trace 50 Trace 6.5-3.5 --- Trace Trace Trace Contact B. Mi ad Fishery and/or 25 1000 86 d 6.,c 1.0 0.01 6.5-9.0 --- 1.0 0.2 0.02 Who Is Body Contact d 5.0b Residen tFish and/or 25 5000 90 5.Oc 2.0 ... e 6.0-9.5 --- 1.0 0.2 0.02 Partial Body Contact 3.0b 3.1dustrial Consumption nH --- d A.igh Quality, similar 5000 75 --- --- 50 50 6.5-8.5 --- --- --- --- B. to.Class 1B d @50 6.0-9.0 --- --- --- --- Go d Quality, similar --- 5000 86 --- --- 100 toCla. a1. (surface) 350 god (ground C. Cooling &Materials --- 5000 --- --- 250 250 6.0-9.5 --- --- --- --- Transport 4. Agriculture & Wildlife A-Irriga tion --- 5000 --- --- --- --- --- 5.0-8.5 700 --- --- --- B. Stock Watering --- 5000 --- --- --- --- --- 6.0-9.5 1000 --- --- --- 5. Navigation & Waste --- 5000 --- --- --- --- --- 5.5-10.0 --- --- --- --- Disposal 6. Other uses (provides for conformity with other States and Canada, and applicable Federal requirements. Criteria generally similar to above but may be different if necessary for the stated purpose. For example, some criteria for designated streams may be changed from those given above bythe rec-odations resulting from the Federal-State enforcement conference of February 28, and March 1 and 20, 1967 on the Mississippi River and Trib. t.risa SOURC E: Abstracted from Criteria for Classification and Establishment of Standards (Regulation WPC-15), not including criteria related only to a single class or ._ Show. maximum value or ranges unless otherwise noted. If two or more classes apply, the more stringent value applies. aOctober through May . bRemainder of year. cApril and May. dSumer maximum temperatures. For seasonal ranges, etc., see WPC-15. e None that would impartodor or taste to fish flesh or other fresh water edible products such as clams, crayfish, prawns, etc. 34 Appendix 7 for which quality control is or may be neces- TABLE 7-3 Classification of Waters, Plan- sary to protect the public health, safety, and ning Subarea 1.1-Minnesota Portion welfare) Waters Class (2) fisheries and recreation (to include all interstate waters that are or may be used for RIVERS fishing, fish habitat, bathing, or any other rec- St. Louis River--Seven Beaver Lake 2B, 3B reational purposes, for which quality control outlet to Cloquet is or may be necessary to protect aquatic or St. Louis River--Cloquet to Fond du Lac 3B terrestrial life, or the public health, safety, or Red River--source to Wisconsin border 2A, 3B Little Pokegama River--source to 2B, 3B welfare) Wisconsin border (3) industrial consumption (to include all Nemadji River--source to Wisconsin border See WPC-17 interstate waters that are or may be used for South Fork Nemadji River--source to See WPC-17 industrial process or cooling water, or any Wisconsin border Clear Creek--source to Wisconsin border See WPC-17 other industrial or commercial purposes, for Mud Creek--source to Wisconsin border See WPC-17 which quality control is or may be necessary to State Line Creek--source to Wisconsin See WPC-16 protect the public health, safety or welfare) border (4) agriculture and wildlife (to include all LAKES interstate waters that are or may be used for Pigeon River, Fan Lake, Lily Lake, Moose IB, 2B, 3A any agricultural purposes, including stock wa- Lake, North Fowl Lake, South Fowl Lake tering and irrigation, or by waterfowl or other Watap Lake, Rover Lake, Rose Lake, Rat 1B, 2B wildlife, for which quality control is or may be Lake, South Lake, Mountain Lake, North necessary to protect terrestrial life or the pub- Lake lic health, safety or welfare) Lake Superior IB, 2A, 3A Seven Beaver Lake 2B, 3A (5) navigation and waste disposal (to in- Black Lake IB, 2B, 3B clude all interstate waters that are or may be St. Louis Day, Superior Bay 2B, 3B used for any form of water transportation or INTRASTATE WATERS navigation, disposal of sewage, industrial All North Shore Streams not included above See WPC-14 waste or other waste effluents, or fire preven- tion, for which quality control is or may be necessary to protect the public health, safety or welfare) The interstate water quality standards for (6) other uses (to include interstate waters Minnesota, which include the implementation that are or may serve the above listed or any and enforcement plan, were approved by the other beneficial uses not listed herein, includ- Secretary of the Interior on November 26, ing without limitation such uses in this or any 1969 (Table 7-3). other State, province, or nation which has any interstate waters flowing through or originat- MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY ing in this State, and for which quality control Division of Water Quality is or may be necessary for the above declared purposes, or to conform with the requirements Plan for Implementation of Criteria for the Interstate of the legally constituted State or national Waters of Minnesota agencies having jurisdiction over such in- (1) Conventional sewage or industrial wastes, terstate waters, or any other considerations including but not limited to the attached listing of the Agency may deem proper) major sources. (a) All persons responsible for sources which do not have a valid disposal system operation and/or 3.4.3 Implementation effluent discharge permit from Agency or do not have an application pending must apply for the same within one month. The implementation plans of the State in- (b) Persons responsible for any sources of the clude identification and location of significant same must submit to the Agency a report showing the sources of waste discharges, waste treatment known or estimated quantity and quality of effluents discharged to these waters, together with pertinent and control requirements, and a timetable for operational or other information, unless such a report achieving compliance with the standards. The was filed with the Agency in the preceding month, and following is the text of the implementation in any case not later than July 31, 1967. plan as it was submitted to the Federal Water (c) All persons operating sewage or waste treatment works, regardless of whether such works Pollution Control Administration in June are adequate or inadequate, must submit regular 1967, with revisions made in March 1969 to monthly reports on the operation and the characteris- reflect changes agreed upon in the interim. tics of the effluents. The measurements, observa- Water Quality Standards 35 tions, sampling, and analyses done must be sufficient remedial action to prevent pollution from this source. to adequately reflect the condition of the treatment A total of not more than five to ten years, including works, the effluent, and the receiving waters. engineering studies, etc., can be scheduled for this (d) Where there is compliance at present it purpose so that the abatement measures will be com- shall be maintained and where compliance can be pleted by June 30, 1977. [This date may be extended.] achieved by relatively minor construction or opera- (3) Other wastes including but not limited to the tional improvements, such as chlorination and/or col- usual dumps, refuse deposits, industrial materials, iform reduction, the improvements, including report- stock piles, stock feed lots and liquid storage sites of ing, shall be made without delay and in any case not all kinds which are confined to or originate from rela- later than July 31, 1967. tively small areas or point sources and have signifi- (e) Where construction or new treatment cant short term pollutional potential. works or extensive modifications of existing works or (a) The permit and reporting requirements of costly internal controls may be necessary to achieve Sections la and b apply to all such sources which are compliance it shall be so indicated in the report to be located adjacent to or may affect interstate waters. submitted under item (b) above, together with an es- (b) Waste disposal improvements or safe- timate as to the nature and extent of the needed im- guards against pollution must be provided in conform- provements. The highest practicable degree of treat- ance with the schedules outlined in Sections ld, e ment will be required, consistent with the nature and and f and in compliance with Regulation WPC-4 and the uses of the waters and intent of the applicable pertinent okficial recommendations of such matters. statutes. Depending upon the magnitude of the proj- (4) (a) Wherever such areas or sources of sub- ect he may be granted additional time to prepare a stantial magnitude are essentially under the owner- Waste Improvement Proposal as outlined in Section 1 ship or control of one person or organization (i.e., a of the Enforcement Plan. In any case where voluntary legal entity as defined in M.S. Chapter 115) the re- action including adequate reporting for permit pur- sponsible person must conform with the reporting re- poses, or a satisfactory Waste Improvement Proposal quirements given in Section 1b, by not later than Oc- and acceptance of a stipulation incorporating sched- tober 1, 1967. ules, has not been completed well before the date of the (b) Following evaluation of the preliminary applicable enforcement hearing (to be held as shown in report a more detailed report on the problem and im- the attached Priority Listing of Interstate Water provement proposal, together with a subsequent re- Classification Projects), compulsory action will be medial program, may be required based on the sched- taken instead as indicated in steps 4 through 15 of the ules given in Sections 2a and b. Enforcement Plan. (c) Particular attention will be given to known (f) Construction of necessary treatment works problem areas such as control of siltation from mine or modifications thereof ordinarily must be completed spoil banks, accelerated eutrophication of lakes by and the works in operation before June 30, 1972. [This farm land run-off and detrimental effects on aquatic date may be extended.] This is to be considered a and other biota by chemical residues. It is recognized maximum time allowance, and extensions will not be that many of the traditional methods of control other granted except for unusually complex projects. than education and publicity are likely to be impracti- The following periods will usually be considered cal or unproductive in these fields and considerable ample for completion of the indicated project phases modification of the usual approach may be necessary. (including review and approval of the report, plan and It is anticipated that the role of the Agency will be program by the Commission): largely one of sponsoring research and stimulating Engineering reports 6 months action by others, since the main attack on these prob- Construction plans 6 months lems will very likely have to be directed by and Financing program 3 months through other State, local, or Federal agencies which Contract bids and awards 3 months have more direct jurisdiction aswell asprovencompe- Work construction 2 years tence and experience in these fields. Applications for Federal grants, where eligible, should @5) Transient discharges of sewage or episodic be made at the earliest possible date. Failure to re- losses of pollutional materials from watercraft or ceive a grant offer will not be considered valid reason other forms of transportation. for delaying a project. (a) Sewage discharges originating on water- (2) Sewage from storm or combined sewer out- craft must be controlled in conformance with water use lets and/or bypassing of sewage treatment works. classification 2A (or 2B) for whole body contact for all (a) Municipalities with combined sanitary and Minnesota waters where such discharges are not storm sewer systems, excessive groundwater infiltra- otherwise prohibited. The discharge of other wastes, tion or entrance of major amounts of roof or basement as well as sewage effluents, must also be in confor- drainage, snow melt, storm water or other relatively mance with the requirements of the agency with clean waters into the sanitary sewer system, or other which the craft is licensed or registered, or other disposal system or maintenance needs such as to agency having jurisdiction over such matters (the cause periodic substantial overflows of untreated or U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Public inadequately treated sewage from any part of the Health Service, Department of Agriculture, Depart- system, will be required to report thereon as indicated ment of Conservation, Port Authorities, County in Section lb and may be required to make engineer- Sheriffs, etc.). ing studies on the problem and submit an improve- ment proposal for corrective action within not more than two years and in any case not later than June 30, 3.5 New York 1969. [This date may be extended.] (b) Following evaluation of the engineering A Statewide system of stream classifica- report and improvement proposal, the municipality will be given a variance for a minimum period of time tions to be applied to all waters of the State sufficient for construction of separate sewers or other in conformance with the requirements of the 36 Appendix 7 Water Pollution Control Act was adopted by tion," developed on a drainage basin basis fol- the former New York State Water Pollution lowing the adoption of stream classifications Control Board in 1950 after duly constituted and standards, and the approval of the public hearings of the legislative type in seven abatement plan by the Water Resources locations throughout the State. This system Commission as required under the Public established the classification defined in Health Law. Such a plan for the Lake Erie terms of a combination of recognized water drainage basin was developed in 1955. The usages and also assigns quality standards document outlined the basic steps of enforcing and criteria specifications consistent with pollution abatement through an initial these usages. cooperative phase followed by the enforce- Once the classification system was estab- ment phase. It also included a listing of "pol- lished, all surface waters within New York luters" with significant facts concerning pol- State boundaries were classified following the lution. recommendations contained in a pre- Since the Pure Waters Program became classification survey report, which was based operative, significant changes in policy have on evaluation of the physical and hydrologic enabled vigorous enforcement of the plan. characteristic of the watershed under consid- Hearings in accordance with the prescribed eration, the past, present, and future uses of rules and regulations have been held, result- these waters, and the extent of present de- ing in issuance of commissioners' orders filement resulting from past waste dis- against all significant polluters. Automatic charges. data processing allowed up-to-date records of After public hearings, these classifications polluter status according to schedules set and standards were assigned by the Water forth in commissioners' orders. The legal and Resource 's Commission, fulfilling the purposes engineering staff have been augmented to of the Public Health Law in preventing any carry out the intensified program. The re- new pollution and abating the existing pollu- sponsibility for evaluating pollution situa- tion. All waters within New York State have tions and feeding information, such as case been officially classified and assigned quality reports and lapse of schedules, to the central standards. This establishes the legal baseline system was given to the regional offices in for water quality management in New York cooperation with their jurisdictional local State. health units. A minimum of secondary treatment, or its To date only a small number of hearings equivalent, is required for waste discharges. have been contested. Timetables for pollution The design flow is generally the 7-day 10-year abatement required by the orders range in flow with a 30 percent reserve of assimilative length from three months for simple problems capacity being held where the flow available to five years for the more complex pollutional in the stream makes this reasonable. For de- situations such as those encountered in New sign purposes, nitrogenous oxygen demand is York City. Schedules of three to four years for taken into account in addition to the conven- final construction and operation of abatement tional BOD. facilities are the rule, except for extraordi- State criteria governing thermal discharges nary reasons where the schedules may be ex- (heated liquids) have also been established. No tended beyond the four-year period. The typi- discharges "alone or in combination with cal timetable allows for six months for prelim- other substances of wastes in sufficient inary plans and report, one year for the sub- amounts or at temperatures as to be injurious mission of final plans, and one to two years for to fish life . . . or impair the waters for any the construction of facilities and completion of other best usage" are allowed (6 NYCRR all works on or before 1971. 701.3 et seq; details are included in this refer- Cases of default or violation of a commis- enced source). sioner's order are referred to the Attorney General, Bureau of Water and Air Resources. 3.5.1 Water Quality Standards Implementa- tion and Enforcement 3.5.2 Extent of Interstate Waters Prior to the adoption of the Pure Waters New York State has submitted and received Program, the basic means of abating pollution approval for the classifications and water was through the formal "Comprehensive Plan quality standards developed as part of its pro- for the Prevention and Abatement of Pollu- gram. Enforcement and implementation are Water Quality Standards 37 identical for intra- and interstate waters. Ta- In addition to the above, standards for a cold- ble 7-4 summarizes the New York stream water fishery were adopted for Green Creek classification system. and Cold Creek, which are north central Ohio tributaries; Conneaut Creek, Turkey Foot Creek, and the upstream section of the TABLE 7-4 Stream Classification of In- Ashtabula River; and the upstream sections terstate Waters-New York of the Chagrin River. The standards for this Minimum Dissolved use, which are modifications of the aquatic life pH Oxygen (mg/1) - criteria, calls for a minimum dissolved oxygen Class Type Range Non-Trout Trout value of 6.0 mg/l at anytime and a maximum AA Municipal Water Supply 6.5-8.5 4.0 5.0 water temperature of 70`7 at any time. (after disinfection) For Lake Erie the existing water quality AA Municipal Water Supply 6.5-8.5 4.0 5.0 (after treatment and was adopted as the standard for places where disinfection) existing quality is considerably better than B Bathing 6.5-8.5 4.0 5.0 the criteria for various uses adopted by the C Fishing 6.5-8.5 4.0 5.0 Ohio Water Pollution Control Board. D Agricultural, 6.0-9.5 3.0 --- Standards of lesser quality for aquatic life Industrial Water Supply were established for a portion of the naviga- NOTE: Heated liquids, toxic wastes, and other deleterious tion channel of the Maumee River, the entire substances alone or in combination with other sub- length of the navigation channel of the stances, or in such amounts or at temperatures to be injurious tofish li fe or to impair the class are Cuyahoga River, and several small tributaries prohibited. of the Cuyahoga River. These channels are large bodies of stagnant water which, even under natural conditions, would not meet the 3.6 Ohio dissolved oxygen requirements for the maintenance of a well-balanced fish popula- Ohio's interstate waters consist of Lake tion. Since both channel waters receive the Erie; tributaries and the main stem of the treated effluents from major population cen- Maumee River, which flow between Michigan ters, as well as considerable amounts of and Ohio as well as Indiana and Ohio; and heated water, the attainability of dissolved Turkey Foot Creek, Conneaut Creek, and the oxygen levels greater than 2.0 mg/l at all times Ashtabula River, which flow from Pennsyl- is remote. vania into Ohio. Water quality standards for A resolution establishing stream water these waters were adopted after public hear- quality criteria for various uses was adopted ings in accordance with the 1965 Federal by the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board on Water Quality Act on the following dates: April 14, 1970. These criteria are outlined in April 11, 1967; January 10, 1967; and June 13, the following subsections. 1967. On November 14, 1967, standards were adopted for the Lake's north central Ohio 3.6.1 Minimum Conditions tributaries, which include the Portage, San- dusky, Huron, Vermilion, and Black Rivers. The resolution establishes minimum condi- Standards for the remaining Ohio tributaries tions applicable to all waters at all places at all of the Lake, namely, Rocky, Cuyahoga, Chag- times. It regulates the substances in State wa- rin, and Grand Rivers, were adopted April 8, ters that are attributable to municipal, indus- 1969. The procedures and criteria for adopting trial, and other discharges, and agricultural water quality standards for these intrastate practices. These regulations are outlined be- streams were identical to those used for the low: interstate streams. (1) Waters should be free from substances With only a few exceptions, the adopted that will settle to form putrescent or other- water quality standards call for suitable qual- wise objectionable sludge deposits. ity in all waters for the following four basic (2) Waters should be free from floating de- uses: bris, oil, scum, and other floating materials in (1) full body-contact recreation amounts that are unsightly or deleterious. (2) the maintenance of well-balanced, (3) Waters should be free from materials warmwater fish population that produce color, odor, or other conditions in (3) public water supply such degree as to create a nuisance. (4) industrial water supply (4) Waters should be free from substances 38 Appendix 7 in concentrations or combinations that are gross beta activity should not exceed 1,000 toxic or harmful to human, animal, plant, and picocuries per liter (pCi/1). Activity from dis- aquatic life. solved strontium-90 should not exceed 10 pCi/l, and activity from dissolved alpha emitters should not exceed 3 pCi/l. 3.6.2 Protection of High Quality Waters (5) Chemical constituents should not ex- ceed the following concentrations at any time: Waters with existing quality better than the Constituent Concentration (mg/1) established standards should be maintained at their present high quality. Any industrial, Arsenic 0.05 public, or private project or development that Barium 1.0 would constitute a new source of pollution or Cadmium 0.01 an increased source of pollution to these wa- Chromium ters is required, as part of the initial project (hexavalent) 0.05 design, to provide for the most effective waste Cyanide 0.025 treatment available under existing technol- Fluoride 1.0 ogy. The Ohio Water Pollution Control Board Lead 0.05 cooperates with other governmental- agencies Selenium 0.01 to enforce this policy. Silver 0.05 3.6.3 Water Quality Design Flow 3.6.4.2 Industrial Water Supply Where applicable for the determination of The following criteria are applicable to treatment requirements, the water quality stream water at the point at which water is design flow is considered to be the minimum withdrawn for use (either with or without seven consecutive day average that is ex- treatment) for industrial cooling and process- ceeded in 90 percent of the years. ing. (1) Dissolved oxygen should not be less than 2.0 mg/l as a daily average value, nor less 3.6.4 Stream Quality Criteria than 1.0 mg/l at any time. ' (2) Values for pH should be between 5.0 and Stream quality criteria were established for 9.0 at all times. public water supply use, industrial water sup- (3) Temperature should not exceed 950 F at ply use, aquatic life, recreation, and agricul- any time. tural use and stock watering. (4) Dissolved solids should not exceed 750 mg/l as a monthly average value, nor exceed 1,000 mg/l at any time. 3.6.4.1 Public Water Supply The following criteria are for evaluation of 3.6.4.3 Aquatic Life stream quality at the point at which water is withdrawn for treatment and distribution as a The following criteria are for evaluation of potable supply. conditions for the maintenance of a well- (1) The bacterial criteria require that the balanced warmwater fish population. They coliform group not exceed 5,000 per 100 ml as a apply throughout the stream except where monthly average value (either MPN or MF waste effluents mix with stream water. count). The coliform group should not exceed (1) Dissolved oxygen should not be less this number in more than 20 percent of the than an average of 5.0 mg/l per calendar day samples examined during any month, nor nor less than 4.0 mg/1 at any time. should it exceed 20,000 per 100 ml in more than (2) Values for pH should be between 6.0 and five percent of such samples. 8.5. Daily fluctuations that exceed the range of (2) The threshold-odor number should not pH 6.0 to pH 8.5 and are correlated with photo- exceed 24 (at 60 degrees C) as a daily average. synthetic activity may be tolerated. (3) Dissolved solids should not exceed 500 (3) Temperature criteria state that there mg/1 as a monthly average value, and 750 mg/1 should be no abnormal temperature changes at any time. that may affect aquatic life unless caused by (4) Radioactivity criteria require that the natural conditions. Normal daily and seasonal Water Quality Standards 39 temperature fluctuations that existed before contact activities such as swimming and the addition of heat due to unnatural causes water skiing. The fecal coliform content should be maintained. The maximum temper- (either MPN or MF count) should not exceed ature rise above natural temperatures should 200 per 100 ml as a monthly geometric mean not exceed 5' F at any time or place. In addi- based on not less than five samples per month, tion, the water temperature should not exceed nor exceed 400 per 100 ml in more than 10 the maximum limits indicated in degrees percent of all samples taken during a month. Farenheit in the following tabular material. All Waters 3.6.4.5 Agricultural Use and Stock Watering Except Month Ohio River Ohio River The minimum conditions applicable to all waters, described in Subsection 3.6.1, are also Jan. 50 50 applicable for the evaluation of stream quality Feb. 50 50 at places where water is withdrawn for ag- March 60 60 ricultural use and stock watering. April 70 70 May 80 80 June 90 87 3.6.5 Implementation and Enforcement Plan July 90 89 Aug. 90 89 The Ohio Water Pollution Control Board has Sept. 90 87 authority to control, prevent, and abate pollu- Oct. 78 78 tion in the waters of the State. In accordance Nov. 70 70 with this authority the Board adopted the fol- Dec. 57 57 lowing program and requirements for control- ling pollution. (4) Toxic substances should not exceed (1) The design flow or critical stream flow one-tenth of the 48-hour median tolerance should be used in applying stream water qual- limit. When approved by the appropriate regu- ity criteria. For free flowing streams unaf- latory agency, other limiting concentrations fected by significant diversions or regulations, may be used in specific cases when justified on this flow is the annual minimum seven con- the basis of available evidence. secutive day warm weather now that is ex- The following criteria are for evaluation of ceeded in 90 percent of the years. Where low conditions for the maintenance of desirable stream flows are affected by regulations or biological growths and, in limited stretches of diversion, adjustments to the historical rec- a stream, for permitting the passage of fish ords should be made for these effects. through the water. They do not apply to areas (2) All plans and proposals for abatement where effluents mix with stream water. or correction of pollution will be approved by (1) Dissolved oxygen should not be less the Ohio Department of Health as required by than 3.0 mg/l as a daily average value, nor less law. This will constitute approval by the than 2.0 mg/l at any time. Board. (2) Values for pH should be between 6.0 and (3) All sewage and organic industrial 8.5 at all times. wastes should receive not less than secondary (3) Temperature should not exceed 95'F at treatment (biochemical oxidation), and the any time. facilities to provide this treatment should be (4) Toxic substances should not exceed constructed and placed in operation without one-tenth of the 48-hour median tolerance delay. limit. When approved by the appropriate regu- (4) All effluents should be continuously latory agency, other limiting concentrations disinfected, prior to discharge, to meet the may be used in specific cases when justified on criteria for downstream water uses. Facilities the basis of available evidence. to provide this treatment should be con- structed and placed in operation without de- lay. 3.6.4.4 Recreation (5) All inorganic industrial wastes and other pollution constituents should be The following bacterial criterion is for adequately treated and/or controlled to meet evaluation of conditions in waters designated the water quality conditions and criteria. for recreational use, including total body- Facilities to provide this treatment should be 40 Appendix 7 constructed and placed in operation without the interstate waters of Lake Erie and its in- delay. terstate tributaries by the Sanitary Water (6) Local programs should be initiated to Board on June 28,1967. These standards were control and reduce pollution resulting from adopted after public hearin 'g in accordance bypassing, spillages, and discharges resulting with the 1965 Federal Water Quality Act. For from construction or breakdown. the waters affected, the water quality stand- (7) Necessary studies should be made and, ards replaced the 1944 Stream Classification where feasible, plans and construction pro- of the Sanitary Water Board. grams should be developed as rapidly as possi- The standards were adopted in the following ble to reduce pollution from existing combined manner: sewer overflows and inadequate sewage col- (1) Water uses 'that are to be protected lection systems. were determined at a public hearing. The uses (8) Where necessary, supplementary to be protected include all existing uses plus treatment of wastewaters to improve water probable uses that could be made of the water. quality and reduce algal growths should be The list of uses to be protected relate only to provided and should be consistent with cur- water quality needs. rent research and technological advances. (2) Criteria for pertinent water quality in- (9) A comprehensive program for further dicators were selected to protect the desig- improvement of the water quality of the nated uses. Criteria for nutrients were not Cuyahoga River downstream from Akron by adopted at that time pending the findings of such means and low-flow augmentation with the Lake Erie Enforcement Conference. at least 100 efs, by in-stream aerations, par- (3) The minimum treatment requirements ticularly in the navigation channel, or a com- established for these waters in 1944 by the bination of these or other appropriate means, Sanitary Water Board (Secondary Treatment) is part of this plan. was retained in the implementation plan, but (10) A comprehensive plan is urgently each discharge is evaluated on its own to needed for sewerage and sewage treatment determine if the level of treatment is ade- for the rapidly growing areas of Cuyahoga and quate to achieve the water quality criteria Summit Counties. The plan should provide for in the receiving waters. Where minimum the elimination of discharges to the smaller treatment requirements are inadequate to tributary streams. achieve the criteria, the Sanitary Water (11) The portion of the master plan for Board issues orders that specify the limits on sewerage in Cleveland. calling for the inter- the amount of materials that may be dis- ception of certain urban and industrial drain- charged to the receiving waters. age streams for treatment is a part of the (4) After orders are issued, a schedule of State plan. steps to achieve compliance is submitted by (12) The stream water quality monitoring the discharger and approved or rejected by program should be expanded to assure com- the Sanitary Water Board. Compliance is re- pliance with these standards. quired within as short a time as is technically The Ohio Water Pollution Control Board and possible. the Ohio Department of Health assist other Water quality standards have been adopted governmental agencies in the implementation for only the interstate waters of Pennsyl- of effective soil erosion control programs and vania's portion of the basin. Plans are being programs for the reduction of the runoff of made to adopt water quality standards, using phosphorous, nitrogen compounds, and pes- the same procedure, for all waters in the Lake ticides. Erie basin. Enforcement of these requirements should be carried out by means of permits issued to municipalities, counties, industries, and other 3.8 Wisconsin entities discharging into State waters. Fail- ure to comply with the permit conditions will result in legal action in accordance with the 3.8.1 Legislative Directives provisions of the law. In 1965 Federal legislation authorized and required the establishment of interstate 3.7 Pennsylvania water quality standards and State legislation authorized and required intrastate stand- Water quality standards were adopted for ards. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Water Quality Standards 41 (Public Law 660), as amended by the Water thereafter by the Natural Resources Board. Quality Act of 1965, required that each State They became effective on September 1, 1968. file a letter of intent and, after hearings and before June 30, 1967, adopt water quality criteria for interstate waters and a plan for 3.8.3 Principles and Guidelines their implementation. These criteria and the plan, if accepted by the U.S. Department of the Interior, would thereafter be the applicable 3.8.3.1 Measurable Characteristics interstate water quality standards. The Federal act stipulated that the stand- Water quality standards specify what char- ards of quality "shall be such as to protect acteristics must be maintained in a given body the public health or welfare, enhance the qual- of water. They must be based on measurable ity of water and serve the purposes of this Act. or observable parameters. The characteristics In establishing such standards the Secretary used in setting Wisconsin water quality (of the Interior), the Hearing Board, or the standards are: bacterial concentrations, pH, appropriate State Authority shall take into dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, tempera- consideration their use and value for public ture, and presence of materials that may be water supplies, propagation of fish and unsightly, toxic, harmful to health, or create a wildlife, recreational purposes, and agricul- nuisance. The U.S. Public Health Service's tural, industrial, and other legitimate uses." Drinking Water Standards and the Atomic Chapter 614, Wisconsin Laws of 1965, be- Energy Commission's limits on the disposal came effective on August 1, 1966, and au- and permissible concentration of radioactive thorized and directed adoption of rules setting materials were incorporated into the State's standards of water quality. It recognized that water quality criteria. different standards may be required for dif- Standards that must be maintained for a ferent waters. The intent is set forth: "stand- given body of water depend mainly on the des- ards of quality shall be such as to protect ignated use of the water. Wisconsin has de- the public interest, which includes the protec- veloped water quality standards for four gen- tion of the public health and welfare and the eral types of uses: public water supply, fish present and prospective future use of such wa- and aquatic life, recreation, and industrial ters for public and private water supplies, and cooling. Those standards for fish and propagation of fish and aquatic life and aquatic life are further divided into three wildlife, domestic and recreational purposes, categories: trout waters, water where fish re- and agricultural, commercial, indistrial and production is of primary importance, and wa- other legitimate uses. In all cases where the ters where fishing is desirable in conjunction potential uses of water are in conflict, water with other uses. In addition minimum stand- quality standards shall be interpreted to pro- ards apply to all surface waters of the State tect the general public interest." establishing a base below which water quality may not be degraded and insuring that pre- sent water qualities will not be decreased. 3.8.2 Official Adoption of Standards Interstate and intrastate standards were 3.8.3.2 Interstate and Intrastate Standards developed separately. Standards were adopted by the Resource Development Board Wisconsin's water quality standards apply on April 26,1967, published in the May Regis- to both interstate and intrastate waters. ter, and became effective on June 1, 1967. Water management decisions are now guided These standards and a plan for their im- by the following standards: plementation were submitted to the Secretary (1) Regardless of the water quality stand- of the Interior and were accepted as Federal ards and water uses, untreated or in- interstate standards on January 24, 1968. adequately treated wastes may not impair a They were the 14th set accepted by the Fed- designated use nor may standards be inter- eral agency and no changes were required. preted to permit a lower quality within a Hearings on proposed intrastate water water sector than that now existing or re- quality standards were held regionally in quired by outstanding orders. As a result of November 1967. Following review, they were municipal, industrial, commercial, domestic, adopted at the final meeting of the Resource agricultural, land development, or other ac- Development Board in June 1968, and shortly tivities, conditions may arise that will be con- 42 Appendix 7 trolled by the following standards: excess of 2'F per hour. (a) Substances that will cause objection- (4) The following standards are applicable able deposits on the shore or in the bed of a to surface waters where fishing is desirable in body of water shall not be present in such conjunction with other uses and natural con- amounts as to create a nuisance. ditions permit: (b) Floating or submerged debris, oil, (a) dissolved oxygen: for a balanced scum, or other material shall not be present in warmwater fishery it should not be less than such amounts as to create a nuisance. 5.0 mg/l during 16 hours of any 24-hour period, (c) Materials producing color, odor, taste nor less than 4.0 mg/l at any time or unsightliness shall not be present in such (b) temperature: not to exceed 89' F for amouts as to create a nuisance. warmwater fish. No abrupt change from (d) Substances in concentrations or background by more than Y F at any time. In combinations toxic or harmful to humans addition authorization must be obtained for shall not be present in amounts found to be of proposed installations where the discharge of public health significance, nor shall sub- a thermal pollutant may increase the natural stances be present in amounts that, by bioas- maximum temperature of a stream by more say and other appropriate tests, indicate than 3' F. acute or chronic levels harmful to animal, (c) prohibition of unauthorized concen- plant, or aquatic life. trations of substances that alone or in combi- (2) The following standards are applicable nation with other materials present are toxic where surface water is classified for public to fish or other aquatic life water supply: (d) prohibition of alteration of streams (a) bacteria: coliform number not to classified by law as trout waters by effluents exceed 5,000 per 100 ml as a monthly arithme- that affect the stream environment to such an tic average value; nor exceed this value in extent that trout populations are adversely more than 20 percent of the samples examined affected in any manner during any month; nor exceed 20,000 per 100 (5) A sanitary survey and/or evaluation to ml in more than 5 percent of the samples. assure protection from fecal contamination is Counts are expressed as Most Probable the chief criterion in determining the suitabil- Number (MPN) or Membrane Filter Coliform ity of a surface water for recreational use. In Counts (MFCC). addition, the following bacteriological (b) dissolved solids: not to exceed 500 guidelines are set forth: mg/l as a monthly average value, nor exceed (a) Water is acceptable for whole body 750 mg/l at any time contact if it has an arithmetic average col- (c) pH: a range from 6.0 to 9.0, except in iform count of 1,000 per 100 ml or less and a waters naturally having a pH of less than 6.5 maximum not exceeding 2,500 per 100 ml dur- or higher than 8.5 where effluent discharges ing the recreation season. may not reduce the low value or increase the (b) Water is acceptable for partial body high value of the surface water's pH by more contact if it has an arithmetic average col- than 0.5 standard units iform count of 5,000 per 100 ml or less and with (d) the intake water supply, by appropri- no more than one of the last five samples ex- ate treatment and adequate safeguards, will ceeding 20,000 per 100 ml during the recrea- meet the Public Health Service Drinking tion season. Water Standards, 1962 (c) The Membrane Filter Coliform Count (e) other: concentrations of other con- (MFCC) is the preferred method for determin- stituents must not be hazardous to health ing coliform density, but the Most Probable (3) The following standards are applicable Number (MPN) is to be used where turbidity to surface waters where maintenance of fish due to algae or other material hinders testing reproduction is of primary importance to the of a sample volume sufficient to produce sig- public interest and natural conditions permit: nificant results, or where low coliform esti- (a) dissolved'oxygen: not to be lowered mates may be caused by high number of non- to less than 80 percent of saturation or to less coliforms or the presence of substances toxic than 5 mg/l at any time. There shall be no to the procedure. The average is based on t1fe abrupt change from natural unpolluted last five test results. A more definitive test for background by more than 1 mg/l at any time. fecal pollution is the Membrane Filter Fecal (b) temperature: not to exceed 84*F. No Coliform Count (MFFCC). Tests by this change from natural unpolluted background method are acceptable where correlation re- by more than YF at any time nor at a rate in lating the count to sanitary hazards has been Water Quality Standards 43 demonstrated. Acceptable values based on standards with respect to control of sub- MFFCC are not shown, but may be adopted in stances that affect the aesthetic quality of future revisions. recreational water. These refer to substances (5) The following standards are applicable that float, settle, or are suspended in water as to surface waters designated for industrial well as those that impart color or are toxic. processes and cooling purposes: With regard to bacterial levels, four States (a) dissolved oxygen: not less than 2.0 have adopted a maximum monthly average of mg/l as a daily average value nor less than 1.0 1,000 counts per 100 ml of the coliform group. at any time New York has set no numerical values but (b) dissolved solids: not to exceed 750 does require adequate disinfection of all sew- mg/l as a monthly average value, nor exceed age effluent. 1,000 mg/l at any time Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York (c) pH: a range from 6.0 to 9.0 except in have also included standards for pH, dissolved waters naturally having a pH of less than 6.5 oxygen, dissolved solids, temperature, and or higher than 8.5 where effluent discharges certain metals. In Ohio and Indiana some of may not reduce the low value or increase the these items are covered by the assignment of high value of the surface water's pH by more the aquatic life use to the same body of water. than 0.5 standards units (2) Public Water Supply (d) temperature: not to exceed 89* F Generally the States have similar standards with respect to the aesthetic quality of waters used for public water supply. The bacterial 3.8.3.3 Use Classification standards for inland waters of Michigan, In- diana, Ohio and Pennsylvania all call for a All Wisconsin surface waters have been monthly average of 5,000 counts per 100 ml. classified according to these designated uses. New York has set no numerical value but in- Minimum standards apply to all surface wa- stead has called for adequate disinfection of ters. Predominant uses of the thousands of all sewage effluents. For Lake Erie proper, lakes and streams are for fish, aquatic life, and Michigan has established a maximum recreation. Simplification in establishing in- monthly average of 2,000 counts per 100 ml with trastate standards was achieved by applying no more than 20 percent of the samples ex- these predominant uses to all waters except ceeding this value. Ohio's standards call for those classified for other uses. the maintenance of existing quality where it is The adopted standards do not "lock in" a better than the standard of a monthly average pollution situation. Rather the goal is to make of 5,000 counts per 100 rnl. In a number of waters suitable for as many uses as possible. instances the existing water quality would This will be achieved by periodically reviewing meet the standards of Michigan. There are, all situations that impair quality and by up- however, areas that are significantly influ- grading them as technology permits. Desig- enced at times by tributary discharges where nations for specific waters will be realigned much higher counts can be expected. Pennsyl-. as new information indicates modifications vania's standards are the same as those it es- are in the public interest. tablished for recreational uses. For inland streams the dissolved solids criteria of all States is a monthly average of 3.9 Comparison of State Water Quality 500 mg/l with a maximum daily value of 750 Standards mg/l. Ohio has exempted streams in north- western Ohio that flow through a predomi- In general, the quality criteria of the States nantly limestone area from compliance with within the Lake Erie drainage basin for vari- this standard. For strearns in these areas a ous water uses are similar. Some differences monthly average of 750 mg/l with a daily occur in the assignment of certain parameters maximum of 1,000 mg/l was established. to a particular use, but in most instances this Standards for toxic chemical constituents in is taken care of in some of the States, by the all the States generally conform to the U.S. designation of two or more water uses to a Public Health Service's standards for drink- particular body of water. ing water. The following is a brief summary of the (3) Aquatic Life criteria for specified uses: For the maintenance of a well-balanced, (1) Recreation warmwater fish population in the tributaries, Generally the States have comparable five States have set standards calling for an 44 Appendix 7 average dissolved oxygen concentration of 5.0 temperature of 87' F, 5 degrees above am- mg/l and a minimum value of 4.0 mg/l. The bient. Michigan's standard permits a 10-de- minimum value for coldwater fishery is 6.0 gree increase. Indiana and Ohio set an aver- mg1l. age of dissolved oxygen level of 2.0 mg/l with a For the passage of fish, Ohio has established minimum value of 1.0. New York established a an average dissolved oxygen level of 3.0 mg/l minimum of 3.0 and Pennsylvania established with a minimum of 2.0 mg/l. This standard is an average of 5.0 with a minimum of 4.0. Both only applied in waters that are essentially Ohio and Indiana assign aquatic life use to stagnant or have other unusual characteris- many of their streams classified for industrial tics. use. In such cases the higher requirements of All States use the 0.1-96 hour median toler- the aquatic life classification govern. Thus, ance level as a standard for toxic substances. the apparently wide discrepency between the The maximum summer temperatures for standards of the States in this matter is, in the maintenance of a well-balanced fish popu- reality, minimal. lation vary from 87 to 90' F. During cold (5) Agricultural Use, Including Livestock weather, the maximum allowable tempera- Watering, Irrigation, and Spraying tures vary from 58 to 730 F. There is, however, Indiana's and Ohlo's standards for agricul- some difference in the definition of the cold tural uses are limited to the four items dealing weather period. with the aesthetic quality of all water. (4) Industrial Water Supply Pennsylvania, New York, and Michigan have Three States set numerical levels of dis- adopted standards calling for water of public solved solids for industrial water supply while water supply quality at least as far as toxic New York and Michigan covered this item in substances, bacteria, and nutrients are con- general terms. Standards for pH are essential cerned. Michigan adopted a dissolved mineral for the protection of aquatic life. Ohio and In- content of 700 mg/l with a sodium ion concen- diana set maximum temperatures at 950 F tration of not more than 40 percent of the total while Pennsylvania established a maximum alkali metal ions. Section 4 LAKE SUPERIOR 4.1 Introduction 4.1.3 Basin Description Lake Superior, the largest of the Great 4.1.1 Purpose Lakes with a surface area of 31,820 square miles, is 350 miles long, 160 miles wide, and This section summarizes water quality con- 1,333 feet deep at its deepest point. It has a ditions and trends in the Lake Superior basin volume of nearly 3,000 cubic miles. Its surface in relation to established water-use de- is just over 600 feet above sea level, which is signations and potential future uses. It also about 20 feet above Lake Huron into which it identifies the nature, location, and gravity of drains through St. Marys River. water quality problems and defines actions The Lake's entire drainage basin contains needed to maintain or improve the quality of 80,511 square miles, of which 23,931 are in the waters of the basin. Michigan, 8,354 in Minnesota, and 5,656 in Wisconsin. The remaining 42,570 square miles are in Canada. 4.1.2 Scope The average outflow from Lake Superior This section covers the United States por- since 1900 has been 73,400 efs. This discharge tion of the Lake Superior basin. For planning is now regulated by the International Joint purposes, the basin has been divided into two Commission. planning subareas. Figures 7-5 and 7-6 show Lake Superior lies mostly within the Pre- the planning subareas and the counties as- cambrian Canadian Shield. The Precambrian signed to each planning subarea. rocks were formed approximately half a billion This section reviews interstate and intra- years ago and are very rich in mineral depos- state water quality standards and designated its. This wealth includes iron and copper de- uses, which have been established by appro- posits as well as a limited number of other priate authorities. Water quality problem minerals. The Cambrian era (185 to 500 million areas, defined as areas presently below the years ago) left its mark along the.north central quality levels prescribed for the governing and northeastern shore of the Upper Penin- water uses, are identified, and major waste sula of Michigan as demonstrated by the sources and corrective programs underway sandstones of the Pictured Rocks and the are described in general terms. ledge rock of Tahquamenon Falls. The exist- For the target years 1980, 2000, and 2020, ing Lake Superior basin is of relatively recent projections of economic, demographic, and origin. It reached its present water level ap- water-use parameters are translated into proximately 2,500 years ago. water loads, and needs for waste treatment The outline of Lake Superior is more irregu- and other measures for dealing with wa- lar than that of the other Great Lakes. Except terborne wastes are estimated. Reaches of for the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, streams are delineated where increased low the Lake is surrounded by escarpment rang- flows and decreased waste inputs are indi- ing from 400 to 800 feet high. cated for water quality maintenance or im- The United States portion of the basin is provement. sparsely populated with Minnesota account- The information and data contained in this ing for approximately one-half of the approx- section were provided by representatives from imate total population of 524,000 persons. each of the States adjacent to Lake Superior: Table 7-5 lists the major cities with their 1970 Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. populations. 45 46 Appendix 7 VICINITY 1AAP @LE IN MILES I@D to, C=@ \3@0 Brule Lake COOK q: ?- rand Marais Babbitt LAKE Chisholm .1 wginea 0Hibbin (@@--Veleth 0 Silver Bay s ve C, ON" sit- 16 5 ST LOUIS 0 Two Harbors 01 O@-@ APOSTLE ISLANDS '-is River 0) ST. LIS Dulut Bayfii Id C oquet r or APOSTLE ISLANDS Ash CAIRLTON@ h 1. 1 nwood 0 -in Z ---\w /--N BAD &tic z C.) i I (ISCO DOUG AS BAYFIELD ASHLAN IRON-- SCALE IN MILES 775 10" IL5 20 25 FIGURE 7-5 Lake Superior West, Planning Subarea 1.1 Lake Superior 47 EWEE W ISLE ROYALE EEN La rium PENIN LA KEWEENAW COUNTY S Houghto LAKE SUPERIOR Portage Lalm Ontonagon HURON MT. yelio. 009 Goqbi@ Lak. S IGEON Marquette Wakefield 0 ONAGO lshoerh@g I nwood C H UGHTW \-J. IGA GR D M AIS P04RCUPINE MT. @!-/ Kw NTONAG 6WGEBIC MARQUETTE ISCONS/1v ALGER2 LAKE SUPERIOR HGaded @au arie 0 G D ARAIS WHITEFISH BAY 9 NON ui Muni Ing Tahquanwnon SAULT e.berry LUCE CHIPPEWA 4) RUMMOND 1. VICINITY MAP SCALE IN MILES 01;0 I-ON C-d "@@@ISLE ROYA1 to 'ILI SCALE IN MILES 0 5. 11 20 25 FIGURE 7-6 Lake Superior East, Planning Subarea 1.2 48 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-5 Population of Major U.S. Lake Superior), and the shape of the basin. Cities-Lake Superior Basin (1970) Circulation studies of Lake Superior, begun in October 1966 by the Federal Water Pollu- City State Population tion Control Administration, indicated that Duluth Minnesota 100,578 the net circulation of Lake Superior is coun- Hibbing Minnesota 16,104 terclockwise, with the possibility of large cy- Virginia Minnesota 12,450 clonic eddies occurring in the western arm or Duluth embayment, between Isle Royale and Superior Wisconsin 32,237 the Keweenaw Peninsula and in the eastern Ashland Wisconsin 9,615 basin (Figure 7-7). Marquette Michigan 21,967 Ironwood Michigan 8,711 4.2 Water Quality. In general, it may be said that the quality of the Lake Superior Basin water is nearly the 4.1.4 Lake Levels highest of any large water body in the nation. There are certain problem areas, however, The level of Lake Superior and the dis- which are discussed State by State in this sec- charge of the St. Marys River are maintained tion. by precipitation that falls directly on the lake surface, drainage from the watershed, diver- sion from the Huron Bay streams, and very 4.2.1 Minnesota limited outseeping of ground water. Precipitation in the drainage basin is well The Minnesota portion of Plan Area 1 con- distributed throughout the year. Most of the sists of the drainage basins of the St. Louis precipitation falling during the wintermonths River and Superior Slope. A third river basin, occurs as snow. The average annual precipita- the Nemadji, which originates in Minnesota tion is approximately 30 inches with extremes but flows through Wisconsin to Lake Superior, being a low of 22.81 inches in 1905 and a high of is included in the Apostle Islands drainage 38.25 inches in 1951. basin. Lake Superior also receives water by direct The division into two separate hydrological diversion via the Long Lake-Ogoki hydroelec- basins coincides with a hypothetical water tric projects located along the north shore in quality division. The St. Louis River drainage Canada. This diversion averages nearly 5,000 has industries and communities located cfs of water, which formerly flowed north to throughout its 3,584 square miles, causing Hudson Bay. Because of the regulatory work some high pollution loads, especially in the at Sault Ste. Marie, this diversion has not af- lower portions of the St. Louis River. Gener- fected the level of Lake Superior. ally speaking, however, the quality of the wa- The level of Lake Superior has varied be- ters is quite good. The drainage area of the tween a high monthly average elevation of Superior Slope has only a few industries and a 604.05 feet (August 1876) to a low of 599.88 feet scattering of very small communities. The re- (April 1925), a range of 4.17 feet. It has a 1.2 sult is streams of exceptionally high quality. foot average yearly fluctuation with the low in It is assumed that a combination of factors March and a high in September. It is the func- will probably mean an overall improvement in tion of the International Lake Superior Board the quality of the waters within the basin. of Control, established by the International These factors include but are not limited to Joint Commission in 1922, to maintain the level the increased importance of recreation in the between 600.5 feet and 602.0 feet. area9s economy, the technological advances in the field of waste treatment, the setting and enforcement of water quality standards in the 4.1.5 Lake Currents drainage basin, and the small projected in- crease in the basin's population. Current patterns in Lake Superior result Waters are used for municipal and indus- primarily from wind action. The wind-driven trial water supply, navigation, recreation, com- current is modified by the rotation of the mercial fishing, agriculture, and waste dis- earth, density differences (temperatures in posal. EXPLANATION Synthesized current patterns Grand Marais 0 ,--@L A K E SUPERIOR Silver Ba 0 wo Houghton./ bors 0 0 D UTH ntonagon m 0 'SUPERIOR 0 Marquette Z 'Z,MICHIGAN Z LL110 Z, Z V) 12) SCALE IN MILES 20 30 40 50 50 Appendix 7 4.2.1.1 Superior Slope Drainage nesota are found in the north shore streams, but many people vacation in the drainage Four communities use Lake Superior for basin just to enjoy the great natural beauty their municipal water supply. These com- found along Lake Superior. munities represent approximately 20 percent Commercial fishing has declined steadily of the drainage area and have an approximate since it reached its peak in 1941. The decline total population of 25,000. Most of the remain- can be accredited to both biological and ing population derive their supply from pri- economic factors. The sea lamprey virtually vate wells, although a few pump from Lake wiped out the lake trout, which was the most Superior. A summary is given in Table 7-6. valuable and popular fish. Herring catches Industrial water use within the drainage is have also declined significantly and the com- used almost entirely by Reserve Mining's bination of this with the lake trout decline has taconite plant located at Silver Bay, which resulted in increased activity in fishing for uses 600 million gallons of Lake Superior less valuable fish such as chubs and smelt. It is water per day. This accounts for approxi- doubtful that catches will ever again equal mately 95 percent of all the industrial and those of the 1930s and 1940s. commercial water used in the drainage. Commercial navigation is related to the taconite industry. The Corps of Engineers has improved the facilities at Grand Marais, Two Harbors, and Knife River, and harbor de- TABLE 7-6 Municipal Water Use-Superior velopments have been authorized for Lutsen Slope Drainage and Beaver Bay. Lack of local interest has Estimated Total Water into b forestalled the start of the latter two. Two Community Pop. Served system (mg/yr)a GPCD Harbors, Taconite Harbor near Schroeder, and Silver Bay Harbor have been developed Beaver Bay 285 12 115 Grand Marais 1,300 54 114 by private companies. In 1964 total commerce Silver Bay 3,725 182 134 through harbors in the area was approxi- Two Harbors 4,695 234 137 mately 20,896,000 net tons. All the harbors are a capable of supporting more commercial traffic bMillion gallons per year in the future. Their use will be dependent upon Gallons per capita per day the taconite industry and the possible de- velopment of other mineral and forestry re- sources in the subarea. Studies in the early 1900s by the U.S. Due to the enormous quantity and high Geological Survey and the Corps of Engineers quality of the waters in both the Lake and its showed that there is a substantial amount of tributary streams, the drainage has treme n- potential hydroelectric power on the north dous potential for both municipal and indus- shore streams. The potential has been esti- trial use in the future. It is doubtful, however, mated at an annual figure of 407,300,000 kWh. that any large increase in water use will take Development of these streams for power, place. The isolation and extreme tempera- however, will be dependent on a radical tures of the area make it undesirable for in- change in the area's economy and would dustries other than those exploiting the min- probably be opposed by recreational interests. eral and timber resources available. Other than significant problems from taco- Recreation has the greatest potential in the nite tailings and asbestos-like fibers, which basin. At present, only moderate demands are have not been resolved, there are no known being placed on the area's recreational re- quality problems of any significance in the sources. Many factors are cited for this lack of Superior Slope drainage at this time. It is use, including the great distances from major probably safe to assume that the quality of the population areas, inaccessibility of many of waters in this drainage will continue to be ex- the recreation areas, and the short tourist cellent. season. It has been estimated that the current This assumption is based on the recre- annual recreation demand will double by the ationists' desire for high quality water, which year 2000. will be reinforced by the foreseeable boom in Although there are many types of recrea- recreation activity, the growing concern over tion activities within the drainage, water- pollution throughout the nation, and the pro- related ones account for most recreational us- jection of little industry and population age. The prime trout fishing waters of Min- growth in the future. Lake Superior 51 4.2-1.2 St. Louis River Drainage Basin The only other important use of the waters is recreation, which, at present, is not highly Municipal and domestic water in the basin is developed. Above Cloquet the St. Louis River drawn mainly from surface-water supplies. abounds with warmwater species. Many of the The figures, however, can be misleading. Of storage reservoirs used for hydropower the total surface water use of 16.74 million provide excellent walleye and northern pike gallons per day, 15.89 of it is used by Duluth, fishing. Recreational boating can be expected which takes its water from Lake Superior. to increase now that the St. Louis River has Aside from Duluth, nearly the entire area de- been designated as a canoe route. rives its supply from ground-water sources. A Agricultural water use is minor, with an es- pipeline conveying water from Lake Superior timated use of 0.40 million gallons per day, to Cloquet for domestic and industrial uses mostly for livestock watering. The possibility was recently completed. The initial capacity of of increase in truck farming seems reasonable the system is 25 mgd, but it can be expanded if the population of the Duluth area increases to 40 mgd. A breakdown by source is given as projected. in Table 7-7. At present the waters in the drainage basin are of good quality with the exception of the St. Louis River from Cloquet to Duluth- TABLE 7-7 Domestic Water Use-St. Louis Superior harbors. Numerous instances of River Drainage Basin oxygen depletion have occurred in this stretch Type of Pop. Water Use b Source Ground and fish kills have been reported. What used to System Served (MGD)a GPCD Surface Use (MGD) be an excellent walleye and northern pike fish- Community 186,480 22.78 122 16.74 6.04 ing area has been virtually eliminated by in- Private 38,500 2.27 59 0 2.27 adequately treated sewage and industrial Total 224,980 25.05 181 16.74 8.31 waste discharges. The effect of these dis- charges is compounded by the fluctuations in aMillion gallons per day flow caused by the operation of the hydroelec- bGallons per capita per day tric plant upstream. Coliform counts in the river from Cloquet to the harbor area have also been excessive with values of 80,000 MPN/100 ml and greater being The hydroelectric and steam generating reported. Another area with coliform prob- plants are the major water users. In 1961, the lems is the Floodwood River near its junction total water requirements of these plants were with the St. Louis River. This is due to a small estimated at 7,046 million gallons per day with village's discharge of raw sewage into the nearly all of the supply coming from surface river. The approval for construction of a sew- sources. age treatment plant, which has been recently The other major industrial users are the approved under Public Law 660, should rectify wood industries, which are concentrated the problem. around Cloquet, and the U.S. Steel plant at The quality of the lower St. Louis River and Duluth. Estimated water use by industries for the Duluth-Superior Harbor area should im- 1961 is given in Table 7-8. prove in the future due to several factors. Foremost among these is the agreement be- tween Conwed Corporation, the Northwest TABLE 7-8 Estimated Industrial Water Paper Company, both located at Cloquet, the Use-St. Louis River Drainage Basin City of Cloquet, and the Minnesota Pollution Water Use, MGD Regional Use a Control Agency to upgrade their treatment Type Surface Ground Total Northern Southern facilities by 1973. Other factors include orders Iron Mining 137 42 179 179 --- for improvement of waste treatment facilities Power Plants 7,045 1 7,046 125 6,921 issued to industries in the Duluth area and the Wood Prods. 36 1 37 --- 36 requirement that municipal sewage facilities Steel 38 38 --- 38 must be upgraded to secondary treatment by Misc. 3 1 4 1 3 Total 7,259 43 7,303 305 6,998 1971. The City of Duluth, in addition to up- grading their plant to secondary treatment by The Whiteface and Savannah Rivers form.the dividing line 1971, has plans for tertiary treatment at some between the Northern and Southern for this table. later date. 52 Appendix 7 4.2.2 Wisconsin 4.2.2.3 Montreal River Basin The Montreal River is an interstate stream 4.2.2.1 Drainage Areas and Uses that forms part of the boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin. The river drains ap- Lake Superior drains approximately 3,200 proximately 263 square miles, of which 97 square miles of northern Wisconsin including square miles are in Michigan. The river re- portions of Douglas, Bayfield, Ashland, and ceives the effluent of two communities, both of Iron Counties. The drainage area extends be- which have secondary treatment. There are tween the St. Louis River and the no industrial discharges to the basin's surface Wisconsin-Minnesota boundary on the west to waters. One stream reach is of substandard the Montreal River or the Wisconsin- quality due to nutrients originating in a mu- Michigan boundary on the east, a distance of nicipal discharge. approximately 100 miles. The area extends in- land from Lake Superior an average of ap- proximately 30 miles. Table 7-9 is a table of 4.2.3 Michigan Wisconsin drainage areas in square miles for river systems tributary to Lake Superior. 4.2.3.1 Lake Superior-Inshore Area TABLE 7-9 Drainage Areas for Wisconsin Water quality along the Michigan shore of Tributary Streams Lake Superior is generally excellent. There is only one small municipal wastewater dis- River Sq. Mi. River Sq. Mi. charge and one industrial and two electric power generating plants discharging waste- Amnicon 130 Middle 50 water into Lake Superior. The municipal dis- Bad 1,016 Montreal 180 charge receives primary treatment. The community responsible is constructing waste Bois Brule 185 Nemadji 177 treatment lagoons with on-land disposal. There are four coastal communities with a Fish 139 Poplar 46 combined 1960 population of approximately Flag 71 St. Louis 77 29,000, that discharge primary treated and chlorinated effluent into intrastate waters. Iron 150 Sioux 96 With the exception of minor effects on water Siskiwit 31 quality in the immediate river mouth areas, these discharges do not pollute the waters of Lake Superior, except to add phosphorus nu- trients. There are 17 municipal and public institu- Lake Superior river basins are described tions (four with secondary and eight with pri- from east to west. mary treatment, four with septic tanks, and one with no treatment) and 18 industries that use the surface waters of the Lake Superior 4.2.3.2 Tahquamenon River Basin basin for waste assimilation. The Tahquamenon River basin has a drain- age area of 820 square miles and discharges to 4.2.2.2 Potential Sources of Surface-Water Whitefish Bay on Lake Superior. One munici- Pollution pality with primary treatment utilizes the surface waters for waste assimilation. Water The Lake Superior drainage basin in Wis- quality in the basin is generally excellent. The consin is sparsely populated with relatively surface waters are tea-colored because of tan- little industry. Though surface waters in the nins naturally present in the basin. basin are generally of good quality, localized problems do exist in the vicinity of some com- munities and industries. Whenever localized 4.2.3.3 Grand Marais-Munising Area problems do exist, further steps should be taken to protect the surface water resources of This area embraces a number of small the basin. streams discharging to Lake Superior includ- Lake Superior 53 ing the Shelldrake, Two Hearted, Anna, and Sturgeon River, the Otter River, and numer- Chocolay Rivers. Two municipalities, one with ous small tributaries. There is only one known primary and one with no treatment, and one source of municipal waste entering this basin. Federal installation discharge waste to the Water quality is generally excellent through- basin's surface waters. out the basin although there is one minor Water quality is generally excellent in the reach of substandard quality. Untreated mu- area except along three reaches with sub- nicipal wastes degrade one stream reach caus- standard quality. One reach of the Au Train ing elevated levels of coliforms and suspended River receives a small quantity of raw sewage solids. The community responsible presently and displays high coliform levels. The commu- has engineering studies under way. nity responsible has engineering studies under way. One reach of the Anna River and one reach of the Chocolay River receive treated 4.2.3.6 Keweenaw Peninsula Area wastes and display elevated nutrient levels. The Keweenaw Peninsula area embraces a 4.2.3.4 Huron Mountains Area number of small streams that discharge into Lake Superior, including the Trap Rock, Flint The Huron Mountains area embraces a Steel, Firesteel, and Tobacco Rivers, and Por- number of minor streams discharging to Lake tage and Torch Lakes. Some 15 communities Superior and Keweenaw Bay including the and one military establishment discharge Carp, Dead, Yellow Dog, Salmon, Trout, Hu- wastes to the surface waters of the area. Five ron, and Silver Rivers. Five municipalities, of these have primary treatment, two have two with secondary treatment and three with secondary treatment, and nine have no primary treatment, and three industries dis- treatment. There are also three industrial charge waste to the areas surface waters. surface-water discharges. The water quality of the streams in the Water quality is generally good throughout Huron Mountain area is generally excellent the Keweenaw Peninsula area although there although there are three localized reaches of are 11 localized reaches of substandard water substandard quality on the Carp River, two on quality. Nine of the communities responsible the Dead River one each on Linden Creek and have been notified of the need for treatment Lake Independence. Four of the six substand- facilities and the majority are engaged in the ard quality reaches receive excess nutrients necessary engineering studies. One additional from municipal treatment plants that need reach receives the effluent from a community nutrient removal facilities. One other reach is septic tank without chlorination and displays affected by untreated wastes from a small food elevated coliform levels. The final reach re- processing industry and exhibits depressed ceives nutrients from a municipality with sec- dissolved oxygen levels. The company respon- ondary treatment. sible has completed plans for treatment facilities. The sixth reach receives the unchlorinated 4.2.3.7 Ontonagon River Basin discharge of a community septic tank and exhibits elevated coliform levels. The Ontonagon River basin drains an area The final reach of substandard quality is of 1,390 square miles, of which 1,350 are in affected by a small amount of oil discharged Michigan. The remainder is in Wisconsin. Two from an auxiliary electric generating facility. industries and seven municipalities use the The operators of this facility are investigating surface waters of the basin for waste assimila- ways to eliminate the oil discharge. tion. Two of the seven municipalities provide There is also some turbidity and discolora- primary waste treatment and five provide no tion of the Carp River during the spring of the treatment. year due to mining operations in the Ishpem- Water quality is generally excellent ing and Negaunee area. throughout the basin although the Ontonagon River and tributaries carry a natural silt load because of the character of the clay lands of 4.2.3.5 Sturgeon River Basin the basin. The river is commonly muddy and turbid during the spring runoff. The Sturgeon River drains an area of 729 In addition there are six localized reaches of square miles and discharges to Portage Lake substandard water quality. One reach near at Chassell, Michigan. The basin includes the the mouth of the river receives both municipal 54 Appendix 7 and industrial discharges and exhibits ele- on Lake Superior. This conference is a first vated levels of nutrients and suspended solids. step in procedures under the Federal Water There have been occasional instances of a Pollution Control Act, as amended prior to taste and odor problem in the municipal water 1972 (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.). supply. A corrective program is being pursued The purpose of these procedures is to bring with industry involved, and secondary treat- together representatives of the States and the ment with phosphorus removal is planned by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to re- the community. view the existing situation and the progress Five upstream reaches are affected by raw that has been made, to lay a basis for future sewage discharges from small basin corn- action by all parties concerned, and to give the munities. These reaches display elevated States, localities, and industries an opportu- levels of coliforms and suspended solids. Three nity to take any remedial action that may be of the communities involved have waste indicated under State and local law. treatment facilities under construction and The review reveals that major pollution the two remaining have plans under way for problems are traceable to effluents from min- treatment. ing and forest products industries, and the lack of tertiary or, in some cases, secondary treatment in both public and private waste- 4.2.3.8 Porcupine Mountain Area water disposal systems. The upgrading of water quality within the planning subarea The Porcupine Mountain area includes Pres- will be most effective if wastewater treatment que Isle, Black, and Mineral Rivers, and other systems causing detriment to the streams and minor streams discharging to Lake Superior. lakes receive adequate attention. A high qual- Five municipalities discharge wastes to the ity of life, water objectives, financial re- surface waters of the area. Three have secon- sources, and the nature and amount of dary treatment and two have no treatment effluent should be the guidelines when setting facilities. Water quality is generally excellent and enforcing the schedule for corrective ac- throughout the area although there are four tion. localized reaches of substandard water qual- Although organic loadings are of primary ity. Two reaches are degraded by raw sewage importance in arriving at projected treatment discharges and exhibit elevated levels of col- cost estimates, additional contributing iforms and suspended solids. One of the com- effluent properties such as the amount and munities has secondary waste treatment nature of effluents with respect to nutrients, facilities under construction, and a second has heavy and toxic metals, inert solids, thermal plans approved for similar facilities. properties, various pesticides, and radioactiv- A third reach receives the unchlorinated ity, must be considered for any long-term effluent of a secondary treatment plant and water quality management program. With our exhibits high coliform levels. Construction present understanding of these factors and plans are being prepared to correct this defi- their effect on our environment, any one or ciency. The final reach receives nutrients any combination of these factors may be det- from a secondary treatment plant. rimental to the water quality in River Basin Groups 1.1 and 1.2. Proper consideration must be given to planning and innovative research 4.3 Water Quality Control Needs in the development and design of feasible and effective systems and system approaches in handling a variety of waste discharges. 4.3.1 Introduction Tables 7-10 through 7-12 show projected wastewater flows by planning period for Waste load quantities and treatment costs Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Tables have been estimated for future needs accord- 7-13 to 7-15 refer to projected capital costs and ing to the procedures outlined in the Introduc- operating and maintenance costs by planning tion. period for the same States. Table 7-16 shows projected advanced waste treatment costs for the Minnesota portion of Planning Subarea 4.3.2 Existing Needs 1. 1. The methods used to determine wastewater River Basin Groups 1.1 and 1.2 fall under the treatment costs are outlined in the Introduc- jurisdiction of the Federal-State Conference tion. Lake Superior 55 TABLE 7-10 Wastewater Flows (MGD), Plan- 4.3.3 Wastewater Flows ning Subarea 1.1-Minnesota Portion Flow 4.3.3.1 Minnesota Year --Municipal Industrial Projections of wastewater flows determined 1970 23.5 31.5 for the four-county Minnesota portion of 1980 28.1 23.6 Planning Subarea 1.1 are presented in Table 2000 34.2 23.6 7-10. 2020 42.2 34.9 4.3.3.2 Wisconsin Planning Subarea 1.1 includes four counties in the State of Wisconsin. Table 7-11 contains TABLE 7-11 Wastewater Flows (MGD), Plan- projections of municipal wastewater flows. ning Subarea 1.1-Wisconsin Portion Year Municipal Flow Industriala 4.3.3.3 Michigan Planning Subarea 1.2 comprises nine coun- 1970 9.2 ties in the northern half of Michigan's Upper 1980 9.0 Peninsula. The area has been experiencing a 2000 9.5 decrease in population, and this trend is ex- 2020 10.1 --- pected to continue through 1980. Projections of future wastewater flows are presented in Table 7-12. aNo industrial flows reported 4.3.4 Treatment Costs TABLE 7-12 Wastewater Flows (MGD), Plan- 4.3.4.1 Minnesota ning Subarea 1.2-Michigan Flow Table 7-13 presents cost estimates for capi- tal and operational costs for municipal treat- Year Municipal Industrial ment plants by planning period. 1970 12.0 23.7 1980 11.0 20.8 4.3.4.2 Michigan 2000 12.2 16.1 2020 15.0 26.1 Table 7-14 presents cost estimates for capi- tal and operating costs for municipal treat- ment plants by planning period. TABLE7-13 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 1.1-Minnesota Portion Municipal Treatment Costs Industrial Treatment Costs Capital Ave. Annual Operating Capital Ave. Annual Operating Planning Costs and Maintenance Costs Costs and Maintenance Costs Period ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) Present-1980 8.0 1.2 7.0 1.0 1980-2000 3.8 3.9 --- 2.4 2000-2020 4.8 4.6 --- 2.4 56 Appendix 7 TABLE7-14 Projected Municipal Wastewater needs for the Cloquet area. A regional ap- Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea proach will undoubtedly alter these cost 1.2-Michigan projects. Ave. Annual Operating Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs Period ($ Million) ($ Million) TABLE7-16 Projected Municipal Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 1970-1980 7.0 0.75 1.1 - Minnesota Portion 1980-2000 5.5 1.00 2000-2020 7.3 1.25 Ave. Annual Operating Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs Period ($ Million) ($ Million) These estimates exclude costs for separate 1970-1980 6.9 0.7 industrial treatment facilities, sewage collec- 1980-2000 --- 2.0 tion systems, and stormwater control. 2000-2020 --- 2.0 4.3.4.3 Wisconsin 4.3.5.2 Michigan and Wisconsin Table 7-15 is an estimate of municipal There are no advanced waste treatment wastewater treatment costs for the Wisconsin needs anticipated in Planning Subarea 1.2 portion of Planning Subarea 1.1 during the planning period 1970-2020. TABLE7-15 Projected Municipal Wastewater 4.4 Summary and Conclusions Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 1.1-Wisconsin Portion Lake Superior has a total water surface area of 31,820 square miles, of which approxi- Ave. Annual Operating mately two-thirds is in the United States. The Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs total drainage basin (land and water) is 80,511 Period ($ Million) ($ Million) square miles, of which approximately 47 per- 1970-1980 4.8 .45 cent is in the United States. 1980-2000 3.5 .50 The population of the United States portion 2000-2020 4.3 .57 of the basin was 524,000 in 1970, of which ap- proximately 50 percent is in the State of Min- nesota, 35 percent in Michigan, and 15 percent in Wisconsin. The basin is divided into two planning subareas. Planning Subarea 1.1, 4.3.5 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs which includes Minnesota and Wisconsin counties, accounts for 63 percent of the total population. Planning Subarea 1.2, which in- 4.3.5.1 Minnesota cludes nine Michigan counties, accounts for the remainder. Most of the manufacturing Advanced waste treatment of the combined activity is in the Duluth-Superior Standard municipal and industrial loadings from Metropolitan Statistical Area. The mining Cloquet will be necessary to maintain the re- industry in the basin uses large quantities quired dissolved oxygen content during criti- of water in processing. cal periods. Minnesota's major agency concerned with The 1971 legislature created the Western the water pollution control is the Minnesota Lake Superior Sanitary District, which Pollution Control Agency. Some other in- provides the important first step to the reali- volved agencies are the Department of zation of a regional approach to the Duluth- Natural Resources and the Department of Superior area's problems. Health. The responsibility for Wisconsin's The Northeastern Minnesota Development water pollution control program is centered in Association had previously proposed a re- the Department of Natural Resources. In gional treatment system in the Duluth- Michigan the major State agencies are the Superior area, which would have a significant Michigan Water Resources Commission and bearing on the advanced waste treatment the Department of Health. Lake Superior 57 The principal water activities of the United ipal wastewater treatment facilities is ex- States Environmental Protection Agency in- pected to increase from a 1970 base of 23.5 mgd clude comprehensive programs, water quality to 28.1 mgd in 1980, and to 42.2 mgd by 2020. standards, technical assistance, grant pro- In the Wisconsin portion the total of 9.15 mgd grams, enforcement, Federal installations, in 1970 is not expected to increase significantly Refuse Act permit programs, water-hygiene, 'in the future planning periods. In the Minne- environmental impacts, pesticides programs, sota portion of this planning subarea, mu- radiation programs and research and moni- nicipal wastewater treatment capital costs toring. are estimated at $8 million in the 1970 to 1980 Each of the three States in the basin has period and, although capital costs are ex- adopted water quality standards for inter- and pected to decline in future planning periods, in'trastate waters. All three have nondegrada- operation and maintenance costs are pro- tion clauses for such waters and have jected to increase substantially. In the Wis- classified these waters according to use consin portion of this planning subarea, categories. capital costs are estimated at $4.8 million in the 1970 to 1980 period, $3.5 million in 1980 to 2000 and $4.3 million in the 2000 to 2020 4.4.1 Planning Subarea 1.1 period. Planning Subarea 1.1 (Lake Superior West) includes the following river basins or com- 4.4.2 Planning Subarea 1.2 plexes: Superior Slope Complex; St. Louis River; Apostle Islands Complex; Bad River; Planning Subarea 1.2 (Lake Superior East) and the Montreal River Complex. The drain- includes eight Michigan river basins or com- age area of the Superior Slope has few indus- plexes. Water quality along the Michigan tries and only a scattering of very small com- shore of Lake Superior is generally excelleht. munities. Industrial water use within the Within the Grand Marais-Munising area there Superior Slope is almost entirely that used by are three reaches of substandard water qual- Reserve Mining's taconite plant located at ity. Within the Huron Mountains area there Silver Bay. The St. Louis River Basin has a are six localized reaches and in the Keweenaw significant number of industries and com- Peninsula Area there are 11 localized reaches munities and some high pollution loads, espe- of substandard quality. In the Ontonagon cially in the lower portion of the St. Louis River Basin there are six localized reaches of River. Numerous instances of oxygen deple- substandard quality in addition to others that tion have occurred in the stretch of the St. exist within the basin. Programs are under Louis River from Cloquet to Duluth-Superior way to correct many of the localized water harbors due to both municipal and industrial pollution problems. waste discharges. Present programs are ex- In Planning Subarea 1.2 projected munici- pected to substantially improve water quality. pal wastewater treatment capital costs are es- In the Wisconsin portion of the basin 17 munic- timated to be $7 million for the 1970 to 1980 ipal and public institutions and 18 industries period, $5.5 million for the 1980 to 2000 period, utilize surface waters for waste assimilation and $7.3 million for the 2000 to 2020 period. after varying degrees of treatment. Operating and maintenance costs are esti- In the Minnesota portion of Planning Sub- mated to be $750,000 in the 1970 to 1980 period, area 1.1 the total of domestic, commercial, and one million dollars in the 1980 to 2000 period, industrial wastewater to be treated in munic-, and $1.25 million in the 2000 to 2020 period. Section 5 LAKE MICHIGAN 5.1 Introduction quality conditions, future prospects, and needed actions in accord with Type I com- prehensive studies. Existing data were used 5.1.1 Purpose and no new basic data were secured. The knowledge and judgment of experienced field This section summarizes water quality con- personnel was relied upon. ditions and trends in Plan Area 2 in relation to established water use designations and poten- tial future uses. It identifies the nature, loca- 5.1.3 Basin Description tion, and gravity of water quality problems, and actions needed to maintain or improve the The Lake Michigan basin which encom- quality of the waters of the basin. passes an area of 67,860 square miles in four States, is the only one of the Great Lakes to lie entirely within the United States. The 5.1.2 Scope The section covers the entire 67,860 square TABLE 7-17 Lake Michigan Basin Counties miles of the Lake Michigan basin to its outlet by Planning Subarea at the Straits of Mackinac. The basin has been divided into four planning subareas and river PSA 2. 1 PSA 2.2 (cont.) PSA 2. (cont.) basin groups based on political and hydrologic Michigan Illinois Indiana boundaries. Figure 7-8 shows the planning Dickinson Cook Elkhart Iron Du Page Lagrange subareas and Table 7-17 lists the counties as- Menominee Kane Marshall signed to each planning subarea. Wisconsin Lake Noble The section reviews interstate and intra- Brown McHenry St. Joseph state water quality standards and designated Calumet Will Steuben uses, which have been established by appro- Door Indiana PSA 2.4 Florence Lake Michigan priate authorities. Water quality problem Fond du Lac La Porte Antrim areas, defined as areas presently below the Forest Porter Benzie quality levels prescribed for the governing Green Lake Starke Kewaunee Charlevoix water uses, are identified and major waste Langlade PSA 2.3 Delta s .ources and corrective programs under way Manitowoc Michigan Emmet are indicated. Marinette Allegan Grand Traverse Marquette Barry Kalkaska For the target years 1980, 2000, and 2020, Menominee Berrien Lake projections of economic, demographic, and Oconto Branch Leelanau water-use parameters are translated into Outagamie Calhoun Mackinac waste loads and needs for waste treatment, Shawano Cass Manistee Sheboygan Clinton Mason and other measures for dealing with wa- Waupaca Eaton Mecosta terborne wastes are estimated. Stream Waushara Hillsdale Missaukee reaches in need of increased low flows and/or Winnebago Ingham Muskegon Ionia Newaygo decreased waste inputs for water quality _PSA 2.2 Jackson Oceana maintenance or improvement are delineated. Wisconsin Kalamazoo Osceola Anticipated water quality problems in each Kenosha Kent Roscommon Milwaukee Montcalm Schoolcraft planning subarea are ranked according to Ozaukee Ottawa Wexford urgency and time of impact, and general cost Racine St. Joseph estimates are given for broad components of Walworth Shiawassee the actions needed. Washington Van Buren The report generally discusses existing Waukesha 59 60 Appendix 7 MINNESOTA (D ..SMNS.. 2 NEWYORK 4 ILLINOIS I I PENNSYLY- I.No.-A O.K) I VICINITY MAP 2.1 2.4 w I S C S I C H I A 0 0 @ 0 Ile WISCONSIN 2.3 ILLINOIS el 2.2 . ..... ILLI 01 MICHIGAN 1. -A Kim t@ ._ 0.'0 0 SCALE IN MILES n Z' I N D I A N NA J.." P-" 0 10 20 30 40 FIGURE 7-8 Lake Michigan Basin, Plan Area 2 Lake Michigan 61 total land area in the basin is 45,560 square are: Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Gary-Hammond- miles, of which 62.5 percent is in Michigan, 31.9 East Chicago, Indiana; and Lansing, Grand percent is in Wisconsin, 5.1 percent is in In- Rapids, and Kalamazoo, Michigan. diana, and 0.5 percent is in Illinois. The Illinois Most of the major streams (Table 7-18) start portion does not include area in the Lake with relatively steep gradients at the head- Michigan watershed whose drainage has been waters that decrease as they approach Lake diverted to the Illinois River watershed. Michigan. Harbors have been developed at the Lake Michigan is the sixth largest mouths of most of these rivers. The 20 major freshwater lake on earth and the third largest streams drain 36,400 square miles or 80 per- of the Great Lakes. It is approximately 300 cent of the total land area. Of this, 31,940 miles long and has an average width of 60 square miles or 70 percent of the area is gaged. miles. In 1960 approximately 5.5 million people lived within the region's boundaries. Millions 5.2 Water Quality more live in nearby areas, including almost seven million in the Chicago metropolitan Water quality is examined here with ref- area. The major metropolitan areas lying erence to the designated uses established for entirely or substantially within the watershed particular waters and the water quality pa- TABLE 7-18 Major Tributaries of Lake Michigan Drainage Area Mean a Total Gaged Discharge River (sq.mi.) (sq.mi.) (cfs) Period of Record Milwaukee 845 686 381 1914-65 Sheboygan 440 432 232 1916-24, 50-65 Manitowoc 442 0 --- --- Fox-Wolf 6,443 6,150 4,140 1896-1965 Oconto 933 678 569 1906-08, 13-65 Manistique 1,450 1,402 b 1,699 1938-65 Boardman 347 223 b 186 1952-65 Manistee 2,010 1,980 2,095 1951-65 Pere Marquette 772 709 608 1939-65 White 480 380 367 1957-65 Muskegon 2,780 2,350 1,889 1909-14, 16-19, 30-65 Grand 5,572 4,900 3,362 1901-05, 06-18, 30-65 Kalamazoo 2,030 1 600 c 1,296 1929-36, 37-65 St. Joseph 4,590 4:056 3,398 1930-65, 51-65 Burns Ditch 280 160 130 1943-50, 55-65 Peshtigo 1,155 1,124 832 1953-65 Menominee 4,150 3,790 3,098 1907-08, 13-65 Ford 468 450 324 1954-65 Escanaba 920 870 895 1903-12, 50-65 Whitefish 315 0 --- --- Total 36,422 31,940 25,501 a Clockwise from Milwaukee b Total of Indian and Manistique Rivers above confluence C Total of St. Joseph and Paw Paw Rivers above confluence SOURCE: 1965 Surface Water Records of Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, U.S.G.S. 62 Appendix 7 rameters necessary to protect those uses. ward along lines that are curved with their Substandard quality reaches used in this dis- convex sides to the south. cussion are those deficient in one or more pa- The prevailing westerly winds, coupled with rameters. They fail to meet the quality re- the flow toward the outlet, are considered the quirements necessary to protect their desig- cause of the above flow patterns. Some au- nated uses. thorities dispute the counterclockwise swirls This review covers water quality conditions described above. Northeasterly winds can as of May 1969. It should be recognized that alter normal flow patterns so that at times the there are a number of corrective programs in flow through the Straits of Mackinac is tem- progress that will modify existing water qual- porarily reversed. ity conditions in the near fufure. 5.2.1.2 Existing Water Quality-Deepwater Region 5.2.1 Lake Michigan The deepwater region of Lake Michigan is Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,400 defined as that portion of the Lake more than square miles, an average depth of 276 feet, and 10 miles from shore. The physical, chemical, a total volume of 1,170 cubic miles. In general and biological characteristics of the deepwa- the Lake is oriented along the north-south ter region were extensively sampled by the axis, with the northern part of the Lake curv- Great Lakes-Illinois River Basin Project of ing gently to the northeast. The Lake is di- the Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis- vided into two areas by two parallel ridges tration. The project involved a series of seven running in an easterly direction from Mil- cruises between May 1962 and November waukee to Grand Haven. The southern area, 1963. smaller and shallower than the northern area The physical and chemical parameters in- has a maximum depth of 525 feet. The north- vestigated displayed considerable uniformity ern area is longer and narrower. There the and there was little or no evidence of water Lake's depth reaches 923 feet. quality deterioration within the deepwater region. The biota of the deepwater region reflected 5.2.1.1 Lake Currents an unpolluted environment. Free-floating algal population were less than 500 per milli- Surface currents are produced mainly by liter. Pollution- sensitive scuds predominated wind and differences in barometric pressure in organism populations on the bottom. over different parts of the Lake. Brief Sludgeworm populations were less than 1,000 windstorms may create surface waves that per square meter and midges were principally cause strong local currents of short duration. of the clean water variety. Strong winds of longer duration produce a transfer of water toward the leeward shore and temporary circulation, which is affected 5.2.1.3 Existing Water Quality-Inshore by the shape and topography of the Lake ba- Areas (General) sin. Close to shore in shallow water the along- shore drift produced by moderate waves ap- Inshore areas discussed here are those proaching at an oblique angle may reach vel- within 10 miles of shore. The Great Lakes- ocities of one or two miles per hour. Such water Illinois River Basin Project of the Federal movements are of a temporary nature. In Water Pollution Control Administration also addition, there are patterns of permanent, or sampled inshore areas during a series of eight at least seasonal, circulation involving a slow cruises from August 1962 to October 1963. drift of the water. Compared to the deepwater region of Lake There is a southward drift along the western Michigan, certain inshore areas have higher side of the Lake, which continues around the concentrations of dissolved substances, much south end and turns northward on the eastern greater variability in water quality parame- side, where it becomes more pronounced. ters, a larger proportion of poll ution-tolerant, Around the Beaver Island group in the north bottom-dwelling organisms, and increased and in the major southern basin there are algal population. In general the largest varia- counter-clockwise swirls. Between these tions were evident in the vicinity of tributary swirls the surface water tends to move east- mouths and harbor areas. Lake Michigan 63 5.2.1.4 Inshore Areas in Michigan declined from four in 1967 to one in 1968. Along the Upper Peninsula shoreline of Lake Michi- For inshore areas along the Lower and gan, all 10 stations sampled had coliform levels Upper Peninsula of Michigan, with the excep- below the 1,000 organisms per 100 milliliters tion of the Green Bay area, water quality is limit. very good and suitable for all designated water uses. Phytoplankton populations are generally 5.2.1.5 Green Bay-Michigan Portion greater through Michigan's inshore areas, particularly in the southern half of the,State. The benthic fauna of the Escanaba River The higher populations can be attributed to delta area of Little Bay de Noc was investi- the warmer waters of the littoral zone, pre- gated in 1963 to determine the effects of vailing westerly winds, lake currents, and the wastes from an upstream pulp and paper in- greater availability of nutrients. The Grand, dustry. The study disclosed that the bottom of Kalamazoo, and St. Joseph Rivers contribute the bay within a one-half mile radius of the significant amounts of nutrients to the Lake. river mouth contained varying amounts of In August of 1966 approximately 60 miles of bark, fiber, and organic detritis. There was a Lake Michigan shoreline from South Haven noticeable absence of intolerant species in the north to Pentwater had noticeable accumula- delta area and sludgeworms were the domi- tions of Cladophora. Where the presence of nant animal present. Additional waste treat- Cladophora was not complicated by accom- ment facilities have been completed. panying growths of Spirogyra, the nuisance Further studies have shown depressed dis- conditions were not severe. In the north cen- solved oxygen and elevated nutrient levels in tral portion of this area, a 32-mile section of Portage Marsh due to municipal wastes dis- beach had nuisance accumulations of Spiro- charged to Portage Creek, which flows into gyra and Cladophora. In this area, extending Green Bay. The municipality involved is con- from approximately 61/2 miles south of Muske- structing improved secondary treatment gon to Benona, 25 miles north of Muskegon, facilities with a deepwater discharge in Green park managers received complaints that algae Bay. stained bathing suits and that conditions were unsuitable for swimming. Objectionable aquatic growths and shore- 5.2.2 Planning Subarea 2.1 line deposition occurred in the west arm of Grand Traverse Bay in the summer of 1964. Under certain wind and current conditions 5.2.2.1 Michigan Portion great quantities of aquatic plants and filamentous algae were deposited on the (1) Menominee River Basin beaches creating a serious nuisance. It is The Menominee River Basin has a total probable that the waters of the Boardman drainage area of 4,186 square miles, of which River, enriched by treated waste discharges approximately 2,676 square miles is in Michi- from the Traverse City area, caused the de- gan. The Menominee River begins at the con- velopment of these growths. Actions are fluence of the Brule and Michigamme Rivers under way to resolve this problem. and flows southeasterly to Menominee, The Michigan Water Resources Commission Michigan, and Marinette, Wisconsin, where it conducts a summertime bacteriological sam- enters Green Bay. In Michigan seven munici- pling program along the shoreline of Lake palities (four with primary treatment and Michigan. Of the 69 Lower Peninsula locations three with secondary treatment) and eight in- represented in 1967 and 1968 data, 24 locations dustries use surface waters of the Menominee had 1968 total coliform levels over 1,000 orga- River basin for waste assimilation. nisms per 100 milliliters. This represents a 33 Water quality is generally good throughout percent decrease from 1967 when 36 locations the basin although there are four reaches of had more than the 1,000 organism limit. Be- substandard quality. The lower portion of the cause total coliform counts may be greatly in- river receives municipal and industrial waste fluenced by alewife die-offs and other non- discharges and displays elevated levels of nu- dangerous factors, fecal coliform counts are a trients, suspended solids, and dissolved solids. better index to fecal contamination. The The community involved has primary treat- number of locations with fecal coliform levels ment and has recently signed contracts for the greater than 100 organisms per 100 milliliters construction of phosphate removal facilities 64 Appendix 7 and secondary treatment. Two other reaches, Kewaunee basins are not significantly indus- one on the mainstem and one on a minor tribu- trialized and have a comparatively low, stable tary, display elevated nutrient levels. One population. However, localized pollution prob- reach of the Iron River is affected by acid mine lems do exist near some communities and in- water and exhibits elevated levels of sus- dustries. Further steps need to be taken in pended and dissolved solids. order to protect the basin's water quality. (2) Cedar River (3) Door Drainage Basin The Cedar River, with a drainage area of The Door drainage basin is located in the approximately 400 square miles, discharges to northeastern part of Wisconsin. It includes all Green Bay at Cedar River, Michigan. Water of Door County, approximately one-fourth of quality is generally excellent in the basin. Kewaunee County, and the northeastern corner of Brown County. The Ahnapee River comprises the largest single drainage network 5.2.2.2 Wisconsin Portion in the entire basin, which covers 570 square miles. There are three municipalities (two (1) Manitowoc River Basin with secondary and one with primary treat- The Manitowoc River drains approximately ment) and five industries that use the surface 505 square miles of Calumet, Fond du Lac, waters of the basin for waste assimilation Manitowoc, and Brown Counties. There are 12 after treatment. municipal and public institutions (10 with sec- Water quality is generally good and should ondary treatment) and 21 industries that use meet the standards for all uses. Although the surface waters of the Manitowoc River there are few industries and no large munici- basin for waste assimilation after treatment. palities in the Door drainage basin, there are Water quality is variable, but generally localized problems near some communities good throughout the Manitowoc drainage ba- and industries. Further steps need to be taken sin. All intrastate streams and surface waters, in order to protect the basin's water quality. with the exception of several small tributaries (4) Fox-Wolf River Basin to the Manitowoc River and Manitowoc River The Fox-Wolf River drainage basin com- in the City of Manitowoc, meet standards for prises 6,520 square miles of Marquette, Green recreational use and for fish and other aquatic Lake, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Waushara, life. Lake Michigan open waters meet the Calumet, Columbia, Adams, Outagamie, and water quality standards and requirements for Brown Counties, and parts of eight other all uses. Swimming beach waters should meet counties. The Fox River drains 2,738 square the standards for body contact recreation, miles and the Wolf River drains 3,782 square while harbor areas and shoreline sections in miles. There are 40 municipal and public in- the vicinity of pollutional outlets should meet stitutions (31 with secondary and five wit h minimum standards and requirements for primary treatment) and 68 industries that use cooling and industrial water supply. the surface waters of the Fox River basin for The rural Manitowoc River drainage basin waste assimilation after treatment. has numerous small cities and villages scat- Water quality is variable throughout the tered through it. The main industries consist Fox River drainage basin. Most of the inland of hardware manufacturing and small cheese lakes and other intrastate waters are factories. The greatest problems exist at the classified for recreational use and fish and municipal sewage treatment plants where in- other aquatic life. Lake Winnebago will be adequate treatment has created objectionable classified for these uses in addition to those for downstream conditions. Steps need to be industrial and cooling water use and public taken to protect the surface water resources of water supply. The waters near Appleton and the basin. in Brown County near Green Bay are excep- (2) Twin and Kewaunee River Basins tions and must meet minimum standards. The Twin and Kewaunee Rivers drain ap- Green Bay open waters meet water quality proximately 500 square miles of Kewaunee, standards and requirements for all water Manitowoc, and Brown Counties. There are uses. Swimming beach waters should meet the seven municipalities (five with'secondary and standards for body contact recreation. Harbor one with primary treatment) and 10 industries areas and shoreline sections in the vicinity of that use the surface waters of the basin for pollution outlets and in areas influenced by waste assimilation after treatment. the discharges of the Oconto, Peshtigo, Water quality is generally good and meets Menominee and Fox Rivers should meet mini- the standards for all uses. The Twin and mum water quality standards and require- Lake Michigan 65 ments for cooling and industrial water supply. areas. Surface water quality in the northern The upper Fox River area of the basin has basin is generally good with some streams in little industry except in a few areas. Munici- the southern basin degraded by industrial and palities are small and have relatively stable municipal waste discharges. Improvement of populations. Surface waters are in generally industrial treatment facilities should reduce good condition. In contrast, the lower Fox the problems associated with these plants. River area has a relatively fast rate of urban The major problem with municipal sewage and industrial growth. Some municipalities treatment plants is overloading caused by in- are in need of improved facilities, and industry filtration of clear water into the sanitary must reduce its pollution load to alleviate un- sewer lines. Elimination of clear water from desirable conditions. Substantial im- the sewerage system will be necessary to im- provements are needed to meet the proposed prove the effectiveness of the sewage treat- water quality standards. ment facilities. (5) Duck Creek and Pensaukee River Ba- (8) Menominee River Basin sins The Menominee River drains approxi- The Duck Creek and Pensaukee River drain mately 4,186 square miles, of which 1,510 470 square miles of Oconto, Shawano, Brown, square miles is located in Wisconsin. It flows and Outagamie Counties. There are six munic- through Marinette, Florence, Forest, and ipal or public institutions (three with secon- Vilas Counties. There are five municipalities dary treatment) and six industries that use (three with secondary and two with primary the basin's surface waters for waste assimila- treatment) and three industries that use the tion after treatment. surface waters of the basin for waste assimila- Water quality is generally good, with the tion after treatment. exception of several localized problems. There Water quality is generally good. All waters are no large municipalities and only a few in- meet standards for recreational use and for dustries in the Duck and Pensaukee Basins. fish and aquatic life. The only exception is on The section is chiefly devoted to agriculture. the Menominee River near industrieg and Further steps need to be taken to protect the municipalities. surface water quality of these basins. The Menominee River drainage basin is (6) Oconto River Basin sparsely populated except for a few areas. The The Oconto River drains approximately 966 paper industry is the largest loading source square miles of Oconto, Menominee, with municipal sewerage facilities contribut- Langlade, Forest, Marinette, and Shawano ing most of the remainder. Stream conditions Counties. There are six municipalities (five have improved below the industries because of with secondary treatment) and three indus- improved treatment or deleted processes. tries that use the surface waters of the basin Additional improvements may be possible for waste assimilation after treatment. with a continued upgrading of facilities. Pri- Water quality is generally good and meets mary sewage treatment plants should be re- the standards for recreational use and for fish placed by secondary facilities. Infiltration of and other aquatic life, with several exceptions clear waters into the sanitary sewer should be in some locations. The Oconto River drainage eliminated to prevent overloading of treat- basin is predominantly rural with industries ment facilities. in localized areas. The municipalities have stable populations and are relatively small. With proper use and maintenance of existing 5.2.3 Planning Subarea 2.2 treatment systems and construction of additional facilities, the water quality within the basin should improve. 5.2.3.1 Wisconsin Portion (7) Peshtigo River Basin The Peshtigo River drains approximately (1) Pike River Basin 1,131 square miles of Marinette, Forest, The Pike River drains approximately 51 Oconto, and Florence Counties. There are seven square miles of southeastern Racine County municipalities and public institutions (seven and northeastern Kenosha County. It drains with secondary treatment) and four indus- into Lake Michigan approximately 11/2 miles tries that use the surface waters of the basin north of the Kenosha Harbor. Along its 14 for waste assimilation after treatment. miles, two municipalities (with secondary The Peshtigo River drainage basin is treatment) and two industries use its surface primarily rural with industries in localized waters and tributaries for waste assimilation 66 Appendix 7 after treatment. There are two municipalities (3) Milwaukee River Basin and two industries that discharge treated The Milwaukee River drains approximately wastes directly into Lake Michigan. 790 square miles of Fond du Lac, Sheboygan, Water quality is variable throughout the Washington, Ozaukee, and Milwaukee Coun- Pike River basin. The Pike River has an ex- ties. In its 95 miles of length, 19 municipalities tremely variable flow and experiences periods (18 with secondary and one with primary of no flow at times. Lake Michigan open wa- treatment) and 15 industries use its surface ters meet the water quality standards and re- waters and tributaries for waste assimilation quirements for all uses. Special protection -after treatment. There are also private sourc- must be accorded to waters designated for fish es that discharge treated wastes directly into reproduction and trout waters. Swimming Lake Michigan. beach waters should meet the standards for Water quality is variable throughout the recreation, while harbor areas and shoreline Milwaukee River basin. Most intrastate wa- sections in the vicinity of pollutional outlets ters are classified for recreational use and fish should meet minimum standards and the and other aquatic life. However, the waters standards for cooling and industrial water near and in Milwaukee County approach the supply. minimum requirements for all water uses. The entire basin is undergoing rapid ur- Swimming beach waters should meet the banization and surface waters of the basin standards for body contact recreation. Harbor are being impaired for general uses. Con- areas and shoreline sections in the vicinity of sequently high degrees of treatment and pollution outlets should meet minimum water strict pollution control measures will be quality standards and requirements for cool- necessary to maintain and improve the water ing and industrial water supply. quality in the basin. The area in Milwaukee County is highly ur- (2) Root River Basin banized, and the area to the north is undergo- The Root River drains 197 square miles of ing rapid urbanization. Waters of the basin Racine, Milwaukee, Waukesha, and Kenosha are fertile and streams have low dry-weather Counties. Throughout its length 14 municipal- flow. Certain surface water sectors are being ities and governmental institutions (with sec- impaired for present and potential uses. Bet- ondary treatment) and 10 industries use the ter waste treatment, preferably by suitably surface waters of the Root River basin for situated central systems would be helpful in waste assimilation after treatment. There are improving the water quality of the basin. three municipalities and two industries that (4) Sheboygan River Basin discharge treated wastes directly into Lake The Sheboygan River drains approximately Michigan. 720 square miles of Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Water quality is.variable throughout the Calumet, Fond du Lac, and Ozaukee Counties. Root River basin. Dry-weather stream flows There are 18 municipal and public institutions in several stretches now consist primarily of (nine with secondary treatment) and 21 indus- treated wastes. Lake Michigan is the only in- tries that utilize the surface waters of the terstate water of the Root River basin. Open Sheboygan River basin for waste assimilation waters of the Lake should meet the water after treatment. There are five municipal and quality standards and requirements for all public institutions (one with secondary and water uses. Swimming beach waters should one with primary treatment) and one industry meet the standards for body contact recrea- that discharge treated wastes directly into tion. Harbor areas and shoreline sections in Lake Michigan. the vicinity of pollutional outlets should meet Water quality is variable, but generally minimum water quality standards and re- good for the entire Sheboygan River basin. quirements for cooling and industrial water Much of the area is devoted to agriculture and supply. is not heavily urbanized or industrialized. The entire basin is experiencing a rapid in- Water quality meets most recreational stand- crease in population and urbanization. Sur- ards. The only major problem occurs in the face waters within the basin are being im- case of small unincorporated villages and paired for most uses. Higher degrees of treat- some industries which create unsatisfactory ment, better control of private sewage sys- conditions. tems and the continued trend towards suita- bly situated central treatment systems will be 5.2.3.2 Illinois Portion helpful in improving the area's surface water quality. It has been assumed that during the plan- Lake Michigan 67 ning periods between 1970 to 2020 there will be The unsightly waters of the Indiana Harbor no waste discharges to the Lake Michigan Canal and the Grand Calumet River are drainage area within the Illinois portion of characterized by floating debris, oil, discolora- Planning Subarea 2.2. Presently there are tion, and high suspended solids loading. These cooling water discharges to the Lake from the waters are composed of industrial process and Zion nuclear power plant, Federal agency cooling water, treated and chlorinated waste discharges at Great Lakes and Fort effluents from municipal source treatment Sheridan, and some industrial discharges plants, and combined sewer overflows. Fur- from the Lake through the North Shore Sani- ther treatment of industrial wastes is neces- tary District to the Des Plaines River, an sary to enhance the water quality and to meet interior stream of Illinois. Some questions still criteria for the Grand Calumet River, Indiana remain as to what will be done about the Fed- Harbor Canal, and Lake Michigan waters. eral agency discharges. The Grand Calumet River flowing west into Illinois is composed primarily of the treated and chlorinated effluent from the Hammond 5.2.3.3 Indiana Portion Sanitary District plant. In addition there is combined sewer overflow during storms and The principal sources of pollution in the discharge from two industries. This stream is basin in Indiana are industrial wastes, munic- of poor quality due to sludge deposits, low dis- ipal sewage, and combined sewer overflows. solved oxygen, and high bacteria counts. Other wastes discharges, such as accidental Improved plant operation and reduction or spills from storage tanks and barges, wastes control including disinfection, of storm water from lake vessels, barge tows, and pleasure overflow are needed to improve water quality craft, and materials from dredging operations, in this section of the Grand Calumet River. intermittently may have serious local effects The Little Calumet River flowing west into or may cause temporary excessive pollution. Illinois is of poor quality as a result of com- All sewered municipalities have some com- bined sewer overflow during storm periods bined sewers, which contribute to pollution and raw sewage discharges. The effluent from during storm periods. Combined sewer over- one industry also discharges to this river. Col- flows contribute gross bacterial pollution, lection of wastes and their discharge to the high suspended solids concentrations, and Hammond Sanitary District for treatment heavy BOD loadings. Industrial wastes in should improve the water quality. such systems contribute to the pollution prob- Water quality is generally good in the Little lem. Calumet River-Burns Ditch-Lake Michigan The water quality in the open water of Lake drainage area. Provision of sewage treatment Michigan is excellent except in periods of high by all sewered municipalities, improved oper- threshold odors and increased concentration ation of sewage treatment plants, disinfection of ammonia-nitrogen caused by industrial of effluents, treatment of all industrial wastes. wastes, and improved soil conservation meas- Shore water east of the inner harbor basin ures to reduce pollution from agricultural is generally satisfactory for whole body con- runoff are needed to meet the proposed water tact recreation. However, shore water within quality criteria. Water quality in Trail Creek the inner harbor basin is of poor quality, is generally poor due to high bacterial counts which is attributed to combined sewer over- resulting from combined sewer overflow dur- flows and waste discharges. Combined sewer ing storm periods and from the bypassing of overflow at times discharges untreated sew- raw sewage. age directly to Lake Michigan. In addition The water quality in the main body of Wolf storm water overflows to the Grand Calumet Lake is generally good and suitable for whole River and the Indiana Harbor Canal contrib- body contact recreation, but improvement in ute to the poor water quality. Reduction of quality is necessary in the channel portion of storm overflows will be necessary. the lake.- The Inner Harbor basin water quality is Lake Michigan is the principal source of generally satisfactory, but there are intermit- water both for municipalities and industrial tent periods of high threshold odor, plants. Thirteen municipalities use surface ammonia-nitrogen, phenolic material, and col- water and six use ground water. All com- iform bacteria. This pollution is the result of munities get their surface water from Lake direct discharges to the Lake from sewers and Michigan except Valparaiso, which uses Flint from the Indiana Harbor Canal. Lake. Industrial process and cooling water is 68 Appendix 7 obtained from Lake Michigan, the Grand warmwater fish population and whole body Calumet River, and Indiana Harbor Canal. contact recreation activities. The shore water There are four thermal electric generating will also be required to meet the standards set stations located on Lake Michigan. Their ca- forth in Regulations SPC 5 and SPC 10. pacities are 616 MW, 529 MW, 978 MW and 215 The Grand Calumet River and Indiana Har- MW. Cooling towers are planned as additions bor Canal serve as sources of industrial water to the Michigan City Plant and the Bailly Nu- supplies and must meet the standards set clear Plant. forth in Regulations SPC 7 and SPC 8. Most water withdrawn by municipalities The Little Calumet River flowing west into and industries is returned to Lake Michigan Illinois and its Indiana tributaries must be via area streams and the Indiana Harbor suitable for partial body-contact recreation Canal. The Grand Calumet River west of In- and will be required to meet the standards set dianapolis Boulevard and the Little Calumet forth in Regulation SPC 9. River west of Broadway generally discharge The Little Calumet River-Burns Ditch and out of the Great Lakes Basin. Only very small tributaries and other streams flowing to Lake portions of the treated effluent from the Michigan will be required to support a well- Hammond Sanitary District and storm over- balanced, warmwater fish population, as well flows following rainfall flow west in the Grand as being suitable for partial body-contact rec- Calumet River and Little Calumet River away reation and agricultural uses. They must also from Lake Michigan. meet the standards as set forth in Regulation Lake Michigan serves the recreational SPC 1R. needs of a large metropolitan area. There are All reservoirs and lakes in the basin (other many beaches both in Illinois and Indiana. than Lake Michigan and Wolf Lake as Yachting, boating, water skiing, swimming, provided for under SPC 5 and SPC 10) must be and fishing abound in the southern portion of maintained for whole body contact recreation Lake Michigan. Indiana Dunes State Park is and will be required to meet the standards as located east of Burns Ditch and a national set forth in Regulation SPC 1R. park is being established for much of the area All waters where natural temperatures along Lake Michigan from west of Ogden permit, will be required to support put-and- Dunes to and including Dunes State Park. take trout fishing. Wolf Lake is used for swimming, water skiing, and fishing. Lake George and the Little Calumet River-East and tributary streams 5.2.4 Planning Subarea 2.3 are used for fishing and partial body contact sports. In the eastern section of the basin small natural lakes are sites of much water- 5.2.4.1 Kalamazoo River Basin based recreation including swimming, water skiing, boating, and fishing. The Kalamazoo River basin encompasses Agricultural activity is basically limited to 2,080 square miles. Its principal tributaries the southern and eastern portions of the basin are the Rabbit River, Swan Creek, Pine Creek, along the Little Calumet River and its Gun River, Portage Creek, and Rice Creek. It tributaries. Livestock watering is the primary flows in a west-by-northwest direction, dis- water use, but it is expected that irrigation charging into Lake Michigan at Saugatuck, uses will increase. Irrigation, which uses Michigan. much surface water, could cause a reduction There are 16 municipal wastewater treat- in stream flow and serious problems to all ment facilities serving approximately 182,000 other stream uses. people that use surface waters of the Lake Michigan open water and inner harbor Kalamazoo River basin for waste assimila- basin water must be suitable for public and tion. Four municipal plants provide primary industrial water supply, maintenance of a waste treatment with disinfection, and 11 well-balanced, warmwater fish population, provide secondary treatment. Some munici- and water-oriented recreation, and must meet palities have storm sewers that discharge into the standards set forth in Regulations SPC 4 the surface waters. In addition 37 industries and SPC 6, respectively. use the surface waters for waste assimilation. Lake Michigan shore water (including the Three localized reaches of substandard water three existing bathing beaches located in the quality occur on the main stem in the lower 40 inner harbor area) and Wolf Lake must be miles of the Kalamazoo River basin. One reach suitable for maintenance of a well-balanced, receives primary treatment plant effluent, Lake Michigan 69 discharges of untreated and partially treated which flows through the City of Kalamazoo, sewage, and an industrial discharge. This receives large amounts of organic wastes and reach experiences dissolved oxygen depres- exhibits similar substandard conditions. The sion and excessive levels of coliforms and nu- industry discharging organic wastes into Por- trients. A program underway will eliminate the tage Creek has an active program under way discharge of untreated and partially treated to substantially reduce discharges to Portage sewage. A second reach displays substandard Creek by discharging a portion of their wastes bacteria levels because of an industrial dis- to the Kalamazoo municipal system. charge. Changes being made in the method of Upstream from Kalamazoo one localized discharge should alleviate this problem. The substandard reach occurs below a community third reach receives effluent from a primary that discharges untreated sewage. A correc- municipal treatment plant, two industrial dis- tive program is being implemented. charges, and some uncollected sewage dis- A reach of substandard quality is located charges. This reach displays dissolved oxygen below the City of Battle Creek. Secondary depression and excessive levels of coliforms, treatment is provided at the Battle Creek residues, toxic substances, and nutrients. waste treatment plant, but operating difficul- Three substandard reaches are located on ties have hindered efficiency. Storm sewers tributaries in this area. Two are on the Rabbit containing industrial wastes contribute oils River and one is on Mann Creek. Two reaches and acids to the river. The river exhibits high are degraded by untreated and partially nutrient and residue levels and marginally treated sewage and both display high coliform substandard toxic concentrations. densities. Corrective programs are underway The Battle Creek Riverjoins the Kalamazoo in both communities. The third tributary River at Battle Creek. Excessive suspended reach receives periodic discharges from a solids and nutrients are occasionally found in community lagoon and discharges from an in- the Battle Creek River within the city. This dustry that has experienced sporadic control degradation results from control failures at failures. This reach displays depressed dis- industrial treatment facilities that normally solved oxygen and high coliform densities. The provide satisfactory control. Three additional industry responsible has completed additional substandard reaches occur upstream in the collection facilities designed to insure more Battle Creek River below small communities. reliable treatment. One community has no treatment, one has An extensive reach of the Kalamazoo River secondary treatment, and another has a la- is substandard in quality in and below the City goon and some uncollected sewage. All three of Kalamazoo for a distance of approximately reaches display elevated nutrients and col- 20 miles. The greater Kalamazoo area con- iform levels and one reach also exhibits low tains a large number of industries including 15 dissolved oxygen. Corrective programs are plants that manufacture paper products. Four under way in two communities. municipal waste treatment plants discharge Above the City of Battle Creek the into this river reach. Since 1955 organic loads Kalamazoo River and its tributaries generally discharged into the river have been curtailed exhibit good quality, but localized substand- and water quality has substantially improved. ard conditions are found in three main stem The average 1955 total organic load for both reaches. One reach, degraded by untreated municipal and industrial discharges was ap- and semi-treated sewage discharges, displays proximately 98,500 pounds of BOD5. In 1968 high coliform and nutrient levels. A corrective the average total organic load was approxi- program is under way. Two reaches receive mately 28,000 pounds of BOD5, representing a effluents from primary municipal treatment 70 percent reduction from the 1955 level. plants and industrial discharges. Both Although water quality has been improved, reaches display elevated concentrations of current waste loads are still too great to main- nutrients, residues, suspended solids, and tain acceptable water quality. Throughout the toxic substances. Three industries involved critical 20-mile reach, dissolved oxygen is se- are investigating additional treatment verely depleted and excessive amounts of sus- facilities. There is also one short reach of sub- pended solids and nutrients are present. In standard quality on Rice Creek, a tributary of particular zones excessive levels of coliforms, the Kalamazoo River. This reach receives raw toxic substances, residues, taste and odor sub- sewage discharges and displays high coliform stances, and dissolved solids have been re- densities. Action has been taken to bring this corded. Portage Creek, a minor tributary discharge under control. 70 Appendix 7 5.2.4.2 Black River Basin (Holland) addition 10 industries use the surface waters for waste assimilation. The Black River flowing through the Hol- Water quality is generally good, particu- land area exhibits adequate water quality in larly in the upper portions of the basin. Five upstream areas and poorer quality in limited reaches of substandard quality have downstream reaches. One reach of substand- been identified in the basin. All five reaches ,ard quality occurs in the North Branch where are located in small communities that provide high concentrations of nutrients and dis- primary waste treatment and contain some solved solids are present and dissolved oxygen small industrial discharges. Typically the five is marginally substandard. The lower portion reaches display elevated levels of nutrients of the river forms Lake Macatawa and the and coliforms and lowered dissolved oxygen water quality reflects the surrounding con- concentrations. In some reaches excessive centration of population and industry. This concentrations of toxics, residues, and sus- reach exhibits dissolved oxygen depression pended and dissolved solids also impair water and elevated levels of nutrients, coliforms, quality. suspended and total dissolved solids, toxics and residues. Two industries discharging into Lake Macatawa are designing additional treatment facilities and one company is con- 5.2.4.5 St. Joseph River Basin structing additional treatment facilities. The St. Joseph River and its tributaries form a network draining approximately 2,600 square miles of southwestern Michigan and 5.2.4.3 Black River Basin (South Haven) 1,684 square miles of northwestern Indiana. The river originates in southern Michigan, The second Black River, flowing through flows southwesterly into Indiana, and then South Haven, is generally of acceptable qual- flows northwesterly back through Michigan ity throughout its length, but three minor where it discharges into Lake Michigan ap- reaches of substandard quality have been proximately 25 miles north of the Indiana identified. One upstream reach displays ele- State line at Benton Harbor-St. Joseph. vated nutrient and coliform levels originating Fourteen municipal and institutional from a raw sewage discharge. This community wastewater treatment facilities use surface is under orders to construct treatment waters of the St. Joseph River basin for waste facilities. A second upstream reach displays assimilation. Seven facilities provide primary excessive concentrations of suspended solids, waste treatment and seven provide secondary residues, and toxics which originate in an in- waste treatment. There are also 13 municipal- dustrial discharge. Near the mouth a third ities in the basin with storm sewer systems reach displays high nutrient and coliform that discharge into the surface waters. In levels and, at times, marginal dissolved oxy- addition 34 industries use the surface waters gen concentrations. for waste assimilation. The main stem of the St. Joseph River from the Niles Dam downstream to the mouth is of reasonably good water quality. The lower few 5.2.4.4 Paw Paw River Basin miles of the river are rendered substandard in quality by treatment plant, industrial, and Draining approximately 446 square miles, stormwater discharges. Limited amounts of the Paw Paw River discharges into the St. uncollected sewage and significant amounts Joseph River a short distance above its con- of oils pass through storm sewers. This reach fluence with Lake Michigan. Because of its exhibits dissolved oxygen depression and ele- small size the Paw Paw River exhibits rapid vated levels of coliforms, nutrients, suspended changes. in water quality when subjected to solids, and residues. Ox Creek, a minor tribu- man's influences. tary, receives uncollected sewage discharges Five primary and two secondary municipal and untreated industrial wastes and displays treatment plants serving a population of ap- high residue and coliform levels and depleted proximately 37,000 (1964 estimate) use surface dissolved oxygen. This lower portion of the waters of the basin for waste assimilation. river is also subjected to maintenance dredg- Some municipalities with storm sewer sys- ing which increases turbidity and generally tems discharge into the surface waters. In degrades water quality. Lake Michigan 71 Upstream to the Niles Dam, six additional Within the Plan for Implementation, the substandard reaches have been identified. waters of this basin should be suitable for all Three reaches are located on the main stem uses in the near future except trout fishing. and three are on small tributaries. Degraded Upstream from the In than a- Michigan State by untreated and semi-treated sewage dis- line to its headwaters, the St. Joseph River is charges, one reach exhibits high coliform den- of good water quality. Nine short main-stem sities. Two tributary reaches are located reaches of substandard quality are located in below communities with inadequately treated this portion of the basin below the discharge of municipal discharges and one is below an in- wastes originating from population centers, adequately treated industrial waste dis- industries, and commercial establishments. charge. Both reaches display dissolved oxygen Six reaches are near communities that dis- depletion and high coliform densities. One charge untreated or partially treated sewage reach also displays excessive concentrations resulting in elevated coliform and nutrient of toxics and the other displays marginally levels. Two of the six reaches are also de- substandard residue and toxic concen- graded by industrial and commercial waste trations. Three industries that discharge into discharges and may exhibit excessive concen- these two reaches recently added additional trations of residues, toxics, or suspended sol- waste treatment facilities. ids. Final orders of determination have been The three main stem reaches each receive adopted for two communities discharging raw effluent from a primary municipal treatment sewage and a third community has treatment plant, and one reach also receives several in- facilities under construction. dustrial discharges. Heavy algae growths in Three other substandard main stem reaches these reaches are caused by enrichment from receive effluent from one primary and two immediate waste sources, wastes from up- secondary municipal treatment plants. De- stream population centers and from other pressed dissolved oxygen and excessive nu- basin waters. All three reaches display dis- trient concentrations are characteristic of solved oxygen depletion and excessive nu- these reaches. One reach also displays exces- trients. In some parts excessive concentrations sive residue concentrations resulting from of residues and suspended solids are present. stormwater discharges. Stipulations being In accordance with Michigan's interstate negotiated require the addition of phosphate water quality standards enforcement pro- removal by all three treatment plants and grams, the three primary treatment plants secondary treatment by two plants. discharging into this reach were required to Water quality is generally very good in the institute secondary treatment with phos- tributaries of the upper St. Joseph River. phate removal by December 1, 1972. Stipula- Seven localized substandard reaches have tions incorporating these requirements have been identified. Two reaches are located on been signed by two communities and dis- the Coldwater River and the other reaches are cussions are continuing with the third com- on the White Pigeon River, Fawn River, Por- munity. tage River, Prairie River, and Swan Creek. All Water quality in the Indiana portion of the seven reaches are affected by municipal dis- St. Joseph River basin is generally good. The charges, one of which receives partial treat- most urgent problem is bacterial pollution of ment only. Five of the seven reaches are also the St. Joseph River in the Elkhart-South affected by industrial discharges. Nutrient Bend area caused by treated municipal sew- concentrations are high in all seven reaches age. However, the principal cities causing this and dissolved oxygen depression occurs in condition are now installing or will soon install four reaches. Some reaches exhibit substand- effluent chlorination facilities which will en- ard concentrations of toxics, residues, sus- able the river to meet the standards. pended solids, and total dissolved solids. One All but five of the sewered municipalities industry with a polluting discharge recently (representing less than 2 percent of the popu- completed additional treatment facilities, and lation) provide sewage treatment facilities. a second industry is designing additional At present no surface waters are used for treatment facilities. One community is under public water supplies. One industry uses orders to eliminate the discharge of untreated water from the St. Joseph River in Mishawaka and partially treated sewage. Stipulations re- and one industry uses water from the Elkhart quiring phosphate removal are being proc- River at Elkhart. In addition a 400 megawatt essed for most communities that discharge thermal electric generating station uses the into the seven tributary reaches of substand- St. Joseph River at Mishawaka. ard quality. 72 Appendix 7 5.2.4.6 Grand River River has up to 15 miles of substandard condi- tions depending on the season and other fac- The Grand River basin, draining approxi- tors. This reach receives effluents from three mately 5,570 square miles, is the second municipal treatment plants, industrial dis- largest river basin in Michigan. Its major charges, stormwater overflows, and tributary tributaries are the Rogue, Flat, Thornapple, waste loads from the greater Grand Rapids Maple, Looking Glass, and Red Cedar Rivers. area. The river displays elevated levels of col- The Grand River discharges into Lake Michi- iforms, nutrients, residues, and taste and odor gan at Grand Haven, Michigan. substances. Dissolved oxygen depletion and Sixty-nine communities with a total popula- toxic concentrations are marginally sub- tion of approximately 685,000 discharge standard. A number of small tributary wastes into the basin's waters. Twenty-one streams receive treated and untreated wastes communities with approximately 10 percent of from outlying communities and townships. the total population served provide primary Substandard quality areas are found in Rush, waste treatment with disinfection and 26 Buck, Plaster, Indian Mill, and Mill Creeks. All communities with approximately 80 percent of show high nutrient and coliform levels, and the population served provide some form of certain reaches experience dissolved oxygen secondary waste treatment. Twenty-two depletion and increases in residues and sus- communities with 10 percent of the population pended solids. are unsewered and rely on individual waste . Corrective programs are under way in five disposal systems. Also, there are communities of these outlying communities. In addition, with separate storm sewer systems that dis- Grand Rapids, Wyoming, and Grandville plan charge into the surface waters, and 60 indus- to improve their collection systems and ex- trial establishments use the surface waters pand treatment plant capacity. All three cities for waste assimilation. have initiated steps to provide for phosphate (1) Main Stem removal. The water quality of the lower two miles of From the Grand Rapids area upstream to the Grand River, which receives sewage the Grand Ledge area, the Grand River main- treatment plant effluents, stormwater over- tains generally good quality with the excep- flows, and industrial discharges from the tion of nutrients. There are two localized Grand Haven-Spring Lake area, is substand- reaches of substandard quality. One reach, af- ard. The river has high coliform, suspended fected by the seasonal discharge of industrial .solids, and nutrient levels. Its dissolved oxy- wastes, experiences high coliform and nu- gen and residue levels are marginally sub- trient levels and lowered dissolved oxygen. standard. The second reach, experiences high coliform Contracts have been awarded for construc- and nutrient levels. tion of joint waste treatment facilities with An extensive reach of substandard water nutrient control to serve two municipalities quality occurs in the Grand River in and below and some industries. the Lansing area. A short distance above Lan- Upstream from the Grand Haven-Spring sing, the river receives effl*uent from the Delhi Lake area, water quality is generally good Township treatment plant. Within Lansing, with the possible exception of accumulated stormwater overflows degrade the Moore's nutrients from the total watershed. Two sub- Pare Impoundment and the river with bac- standard reaches are found in Crockery Creek teria. Stormwater overflows are a major prob- watershed downstream from communities that lem because the Lansing system contains 51 discharge untreated and partially treated stormwater bypasses. Two steam electric sewage. Both reaches exhibit high levels of generating stations, located within the city, coliforms and nutrients. One community is also limit the thermal load of the river to constructing collection and treatment approximately 15 billion Btu/day during facilities. One reach of Deer Creek is also sub- the summer. During warm-weather periods of standard. This reach, which receives some un- low flow, the thermal load probably produces treated sewage and the discharge of a secon- substandard river temperature changes. dary treatment plant, experiences very low The Red Cedar River joins the Grand River warm-weather flows and greatly reduced as- in Lansing and carries a substantial residual similative capacity. The reach exhibits dis- waste load. On the downstream side of Lan- solved oxygen depletion and elevated levels of sing, the river receives secondary effluent coliforms, nutrients, and suspended solids. from the Lansing sewage treatment plant. Below the City of Grand Rapids, the Grand This discharge imposes a severe load on the Lake Michigan 73 river, and substandard quality conditions proximately 13 miles downstream. Sludge de- prevail for approximately 15 miles posits and aquatic growths, sometimes unusu- downstream. Midway and near the lower end ally heavy, are commonly found in this reach. of this reach, additional waste loads are dis- Dissolved oxygen is severely depleted and ex- charged by the Delta Township and Grand cessive amounts of nutrients, coliforms, and Ledge treatment plants. Within this reach the suspended and dissolved solids are present. river exhibits dissolved oxygen depletion and The City of Jackson has recognized the need high levels of coliforms, nutrients, and sus- for additional treatment and studies are pended and dissolved solids. Very active ni- under way. A pilot tertiary treatment plant is trification exerts more than 75 percent of the in operation. Also, four surrounding total oxygen demand in the reach between townships are evaluating the possibility of Lansing and Grand Ledge. ' joining the Jackson system. The Southern The City of Lansing has recently expanded Michigan State Prison is completing construc- treatment plant capacity, increased treat- tion of a tertiary treatment lagoon which will ment efficiency, and initiated a small program reduce present waste loads to the river. of sewer separation. To satisfy intrastate (2) Rogue River Basin water quality standards, a higher degree of The Rogue River maintains acceptable waste treatment will be necessary for all quality throughout most of its drainage area, major facilities in the Lansing area. but three reaches of substandard water qual- Upstream from Lansing two minor reaches ity have been identified. One reach, which is of substandard quality are located on the main acceptable except for coliform levels, is located stem. Another reach is on Huntoon Creek. below a small community discharging raw These reaches are located below small com- sewage into a feeder stream. A final order of munities, two of which provide primary determination has been issued against this treatment and one of which provides no community. Another reach is affected by oily treatment. Elevated coliform and nutrient residues from an industrial operation. Man- levels are found in all three reaches. Depleted agement has undertaken a program to provide dissolved oxygen and excessive suspended adequate treatment. The most serious prob- and dissolved solids appear in two reaches. A lem reach is found in the lower part of the program underway will eliminate the one raw basin. This reach receives effluent from a pri- sewage discharge. mary sewage treatment plant and discharges In the Jackson area the Grand River from two heavy waste-producing industries. exhibits substandard quality over a consider- The reach shows depressed dissolved oxygen able reach. Suburban communities discharg- and high levels of coliforms, nutrients, res- ing raw and partially treated sewage degrade idues, and suspended solids. Plans are under the river a few miles above the City of Jackson. way to remove the municipal wastes and the This reach displays depleted dissolved oxygen wastes of one industry from the basin. The and excessive amounts of nutrients, coliforms, second industry is designing plans for residues, and suspended and dissolved solids. additional treatment facilities utilizing land The river receives additional waste loads disposal measures. within Jackson from industrial discharges and (3) Thornapple River Basin stormwater overflows. At the downstream Water quality is generally good throughout edge of Jackson the river receives the Jackson the Thornapple River basin, but substandard sewage treatment plant effluent. The City of water@uality has been observed in eight short Jackson is completing construction of stream reaches. Seven of these stretches are additions and improvements to its wastewa- located below small basin communities that ter treatment plant. The Southern Michigan discharge raw sewage or sewage that has re- State Prison is to abandon its existing treat- ceived only primary treatment (chiefly septic ment facilities and connect to the city system tanks). The principal stream effects are ele- upon completion of expansion at the city plant. vated coliform and nutrient levels and, in a Treatment efficiency is very good at both few stretches, increased suspended solids and plants. The Jackson plant, for example, re- marginal dissolved oxygen concentrations. moves approximately 92 percent of the sus- Corrective programs are under way to elimi- pended solids and 93 percent of the biochemi- nate two raw sewage discharges. Jordan Lake cal oxygen demand. Nevertheless, the effluent has received the secondary effluent from a loads exceed the river's limited waste assimi- community of 1,800 people for several years lation capacity during drought flows. The and experiences severe nutrient problems. A river remains substandard in quality for ap- program has recently been completed that 74 Appendix 7 removes the effluent from the lake and uses (7) Red Cedar River land disposal. Water quality is good throughout most of the Red Cedar River with the exception of the (4) Flat River Basin lower reaches, where there are five reaches of Throughout the basin water quality is gen- substandard quality. The most serious prob- erally good. Three limited stream stretches of lem occurs in the last few miles of the river substandard quality are located downstream below East Lansing. At times effluent from from small basin communities. These areas the East Lansing treatment plant constitutes display elevated coliform and nutrient levels a major portion of the river's flow. This reach resulting chiefly from combined sewer over- exhibits dissolved oxygen depletion, excessive flows, uncollected sewage, and lack of nutrient nutrient concentrations, and marginally sub- removal facilities. standard coliform densities. Heavy aquatic Some residues and occasional toxic sub- growth, common in this reach, is a result of the stances of industrial origin are found in two nutrient-enriched waters. The city of East substandard areas. The industries responsi- Lansing has awarded contracts for construc- ble either have inadequate control facilities or tion of wastewater treatment facilities which an unreliable degree of control protection. will enlarge plant capacity and provide ter- These have been identified and remedial con- tiary treatment and nutrient control. trol programs are under way. The other four substandard reaches located (5) Maple River Basin in upstream areas, are of limited extent. De- The Maple River maintains good water graded by untreated and partially treated quality generally. This drainage area includes sewage, one reach displays high coliform den- Fish, Pine, and Stoney Creeks. Nine short sities and marginally substandard dissolved reaches of substandard water quality have oxygen depletion. A second reach receives been identified. Seven reaches are located discharges from a community lagoon and one downstream from small communities that dis- industry. This reach displays excessive con- charge untreated or partially treated sewage. centrations of nutrients, suspended solids, Two reaches are affected by effluent from sec- toxics, and residues. The responsible industry ondary treatment plants. Milk- processing es- has signed a stipulation to upgrade treatment. tablishments have sporadically degraded cer- A third reach which receives effluent from a tain stream reaches through control failures primary municipal treatment plant exhibits Elevated coliform and nutrient levels are dissolved oxygen depletion and excessive present in all nine reaches. Depleted dissolved levels of nutrients and suspended solids. A oxygen appears in half of the reaches, and fourth reach receives the effluent of a secon- other parameters are affected in certain dary municipal treatment plant and is sub- reaches. Four communities that discharge standard in nutrient concentrations. raw sewage have construction programs under way or are involved in enforcement pro- 5.2.4.7 Minor Drainage Basins ceedings. (6) Looking Glass River Basin One substandard reach of the Pigeon River Low stream velocity and volume during is affected by a seasonal lagoon discharge. summer periods are characteristic of the This reach exhibits high nutrient and lowered Looking Glass River. Three short stream dissolved oxygen levels. reaches are substandard in water quality. Three localized reaches of the Galien River These reaches receive raw or partially treated are degraded by the discharge of raw and par- sewage from small basin communities and one tially treated sewage from three small com- also receives effluent from a small primary munities. Elevated coliform and nutrient treatment plant. Typically the substandard levels are the principal water quality effects. stream reaches have elevated coliform and A fourth reach receives inadequately treated nutrient levels, low dissolved oxygen concen- municipal wastes and exhibits high nutrient trations, and in certain reaches, excessive and lowered dissolved oxygen levels. Orders to suspended and dissolved solids. There are no construct treatment facilities have been is- apparent problems of industrial origin. sued to two townships and two additional Facilities under construction in three com- communities. Another community has signed munities will process raw or partially treated a stipulation to upgrade treatment and to sewage discharges. institute phosphorus removal. Lake Michigan 75 5.2.5 Planning Subarea 2.4 by the discharge of untreated sewage, two reaches have high coliform and nutrient levels. One of the communities responsible is 5.2.5.1 Muskegon River Basin completing construction of a lagoon. A third reach is degraded by the discharge of an in- The Muskegon River, with a drainage area adequate municipal treatment plant. This of 2,660 square miles, originates with the dis- reach displays dissolved oxygen depletion and charge from Houghton Lake in Roscommon elevated levels of coliforms, toxics, suspended County. It flows southwesterly and discharges solids, and nutrients. The fourth reach re- into Lake Michigan at Muskegon, Michigan. ceives discharges from an industry and Nine municipalities, three providing primary exhibits elevated concentrations of toxics and treatment and three providing secondary suspended solids. treatment, and 20 industries use the surface waters of the Muskegon River basin for waste assimilation. 5.2.5.2 White, Pentwater, and Pere Marquette Water quality is generally good throughout River Basins the entire reach of the river, but eight reaches of substandard quality have been identified in The White River, Pentwater River, Pere the basin. Four occur on the main stem of the Marquette River, and a number of minor river and four occur on tributary streams. streams drain an area along Lake Michigan Construction is under way on a county waste- located between the lower portion of the water system which will remove the existing Muskegon and Manistee River basins. discharge into the surface waters in the The White River, draining an area of 526 Muskegon metropolitan area and utilize land square miles, flows into White Lake at Mon- disposal. tague and Whitehall before discharging into Muskegon Lake, located at the mouth of the Lake Michigan. Two primary municipal Muskegon River, is substandard in quality treatment plants and three industries dis- due to excessive levels of coliforms and nu- charge treated waste effluents into the basin's trients. The lake receives discharges from two surface waters. Water quality is good municipal primary treatment plants, one throughout the basin with ihe exception of power generating station, and ten industries, White Lake. White Lake receives discharges plus storm water overflows and tributary in- from three industries and one municipality flows. The industrial portions of the lakefront plus stream loadings from upstream areas. also display substandard levels of residues, The lake exhibits high nutrient levels and de- suspended solids, oil films, and toxics. In the pressed dissolved oxygen. Excessive algae and past substantial oil losses from large vessels weed growths have impaired certain water have degraded the lake. Since 1968, water uses. Wastewater treatment facilities under quality has been upgraded considerably and construction will remove the existing dis- pollution control activities are under way. charges in the Whitehall-Montague area and The entire river, except for mixing zones, is use land disposal. protected for total body contact recreational The Pentwater River has a drainage area of use. For short periods, particularly after rain- 172 square miles and discharges into Lake falls, localized upstream river reaches below Michigan through Pentwater Lake at the City population centers may display coliform levels of Pentwater. Two municipal waste treatment in excess of that specified by the total body lagoons discharge into the basin's surface wa- contact standard. Three upstream reaches on ters. There are no industrial surface water the main stem and four reaches on tributaries discharges. Water quality is good throughout have been classified as substandard. All three the basin. A small increase in chloride and main stem reaches receive effluent from pri- nutrient concentrations has been observed in mary municipal treatment facilities, and all the lower reaches of the river. There are two three display excessive nutrient concen- reaches of marginally substandard water trations. One of these reaches also displays quality, both located below municipal lagoons. excessive coliform densities. Both reaches display elevated nutrient levels The Hersey River, Clam River, Middle during seasonal discharge periods. Branch River, and Tamarack Creek each have Draining an area of 740 square miles, the one reach of substandard quality. Degraded Pere Marquette River discharges into Lake 76 Appendix 7 Michigan through Pere Marquette Lake at tamination, whether man-made or natural, Ludington. The river is currently under study and to devise possible remedial actions. for designation as a wild and scenic river. The general high quality of its water is a major factor in its consideration as a wild river. Two 5.2.5.4 Betsie, Boardman, Elk, and Pine River municipalities, one with primary treatment Basins facilities and one with a lagoon, and four in- dustries discharge treated wastes into the ba- The northwestern portion of the Michigan sin's surface waters. Water quality is gener- Lower Peninsula, between the Manistee area ally good although three reaches of substand- and the Straits of Mackinac, contains many ard quality have been identified. Pere Mar- small streams that discharge directly into quette Lake receives discharges from two in- Lake Michigan. The principal streams in this dustries and one municipal primary treat- region are the Betsie, Boardman, Pine, and ment plant, some uncollected wastes dis- Elk Rivers. charged through storm sewers, and stream Draining 252 square miles, the Betsie River loadings from upstream areas. The lake discharges into Lake Michigan at Frankfort, exhibits elevated levels of coliforms and Michigan. Three primary municipal treat- toxics. ment plants and three industries discharge One upstream reach that receives raw sew- treated wastes into the basin's surface waters. age discharges from a small community d 'is- Although water quality is generally very good plays elevated levels of coliforms and nu- throughout the basin, Betsie Lake and one trients. A second upstream reach is affected upstream reach display substandard quality. by the seasonal discharge of a community la- The communities and one industry that dis- goon and displays marginally substandard nu- charge into the lake have been notified of the trient concentrations. need to provide improved waste control facilities. The Boardman River drains an area of 295 5.2.5.3 Manistee River Basin square miles and discharges into Grand Traverse Bay at Traverse City, Michigan. Two The Manistee River draining an area of municipal treatment plants, one with primary 2,057 square miles, discharges into Lake and one with secondary treatment, and four Michigan through Manistee Lake at Manis- industries discharge treated wastes into the tee, Michigan. One municipal primary waste basin's surface waters. Water quality is good treatment plant and five industries discharge throughout the upstream portion of the basin. treated wastes into the basin's surface waters. At Traverse City the river is affected by mu- All six waste discharges are located in the nicipal and industrial discharges and exhibits lower portion of the basin in the Manistee elevated levels of coliforms and nutrients. The Lake area. city has recently completed secondary treat- Water quality is generally excellent in the ment facilities with phosphorus removal. upstream portions of the basin above Manis- The Pine River drains an area of 368 square tee Lake. There is one upstream reach of sub- miles. The Jordan and Boyne Rivers meet at standard quality located on a minor tributary. Lake Charlevoix to form the Pine River. Three This reach receives discharges of untreated primary municipal treatment plants and sewage and experiences high coliform levels. three industries discharge treated wastes into Substandard water quality conditions are the basin's surface waters. Water quality is found in Manistee Lake. As a result of the salt generally very good in the upper portion of the and chemical brine industries, chloride and basin, but there are three areas of substand- other dissolved solids concentrations rise ard quality in the lower portion of the basin. sharply in the Manistee Lake area. Manistee Two sections of Lake Charlevoix contain nu- Lake exhibits depressed dissolved oxygen in trient concentrations sufficient to stimulate certain areas and elevated levels of nutrients, weed growth and both sections display ele- suspended solids, and total dissolved solids. vated levels of suspended solids of industrial One major industry has a corrective program origin. One of the two reaches also experiences under way. lowered dissolved oxygen below Lake Char- Ground-water contamination has also been levoix. One reach of the Pine River is sub- observed in the Manistee area. Studies are standard in quality due to elevated nutrient under way to determine the source of this con- concentrations. Lake Michigan 77 Draining an area of 452 square miles, the ences elevated coliform levels. The second Elk River discharges into Grand Traverse Bay reach is affected by industrial wastes and ex- near Elk Rapids, Michigan. The basin con- periences depressed dissolved oxygen and ele- tains a number of large, interconnected lakes vated levels of suspended solids. The industry including Torch, Elk, Bellaire, and Inter- responsible recently completed secondary mediate Lakes. Principal tributary streams treatment facilities. include the Intermediate and Rapid Rivers. One municipality and five industries dis- charge treated wastes into the basin's surface 5.2.5.7 Ford, Days, Rapid, Whitefish, and waters. Water quality is good throughout the Sturgeon River Basins basin although there are two reaches of sub- standard quality. One reach near the mouth of The Ford, Days, Rapid, Whitefish, and Stur- the river receives municipal and industrial geon Rivers have a combined drainage area of discharges and displays elevated levels of nu- approximately 780 square miles. All flow in a trients and coliforms and depressed dissolved southerly direction and discharge into Green oxygen. One upstream reach that is degraded Bay. With one exception in the Rapid River, by the discharge of untreated sewage displays there are no known sources of pollution in high coliform levels. these basins. Water quality is generally excel- lent with natural conditions prevailing in al- most all areas. One reach of the Rapid River is 5.2.5.5 Manistique River Basin substandard in quality due to the discharge of a small quantity of untreated sewage and sep- The Manistique River drains an area of tic tank effluents through a storm sewer. This 1,450 square miles and discharges into Lake reach exhibits high coliform densities. Michigan at Manistique, Michigan. One mu- nicipal primary wastewater treatment plant and one industry, both located a short dis- 5.3 Water Quality Control Needs tance above the mouth of the river, discharge treated wastes into the basin's surface waters. Existing water quality conditions in the Water quality is generally excellent in the Lake Michigan basin were reviewed in Sub- basin although one reach of substandard qual- section 5.2. This subsection is principally con- ity occurs near the mouth of the river. This cerned with water quality control needs to reach receives municipal and industrial waste maintain water quality standards in future discharges and exhibits elevated levels of nu- years. The primary objectives of this subsec- trients, suspended solids, and dissolved solids. tion are to: The community involved has authorized (1) project waste water treatment costs, engineers to prepare construction plans for including that for phosphorus removal and improved wastewater treatment disposal in- advanced waste treatment, for the study cluding secondary treatment and phosphorus periods 1970 to 1980, 1980 to 2000, and 2000 to removal. The industry is proceeding with its 2020 own treatment facilities. (2) identify reaches of streams where ad- vanced waste treatment will be required, for each study period 5.2.5.6 Escanaba River Basin (3) identify other water quality control needs The Escanaba River, draining an area of approximately 923 square miles, terminates at Little Bay de Noc on Lake Michigan. Two 5.3.1 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs municipalities, one with septic tanks and one (General) with waste stabilization lagoons, and two in- dustries, use the basin's surface waters for The methods used in this study to determine waste assimilation. the need for advanced waste treatment are Water quality is generally good throughout described in the Introduction. Considerable the basin although there are two localized data from the Michigan Water Resources reaches of substandard water quality. One Commission were used to augment this reach receives effluents from a community methodology to achieve increased accuracy. septic tank without chlorination and experi- Of particular importance were the local offi- 78 Appendix 7 cial pollution control plans submitted by local (2) Advanced Waste Treatment Needs governments as a requirement for financial There are no advanced waste treatment assistance under Michigan's Clean Waters needs anticipated in the Michigan portion of Bonding Program. These local plans generally Planning Subarea 2.1 in the study period. specified expected service areas, waste loads, (3) Treatment of Cost Estimates and other factors for the next 20 to 30 years. Projections of capital and operating costs for municipal treatment plants by planning period are presented in Table 7-20. 5.3.2 Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates (General) TABLE 7-20 Projected Municipal Wastewater The methods used to determine estimates of Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Sub- wastewater treatment costs are summarized area 2.1-Michigan Portion in the Introduction. All cost estimates pre- Ave. Annual operating sented in the following sections are order-of- Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs magnitude estimates only and may not be Period ($ Million) ($ Million) highly accurate. 1970-1980 6.1 0.5 1980-2000 5.2 0.8 2000-2020 6.1 1.0 5.3.3 Planning Subarea 2.1 - Lake Michigan Northwest These estimates exclude the cost of indus- Planning Subarea 2.1 embraces three coun- trial treatment facilities, stormwater control ties in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and 20 facilities, and sewer collection systems. The counties in northeastern Wisconsin. Projected estimates in this table are essentially those wastewater volumes, advanced waste treat- costs necessary for upgrading existing ment needs, and treatment cost estimates are facilities to full basic treatment (secondary discussed separately for the Michigan and treatment and phosphorus removal gener- Wisconsin portions of the planning subarea. ally), for providing adequate treatment facilities to handle future increased wastewa- 5.3.3.1 Michigan Portion ter flows, and for meeting treatment facility repair and replacement needs. (1) Population and Wastewater Volumes The Michigan portion of Planning Subarea 2.1 is largely rural with low population densi- 5.3.3.2 Wisconsin Portion ty. In recent decades the area's population has declined, but this trend is expected to reverse (1) Population and Wastewater Volumes by 1980 and modest population growth is an- The Wisconsin portion of Planning Subarea ticipated through 2020. In 1970 nine municipal 2.1 supported a population of 885,000 in 1970. sewage treatment plants served approxi- The population was concentrated in the Green mately 35,600 people or 54 percent of the total Bay, Menasha, Neenah, Oshkosh, and Fond du population. Projected levels of population, Lac area. population served, and wastewater volume Approximately 1,860 manufacturing plants are presented in Table 7-19. were located in the Wisconsin portion of Plan- ning Subarea 2.1 in 1967. Manufacturing is TABLE7-19 Projections of Wastewater Flows largely composed of industries involving agri- and Population Served, Planning Subarea cultural and forest products. Both the Fox and 2.1-Michigan Portion Menominee River basins support concen- trations of pulp and paper mills. . Population Was-tewater Flows (MGD) Population in the Wisconsin portion of Served by Municipal Industrial Subarea Municipal Treatment a Treatment Planning Subarea 2.1 is projected to increase Year Population Facilities Facilities Facilities nearly two-fold during the next 50 years as 1970 62,153 35,600 4.7 9.0 shown in Table 7-21. 1980 66,100 39,500 5.2 9.0 (2) Advanced Waste Treatment Needs 2000 74,100 47,500 7.4 8.0 2020 86,100 59,000 9.3 12.0 Advanced waste treatment needs have been aTotal of domestic, commercial, and industrial wastewater identified for three river basins in Planning anticipated to be treated in municipal wastewater Subarea 2.1. A water quality problem is iden- treatment facilities. tified for the Fox River from Lake Winnebago Lake Michigan 81 5.3.5.1 Indiana Portion (3) Treatment Cost Estimates Projected treatment cost estimates for the (1) Population and Wastewater Volumes Indiana portion of Planning Subarea 2.3 are Approximately 20 percent of the planning shown in Table 7-30. subarea's total population, slightly less than 500,000 people, resided in the Indiana portion of Planning Subarea 2.3 in 1970. Approxi- TABLE7-30 Projected Municipal Wastewater mately 1,100 manufacturing plants, concen- Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea trated in the vicinity of Elkhart and South __4_3 - 4-1- ---4-,-- -,r +1- -10"- 2.3-Indiana Portion Lake Michigan 79 TABLE7-21 Projections of Wastewater Flows Great Lakes Basin. In 1970 more than nine and Population Served, Planning Surbarea million persons resided in Planning Subarea 2.1-Wisconsin Portion 2.2. More than half the population is concen- Population Wastewater Flows (MCD) trated in the Cities of Milwaukee, Chicago, Served by Municipal Industrial Gary, and Hammond. By 2020 the planning Subarea Municipal Treatment b Treatment subarea's population is expected to nearly Year Population Facilitiesa Facilities Facilities double. 1970 885,100 509,000 87.7 310.0 Advanced waste treatment needs and 1980 1,016,100 640,000 123.2 282.0 treatment cost estimates are discussed sepa- 2000 1,283,500 907,000 184.9 246.0 2020 19639,900 1,264,000 270.7 413.0 rately by State for Planning Subarea 2.2. aAssume population served by municipal water supply systems as projected in Appendix 6, Water Supply-- 5.3.4.1 Wisconsin Portion Municipal, Industrial, and Rural, equals population served by municipal wastewater treatment facilities. bTotal of domestic, commercial, and industrial wastewater (1) Population and Wastewater Volumes estimated to be treated in municipal wastewater treat- The Wisconsin portion of Planning Subarea ment facilities. Assume this regards total municipal 2.2 comprises seven counties including the wastewater as projected in Appendix 6. Milwaukee metropolitan area and the Cities of Racine and Kenosha. Approximately 1,659,400 people resided in the seven-county area in to the mouth where several large paper mills 1970. By the year 2020 the population is pro- and municipal plants are located. Tertiary jected to increase by approximately 250 per- treatment costs of more than $8 million are cent to nearly four million. In addition to estimated for municipal sources. Water qual- numerous manufacturing establishments the ity problems have also been identified for the area also supports substantial dairy ac- Oconto and Peshtigo Rivers. Paper mills lo- tivities. Projected levels of population and cated at Oconto Falls on the Oconto River and wastewater volumes are presented in Table Peshtigo on the Peshtigo River are the source 7-23. of these problems. (3) Treatment Cost Estimates TABLE7-23 Projections of Wastewater Flows Projections of capital and operating costs and Population Served, Planning Subarea for municipal treatment plants by planning 2.2-Wisconsin Portion periods are presented in Table 7-22. Population Wastewater Flows (MGD) Served by Municipal Industrial Subarea Municipal Treatment Treatment TABLE7-22 Projected Municipal Wastewater Year Population Facilities Facilitiesa Facilities Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 2.1-Wisconsin Portion 1970 1,659,400 1,501.6 211.1 321.0 1980 2,199,400 1,841.6 329.0 233.0 Ave. Annual Operating 2000 2,997,000 2,639.2 493.2 265.0 Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs 2020 3,992,500 3,634.7 715.2 396.0 Period ($ Million) ($ Million) aTotal of domestic, commercial, and industrial wastewater 1970-1980 66.8 6.9 anticipated to be treated in municipal wastewater 1980-2000 94.5 9.6 treatment facilities. 2000-2020 125.8 13.3 (2) Advanced Waste Treatment Needs These estimates exclude the cost of indus- Advanced waste treatment needs have been trial wastewater treatment facilities, storm- identified in three river basins in Planning water facilities, and sewer collection systems. Subarea 2.2. A water quality problem occurs in the Pike River below Sturtevant where the 7-day 10-year low flow is 0 efs. Problems are 5.3.4 Planning Subarea 2.2-Lake Michigan also identified on the Milwaukee River below Southwest Cambellsport and Kewaskum, and below West Bend to the mouth of the river. Problems Planning Subarea 2.2 includes seven Wis- below West Bend will be managed by connec- consin counties, six Illinois counties, and four tions of area communities to the Milwaukee Indiana counties. It is amongthe most heavily Metropolitan Sewerage District and by elimi- populated and industrialized areas in the nation of combined sewers or by treatment of 82 Appendix 7 (2) Advanced Waste Treatment Needs low flow as an alternative method to meet 1980 Figure 7-9 and Table 7-32 illustrate ad- and 2000 water quality needs for the Grand vanced waste treatment needs in the Michi- River downstream from the Lansing area. gan portion of Planning Subarea 2.3. (b) St. Joseph River Basin (a) Grand River Basin Two areas in the Michigan portion of the Six general areas in the Grand River Ba- St. Joseph River will probably need advanced sin are expected to require advanced waste waste treatment during the study period. To treatment before the year 2000. maintain adequate water quality in the Cold- The greater Grand Rapids area, embracing water River and Chain of Lakes downstream a large concentration of population and indus- from the City of Coldwater, advanced waste try, is expected to experience substantial fu- treatment will be needed before 1980. The City ture growth. More than a half million people of Coldwater is expanding its wastewater will be served by area wastewater treatment treatment facilities with provisions for ter- facilities in the year 2000, according to pro- tiary treatment by sand filters. This will jections. To meet water quality standards in ensure adequate wastewater treatment levels the Grand River downstream from the Grand for expected growth through the year 2000. Rapids area the major wastewater treatment After that date higher levels of treatment cor- plants will probably require BOD removal ef- responding with population and economic ficiencies in excess of 90 percent by the year growth may be required. 2000. For some plants this need will occur be- Hillsdale will also probably need advanced fore 2000. Some municipalities are planning waste treatment by the year 2000 to maintain facilities to satisfy this need. adequate water quality in downstream A major water quality problem exists in the reaches of the St. Joseph River. greater Lansing area which includes East (c) Kalamazoo River Basin Lansing and DeWitt and adjacent townships Advanced waste treatment will be needed in Clinton, Eaton and Ingham Counties. The at three locations in the Kalamazoo River ba- area supports a large population, but area sin by 1980 and in one additional area by 2020. streams have only modest waste assimilation In the Kalamazoo area a regional waste- capacity. Some combination of stream-flow water treatment facility operated by the City regulation and advanced waste treatment will of Kalamazoo also serves the Cities of Gales- be required to maintain water quality stand- burg and Portage, the Townships of Comstock, ards in the Grand River below the Lansing Kalamazoo, Oshtemo, Pavilion, and Texas, area. Appendix G of the Grand River Basin and a number of area paper industries. More Comprehensive Study on Water Use and than one-half of the flow currently treated at Stream Quality evaluated the feasibility of the Kalamazoo facility is received from the TABLE 7-32 Areas Anticipated to Need Advanced Waste Treatment, Planning Subarea 2.3-Michigan Portion Planning Estimated 7-Day-10- Watershed Area Period Waters Affected Year Low Flow (cfs) Grand River Basin Grand Rapids 1980-2000 Grand River 700 Grand River Basin Lansing 1970-1980 Grand River 72 Grand River Basin Mason 1970-1980 Sycamore Creek 2-3 Grand River Basin Williamston 1970-1980 Red Cedar River 5.3 Grand River Basin Jackson 1970-1980 Grand River 18 Grand River Basin St. Johns 1970-1980 St. Johns Drain 0 and Hayworth Creek Black River Basin Zeeland 1980-2000 N. Branch Black River 0.5 Black River Basin Holland 1970-1980 Lake Macatawa Kalamazoo River Basin Kalamazoo 1970-1980 Kalamazoo River 235 Kalamazoo River Basin Battle Creek 1970-1980 Kalamazoo River 180 Kalamazoo River Basin Albion 2000-2020 Kalamazoo River 31.5 Kalamazoo River Basin Charlotte 1970-1980 Battle Creek River 4 St. Joseph River Basin Coldwater 1970-1980 Coldwater River and 17.0 Chain of Lakes St. Joseph River Basin Hillsdale 1980-2000 St. Joseph River 2 Indiana water quality standards require that the Cities of Gary, East Chicago, and Michigan City provide advanced waste treat- 5.3.5 Planning Subarea 2.3-Lake Michigan ment facilities as soon as practical. Crown Southeast Point, Hobart, and Valparaiso are to provide these facilities before 1977. Many smaller Planning Subarea 2.3 includes six counties communities that discharge wastes into low- in northeastern Indiana and 19 counties in flow ditches will be expected to provide such southwestern Michigan. Advanced waste facilities in the near future. Portage will prob- treatment needs and cost estimates are dis- ably -need these facilities in the 1980 to 2000 cussed separately for the Indiana and Michi- period (Tables 7-26 and 7-27). gan portions of the planning subarea. Lake Michigan 83 M07CA KENT parta Rockford Gras vill SHIAWASSEE 0 AWA elding LINTON Grand Have G"'d Walk GRAND 0 G nd ("*Q.C...o I.ni. St J.h corunna r d 7 D@u Lowell I R Portland on I 8 Lod S IONIA 2 4 d AVEtAN Grand Ledge ansi Hastings 12 M a o 1K Gun Lake In a t KA AMAZOO Rapi s ato fk M -Xac * Otseg ainI well NGHA VAN BU AZOO CALHOUN JAQK$. @,N South Haven . ..... RI CK RI ER 9 B ttle Creek IT 7_7:-jt1v.r a z son Paw paw a a ---Marsha I Michig Center ge St. Joseph Benton H3rbor CASS ST.. JOSEP %LLSDALE cf. Dowa ac 3 14 hree R vers @o@fli s ale an iles ST.JOSEPH Sturgis EN 8 RI f - 0 MICHIGAN -1 r;6 iTNN A - --- Mite Pi TEUBIfN-/ MICHIGAN South hart 0 An@ga OHIO Bend Goshen ST. JOSEPH ?a Lioier@, NOBLE Q,cLK ART @@d villeo) Plymouth MARSHALL EXPLANATION Areas anticipated to require advanced waste treat- VICINITY MAP ment 1970-2020 - Number refers to text cita- SCALE IN MILES tion 0 5 0 100 Stream reaches affected o'n lot PENNMIMIA SCALE IN MILES 1101MA 0.. 715 IM 20 25 FIGURE 7-9 Planning Subarea 2.3-Michigan Portion, Advanced Waste Treatment Needs 84 Appendix 7 paper industries. The Kalamazoo area will TABLE7-33 Projected Municipal Wastewater probably require BOD removal efficiencies in Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea excess of 90 percent by the year 1980. As 2.3-Michigan Portion wastewater flows increase after 1980 because of population and industrial growth, Ave. Annual Operating additional wastewater treatment will be Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs needed. Higher treatment efficiencies, low Period ($ Million) ($ Million) flow augmentation, or some combination of 1970-1980 116 12 these methods will be required to maintain 1980-2000 196 19.5 adequate water quality conditions in the 2000-2020 258 27.5 Kalamazoo River below the greater Kalamazoo area. The City of Battle Creek also operated a re- gional wastewater treatment facility serving These estimates exclude the cost of indus- the Cities of Battle Creek and Springfield, the trial treatment facilities, storm water treat- Townships of Battle Creek, Bedford, Emmett, ment facilities, and sewer collection systems. and Penfield, and several large industries. To These estimates represent the cost of upgrad- maintain water quality standards in the Kal- ing existing municipal treatment facilities to amazoo River downstream from the great- full basic treatment, generally secondary er Battle Creek area, advanced waste treat- treatment and phosphorus removal, needed ment will probably be required by the year 1980. advanced waste treatment facilities, Farther upstream, the Albion area will additional facilities to handle projected in- probably require advanced wastewater creases in wastewater volumes, and facility treatment sometime during the latter half of repair and replacement needs. the 2000 to 2020 planning period to maintain adequate water quality in the Kalamazoo River downstream from this area. The need 5.3.6 Planning Subarea 2.4-Lake Michigan for advanced treatment is marginal and Alb- Northeast ion's exact future needs will depend upon its rate of growth. Advanced waste treatment will be re- 5.3.6.1 Population and Wastewater Volumes quired in the Charlotte area by 1980 to meet water quality standards in the Battle Creek Planning Subarea 2.4 includes 18 counties in River downstream from Charlotte. The Battle the northeastern portion of Michigan's Lower Creek River is a major tributary of the Peninsula and three counties in the south- Kalamazoo River. The City of Charlotte is im- eastern part of the Upper Peninsula. Basically proving and enlarging its wastewater treat- rural, the planning subarea contains numer- ment facilities and including provisions for ous year-round recreational and tourist tertiary filtering to meet this need. attractions. (d) Minor River Basins In 1970 Planning Subarea 2.4 had a popula- Two areas in the Black River basin (Hol- tion of 496,540. Muskegon, the largest city had land) will require advanced waste treatment a 1970 population of just less than 45,000. In during the study period. 1960 only 44 percent of the total population Zeeland will probably need advanced was classified as urban. waste treatment between 1980 and 2000 to More than 900 manufacturing establish- maintain adequate water quality in down- ments were found in the planning subarea in stream reaches of the North Branch of the 1967, with the majority of these located in the Black River. lower Muskegon River basin. Major manufac- Holland will require advanced waste treat- turing activities include the production of ment in the current 1970 to 1980 planning general industrial machinery, paper and period to maintain adequate water quality in paper products, basic and refined chemicals, Lake Macatawa. Holland is planning to con- primary and fabricated metal, furniture and struct the necessary facilities. fixtures, lumber, and wood products. The (3) Treatment Cost Estimates planning subarea also supports a substantial Projections of capital and operating costs fruit-growing industry. for municipal treatment facilities in the Projected population levels and wastewater Michigan portion of Planning Subarea 2.3 are volumes for future plan -ning periods are pre- presented in Table 7-33. sented in Table 7-34. Lake Michigan 85 TABLE7-34 Projections of Wastewater Flows al facilities to handle projected increases in and Population Served, Planning Subarea wastewater volumes, and facility repair and 2.4-Michigan replacement needs. Population Wastewater Flows (MGD) Served by Municipal Industrial Subarea Municipal Treatment a Treatment b 5.3.7 General Water Quality Problems Year Population Facilities Facilitie s Facilities 1970 496,540 195,000 27.0 82.3 A number of water quality control problems 1980 546,800 245,000 36.0 68.0 occur throughout the Lake Michigan basin. 2000 671,400 370,000 56.0 50.0 2020 841,700 540,000 86.0 78.0 Some of these problems are apparent while others are emerging and their potential re- aTotal of domestic, commercial, and industrial wastewater mains undelineated. anticipated to be treated in municipal wastewater treatment facilities. bAnticipated industrial wastewater discharges; includes both process and cooling water; based on projections of 5.3.7.1 Eutrophication self-supplied industrial water withdrawals less consumption. Eutrophication refers to the whole complex of changes that accompany continuing enrichment by plant nutrients. The natural 5.3.6.2 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs rate of a lake's enrichment can be hastened artificially by adding fertilizing wastes to the It is anticipated that the Cadillac area will lake basin. The rate of natural enrichment require advanced waste treatment in the and eutrophication in a lake is generally so period 1970 to 1980 to meet water quality slow that it can only be measured on a geologi- standards in downstream reaches of the Clam cal time scale. In many of the world's lakes River. The 7-day 10-year low flow in this reach man has drastically shortened the geological is approximately 1 efs. No other advanced time span of enrichment into a few decades. waste treatment needs are anticipated in One major water quality management goal Planning Subarea 2.4 in the study period (Fig- for the Great Lakes is prevention and abate- ure 7-10). ment of nutrient buildup. The progressive changes that accompany accelerated nutrient enrichment include increases in the growth of 5.3.6.3 Treatment Cost Estimates algae and other plants, general increases in biological productivity, successive changes in Projections of capital and operating costs the kinds of plants and animals living in the for municipal treatment facilities in Planning lake, oxygen depletion in deep water during Subarea 2.4 are presented in Table 7-35. periods of restricted circulation, and de- creases in depth caused by accumulating or- ganic sediments. TABLE7-35 Projected Municipal Wastewater Major sources of nutrients to the basin's Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea water include sewage, phosphate-based de- 2.4-Michigan tergents, some industrial wastes, and the Ave. Annual Operating drainage and associated accelerated sedimen- Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs tation from agricultural, urbanized, and Period ($ Million) ($ Million) natural land. Although a number of nutrients are involved, compounds of phosphorus and 1970-1980 66 3.8 nitrogen are the most important. Experience 1980-2000 39 4.4 has shown that of these two, phosphorus is 2000-2020 49 5.4 most often the controlling nutrient. Control programs have therefore focused on removing These estimates exclude the cost of indus- a high amount of phosphorus from municipal trial treatment facilities, storm water treat- and industrial wastewaters. Nutrient pollu- ment facilities, and sewer collection systems. tion from agricultural, urban, and natural These estimates represent the costs of upgrad- lands could be reduced by implementing and ing existing municipal treatment facilities to enforcing erosion and sediment controls, full basic treatment, primarily secondary land-use regulations, and flood plain man- treatment and phosphorus removal, needed agement. advanced waste treatment facilities, addition- For Lake Michigan eutrophication is now 86 Appendix 7 HO L A ESCANABA If,- 0( "' STIQU DELTA so i S IX-GROS P ACKINAC A DE NOC ANsVoort take anistiquo ladston 0 St.. I C ckinac Island Escanaba dr J Straits of Mackinac lz@ lz@ Bois Slanc Island VA 0 96 \__@ Cr B"v*r Island G Is. \C, \A \ I@ Charievoix OP osk y MMfT I. Is Cheri North Manitou Island ne 4? C y HARTEVOI-j' N 9. South Manitou Islandla N Torch Lake NTRIM take LEELANALl RA E E B ZIE ra"r eci y Frankfort cr"I I I III, GZRAN@ZRAMEF(SE KALKASKA MISSALIKEE in, take EXPLANATION MANIST E Is LaIN, Wac Manistee MANISTE Areas anticipated to require advanced VVEXF R ROSC94MON 0 waste treatment 1970-2020 Stream reaches affected Ludington Ave MUSKEGON a VICINITY MAP _MAaN @.K OSCEO SABLE Big Rhpp s OCEANA MECO A *Fremont Whitehall N AY 0 Muskegon SCALE IN MILES USXEGON 1 10 15 20 25 FIGURE 7-10 Planning Subarea 2.4, Advanced Waste Treatment Needs Lake Michigan 87 more a potential threat than an actuality. The Data on sediment volumes, sources, and discharge of wastewater into the Lake and its control measures are discussed in detail in tributaries has contributed to the accelera- Appendix 18, Erosion and Sedimentation. tion of the natural aging process. Most biota in the deepwater region reflect an unpolluted environment. Certain inshore areas are 5.3.7.3 Combined Sewer Overflows characterized by higher concentrations of dis- solved substances, greater variability in Combined sewer overflows are major water quality parameters, increased algal sources of pollutants in some areas. Many populations, and larger proportions of large cities in the Lake Michigan basin have pollution -tolerant bottom-dwelling or- combined sewer systems carrying both sew- ganisms. In portions of the southern end of age and surface drainage water. During dry Lake Michigan growths of filamentous weather the flow is directed through a sewage green algae have produced nuisance condi- treatment plant, but during precipitation, tions. combined sewer systems may not be large It has been estimated that the annual sup- enough to handle the combined flow of sewage ply of phosphate to Lake Michigan is approxi- and storm runoff. When this happens the ex- mately 15 million pounds. Approximately cess flow is discharged into the nearest wa- two-thirds of this amount has been attributed tercourse without treatment. Such overflows to municipal and industrial wastewater may contribute significant amounts of BOD, sources. The remaining one-third represents a bacteria, and nutrients. composite of all non-point sources including As dry weather waste flows receive in- natural contributions and contributions re- creased treatment, the attainment and sulting from human activities such as agricul- maintenance of water quality standards will ture and lawn fertilizing. require increased efforts to correct combined A high percentage of the phosphorus in mu- sewer overflow problems. No new combined nicipal and industrial wastewaters can be re- sewer systems should be constructed, and moved by treatment facilities. Part of the sup- existing combined sewer systems should be ply attributed to non-point sources can also be modified to include storage and/or treatment reduced. facilities to handle wet weather flows. The The four Lake Michigan States acting Chicago area, for example, may construct a through the Lake Michigan Enforcement deep tunnel system to temporarily store wet Conference have instituted a program that weather flow until it can be treated. Cost esti- required at least an 80 percent reduction of mates for the Chicago Deep Tunnel Project phosphorus from municipal and industrial show that a large investment is needed for wastewater discharges by December 1972. these facilities. If funds are approved, this will This program brought about a substantial re- be the largest deep tunnel project in the Lake duction in the phosphorus supply to Lake Michigan basin. Michigan. Further reduction may be neces- sary in the future. The effectiveness of cur- rent efforts should be evaluated and modified 5.3.7.4 Thermal Discharges as warranted. Electric generating facilities and many in- dustries use large amounts of water for cool- 5.3.7.2 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation ing. The discharge of these heated waters may add a considerable waste heat load to the re- Improper land-use practices can cause ac- ceiving waters that may impair water uses. celerated erosion and watercourse sedimenta- Increasing attention has recently been fo- tion. Major sources of sediment include ag- cused on this issue, particularly through de- ricultural lands and lands used for highways, liberations of the Lake Michigan Enforcement subdivisions, and urban construction projects. Conference. Sediment fills stream channels and drains, Thermal discharges in confined areas or causing additional expense in the treatment along the shoreline may stimulate algal of water supplies. It is harmful to fish and growth, reduce oxygen levels, and endanger other aquatic life and water-oriented sports the survival or productivity of fish and other and recreation. Sediment is a major pollutant aquatic life. in the Lake Michigan basin, and new pro- Because of the availability of large quan- grams are needed to abate this problem. tities of cooling water, the Great Lakes are an 88 Appendix 7 attractive location for industries with large 5.3.7.6 Oil Pollution waste heat discharges. The shores of Lake Michigan are a particularly attractive power Oil pollution is an ever present threat in the plant location because of the large power mar- Lake Michigan basin. Lake Michigan serves ket in the Region. as a shipping lane for the ore and tanker fleets Considerable growth of power generating of the Great Lakes and for international ship- facilities in the Lake Michigan basin is pro- ping which enters the Great Lakes via the St. jected for the study period. In 1970 the basin Lawrence Seaway. Potential sources of oil in- supported plants with a total installed clude losses resulting from accidental colli- generating capacity of 11,332 megawatts. This sions, oil contaminated bilge and ballast capacity represented 34 percent of the total, pumpings,- careless practices in loading and installed capacity in the U.S. portion of the unloading cargos, and discharges from indus- Great Lakes Basin. By 2020 the basin's instal- trial plants and shoreland oil storage led capacity is projected to increase to 186,000 facilities. megawatts, which would represent approxi- Oil discharges and spills produce unsightly mately 40 percent of the Great Lakes Basin's conditions and degrade beaches and recre- total projected installed capacity. ational areas. They also contribute to taste, A detailed discussion of cooling water needs odor, and treatment problems at water treat- alternative cooling techniques, and envi- ment plants; coat the hulls of pleasure craft; ronmental effects of power generating fa- and in some cases are toxic to desirable fish cilities is presented in Appendix 10, Power. and aquatic life. The Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference In 1967, the Coast Guard reported 28 oil dis- has recommended a control program for waste charges and spills from outfalls and ships in heat dischargers on Lake Michigan. The con- the Lake Michigan basin. The Calumet area in ference recommended that all new waste heat Illinois and Indiana accounted for most of dischargers e 'xceeding a daily average of on6- these spills. The remainder were scattered half billion Btufhour be required to use closed throughout Lake Michigan. cycle cooling facilities, and that certain large Both Federal and State contingency plans waste heat dischargers in existence or under have been prepared to deal with oil losses. The construction be required to modify their effectiveness of these plans depends on an facilities to include closed cycle cooling. These adequate surveillance system. Enforcement recommendations are being acted upon by the proceedings against oil dischargers are often four basin States. A Lake Michigan Enforce- impossible because of the difficulty in locating ment Conference session in September 1972 the responsible person, ship, or installation, developed additional recommendations. particularly when such discharges take place in mid-Lake or during darkness. 5.3.7.5 Wastes from Watercraft 5.3.7.7 Organic and Inorganic Contaminants Commercial and recreational vessels that ply the waters of Lake Michigan contribute Organic contaminants include the persis- both untreated and inadequately treated tent or biochemically resistent compounds wastes to the open lake and harbor areas. found in domestic and industrial wastes, in- Wastes from watercraft include sewage, oil, secticides, herbicides, and other agricultural bilge and ballast waste, compartment wash- chemicals. Because of their persistence and ings, and solid refuse. The problem of wa- toxic nature, often in low concentration, these tercraft pollution is widespread because ves- chemicals pose a continuing threat to the ba- sels frequent all navigable waters and may sin's waters. discha'rge pollutants at any point along their Many organic contaminants resist conven- path. The problem is varied because of the tional water and waste treatment processes assortment of materials that may be spilled or and are hard to detect and identify. Because discharged. long-term data are not available, it is difficult New programs have been authorized by the to assess changes in concentrations in the Lake Michigan States and the Federal Gov- basin's waters over time. ernment to control pollution from watercraft. One organic contaminant, mercury, re- The effectiveness of these programs remains ceived considerable attention when it was to be determined. found in Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie in 1970. Lake Michigan 89 Pesticides are another important group of the Corps of Engineers conducts dredging ac- organic contaminants. Applied throughout tivities to insure the maintenance of project the basin in agricultural and forestry opera- depths in harbor areas and connecting chan- tions, pesticides may reach watercourses in a nels. In Lake Michigan 27 harbors require number of ways. These include runoff from some dredging. From 1965 through 1969 an treated land areas, aerial spraying, waste dis- annual average of 11/2 million cubic yards of charges containing pesticide residuals from material was removed from these harbors. canneries and other industries, and accidental The dredged material ranges from grossly pol- spills. luted sludge to clean sand. Some catches of coho salmon from Lake In the past most dredge spoil was disposed in Michigan have contained levels of DDT re- authorized dumping grounds in mid-Lake. siduals which exceed the tolerance levels es- The Corps of Engineers reversed this practice tablished by the Federal Food and Drug Ad- and now conducts no open lake dumping of ministration. The FDA therefore banned the polluted dredge spoil. It is still permissible to interstate shipment and sale of such fish. dispose unpolluted dredge spoil through There is also evidence of reproductive inter- mid-Lake dumping, but polluted dredge spoil ference in certain species of birds and fish must be placed within diked disposal areas. caused by pesticide residuals. Twenty-five percent of the cost of such diked A special Pesticides Committee was estab- disposal areas must be provided by non- lished by the Lake Michigan Enforcement Federal parties, although this requirement Conference to evaluate the pesticide problem can be waived if a pollution control plan is in Lake Michigan. The committee issued a re- being implemented for the harbor area in- port in November 1968 stating that quantities volved. of insecticides were present in Lake Michigan fish and waters. The committee noted that in- formation was insufficient on most aspects of 5.3.7.9 Alewife pesticides in the Lake Michigan watershed and that information was totally lacking in Although the massive die-off of alewife in several critical areas. Lake Michigan is probably not caused by pol- A pesticide monitoring program was sub- lution, this phenomenon does create a pollu- sequently established with the cooperation of tion problem. The alewife die-off has become Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, and an annual event each spring in Lake Wisconsin, and the Federal Environmental Michigan, but it reached catastrophic pro- Protection Agency. The continuation of this portions in 1968. Millions of dead alewife clog- program is in doubt due to financial consid- ged water intakes and fouled beaches in 1968, erations. This monitoring program warrants creating a gigantic clean-up and disposal prob- sufficient funding to ensure its effective con- lem. tinuation. The alewife die-off apparently results from Other pesticide control efforts in the basin an upset in the balance of nature stemming have also been made. The insecticide DDT has from the alewife invasion into the Great Lakes been banned by certain States and the Fed- and the decline in the population of predator eral government. Further actions to ensure fish species. The ultimate solution to this prob- the proper and limited use of pesticides in the lem is probably the reestablishment of an basin should be considered. ecological balance of fish and other aquatic life More extensive information has been de- in Lake Michigan. Such a solution will require veloped by the Governor's Great Lakes Region time, effort, and funds. As future conditions Interdisciplinary Pesticide Council. Although warrant, interim measures may include the information focuses on PCB (polychlori- offshore skimming of dead alewife, beach nated biphenyl) problems, it also covers other clean-up, and proper disposal of the material pesticides. collected. 5.3.7.8 Disposal of Dredged Material 5.3.7.10 Recreational Developments Sedimentation is a problem to some degree The lakes and streams in the northern por- at all harbors. As part of its responsibility for tion of the Lake Michigan basin represent maintaining waterways in the United States, prime recreational assets. This area contains 90 Appendix 7 a large amount of high quality waters and rec- waukee, Chicago, and Gary-Hammond areas. reational use is extremely heavy in numerous The major State agencies concerned with streams and lakes in the area. Such use re- water pollution control are the Michigan duces the recreational value that initially at- Water Resources Commission and the Michi- tracted people to the area. Problems that have gan Department of Public Health in Michigan; emerged include user conflict, sedimentation the Department of Natural Resources in Wis- and erosion, and littering. consin; the Indiana Stream Pollution Control The northern area is also experiencing a Board in Indiana; and the State of Illinois land boom as increasing numbers of individ- Environmental Protection Agency and the uals seek recreation opportunities and sea- Pollution Control Board in Illinois. sonal houses. Land developments are of in- The principal water related activities of creasing size and scope. Initial land clearing the United States Environmental Protection and building construction may create erosion Agency include comprehensive programs, and sedimentation. Later septic tanks may water quality standards, technical assistance, add nutrients and bacteria to ground and sur- grant programs, enforcement, federal instal- face waters. The result may be contaminated lations, Refuse Act permit programs, water waters unsafe for swimming and accelerated hygiene, environmental impacts, pesticides eutrophication of once picturesque lakes. programs, radiation programs, and research Problems related to recreation also occur in and monitoring. the southern portion of the Lake Michigan ba- Under provisions of the Water Quality Act of sin. 1965 each State of the Lake Michigan basin Measures to preserve and restore lakes af- has adopted water quality standards for its fected by lakeshore developments are often interstate waters. difficult to implement because of the high cost There is little evidence of water quality de- of necessary sewage collection and treatment terioriation in the deepwater region of Lake systems; the reluctance or inability of sea- Michigan (the portion of the Lake more than sonal and absentee owners to assume the cost 10 miles from shore). In contrast to the deep- burden involved; and the common lack of water region, some inshore areas are charac- adequate housing codes, subdivision ordi- terized by high concentrations of dissolved nances, and zoning controls. substances, much greater variability in water quality parameters, a larger proportion of pollution-tolerant bottom-dwelling organ- 5.4 Summary and Conclusions isms, and increased algae populations. The Lake Michigan basin encompasses an area of 67,860 square miles in four States and 5.4.1 Planning Subarea 2.1 is the only one of the Great Lakes lying entirely within the United States. The total Planning Subarea 2.1 includes three coun- land area in the basin is 45,560 square miles, ties in Michigan and 20 counties in Wisconsin. with 62.5 percent in Michigan, 31.9 percent in It encompasses eight river basins or com- Wisconsin, 5.1 percent in Indiana, and 0.5 per- plexes. cent in Illinois. The Illinois portion does not In the Michigan portion of this planning include the area where drainage has been di- subarea four stream reaches of substandard verted from the Lake Michigan watershed to quality occur in the Menominee River basin. the Illinois River watershed. The 20 major In the Wisconsin portion of this river basin streams of the basin drain 36,400 square miles, surface waters are used by municipalities and or 80 percent of the total land area. industries for assimilation of treated wastes. The Lake Michigan region had a 1970 popu- The paper industry is the largest source of lation of approximately 13.3 million. The re- loading. Localized pollution problems exist on gion consists of four planning subareas and other tributaries of the planning subarea. The the lake proper which are discussed later. principal concentrations of population and in- Major metropolitan areas include Green Bay dustry are in the Fox River basin, where 40 and Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Chicago, Illinois; municipal and public institutions and 68 in- Gary- Hammon d-E ast Chicago and South dustries use the basin's surface waters for Bend, Indiana; and Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lan- assimilation of treated waste@. Substantial sing, and Grand Rapids, Michigan. Manufac- improvements are needed to meet water turing activity is substantial and widespread quality standards. with the greatest concentrations in the Mil- In the Michigan portion of Planning Sub- Lake Michigan 91 area 2.1 the total amount of domestic, com- cantly in future planning periods. mercial, and industrial wastewater treated in In the Indiana portion of Planning Subarea municipal wastewater treatment facilities is 2.2, shore water in the harbor is of poor qual- expected to increase from its 1970 base of 4.7 ity. This is caused by waste discharges and mgd to 9.3 mgd by the year 2020. There are no combined sewer overflows that sometimes advanced waste treatment needs in the discharge untreated sewage directly into Michigan portion of the planning subarea in Lake Michigan. Stormwater overflows dis- the study period. Municipal wastewater charged into the Grand Calumet River and the treatment capital costs are expected to re- Indiana Harbor Canal also contribube to the main relatively constant at approximately six poor water quality. Waters of the Grand million dollars, but operating and mainte- Calumet River and the Indiana Harbor Canal nance costs are expected to increase. are characterized by floating debris, oil, dis- In the Wisconsin portion of the planning coloration, and high suspended solids loading. subarea, wastewater flows processed by mu- The Grand Calumet River has low dissolved nicipal treatment facilities are expected to in- oxygen and high bacteria counts, and the Lit- crease substantially from the 1970 base of 88 tle Calumet River flowing west into Illinois is mgd to 270 mgd by the year 2020. Advanced of poor quality. waste treatment needs have been identified In the Indiana portion of the planning sub- for the river basins in this portion of the plan- area, wastewater flows to municipal treat- ning subarea. A need for tertiary treatment ment plants are expected to triple from 1970 to has been identified for the Fox River from 2020. Advanced waste treatment needs have Lake Winnebago to the mouth, and treatment been identified for six streams. Five of the six costs will be substantial. Municipal wastewa- will occur in the 1970 to 1980 period. Capital ter treatment capital costs for the Wisconsin municipal wastewater treatment costs are es- portion of the planning subarea are expected timated at $11 million in the 1970 to 1980 to almost double from 1970 to 2020. period, increasing to $65 million in the 2000 to 2020 period. 5.4.2 Planning Subarea 2.2 5.4.3 Planning Subarea 2.3 Planning Subarea 2.2 includes the Chicago-Milwaukee complex. The planning Planning Subareas 2.3 encompasses 19 subarea encompasses six counties in Illinois counties in southwestern Michigan and six comprising the Chicago SMSA, four counties counties in northwestern Indiana. It includes in Indiana, and seven counties in Wisconsin. the St. Joseph, Paw Paw, Kalamazoo, Grand, The Wisconsin portion of the planning sub- Black (South Haven), and Black (Holland) area includes the Pike, Root, Milwaukee, and River basins, and several minor areas drain- Sheboygan River basins. Surface waters of ing into Lake Michigan. the Pike River basin are inadequate for gen- The Grand River discharges into Lake eral uses. Throughout the Root River basin Michigan at Grand Haven, Michigan. water quality is variable and dry weather Twenty-one communities with approximately stream flows in several stretches now predom- 10 percent of the total population served inantly consist of treated wastes. Along a 95- provide primary waste treatment with disin- mile length of the Milwaukee River 19 munici- fection and 26 communities with approxi- palities and 15 industries use the surface wa- mately 80 percent of the population served ters for assimilation of treated wastes. Some provide some form of secondary waste treat- stream sectors are unsuitable for present and ment. Twenty-two communities with 10 per- potential uses. In the Sheboygan River basin cent of the population do not have sewers and water quality is generally good. rely on individual waste disposal systems. In the Wisconsin portion of the planning Some communities have separate storm sewer subarea, wastewater flows processed by mu- systems which discharge into the surface wa- nicipal treatment plants are expected to more ters, and 60 industrial establishments use the than triple from 1970 to the year 2020. Ad- surface waters for waste assimilation. vanced waste treatment needs have been The St. Joseph River and its tributaries identified in three river basins. Capital munic- form a network draining approximately 2,600 ipal wastewater treatment costs are esti- square miles of southwestern Michigan and mated at $242 million in the 1970 to 1980 1,684 square miles of northwestern Indiana. period, and are expected to decline signifi- The river originates in southern Michigan, 92 Appendix 7 flows southwesterly into Indiana, and then Five primary and two secondary municipal flows northwesterly back through Michigan. treatment plants serving a population of ap- It discharges into Lake Michigan approxi- proximately 37,000 (1964 estimate) use the ba- mately 25 miles north of the Indiana State line sin's waters for waste assimilation. Some mu- at Benton Harbor-St. Joseph. nicipalities have storm sewer systems that Fourteen municipal and institutional discharge into the surface waters. In addition wastewater treatment facilities use surface 10 industries use the surface waters for waste waters in the St. Joseph River basin for waste assimilation. assimilation. Seven facilities provide primary In the Michigan portion of Planning Sub- waste treatment and seven provide secondary area 2.3 wastewater flows to municipal treat- waste treatment. There are also 13 municipal- ment plants are expected to increase substan- ities in the basin with storm sewer systems tially from the 1970 to 1980 base period to the that discharge into the surface waters. In year 2020. Industrial wastewater flows are addition 34 industries use the surface waters expected to decline from the 1970 to 1980 for waste assimilation. period to the year 2000, and then increase in Water quality in the Indiana portion of the the 2000 to 2020 period to a level lower than the St. Joseph River basin is generally good. The 1970 to 1980 base. most urgent problem is bacterial pollution in Advanced waste treatment needs will prob- the Elkhart-South Bend area of the river ably be required for six general areas in the caused by treated municipal sewage. How- Grand River basin including the Lansing area ever, the principal cities causing this condi- where a major water quality problem exists. tion are now installing or will soon install There will probably be a need for advanced effluent chlorination facilities. This will en- waste treatment in three locations in the able the river to meet water quality stand- Kalamazoo River basin by 1980 and in one ards. additional location by 2020. Two areas in the Michigan portion of the St. Joseph River basin and two areas in the Black River basin will 5.4.3.1 Kalamazoo River Basin also probably require advanced waste treat- ment. The Kalamazoo River basin encompasses By the 2000-2020 period both capital and 2,060 square miles. Principal tributaries of the operating municipal wastewater treatment Kalamazoo River are the Rabbit River, Swan costs are expected to more than double from Creek, Pine Creek, Gun River, Portage Creek, the 1970 to 1980 base. and Rice Creek. Flowing in a west-northwest In the Indiana portion of Planning Subarea direction, the Kalamazoo River discharges in- 2.3 wastewater flows to municipal treatment to Lake Michigan at Saugatuck, Michigan. plants are expected to increase from approxi- Sixteen municipal wastewater treatment mately 72 mgd in 1970 to 85 mgd in 1980 and facilities serving approximately 182,000 130 mgd in the year 2020. Industrial wastewa- people (1964 estimate) use the basin's surface ter flows treated in industry-owned wastewa- waters for waste assimilation. Four municipal ter treatment facilities are expected to remain plants provide primary waste treatment with relatively constant from 1970 to 2000 at ap- disinfection and eleven provide secondary proximately 26 mgd and increase to 42 mgd by treatment. Some municipalities have storm the year 2020. Advanced waste treatment sewers that discharge into the surface waters. needs are expected for three streams and two In addition 37 industries use the surface wa- of these are for the 1970 to 1980 period. Munic- ters for waste assimilation. ipal wastewater treatment capital costs are expected to increase from $5.1 million in the 1970 to 1980 period to $16.1 million in the 1980 5.4.3.2 Paw Paw River Basin to 2000 period. The Paw Paw River drains approximately. 446 square miles. It discharges into the St. 5.4.4 Planning Subarea 2.4 Joseph River a short distance before the St. Joseph River flows into Lake Michigan. Be- Planning Subarea 2.4 encompasses 18 coun- cause of its small size, the Paw Paw River ties in the northwestern part of Michigan's exhibits rapid changes in water quality when Lower Peninsula and three counties in the subjected to man's influence. southwestern part of the Upper Peninsula. Lake Michigan 93 The planning subarea includes the Muskegon 2020. Industrial wastewater flows are ex- and the Manistee River basins and two pected to decline to the year 2000, but increase smaller river basins. to almost their 1980 base level by 2020. In the Muskegon River basin four reaches of The Cadillac area is expected to require ad- substandard water quality occur on the main vanced waste treatment in the 1970 to 1980 stem and four occur on tributary streams. period. Projected capital municipal wastewa- Muskegon Lake, located at the mouth of the ter treatment costs in the period from 1980 to Muskegon River, is substandard in quality be- 2020 are expected to be less than in the 1970 to cause of excessive levels of coliforms and nu- 1980 period, but operating costs are expected trients. In the Manistee River basin water to be greater. quality problems occur mainly in the lower portion of the basin in the Manistee Lake area. The Boardman River exhibits elevated levels 5.4.5 General Water Quality Problems of coliforms and nutrients at Traverse City. Three areas of substandard quality occur in General water quality problems include the lower portion of the Pine River basin. eutrophication, soil erosion and sedimenta- Other reaches of substandard water quality in tion, combined sewer overflows, thermal dis- Planning Subarea 2.4 are described in Subsec- charges, waste from watercraft, oil pollution, tion 5.2. organic contaminants, and disposal of dredged Projected municipal wastewater flows are material. These problems were discussed in expected to approximately triple from 1970 to Subsection 5.3. Section 6 LAKE HURON 6.1 Introduction ity conditions, future prospects, and actions needed in broad terms, as prescribed for Type I (Level A) comprehensive studies. Existing 6.1.1 Purpose data were used and no new basic data were secured. Reliance was placed on the knowl- This section summarizes water quality con- edge and judgment of experienced field per- ditions and trends in relation to established sonnel. water use designations and potential future uses. It identifies the nature, location, and gravity of water quality problems and defines 6.1.3 Basin Description actions needed to maintain or improve the quality of waters of the Lake Huron basin. Lake Huron, the second largest of the Great Lakes and fifth largest lake in the world, has a water surface area of 23,000 square miles and 6.1.2 Scope a land drainage area of 51,800 square miles. Of these totals, 9,100 square miles of water sur- This section covers the United States por- face area and 16,200 square miles of land tion of the Lake Huron basin including the St. drainage area are in the United States. Marys River drainage area. For planning The major sources of flow to Lake Huron, purposes the basin has been divided into three adding runoff from 148,000 square miles, are planning subareas and river basin groups Lake Superior (via the St. Marys River) and based on political and hydrologic boundaries. Lake Michigan (via the Straits of Mackinac). Figure 7-11 shows the planning subareas and Major American tributaries to the Lake are Table 7-36 lists counties assigned to each the Cheboygan, Thunder Bay, Au Sable, and planning subarea. Saginaw Rivers. Section 6 reviews interstate and intrastate The Lake Huron basin in Michigan is water quality standards and designated uses sparsely populated, with the exception of the established by appropriate authorities. It Saginaw River basin industrial complexes. identifies water quality problem areas, de- Total population in the basin was approxi- fined as areas presently below the quality mately 1.2 million residents in 1970. The three levels prescribed for the governing water largest cities are Flint (193,600), Saginaw uses. Major waste sources and corrective pro- (90,600), and Bay City (49,100). grams are indicated in general terms. The economy of the Michigan portion of the For the target years 1980, 2000, and 2020, Lake Huron basin varies from the concen- projections of economic, demographic, and trated heavy manufacturing areas of Flint water-use parameters are translated into and Saginaw to the remote pulp cutting opera- waste loads. Needs for waste treatment and tions of the northern Lower Peninsula. Most other measures for dealing with waterborne of the manufacturing is concentrated in the wastes are estimated. Reaches of streams are urban areas of the southern Lower Peninsula deliniated where increased low flows and/or in Genesee, Saginaw, and Bay Counties. The decreased waste inputs are indicated for automotive industry of the basin is centered in water quality maintenance or improvement. Flint, home of the Chevrolet and Buick Divi- Anticipated water quality problems in each sions of General Motors Corporation. Midland planning subarea are ranked according to County is the center of one of the largest chem- urgency and time of impact, and general cost ical industries in the United States. Most of estimates are given for broad components of the remaining counties in the basin are de- the action needed. pendent on resource-based activities. Prime This section discusses existing water qual- croplands are located in the Thumb area as 95 96 Appendix 7 (D -NEW- wl@NWN 5 m.c MMYORK 4 JINDIMA OH* N VICINITY MAP 0 T R' 1 0 0 Nz@ O-W 00 3.11 r-j/ L A K E -0, m CHIGAN H U R\ 0 N l P@ 3.2 SCALE IN MILES 210""30 40 50 FIGURE 7-11 Lake Huron Basin, Plan Area 3 Lake Huron 97 TABLE 7-36 Lake Huron Basin Counties by from Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The Planning Subarea average discharge from Lake Superior is 73,000 efs and the outward flow from Lake PSA 3. 1 PSA 3.2 Michigan to Lake Huron is estimated at 40,000 Michigan Michigan cfs. In addition, annual runoff from the Michi- Alcona Bay gan portion of the Lake Huron basin is approx- Alpena Clare imately 11,000 cfs. Although not precisely de- Arenac Genesee termined, contributions from ground water Cheboygan Gladwin and evaporation-precipitation relationships Crawford Gratiot for the Lake are assumed to be minor (less Iosco Huron than 10 percent of the outflow). Current patterns in Lake Huron are not well Montmorency Isabella understood. Existing data indicate that al- Ogemaw Lapeer though a general surface current pattern Oscoda Midland exists, it is variable. Circulation patterns in Otsego Saginaw the upper and lower portions of the Lake gen- Presque Isle Tuscola erally have a counterclockwise direction. Fig- ure 7-12 shows the average summer surface currents of Lake Huron. Four municipalities use Lake Huron for well as the central counties of Gratiot and waste assimilation. Three provide primary Isabella and other scattered locations. Mining waste treatment and one has deepwater dis- is important in other areas. Alpena County posal with no treatment. Three cities use Lake contains the world's largest portland cement Huron for the discharge of untreated water manufacturing plant and Presque Isle County used to wash their water treatment filters. Six has the largest limestone quarry in the world. industries, three of which discharge cooling water only, use Lake Huron for waste assimi- lation. 6.2 Water Quality This section reviews existing water quality 6.2.1.1 Main Body of Lake Huron in the Lake Huron basin. A substandard qual- ity reach is one in which at least one quality In 1965 the Office of Water Programs, now parameter is lacking, and therefore the reach part of the Environmental Protection Agency, fails to meet the requirements necessary for conducted deepwater surveys in Lake Huron designated uses. from 50 chemical and 40 microbiological sta- This review covers water quality conditions tions. The surveys showed that water quality as of May 1969. A number of corrective pro- in the main body of Lake Huron is excellent. grams in various stages of completion will Lake Huron waters are low in turbidity, mod- modify existing water quality conditions in erate in hardness, and generally very clear. the near future (Table 7-36). Analysis of the parameters reported in the deepwater surveys showed uniform concen- trations except in a few localized areas, 6.2.1 Lake Huron mainly in harbors and near the mouths of tributaries. Turbidity and hardness increased Lake Huron is the second largest of the slightly between the Straits of Mackinac and Great Lakes and the fifth largest lake in the Port Huron. world. It has a length of 200 miles, a width of 100 miles, and a volume of 850 cubic miles. The average depth of Lake Huron is 195 feet, with 6.2.1.2 Saginaw Bay the greatest recorded depth at 750 feet. Lake Huron is connected to Lake Michigan The waters of Saginaw Bay differ from those by the Straits of Mackinac, to Lake Superior of the main body of Lake Huron. Saginaw Bay by the St. Marys River, and to Lake St. Clair waters exhibit higher concentrations of cal- by the St. Clair River. The long-term average cium, sodium, potassium, chlorides, and sul- outflow from Lake Huron through the St. fates. They allso have somewhat greater de- Clair River at Port Huron is 176,900 efs. Major gree of hardness, higher temperatures, and sources of flow to Lake Huron are outflows more turbidity. Appendix 7 -tc-n MI-ANATION 3@ SurYace currents Cn WALE Iti MILE$ cz:je@@@@ 30 40 "IGURE 7-12 Surface Currents, Summer Period. Lake Huron Lake Huron 99 Figures 7-13 through 7-16 graphically pre- tributaries, is adequate to support all but a sent data collected on dissolved oxygen, few designated uses. The waters of the inner transparency, and offshore coliform densities. bay may exhibit nutrient levels which support Studies of currents and water masses in extensive algal blooms. Lake Huron indicate a substantial outward Water quality along the western shore of movement of Saginaw Bay water. As these Saginaw Bay north of Bay City is substandard waters mix with the main body of lake water, at a limited number of beaches because of high they lose their identity and little indication of coliform levels. their presence exists at Port Huron. An extensive sampling program was con- ducted in the summer of 1965 by the Office of 6.2.1.3 Other Nearshore Areas Water Programs (OWP). The Saginaw River, the main source of waste constituents to In a number of nearshore areas within har- Saginaw Bay, is the principal influence on bors and at the mouths of streams, water qual- water quality in the bay. The data collected by ity is lower than in Lake Huron proper. These OWP revealed a gradual improvement in areas include the Straits of Mackinac, 'water quality from the mouth of the Saginaw Cheboygan Harbor, Rogers City Harbor, River to the mouth of the bay. Total solids Thunder Bay, Harrisville Harbor, Oscoda decreased from 690 mg/f near the mouth of the Harbor, Harbor Beach, and Port Sanilac. river to 130 mg/I toward the mouth of the bay. These areas generally receive waste loads Suspended solids decreased from 27 to 4 mg/I from tributaries, municipal treatment plants, and BOD5 average range values declined from or industries. They experience slightly low- 4 to 2 mg/l. Nitrate decreased from 0.7 to 0.1 ered levels of dissolved oxygen and slightly mg1l. increased levels of total solids and other pa- Dissolved oxygen concentrations were rameters. In almost all cases concentrations satisfactory throughout the bay. Average of phosphates and/or nitrates are sufficient to values for all samplings ranged from 8.0 to 10.3 support algal growths that could interfere mg/l. Averages increased from the Saginaw with water uses under proper conditions. The River toward the mouth of the bay. Low bot- use of one harbor area has already been im- tom dissolved oxygen values occurred in the paired because of excessive aquatic growths. inner bay when the bay was relatively calm. Results of the Michigan Water Resources Commission's beach sampling program show a 6.2.2 Planning Subarea 3.1 highly variable bacterial quality in certain beach areas on Saginaw Bay. Annual mean Planning Subarea 3.1 covers 11 counties in total coliform densities exceed desirable levels the northeastern portion of Michigan's Lower at a small number of beaches on the west shore Peninsula and part of two counties at the of Saginaw Bay north of Bay City. With the eastern end of the Upper Peninsula (Figure exception of one beach area, however, fecal 7-17). Major river basins in this planning sub- coliform levels are well within the limits of the area are the Au Sable, Thunder Bay, and standards for total body-contact recreation Cheboygan in the Lower Peninsula and the St. use. Marys, Carp, Pine, Munuscong, and Waiska The Saginaw River discharges large quan- in the Upper Peninsula. tities of nutrients from industrial, municipal and agricultural sources into Saginaw Bay. In warm weather these and other sources have 6.2.2.1 Pine and Rifle River Basins contributed to extensive algal blooms in the bay. Property owners along Saginaw Bay The Pine and Rifle River basins have a com- have complained occasionally of accumulations bined drainage area of approximately 488 of plant debris, but there is no evidence of square miles. Both streams discharge into the serious nuisance conditions. northwest side of Saginaw Bay (Figure 7-17). During the summer of 1965 phytoplankton One municipal primary treatment plant and was abundant throughout the central portion one industry discharge into the surface wa- of the bay and did not disperse until diluted by ters of the Rifle River basin and one municipal water from Lake Huron. secondary treatment plant discharges into The water quality of Saginaw Bay, which the surface waters of the Pine River basin. reflects the abundance of waste materials Water quality is generally good throughout from the Saginaw River and other small (Continued on page 105) 100 Appendix 7 ]a Au Sable Pt Tawas City East Tawas 96 95 97 98 Alabaster, 94 99 94 100 99 98 97 >100 too 96 Pte Aux Au Gres Pt Lookout Barques 95 Charity 1 94 95 94 Port Pt Au Gres 93 97 Austin 96 C) Port 97 94 Crescent 5 96 96 Oak Pt 97 5 Caseville 98 99 So nd Pt 100 96 -A 102 101 t03 1 4 Stony I 106 Q Say Port 97 Katechay 14@@ -5- 8 99 106 lot too Sebewoing 1 102 108 103 109 r04 110 105 SCALE IN MILES BAY CITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 FIGURE 7-13 Mean Surface Dissolved Oxygen Saturation, Saginaw Bay (July-August 1966) Lake Huron 101 Au Sable Pt East Tawas Tawas City 95 96 Alabaster 97 % 98 90 14 98 97 96 / @95 ' 94 It r Pte Aux Au Gres Pt Lookout 96 Bar us 9 harity I 85 90 C;' 93 Port Pt Au Gres 75 so 0 96 Austin 9 9 70 C) 95 >85 YZ tC' r asocretn t 85 90 90 8 75 70 Oak Pt Caseville 90 85 So nd Pt 80 0, 80 Stony I Q Bay Port 80 Katechay IEn >85 80 Sebewaing 80 SCALE IN MILES BAY CITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 FIGURE 7-14 Mean Bottom Dissolved Oxygen Saturation, Saginaw Bay (July-August 1966) Ofcodo 102 sso u 1102 j4 6 10 ItO 20 24 26 28 30 30 30 10 TO 10 Pot! 8 Aosm 1porlt 0 6 C"t Aq I P't 1-0 4 r2 Pu Gves 4 Pt I't Gfes S,,,d Pt Q> ir port 10, ""Lachey weivig E C"'- ./4-2 SW:@- @31 2 Lake Huron 103 & A@ Sbfel- ?IJ FXPLANATION Au S.@te jPt 0 <1 orgamsm/1430"I (3 1-1001ganisms/100MI Tawas CiIV fast Tawas 1 11-100 organisms1loomf 14 H2oa Sampling station number OH212 H216 H200 Alabe 0 0 HZW M220 0 H204 A Au Gres 01 Pte Aux IN Lookout Ba Ues Charily 1 M20 H224 Port Pt Au Gres M226 elk_ Austin [email protected]_ Port M208 Croscent Oak PT Send Pt "228 Stany 1 9 P hey I av art H230 Katec H232 H242 H234 sebewvun@ (3 H240 H238 X100 0 H236 SCALE IN MILES SAY CITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 FIGURE 7-16 Median Total Coliform. Densities, Saginaw Bay (May-September 1966) 104 Appendix 7 VICINITY MAP FCALE IN MILES 0 so 100 Pine Ri, ST. MARYS ow CHIPPEWA MACKINAC got ACK'N LESMCHENEAC Carp RUMMOND 0 ISLAND St. Ignace ,AAinac Island Straits of Mackink Bois Blanc Island 01 C ygan Burt Mullet Lake )4ck Rogers City 0 0 PRKES E ISLE CHEBO"GAN "and Lake --C L.- CH 8OyOAN RE Ei E 1 "0, Lake . . S Th A are r--',@Gaylo d TH NDER BAY Thunder Say co, QV\PON 0 ENCY '011113@1 ALP NA IN, Hbbfrd Lake Grayling Au Sable AL ONA (9 AU SABLE C@&FCRD OSCODA ALCONA 1,96C Oscods to RIFLE- U GR Au q,v Tawas City E t Tawas CGEM IN ARENAC Rio* ki-40, SCALE IN MILES I P-4 0 5 10 15 20 SAGINAW BAY FIGURE 7-17 Planning Subarea 3.1-Lake Huron North Lake Huron 105 the Rifle River basin, although three localized and the Pine River. Three sewage treatment reaches have substandard water quality. One plants, two municipalities, and one Federal reach receives the effluent of a primary installation use surface waters of the Au Sable treatment plant and an industrial discharge. River basin for waste assimilation. There are This reach experiences marginally substand- no industrial surface water discharges. ard dissolved oxygen depression, high nutri- Water quality is generally very good ent concentrations, and occasional excessive throughout the basin although six reaches of residue concentrations. The other two reaches substandard quality exist. Two reaches are of substandard quality are degraded by the located downstream from communities which discharge of untreated and partially treated provide primary waste treatment only. Both sewage. Both reaches exhibit high coliform reaches display elevated coliform densities and nutrient levels and one also experiences and nutrient concentrations. Undesirable dissolved oxygen depression. aquatic growths exist in both reaches. . The Pine River, which maintains generally A third reach of substandard quality, lo- good water quality, has two reaches of sub- cated near the mouth of the river, displays standard water quality. Located on the Middle higl@ coliform levels. The privately owned Branch below a municipal secondary treat- underground septic systems serving this area ment plant, one reach exhibits high nutrient have failed periodically. levels. Another, located near the mouth of the Three reaches of substandard water quality river, exhibits excessive coliform densities are located on the Pine River. Two reaches are which probably result from rural drainage degraded by raw sewage discharges and a and individual septic tank systems. third reach has been degraded occasionally by the failure of a municipal septic tank and tile field system. All three reaches exhibit ele- 6.2.2.2 Au Gres and Tawas River Basins vated coliform levels. The Au Gres and Tawas River basins have a combined drainage area of approximately 540 6.2.2.4 Thunder Bay River Basin square miles. One municipal primary treat- ment plant discharges into the surface waters The Thunder Bay River drains an area of of the Tawas River basin and one municipal approximately 1,250 square miles and flows lagoon discharges into the Au Gres River ba- into Lake Huron at Alpena, Michigan. Princi- sin. No industrial discharges exist in either pal tributaries are the North Branch, South basin. Branch, and Lower South Branch. Alpena, Water quality is good throughout the Au with a population of 15,000, is the largest Gres River basin except for localized bac- community in the sparsely populated basin. A teriological problems. One reach of the Au major port on Lake Huron, Alpena is the site Gres River and one reach of Cedar Creek are of the world's largest portland cement man- degraded by untreated and partially treated ufacturing center. sewage. Both reaches display elevated col- One municipal primary treatment plant and iform and nutrient levels. two industries use surface waters of the Good water quality is maintained in the Thunder Bay River basin for waste assimila- Tawas River basin except in two reaches. One tion. reach of Dead Creek receives the effluent of a Water quality is generally very good primary sewage treatment plant and experi- throughout the basin although two reaches ences high nutrient concentrations. A second have substandard water quality. One reach, reach, located in the Tawas area, immediately nearthe mouth of the river in the Alpena area, above the mouth, exhibits elevated coliform receives one municipal and two industrial dis- densities of unknown origin. charges. It exhibits lowered dissolved oxygen concentrations and elevated levels of col- iforms, nutrients, suspended solids, and dis- 6.2.2.3 Au Sable River Basin solved solids. The City of Alpena has been in- formed of the need to upgrade treatment. The Au Sable River basin, with a drainage Additional treatment facilities are being con- area of 2,350 square miles, flows into Lake structed by one industry, and studies are Huron at Oscoda, Michigan. Principal under way regarding a second industry. tributaries of the Au Sable River are the A second reach of substandard water qual- North Branch, Middle Branch, South Branch, ity is located in the middle of the basin below a 106 Appendix 7 small community discharging raw sewage. Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, receives nutrients This reach exhibits elevated coliform and nu- from the municipal plant and occasionally dis- trient levels. A conference has been held with plays high coliform levels. The community has the community involved. engaged consultants to evaluate the need for secondary treatment and to design phosphate removal facilities. 6.2.2.5 Cheboygan River Basin During navigation season the St. Marys River is one of the busiest waterways in the The Cheboygan River basin, draining an world. Due to heavy traffic or fog, vessel traf- area of approximately 1,460 square miles, fic occasionally must anchor and await pas- empties into Lake Huron at Cheboygan, sage through the lock. The anchored vessels Michigan. Tributaries of the Cheboygan in- deposit waste in the river from pumping bilges clude the Maple, Pigeon, Sturgeon, and Black and discharging sewage and ballast. Because Rivers. The basin is sparsely populated, and of the transience of the vessels, these prob- lakes and swamps occupy 23 percent of the lems are difficult to correct. basin's surface area. One municipal primary treatment plant and one industry use the ba- sin's surface waters for waste assimilation. 6.2.2.7 Carp and Pine River Basins Water quality is generally very good throughout the basin but two reaches of sub- The Carp and Pine Rivers, with a combined standard water quality exist. One reach oc- drainage area of approximately 420 square curs near the mouth of the river below the miles, discharge into Lake Huron just east of discharge of a primary sewage treatment the Straits of Mackinac in the Upper Penin- plant. This reach exhibits elevated coliform sula. The two basins are very sparsely popu- and nutrient levels. A second reach of sub- lated and much of the area lies within the standard quality is located below a small re- Marquette National Forest. There are no mu- sort community in the middle of the basin. nicipal discharges and only one industrial dis- This reach displays marginally substandard charge into the surface waters of these basins. coliform densities caused by septic tank seep- Water quality is generally excellent in these age into storm sewers. two basins. One school, located to the east of these basins on the Lake Huron shoreline, dis- charges untreated and semi-treated sewage. 6.2.2.6 St. Marys River Basin This discharge causes elevated coliform den-- sities in a localized area in Lake Huron. The St. Marys River basin includes the St. Marys, Waiska, Charlotte, Munuscong, and Gogomain Rivers. The St. Marys River, con- 6.2.3 Planning Subarea 3.2 necting Lake Superior to Lake Huron, flows easterly for 151/2 miles from Whitefish Bay to Planning Subarea 3.2 encompasses Michi- St. Marys Falls at Sault Ste. Marie, where it gan's Thumb and the area drained by the drops 22 feet. It continues southeasterly for Saginaw River and its major tributaries. 49 miles to the De Tour Passage on Lake Eleven Michigan counties are included in the Huron. The basin is sparsely settled and much planning subarea (Figure 7-18). of it is in public ownership. In the United States portion of the basin, one municipality, two industries, and one Federal installation 6.2.3.1 Saginaw River System use surface waters for waste assimilation. Water quality in all of the tributaries is The Saginaw River system drains an area of good. No known areas of substandard quality approximately 6,200 square miles in the cen- exist. The Munuscong River carries a natural tral and eastern portions of the Lower Penin- silt load which is especially noticeable after sula. The system consists of the Saginaw rains and during spring runoff. River basin itself, which directly drains 246 Water quality of the St. Marys River has miles, and the tributary basins of the Cass, improved in recent years because of better Flint, Shiawassee, and Tittabawassee Rivers. treatment by municipal waste treatment (1) Saginaw River Basin plants on both sides of the river and a reduc- The Saginaw River is formed by thejunction tion in industrial effluents from the Michigan of the Shiawassee and Tittabawassee Rivers. side. One reach of substandard quality, below The Cass and Flint Rivers enter the Shiawas- Lake Huron 107 z@ L A K E HURON Port Austi L-k A Caseville CLARE if, KAWKAWLIN THUMB -j GLADWI Bad Axe Harbor Beach SAGINAW 9AY k, N 5 River HURON Mount Plea land E Ville le Bay Tty X ISAB MIDLAND St. Louis SAGINA Alma Sagina. River Vassar .1th 110, TUSCOLA Chesaning `1 TIOT GINAW *mount Morris St. Johns Flu. Flint Lapeer 0 SO Sv, rtz Creek I ..Du nd GENESEE LAPEE@R Fen 0 H.Ily ow;ll a VICINITY MAP -t IN MILCS o 11 SCALE IN MILES L 15 20 FIGURE 7-18 Planning Subarea 3.2-Lake Huron Central 108 Appendix 7 see slightly above this juncture. Flowing in a Cass River. The river is substandard in qual- north-northeasterly direction for 22 miles, the ity from Frankenmuth to its mouth, a distance Saginaw River discharges into Saginaw Bay of 18 miles (Figure 7-19). The Frankenmuth near Bay City, Michigan. A slow-moving municipal sewage treatment plant, which stream, the Saginaw River averages a 2-foot processes the wastes of two breweries, im- drop throughout its length. The depth, veloc- poses a heavy waste load on the river. The ity, and discharge of the river are affected by larger brewery discharges waste with a popu- the height of water in Saginaw Bay. A sus- lation equivalent of approximately 30,000 tained southwest wind lowers the level of based on BOD5. This waste load fluctuates in Saginaw Bay and t@mporarily increases river volume and strength and causes serious velocity and discharge. A sustained northeast operating problems for the municipal treat- wind causes the opposite result. At times the ment plant. In the reach below Frankenmuth flow of the river reverses. the Cass River displays dissolved oxygen de- Two major and four minor municipal pletion and high levels of coliforms, suspended wastewater treatment plants, all providing solids and nutrients. Algal blooms cause ex- primary treatment, use the surface waters for treme diurnal dissolved oxygen variations at waste assimilation. Six major industrial certain times of year. wastewater discharges use the Saginaw River In the Cass River basin above Frankenmuth for waste assimilation. are three main stem and two tributary The Saginaw River has substandard quality reaches of substandard quality. One main throughout its entire length. Tributaries con- stem reach receives raw sewage discharges tribute sizeable waste loads, especially from a small community and exhibits high col- chlorides and nutrients. Nutrients are pres- iform densities. A second reach, which re- ent in high concentrations throughout the ceives the effluent from an inadequate secon- year. Two distinct dissolved oxygen sags exist dary treatment plant, displays high coliform in the Saginaw River. The most serious occurs densities and marginally substandard dis- below Saginaw and the other exists below Bay solved oxygen concentrations. Studies are in- City. The river carries a high suspended sedi- vestigating the upgrading of this plant or the ment load causing extensive sludge deposit securing of other treatment facilities. The areas. High total and fecal coliform concen- third main stem reach, located below Caro, is trations occur below Saginaw, Bay City, and degraded by the discharge of a large food proc- other communities during periods of storm essing industry at certain times of year. This water runoff. Even light rains produce com- reach displays depressed dissolved oxygen bined sewer overflows. and excessive levels of coliform, suspended All six municipalities discharging into the solids, and- nutrients. Saginaw River have agreed to upgrade their Two tributary reaches of substandard qual- primary treatment plants by providing secon- ity, located on the North Branch and Mil- dary treatment with phosphorus removal. lington Creek, both receive raw sewage dis- This was to have been completed by 1972. Two charges and display high coliform and nutri- industries have also agreed to provide ent concentrations. One community is under additional treatment facilities. orders to provide treatment facilities. One (2) Cass River Basin reach, affected by waste from a milk products Draining approximately 890 square miles, firm, exhibits substandard dissolved oxygen the Cass River is the smallest of the four prin- concentrations. cipal tributaries of the Saginaw River. The Sediment loads in the Cass River are high, basin, which measures approximately 55 miles particularly during spring high water periods, at its longest point, is a rich farming area and the river maintains high turbidity. Com- without major population centers or indus- bined sewers in some basin communities add trial complexes. to the sediment load with stormwater over- Seven municipal and institutional wastewa- flows. ter treatment facilities and three industries (3) Flint River Basin use surface waters of the Cass River basin for The Flint River basin has a drainage area of waste assimilation. All seven nonindustrial approximately 1,350 square miles. Major treatment plants have secondary waste tributaries of the Flint River are the North treatment. and South Branches, and Farmers, Kearsley, Water quality is generally good throughout Thread, Swartz, and Mistequay Creeks. Eight the basin except for the lower portion of the municipal and institutional wastewater Lake Huron 109 L A K E HURON eta Port Austi M Caseville o, Cco KAWKAWLIN THUMB CLARE rbor Beach Clare GLADWI SAGINAW BAY Bad Axe. He N Rivr Chippe 4! Vi le Mourit Pleast Say Tty ISAB MIDLAND St. Louis SAGINAW Alma Sagin- Vassar 0 .Ith a TUSCOLA Chesaning GRATIOT Mount Morris St. Johns lint Lapeer so -Sw; rtz Creek I ..D nd GENESEE LAPEE@R fen Holly owell VICINITY MAP ..... SCALE IN MILES SCALE IN MILES IF-" P--" 0 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 7-19 Planning Subarea 3.2-Major Areas of Substandard Water Quality 110 Appendix 7 treatment facilities and nine industrial estab- Creek, receive raw sewage discharges. One lishments use the surface waters for waste reach also receives treated industrial wastes. assimilation. Both display high coliform densities and one Six municipal facilities provide secondary exhibits depressed dissolved oxygen. waste treatment and two provide primary Upstream from Flint water quality is gen- treatment. Genesee County's ambitious re- erally good, although one main stem and four gional collection, treatment, and disposal sys- tributary reaches exhibit substandard qual- tem is rapidly becoming a reality. This system ity. One small main stem community dis- of six county districts and a number of inde- charges raw sewage which degrades the river pendent districts will use the existing secon- and the Holloway Reservoir. The river dis- dary plant at Flint, construct certain new plays dissolved oxygen depletion and exces- plants, and require abandonment of several sive levels of coliforms, suspended solids, and existing facilities. nutrients. Holloway Reservoir has experi- The most serious reach of substandard enced extensive seasonal algal blooms which water quality in the Flint River basin occurs have resulted in fish kills. This community is in and below Flint. Above the Flint wastewa- under orders to construct treatment facilities. ter treatment plant the river is degraded by Two minor reaches of substandard quality stormwater overflows, tributary waste loads, are located on Butternut Creek and two other and untreated and partially treated sewage reaches of substandard quality occur in the discharges from outlying townships. In this South Branch. Two reaches are degraded by reach the river displays dissolved oxygen de- primary treatment plant effluents, one by a pression and excessive levels of suspended sol- raw sewage discharge, and one by an indus- ids, nutrients, residues, detergents, and sub- trial discharge. standard pH changes. (4) Shiawassee River Basin Although the Flint wastewater treatment The Shiawassee River basin drains an area plant is efficient in removing wastes, it still of 1,200 square miles. North Ore Creek, Bogue imposes a heavy organic waste load on the Creek, and the Bad River are major river during low flow periods. Dissolved oxy- tributaries of the Shiawassee River, which is gen is severely depleted during these low flow 100 miles long. The basin has an hourglass periods and very high nutrient concentrations configuration with a narrow middle portion foster excessive quantities of algae and only a few miles wide. aquatic weeds. The Flint River contains ex- Ten municipal and institutional wastewater cessive nutrient concentrations for the entire treatment facilities and four industries use distance downstream to its confluence with surface waters of the Shiawassee River basin the Saginaw River (Figure 7-18). The Flint for waste assimilation. Seven municipal River accounts for 40 percent of the annual facilities provide secondary waste treatment phosphorus load to the Saginaw River al- and three provide primary treatment. though it contributes only 25 percent of the Because of excessive nutrient concen- flow to the Saginaw River. trations, water quality is substandard along Waste loads discharged into the river will the entire 50-mile stretch from the mouth of increase as the area's population increases the Shiawassee to Corunna, located in the and the county's system expands. To satisfy narrow middle portion of the basin. Based on intrastate water quality standards, a higher other parameters, substandard water quality degree of treatment with provision for phos- exists in six reaches separated by short inter- phate removal will be required. vals. Also in the greater Flint region, untreated Three reaches, degraded by raw and par- raw and partially treated sewage discharges tially treated sewage discharges, display high bacteriologically degrade three localized coliform densities. One reach also exhibits de- reaches of Kearsley Creek, one reach of pressed dissolved oxygen. Abatement orders Thread Creek, and one reach of Swartz Creek. have been issued against one community, and Two of these areas will soon be served by the two communities have been notified that a county system. problem exists. Downstream from Flint one main stem The other three main stem reaches are de- reach receives raw sewage discharges from a graded by the effluent from inadequate pri- small community, causing high coliform mary treatment plants. All three reaches levels. The community involved is negotiating exhibit dissolved oxygen depression and two with the county for treatment. Two reaches of display high coliform densities. substandard quality, located on Mistequay The Bad River and Swan Creek, tributaries Lake Huron 111 of the lower basin, each have one reach of sub- water quality. The chloride concentration in- standard quality. Degraded by the discharge creases 30-fold below the Midland area. A con- of untreated and partially treated sewage, siderable heat load is also injected to the both reaches display high coliform densities. stream by the use of river water for cooling. Dissolved oxygen depression and high levels Below the Midland are the Tittabawassee of nutrients and suspended solids are found River displays lowered dissolved oxygen con- in one reach. centrations and elevated levels of suspended Water quality is generally better in the and dissolved solids, conductivity, tempera- upper portion of the basin above Corunna, al- ture, pH, and taste and odor producing sub- though five main steam reaches and two trib- stances. Due to treatment failure or human utary reaches of substandard quality exist. error excessive amounts of toxic substances Untreated and partially treated sewage de- have been released occasionally, causing fish grades three main stem reaches, which dis- mortality. play high coliform levels. The other two main Water quality throughout the upper Tit- stem reaches are affected by effluent from tabawassee River basin is generally very municipal secondary treatment plants. Both good although lower quality exists in reaches reaches exhibit dissolved oxygen depression below some municipalities. Eight reaches of and high nutrient concentrations. substandard quality exist in the upper basin. Bogue Creek and Holly Creek each have one localized reach of substandard quality. Septic The Pine River is substandard in quality tank effluents cause a minor bacteriological below the Alma-St. Louis area. This reach re- problem in one reach. Degraded by the ceives primary effluents from two municipal effluent from an overloaded municipal secon- treatment plants and discharges from the dary treatment plant, the second reach dis- area's petroleum and chemical industries. The plays dissolved oxygen depression and high reach exhibits a 14-fold chloride increase, and coliform densities. The community responsi- lesser increases of nutrients, toxics, and sus- ble for this plant has agreed to a Department pended solids. Dissolved oxygen is marginally of Health stipulation to upgrade the existing substandard and oil problems have developed treatment plant. occasionally. (5) Tittabawassee River Basin One reach of substandard quality, located The Tittabawassee River basin encom- on the Chippewa River, receives the primary passes a drainage area of approximately effluent of a municipal treatment plant and an 2,620 square miles. The Tobacco, Salt, Chip- industrial discharge. This reach displays dis- pewa, and Pine Rivers are major tributaries solved oxygen depression and high levels of of the Tittabawassee River. Although the coliforms and suspended solids. basin is the center of a large chemical com- plex, developed as a result of underground Two localized reaches of substandard qual- salt deposits, it is sparsely populated and ity exist on tributaries of the Salt River. Af- mostly devoted to rural activities. fected by the discharge of raw and partially Water quality is poor in the lower portion of treated sewage, both reaches exhibit dis- the Tittabawassee River between Midland solved oxygen depression and elevated levels and the confluence with the Saginaw River of coliform and nutrients. One community is (Figure 7-19). Four reaches of substandard under orders to construct treatment facilities quality exist. Two reaches, degraded by raw and the second -community has been notified sewage discharges, exhibit elevated coliform that corrective action is necessary. levels. A third reach, which receives the pri- The Tobacco River also has two localized mary effluent of a municipal treatment plant, reaches of substandard quality. Located exhibits high nutrient levels and marginally below municipal secondary treatment plants, substandard dissolved oxygen concen- both reaches are substandard in nutrient con- trations. centrations only. The most serious reach of substandard qual- ity occurs below the City of Midland. This The principal water quality problem of the reach receives the effluent from the Midland Tittabawassee River basin is the amount of wastewater treatment plant and discharges dissolved solids, chiefly chlorides, which are from the Dow Chemical Company complex. Al- discharged from the basin. The Tittabawassee though Dow Chemical has achieved a substan- is the major source of discharged chlorides tial degree of wastewater treatment, the within the entire Michigan drainage area to wastes discharged have a severe impact on Lake Huron. 112 Appendix 7 6.2.3.2 Minor Drainage Areas 6.3 Water Quality Control Needs Minor streams within Planning Subarea 3.2 This subsection deals with water quality include the Pinconning and Kawkawlin, which controls necessary to maintain water quality are located to the west of Saginaw Bay, and standards in future years. The primary objee- the Sebewaing, Willow, Pigeon, Pinnebog, and tives are to: other small streams, which are located south (1) project wastewater treatment costs, in- and east of Saginaw Bay (Figure 7-20). These cluding that for phosphorus removal and ad- streams generally have a small drainage area vanced waste treatment, for the study periods of between 50 and 200 square miles. The area is 1970 to 1980 to 2000, and 2000 to 2020 predominately agricultural with little indus- (2) identify reaches of streams where ad- trial activity. Water quality is generally fair to vanced waste treatment will be required, for good except in reaches located below some each study period small communities. (3) identify other water quality control In the lower few miles of the Kawkawlin needs River near the mouth substandard conditions are caused by septic tank discharges from in- dividual homes and cottages and by one indus- 6.3.1 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs trial discharge. Elevated coliform and residue levels are the principal in-stream effects. The methods used in this study to determine One reach of the Pinconning River is sub- the need for advanced waste treatment are standard. This reach receives the secondary described in the Introduction. Considerable effluent of a municipal treatment plant and data from the Michigan Water Resources discharges from two industries. During Commission were used to augment this drought periods river flows are extremely methodology to achieve increased accuracy. small. This reach experiences dissolved oxy- Of particular importance were the local offi- gen depression and elevated levels of col- cial pollution control plans submitted by local iforms and nutrients. governments as a requirement for financial In the Sebewaing River one reach of sub- assistance under Michigan's Clean Waters standard quality exists near the mouth. This Bonding Program. These local plans generally reach receives raw sewage discharges and specified expected service areas, waste loads, exhibits depressed dissolved oxygen and high and other factors for the next 20 to 30 years. coliform and nutrient levels. The community involved has signed a stipulation to provide waste treatment facilities. 6.3.2 Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates Two reaches of Shibeon Creek and one reach of the Pigeon River exhibit substandard qual- The methods used to determine estimates ity due to high coliform densities. All three for wastewater treatment costs are sum- reaches are degraded by raw sewage dis- marized in the Introduction. All cost estimates charges and the communities involved have presented in the following sections are order- been notified that corrective action is neces- of-magnitude estimates only and may not be sary. highly accurate. Two reaches of substandard quality exist on the Pinnebog River. One reach receives raw sewage discharges from a small community 6.3.3 Lake Huron North-Planning Subarea and inadequately treated industrial wastes. 3.1 This reach experiences depressed dissolved oxygen and excessive levels of coliforms, res- idues, and suspended solids. The industry in- 6.3.3.1 Population and Wastewater Volumes volved has signed a stipulation to upgrade treatment facilities and the community has Planning Subarea 3.1 embraces 11 counties been ordered to abate the discharge of raw in the northwestern portion of Michigan's sewage. The second reach of substandard Lower Peninsula. It contains no large concen- quality has been degraded by an industrial trations of population or industry. In 1970 the discharge, which has experienced past treat- municipal sewage treatment plants served ment failures. This reach exhibits dissolved approximately 38,000 people, or 27 percent of oxygen depletion and excessive amounts of the planning subarea's total population. The suspended solids. planning subarea is expected to grow consid- Lake Huron 113 L A K E HURON Port Austi Caseville 00 H 8 CLARE I L c Clare GLADWI a x Harbor Beach SAGINAW AAY cohippe Mount Plea say t Ville iSAB MIDLAND St. Louis SAGIN w Alma Sagina,IN Vassar .Ithaca kiiag, Chesaning TUSCOLA GRATIOT GINAW Mount Morris St. Johns Flus Flint Lapeer So *Sw rtz Creek 1 Ou nd GENESEE LAPEE@R Fe t 0 Holly owell I- j;uN- VICINITY MAP SCALE IN MILES 0 SCALEIN MILES 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 7-20 Planning Subarea 3.2-Minor Drainage Areas 114 Appendix 7 erably in the next 50 years. Projected levels of TABLE7-38 Projected Municipal Wastewater population .;and wastewater volumes are Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea shown in Table 7-37. 3.1-Michigan Ave. Annual Operating TABLE7-37 Projections of Wastewater Flows Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs and Population Served, Planning Subarea Period ($ Million) ($ Million) 3.1-Michigan 1970-1980 6.05 0.55 Population Wastewater Flows (MGD) 1980-2000 8.1 1.0 Served by Municipal Industrial 2000-2020 10.6 1.2 Subarea Municipal Treatment Treatment b Year Population Facilities Facilitiesa Facilities 1970 142,064 38,000 5.0 12.3 treated by these 36 facilities was 80 million 1980 164,300 53,000 7.2 9.7 2000 208,700 85,000 12.0 9.8 gallons per day. 2020 267,000 130,000 18.2 17.8 Total industrial wastewater flows in 1970 were estimated at 473 mgd. Major industrial ac- aTotal of domestic, commercial, and industrial wastewater tivities in the planning subarea include chem- anticipated to be treated in municipal wastewater treatment facilities. ical companies, refineries, slaughterhouses, bIndustrial wastewater anticipated to be treated in food processing operations, and numerous au- industry-owned wastewater treatment facilities. tomotive manufacturing facilities. Industrial concentrations are located along the Saginaw River between Bay City and Saginaw, and in the Greater Flint area, Midland, and the 6.3.3.2 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs Alma-St. Louis area. Planning Subarea 3.2 is expected to sustain To maintain adequate water quality in the considerable growth through the year 2020. Middle Branch of the Pine River, the Standish Table 7-39 presents projected levels of popula- area will probably require advanced waste tion and wastewater -flows for target years. treatment in the 1970 to 1980 period. Facilities are being planned to meet this need. In this reach 7-day 10-year low flows are approxi- TABLE7-39 Projections of Wastewater Flows mately 1 to 2 cfs (Figure 7-21). and Population Served, Planning Subarea 3.1-Michigan Population Wastewater Flows (MGD) 6.3.3.3 Treatment Costs Served by Municipal Industrial Subarea Municipal Treatment a Treatment b Table 7-38 presents capital costs and operat- Year Population Facilities Facilities Facilities ing and maintenance costs for municipal 1970 1,094,201 550,000 80 453 treatment needs by planning periods. 1980 lo246,800 693,000 104 408 These figures exclude costs for municipal 2000 1,600,500 1,046,700 163 252 sewer collection systems, stormwater control 2020 2,057,400 1,503,000 245 346 facilities, and separate industrial treatment aTotal of Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastewater facilities. anticipated to be treated in municipal wastewater treatment facilities. bIndustrial wastewater anticipated to be treated in 6.3.4 Lake Huron Central-Planning Subarea industry-owned wastewater treatment facilities. 3.2 6.3.4.2 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs 6.3.4.1 Population and Wastewater Volumes Planners anticipate that 14 areas will require Planning Subarea 3.2, which comprises 11 advanced waste treatment in the 1970 to 2020 counties in the east-central area of Michigan's period. Of these the need for advanced waste Lower Peninsula, is generally coterminous treatment in twelve areas falls within the with the Saginaw River basin. In 1970, 36 mu- period of 1970 to 1980 and in two areas within nicipal wastewater treatment facilities served the period 2000 to 2020. Advanced waste 550,000 people, or approximately half of the treatment needs in Planning Subarea 3.2 are area's total population. The average daily flow discussed by river basins. Lake Huron 115 VICINITY MAP SCALE IN MILES 0 so too mmo ST. MARYS ARYS CHIPPEWA MACKMAC tot LES . CHLNCAU Carp 'W 0M RUMMOND ISLAND St Ignace 1AAinac Island Strait$ Of Mackinac Bois Blanc Island If-e C oygan Burt La mullet ake 41 Rogers City 0 S, lp0 PRIES E V LE CHEBO GAN \ (- \ .0 __Grand Like CH BOY AN R FI E L-b, L.k. 4. b S cl- 1 0 Thu A ena -Gaylord I., TH NDER BAY _ __ / I Thunder Say o -,/, I OTSEGO ;"Z)\.m-- 0 ENCY ALP NA Hub4rd Lake Graying AV Sable ALCONA AU ABLE ChkFORID OSCODA LCONA t6&C&-- Oscoda QI Au Tawas City E tTawas RIFLE- U GR@F#S\ OGE W Ar"NAC EXPLANATION Rifie Ili Areas anticipated to require advanced 0 Waste treatment 1970-2020 SAGINAW SAY STANDISH S@CALE IN MILES Stream reaches affected 1970-1980 b--.W M-4 0 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 7-21 Planning Subarea 3.1-Lake Huron North, Advanced Waste Treatment Needs 116 Appendix 7 (1) Flint River Basin ment levels. Substantial growth has been pro- In the Flint River basin three areas will jected for the Howell area and increased levels probably require advanced waste treatment of waste treatment will probably be needed in before 1980. Advanced waste treatment is future planning periods. presently required by the Flint municipal Located in the middle of the basin, the treatment plant to meet water quality stand- Owosso-Corunna area will require advanced ards in the Flint River below the greater Flint waste treatment in the 1970 to 1980 planning area. This plant already removes more than 90 period to protect water quality in the percent of the BOD5, and additional facilities Shiawassee River. Treatment facilities are will provide higher treatment levels. under consideration in both communities. Planners also anticipate that advanced (3) Cass River Basin waste treatment will be needed before 1980 for Advanced waste treatment is now required the treatment plant of Genesee County's at Marlette to maintain adequate water qual- Sanitary Sewage Disposal District Number ity in Duff Drain, a tributary of the East Two. Located near Montrose, Michigan, this Branch of the Cass River. Marlette operates plant discharges effluent to the Flint River. tertiary sand filtering facilities as warranted District Number Two provides sewer services during drought flow periods. in the Townships of Flushing, Genesee, Mon- In the lower portion of the basin Franken- trose, Mount Morris, Thetford, and Vienna, muth needs advanced waste treatment in the and the Cities of Mount Morris and Clio. present planning period. The Frankenmuth In the upstream reaches of the Flint River treatment plant handles wastes from two basin advanced waste treatment will be local breweries, which impose a large organic needed at Lapeer before 1980 to maintain load on the facilities. The city is presently water quality standards in the South Branch engaged in constructing additional facilities of the Flint River downstream from the to maintain water quality standards in the Lapeer area. Facilities are being completed to Cass River basin downstream from the Frank- meet this need. In later planning periods enmuth area. higher levels of treatment will be warranted (4) Tittabawassee River Basin corresponding with the area's growth. Four areas in the Tittabawassee River (2) Shiawassee River Basin basin will need advanced waste treatment in Four areas in the Shiawassee River basin the study period. will probably require advanced waste treat- Advanced waste treatment will be needed at ment in the current 1970 to 1980 planning both Alma before 1980 and St. Louis before period. 2020 to meet water quality standards in.the The Village of Holly will need advanced Alma-St. Louis area of the Pine River. In both waste treatment to meet water quality stand- communities this stream reach receives large ards in the Shiawassee River downstream discharges of organic industrial wastes. Alma from the Holly area. Facilities are being is constructing facilities to meet this need. planned to meet this need. Ultimately it may Midland will need advanced waste treat- be possible for Holly to phase out its treatment ment in the present 1970 to 1980 planning plant and connect to the Genesee County re- period to maintain adequate water quality in gional system. the Tittabawassee River below the Midland Downstream from Holly near Fenton ad- area. This river reach assimilates a large or- vanced waste treatment is needed for the ganic waste load discharged from the Dow treatment facility of Genesee County's Sani- Chemical Company complex. Midland plans to tary Sewage Disposal District Number Three. install tertiary filtering facilities to meet its Small drought flows occur in this reach of the effluent requirements. Shiawassee River, and extremely high BOD In the planning period 2000 to 2020 planners removal is warranted. With future growth in anticipate that advanced waste treatment District Number Three increased levels of will be needed in the Mt. Pleasant area to treatment will be required. maintain adequate water quality in the Chip- Howell will need advanced waste treatment pewa River. The exact timing of this need de- in the present planning period to protect the pends upon future rates of population and waters of the South Branch of the Shiawassee economic growth. River below Howell. Drought flows in this (5) Minor Basins stream reach are very low, approximately 1 Pinconning will need advanced waste cfs. Howell plans to install tertiary sand filter- treatment in the current planning period to ing equipment to provide the required treat- protect water quality in the Bartlett Drain Lake Huron 117 TABLE 7-40 Areas Anticipated to Need Advanced Waste Treatment, Planning Subarea 3.2- Michigan Planning Estimated 7-Day-10- Watershed Area Period Waters Affected Year Low Flow (cfs) Flint River Flint 1970-1980 Flint River 110 Flint River Genesee County Dist. 3 1970-1980 Flint River 120 Flint River Lapeer 1970-1980 S. Branch Flint River 3.5 Shiawassee River Genesee County Dist. 3 1970-1980 Shiawassee River 2.8 Shiawassee River Owosso-Corunna 1970-1980 Shiawassee River 23 Shiawassee River Howell 1970-1980 S. Branch 1 Shiawassee River Shiawassee River Holly 1970-1980 Shiawassee River 2.2 Cass River Frankenmuth 1970-1980 Cass River 16 Cass River Marlette 1970-1980 Duff Drain --- Tittabawassee River Alma 1970-1980 Pine River 26 Tittabawassee River St. Louis 2000-2020 Pine River 26 Tittabawassee River Mt. Pleasant 2000-2020 Chippewa River 65 Tittabawassee River Midland 1970-1980 Tittabawassee River 242 Pinconning River Pinconning 1970-1980 Bartlett Drain 0 Pinconning River and Pinconning River. The Pinconning River These estimates exclude the cost of indus- flows into Saginaw Bay 10 miles north of the trial treatment facilities, stormwater control mouth of the Saginaw River. In the river facilities, and sewer collection systems. Esti- reach below PinConning the river has a mates shown are essentially those costs drought flow of zero. Pinconning is adding necessary for upgrading existing facilities to additional facilities, including sand filters and full basic treatment levels (generally secon- an effluent storage pond, to meet this need. dary treatment and phosphorus removal), for (6) Summary providing adequate treatment facilities to Between 1970 and 2020, 14 areas within handle increasing wastewater flows, and for Planning Subarea 3.2 will probably require meeting treatment facility repair and re- advanced waste treatment. Twelve of these placement needs. needs fall within the current 1970 to 1980 planning.period and two within the 2000 to 2020 planning period. Table 7-40 lists these 6.3.5 General Water Quality Problems needs, which are shown geographically in Fig- ure 7-22. Water quality control problems exist throughout the Lake Huron basin. Some of these problems are readily apparent, while 6.3.4.3 Treatment Costs others are of an emerging nature and their potential remains undelineated. Projections of capital and operating costs for municipal treatment plants by planning period are presented in Table 7-41. 6.3.5.1 Eutrophication Eutrophication refers to the whole complex of changes that accompany continuing TABLE7-41 Projected Municipal Wastewater enrichment by plant nutrients. Further in- Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea formation about eutrophication appears in 3.2-Michigan Subsection 5.3.7.1. Ave. Annual Operating Effects of overenrichment in Lake Huron Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs have been subtle. Only in the shallow confines Period ($ Million) ($ Million) of a few harbors and bays have man's ac- tivities substantially increased the pro- 1970-1980 64 3.6 ductivity of the lake. 1980-2000 71 7.3 Decreased light penetration, increased ni- 2000-2020 98 10.2 trogen and phosphorus concentration, and Appendix 7 L A K E HURON Pon Austi Caseville 14 THUMB CLARE CUD KAW AWLI Haroor Beach GLADWI Bad Ax vare- SAC4NAW #AY R' 12 3 HURON land E Wit, t M M pleas, t say Tty (SAS 11 MIDLA D t 4L 10 Uis SA INAW At Saginaw Vassar .Ithaca TUSCOLA Chesaning RAT'ny GWNAW Flint 6 Mount Morris 3 St. Johns 5 Flus. La ee so S rtz Creek ..Ou nd GENESEE LAPEE@R % 4 7 ent Ho f 6 ell EXPLANATION 2 Areas antiqipaled to require advanced waste treatment 1970-2020 - V(C,NITY MAP 0 Number refers to teXt Cit3tiOn ScA@E ='Us 0 olm Stream reaches affected SCALE IN MILES 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 7-22 Planning Subarea 3.2, Advanced Waste Treatment Needs Lake Huron 119 general algal population increases have oc- dustries use large amounts of water for cool- curred in areas such as Saginaw Bay, Thunder ing purposes. When these heated waters are Bay, and Harbor Beach. Nuisance growths of discharged they may add a large heat load to algae have occurred on Saginaw Bay beaches. the receiving waters. The issue of thermal pol- Increasing levels of pollution control now lution has gained increased attention re- taking place in the Lake Huron basin will cently, particularly through the deliberations abate the accelerated aging process to an un- of the Lake Michigan Enforcement Council. determined extent. The effectiveness of cur- The problems associated with thermal dis- rent efforts should be evaluated, and charges were examined in Subsection 5.3.7.4. augmented or modified as warranted. To date the development of power generat- ing facilities has not been extensive in the Lake Huron basin. These facilities are expected to 6.3.5.2 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation grow considerably in the southern portion of the basin in Planning Subarea 3.2 in the next Improper land-use practices can result in 50 years. In 1970 Planning Subarea 3.2 had accelerated erosion and watercourse approximately 5.2 percent of the total in- sedimentation. Major sources of sediment in- stalled capacity in the Great Lakes Basin. clude agricultural lands, over-grazed, se- According to estimates the area will have 16 verely burned, and improperly logged forest percent of the total installed capacity by 2020. lands, and lands used for highways, subdivi- Additional discussion of the environmental ef- sions, and other urban construction projects. fects of power generating facilities is con- Sediment fills stream channels and drains, tained in Appendix 10, Power. causing additional expense in the treatment of water supplies, and harming fish and other aquatic life and water-oriented sports and 6.3.5.5 Waste from Watercraft recreation. Erosion and sedimentation are discussed in detail in Appendix 18, Erosion Commercial and recreational vessels that and Sedimentation. ply the waters of Lake Huron discharge both untreated and inadequately treated wastes into the open lake and harbor areas. Wastes 6.3.5.3 Combined Sewer Overflows from watercraft include sewage, oil, bilge and ballast waste, compartment washings, and Combined sewer systems are a significant solid refuse. Watercraft pollution is a wide- source of pollutants in some areas. During spread and varied problem. Vessels frequent precipitation some systems cannot accommo- all navigable waters and may discharge pol- date the combined flow of wastes and storm lutants anywhere along their path, and an as- runoff. When this occurs the untreated excess sortment of materials may be spilled or dis- flow is discharged to the nearest watercourse. charged. These discharges often contain elevated con- New programs have been authorized re- centrations of bacterial, biological oxygen cently by both Michigan and the Federal gov- demand substances, and suspended solids, ernment to control pollution from watercraft. chlorides, and nutrients. Combined sewer systems are common in older, established communities. In the Lake 6.3.5.6 Recreational Misuse Huron basin serious combined sewer overflow problems have occurred in Bay City, Saginaw, Streams in the northern portion of the Lake and other communities. As dry weather flows Huron basin are popular fishing and canoeing receive increased levels of treatment, the at- areas. The large number of people using these tainment and maintenance of water quality areas reduces their quality for recreational will require that wet weather flows receive use. The Cheboygan, Thunder Bay, Au Sable, adequate treatment. Correction of combined Au Gres, and Rifle Rivers all support large sewer overflow problems will require a consid- number of recreational users. Typical of rec- erable investment, but cost estimates are not reational problems of these rivers are those currently available. facing the Au Sable River, noted for trout fish- ing and canoeing. The Au Sable's high quality 6.3.5.4 Thermal Discharges is decreasing because of overcrowding, direct user conflict, and riverside developments. Electric generating facilities and many in- Solving these problems will require the de- 120 Appendix 7 velopment of new initiatives to bring about sin. Viruses have been isolated, however, in remedial and preventive action. effluents from sewage treatment plants. Evi- dence indicates that much sewage treatment is not adequate to control viruses. 6.3.5.7 Lakeshore Development To grow and multiply, viruses require living; susceptible cells, but evidence indicates that Related to problems of recreational overuse they can survive outside these cells for long is the growth of seasonal or second homes periods. Water must therefore be considered a throughout much of the northern portion of means of disseminating viral diseases. Lake Huron basin. Developments are of in- One reason for the lack of data on viruses in creasing size and scope. Initial land clearing the Great Lakes is that scientists have not yet and building construction may create erosion found a suitable agent to indicate the presence and sedimentation problems. Later septic of viruses. Research in this area is needed. tanks add nutrients and possibly coliforms to ground and surface waters. The result may bp contaminated waters and accelerated eu- trophication of natural and artificial water 6.3.5.10 Organic Contaminants bodies. The problem is further aggravated by the high cost of remedial utility systems, the Organic contaminants include the persis- reluctance of seasonal and absentee owners to tent or biochemically resistant compounds assume this cost burden, and the lack of ade- found in domestic and industrial wastes, in- quate housing codes, subdivision ordinances, secticides, herbicides, and other agricultural and zoning controls in many areas. chemicals. Because of the persistence and tox- icity of these chemicals, often in low concen- trations, they pose a continuing threat to the 6.3.5.8 Oil Pollution basin's waters. Because they are difficult to detect and Lake Huron serves as a shipping lane for identify, many organic contaminants resist both the ore and tanker fleets of the Great conventional water and waste treatment Lakes and for international shipping, which processes. It is difficult to assess changes in enters the Lakes via the St. Lawrence Sea- the concentrations of these contaminants way. These ships constitute a hazard to water over time because long-term data are not quality because of oil-contaminated dis- available. charges and catastrophic spills. Bilge and bal- Mercury, one such organic contaminant, re- last dumpings often contain oil that has ceived considerable attention when it was dripped or leaked from machinery and other found in Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie in 1970. sources. In the Lake Huron basin one small discharge Tankers holding thousands of gallons of oil of mercury was located in a small stream in are a major potential threat. In an accident the Tittabawassee River basin. This discharge this oil could seriously harm miles of was immediately halted and only slight, lo- shoreline. During the 1966 navigation season calized contamination was uncovered. In the more than 700,000 tons of petroleum products extreme southern portion of Lake Huron ele- were shipped or received at Michigan ports on vated mercury levels were found in certain Lake Huron. Oil pollution potential also exists species of migratory fish. These fish probably from shore installations such as storage tanks were contaminated in the waters of Lake St. and pipelines. Clair or Lake Erie before they entered Lake Inland oil producing areas and refineries Huron. All other Lake Huron water, sediment, are located in the Lake Huron basin, particu- and fish samples analyzed showed no elevated larly in the Tittabawassee River watershed. levels of mercury residues. All facets of oil production and transportation Pesticides are a group of organic contamin- represent a potential oil pollution threat to ants that warrant particular attention. Little inland waters. data are available on pesticide usage in the Lake Huron basin, although pesticides are applied throughout the basin in agricultural 6.3.5.9 Viruses and forestry operations. Ways in which pes- ticides may reach watercourses include runoff Little information exists on the presence of from treated land areas, aerial spraying, viruses in the waters of the Great Lakes Ba- waste discharges containing pesticide residu- Lake Huron 121 als from canneries and other industries, and inner bay have substandard nutrient levels. accidental spills. Water quality along the western shore of Saginaw Bay, north of Bay City, is substand- ard at a few beaches because of high coliform 6.4 Summary and Conclusions levels. In a number of nearshore areas within har- Lake Huroncontains awatersurface areaof bors and at the mouths of tributary streams 23,000 square miles and a land drainage area water quality is lower than in Lake Huron of 49,600 square miles. Of these totals 9,100 proper. These areas include the Straits of square miles of water surface and 16,200 Mackinac, Cheboygan Harbor, Rogers City square miles of land drainage area are in the Harbor, Thunder Bay, Harrisville Harbor, Os- United States. Major sources of flow to Lake coda Harbor, Harbor Beach, and Port Sanilac. Huron are Lake Superior, via the St. Marys In general, these areas receive waste loads River and Lake Michigan, via the Straits of from tributaries, municipal treatment plants, Mackinac. Major U.S. tributaries to the Lake and industries. Many of these areas exhibit are the Cheboygan, Thunder Bay, Au Sable, slightly lowered levels of dissolved oxygen and and Saginaw Rivers. slightly increased levels of total solids and Total population of the basin in 1970 was other parameters. In most cases concen- approximately 1.2 million. The three largest trations of phosphates and/or nitrates are suf- cities and their 1970 populations are Flint ficient to support algal growths that could (193,600), Saginaw (90,600), and Bay City interfere with water uses under proper condi- (49,100). Most manufacturing is concentrated tions. One harbor area has already experi- in the southern Lower Peninsula in Genesee, enced impaired water uses because of aquatic Saginaw, and Bay Counties. Midland County growths. contains a large chemical industry. Of the four municipalities that use Lake Huron for waste assimilation, three provide 6.4.1 Planning Subarea 3.1 primary treatment and one uses deepwater disposal with no treatment. Six industries use Planning Subarea 3.1 covers 11 counties in the Lake for waste assimilation, including the northwestern portion of Michigan's Lower three that discharge cooling water only. Peninsula and parts of two counties in the Water quality in the main body of Lake Huron eastern end of the Upper Peninsula. Major is excellent. river basins in this planning subarea are the Saginaw Bay waters differ from those of Au Sable, Thunder Bay, and Cheboygan in the Lake Huron's main body in several respects. Lower Peninsula, and the St. Marys, Carp, The bay waters have higher concentrations of Pine, Munuscong, and Waiska in the Upper calcium, sodium, potassium, chlorides, and Peninsula. sulfates, greater hardness, higher tempera- Water quality in seven river basins was de- tures, and more turbidity. The Saginaw River scribed in Subsection 6.2.2. is the main source of water constituents and The total of domestic, commercial, and in- the principal influence on water quality in the dustrial wastewater treated in municipal bay. Water quality gradually improves from wastewater treatment facilities in Planning the mouth of the Saginaw River to the mouth Subarea 3.1 is expected to increase from a 1970 of the bay. Annual mean total coliform den- base of 5.0 mgd to 7.2 mgd in 1980 and 18.2 mgd sities exceed desirable levels for a small in 2020. Industrial wastewater processed in number of beaches on the west shore of industry-owned wastewater treatment Saginaw Bay north of Bay City. Fecal coliform facilities is expected to decline from its 1970 levels, however, meet the limits of the stand- base of 12.3 mgd to 9.7 mgd in 1980. It is ex- ards for total body contact recreation except pected to increase to 17.8 mgd in 2020. for one beach area. The Saginaw River dis- To maintain adequate water quality in the charges large quantities of nutrients from in- Middle Branch of the Pine River, planners an- dustrial, municipal, and agricultural sources ticipate that the Standish area will require into Saginaw Bay. Although these materials advanced waste treatment in the 1970 to 1980 produce extensive algal blooms in the bay, period. Facilities now planned should meet evidence of serious nuisance conditions has this need. Seven-day 10-year low flows in this not been found. With minor exception existing reach are approximately 1 to 2 efs. water quality in Saginaw Bay is adequate to Municipal wastewater treatment capital support all designated uses. Waters of the costs are estimated to be $6.0 million in the 122 Appendix 7 1970 to 1980 planning period, $8.1 million in expected to increase from the 1970 base of 80 the 1980 to 2000 period, and $10.6 million in the mgd to 104 mgd by 1980 and 245 mgd by 2020. 2000 to 2020 period. Average annual operating Industrial wastewater treated in industry- and maintenance costs are estimated at 9 to 12 owned facilities is expected to decrease from percent of capital costs. the 1970 base of 473 mgd to 408 mgd in 1980 and to 252 mgd in 2000. It is expected to increase to 346 mgd in 2020, an amount lower than the 6.4.2 Planning Subarea 3.2 1970 base. Between 1970 and 2020, 14 areas within Planning Subarea 3.2 will probably re- Planning Subarea 3.2 includes 11 Michigan quire advance waste treatment. Twelve of counties encompassing the State's Thumb these needs fall within the current 1970 to area and the Saginaw River basin. Major 1980 planning period and two fall within the tributaries of the Saginaw River are the Cass, 2000 to 2020 planning period. Flint, Shiawassee, and Tittabawassee Rivers. Municipal wastewater treatment capital The Saginaw River is substandard in quality costs are estimated at $64 million in the 1970 to throughout its length. The most serious dis- 1980 planning period, $71 million in the 1980 to solved oxygen sag occurs below Saginaw, and 2000 period, and $98 million in the 2000 to 2020 another occurs below Bay City. High total and period. Average annual and operating and fecal coliform concentrations occur below maintenance costs are estimated to range Saginaw, Bay City, and other communities from 6 to 10 percent of capital costs. during periods of stormwater runoff. All six municipalities discharging into the Saginaw River agreed to upgrade their primary treat- ment plants by providing secondary treat- 6.4.3 General Water Quality and Problems ment with phosphorus removal. This was to have been completed by 1972. Two industries Water quality problems occur throughout also agreed to provide additional treatment the Lake Huron basin. Some of these are read- facilities. ily apparent while others are still emerging. Water quality is generally good throughout Decreased light penetration, increased nitro- the Cass River basin except for the lower por- gen and phosphorus concentrations, and gen- tion of the Cass River. In the Flint River basin eral algae population increases have occurred water quality problems exist in several loca- in Saginaw Bay, Thunder Bay and Harbor tions. The most serious problem occurs in Beach. Nuisance growths of algae have oc- Flint and downstream from the city. In the curred on Saginaw Bay beaches. Serious com- Shiawassee River basin, a 50-mile stretch bined sewer overflow problems have de- from Shiawassee to Corunna including six veloped in Bay City, Saginaw, and in other reaches, is substandard in quality. The most basin communities. The attainment and serious substandard reach in the Tittawabas- maintenance of water quality standards in see River basin receives effluents from the these communities will require that wet Midland wastewater treatment plant and dis- weather flows receive adequate treatment. charges from the Dow Chemical Company Commercial and recreational vessels contrib- complex. Although Dow Chemical Company ute both untreated and inadequately treated has achieved a high degree of wastewater wastes to the open lake and harbor areas. The treatment, its wastes cause severe damage to high quality of the Au Sable River is diminish- the quality of receiving waters. Substandard ing because of recreational overcrowding, di- water quality conditions also exist in several rect user conflict, and riverside developments. minor drainage area reaches in Planning Oil pollution from tankers and shore installa- Subarea 3.2. tions poses a major threat. Little information In 1970 approximately 36 municipal waste- exists on the presence of viruses in the basin's water treatment facilities served an esti- waters and long-term data available on or- mated 550,000 people in Planning Subarea 3.2. ganic contaminants are insufficient. Non- The average daily flow treated by these point sources of pollution also exist. These facilities was estimated at 80 mgd, and total were indicated where information was avail- industrial wastewater flows were estimated able. Such sources may be highly significant at 473 mgd. Municipal wastewater flows and additional study of potential solutions to treated at municipal treatment facilities are the problem is necessary. Section 7 LAKE ERIE 7.1 Introduction Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, the St. Clair River, and their tributaries including the This section describes the programs of in- Belle, Black, Clinton, Huron, Raisin, and Rouge terstate, Federal, State, and local agencies Rivers. More than half the people of Michigan engaged in water quality management in the reside in this area and it contains a significant Lake Erie basin. It outlines the water quality portion of the State's industry. This places a standards programs developed by the individ- heavy demand on the area's surface waters. ual States in conjunction with the Federal Degraded water quality in certain sectors has government, noting any differences at State severely impaired water uses. Continued boundaries. It reviews existing water quality economic and social development of the area and its relationship to water use, and it de- will depend on the improvement and preser- scribes the actions needed to improve water vation of surface water quality. quality in the basin. Water quality conditions are described as of Water quality information is presented by mid-April 1969. Corrective programs both planning subarea on a State-by-State basis. A planned and under way, will significantly further breakdown by major river basins or modify water quality conditions in the im- groups of smaller basins is also included. mediate future. Of particular interest are the water quality standards programs developed by the individ- ual States in conjunction with the Federal 7.2.1.1 Lake Erie government. In addition to the interstate pro- grams, the States have also established water Michigan encompasses 105 square miles of quality standards for most intrastate the surface area of Lake Erie and approxi- tributaries of the Lake. With minor exceptions mately 5,800 square miles of land area in the the criteria for these standards are identical basin. The Michigan portion of Lake Erie re- to those adopted for interstate streams. ceives the full discharge from the Detroit Figure 7-23 shows Plan Area 4 and Planning River, the Huron River, and River Raisin, and Subareas 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 discussed in this numerous small tributaries. The inflow from report. the Detroit River alone represents approxi- mately 93 percent of the total inflow into Lake Erie. 7.2 Water Quality Three industrial and commercial estab- lishments discharge wastes directly into Lake Erie. No municipal treatment plants dis- 7.2.1 Planning Subarea 4.1-Michigan charge into the Lake. Two major zones of substandard water This section summarizes existing water occur in the Michigan portion of Lake Erie, quality in Planning Subarea 4.1, which one at the mouth of the Detroit River and encompasses the Michigan portion of the Lake another at the mouth of the River Raisin. Erie basin. Water quality is examined with These waters have high coliform densities and reference to the designated uses established exhibit undesirable concentrAtions of sus- for particular waters and the water quality pended solids, nutrients, oils, toxic materials, parameters necessary to protect those uses. phenols, oxygen consuming substances, and In substandard reaches water quality does other pollutants. Some small tributary and not meet the requirements necessary for des- lakefront locations discharge raw or semi- ignated uses. treated sewage to the Lake causing locally Planning Subarea 4.1 (Figure 7-24) includes high coliform densities at various beaches. the portion of Lake Erie within Michigan, the Nutrients are contributing to the accelerated 123 It s N T A R I 4.1 mlbAl A LAI. N YORK '4.4 PENNSYLVANIA IN, PENNSYLVANIA OHIO.W' ol z (Zi 2 .2 .3 0 1 0 MINNESOTA WISWMWN 2 ILLINOIS JINDIAN* SCALE IN MILES -M 220 10 40 @50 Lake Erie 125 M SCALE IN MILES N Im 0 z o"' BLACK -101S SANILAC 0.1 0 Port uron S _rAIR T. C , ST. CLAIR OAKLAND MACOMB St. Cl ir Holly LIVINGSTON L. ke Orion Romeo chmond T .41 CLINTON Marine City 0 C@4 " h t Ne BaltitrIore 19 Pontiac 0 Ho.oll Anchor Ba Algonac -1 C) 1*1 - 0 mt. mense Mll ordf Ap 4 0 0 ,j 0 1 a. 0 - r D 0 HURON Pirouth 0 Ri or betro.t LAKE ST. CLAIR @D ChAsea ROUGE Ann Arbor YpGALanti Flat @IIck WASHT11\A1 MiIN 00 Tecumseh RAISIN t,qef Monro A Hu n drian Ilk, Blissfield I, SCALE IN MILES 4EN WEE CHIGAN M&VROE 0 5 10 15 OHIO FIGURE 7-24 Planning Subarea 4.1 126 Appendix 7 eutrophication of the Lake, and this in turn treatment plant. This reach displays margin- causes problems at water supply intakes and ally substandard dissolved oxygen depletion affects aquatic life, recreation and other Lake and excessive levels of residues, toxicants, uses. dissolved solids, and nutrients. Downstream a second reach is degraded by the effluent from a municipal secondary treatment plant. This 7.2.1.2 River Raisin reach displays depleted dissolved oxygen and high nutrient levels. Nutrients, particularly The River Raisin and its tributaries form a nitrates and dissolved solids, are found in network draining approximately 1,070 square fairly high concentrations throughout the Sa- miles. It discharges into Lake Erie at Monroe, line River drainage area. Michigan. One localized reach of Macon Creek is de- Surface waters throughout the basin are graded by raw sewage discharges from two high in nutrients and dissolved and suspended townships. Depleted dissolved oxygen and ex- solids, with concentrations increasing to- cessive coliform densities occur in this reach. wards the mouth of the river. Nutrient con- Three substandard reaches occur in the centrations are high enough to support algal south branch of the River Raisin. Degraded by blooms throughout most of the basin. communities discharging raw sewage, two up- A major reach of substandard quality is lo- stream reaches display high coliform and nu- cated in the lower three miles of the river trient levels. Programs are under way to (Figure 7-25). This reach exhibits severe oxy- provide treatment for both discharges. Near gen depletion, very high coliform densities, its confluence with the main stem, the south and excessive concentrations of residues, tox- branch receives wastes from a small concen- icants, nutrients, and suspended and dis- tration of people and industries in the Adrian solved solids. area. This reach displays elevated nutrient, Four substandard reaches occur between toxic, and residue concentrations. Part of the the Monroe area and Blissfield (Zone 2). Two problem results from the discharge of un- reaches receive raw sewage discharges from treated industrial wastes through storm sew- small communities. One reach receives ers. The zone of degradation extends into the effluent from a primary treatment plant and main stem of the river basin. one receives effluent from a secondary treat- Two substandard reaches in the Black ment plant. In all four reaches objectionable Creek receive raw sewage discharges and dis- nutrient levels cause the principal in-stream play high coliform and nutrient levels. One is effect. Coliform densities are excessive in the also degraded by an industrial discharge two reaches that receive raw sewage. Current which causes dissolved oxygen depletion, high programs will eliminate the two raw sewage nutrient concentrations, and substandard pH discharges. changes. Additional treatment facilities re- From 50 miles upstream on the main stem to cently began operating, and a reevaluation of the headwaters of the River Raisin (Figure quality conditions will be made in the im- 7-25), five substandard reaches occur because mediate future. of parameters other than nutrients. Located Swan Creek and Stony Creek, located north below small communities that discharge raw of the River Raisin, flow directly into Lake sewage, two reaches display excessive col- Erie. Both streams have one localized sub- iform densities. Programs are under way to standard reach, which receives raw sewage provide treatment for both discharges. The discharges and displays elevated nutrient and other three reaches are affected by effluents coliform levels. A corrective program is under from one primary and two secondary munici- way in one community and enforcement pro- pal treatment plants. In addition to high nu- ceedings are pending against the second trient concentrations these three reaches community involved. exhibit occasional high coliform densities from stormwater runoff. Two of the five reaches are also degraded by industrial dis- 7.2.1.3 Huron River charges. Both show excessive amounts of res- idues and one shows excessive toxics. The Huron River basin, draining an area of Two reaches of substandard quality exist in 890 square miles, flows into Lake Erie at the Saline River drainage area. One upstream Pointe Mouille. The two major tributaries of reach is affected by industrial discharge and the Huron River are the Portage River in the the effluent from a municipal secondary northwestern portion of the basin and Mill It ZONE 2 ZOtAe 3 10 0 z 0 z Ulm Saline Manchester Brooklyn iron JACKSON CO Milan WLCSDAL 0 Ce ;w Clinton Cit Onsted pens ecurns, Cr 4 1 0 1M U 0 Britton uj Dund a .Jlz -j w aron Cr C, C, vtoisin Ftsisl flaisin Adrian Little River C, layton Petersbu g South Blissfield 6%sc !,@NAWEE CO .0- Bear SCALE IN MILES 0 1 2 3 4 5 LOCATION MAP 128 Appendix 7 Creek in the southwestern portion of the basin below secondary municipal treatment plants, near Dexter, Michigan. All five reaches display excessive nutrient Suspended solids in the Huron River are concentrations and one reach exhibits high lower than in the River Raisin, possibly be- coliform densities. cause of various impoundments that facilitate One tributary reach receives effluent from a natural settling. Total dissolved solids and secondary municipal treatment plant and dis- chlorides are moderate, but overenrichment is plays high nutrient concentrations. Two other a widespread problem. In the upper portion of tributary reaches are degraded by industrial the basin most natural lakes maintain exces- discharges. One displays dissolved oxygen de- sive nutrient concentrations. The main stem pletion and excessive concentrations of nu- of the river, from the Ann Arbor treatment trients and dissolved solids. The second reach plant to the mouth 40 miles downstream, is displays excessive nutrients, residues and substandard because of excessive nutrient suspended solids. Both industries involved concentrations. Because of acute algae prob- are installing additional treatment facilities. lems in the middle of the basin, 11 com- munities accelerated their programs to achieve phosphorus removal by 1970. A total 7.2.1.4 Detroit River of 13 reaches in the basin are substandard in one or more quality parameters in addition to The outlet for Lake St. Clair, the Detroit nutrients. River, flows in a southerly direction for 32 In the lower 25 miles of the basin four miles before discharging into Lake Erie. Av- reaches of substandard quality overlap. Two erage discharge of the river is approximately reaches are degraded by raw sewage dis- 177,800 cubic feet per second. charges and one reach is degraded by the Detroit and suburban communities occupy effluent from a primary sewage treatment the United States side of the river, and plant. All three reaches display high coliform Windsor and smaller communities occupy the densities and nutrients. Corrective programs Canadian side. On the U.S. side, from Lake St. are under way in all these areas. A fourth Clair to above the mouth of the Rouge River, reach receives the effluent from a primary the Detroit River bank is lined with residen- municipal sewage treatment plant, raw sew- tial and commercial developments and recrea- age discharges, and an occasional toxic indus- tion facilities. From there downstream to the trial discharge. This reach displays excessive mouth the river is lined with heavy industry coliform densities and toxic concentrations. interspersed with residential and commercial Water quality in the middle portion of the areas. Huron River basin (Figure 7-26) is degraded In 1967 the International Joint Commission by treatment plant effluents, industrial dis- reported that water quality in the Detroit charges, and stormwater overflows from the River was generally improved over 1966 and Ann Arbor-Ypsilanti area. The maximum 1946 to 1948 quality levels. The upper 10 miles phosphate concentrations in the Huron River of the river from Lake St. Clair to the junction are found here. Two reaches on the main stem of the Rouge River is substandard because of and one on Willow Run are substandard in high coliform densities and iron concen- quality parameters other than nutrients. trations. During dry weather flows this reach Both main stern reaches display marginally is generally of satisfactory quality, but during substandard dissolved oxygen concen- periods of precipitation combined sewer over- trations, one exhibits elevated coliform den- flows within Detroit cause excessive coliform sities, and one displays objectionable residue densities. The source of iron in this reach has concentrations. Willow Run exhibits depleted not been found and the iron may be of natural dissolved oxygen and excessive coliforms den- origin. This reach is aesthetically unpleasant sities and residue concentrations. Two in- because of combined sewer overflows, ship pol- dustrial enterprises plan to remove their lution and oil spills, and industrial wastes. wastes from Willow Run. This should alleviate The lower 20 miles oftbe Detroit River from substandard quality conditions. the junction of the Rouge River to Lake Erie is Above Ann Arbor five localized substandard also substandard in water quality. This reach reaches exist on the main stem and three sub- receives effluents from one Federal and six standard reaches are located on tributary municipal sewage treatment plants, and 29 streams. Three main stem reaches are located industries and commercial enterprises, storm- below secondary municipal treatment plants, water overflows and tributary discharges. Lo- one is below a primary plant, and another is cated at the confluence of the Detroit and "10 S. Z!, % 0 Z Z 0 Milford 0 a 0 U Q z Wolverine 2jo Lake V4;xom Walled tz Bright n La ke @S South Stockbrid Pinckney Lyon JNGHA _ - Q Of 6 OAKLAND CO JACKSON CO WAYNECO Dexter North .6 Chelsea C, oneq t 0 0 Ypsilanti U z 0 z Q) Lu he F la ock !!,tSHTEti,@W CO j. W A.Y III- C 0 MONROECO SCALE IN MILES South LOCATION MAP P-q @-q Rockwoo 0 1 2 3 4 5 130 Appendix 7 Rouge Rivers, Detroit's main sewage treat- above its confluence with the main stem. De- ment plant serves more than 90 percent of the graded by combined sewer overflows, this people in the Detroit area and imposes a tre- reach displays depressed dissolved oxygen mendous waste load on the river. A large and high coliform densities. A second sub- amount of waste is also contributed by the flow standard reach, located upstream in the mid- of the Rouge River. This reach of the Detroit dle of the basin below an industrial discharge, River displays excessive levels of coliforms, displays excessive residue concentrations. A phenols, toxic substances, nutrients, sus- program now under way will provide pended solids, and residues. Objectionable additional treatment. Located below an indus- color, oil, and debris are also present. trial discharge on a headwaters tributary, a Detroit River water quality is discussed in third substandard reach displays excessive detail in the Report on Pollution of the Detroit levels of suspended solids, residues, and toxics. River, Michigan Waters of Lake Erie and their Facilities under construction will provide Tributaries, published by the Office of Water additional treatment for this discharge. Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Water quality of the middle River Rouge, Agency. Since completion of that study a particularly in the lower reaches is seriously massive effort has been under way to abate degraded. It is substandard in quality from its pollution in the Detroit River. The Michigan confluence with the main branch of the River Water Resources Commission has obtained Rouge upstream for a distance of approxi- stipulations or agreements with 19 municipal- mately 24 miles. This reach receives effluents ities and industries to upgrade the quality of from 11 industries and raw sewage and septic their effluents to recommended levels. tank effluents from two communities. In addi- tion combined sewer overflows during moder- ately heavy rainfull add substantial loads to 7.2.1.5 River Rouge the river. Dissolved oxygen is substandard from mile 0 to mile 6 and marginally substand- The Rouge River basin includes the River ard from mile 6 to mile 15. Total coliform and. Rouge, the upper, middle, and lower Rouge fecal coliform densities are substandard from Rivers, and various small tributaries. The mile 0 to mile 6 and are substandard or margin- River Rouge is located within the intensely ally substandard from mile 6 through mile 24. urbanized and industrialized Detroit met- Nutrients are substandard throughout this ropolitan area. Twenty-eight industries use entire reach and objectionable growths of al- the basin's surface waters for waste assimila- gae, weeds, and slimes have occurred. Exces- tion, but no municipal treatment plants dis- sive toxins have been found in one limited charge in the basin. reach below an industrial discharge. Except for upstream reaches, the waters of High nutrient levels are common in the the River Rouge are generally high in col- upper portions of the River Rouge. Several iforms. Suspended solids are moderate, dis- localized reaches are degraded by raw sewage solved solids are high, and the basin shows and semi-treated sewage discharges from general nutrient enrichment. Many sampling three townships and one municipality. In stations exhibit low dissolved oxygen levels addition to nutrients high coliform densities and correspondingly high BOD values. are the principal in-stream effect. Sewer ex- The lower 15 miles of the River Rouge (Fig- tension programs are under way to correct ure 7-27), are severely degraded. This reach most of these minor problem areas. receives discharges from nine industrial enterprises and combined sewer overflows from Detroit and suburban communities. Dis- 7.2.1.6 Lake St. Clair and St. Clair River solved oxygen is severely depleted and col- iforms, nutrients, suspended and dissolved Lying between Lake Huron and Lake Erie, solids, and residues all reach excessive levels. Lake St. Clair is a shallow, heart-shaped body Four industries in this reach are constructing of water 25 miles long and 25 miles wide. Of its additional waste treatment facilities. By May surface area of 490 square miles, 190 square 1, 1969, more than 100,000 pounds of five-day miles lie within Michigan. Lake St. Clair is fed biochemical oxygen demand from industrial by the St. Clair River, which begins at the sources were removed from the lower portion southern end of Lake Huron. The river flows of the River Rouge. south 40 miles and has an average discharge of In the lower River Rouge water quality is 176,900 cubic feet per second. substandard for approximately two miles On the United States side five primary and Lake Erie 131 EXPLANATION 0 Major cities USGS gage Birmingham Franklin Novi Farmington 0Southfield 0 e-11 Northville OAKLAND CO IWAY WE C70 Livonia )010 Plymouth0 USGS go" Z01YE z .1u, X 4 FtoL19 in 4 Westland Garden City Rouge River 0 Inkster 0Wayne SCALE IN MILES -ARL L(X FIGURE 7-27 Rouge River Basin 132 Appendix 7 two secondary municipal treatment plants, sities occur. Bottom sludge deposits form in four industries, and two electric generating the reach near the mouth of the river, which stations use the waters of the St. Clair River has been improved for flood control and navi- and Lake St. Clair for waste assimilation. gation. Mt. Clemens has been ordered to insti- Water quality throughout the St. Clair tute tertiary waste treatment if it continues River is generally excellent. Principal discharging wastes into Clinton River. It also tributaries of the St. Clair River in Michigan has the option of joining the Detroit Water are the Belle, Black, and Pine Rivers. Some Services' metropolitan system. The other degradation occurs in very localized areas three plants now discharging into this reach where tributaries join the river, but these ef- will be abandoned in favor of the metropolitan fects are not measurable a short distance system. downstream. Ship pollution occasionally Red Run, substandard throughout its causes oil and aesthetic degradation. length, receives effluents from Warren's Lake St. Clair receives the full discharge treatment plant and combined sewer over- from the St. Clair and Clinton Rivers plus flows. At times the Warren plant's effluent other small tributaries, and its water quality constitutes the entire flow of Red Run. The is directly related to these inflows. Water qual- stream displays dissolved oxygen depletion ity is good in the St. Clair River, but the Clin- and excessive levels of coliforms, residues, and ton River is seriously degraded. With the ex- nutrients. Supersaturated oxygen conditions ception of high nutrient and mineral levels, are common because of extensive algal activ- the effects of the Clinton River are largely ity fostered by high nutrient concentrations. confined to an area near its mouth. High col- The City of Warren will either institute ter- iform densities sometimes cause substandard tiary treatment or join the metropolitan col- bacterial levels around the mouth of the Clin- lection and treatment system of Detroit Water ton River, impairing water uses. A similar Services. Action is also under way to reduce problem of less magnitude occurs at the mouth the frequency and magnitude of combined of the Milk River. Corrective programs now sewer overflows. under way in the Clinton River basin will From the confluence of Red Run upstream greatly reduce the amount of pollutants now to Pontiac the Clinton River maintains sub- discharged into Lake St. Clair. standard nutrient concentrations.- In addition three reaches are substandard in other pa- rameters. One reach receives effluents from 7.2.1.7 Clinton River the treatment plants of Utica and Sterling Townships and exhibits dissolved oxygen de- Draining approximately 760 square miles, pletion. Both plants will be abandoned in favor the Clinton River empties into the western of the metropolitan system. Degraded by an end of Lake St. Clair east of Mt. Clemens. Its industrial discharge, a second reach displays major tributaries are the North Branch, Mid- depleted dissolved oxygen and excessive levels dle Branch, Red Run, Stony Creek, and of suspended solids and coliforms. The indus- Paint Creek. During the summer natural try has taken steps to improve treatment streamflow is very small and waste treatment practices and additional steps are under plant effluents constitute a major portion study. A reach of serious substandard quality of the flow. below Pontiac receives effluents from two mu- In 1960 wastes from approximately 40 per- nicipal treatment plants and stormwater cent of the basin's population were removed overflows. Dissolved oxygen is severely de- from the basin and treated by Detroit Water pleted and very high nutrient concentrations Services. Twelve secondary sewage treatment are present. The City of Pontiac has engaged plants and eight industries used the basin's consultants to study additional treatment surface waters for waste assimilation. needs. The Clinton River exhibits substandard Above Pontiac two minor reaches of sub- water quality from its mouth to the confluence standard quality occur on the main stem. Lo- Red Run approximately 17 miles upstream cated below communities which discharge (Figure 7-28). This reach receives effluents septic tank effluents, both reaches display from four sewage treatment plants and one elevated coliform densities and nutrient con- industry. In addition the flow from Red Run centrations. Both communities will be served adds a substantial waste load. Dissolved oxy- by the metropolitan treatment system. gen in this reach is severely depleted and high Two localized substandard reaches occur on nutrient concentrations and coliform den- Paint Creek, two on the North Branch, and one Lake Erie 88 ZtWe 2 rM !E us A@rrtont ZOIVE _jAPEER CO ST CLAIR CO C-0 MACOMB CO A'.dX Oxford Rome 12451,0p) 4 ol Lake Angelus ant Cr Branch I Rochester ponti I Act (joooy -,Utica 74, CIA Troy iiwson t FraserI Oa k LAKE ST Cl AIR '?lea%,ttfj M:,fdqzf slq Ridge s I Warren Wmds it Poaafkk par0 WAYNECO SCALE IN MILES 0 1 2 3 4--- LOCATION MAP " Clinton River Rasin 134 Appendix 7 1 each on Big Bear Creek and the Middle below a community lagoon, a fourth reach dis- Branch. Receiving effluent from a secondary plays high nutrient concentrations. The final treatment plant, one reach displays high nu- reach receives septic tank effluents from a trient concentrations. The other five reaches small community and displays very high col- are all located below small communities which iform densities. discharge raw sewage and/or septic tank effluents. Elevated coliform and nutrient levels are the principal effects in all five 7.2.2 Planning Subarea 4.2 reaches. Corrective programs or enforcement actions to improve these five reaches are under way. 7.2.2.1 Michigan Figure 7-29 shows Planning Subarea 4.2, 7.2.1.8 Belle, Black, and Pine Rivers which encompasses parts of Michigan, In- diana, and Ohio. The Belle, Black, and Pine Rivers together (1) Maumee River Basin drain approximately 1,100 square miles and Small communities and industries and ex- empty into the St. Clair River at Marine City, tensive rural areas characterize Michigan's St. Clair, and Port Huron, Michigan. Seven portion of the Maumee River basin. Water municipal sewage treatment plants and eight supply for all communities in the basin is ob- industries use surface waters of the three ba- tained from groundwater sources. sins for waste assimilation. Water quality in the Michigan tributaries of Water quality is generally good throughout the Maumee River is generally good. A few the Black River basin with some lowering of tributary reaches, primarily below small rural quality in downstream areas. Three localized communities, exhibit high coliform counts be- reaches of substandard quality occur in the cause of raw sewage discharges. Waste treat- basin. One reach, located at the river's mouth, ment and chlorination are required. exhibits depressed dissolved oxygen and in- Because of the low flow in these streams and creased suspended solids. This reach receives the general availability of adequate ground effluents from a municipal sewage treatment water the streams probably will never be used plant and one industry, and stormwater over- for domestic water supply. The present water flows. A second substandard reach, located on quality should not interfere with any other Mill Creek below a community lagoon, displays uses. elevated nutrient concentrations and margin- ally substandard coliform densities. A third reach receives effluents from a municipal 7.2.2.2. Indiana treatment plant and three food processing in- dustries. This reach exhibits depressed dis- (1) Maumee River Basin solved oxygen and elevated levels of nutrients There are four water quality monitoring and dissolved solids, particularly chlorides. stations in the Indiana area of the Maumee Water quality throughout the Pine River River basin. One station is located on the St. basin is generally good. One short reach of Joseph River approximately eight miles substandard quality occurs near the mouth of northeast of Fort Wayne at the bridge on the river below a municipal treatment plant Mayhew Road. On the St. Marys River a station and an industrial discharge. This reach dis- is located approximately four miles south of plays high chloride concentrations during late Fort Wayne at the bridge on Anthony spring and early summer. It occasionally dis- Boulevard. Two stations are on the Maumee plays high coliform densities. River. One is approximately one-half mile Water quality is also generally good north of New Haven at the bridge on Landin throughout the Belle River basin although Road. The other station is lcoated approxi- there are five localized reaches of substandard mately three miles north of Woodburn at the quality. Near the mouth of the river one reach bridge on State Highway 101. This station lies displays elevated coliform densities and nu- approximately five stream miles west of the trient concentrations. Dissolved oxygen is Indiana-Ohio State line. also marginally substandard. Two upstream The data shown in Table 7-42 indicate that reaches, degraded by food processing dis- water quality in the Maumee River basin is charges, exhibit elevated concentrations of generally good. However, during periods of dissolved solids, chiefly chlorides. Located low flow the adverse effect of treated effluent Lake Erie 135 S LAKE ERIE MICHIGN an ile miumee, Bay 4 0 0 Montpeli r LUCAS TAdo, @jl(ellys Island OTTAWA 'E)'L-<ALB FULTON '(6 Cx Port Clinto Bryan 0 1t a Sandusky Say DEFIANCE Napoleon Maumee Bowlin/Gree Sandusky Au burn SSAINT F .1ont ERIE 0 Defiance ORTNGE /*.A US Belle X HENRY W D \, U Norwalk Pauldingo C PUTNAM F oria RON- MILION.-. MAU EE iv Tiffin Wi lard Riv 0 Wi lard Fort Wayn PAULDI IlIsm Riv SENECA HURON L ALLEN VAN RT CRAWFORD %, Van We 41? ALLEN HANCOCK Clay SAN USKY D Ip S Ottaw River Up)er an sky Bucyru Lima Ada YANDOT ADAMS t - MERCER AU LA Celina ap oneta, St. Marys jl@_,@,@@ VICINITY MAP SCA LE IN MILES 0 1@0 LAKE ow tot SCALE IN MILES 0 5 10 15 20 25 FIGURE 7-29 Planning Subarea 4.2 136 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-42 Summary of Chemical and Bacteriological Data-Maumee River Basin in Indiana (1965) DO BOD SS DS Cl NO3 P04 Temp. Coliform mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/1 mg/l mg/l pH OF per/100 ml St. Joseph River, Fort Wayne Maximum 20.6 5.0 816 540 28 7.8 1.0 8.4 82 180,000 Minimum 6.5 1.4 9 190 8 0.0 0.0 7.4 34 100 Average 9.8 2.8 82 400 16 3.0 0.4 7.9 54c 6,600C St. Marys River, Fort Wayne b Maximum 19.5a 12.0 1,330 740 108 8.2 3.1 8.8 82 140,000 Minimum 6.7 2.0 12 150 8 0.0 0.3 7.6 32 500 Average 13.0 5.0 149 520 54 3.5 1.0 7.8 54c 6,000c Maumee River, New Haven Maximum 13.5 19.0 812 560 54 8.2 6.5 8.7 81 720,000 Minimum 5.1 2.5 9 220 10 0.0 0.3 7.6 32 10 000 Average 8.1 5.5 141 420 28 3.7 2.0 7.9 55c 80:000c Maumee River, Woodburn Maximum 20.1 6.4 744 600 55 7.8 6.9 8.5 81 310,000 Minimum 5.3 2.4 17 220 10 1.9 0.1 7.4 34 2 700 Average 9.3 4.1 88 430 29 3.9 2.0 7.8 55c 33:000C LEGEND: DO Dissolved Oxygen C1 Chlorides BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand N03 Nitrates as Nitrogen SS Suspended Solids P04 Phosphates DS Dissolved Solids pH Below 7--Acid; Above 7--Alkaline NOTE: DS values were obtained by using specific conductance readings and multiplying by a conversion factor of 0.7. aOne sample of 26 samples had DO of 1.5 bOne sample of 26 samples had coliform of 11,000,000 C Median value can be noted. Although the levels of biochemi- Rivers are generally less than 500 mg/l. Dis- cal oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxy- solved solids in the Auglaize River above gen (DO) are generally satisfactory in the ba- Wapakoneta, the lower Blanchard River, and sin, high BODs and low DOs have occurred the Maumee River downstream from Napo- below the Fort Wayne area. The data also leon are also less than 500 mg/l. The mean show that a considerable nutrient load is being dissolved solids concentrations of all other contributed to the Maumee River from the streams are less than 540 mg/l except for the Fort Wayne area. High coliform values in the Ottawa River below Lima and the Auglaize Maumee River below Fort Wayne are caused River below Wapakoneta. by discharges from Fort Wayne, New Haven, The major constituent ofthe dissolved sol- and industrial sewage treatment plants. ids in most of these streams is calcium carbo- nate. This salt, prevalent in most area soils, contributes significantly to the total hardness 7.2.2.3 Ohio of stream waters. During low flow periods the hardness may range from 300 to 400 mg/l. (1) Maumee River Basin No major streams contain concentrations (a) Dissolved Solids of chlorides or sulfates exceeding 250 mg/l for The mean dissolved solids concentrations each ion, the recommended limit for drinking of the St. Joseph, Tiffin, and Little Auglaize water established by the U.S. Public Health Lake Erie 137 Service. The concentration of chloride ions is counts are found immediately downstream generally less than 100 mg/l, and the concen- from major communities. High bacterial tration of sulfates is generally less than 150 counts in the Maumee River upstream from mg/l except in the Ottawa River. the Toledo wastewater treatment plant are Although dissolved solid concentrations caused by the seiche or tidal effect of Lake in a few basin streams sometimes exceed the Erie, which sometimes directs plant effluents limits established for public water supplies, upstream, and by the discharge of untreated water quality is generally higher in these sewage from combined sewers upstream from streams than in other available water sources. the treatment plant. Discharges of untreated (b) PH sewage also contribute to the high counts in Because of the buffering action of dissolved Swan Creek. solids in the basin's streams, very few stream (e) Nutrients: Ammonia, Nitrates, and stretches have PH values higher or lower than Phosphates 8.5 to 6.5, the preferred limits established as a Little information is available on the con- guide for a well-balanced warmwater fish centrations of ammonia in the basin's population. A few low PH values have been streams. It is known, however, that high am- observed in the Ottawa River below Lima be- monia concentrations are found in the Lima cause of industrial waste discharges. Values area of the Ottawa River. The effect of this approaching 10.0 have been observed in the load extends throughout the entire length of Maumee River downstream from Waterville. the Ottawa River and into the lower Auglaize These high values are caused by abundant River. At times the effect is also noted in the algae growth in this stretch of the river. lower Maumee River as far downstream as (c) Dissolved Oxygen Waterville. From June through September The most widespread critical pollution 1965 the mean concentration of ammonia in problem in the basin is the low concentration of the Ottawa Riverj ust below Lima was 60 mg/l, dissolved oxygen that occurs in many stream decreasing to just below 25 mg/l near its stretches. This is caused primarily by the oxy- mouth. It further decreased to 12 mg/l in the gen demand of discharges from municipal Auglaize River at Cascade Park, mainly be- waste treatment facilities. In a few areas dis- cause of dilution. In the Auglaize River above charges from organic industrial waste treat- the point of confluence the concentration of ment facilities also contribute to this problem. ammonia was 1.0 mg/l or less. Long stretches of the Blanchard, Ottawa, In the lower Maumee at Waterville the con- Auglaize, and St. Marys Rivers have dissolved centration of ammonia during the same sam- oxygen values less than 1.0. Shorter lengths pling period varied from 1.0 to 1.5 mg/l. Values of Town Creek, Swan Creek, and sections of of 0.0 to 0.2 mg/l were observed in the upper the Maumee River below Fort Wayne, Defi- river at Antwerp. ance, and in the Toledo area also have mini- DuringJanuary and February 1965, a high mum values less than 1.0. The only significant run-off period, the concentration of ammonia stream stretches where minimum dissolved in the Maumee River at Antwerp reached 1.0 oxygen concentrations are not below 4.0 mg/l mg/l. Concentrations as high as 15 mg/l were are on the St. Joseph River below Montpelier, observed near Waterville. During the same the Maumee River from Grand Rapids to period mean values for ammonia were 30 mg/l Perrysburg, and most of the Auglaize River at the mouth of the Ottawa River and 20 mg/l in Allen County. in the Auglaize River at Cascade Park. No de- In slow-moving river stretches with consid- tectable amounts were found in the Auglaize erable exposure to sunlight, such as sections of River upstream from its confluence with Ot- the lower Maumee River, high values of dis- tawa River and at the mouth of the Blanchard solved oxygen occur during the afternoon and River. lower values occur late at night and during the Significant amounts of nitrates occur in early morning. Within a 24-hour period dis- the entire length of the Maumee River and in solved oxygen varies from 6.0 to 13.0 mg/l. At the Auglaize River and its major tributaries. the water surface concentrations of dissolved The January and February 1966 concentra- oxygen as high as 25 mg/l have been observed. tions of nitrates measured milligrams per liter In spite of these high concentrations at the at major sampling points are indicated in surface much lower values may be found near Table 7-43. the bottom of the stream. As an emergency measure nitrates are fre- (d) Bacterial Quality quently added to streams heavily loaded with As may be expected the highest bacterial organic matters. In the Ottawa River the dis- 138 Appendix 7 TAB LE 7-43 Nitrate Concentration- There are no significant concentrations of Maumee River (January-February 1966) heavy metals or cyanides in these four streams. Concentration of NO 3 (3) Dissolved Oxygen Sampling Stations as N-mg/1 Low concentrations of dissolved oxygen Maumee River at Antwerp 1.5-4.0 have been found below Bowling Green and Mouth of Ottawa River 3.5-8.0 Oak Harbor on the Portage River; below Mouth of Blanchard River 1.0-8.6 Upper Sandusky, Carey, Tiffin, and Fremont Maumee at Defiance 7.0-10.0 on the Sandusky River; and below Willard and Maumee at Napoleon 3.1 Norwalk on the Huron River. Low values have Maumee at Waterville 4.0-5.0 also been found in Mills and Pipe Creeks, which originate in Erie County. In a number of these areas algae contribute to the high val- charge of nitrates as industrial waste has pre- ues observed during daylight hours, but spot vented the river from becoming more se- checks indicate that low values occur at night. riously polluted by providing a source of read- (4) Nutrients ily qvailable oxygen. High concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, The average phosphate concentrations, nitrate nitrogen, and phosphates occur in measured as P04, were highest immediately stretches of nearly all other streams of the downstream from the major cities located on area. Municipal wastes, certain industrial the basin's tributaries. Concentrations gener- wastes, and urban and agricultural drainage ally ran from 3 to 8 mg/l. A much higher con- contribute to these high values. centration of 17.0 mg/l was observed in Town (5) Bacteria Creek below Van Wert. Concentrations of less High concentrations of coliforms and fecal than 1.0 mg/l were observed in nearly the streptococcus have been found in all stream entire lengths of the St. Joseph and St. Marys stretches downstream from points of treated Rivers and in the main stem of the Maumee and untreated sanitary sewage discharge. The River between Napoleon and Toledo. In the highest counts were found in the Portage and upper Maumee and a short stretch in the To- Sandusky Rivers and Pipe Creek. ledo area the average concentration varied from 1 to 3 mg/l. (2) General Observations 7.2.3 Planning Subarea 4.3 Profuse growths of algae, high concen- trations of settleable solids, and turbidity cause an unpleasant appearance in most 7.2.3.1 Ohio streams in the Maumee River basin. Floating oil and banks blackened with oil deposits are Figure 7-30 shows Planning Subarea 4.3, noticeable along the Ottawa and Blanchard which includes portions of Ohio and Pennsyl- Rivers and navigation channel of the Maumee vania. River. (1) Black River (a) Dissolved Solids High concentrations of dissolved solids 7.2.2.4 Portage, Sandusky, Huron, and sometimes occur in the Black River upstream Vermilion Rivers from Elyria because of the discharge of oil well brines and industrial wastes. (1) Dissolved Solids (b) Heavy Metals The major dissolved solids are carbonates, Heavy metals such as chromium, copper, sulfates, and chlorides of calcium, magnesium, nickel, and zinc are discharged into the Black and sodium. All these constituents are found River from industrial waste outlets and mis- in the bedrock of the Portage and Sandusky used storm and combined sewers. basins. The solids reach the streams when (c) Nutrients they are leached from the bedrock by ground High concentrations of nutrients are water. This accounts for the higher dissolved found, particularly in the stretch downstream solids in the Portage and Sandusky Rivers as from Elyria. compared with the dissolved solids in the (d) Bacteria Huron and Vermilion Rivers where the bed- High bacteria counts exist in all stretches rock is mostly shale and sandstone. downstream from discharges of untreated and (2) Heavy Metals treated sewage. Lot Ashtabula Ilk bul. pS I'VIL N 110, Geneva 0 0 s Fairport Harbor Painesville Grand River a ersN 0 Oq LAKE GRAND SHTABULAJ CHAGRIN Lorain Black Riml @ Elyria \h GEAUP N N-1 a \ , Oberlin C HOGA 0 BLA( K- CKY 4- CUYAHOGA 0 Wallin n Ravenna L RAIN Medinao MEDINA PORTAGE ... SUMMIT SCALE IN MILES 0 5 10 15 140 Appendix 7 (2) Rocky River (e) Bacteria Data on water quality of the Rocky River Values for total and fecal coliform or- represent findings of the Office of Water Pro- ganisms as well as fecal streptococcus indicate grams, U.S. Environmental Protection that counts of bacteria of human origin in the Agency, at two points on the lower main stem, mouth area are higher than that usually pre- and results from a limited survey conducted scribed for swimming and other water-contact by the Ohio Department of Health on the West activities. Total coliform counts in both the and East Branches. West and East Branches at State Route 82 (a) Dissolved Solids also exceed the recommended levels for such In the main stem just upstream from the use. Lakewood wastewater treatment plant, as (3) Cuyahoga River well as in lake water intrusions into the river, (a) Dissolved Solids dissolved solid concentrations during the Dissolved solid concentrations increase summer of 1964 varied from 213 to 830 mg/l. significantly from Lake Rockwell to just The maximum concentration is considerably downstream from the Akron wastewater higher than any observed in the main stem treatment facilities. The concentrations then during a survey by the Ohio Division of Water level off from that point to Lake Erie. Average conducted from 1950 to 1952. The higher con- concentrations found during the 1965 low-flow centrations are due mainly to an increase in study increased from 190 mg/l at Lake chlorides which originate in the West Branch Rockwell Dam to 800 mg/l just upstream from near Medina. . Tinkers Creek. Just downstream from Tinkers (b) Oxygen Demand; Dissolved Oxygen Creek concentrations drop to 700 mg/1 and The biochemical oxygen demand of the then rise to 750 mg/l in the navigation channel. river water generally varied from 1.0 to 20.0 During 1964 the maximum observed concen- mg/l. The maximum concentration indicates trations varied from 246 mg/l at Lake Rockwell large discharges of partially treated munici- to approximately 1200 mg/l in the stretch be- pal wastes which are usually accompanied by tween Akron and Cleveland. In the ship chan- low dissolved oxygen levels. Data on chemical nel the maximum observed value was just less oxygen demand, which is limited to the main than 1000 mg/l. stem, indicate significant amounts of un- The specific conductance of the river oxidized carbonaceous matter. water as measured by an automatic monitor During the surveys of both the Federal located at Independence near Old Rockside and State agencies low dissolved oxygen val- Road frequently exceeded 1500 mhos during ues were observed only in the main stem and the summer of 1966. This level is equivalent to particularly in the mouth area. Recently a few 930 mg/l of dissolved solids. Daily variation is values less than 3.0 mg/l were found on the often from 900 to more than 1500 mhos and at West Branch below Medina and the East times from 600 to more than 1500 mhos. Branch below Berea. Concentrations in excess The major increase of dissolved solids in of saturation values observed in the mouth the Akron area is due to an increase in al- area indicate considerable algal activity. kalies, particularly chlorides. In the Cleve- (c) Nutrients land area the major increase is due to an in- In the river's lower reach the concentra- crease in sulfates. tion of phosphates varied from 0.1 to 6.4 mg/l (b) pH near the Hilliard Road bridge and from 0.04 to Upstream from the greater Cleveland 14.0 mg/l in the harbor area. Concentrations of area the pH of the river varied from 6.9 to 8.2. ammonia at these respective points varied In the lower reach of the river the variation from 0.2 to 5.7 mg/l and 0.4 to 1.5 mg/l. Phos- was 5.7 to 8.7 during 1964 and 6.3 to 7.3 during phate concentrations were generally above 1965. Individual low values of 5.2 in 1966 and the level believed necessary for the 3.8 in 1967 were recorded on an automatic encouragement of large algal blooms. monitor in the ship channel at West Third (d) Metals Street. Analyses made by the Office of Water Pro- (c) Oxygen Demand grams on samples from the lower reach indi- Figure 7-31 shows average values for the cate only trace amounts of such metals as chemical and biochemical oxygen demands cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc, during the 1965 low-flow period for the stretch Within the basin the only significant sources downstream from the Little Cuyahoga River. of such ions are facilities owned or operated by The extremely high values observed just up- the Federal government. stream from the navigation channel were CONCENTRATION - mg/l U1 0 w 4@- cn 0) -4 00 0 0 0 0 West d Street Big.Creek Cleveland South to Rockside Road Tinkers Creek m 0 Canal Diversion < rn K 0 Brandy,ine Creek c Bolantz Road Akron WWTP 142 Appendix 7 caused by the discharge of raw sewage be- tween 10 and 15 mg/l were frequently observed cause of a major break in the Big Creek Inter- downstream from Akron and concentrations ceptor. These chemical oxygen demand values of 15 to 20 mg/l were observed in the naviga- are important because they indicate that the tion channel during low flows. ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand is ap- (g) Metals proximately three to five times higher than Toxic metals such as cadmium, chromium, five-day biochemical oxygen demand instead copper, nickel, and zinc were found only in of the usual 1.25 to 1.50 times. This is con- trace to small amounts. Concentrations of iron firmed by long-term biochemical oxygen de- ranged from 0.18 to 1.9 mg/l upstream from mand studies on the Akron wastewater Alexander Road, from 2.1 to 9.1 mg/l in the treatment plant effluent as well as by four section between Alexander and Rockside downstream river samples. Roads, and from 5.5 to 16.1 mg/l in the naviga- (d) Dissolved Oxygen tion channel. Although iron concentrations Dissolved oxygen concentrations in the are undesirable, the higher concentrations in Cuyahoga River downstream from its conflu- the lower reach cause a positive effect by pre- ence with the Little Cuyahoga River during a cipitating most phosphates which were dis- 1965 low-flow period are shown in Figure 7-31. solved in upstream channel waters. This re- Low dissolved oxygen values were observed duces the possibility of large algal blooms oc- just downstream from the discharges of the curring in the channel and adjacent inner Akron and Cleveland wastewater treatment harbor areas. Precipitated phosphates are facilities. Spot checks also indicate a serious removed from the channel during dredging. depression of dissolved oxygen levels in the (h) Bacteria pool area immediately upstream from the The median summer bacterial counts are canal diversion dam. extremely high for all points downstream from Typical diurnal fluctuations occurred in Lake Rockwell. When samples were collected the river immediately upstream from the the major municipal wastewater treatment Akron plant and at the two stations near the facilities were not practicing disinfection. end of the sampled reach. At the two Such facilities now use chlorination disinfec- downstream stations nearest the Akron plant tion. the variation was minor. The latter results in- (4) Chagrin River dicate possible toxic effects of wastes from The lower reach of the Chagrin River is of Akron on aquatic plants. good chemical quality. Concentrations of dis- Data on daily variations of the dissolved solved solids and metals are well within the oxygen concentrations in the summer of 1967 limits established by the Ohio Water Pollution were recorded by an automatic monitor in the Control Board for public water supplies and navigation channel. With the exception of only aquatic life. The ranges of pH, dissolved oxy- two days, there was almost no dissolved oxy- gen, and water temperature are also within gen concentration during July, August, and the limits established or preferred by the September. board for maintenance and propagation of (e) Temperature warmwater fish. The maximum water temperature re- The density of the bacterial organisms of corded during 1966 and 1967 at Independence sanitary significance found during the sampl- was 84'F. At West Third Street the maximum ing period, however, exceeded values gener- temperature recorded during 1967 was 95'F ally recommended for public water supply or but this occurred only one day. On three other swimming uses. days the maximum temperature reached 92*F. Immediately downstream from Chagrin During 1967 a maximum water temperature of Falls values for biochemical oxygen demand 97F was observed near Munroe Falls. and dissolved oxygen during the summer of (f) Nutrients 1967 ranged between 10 and 20 mg/1 and 5.9 The concentration of phosphates during and 8.4 mg/1 respectively. The maximum water 1964 ranged between 0.02 and 1.65 mg/l up- temperature observed during that time was stream from Kent, 0.09 and 16.3 mg/l between 780F. Kent and Akron, 0.12 and 8.66 mg/1 between The most serious water quality problem is Akron and Granger Road in Cleveland, and turbidity from silt caused by erosion of adja- 0.04 and 3.29 mg/1 downstream from Granger cent land areas, particularly upstream from Road. Only small amounts of ammonia were Chagrin Falls. In addition low dissolved oxy- found upstream from the confluence of the gen and color problems occur upstream from Little Cuyahoga River. Concentrations be- the falls at Chagrin Falls. Lake Erie 143 (5) Grand River natural conditions. More recent data, how- The Grand River at State Route 84 and up- ever, indicate bacterial counts higher than stream is of good chemical quality and in many those acceptable for public water supply and ways is similar to that of the Chagrin River. recreational use. In addition phosphate levels However, downstream from that point river may cause large algae blooms. water quality is sharply changed by municipal Water quality of the Ashtabula River at the and industrial waste discharges. The most im- 6th Street bridge (0.7 mile from the mouth) is portant changes are in the levels of dissolved affected by the discharge of Fields Brook solids, chlorides, chemical oxygen demand, which contains high concentrations of total and phenols. dissolved solids and chlorides from industrial At State Route 535 the concentration of dis- wastes. Upstream the river contains much solved solids varied from 161 to 10,298 mg/1 and lower concentrations of these constituents. the average of 43 samples was 4,199 mg/l. Dur- The lower river also contains higher eoncen- ing the same period the chlorides concentra- trations of ammonia and phenols and lower tion varied from 35 to 6,325 mg/l with an aver- concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Both the age value of 2,490 mg/l. Lower values found at -total and fecal coliform bacteria counts in the the Coast Guard Station indicate the dilution lower river are much higher than at upstream effect of intruding lake water. stations. Water quality of the lower river is Although the oxygen demand as measured degraded by discharges of sewage as well as by the biochemical oxygen demand test is low, organic industrial wastes. the chemical oxygen demand indicates the Because no significant waste discharges presence of significant amounts of carbonace- are made into either Conneaut Creek or Tur- ous matter. key Creek within Ohio, the present quality of Dissolved oxygen values at all four sampling these streams is essentially that of a natural stations were greater than 5.0 mg/1 at all times stream in the area. Some problems are caused during 1964. However, data from an automatic by soil erosion and nutrients from land runoff. monitor located at State Route 535 indicate the dissolved oxygen in the river was less than 1.0 mg/l at all times during a 12-day period 7.2.3.3 Lake Erie Shoreline beginning July 16, 1967. The maximum observed temperature dur- A total of 23 municipal water treatment ing 1964 at the four stations was 84'F. An in- plant intakes extend from the Ohio shore into stantaneous value of 88'F was recorded by the Lake Erie. Pertinent chemical and bacterial monitor in August 1967. quality data for 20 of these intakes during 1965 Phosphates and ammonia discharged from and 1966 are given in Table 7-4'4 Considerable municipal and industrial sources could create variation exists in such indicators as total sol- large algal blooms in the Lake and possibly in ids, turbidity, and bacterial counts at each in- the river. take. A gradual increase in dissolved solids Phenol concentrations at State Route 535 occurs from west to east. The variations at a varied from 1.1 to 112 parts per billion (ppb) particular intake depend on a number of fac- compared with upstream background values tors including depth of the intake, depth at of 0.0 to 5.8 ppb. which water is withdrawn, distance from Median bacterial densities upstream from shore and tributary streams, and water qual- State Route 84 indicate the stream was rea- ity in tributary streams. Other factors are sonably free of sanitary wastes. In contrast current patterns, bottom materials, and water total coliform densities were 9,000 counts per temperature. 100 ml at U.S. Route 20 and 150,000 counts per In spite of the variations, the chemical qual- 100 ml at State Route 535. ity of Lake Erie at all intakes at all times is well within the criteria limits for public water supplies. Fourteen of the 20 intakes meet all 7.2.3.2 Ashtabula River, Conneaut Creek, and bacterial criteria. Three other intakes had .Turkey Creek maximum counts exceeding 20,000 per 100 ml in more than 5 percent of the samples for one The present chemical quality of the or two months. These months occurred during Ashtabula River at the Main Street bridge is winter storm periods when there was consid- similar to that found during 1951 and 1952. In erable rainfall and turbulence in the Lake. general the chemical water quality ap- High maximum counts which occurred during proaches that which would exist under more than two months of the year were found 144 Appendix 7 at the intakes of Elyria and Lorain. High col- objectionable and may become malodorous iform levels at these two intakes are influ- upon decay. enced by storm sewer discharges, land runoff, Many of the above conditions occur at and the Black River. At several intakes in marinas and scenic coves as well as beaches. shallow waters debris in the bottom four feet Such conditions interfere with boating and the of water contains high coliform counts. aesthetic enjoyment of the Lake. Improved Taste and odor determinations are not gen- wastewater treatment practices alone will not e.rally made on Lake Erie water supplies. significantly improve these conditions. The However, a good indication of these charac- elimination or treatment of combined sewer teristics is the concentration of activated car- and stormwater discharges near these areas is bon used by several water treatment plants to required. The need for eliminating shoreline control tastes and odors in the summer of 1967. dumps is obvious. During June and July the monthly average Table 7-4 6 shows the. significant water qual- feed of activated carbon was generally less ity problems caused by the discharge of major than 2 mg/l, but during August the feed rate Ohio tributaries into Lake Erie and the zones was considerably higher, particularly at Lo- of their influence. Most zones of influence are rain and Mentor. relatively limited for most constituents. How- Algae growths were the main cause of taste ever, because all the tributaries drain areas of and odor problems during that summer. Be- limestone formations, they contribute large fore these problems occurred along the Ohio amounts of dissolved solids to the lake water. shoreline they were noted on July 25 at water From the western to eastern borders of Ohio works in New York and Pennsylvania. Three dissolved solids in the lake water increase to days later taste and odor problems were noted nearly 50 ppm. This represents an average at Mentor, Ohio, and they occurred later at addition of 31,000 tons of dissolved solids per plants further west. day. More than 70 percent of this amount is Water quality of beach areas is influenced discharged by the major Ohio tributaries. The by local lake currents, surrounding topog- Maumee and Grand Rivers alone contribute rapby and land use, proximity to tributary nearly.16,000 tons per day. Of the total amount streams, and discharges of sanitary sewage, of dissolved solids discharged from Ohio ap- industrial wastes, and storm waters. Table proximately 50 percent occur naturally in 7-45 shows the minimum and maximum col- tributary waters. iform counts and the geometric means found The Maumee, Portage, Sandusky, and at major bathing beaches during the 1967 sea- Cuyahoga Rivers contribute an average total son. With only a few exceptions water quality sediment load of nearly 5,100 tons per day. of the beach areas west of Lorain and east of Almost 65 percent of this load is discharged the Chagrin River meets all criteria during from the Maumee River. the entire bathing season. Water quality of the All the tributaries discharge nutrients into beaches at Lorain and Huntington Park gen- the Lake. erally meets all criteria, but coliform concen- trations were slightly higher than the maximum limit of 2,400 counts per 100 ml. At 7.2.4 Planning Subarea 4.4 beaches in the Cleveland area the coliform concentrations were considerably higher than Figure 7-32 shows Planning Subarea 4.4, criteria limits. which includes portions of Pennsylvania and In addition to high bacterial counts other New York. objectionable characteristics of some bathing area waters are debris, oils, sediment, color, and algae. Sources of debris include dumps 7.2.4.1 Pennsylvania along the shore and tributaries, wash-off from lands stripped for new construction, and care- (1) Lake Erie Open Waters less disposal of food and beverage containers. Open waters in Lake Erie are generally 200 Sources of oils and greases include municipal yards or more offshore except in Erie Harbor and industrial discharges, misused storm and Presque Isle Bay. sewers, and highway drainage. Wastewater The quality of these waters is suitable for effluents, and land run-off are major sources water contact sports, navigation, and recre- of solids and sediment and, in a few instances, ational boating. Following adequate treat- color. Algae in beach areas are aesthetically ment water quality is also suitable for with- Lake Erie 145 TABLE 7-44 Summary of Lake Erie Water Quality at Municipal Waterworks Intakes (July 1965- June 1966) Toledo Oregon Port Clinton Marblehead Sandusky Intake's Distance from shore (ft.) 10,000 5,200 1,000 390 2,500 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Total solids (mg/1) 167 282 128 211 168 282 190 246 193 265 Alkalinity as CaC03 (mg/1) 72 140 34 166 76 165 89 160 91 113 PH 7.6 8.9 7.9 8.8 7.4 8.4 7.2 8.0 7.7 8.5 Chlorides (mg/l) 15 36 22 23 16 26 22 24 11 21 Turbidity-units 5 148 4 98 25 300 1 160 5 1,560 Nitrates as N03 (mg/1) 0.5 1.0 1.5 --- 0.1 2.5 0.2 2.0 0 1.5 Hardness as CaC03 (mg/1) 103 234 108 300 100 306 138 216 138 166 Coliforms/100 ml; daily 10 2,400 12 24,000 280 24,000 314 11,000 14 2,400 Coliforms/100 ml; yearly averagel ill --- 449 --- 2,460 --- 1,209 --- 160 --- Percent of time monthly coliform 0 --- 0 --- 8.3 --- 0 --- 0 --- average > 5,000/10o mil No. days coliforms > 5,000/100 ml 0 --- 6 --- 37 --- 1 --- 0 --- No. days coliforms , 20,000/100 ml 0 --- 3 --- 6 --- 0 --- 0 --- Lake Co. West Crown Division Cleveland Baldwin Nottingham Plant (mentor) Intake's Distance from shore (ft.) 7,800 21,000 21,000 18,000 1,900 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Total solids (mg/1) 170 220 168 212 183 215 187 218 320 384 Alkalinity as CaC03 (mg/1) 83 104 77 100 87 95 66 98 77 107 PH 7.4 8.6 7.4 8.5 7.5 8.6 7.5 8.4 7.2 8.6 Chlorides (mg/1) 19 29 16 30 21 27 20 28 No data Turbidity-units 2 190 1 100 1 76 1 ill 4 529 Nitrates as N03 (mg/1) 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 1.0 1.0 0.5 No data Hardness as CaC03 (mg/1) 118 133 122 130 120 128 120 132 119 203 Coliforms/100 ml; daily 27 12,000 61 8,200 3 11,000 3 11,000 372 240,000 Coliforms/100 ml; yearly averagel 563 --- 417 --- 244 --- 202 --- 8,020 --- Percent of time monthly coliform 0 --- 0 --- 0 --- 0 --- 41.7 --- average @ 5,000/100 mil No. days coliforms , 5,000/100 ml 11 --- 3 --- 1 --- 1 --- 75 --- No. days coliforms > 20,000/100 mi 0 --- 0 --- 0 --- 0 --- 35 --- Huron Vermilion Elyria Lorain Avon Lake Intake's Distance from shore (ft.) 2,100 1,500 1,200 2,000 1,900 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Total solids (mg/1) 186 245 171 266 168 305 178 286 194 234 Alkalinity as CaG03 (mg/1) 84 107 90 100 86 108 80 99 80 93 PH 7.7 8.2 7.2 8.4 7.6 8.5 7.8 8.7 7.3 8.4 Chlorides (mg/1) 15 30 15 25 16 17 16 27 21 26 Turbidity-units 5 200 20 100 10 180 1 140 4 130 Nitrates as N03 (mg/1) 0 3.0 0 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 2.5 0 1.0 Hardness as CaC03 (mg/1) 114 140 100 150 124 138 116 138 114 146 Coliforms/100 ml; daily. 21 2,400 80 4,600 161 24,000 38 110,000 230 27,000 Coliforms/100 ml; yearly averagel 200 --- 876 --- 1,416 --- 3,673 --- 1,897 --- Percent of time monthly coliform 0 --- 0 --- 0 --- 33.3 --- 8.3 --- average > 5,000/100 mll 0 24 43 47 No. days coliforms, , 5,000/100 ml 0 --- --- --- --- No. days coliforms > 20,000/100 ml 0 --- 0 --- 5 --- 18 --- 2 --- Lake Co. East Painesville Fairport Plant (Madison) Ashtabula Conneaut Intake's Distance from shore (ft.) 3,800 1,000 2,000 1,500 1,500 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Total solids (mg/1) 214 400 219 274 271 500 192 217 210 230 Alkalinity as CaC03 (mg/1) 65 106 65 98 60 100 87 110 90 120 PH 7.0 8.8 7.3 9.08 7.2 8.4 7.7 8.2 7.5 7.8 Chlorides (mg/1) 22 43 24 38 25 54 21 30 21 33 Turbidity-units 5 400 10 168 4 250 5 260 3 110 Nitrates as N03 (mg/1) 0 1.0 0 3.5 0 2.0 0 1.0 0.2 2.0 Hardness as CaC03 (mg/1) 116 264 99 162 121 183 130 148 126 134 Coliforms/100 ml; daily 56 110,000 47 11,000 314 24,000 27 9,600 44 24,000 Coliform./100 ml; yearly averagel 3,426 --- 1,832 --- 1,209 --- 359 --- 620 --- Percent of time monthly coliform 16.7 --- 8.3 --- 0 --- 0 --- 0 --- average > 5,000/100 mil No. days coliforms @ 5,000/100 ml 42 --- 4 --- 11 --- 3 --- 0 --- 0 1 0 0 No. days coliforms > 20,000/100 ml 11 --- --- --- --- --- 1Arithmetical Average 146 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-45 Summary of the Bacterial Qual- the eastern lake portion and create an irrever- ity of the Waters at Beaches Along Lake Erie sible process. (1967 Bathing Season) The effects of waste discharges in Erie Har- bor are discussed later. Coliforms per 100 ml (2) Lake Erie Shoreline Waters Minimum Maximum Monthly Lake Erie shoreline waters are generally Beach Day Day Avg. within 200 yards offshore except in Erie Har- East Harbor 30 24,000 148a bor and Presque Isle Bay. Crane Creek 80 724,000 955b Shoreline water quality is generally poorer Lakeview 40 3,800 1,000 than offshore water quality. The water is more Century 20 3,300 800 turbid because of shoreline erosion and tribu- Huntington Park 36 4,600 450 tary inputs. Total coliform counts are higher Perkins 230 110,000+ 16,400 than in the open waters because of direct dis- Edgewater 750 110,000+ 35,000 charges and tributary inputs. Discoloration White City 2,300 110,000+ 45,000 and foaming are caused by waste discharges Wildwood 430 110,000+ 10,300 from the Hammermill Paper Company. Mentor Park 200 1,200 580 Detached Cladophora wash up on the shore Painesville 200 1,300 510 in large amounts, usually during the recrea- Fairport 200 800 390 tion season. This interferes with swimming, Madison 200 1,400 460 boat launching, and shoreline fishing. Geneva 270 10,000 600 The high turbidity of shoreline waters de- Walnut 20 560 142 tracts from the usefulness of these waters for Lakeshore 16 630 171 withdrawal uses regardless of other quality considerations. For this reason withdrawal aAugust uses are not likely to occur except for those b that can stand the high turbidity. Intakes will 1-964 Data probably be extended to open waters for the more sensitive uses. Total coliform levels near the mouths of drawal uses such as municipal and industrial some tributary streams create a problem since water supply. Municipal water use requires the tributaries provide a natural access cor- coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and ridor to the Lake. With the exception of Presque chlorination. Special pretreatment and taste Isle most natural beach areas on the Pennsyl- and odor control chemicals are needed at the vania shoreline are located at the mouths of City of Erie water intake when algal blooms tributaries. occur and when wastes from the Erie Harbor Protection of shoreline waters to permit area are blown westward to the intake. In the maximum recreational development is 10-mile area on the eastern side of Erie Har- needed. Continued protection of the existing bor, the normal downstream area, water in- Presque Isle beaches is urgent, and restora- tended for municipal use would require this tion of other areas should be undertaken. special treatment on a continuous basis. (3) Erie Harbor and Presque Isle Bay Water quality of the eastern lake portion is The outer Erie Harbor receives the largest suitable for indigenous and introduced fish in- waste loads in the area, discharged from the cluding rainbow trout and coho salmon. The City of Erie and the Hammermill Paper Com- western edge of the central lake portion shows pany. These wastes are mixed in the vortex severe deoxygenation of waters beneath the that exists on the eastern side of Presque Isle. thermocline which limits the number and The water is discolored and contains a high species of fish that can inhabit the area. biochemical oxygen demand. Foaming occurs The major problems of the open waters are frequently and deoxygenation lowers oxygen related to eutrophication of the Lake. Eu- values to 4 mg/l in the surface waters. trophication contributes to deoxygenation of When wind blows from the east or northeast waters trapped below the thermocline, limit- the Lake rises forcing some water into the ing the habitat of desirable fish and aquatic inner harbor and Presque Isle Bay. Here it life. Eutrophication also causes frequent mixes with sewage overflows from the City of algal blooms which interfere with withdrawal Erie and with some minor industrial dis- uses. Control of eutrophication is the most ur- charges. gent problem of the open waters. Unless it is The waters of Erie Harbor and Presque Isle corrected as soon as possible it will deteriorate Bay are generally unsuitable for water- Lake Erie 147 LAKE ONTARIO NIAGARA Lockport Niag a F Is Tonawa 0 onawanda k Grand d ON AWANDA-BU ALO Ellicott CN s Bu alo La cas 'P@t@p:k East Aur a 0 Oix\ Hamburg 46 Cr. ,are%$ Springviiii le .ettar Dunkirk ERIE CATTARAUGUS 4- 0 Fredonia !I@ -_j J We ield z Presque Isle oSalamanca Erie U) LLI @Jamestown *Olean z z z LU CHAUTAUQUA NEWYORK CATTARAUGUS L & L -- 1 PENNSYLVANIA z 0 Corry 0 w ERIE -Union City VICINITY MAP -A- SCALE IN MILES 100 -E ...... ow tot SCALE IN MILES 11MANA P-,-I 0 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 7-32 Planning Subarea 4.4 148 Appendix 7 contact recreation and municipal and indus- There is an urgent need to protect waters trial supply (except cooling water). suitable for rainbow trout and coho salmon Warmwater species, particularly yellow hatcheries because these fish are necessary perch, white bass, largemouth black bass, and for a rapid restoration of lake sport fisheries. pike, abound in the better sections of Presque Headwater areas of nearly all tributaries Isle Bay along the north shore. The bay is are of suitable quality for all uses. Water is protected, and these species provide a popular unsuitable for water-contact recreation in sport fishery. The bay front area along the Elk, Fourmile, and Sixteenmile Creeks near south shore provides only marginal fishing their mouths and in Conneaut Creek below and the water is often aesthetically offensive. Conneautville. Cascade Creek, Mill Creek, and Improved water quality in the harbor and Garrison Run are generally unsuitable for any bay will enhance recreational and withdrawal uses. The most urgent need for these uses, particularly along the south shore bay tributaries is to improve water quality and front area of Presque Isle Bay. reduce the adverse effects of tributary waters (4) Lake Erie Tributaries on the Lake's shoreline areas. The Pennsylvania tributaries of Lake Erie are small. The largest, Conneaut Creek, has a drainage area of only 154 square miles in 7.2.4.2 New York Pennsylvania. Despite their small size these tributaries play a major role in lake use. Some The New York State portion of the Lake Erie tributaries carry large numbers of bacteria drainage basin consists of 96 identified (total coliforms) into the Lake. This contrib- tributaries from Tonawanda Creek to Twen- utes to shoreline contamination, particularly tymile Creek draining a total area of 1,776 at access areas. These coliforms come from in- square miles (Table 7-47). Water quality in adequately treated sewage from sewage these streams is a function of stream flow, treatment works, malfunctioning on-lot sew- subsurface geology, land usages, and waste age disposal systems such as septic tanks, and discharges. Several villages and urban soil erosion. townships in the Buffalo area influence water An environmental survey of Erie County in- quality. Major cities within the planning sub- dicated that only two percent of the soils are area are shown in Figure 7-32. Agriculture, suitable for on-lot sewage disposal systems. the major land usage near the Lake, gives rise Malfunctioning on-lot disposal systems exist to numerous canneries and grape-proce s sing throughout the county. Wastes from one per- industries. son could contaminate as much as 10 mgd of Most basin streams are not capable of any water, rendering it unsuitable for water con- appreciable sustained flow (Table 7-47). The tact sports. only exception is Cattaraugus Creek which Sewerage planning is moving forward has a 7-day 10-year low flow of 60 cfs from a rapidly in the suburban Erie municipalities. drainage area of 428 square miles. However, some of these areas are too remote Most inland streams originate in Upper De- from the City of Erie to make a connection that vonian shale and sandstone formations. Con- would be economically feasible at present. sequently they contain high concentrations of Interim planning creates the second problem dissolved solids and hardness. Sulfate content of the tributaries. is high in areas of gypsum deposits. , ` Many Lake Erie tributaries, particularly Water quality is high in the headwaters up- Godfreys Run, Trout Run, Crooked Creek, stream from the Buffalo metropolitan area Walnut Creek, Sixmile Creek, and Twelvemile and other population and industrial centers. Creek, are nursery waters for lake-run rain- By far the only significant stream with appre- bow trout and are likely to become important ciable flow of high quality water is the Cat- nursery and hatchery waters for coho salmon. taraugus Creek above the Village of Gowanda The water quality needs for these uses, par- except for a short reach below the Village of ticularly temperature, dissolved oxygen, and Arcade. ammonia concentrations, are such that at Water quality in Lake Erie is affected by a least a 20:1 dilution of stream water to secon- large steel industry located on its shores near dary effluent is needed. Because the available Buffalo where industrial waste discharges dilution is 4:1 or less for most areas, tertiary contribute to the deteriorated quality. How- treatment or long outfalls to the Lake are ever, the industry plans a sizable construction necessary. This in turn may make the sewer- program to eliminate or reduce wastes. age projects unfeasible. The remainder of the streams in the wa- Lake Erie 149 tershed suffer from the fertilizing effects of charges in Lake Erie cause minimal and nutrients received from domestic sewage dis- mostly localized effects. charges and agricultural runoff. This causes The lower five miles of the Buffalo River are the abundant growth of rooted and floating severely degraded by four major municipal aquatic weeds and algae. Heavy growths and discharges and five major industrial waste accumulations of the attached algae, discharges as well as other smaller municipal Cladophora, have been a nuisance along the and industrial wastes. These industries dis- Lake Erie waterfront. Tributary waste dis- charge waste process waters originating from TABLE7-46 Summary of the Significant Constituents of Ohio Tributaries to Lake Erie and Their Area of Influence Tributary Constituents Area of Influence Maumee River Dissolved solids Maumee Bay Sediment + Settleable solids Toledo Waterworks Intake Coliform bacteria Oregon Waterworks Intake Oxygen demand Reno Beach Oil Michigan Water of Lake Erie Color Portage River Bacteria Port Clinton Waterworks Intake Black River Sediment + Settleable solids Harbor Coliform bacteria Elyria Waterworks Intake Oil Lorain Waterworks Intake Color Lorain-Beaches Rocky River Sediment Bay Coliform bacteria Nearby beaches Oxygen demand Cuyahoga River Dissolved solids Harbor Sediment + Settleable solids Nearby beaches Coliform bacteria Cleveland Waterworks Intake Oxygen demand Oil Color Taste and odors Chagrin River Sediment Nearby beaches Coliform bacteria Grand River Dissolved solids Harbor Sediment + Settleable solids Nearby beaches Coliform bacteria Painesville Waterworks Intake Fairport Waterworks Intake Marsh Creek Coliform bacteria Bay Taste and odors Nearby beach Mentor Waterworks Intake Ashtabula River Dissolved solids Harbor Sediment Beaches Coliform bacteria Ashtabula Waterworks Intake Color 150 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-47 Flow Summary of Lake Erie treatment with phosphorus removal and dis- Tributaries, Planning Subarea 4.4-New York charge of effluent through diffusers into Lake Drainage Area Streamflow Erie. Stream Total Gaged Average MA7CD7-10yr. The water quality problems described above Tonawanda Creek 631.0 447.Oa NA NA are being alleviated. Basinwide planning has Buffalo River 436.0b 374.3 413.3 9.4 indicated the potential for residential and in- Buffalo Creek 149.0 145.0 186 4.5 dustrial development and presented long- Cayuga Creek 126.0b 93.3 12.3 0.4 range economic alternatives consistent with Cazenovia Creek 138.0b 136.0 215 4.5 Smoke Creek 32.9 14.6 18 Trace the area's water resources development po- Rush Creek 8.6 NA Intermittent tential. Engineering studies for individual Eighteenmile Creek 120.0 119.0 142 2.3 problem solution are in various stages of com- Big Sister Creek 49.2 48.4 60 0.1 pletion. Although concern for water quality Cattaraugus Creek 554.0 428.0 705 66 Silver Creek 51.9 NA NA 0.3 control needs will continue, significant steps Canadaway Creek 40.0 NA NA 2.0+0.5' are being taken to solve both immediate and Chautauqua Creek 36.0 NA NA 1.4c long-range aspects of the problem. Twentymile Creek 34.7 NA NA NA Total 1994.3 aIncludes Ellicot Creek, Tonawanda Creek, and Little Tonawanda Creek. 7.3 Water Quality Control Needs bIncluded in Buffalo River totals. cIncludes STP Flow. NA--Not Available. 7.3.1 Introduction Increased municipal and industrial waste the manufacture of steel, chemicals, dyes, pe- loadings on existing wastewater treatment troleum products, and the production of coke. facilities coupled with the limited ability of Sampling results from the New York State most receiving streams to assimilate effluents manual sampling stations on the Buffalo from such facilities has resulted in continued River indicate high ammonia, phenol, and degradation of Lake Erie basin streams. Part chloride concentrations present in the lower of the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study is Buffalo River. In addition iron and sulfate intended to define guidelines for water quality concentrations are moderately high. Some control. This section determines needs and improvement in water quality has been noted quality control alternatives and establishes since the Lake Erie cooling water project has the costs of necessary pollution control facili- been in operation. Effects on Lake Erie water ties for the planning subareas in the Lake quality are minimal because of the proximity Erie basin. of the Buffalo River to the Niagara River out- flow. The project does have an effect on Lake Ontario. 7.3.2 Methodology Waste discharges from tannery and glue works in Gowanda seriously degrade water Methods used to determine waste load pro- quality in Cattaraugus Creek. Monitoring re- jections and treatment requirements are out- sults show relatively high ammonia, organic lined in the Introduction. Municipal and in- nitrogen, and chromium concentrations in the dustrial organic waste loads were separated creek below these discharges. Both industries where available data permitted, although have retained an industrial waste consultant some industrial wastes are treated in munici- and have conducted pilot plant studies to in- pal treatment systems. Estimates of capital vestigate waste treatment. The New York and operating and maintenance costs are State Department of Environmental Conser- given by planning periods for planning sub- vation is awaiting submission of final plans. areas. Several small streams in Erie and Chautauqua Counties are degraded by the discharge of incompletely treated wastes from 7.3.3 Planning Subarea 4.1-Michigan canneries and grape processing plants. The municipalities and industries involved are studying the technical and fiscal aspects of 7.3.3.1 Population and Wastewater Volumes their waste problems before proceeding with final design of remedial waste treatment Embracing nine counties in southeastern facilities. Preliminary plans call for secondary Michigan, Planning Subarea 4.1 is dominated Lake Erie 151 by the Detroit metropolitan area. In 1970 some partment of Housing and Urban Develop- 4.85 million people resided in the planning ment's Water and Sewer Facilities Planning subarea. Wayne County, which includes the Requirements Guide of January 1966. As such City of Detroit, accounted for 55 percent of the it serves as the basic reference document for total 1970 population. Between 1960 and 1970 review of grant requests for water, sewer, and the planning subarea experienced a 13 percent drainage facilities. increase in population. In the next 50 years SEMCOG's report essentially reaffirms the the population is projected to increase 90 per- regional interceptor and treatment concept cent to approximately 9.57 million in 2020. In- recommended in the 1964 reports of the creases in wastewater flows are expected to Supervisors Inter-County Committee. The substantially increase over the period, as concept is also updated through the incorpora- shown in Table 7-48. tion of certain revisions adopted by some counties involved. In evaluation of advanced waste treatment TABLE7-48 Projections of Wastewater Flows needs this section adheres to the regional and Population Served, Planning Subarea system plan outlined in the SEMCOG report, 4.1-Michigan and summarizes the existing development of Population Wastewater Flows (MGD) the regional system and its future develop- Served by Municipal Industrial ment as presently foreseen. Advanced waste Subarea Municipal Treatmenta Treatment treatment needs are delineated both for areas Year Population Facilities Facilities Facilities" outside the regional system and for areas 1970 4,848,153 4,000,000 897 746 within the system but independent of it. This 1980 5,799,200 4,950,000 992 504 discussion is structured on a county basis. 2000 7,426,400 6,600,000 1,194 247 2020 9,569,600 8,700,000 1,556 255 (1) Wayne County The major part of Wayne County is served aTotal of domestic, commercial, and industrial wastewater by two independent interceptor and treat- anticipated to be treated in municipal wastewater ment systems operated by the Detroit Metro btreatment facilities% Water Department and the Wayne County Industrial wastewater anticipated to be treated in industry-owned wastewater treatment facilities. Department of Public Works. Approximately five minor wastewater treatment plants also operate in the county. Plans call for expansion of existing intercep- 7.3.3.2 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs tor systems to serve the entire county. The principal new facilities foreseen include a Numerous reports and plans have been pre- major interceptor parallelling the Huron pared on the water quality control problems River. The Huron River interceptor will serve and needs of Planning Subarea 4.1. Three such western Wayne County, central and western reports are of fundamental importance to this Oakland County, and possibly portions of section. Washtenaw County. Certain minor treatment In 1964 two reports were published by the plants such as those at Flat Rock and National Sanitation Foundation under aus- Rockwood are programmed for upgrading and pices of the former Supervisors Inter-County operation on an interim basis pending comple- Committee. These reports are entitled A Re- tion of the interceptor system. port on Sewage Disposal Problems and Report Advanced waste treatment needs are not on Metropolitan Environmental Study- anticipated for Wayne County. Sewerage and Drainage Problems, Adminis- (2) Macomb County trative Affairs. The reports recommended a Macomb County has adopted a program to plan for interceptor sewers and sewage treat- meet its wastewater treatment needs through ment for the entire metropolitan area. connection to the Detroit system via a system In October 1970 the Southeast Michigan of interceptors, and the phased elimination of Council of Governments (SEMCOG) published all treatment plants in Macomb County. Por- a report detailing the development of water tions of the Clinton-Oakland Interceptor Sys- supply, sanitary sewer and sewage treatment tem are under construction and will soon facilities, and storm drainage facilities for the provide service to the southern half of the southeastern Michigan region. This report county. As population growth warrants, this covered six of the nine counties within Plan- system is planned for expansion ultimately to ning Subarea 4.1. SEMCOG's report is consid- serve the entire county. The ultimate design of ered an interim plan with reference to the De- the interceptor system as presently foreseen 152 Appendix 7 would probably be reached between 1990 and land County in the Shiawassee River basin, 2000. the Village of Holly will need advanced waste There is one possible exception to this gen- treatment before 1980 to meet water quality eral outlook. The City of Warren may elect not standards in the Shiawassee River. Holly to join the Detroit Metro Water Department's plans to install facilities to meet this need. regional system. In that event Warren will (4) Washtenaw County need to provide advanced waste treatment in In Washtenaw County major water quality the present planning period of 1970 to 1980 to problems exist in the Ann Arbor-Ypsilanti protect water quality in the Red Run Drain area. Future wastewater treatment develop- and Clinton River. In future planning periods ments in this area have not been resolved. Two higher treatment levels corresponding with alternatives are open for the Cities of Ann Warren's growth will be needed. Advanced Arbor and Ypsilanti. They can elect to connect waste treatment at Warren is not an accepta- to the proposed Huron River Interceptor Sys- ble alternative for State and Federal financial tem and abandon their existing treatment assistance under existing sewage treatment plants, or they can upgrade their existing works grant programs. treatment plants to provide advanced waste (3) Oakland County treatment. If the second alternative is The southwestern quarter of Oakland selected advanced waste treatment will be County is served by Detroit Metro Water De- needed in the present 1970 to 1980 planning partment. The Clinton-Oakland Interceptor period to meet water quality standards in the System, portions of which are now under con- Huron River downstream from this area. struction, will serve additional areas in the According to present proposals, waste col- east and central portions of the county. This lection and treatment service for Ypsilanti system will eventually be extended to serve Township and portions of Superior, Pittsfield, the northeast portion of Oakland County. and Augusta Townships would be provided The Huron River Interceptor System is through the Huron River Interceptor and planned to serve much of the western portion Treatment Plant System. The feasibility and of Oakland County. Parts of this system are timing of the implementation of these pro- proposed for construction in the immediate fu- posals may be affected by the course of action ture. eventually selected by the Cities of Ann Arbor By the year 2000 it is anticipated that all but and Ypsilanti. the northwestern part of the county will be Upstream in the Huron River basin the Vil- served by regional interceptors. Two possible lage of Chelsea will require advanced waste exceptions to this general outlook involve the treatment in the present 1970 to 1980 planning communities of Pontiac and Rochester. period to meet water quality standards in Pontiac has elected not to join the regional Letts Creek. Sometime after the year 2000 system. It will upgrade its existing two plants Chelsea may be served by the Huron River to provide advanced waste treatment to meet Interceptor System. This will depend on popu- water quality standards in the Clinton River lation growth in the upper Huron watershed downstream from the Pontiac area. To com- and on the emerging design of this interceptor plement its advanced waste treatment proc- system. esses during drought periods, Pontiac will also Northfield Township will also require ad- provide low-flow augmentation using vanced waste treatment in the present 1970 to ground-water sources. These actions are re- 1980 planning period to protect water quality quired in the present 1970 to 1980 planning in Horseshoe Drain and the Huron River. period. Northfield Township may also have the option Rochester has not announced a decision as of joining a regional system after 2000. to whether it will contract for wastewater Two areas in the Saline River basin will also treatment services with the Detroit Metro probably require advanced waste treatment. Water Department. If it elects to continue op- The City of Milan will probably require ad- eration of its own facility, advanced waste vanced waste treatment before 1980 to meet treatment will be required at Rochester before water quality standards in the Saline River 1980 to protect water quality in the Clinton downstream from Milan. Upstream the City of River below this area. Advanced waste treat- Saline will probably need advanced waste ment at Rochester is not an acceptable alter- treatment before 1980 to meet standards in native for State and Federal financial as- the Saline River downstream from Saline. sistance. (5) Livingston County Located in the northwestern portion of Oak- Although Livingston County is placed Lake Erie 153 within the boundaries of Planning Subarea planning period to meet water quality stand- 4.1, only the southern one-third of the county ards in Mill Creek below Yale City. Mill Creek iswithin the riverbasin group inthisplanning is a major tributary of the Black River. subarea. In this part of the county, the City (7) Lapeer County of Brighton will probably need advanced A portion of southeastern Lapeer County is waste treatment within the 1980 to 2000 plan- within the Belle, Black, and Clinton River ba- ning period to protect water quality in Ore sins. Located in this area, Imlay City will Creek and Brighton Lake. According to the probably require advanced waste treatment Livingston County water and sewer plan, in the 1980 to 2000 planning period to meet Brighton's treatment plant will eventually water quality standards in the North Branch provide service for the greater Brighton area. of the Belle River downstream from Imlay (6) St. Clair County City. The St. Clair County Department of Public (8) Sanilac County Works and various municipalities are engaged At this time there are no regional or in a number of projects to expand and upgrade areawide wastewater treatment programs wastewater treatment facilities to serve the planned for Sanilac County. urban eastern portions of the county. In the Advanced waste treatment is required at immediate future a number of existing treat- Sandusky City in the present planning period ment plants will be upgraded and expanded to protect water quality in the Berry Drain and additional service areas will be connected. and the Black River. Sandusky operates ter- It is planned that three treatment plants will tiary filtering facilities during low-flow eventually serve the entire eastern portion of periods to meet this need. the county. Expansion of the existing treat- (9) Monroe County ment plants in Port Huron and Algonac has Monroe County has adopted a long-range been proposed so that they can handle plan of waste treatment as part of its "Com- additional flows, and a new treatment plant is plan 2000," the official planning guideline for proposed for construction in East China the county to the year 2000. The plan recom- Township. At that time existing treatment mended the division of the county into three plants in Marysville, St. Clair, and Marine City sewage disposal districts. The northeast would be phased out. corner of the county, including the Villages of The City of Yale will probably need ad- South Rockwood, Estral Beach, and Carleton, vanced waste treatment in the 2000 to 2020 is to be served by the Huron River Interceptor TABLE 7-49 Areas Anticipated to Need Advanced Waste Treatment, Planning Subarea 4.1- Michigan Planning Estimated 7-Day-10- County Area Period Waters Affected Year Low Flow (cfs) Lapeer Imlay City 1980-2000 N. Branch Belle River 1-3 Lenawee Tecumseh 1980-2000 River Raisin about 15 Lenawee Adrian 1970-1980 S. Branch Raisin River 15-20 Macomb Warren 1970-1980 Red Run Drain 40-50 Clinton River Oakland Holly 1970-1980 Shiawassee River 2.2 Oakland Pontiac 1970-1980 Clinton River 6 Oakland Rochester 1970-1980 Clinton River 41 Sanilac Sandusky 1970-1980 Berry Drain 0 Washtenaw Ann Arbor 1970-1980 Huron River 53 Washtenaw Ypsilanti 1970-1980 Huron River 53 Washtenaw Saline 1970-1980 Saline River 4 Washtenaw Chelsea 1970-1980 Letts Creek 3.5 Wahstenaw Milan 1970-1980 Saline River 8 Washtenaw Northfield Twp. 1970-1980 Horseshoe Drain 0.5 Monroe Monroe Metro 2000-2020 River Raisin 34 St. Clair Yale 2000-2020 Mill Creek about 3 Livingston Brighton 1980-2000 Ore Creek about 2 154 Appendix 7 System. The River Raisin basin would be stantial in Planning Subarea 4.1 throughout served by the Monroe municipal treatment the period from 1970 to 2020. Cost estimates plant, and the southern portion of the county have been prepared for capital costs and would be served by the Toledo treatment operating and maintenance costs. These esti- facilities. mates are presented in Table 7-50. The final implementation of this three-part system is not anticipated until after the year TABLE7-50 Projected Municipal Wastewater 2000. The county plan outlines a schedule of Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea interceptor construction and expansion of a 4.1-Michigan number of local treatment plants for interim operation. Ave. Annual Operating Only one area in Monroe County may need Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs advanced waste treatment in the study period * Period ($ Million) ($ Million) The City of Monroe treatment plant presently 1970-1980 700.0 45.0 serves a population of approximately 24,000 1980-2000 300.0 55.0 and receives large amounts of organic waste 2000-2020 375.0 75.0 from four paper mills. The population of the Monroe metropolitan service district, as pres- ently outlined, would be approximately These figures represent costs for municipal 370,000 in the year 2000. Assuming the con- wastewater treatment facilities only. Costs for tinued operation of the paper mills and rates of separate industrial wastewater treatment population growth as projected in the county facilities and stormwater overflow control are plan, advanced waste treatment will be not included. It should be noted, however, that needed in the study period. municipal facilities in the planning subarea The City of Adrian needs advanced waste handle a large volume of industrial waste- treatment in the present planning period to water. meet water quality standards in the River Raisin below the city. Adrian currently achieves treatment performance levels in ex- 7.3.4 Planning Subarea 4.2 cess of 90 percent BOD removal. Treatment requirements will increase in future periods corresponding with population and economic 7.3.4.1 Ohio growth. The City of Tecumseh will probably require (1) Wastewater Volume and Advanced advanced waste treatment in the 1980 to 2000 Waste Treatment Needs planning period to protect water quality in the The Ohio portion of Planning Subarea 4.2 River Raisin downstream from Tecumseh. consists of 20 northwest Ohio counties. These (10) Lenawee County counties lie within the basins of the Maumee, To date Lenawee County has not been con- Portage, Sandusky, Huron, and Vermilion sidered in any of the regional treatment sys- Rivers, all tributaries of Lake Erie. tem proposals. It is anticipated that two areas The Maumee River sytem includes the Tif- will require advanced waste treatment in the fin, St. Joseph, St. Marys, Blanchard, study period. Auglaize, and Ottawa Rivers. Seven nodal or (11) Summary reference points (Figure 7-34) were estab- A total of 17 areas will probably require ad- lished to define the wastewater treatment vanced waste treatment in the 1970 to 2020 needs in this diverse and complex river sys- period. Advance waste treatment needs for 12 tem. The present wastewater flow is estimated areas fall within the 1970 to 1980 period, for to be 145 mgd including 102 mgd with large three additional areas in the 1980 to 2000 organic loads discharged in the Toledo area. period, and for two more areas in the 2000 to The inland wastewater flow of 43 mgd com- 2020 period. Table 7-49 presents a list of ad- prises more than one-eighth of the 7-day 10- vanced waste treatment needs in Planning year low-now of the tributary streams at each Subarea 4.1 (Figure 7-33). of the established nodal points. It is apparent that on the basis of flow, advanced waste treatment is required throughout the entire 7.3.3.3 Treatment Costs basin before 1980. The extremely low-flow condition in the Wastewater treatment costs will be sub- Maumee River basin has concerned the State Lake Erie 155 7r- MAP SCALE IN MILES 50 100 -#E 0 z S BLACK got 16,SANILAC 0 Port uron 4f, 4 ST CLAIR ST. C OAKLAND MACOMB St. Cl ir 5 r Ily LIVINGSTON Romeo 4 Richmond G L. ke Orion CLINTON Marine City e, 6 7hester Ne Bal lore nti 0 Howell hor 68 Algonac Mt mense M I ord 0 17' 63 4 A 0 C.", e. WAYr4t D 14 0 0 0 HU PlInouth 0 etroit LAKE ST. CLAIR '11D Ch sea 9 ROUGE 10 Ann Arbor Y anti 13\ WASHTENAW Fla, oa MI* EXPLANATION 2 T @umseh 2 Areas anticipated to require advanced QAISIN waste treatment 1970-2020 - 0 Number refers to text citation M Adri Hu n Stream reaches affected Blissfield SCALEIN MILES 4ENAWEE C H;I@G@N ROE 10 15 (, OHIO FIGURE 7-33 Planning Subarea 4.1, Advanced Waste Treatment Needs 156 Appendix 7 r4 S LAKE ERIE HIN i a any 4 M'C UCAS edo Mont i L OTTAWA cp ciKellys Island L AMS FULTON 0% ort Clin Sandusky Bay ryan 0 DEFIANCE Napoleort: lin Gree Sandusky a ont Auburn ............. S INT 0 GE Bellev '14orw cl r_ek HENRY wn F oria URON- LION lu I "AM Idina . . . . . . . . .- ffir 0 WI lard PAU SE FrA -ZZZ-% HURON Fort Wayn VAN CRAWFORD ALLEN ................... C y SANDUSKY Wert ALLEN HANCOCK D I Ujr an ky Ada Lima AD IZE MER An. neta Celina Ma EXPLANATION 0 Reference (Nodal) point Potential flow augmentation Stream reaches requiring advanced waste treatment VICINITY MAP IE 1. ..1.11 0 so 100 ILL- SCALE IN MILES 0 5 10 15 20 25 FIGURE 7-34 Planning Subarea 4.2, Wastewater Treatment Needs Lake Erie 157 of Ohio for some time. The Northwest Ohio costs were derived following the methodology Water Development Plan calls for a number of guidelines by taking into account those indus- projects to increase the sustained flow tries involved in food processing (SIC 20), pulp throughout a number of basin streams. How- and paper (SIC 26), and leather (SIC 31). ever, with the exception of the St. Joseph ba- sin, the proposed sustained stream flow pro- gram is inadequate to meet the 8:1 dilution 7.3.4.2 Indiana requirements established in the methodology for this appendix. Therefore, advanced waste The Indiana portion of Planning Subarea 4.2 treatment will be essential and should be in- contains the State's fourth most populous stalled in the first planning period. SMSA, centering around Fort Wayne, the Nodal reference points were also estab- State's second largest city. The diverse man- lished for the Portage, Sandusky, Huron, and ufacturing in this area includes automotive Vermilion River basins to investigate thepol- parts, communications equipment, light man- lutional loads and the effects of proposed proj- ufacturing, and food processing. Projected ects to enhance stream flows. Agricultural levels of population and wastewater flows for wastes as well as municipal and industrial this three-county area are presented in Table wastes plague the Portage and Sandusky wa- 7-52. tersheds. Inadequate treatment facilities for domestic wastes, combined sewer overflows, and large discharges from food processing in- TABLE7-52 Projections of Wastewater Flows dustries tax the assimilative capacity of the and Population Served, Planning Subarea receiving streams. There is little possibility of 4.2-Indiana Portion achieving adequate sustained flow from pro- Population Wastewater Flows (MGD) posed project development in the Vermilion Served by Municipal Industrial Subarea Municipal Treatment a Treatment b River basin to satisfy the waste flow projec- Year Population Facilities Facilities Facilities tions for the 1970 to 1980 period. Advanced waste treatment is recommended throughout 1970 339,186 226,507 37.3 4.0 1980 384,000 272,000 42.9 4.2 each of the principal basins cited above. 2000 482,000 482,000 54.3 4.2 (2) Municipal Wastewater Treatment 2020 591,000 581,000 66.5 7.0 Costs A summary of costs by planning periods has aTotal of domestic, commercial, and industrial wastewater anticipated to be treated in municipal wastewater been derived following methodology estab- treatment facilities. lished for this appendix. Capital costs, includ- bAnticipated industrial wastewater discharges; includes ing new plant and replacement costs and an- both process and cooling water; based on self-supplied nual operation and maintenance costs, are industrial water withdrawals less consumption. listed in Table 7-51 for Planning Subarea 4.2 in Ohio. (3) Industrial Wastewater Requirements Fort Wayne, Garrett, Auburn, and Decatur and Treatment Costs have existing needs for advanced waste Because little information is available on treatment facilities. Smaller communities dis- industrial wastewater flows and existing charging wastes into low-flow ditches will be treatment facilities, the discussion of this as- expected to provide facilities in the near fu- pect of the report is limited. However, gross ture (Table 7-53). TABLE7-51 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 4.2-Ohio Portion Municipal Treatment Costs Industrial Treatment Costs Capital Ave. Annual Oper@_ting Capital Ave. Annual Operating Planning Costs and Maintenance Costs Costs and Maintenance Costs Period ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) Present-1980 52.0 6.6 11.0 1.2 1980-2000 96.0 8.6 6.6 1.2 2000-2020 121.0 10.4 10.1 1.4 158 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-53 Areas Anticipated to Need Ad- treated sewage seriously affects the recovery vanced Waste Treatment, Planning Subarea capabilities of the streams. Although several 4.2-Indiana Portion proposed projects should have marginal ef- Period fects on water quality directly downstream, Stream Location Required advanced waste treatment is required to Maumee River Fort Wayne 1970-2020 achieve a satisfactory level of stream water Cedar Creek Auburn 1970-2020 quality. St. Marys River Decatur 1970-2020 The headwaters of the Cuyahoga River Garrett City Ditch Garrett 1970-2020 above Akron generally exhibit good water quality and serve as a source of public water supplies. However, quality degradation is Treatment cost estimates for the Indiana caused by urban development in the portion of Planning Subarea 4.2 are presented Cleveland-Akron area. The river below Akron in Table 7-54. is seriously polluted. The lower reach serves as a navigation channel through Cleveland and exhibits gross amounts of oils, solids, and TABLE 7-54 Projected Municipal Wastewater oxygen-consuming materials from both mu- Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea nicipal and industrial discharges. Advanced 4.2-Indiana Portion waste treatment must be installed in this Ave. Annual Operating basin to reach suitable quality standards. Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs Advanced waste treatment is also necessary Period ($ Million) ($ Million) in the Chagrin, Grand, Ashtabula, and Con- neaut River basins. Water quality in the upper 1970-1980 2.8 1.0 reaches is higher than that in the lower, more 1980-2000 12.1 1.5 densely developed areas. Municipal and in- 2000-2020 15.3 1.8 dustrial discharges in the lower reaches cause waters of diminished quality to reach Lake Erie. 7.3.4.3 Michigan The Michigan portion of Planning Subarea 7.3.5.1 Municipal Wastewater Treatment 4.2 contains no significant municipal or indus- Costs trial wastewater discharges, nor is it likely to contain any within the projection period of A summary of municipal wastewater treat- this framework study. ment costs has been developed following the methodology established for this appendix. Capital costs, new plant and replacement 7.3.5 Planning Subarea 4.3-Advanced Waste' costs, and annual operation and maintenance Treatment Needs costs for Planning Subarea 4.3 in Ohio are pre- sented in Table 7-55. The Ohio portion of Planning Subarea 4.3 is composed of eight northeast Ohio counties which include the drainage basins of the 7.3.5.2 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Black, Rocky, Cuyahoga, Chagrin, Grand, Costs Ashtabula, and Conneaut Rivers. Eight nodal or reference points (Figure Little information is available on the indus- 7-35) were selected for the investigation of trial wastewater flows and treatment needs gross wastewater treatment needs in this for food processing, pulp and paper, and heavily urbanized and industrialized region. leather, the SIC categories under considera- Because program and project development tion. However, guided by the data prepared by are not as advanced for this planning subarea the Water Supply Work Group the costs shown as in Planning Subarea 4.2, it is not always in Table 7-55 were developed for treatment possible to consider flow augmentation either of industrial wastewater flows in Planning as a practical alternative to advanced waste Subarea 4.3 in Ohio. treatment or in conjunction with advanced There are relatively low investment needs waste treatment. for industrial wastewater treatment because In the Black and Rocky River basins the much of the industrial discharge is processed discharge of inadequately treated and un- by municipal systems. Lake Erie 159 neaut ut Creek Ashtabula K @13 ab-/. M z Geneva z r N 0 w S Fairport Harbo ainesvift C@or Je er.N r LAKE GRAND CHAGRIN SHTABULAJ Lorain r Blft@* Ri", @ Elyria GEAUPA berlin 0 BLA K- y C HOGA CUYAHOGA 0 Wallin n Ravenna L RAIN Medina 0 MEDINA PORTAGE EXPLANATION Reference (Nodal) point Stream reaches requiring advanced VICINITY MAP waste treatment ..... SCALE IN MILES 8 @o 16o SCALE IN MILES 10 15 FIGURE 7-35 Planning Subarea 4.3, Wastewater Treatment Needs 160 Appendix 7 TABLE7-55 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 4.3-Ohio Municipal Treatment Costs Industrial Treatment Costs Capital Ave. Annual Operating Capital Ave. Annual Operating Planning Costs and Maintenance Costs Costs and Maintenance Costs Period ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) Present-1980 136.0 25.9 7.0 0.7 1980-2000 291.0 36.9 4.0 0.7 2000-2020 352.0 45.6 5.0 0.8 7.3.6 Planning Subarea 4.4 bathing areas, some beaches are in fairly good condition. 7.3.6.1 Major Streams-Pennsylvania 7.3.6.3 Major Streams-New York Pennsylvania streams in the Lake Erie basin are relatively small. Three degraded (1) Cattaraugus Creek streams, Cascade Creek, Garrison Run, and Industrial wastes heavy in organic loading Mill Creek, flow through Erie to the harbor from glue and tanning works compose approx- and receive the city's combined sewer over- imately 70 percent of the total waste input in flow. Cattaraugus Creek. The remaining 30 percent Conneaut, Elk, and Sixteenmile Creeks all consists of municipal wastes. Of these wastes suffer from water quality degradation. Elk slightly more than 50 percent receive only Creek receives discharges from Lake City, the primary treatment, a small amount' receive Borough of Girard, and the Grennison secondary treatment, and the rest receive Brothers Tannery. The tannery discharge none. The dilution ratio is estimated to be also affects water quality in Brandy Run. 4.0:1.0. Problems on Conneaut Creek stem principally The last 20 miles of Cattaraugus Creek are from municipal waste discharges, and prob- grossly polluted. Discharges cause conditions lems on Sixteenmile Creek are caused by both which are in direct violation of New York State industrial and municipal waste discharges. stream standards. Present uses include recre- Other streams are generally of good water ation, agriculture, fishing, industrial water quality. supply, and sewage and industrial waste dis- posal. The most critical requirements for com- pliance with State stream standards are in- 7.3.6.2 Lake Proper stallation and expansion of municipal treat- ment facilities along this stream reach as well The Hammermill Paper Company and the as upstream, and advanced waste treatment City of Erie both discharge wastes into Lake for industrial wastes. Erie along the Pennsylvania shoreline. At (2) Eighteenmile Creek least a 10:1 dilution is available in the existing There are no significant industrial dis- diffuserfor the City of Erie. The effect of both charges to Eighteenmile Creek. Most munici- discharges on the beaches at Presque Isle pal wastes discharged into the stream receive State Park varies, depending on prevailing secondary treatment, but these facilities are wind conditions. Several other beaches east of in need of expansion. Other municipal wastes, Erie are contaminated, and others are of un- comprising approximately 35 percent of the known quality. Color, foam, algal problems, total waste input to the creek, receive no treat- and objectional odors all contribute to the ment. In the lower reaches, where pollution is beach difficulties. greatest, fishing, recreation, and sewage dis- The waters in New York vary considerably. posal are the present uses. Here the dilution Some beaches on Lake Erie must be cleaned ratio may sink to 1.4:1.0 during critical daily to prevent the accumulation of masses of periods. Above Hamburg present uses include rotting, foul smelling algae. Although bacter- fishing, agriculture, and water supplies. Ad- ial contamination exists at a number of other vanced waste treatment is needed along the Lake Erie 161 entire stream to improve conditions in the present flow augmentation and the elimina- lower half. tion of combined sewer discharges on the Buf- (3) Buffalo River and Tributaries falo River itself. Increased flow augmentation There are no significant industrial dis- on the Buffalo River is not a feasible solution. charges to Cayuga, Buffalo, and Cazenovia Although the river is basically a small stream, Creeks, which form the Buff alo River. Pri- its lower reach has been dredged to such a mary and secondary treatment are provided degree that an impractical amount of flow for most municipal wastes discharged into would have to be added to present augmenta- Cayuga Creek, but these facilities need up- tion to achieve a beneficial river flow through grading. The creek is grossly polluted in its this slow-moving area. However, flow aug- lower reaches where agriculture and waste mentation is feasible for the tributaries. disposal are the principal uses. Conditions (4) Scajaquada Creek here are in violation of State standards. During critical periods the low-flow dilution Although the Buffalo Creek tributary has ratio for Scajaquada Creek may drop to 0.2:1.0. an unfavorable dilution ratio, most of its More than 80 percent of its total waste load is wastes receive adequate treatment. During municipal wastes. Although almost all these periods of normal flow its waters may reach municipal wastes receive secondary treat- compliance with State stream standards for ment, the treatment needs upgrading. trout above the Town of Elma where agricul- Scajaquada Creek exhibits degradation to a ture and fishing are principal uses. Below variable degree throughout its length, result- Elma to its eonfluence with Cayuga Creek, ing in violation of State stream standards. Its principal uses of Buffalo Creek are bathing, lower reach is augmented by Buffalo city fishing, and agriculture. water during low-flow periods, but it remains Approximately 40 percent of municipal grossly polluted with periodic oil films. Ad- wastes discharged into Cazenovia Creek re- vanced waste treatment for municipal and in- ceive adequate treatment. However, the dustrial wastes is the most critical need in this stream is grossly polluted for much of its basin. length below the confluence of the East and (5) Twomile Creek West Branches. Present uses along this reach Industrial, sanitary, and storm wastes include sewage disposal, bathing, fishing, and cause objectionable conditions throughout agriculture. Twomile Creek. A large portion runs through Low-flow dilution ratios may reach 0.2 on an underground conduit, but an open section Cayuga Creek, 3.3 on Buffalo Creek, and 1.5 to flows through recreational facilities. Ad- 1.0 on Cazenovia Creek. For all three streams vanced waste treatment is needed for industri- advanced waste treatment is a practical al and municipal wastes. The increased diver- method to achieve satisfactory water quality sion of industrial cooling water to the stream during critical periods and to bring grossly pol- would also improve water quality. luted reaches within stream standards. Low- (6) Tonawanda and Ellicott Creeks flow augmentation should also be considered a The discharge of inadequately treated and practical alternative on Cazenovia Creek. untreated municipal wastes seriously affects The Buffalo River has only one significant the recovery capabilities of Tonawanda and municipal discharge, but its quality reflects Ellicott Creeks during periods of low flow. the load from its tributaries. The Buffalo There are no significant industrial discharges River also receives an extremely heavy indus- to Ellicott Creek and those to Tonawanda trial discharge principally from oil and steel Creek amount to only approximately 10 per- companies. Although most of the load is cool- cent of the total waste load. Although most ing water, a heavy organic 16ad also exists. Oil municipal wastes discharged into Tonawanda films can be observed most of the time, and Creek receive secondary treatment, the sewer overflows are a major problem. During treatment facilities should be expanded. Some eritical periods the low-flow dilution ratio may may require tertiary treatment. go as low as 0.3.1.0. This includes a 100 mgd The waste flow dilution ratio on Tonawanda flow augmentation by industry during such Creek may fall to 0.8:1.0 during critical periods. periods. Critical periods usually occur during Practical solutions to the needs of this basin navigation season when the New York State include municipal advanced waste treatment Barge Canal is open, diverting the Tonawanda on the three tributary streams as well as a Creek flow from the Niagara River to the canal high degree of industrial advanced waste where it flows east. This may have a marked treatment. These should be combined with effect on the quality of the canal's waters. 162 Appendix 7 Tonawanda Creek is polluted to a variable Canadian shore and numerous industrial and degree throughout most of its length. Princi- municipal discharges from the Niagara Falls pal uses include fishing, recreation, water area. supply, and sewage disposal. State standards The Niagara's flow is fairly constant are violated throughout its length except for throughout the year. Low flows are approxi- the reach upstream from the Town of Attica mately 150,000 cfs and maximum flows are where the stream approaches a natural condi- 220,000 efs or more. According to estimates, tion. the 7-day 10-year low flow is approximately Advanced waste treatment is needed for in- 168,000 cfs. This results in a low flow/waste dustrial wastes and, more critically, for munic- flow dilution ratio of approximately 76:1. ipal wastes discharged into this stream. Approximately 35 percent of the total Most municipal discharges to Ellicott Creek wastes discharged into the river are from the receive secondary treatment but facilities tributaries discussed above. The remainder, should be expanded or upgraded to include and by- far the largest percentage, is dis- tertiary treatment. A choking stream-flow charged directly, with industrial wastes com- waste-flow dilution ratio of 0.1:1.0 sometimes posing approximately 80 percent of this direct occurs during critical conditions. The stream discharge by volume. Most direct municipal is highly enriched throughout much of its discharges receive only primary treatment. length during normal flow. It begins to ap- However, nearly all municipalities with only proach a natural condition only above the Vil- primary treatment are finishing pilot plant lage of Alden. Principal uses include drainage studies and preparing final construction plans and sewage disposal in the lower reaches and for secondary treatment with phosphorus re- fishing and recreation upstream where water moval. quality improves. State standards are violated State stream standards are violated in iso- along the entire stream length except for the lated areas by specific discharges throughout portion above Alden where present usage is the Niagara's length in Planning Subarea 4.4. almost optimum. Areas with oil films, discoloration, and exces- The poor conditions on the lower reaches of sive phenols and coliforms occur mainly along Ellicott Creek are primarily caused by the in- the U.S. shore. Uses include public and indus- adquately treated 8.0 mgd discharge from trial water supply, municipal and industrial Amherst's Sewer District 1. This waste load waste disposal, fishing, and navigation. will be transferred to Tonawanda Creek The few treatment plant projects that have through Amherst Sewer District 16 which will been completed have produced localized im- be expanded and upgraded. This project, now provements in water quality. However, the partially completed, will remove nearly all overall quality of the river water has improved municipal discharges from Ellicott Creek only slightly. A noted improvement in water within the current planning period. Although quality will not occur until most of the planned major discharges to the creek will be elimi- treatment plants are in operation. Overall im- nated, the remaining small discharges will provement is also related to improved condi- cause quality problems during low-flow tions on the upper Great Lakes. periods. Flow augmentation is a feasible solu- tion to this problem. Construction of a multi- purpose reservoir near Alden has been pro- posed. The reservoir would control flooding 7.3.6.4 Waste Loads conditions on the heavily populated flood plain and augment stream flow during critical It was necessary to compile waste flows for periods. Water in this reservoir would be of each municipality and industry in the plan- relatively good quality because it would come ning subarea to arrive at treatment costs. from the headwaters of Ellicott Creek. These values were used in lieu of the water (7) Niagara River supply reports prepared by the Water Supply More than 1,400 mgd of municipal and in- Work Group. However, a comparison of data dustrial wastes are discharged into the Niag- was made for Planning Subarea 4.4 and there ara River from both tributary and direct dis- was reasonable correlation. In arriving at pro- charges along the United States shore. This jected values the relationships established in figure includes only discharges from the the water supply report were maintained be- Niagara River portion of Planning Subarea tween present and projected waste loads. (Ta- 4.4. It does not include discharges from the ble 7-56). Lake Erie 163 TABLE 7-56 Waste Loads (MGD), Planning consecutive-day flows with a recurrence Subarea 4.4-New York and Pennsylvania interval of once in 50 years were available for different locations on several streams and Municipal Industrial were used as a check for the rough estimates. Year Present and future needs are summarized in Table 7-58. Figure 7-36 shows selected ad- 1970 268 1,067 vanced waste treatment nodal points and 1980 294 942 zones of quality impairment. 2000 359 627 2020 445 767 7.3.6.6 Treatment Costs 1Estimate was made by the Rochester Costs are presented separately for the State Field Office of the Environmental of New York and the Commonwealth of Protection Agency. Pennsylvania, because the basic assumptions and considerations differ. All cost estimates for New York State are based on the two reports prepared by Rol@ert 7.3.6.5 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs Smith of the Federal Water Quality Adminis- tration. Basic treatment is considered to in- Although advanced waste treatment, low clude the activated sludge process, effluent flow augmentation, and the combination of chlorination, year-round coagulation and these methods were briefly discussed in pre- sedimentation with lime, and recalcination of ceding paragraphs, this subsection sum- the lime. Advanced waste treatment includes niarizes the more pressing needs. Determina- granular carbon adsorption and ammonia tion of these needs was based only in part on stripping processes. Project life is considered the dilution ratios which were developed to be 25 years. Capital costs also include con- strictly in accordance with procedures out- siderations of salvage value for existing plants lined in the methodology. The needs were also and major repair costs. In general these costs projected by evaluating existing water quality are conservative estimates, which do not re- and present or anticipated water uses as de- flect planning or design costs and possible in- scribed by stream standards. dustrial recirculation cost (Table 7-57). Dilution ratios were not altered to reflect Industrial costs for the New York portion variations in stream assimilation capacities or were prepared only for industries with the difference in stream standards. The ratios effluents containing a large organic load. Es- merely reflect total municipal and industrial timates were also made for industries that organic waste flows at the selected nodal now plan to use municipal facilities and for a points. However, stream assimilation ca- percentage of industries that will probably use pacities and differences in stream standards municipal facilities in the middle period. were considered in the final determination of These costs include major industrial wastes needs. With only a few exceptions, minimum from food processing and paper manufactur- flows used for dilution ratios were roughly ap- ing. Other industrial wastes costs are not in- proximated. Sorne minimum average seven- cluded. (See'Tables 7-59 and 7-60.) TABLE7-57 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 4.4-New York Municipal Treatment Costs Industrial Treatment Costs Capital Ave. Annual Operating Capital Ave. Annual Operating Planning Costs and Maintenance Costs Costs and Maintenance Costs Period ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) Present-1980 148 10.5 191 8.3 1980-2000 42 5.6 61 5.6 2000-2020 83 7.2 97 5.2 164 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-58 Present and Future Treatment Needs, Planning Subarea 4.4 Dilution Stream Ratio Needs Other Remarks Conneaut Creek 6-1 AWT and LFA --- Low flow augmentation necessary (Pa.) Both required to control high natural summer temperature and spawning flow for salmon in the fall. Elk Creek 1:1 AWT and LFA Same as above. Both required Walnut Creek 5:1 AWT Phosphorus removal as third stage It is anticipated discharges will process should be satisfactory. be diverted to regional plant after 1980. Sixteenmile 0.2:1 AWT --- Presently set up for regional Creek plant at mouth of stream to provide AWT. Cattaraugus 4:1 AWT and LFA Suitable site is available for Creek (N.Y.) multi-purpose reservoir devel- opment. Eighteenmile 1:1 AWT --- Immediate need for almost all Creek dischargers. Cayuga Creek 0.2:1 AWT --- Requires upgrading of existing municipal facilities. Buffalo Creek 3:1 AWT --- Requires primarily upgrading of existing facilities. Cazenovia 2:1 AWT and LFA --- Suitable site is available for Creek multi-purpose reservoir devel- opment. Buffalo River 0.3:1 AWT Correction of combined sewer Improvement also closely related overflows, oil, solids, phenols, to correction of problems on toxic wastes and color problems, Cayuga, Buffalo and Cazenovia continuation of flow augmenta- Creeks. tion from Lake Erie by industry. Scajaquada 0.2:1 AWT Continue minor augmentation Immediate need for upgrading of with Buffalo city water. existing treatment. Twomile Creek AWT Possibility of improvement AWT is required for both munici- through increased diversion of pal and industrial waste dis- industrial cooling water. charges. Tonawanda 0.8:1 AWT and LFA Flows during critical period are Immediate need is for AWT; how- Creek Both required supplemented by a diversion ever, both may be required some- from the Niagara River for time within the study period. navigation on the Barge Canal. A suitable site is available for reservoir development. Ellicott 0.1:1 AWT and LFA Current proposals are to remove Low flow augmentation would be Creek Both required waste discharges from Town of useful if for no other reason Amherst and transfer to than to improve the esthetics of Tonawanda Creek. the lower reach through a large residential and recreational area. A suitable site is avail- able. Niagara River 76:1 --- All municipal and industrial Achievement of secondary treat- wastes should have phosphate ment or the equivalent for all removal. direct and tributary discharges should resolve water quality problems. LEGEND: AWT Advanced Wastewater Treatment LFA Low Flow Augmentation Lake Erie 165 LAKE ONTARIO NIAGARA Rt Lockport 77%,@: 77- Niag a IF ls:@ N awa a Grand and Two Mile N A D Creek S Scajequa, a ;a % Durgso@:@, Cr. at Springvi ie so Dunkirk ERIE CATTARAUGUS 4- 01'reclonia -_j Sixteen We ield Mile Cree Presque Isle oSalamanca E ie E ;> @Jamestown *Olean W W CHAUTAUQUA NEWYORK CATTARAUGUS (L PENNSY LVAN 1A 0 z 0 Corry ERIE *Union City EXPLANATION 0 Reference (Nodal) point Zones of water quality impairment T-, VICINITY MAP SCALE IN MILES o I con tot SCALE IN MILES 0 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 7-36 Planning Subarea 4.4, Wastewater Treatment Needs 166 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-59 Treatment Costs for Stream Dis- A number of specific proposals directly re- charges, Lake Erie Pennsylvania Portion lated to Planning Subarea 4.4 may lead to a Ave. Annual Operating resolution of persistent long-range problems Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs and the avoidance of other potential problems. Period ($ Million) Million) One proposal calls for strengthening the monitoring and surveillance role of an estab- 19801 2.2 0.1 lished international body such as Interna- 2000 1.3 (4.3) 0.1 tional Joint Commission, or establishing a new 2020 ___2 0.1 body that can achieve prompt and uniform 1Expansion costs only. The $4.3 million would decisions on water quality problems that af- include two deep-water outfalls. fect both the Canadian and U.S. shores of Lake 2Included in discharge to Lake Erie. Erie and the Niagara River. Dissolved oxygen and temperature are criti- NOTE: Costs do not include value of present cal parameters in the upland reaches of many facilities. area streams, because standards designate Total replacement costs. Deep-water trout fishing as the best usage. Although ad- outfall not included. vanced waste treatment is often adequate fur- ther downstream, low-flow augmentation or a combination of methods is often the only solu- tion on these headwater trout streams. TABLE 7-60 Treatment Costs, Lake Erie- Streams with potential development sites Pennsylvania Portion were noted in the tables listing needs. Ave. Annual Operating Algal problems plague the planning subarea Planning Capital and Maintenance Costs and extend far beyond its boundaries. A key to Period ($ Million) ($ Million) resolution of these problems will be the adop- tion of a uniform phosphorus removal policy at 1980 22.6 0.8 all levels of government. This should include 20001 8.9 1.1 phosphate reductions at treatment plants and 2020 58.5 1.9 elimination of phosphates in widely distrib- 1 uted products such as detergents, which may Expansion costs only. never pass through treatment plants but NOTE: Costs do not include value of present reach the lakes directly. The issue of phos- facilities. phates requires further research. Test results with detergents suggest that nonphosphate detergents can be used in most laundries without noticeable change in consumer satis- 7.3.6.7 General faction. Research, however, is necessary to in- sure that nonphosphate detergents will be as Considerable time and effort has already safe for the user and the environment. been expended on planning solutions to water An intermediate need is use of onshore diked quality problems within Planning Subarea 4.4. areas for dredgings. In New York comprehensive county sewage There is an immediate need for extensive studies are already complete or nearing com- investigation of several present and proposed pletion. The State of New York, assisted by activities to determine their potential harm to several Federal agencies, has completed a the environment. Two such activities are comprehensive water resources study, compar- deepwell injection and oil and gas well drilling able to a Type II study, for almost the entire in Lake Erie. portion of Planning Subarea 4.4. At a more technical level, pilot plant studies are under way or complete for the major municipalities 7.3.6.8 Other Pollution Sources in New York. As a result of comprehensive planning, numerous regional plants are pro- Other pollution sources include untreated posed both in the New York and Pennsylvania and inadequately treated wastes from wa- portions of the planning subarea. tercraft, including both commercial ships and Work still remains to integrate many of the pleasure boats; runoff from rural and urban localized efforts into a realistic and economi- land including residues from the application of cal plan for solving the long-range problems of chemicals, fertilizers, and pesticides; thermal the Great Lakes as a whole. pollution; and disposal of dredged material. Lake Erie 167 7.4 Summary and Conclusions sewage, industrial wastes, and stormwaters. In addition to high bacterial counts, other ob- Lake Erie has a water surface area of 9,910 jectionable characteristics of some bathing square miles including 4,980 square miles in areas are debris, oil, sediment, color, and al- the United States. Lake St. Clair, also within gae. The Pennsylvania Lake Erie open waters the Lake Erie plan area, has a water surface are generally 200 yards or more offshore, ex- area of 430 square miles including 162 square cept for Erie Harbor and Presque Isle Bay. miles in the United States. The total drainage The quality of these waters is suitable for basin of Lake Erie, including land and water, water contact sports, navigation, recreational is 33,500 square miles, including 23,600 square boating, and withdrawal uses following miles in the United States portion. Except for adequate treatment. Municipal water use re- the 6,586 square-mile Maumee River basin, quires coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, the tributary system consists of relatively and chlorination. The major problems of the small drainage areas flowing into the Lake open waters are related principally to eu- system. Major drainage systems are indicated trophication of the Lake. Shoreline water later in the discussion of planning subareas. quality is generally poorer than offshore water The total United States population of the quality. Total coliform counts are higher than Lake Erie basin was 11.4 million in 1970. There the open waters due to direct discharges and are several large concentrations of population tributary inputs. Most natural beach areas on and industry including Detroit, Michigan; the Pennsylvania shoreline are located at Fort Wayne, Indiana; Akron, Cleveland, and tributary mouths. Protection of shoreline wa- Toledo, Ohio; Erie, Pennsylvania; and Buffalo, ters to permit maximum recreational de- New York. The chief manufactured products velopment is needed and continual protection are automobiles, fabricated metals, primary of the existing Presque Isle beaches is urgent. metals, rubber, food, petroleum, chemicals, Water quality in Lake Erie is affected by a and paper. Agricultural production is concen- large steel industry located on its shores near trated in the western part of the basin, primar- Buffalo, New York. The company is committed ily in Planning Subarea 4.2, which includes the to a large construction program for elimina- Maumee River basin. tion or reduction of wastes. Heavy growths The major State agencies dealing with and accumulations of the attached algae water quality control are the Water Resources Cladophora have been a nuisance along the Commission and the Department of Health in Lake Erie waterfront. Michigan; the Department of Health, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, and the Department of Natural Resources in Ohio; the 7.4.1 Planning Subarea 4.1 Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board in Indiana; the Sanitary Water Board and the Planning Subarea 4.1 includes the portion of Department of Health in Pennsylvania; and Lake Erie within Michigan, the Detroit River, the State Department of Environmental Con- Lake St. Clair, the St. Clair River, and servation in New York. tributaries, including the Belle, Black, Clin- Under provisions of the Water Quality Act of ton, Huron, Raisin, and Rouge Rivers. Popula- 1965 each State in the Lake Erie basin has tion of the planning subarea was 4.8 million in adopted water quality standards for its in- 1970, more than half the total population of the terstate waters. State. The two major zones of substandard water The upper 10 miles of the Detroit River, from quality in the Michigan portion of Lake Erie Lake St. Clair to the junction of the Rouge occur at the mouths of the Detroit and the River, is substandard in quality due to high Raisin Rivers. These waters have high col- coliform densities and iron concentrations. iform densities and exhibit other undesirable The lower 20 miles of the Detroit River, from concentrations, including suspended solids, the junction of the Rouge River to Lake Erie, nutrients, oils, toxic materials, and phenols. is even lower in water quality. This reach re- The chemical quality of Lake Erie at the Ohio ceives effluents from six municipal and one water treatment plant intakes is within the Federal sewage treatment plants, 29 indus- criteria limits for public water supplies. Water tries and commercial enterprises, stormwater quality in Ohio beach areas is significantly in- overflows, and tributary discharges. Detroit's fluenced by local lake currents, surrounding main sewage treatment plant, located at the topography and land uses, proximity to tribu- confluence of the Detroit and Rouge Rivers, tary streams, and the discharges of sanitary serves more than 90 percent of the people in 168 Appendix 7 the Detroit area and imposes a tremendous crease from a 1970 base of 897 mgd to 992 mgd waste load on the river. A substantial amount by 1980, and to 1,556 by 2020. Industrial of waste is also contributed by the flow of the wastewater treated in industry-owned Rouge River. This reach of the Detroit River wastewater treatment facilities is expected to displays excessive levels of coliforms, phenols, decline from a 1970 base of 746 mgd to 504 mgd toxic substances, nutrients, suspended solids, by 1980, and 255 mgd by 2020. Projected munic- and resins. Objectionable color, oil, and debris ipal wastewater treatment capital costs are are also present. estimated to be $700 million in the 1970 to 1980 Throughout the Raisin River basin, surface period, $300 million in the 1980 to 2000 period, waters are high in nutrients and dissolved and and $375 million in the 2000 to 2020 period. suspended solids, with concentrations increas- Average annual operating and maintenance ing towards the mouth of the river. A major costs are expected to increase from $45 million substandard reach is located in the lower in the 1970 to 1980 period to $70 million in the three miles of the river and there are many 2000 to 2020 period. other substandard reaches. The river exhibits severe oxygen depletion, very high coliform densities, and excessive concentrations of res- 7.4.2 Planning Subarea 4.2 idues, toxics, nutrients, and suspended and dissolved solids. Planning Subarea 4.2 includes 30 counties in The main stem of the Huron River from the Ohio and three counties in Indiana. (A small Ann Arbor treatment plant 40 miles part of the State of Michigan is included in the downstream to the mouth is substandard be- hydrologic area of the Maumee River basin.) cause of excessive nutrient concentrations. The population of the planning subarea was Thirteen reaches in the basin are substandard 1.7 million in 1970. The area includes the major in one or more quality parameters in addition population and industrial centers of Toledo, to nutrients. Lima, and Sandusky in Ohio, and Fort Wayne, The Rouge River is wholly contained within Indiana. Of the 15 planning subareas in the the intensely urbanized and industrialized Great Lakes Basin, the area ranks first in the Detroit metropolitan area. Twenty-eight in- value of farm products. It also ranks first in dustries use the basin's surface waters for the mean average annual rates of gross ero- waste assimilation. There are no municipal sion. The area includes the basins of the treatment plant discharges in the Rouge River Maumee, Toussaint, Portage, Sandusky, and basin. The lower 15 miles of the river and mid- Huron-Vermilion Rivers. dle Rouge River are severely degraded. In Waters of the Michigan tributaries of the upper portions of the Rouge River high nu- Maumee River are generally of good quality. A trient levels are common. considerable nutrient load is contributed to Lake St. Clair receives the full discharge of the Maumee River from the Fort Wayne area the St. Clair River, the Clinton River, and and coliform counts are high below Fort other small tributaries, and its water quality Wayne. In the Ohio portion of the Maumee low is directly related to these inflows. Water qual- concentrations of dissolved oxygen occur in a ity throughout the St. Clair River is generally number of stream stretches. This is caused excellent. The Clinton River is seriously de- primarily by the oxygen demand of the dis- graded. During summer natural streamflow is charge from municipal waste treatment very small and waste treatment plant facilities. Bacterial counts are highest effluents constitute a major portion of downstream from the major communities. streamflow. Except for nutrients and miner- They are also high upstream from the Toledo als, the effects of the Clinton River are largely wastewater treatment plant due to the effects confined to an area near the river's mouth. of seiches from Lake Erie. Profuse growths of Water quality is generally good throughout algae, high concentrations of settleable solids, the Belle, Black, and Pine Rivers, but there and turbidity give most basin streams an ob- are reaches of substandard quality. jectionable appearance. Land treatment Seventeen areas in Planning Subarea 4.1 measures to reduce erosion and sedimenta- will probably require advanced waste treat- tion should be a prime consideration for water ment in the 1970 to 2020 period. Twelve of quality improvement in this planning sub- these needs fall within the 1970 to 1980 period. area. The total of domestic, commercial, and indus- Low concentrations of dissolved oxygen trial wastewater treated in municipal waste- occur below Bowling Green and Oak Harbor on water treatment facilities is expected to in- the Portage River; below Upper Sandusky, Lake Erie 169 Carey, Tiffin, and Fremont on the Sandusky untreated sewage in the Black and Rocky River; below Willard and Norwalk on the River basins seriously affects the recovery Huron River; and at several other locations. capabilities of these streams. Advanced waste The highest bacteria counts occur in the Por- treatment is required to achieve a satisfactory tage and Sandusky Rivers and in Pipe Creek. level of stream water quality. The Cuyahoga The present wastewater flow of the Maumee River below Akron is seriously polluted. The River basin is estimated to be 145 mgd includ- lower region, forming the navigation channel ing 102 mgd with significant organic loads dis- through Cleveland, exhibits gross amounts of charged in the Toledo area. The inland waste- oil, solids, and oxygen-consuming materials water flow of 43 mgd comprises more than stemming from municipal and industrial dis- one-eighth of the 7-day 10-year low flow of the charges. Advanced waste treatment is neces- tributary streams at each of the established sary in this basin to reach suitable quality nodal points. On the basis of flow, advanced standards. Municipal and industrial dis- waste treatment is required throughout the charges into'the Chagrin, Grand, Ashtabula, entire basin before 1980. Advanced waste and Conneaut River basins result in waters of treatment and agricultural pollution control diminishing quality reaching Lake Erie. Ad- is or will be necessary throughout the Portage, vanced waste treatment is also necessary in Sandusky, Huron, and Vermilion River basins. these basins. In the Ohio portion of Planning Subarea 4.2 Projected municipal wastewater treatment projected municipal wastewater treatment capital costs are $136 million in the 1970 to capital costs are estimated at $52 million in the 1980 period, $291 million in the 1980 to 2000 1970 to 1980 period, $86 million in the 1980 to period, and $352 million in the 2000 to 2020 2000 period, and $121 million in the 2000 to period. Average annual operating costs are es- 2020 period. Average annual operating and timated at 19 percent of capital costs during maintenance costs are estimated at 13 percent the 1970 to 1980 period, and are projected to of capital costs in the 1970 to 1980 period and decline to 13 percent in the later periods. less than 10 percent in the later periods. In the Indiana portion of Planning Subarea 4.2 projected municipal wastewater treatment capital costs are estimated at $2.8 million in 7.4.4 Planning Subarea 4.4 the 1970 to 1980 period, $1Z. 1 million in the 1980 to 2000 period, and $1 5.3 million in the Planning Subarea 4.4 includes Erie County 2000 to 2020 period. Average annual operation in Pennsylvania and the New York counties of and maintenance costs range from $1.0 million Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, and Niagara. in the 1970 to 1980 period to $1.8 million in the In 1970 the population of the planning subarea 2000 to 2020 period. was approximately 1.8 million. Major indus- The Michigan portion of Planning Subarea tries in the area include food products, basic 4.2 contains no significant municipal or indus- chemicals and plastics, paper and paperboard, trial wastewater discharges, nor are any con- steel and iron, fabricated metals, and general sidered likely within the projection period of industrial machinery. this framework study. The Pennsylvania tributaries are small and the largest, Conneaut Creek, has a drainage area of 154 square miles in Pennsylvania. The 7.4.3 Planning Subarea 4.3 New York State portion of the Lake Erie basin has a total drainage area of 1,716 square miles. Planning Subarea 4.3, which consists of The three largest tributaries in terms of eight counties in Ohio, had a 1970 population of drainage area and stream flow are the Buffalo approximately 3.1 million. The major cities are River, Tonawanda Creek, and Cattaraugus Cleveland, Akron, and Lorain. Manufacturing Creek. Generally streams in the area are not is substantial and diverse. There are more capable of an appreciable sustained flow, but than 2,800 manufacturing plants in Cleveland, Cattaraugus Creek is a major exception. including large primary steel mills and chemi- The lower five miles of the Buffalo River are cal plants. Rubber and plastic products man- severely degraded by major municipal and in- ufacturing are major industries in Akron. The dustrial waste discharges. High ammonia, principal basins are the Black-Rocky, phenol, and chloride concentrations are pres- Cuyahoga, Chagrin, Grand, and Ashtabula- ent. Conneaut River basins. The total of domestic, commercial, and in- The discharge of inadequately treated and dustrial wastewater treated in municipal 170 Appendix 7 wastewater treatment facilities is expected to mgd by 1980, and 767 mgd by 2020. For the increase from a 1970 base of 268 mgd, to 294 State of New York projected municipal mgd by 1980, and 445 mgd by 2020. Industrial wastewater treatment costs are estimated at wastewater treated in industry-owned $148 million in the 1970 to 1980 period, $42 wastewater treatment facilities is expected to million in the 1980 to 2000 period, and $83 mil- decline from its 1970 base of 1,067 mgd to 942 lion in the 2000 to 2020 period. Section 8 LAKE ONTARIO 8.1 Introduction Syracuse, Geneva, Ithaca, Auburn, Oswego, Watertown, and Ogdensburg. The 24,700 square miles of drainage area 8.1.1 Purpose immediately tributary to Lake Ontario is al- most equally divided between Canada and the This section provides a concise description of United States. The St. Lawrence River is the the present and projected water quality and natural outlet for the total drainage of the water usage in the Lake Ontario basin. It also Great Lakes Basin. The river's flow is remark- describes the economic alternatives to meet ably steady because of the natural regulatory increased demands for water quality. influence of the Great Lakes. The mean inflow to the Lake from the Niag- ara River is 203,000 efs, and the mean outflow 8.1.2 Scope from the Lake to the St. Lawrence River is 241,000 cfs. This section reviews established water qual- Population figures for the Lake Ontario ity standards and appraises the effectiveness basin in 1970 revealed that 2.5 million persons of present treatment and disposal practices lived on the United States side of the basin. for waterborne waste. It outlines water qual- The greatest population is in an are at the ity control needs under existing development, western end of the Lake from the Niagara and indicates alternative measures. Economic Frontier, through the western end of Lake On- projections and water-use data are translated tario, tojust east of Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. into accompanying waste loads to determine The United States section of the drainage needs for waste treatment or other measures, basin lies almost entirely within the State of under conditions of development projected for New York and contains portions of 21 New 1980, 2000, 2020. The urgency of water quality York counties. problems in each planning subarea is indi- The New York State portion of the Lake cated and general cost estimates for broad Ontario-St. Lawrence River basin includes 158 components of the required actions are given. tributaries, draining an area of 34,800 square The section describes stream reaches where in- miles. Except for a small portion of the creased low flows and/or decreased waste load Genesee River basin in Pennsylvania the inputs are needed for water quality im- entire United States part of the basin is lo- provements. cated in New York State. Figure 7-37 indicates boundaries of the Lake Ontario basin. 8.1.3 Basin Description The study area for the Lake Ontario basin 8.1.4 Water Uses encompasses the United States drainage area of the Lake, including the U.S. portions of the Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers from Niag- 8.1.4.1 Municipal Water Supply ara Falls, New York, on the west, to the inter- national boundary line on St. Regis Point Municipal water supply systems use approx- (Figure 7-37). Within the Lake Ontario basin imately 300 million gallons daily (mgd), and are the Niagara, Genesee, Oswego, and Black- serve a population of approximately two mil- St. Lawrence River basins. lion. Lake Ontario is by far the largest source Major urban centers, all in New York State, for municipal water supply, with more than include the Cities of Niagara Falls, Rochester, 110 million gallons drawn daily, mostly by the 171 172 Appendix 7 CANADA MINNESOTA WSCONSIN 5 IS MICHI NM YORK ILLINOIS IeNDIMA' O.K) PENNSYLVANIA VICINITY MAP P It 11 0 0 N T A R I Og 4? 5.3 0- NITEDSTATES L A K E ONTARIO 5.2 01-S k U- N 0) r Z5 SCALE IN MILES NEWY RK MNNSYLZU 0 10 20 30 40 50 FIGURE 7-37 Lake Ontario Basin-Plan Area 5 Cities of Rochester, Syracuse, and Oswego. 8.1.4.2 Industrial Water Supply The Cities of Niagara Falls and Lockport draw more than 70 mgd from the Niagara River. In The water use by industries with private addition the Finger Lakes are used exten- supplies is estimated to be approximately two sively for water supply. billion gallons per day. Of this total approxi- Lake Ontario 173 mately 1.5 billion gallons are used by steam Creek, a small tributary of Canadaigua Lake, generating electric power utilities including is crowded with fishermen in the spring for the 0.3 billion gallons drawn from Lake Ontario. Of rainbow spawning run. As many as 2,000 the remaining 0.5 billion gallons only 30 mgd fishermen have been seen fishing on the lower are drawn from Lake Ontario. Other industri- two to three miles of this stream at one time. al water supply sources are the Niagara River Boating is extremely popular on these lakes, (170 mgd, for chemical, paper, and metals pro- especially Cayuga and Seneca which are ducers), Cayuga Lake (270 mgd, mostly for linked to the Barge Canal. thermal electric generation), Seneca Lake The Lake Ontario shoreline, second in rec- (approximately 200 mgd, for thermal electric reation demand, will probably serve a large generation and salt refining), Onondaga Lake role in future development of recreation (approximately 100 mgd, for a chemical and facilities in the basin. It has fourteen public steel producer), the Black River (approxi- beaches located along 150 miles of United mately 75 mgd for pulp and paper mills), and States shoreline. The best sand beaches are the St. Lawrence River (approximately 35 located on the eastern end of the Lake near mgd, for a paper mill and three aluminum Mexico Bay. Numerous bays and coves processing plants). provide excellent areas for small-boat harbors, fishing, and water skiing. The St. Lawrence region is also a popular 8.1.4.3 Hydroelectric Power recreation area. Robert Moses State Park had 185,000 visitors in 1965. The St. Lawrence A total of 88 hydroelectric plants with a ca- River, especially in the Thousand Islands pacity of more than 3,600,000 MW are located area, is famous for its muskellunge and north- on streams throughout the Lake Ontario ba- ern pike fishing. The Adirondack Forest Pre- sin. Approximately 85 percent of this total ca- serve encompasses approximately two-thirds pacity, 3,100,000 MW, is available at the two of the Black-United States St. Lawrence River New York Power Authority sites on the Niag- basin and contains hundreds of lakes and ara and St. Lawrence Rivers. mountain streams. Fishing, hunting, and hik- ing are most popular here. The State Barge Canal system is another of 8.1.4.4 Recreation the basin's valuable recreational assets. More than 100 small-boat marinas are established Natural resources of the Lake Ontario basin along the canal system. Pleasure boating has and the United States St. Lawrence River more than quadrupled in the last 15 years, as basin are excellent for recreational use and indicated by the number of permits issued for development. The area has cool summers, in- lockage. The State Department of Public land lakes, sandy beaches, inland wa- Works reported issuing 2,000 such permits in tercourses, glens and waterfalls, mountains 1952 and more than 10,000 in 1965. An esti- and forests, making it one of the most popular mated additional 30,000 craft use the canal outdoor recreation areas of the country. The system between the locks. Adirondacks Preserve, the Barge Canal Sys- tem, the Finger Lakes region, and the Thou- sand Islands are all popular recreational 8.2 Water Quality areas. More than one-third of a million acres of water and land are available for outdoor rec- 8.2.1 Lake Ontario reation at more than 350 areas in the basin. Approximately 80 percent of these areas have Several water quality problems exist in water-dependent facilities. Lake Ontario. Some problems occur through- The Finger Lakes region is the most widely out the Lake and others occur only in specific used recreational region in the basin, followed portions. by the area along the Lake Ontario shoreline. The major and most perplexing water pollu- There are 130 public and private recreation tion problem in Lake Ontario is the yearly crop areas in this region, totaling 121,000 acres. In of Cladophora, a form of filamentous green al- 1965 there were 2.5 million visitors to the gae. In a suitable environment these plants Finger Lakes region. The Finger Lakes offer attach to any firm object in the water and good fishing for lake trout, rainbow trout, pike, grow in strings by cell division. The strings walleye, black bass, and panfish. Naples vary in length from a fraction of an inch where 174 Appendix 7 nutrients are scarce to several feet in arise from the discharge of various substances nutrient-rich waters. Cladophora growth be- into a lake is illustrated by the Rochester em- gins with a fringe-like growth in early spring bayment area. The embayment includes the and develops rapidly into strands approxi- Monroe County shoreline of Lake Ontario and mately 15 inches long by late June. Irondequoit Bay and Creek. The Niagara River is by far the largest The problem in this area involves the single source of nutrient inputs to Lake On- beaches, sewer outfalls, and water intakes. tario. This reflects the fact that because Lake Both municipal and industrial wastes from a Ontario is downstream from the other four rapidly growing metropolitan area have com- Great Lakes, it suffers the consequences of plicated water uses in the area. However, the what happens above it in the Basin. Fortu- major cause of the problems in this area is the nately most nutrients flowing into Lake Erie discharge of municipal wastes. Partially are retained and are not carried out by the treated domestic sewage with a population Niagara River. equivalent of more than one million is dis- A dramatic example of an upset in the bal- charged to the embayment. High bacterial ance of nature is the alewife invasion into the counts from metropolitan sewage have caused Great Lakes. Alewife die in enormous num- the closing of main public beaches in the em- bers within a short -period each summer and bayment. the dead fish drift onto the shores, adding Metropolitan growth and population explo- their stench to the windrows of rotting sion have engulfed the Irondequoit Bay and Cladophora on beaches. Creek basin. The expanding Rochester met- In addition to the buildup in nutritional ropolitan area population with its domestic compounds, Lake Ontario waters have deteri- waste and nutrient load is fast making Iron- orated in chemical quality measured by such dequoit Bay a highly fertilized waste treat- parameters as the sulfate and chloride ions ment unit where algal blooms occur. The Vil- and total dissolved solids. Data collected at lages of East Rochester and Fairport and the selected points around the Lake in inshore wa- Towns of Brighton, Irondequoit, and Penfield ter, such as water intakes, show that chemical discharge waste treatment effluents with an quality was changing very gradually during estimated population equivalent of 12,500 to the half-century prior to 1910. Indicative of the Irondequoit Creek. This harms water qual- sharp increases in chemical constituents ity in Irondequoit Bay. Good water and since that time, the sulfate concentration in adequate flows from the canal protect Iron- deep water sampling has increased from 15 to dequoit Creek and its two main tributaries 30 parts per million (ppm), and chloride from 7 from total deterioration and flush the waste to 26 ppm. The chemical quality of Lake On- nutrients into the bay. The nutrients become tario water is determined mainly by the qual- trapped in the bay, deposited on the bottom, or ity of water from the upstream watershed. The taken up in the life cycles of the biota. Indus- chloride increase in particular has been at- try also contributes minor amounts of waste to tributed to a parallel increase in Lake Erie. the watershed. A high concentration of nu- This in turn is related to several factors in- trients will continue in the bay under condi- cluding salt mining and related chemical in- tions of lack of interchange between Lake On- dustries on the watershed. These industries tario and Irondequoit Bay water; minimum are concentrated mainly in the Detroit- flows from Irondequoit Creek; and inefficient Windsor area at the western end of Lake Erie removal of nutrients at contributing sewage and in northeastern Ohio. Use of chlorides in treatment plants in the Irondequoit basin. snow removal and highway ice control has also contributed to the increase in chloride. 8.2.2 Planning Subarea 4.4 Although the threefold chloride increase in Lake Ontario has caused concern, the present Although most of Planning Subarea 4.4 is concentration level is well below that which included in Lake Erie territory, it is consid- would cause significant impairment to water ered in this section because of the Niagara uses. There does not appear to be cause for River. Portions of Planning Subarea 5.1 are concern about future increases, but this does considered in this section to simplify organiza- not mean that the dumping of chloride or any tion. other substance into these waters should be condoned where reasonable steps can be taken 8.2.2.1 Niagara River to avoid it. A classic example of the problems that can The Niagara River basin, with the world- Lake Ontario 175 renowned Niagara Falls, separates Lakes Erie charges from a coke plant and a dye plant on and Ontario. Approximately 1.3 million people the Buffalo River. The oil refinery in the area live in the United States portion of the has achieved substantial compliance with Buffalo-Niagara area and the area contiguous New York State and International Joint to the basin. The sewage from this population Commission requirements for oil and phenol ends up in the Niagara River, although only a removals. Other industries and the municipal portion of the 1.3 million people actually live in sewage treatment plants discharging oil from the Niagara River basin. The metropolitan facilities on the upper river also add to poten- area is highly industrialized and supports the tial taste and odor problems at municipal major source of electrical power for the east- water supply intakes on the river. On one oc- ern Great Lakes. Less than 10 percent of the casion in 1967 phenols of 28 micrograms per area is rural. liter were found at the confluence of the Niag- The Niagara River has an average flow of ara River and Lake Erie. Although no phenol approximately 203,000 efs. Almost all of the problems have been reported on the upper flow comes from Lake Erie and the minimal Niagara River in the past few years, water is flows from the Buffalo River and Tonawanda routinely treated for taste and odors caused by Creek have little effect on Niagara River vol- phenols at Niagara-on-the- Lake, a Canadian ume. The Tonawanda Creek flow is eliminated community located near the mouth of the when the Barge Canal is in operation. At that river. time as much as 1,300 cfs of water from the The Buffalo River receives wastes from Niagara River and Tonawanda Creek flow storm sewer and combined sewer overflows, east through the canal. septic tanks, and sewage treatment plants. The major pollution load to Niagara River These wastes then flow into the Niagara River stems from the nutrient-laden waters of Lake where they affect the coliform levels on the Erie, wastes from the heavy industrial com- east shore. The Buffalo Sewer Authority plex along the Buffalo River, and direct waste effluent and combined sewer overflow con- discharges from riparian municipalities and tribute directly to the coliform count in the industries. Niagara River. In 1967, samples collected by , Because of the large volume of Lake Erie the International Joint Commission (IJC) near water in the river, the effect of most pollutants the east shore indicated median coliform in the discharged wastes is masked by the counts were 6700/100 ml approximately two tremendous dilution ratio. However, certain miles downstream on the Buffalo River and indicators of pollution such as phenols, oil, and 3600/100 ml four miles downstream. Mid- coliform bacteria are still evident. stream samples at these mile points reflect Excessive growths of Cladophora in the the maximum levels, and they are high Niagara River and algae from Lake Erie and enough to make swimming hazardous in the the upper Niagara River tributaries form Grand Island area. This points out the vigi- large accumulations below Niagara Falls. The lance required by waterworks supply opera- decay of large masses of these plants in the tors to guard against contaminated water. area of the Maid of the Mist docks on the Canadian shore contributes to the obnoxious odor problem in the lower Niagara River. 8.2.2.3 Tonawanda Creek Tonawanda Creek, more than 100 miles long, 8.2.2.2 Buffalo River has an average now of approximately 390 efs, and has 31 tributaries. In comparison to the Pollution from the Buffalo River hugs the 203,000 efs flow of the Niagara River, the creek east bank of the Niagara River for approxi- exerts little pollution pressure on the river. mately six miles before mixing throughout the However, when the Barge Canal is open the river. The polluted portion of the Niagara creek has a marked effect on canal water qual- River also receives waste from the Buffalo ity. Sewer Authority three miles downstream The upper reach of the creek above the from the Buffalo River and from Scajaquada Barge Canal has relatively good water quality Creek, four miles downstream. The Buffalo with few exceptions. Waste from Attica Pris- Sewer Authority discharges approximately on, sewage from Attica, toxic waste from the 143 mgd of primary-treated waste. National Lead Company at Batavia, enrich- Phenols found in the upper six miles of the ment from the well-operated Batavia sewage Niagara River are associated with waste dis- treatment plant, and sewage from Akron on 176 Appendix 7 Murder Creek cause polluted conditions for waste treatment facilities on streams receiv- short distances below these outfalls. The creek ing canal water will lessen the need for canal recovers sufficiently, however, to be in good water, but will be offset by increased popula- condition where it reaches the canal. tion and industrial growth. Although the Near its mouth Tonawanda Creek is joined Barge Canal is not heavily polluted, it is ap- by Ellicott Creek, a highly enriched stream. proaching the stage where continued organic The enrichment is caused by sewage from loading will destroy its usefulness as a source Alden and Erie County Home and Peniten- of flow augmentation water for the many tiary, septic tank discharges, and sewage from streams it normally supplies. Such wa- Amherst. The enrichment causes algal growth tercourses as Eighteenmile Creek in Planning and dissolved oxygen depletion in the creek as Subarea 4.4 and the Genesee River and Iron- it passes through Ellicott Creek Park and dequoit Creek in Planning Subarea 5.1 would flows into Tonawanda Creek and the Niagara suffer. Continued waste loadings will not only River. result in lowering water quality in the canal itself, but will worsen pollution conditions in most receiving streams. 8.2.2.4 Eighteenmile Creek Waste loads from the Lockport area pollute 8.2.2.6 Cayuga Creek Eighteenmile Creek for its entire length. The community of Lockport and nearby industries, Cayuga Creek in Niagara County is a small including Flintkote Company and United stream that drains an area north of Niagara Board and Carton, discharge partially treated Falls. The main source of pollution is a flow of waste with a population equivalent of approx- 80,000 gallons per day from the Niagara Mu- imately 73,000. Dams on the watercourse place nicipal Air Base Group, a Federal installation. further burdens on the oxygen content of the Partially treated sewage from the base, the creek waters, cause nutrient concentrations City of Niagara Falls, and the area outside in the ponded areas, and contribute to algal Niagara Falls cause dissolved oxygen deple- blooms in the lower reaches. Lessening the tion, algal growths, and odors in the lower flow of canal water into the creek would create portion of the creek. a major pollution problem in the creek from the canal to the mouth. 8.2.3 Planning Subarea 5.1 8.2.2.5 Barge Canal Planning Subarea 5.1 is essentially the Genesee River basin. As mentioned before, The section of the Barge Canal west of the certain streams in this area were included in Genesee River obtains most of its water from Planning Subarea 4.4 for convenience of or- Niagara River and Tonawanda Creek and dis- ganization. charges into streams along its 73-mile length. Industries in the western sector, including Upson Company at Lockport, Hunt Foods at 8.2.3.1 Genesee River Albion, and Duffy-Mott Company, Inc., at Hol- ley, contribute wastes with a population Major areas of water quality impairment in equivalent of 324,000. Several communities the Genesee River basin are sectors on the also discharge partially treated waste. The in- lower and central part of the main stem and on dustries and communities are steadily degrad- Honeoye, Keshequa, Wolf, Oatka, Black, Wil- ing canal water because of inadequate treat- kins, Conesus, and Canaseraga Creeks. ment. The Genesee River is most seriously de- Good water quality in streams receiving graded in the lower five to six miles. Studies in water from the Barge Canal cannot be main- the summer and fall of 1965 revealed that the tained in some instances without water from entire lower reach is almost completely de- the canal. The need for discharges from the pleted of dissolved oxygen. Concurrent biolog- canal for flow augmentation is evident. Appor- ical studies showed the bottom fauna con- tioning the available water in the canal for sisted almost exclusively of sludgeworms. other purposes may have a serious effect on Discharge from the Eastman Kodak Com- receiving streams if water for increasing pany's primary treatment plant was the prin- flow-augmentation needs is denied. Better cipal cause of this condition. Kodak now has Lake Ontario 177 secondary treatment facilities in operation Onondaga County. Most of the river basin's which should greatly reduce the effluent load- population and approximately 60 major indus- ing. Contributing to the poor quality of this tries are located in the Syracuse metropolitan lower five to six mile sector are intermittent area. This large concentration of population discharges of untreated wastes from Roches- and industry has given rise to water quality ter's 30 combined sewer overflows and the Ia- problems in the area. Waste discharges to tent oxygen demand of the extensive sludge Onondaga Lake contain large quantities of in- deposits. organic and organic materials. Analysis of Three other reaches on the main stem dis- samples taken from the lake during the sum- play poor water quality. These are below the mer of 1965 indicated a zone almost devoid of Village of Avon, below General Foods, oxygen below the 25-foot depth. Biological in- Birdseye Division, and below the Gates- vestigations in July 1965 revealed that there Chili-Ogden discharges. At present a joint was little or no bottom fauna, but a large popu- project involving the Village of Avon and the lation of poll ution-tol e rant types of algae General Foods Company is the only step to- ranging up to 100,000 organisms per milliliter. wards solving the pollution problem. A secon- Lake bottom cores taken in the 1965 investi- dary plant is now under construction and the gations revealed layers of sludge and sodium plan also calls for industrial pretreatment. and calcium carbonate deposits. Similar in- State funds totaling $394,026 have been au- vestigations in November 1971 revealed the thorized for the project. Pollution from situation to be largely unchanged. Certain another major source, Curtice Brothers in algal species, however, were present in popu- Leicester, was abated in 1968 by use of spray lations well in excess of 100,000 organisms per irrigation. milliliter. Dominant non-algal benthos were Among the more seriously degraded reaches amphipoda, annelida, and diptera. on the Genesee River tributaries are Honeoye Onondaga Lake receives more nutrients Creek below Honeoye Falls and Oatka Creek than any other lake in the basin. Depite high below Warsaw. Stream flow in Honeoye Creek concentrations of chlorides and suspended is commonly very low in summer because of solids, algal blooms occur in localized lake limited releases from its three headwater areas. Light penetration is less than three lakes, Honeoye, Canadice, and Hemlock. In feet. All these factors reflect a severely de- addition the Honeoye Falls secondary treat- graded environment. ment plant does not sufficiently reduce or- ganic materials. The village is taking meas- ures to reduce its effluent BOD to correct the gross pollution conditions of extremely low 8.2.4.2 Oneida Lake dissolved oxygen and high bacterial counts. Oneida Lake is in a highly advanced state of eutrophication, resulting partly from the input of large quantities of nutrients from 8.2.4 Planning Subarea 5.2 poorly treated municipal and industrial wastes. The nutrients along with ideal Planning Subarea 5.2 covers most of the physiographic features promote prolific algal west central section of New York State. Major blooms which decay into foul-smelling masses areas of concern in this area are found in the and eventually wash ashore. These repugnant Oswego River-Finger Lakes region, Onondaga conditions are a deterrent to most water uses. Lake, and Oneida Lake. Major tributaries receiving large waste loads are Chittenango Creek, including Limestone and Butternut Creeks, and Oneida Creek, in- cluding Sconondoa and Canaseraga Creeks. A 8.2.4.1 Oswego River larger portion of the nutrients apparently comes from natural runoff including that from The major pollution problems in the Oswego agricultural activity. There are many direct River basin are on Onondaga Lake, the Os- discharges from cottages plus vessel wastes wego River near Fulton, the Seneca River in from the Barge Canal traffic and numerous the Waterloo-Seneca Falls area, -the Clyde pleasure craft. A small percentage of the total River (Barge Canal) below Newark, and the phosphate loading in the basin is the result of Finger Lakes outlet. municipal and industrial waste discharges The Syracuse area is located in the heart of made directly to the lake or its tributaries. 178 Appendix 7 8.2.4.3 Finger Lakes Region tober 1961, September 1962, and October 1963. Flows from Seneca and Cayuga Lakes are Because the Finger Lakes have large vol- regulated for both hydropower and Barge umes and controlled outlet flows, seasonal Canal navigation. Unfortunately other pur- precipitation variations do not cause a radical poses including low-flow augmentation re- effect. The large lake volumes also provide ceive only minor consideration. Average 24- considerable dilution of waste inputs and the hour flows to meet peak power demands have eventual assimilation of most wastes. These varied from 60 to 1,000 efs. Because of the wide large natural storage reservoirs permit a fluctuation of flows into the Seneca River, gradual release of water to the outlets, pre- Geneva's waste discharges to Seneca Lake oc- venting extremely low flows in the outlets. casionally flow directly into the river with lit- Areas of localized pollution exist at Ithaca, tle dilution. This is of particular importance to Geneva, and Dresden, and on lake outlets. The the City of Waterloo with a water supply in- two areas of poor quality on Seneca Lake are take only a short distance downstream. Be- at Dresden, where the pollution-laden Keuka cause of the limited dilution wastes are fre- Outlet adversely affects the lake, and on the quently carried downstream in slugs, con- north shore at Geneva, where the city has had tributing to the conditions causing fish kills. to restrict swimming. This area is principally Overfertilization is a problem on the Finger affected by the discharge from the city's pri- Lakes, as indicated by the aquatic weed prob- mary treatment plants, and also by some in- lems found primarily on the northern end of dustrial discharges into tributaries and city Seneca Lake and the substantial plankton storm sewers. At present, Geneva is awaiting blooms which occur at the southern end of approval of plans to provide contact stabiliza- Cayuga Lake. tion with an 85 percent reduction of BOD. The design flow is 4.0. The project is eligible for a 8.2.4.4 Barge Canal combined State and Federal grant of more than $3,500,000. The Barge Canal reach from Newark to On Cayuga Lake beaches in the Ithaca area Lyons has excessive organic loadings which have been closed because of bacterial pollution cause serious depletion on dissolved oxygen. and because dense growths of plankton make The flow in the canal is diverted to Ganargua the waters hazardous for swimming by limit- Creek above Newark and does not reenter ing transparency. until nine miles downstream at Lyons, com- The two Finger Lakes outlet streams most plicating the situation. seriously degraded are Skaneateles Creek and The Barge Canal in the Newark area is sub- Owasco Outlet. The flow in Owasco Outlet is jected to two large industrial wastes from Per- regulated to preserve the water supply stor- fection Foods and Edgett and Burnham Can- age in Owasco Lake. Only a nominal amount is nery. These wastes have a combined popula- allowed for dilution of domestic wastes and tion equivalent of 28,000. Fish-kills were re- odors are common during low flows. ported in this area in August 1961, October Skaneateles Creek is also regulated closely be- 1963, and November 1964. A secondary plant cause the lake is the major water supply began operation at Newark in September source for Syracuse. Bacterial contamination 1969, but lack of pretreatment by the Perfec- exists throughout Skaneateles Creek. In some tion Foods Cannery has hindered its effec- reaches high pH, turbidity, and color result tiveness. from poorly treated industrial wastes, espe- At Lyons the National Biscuit Company dis- cially in and below Skaneateles Falls. charges an untreated waste with a population Wineries on both Keuka Inlet and Canan- equivalent of more than 20,000 which causes a daigua Inlet impose sizeable organic loads on slight decrease in water quality. At Clyde the those streams, particularly at Hammondsport canal exhibits moderate deterioration in qual- on Keuka Inlet. Both chemical and biological ity from the village's primary effluent. At the data reflect the additional loading imposed sampling station near Clyde there are high by the wineries in the fall. concentrations of dissolved and suspended sol- The Seneca and Cayuga Lake Outlets to- ids in addition to high bacteria counts. gether form part of the Cayuga-Seneca section of the Barge Canal system and this 13-mile 8.2.4.5 Oswego River reach is extremely polluted. Many fish-kills have occurred below Waterloo and Seneca Falls The Oswego River is high in organic load- and extensive fish-kills were reported in Oc- ings at its headwaters. It receives untreated Lake Ontario 179 domestic sewage from three communities and tario and the point above Massena, where the untreated industrial wastes from six large in- international boundary departs from the dustries and many small industries. At Fulton river, two locations receive wastes in quan- the canal section between two locks is ex- tities large enough to cause serious degrada- tremely polluted. Just two miles downstream tion. from Fulton, Armstrong Cork formerly added At Massena wastes from the General Motors another untreated loading and its discharge Chevrolet Division aluminum casting plant created an unsightly delta of deposits in the and the Reynolds metal aluminum reduction river below the outfall. Secondary facilities plants cause a milky, oily appearance in the completed by the company in October 1969 re- river. lieved this problem. Further downstream bot- At Ogdensburg the Diamond National paper tom deposits are resuspended by passing tugs, plant discharges raw wastes, including nearly making the river a dark unsightly color as it 7,000 pounds per day of five-day BOD, floating passes Battle Island State Park. fibers, wood chips, and rafts of white foam. An unsightly discoloration is caused along the shoreline despite the paper mill's efforts to 8.2.5 Planning Subarea 5.3 trap and remove the larger suspended mate- rial with a floating barrier. Diamond National Planning Subarea 5.3 encompasses an area has submitted a final engineering report referred to as the Black-U.S. St. Lawrence which has been approved. The company plans River basin. Despite the benefits derived from to provide chemical coagulation and precipita- large stream flows and the many headwater tion. Most municipalities that discharge lakes that could be regulated for water quality wastes into the St. Lawrence River provide no control, this planning subarea has many areas waste treatment. The only exceptions are Og- of serious water quality impairment. densburg and Waddington which provide pri- The central and lower sections of the Black mary treatment. River are the most seriously affected reaches. Data for the past decade reveal little change Sectors on the upper and lower Oswegatchie in quality in the St. Lawrence River. River, the lower Grass, and the lower The major tributaries of the St. Lawrence Raquette also have noticeable pollution prob- River, the Raquette, Grass, and Oswegatchie lems. The St. Lawrence River, in the 114-mile Rivers all have localized areas of pollution. stretch between Lake Ontario and Massena Water quality on the Rdquette River in the covered in this section, exhibits localized pol- reach between Potsdam and Raymondsville is lution at Ogdensburg and Massena. often degraded with oxygen deficiencies and Pulp and paper manufacturers contribute gross discoloration. Improper stream-flow more than 90 percent of the total organic load- regulation by upstream hydropower plants ing to the Black-U.S. St. Lawrence River basin compounds the pollution problems created by in terms of BOD. The total loading has a popu- industrial and municipal waste discharges. lation equivalent (PE) of 900,000. Waste dis- Upstream river flows have been completely charges from aluminum processing plants, interrupted for periods up to 14 hours, pre- dairy products plants, and mining operations venting any dilution for water quality control. are less significant, but still a cause of water The only reaches of significantly deterio- quality degradation. Little or no treatment is rated quality on the Grass River are below provided by these industries. Municipalities Canton and Massena. Sources of pollution in are also causing pollution problems because of the Canton area include untreated discharges inadequate treatment. A BOD reduction of by a Kraft Foods cheese plant (approximately only 30 percent is provided through existing 7,500 PE in terms of BOD), several dairies, and municipal treatment facilities. poorly treated effluents from the Village of Canton's primary treatment plants. An un- sightly milky discoloration often exists in the 8.2.5.1 St. Lawrence River Basin river in and below Canton. To alleviate this problem the village and Kraft Foods have un- The St. Lawrence River, with its enormous dertaken a joint water pollution control proj- flow averaging more than 240,000 efs, is rela- ect. Kraft will also provide pretreatment be- tively unaffected by either direct waste inputs fore discharging wastes to the secondary plant or the tributary inputs, but does experience now under construction. The project has been areas of localized pollution. In the approxi- completed. Major sources of the moderate pol- mately 115 miles of river between Lake On- lution found at Massena are effluents from the 180 Appendix 7 Massena primary treatment plant, serving a Pacific pulp and paper mill at Lyons Falls to population of approximately 16,000 and an in- Carthage had less than 4 mg/l of dissolved dustrial waste discharge from an Alcoa plant. oxygen. One 10-mile reach had less than 2 mg/l. The discharge totals 20 mgd from a settling This was at a time when the stream flow was and oil separation lagoon. This occasionally approximately 600 efs below Lyons Falls, more gives an oily appearance to the river and than three times the critical low flow for this causes a buildup of sludge deposits in the reach. streambed. Another serious problem exists below the In quality the Oswegatchie River is similar Carthage-Deferiet area. St. Regis, Crown Zel- to the other major river systems in the St. lerbach, and Carthage Paper Makers were Lawrence area. Its quality is good except in daily discharging untreated wastes contain- localized areas that receive untreated or ing more than 60,000 pounds of 5-day BOD to poorly treated municipal and industrial this reach in 1965. A major step to eliminate wastes. Erratic and insufficient releases from problems in this area is the joint treatment Cranberry Lake often provide inadequate project involving the Villages of Carthage and stream flows for proper water quality control. West Carthage. In and below Gouverneur the river receives Other areas of the Black River and its approximately 50,000 PE of organic loading tributaries, notably below Watertown and Bea- from untreated wastes. The wastes are dis- ver Falls, have serious water pollution prob- charged by Pioneer lee Cream, Division of lems. The total discharge to the Black River Borden (20,000 PE); Groveton Paper (25,000 and its tributaries is approximately 700,000 PE); and the Village of Gouverneur (5,000 PE). PE from pulp and paper mills and approxi- Severe discoloration has been observed mately 50,000 PE from municipalities. The downstream from the paper mill. Great quan- City of Watertown, the largest municipality in tities of fibrous oxygen-consuming sludge de- the basin, has primary treatment for a popula- posits have formed on the streambed. tion of approximately 40,000. At Heuvelton, approximately 12 miles up- stream from where the Oswegatchie River enters the St. Lawrence River, it is again sub- 8.2.6 Special Pollution Problems jected to untreated industrial waste. The Aiello Dairy Farms cheese plant, the major waste contributor, is under order to connect to 8.2.6.1 Wastes from Watercraft the Village of Heuvelton system upon its com- pletion. Construction of the village system Watercraft of all types contribute untreated began July 1, 1969. or inadequately treated wastes to the waters of the Lake Ontario basin. Problem areas in- clude the commercial harbors and small boat 8.2.5.2 Black River Basin marinas off the Lake, the St. Lawrence Sea- way, the Barge Canal, and the Finger Lakes The Black River is in a severely polluted area. condition primarily because of the numerous Approximately 7,000 commercial ships pass untreated waste discharges from pulp and through the St. Lawrence Seaway and across paper mills. The area affected covers the lower Lake Ontario each year. Approximately 1,000 half of the basin including more than 80 miles of these enter New York State's commercial of river. The stream sectors below Lyons Falls, ports from Rochester to Massena. Approxi- Beaver Falls, Carthage, and Watertown are mately 750 commercial barges and their tugs most critically affected. use the Barge Canal each season. Pollution in the Black River includes exces- Additional watercraft wastes to Lake On- sive organic loadings and related dissolved tario and other , bodies of water come from oxygen depletions; gross discoloration and a pleasure boaters. Approximately 3,100 recre- water surface fouled with multicolored foams ational watercraft can be accommodated at and floating debris; and the buildup of vast nine recreational harbors constructed by the deposits of paper fibers, wood chips, and other Corps of Engineers along the lakeshore. It is oxygen-consuming materials on the stream- estimated that private moorings exceed this bed. Dissolved oxygen profiles of the Black figure. Widespread distribution of the waste is River made by the National Council for caused by the freedom of access boats have to Stream Improvement in 1965 revealed that most bodies of water in the basin. Approxi- the entire 40-mile sector from the Georgia mately 65 publicly operated boat ramps exist Lake Ontario 181 in the basin, and many more are under private trations and the presence of known oil waste care. The Barge Canal, for instance, accom- discharges or observable oil films on the water modated approximately 30,000 boaters in one immediately upstream. Municipal waste season. Oneida Lake accommodates approxi- treatment plants in the area also do not create mately 5,000 boats a day. These high figures observable oil films on the streams below their are duplicated in many areas of the basin. outfalls. However, tests have shown that the These numbers alone indicate that boats can quantity of oil and extractables in effluents create a water pollution problem that upsets from the sewage plants discharging directly to nature's balance. the upper Niagara River is more than 32,000 Recognizing the problem of watercraft pol- pounds per day. lution, New York State passed a law effective March 1, 1970, to deal with sewage and litter. Enforcement began March 1, 1971. Watercraft 8.2.6.3 Disposal of Dredged Material must have toilets equipped with pollution con- trol devices to prevent discharge of untreated Lake Ontario has three deep-draft harbors human waste into the water. The Ontario that are dredged annually by the Corps of Water Commission of Canada has also enacted Engineers. These harbors, at Rochester, a similar law. The Federal Water Pollution Great Sodus Bay, and Oswego, accommodate Control Administration's report may also re- 1,000 ships each year. When the dredged mate- quire an effective means of controlling pollu- rial is deposited in the open area of the em- tion from watercraft. bayment over a designated spoil area, aerial photographs show the fine material is not readily settleable and is carried throughout 8.2.6.2 Oil Pollution the embayment by current. The oil pollution problem in the Lake On- tario basin is minimal because of the lack of 8.2.6.4 Pesticides major oil producers or users except in the Niagara area. However, there is always the DDT is one of the best known ingredients in possibility of a disastrous oil spill because of synthetic organic pesticides. It is part of the the major shipping in Lake Ontario and family of chlorinated hydrocarbon chemicals Rochester Harbor, oil transportation on the which are stable, persistent, and travel great Barge Canal, oil pipelines crossing the area, distances. Although this type of pesticide has and the increasing number of oil storage tank been used extensively only since World War II, farms along the Barge Canal. its residues have been found in penguins and In the last few years minor spills have oc- crab seals as far away as Antarctica. curred on the Barge Canal, Genesee River, The danger from such pesticides lies not and Irondequoit Bay. In 1963 the New York only in deaths the pesticides cause directly, State Department of Health observed the but in the more indirect effect which may re- harmful effect of oil on wildlife in its study of sult from pesticide injection into the food the St. Lawrence River. The oil came from chain. Food chains in the aquatic environment commercial shipping and recreational boat- are especially vulnerable because they are ex- ing. In 1961 ballast discharged from tankers in posed to pesticides in land runoff in addition to the St. Lawrence Seaway also caused prob- those sprayed directly on water. lems along the shore, and on one occasion Traces of DDT have been found in fish taken Grassy Point Beach near the Thousand Island from Cayuga and Skaneateles Lakes in the Bridge was temporarily closed. Oswego River basin. The Lake Plain area, In the Niagara area a major problem results which parallels the southern shoreline of Lake from the accumulation of oil on the Buffalo Ontario, is an extensive fruit-growing belt River. Flushing action causes the periodical where enormous quantities of pesticides are discharge of these heavy accumulations of oil used. In 1965 a pesticide analysis indicated the to the Niagara River. Some significant sour- trace amounts of DDE and both isomers of ces of oil to the Niagara River do not immedi- DDT (chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides) ately appear on the water surface. The oil is were present. first noticed when large oil films collect at pro- On both East Koy and Wiscoy Creeks in the tected shore areas such as coves and marinas. Genesee River basin there have been several In many cases there is no apparent relation- large fish-kills attributable to an organic ship between the location of these oil concen- phosphate pesticide commonly used by area 182 Appendix 7 potato growers. Sampling results showed the quantities of cooling water are of concern be- presence of pesticides, with higher concen- cause of the enormous quantities of waste trations present in bottom samples. This was heat they discharge into streams and lakes. undoubtedly caused by the two-week time Most existing installations discharging large lapse between interjection of the pesticide and quantities of waste heat are located on Lake sample collection. Ontario and the inland lakes. Other signifi- Further research is urgently needed on cant sources of thermal pollution are located these synthetic pesticides to determine their on the St. Lawrence, Oswego, Seneca, effects on plants and animals, and their ulti- Genesee, and Niagara Rivers. Three nuclear mate impact on man. Enough in known, how- power plants are now located on Lake Ontario. ever, to make clear the need for closer control One plant near Rochester and one near Os- over pesticide usage. An immediate need is wego are in operation. The third, the Fitzpat- a permit and accountability system yielding rick plant at Ninemile Point near Oswego, is information on the kinds, amounts, and places nearing completion. of pesticide application. The effects of the present discharge of waste heat to Lakes Ontario, Seneca, and Cuyahoga appear to be minimal. These large bodies of 8.2.6.5 Land Runoff water are better suited than streams for dis- sipating large quantities of heat. In addition to pollution from point sources, The selection of sites for future electric such as municipal and industrial wastewater power plants is expected to depend heavily not discharge points and watercraft, much det- only on a good supply of low-temperature wa- rimental material gets into streams and lakes ter, but also on the capacity of the receiving from nonpoint sources. These sources include stream to dissipate the waste heat generated. runoff from rural and urban land; runoff from earth-moving work in the construction of sub- divisions and highways; runoff from over- 8.3 Water Quality Control Needs grazed, severly burned, and improperly logged forest lands; and residues from the application of chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, and deic- 8.3.1 Planning Subarea 5.1 ing compounds used on streets. Runoff water contains both dissolved impurities and sus- pended particulate matter, and both have det- 8.3.1.1 Area Boundaries rimental effects on receiving waters. The chemical effects of sedimentation are Planning Subarea 5.1 is composed of the not as obvious as physical damage. Unlike the Genesee River basin, a major drainage system other typical constituents of fertilizer, phos- that lies wholly within its boundaries. The phate compounds are not easily leached out of area also encompasses portions of the lower the soil, but tend to adhere to soil particles. Niagara River and numerous minor tribu- The-same is true for many types of pesticides, taries of Lake Ontario. notably DDT and dieldrin. Thus, pesticides ac- cumulate in stream sediments and are taken up by the bottom-dwelling worms that ingest 8.3.1.2 Water Uses and Related Quality mud, and from there eventually reach the top Problems of the aquatic food chain in fish. From there the pesticides reach man. This chain of events (1) Genesee River Basin (Main Stem and can be halted by practices that prevent soil Major Tributaries) erosion. Although most of the Genesee River basin Although much has been done to improve lies within New York State, the southern tip soil conservation and forestry practices, a of the basin is within the Pennsylvania por- more intensified effort is needed. The need is tion of Planning Subarea 5.1. The Pennsylva- heightened by trends to increase use of fer- nia portion includes four percent or 96 square tilizers and pesticides in agriculture. miles of the 2,479-square-mile river basin. This rural area, relatively free from pollution, contains the headwaters of the Genesee River. 8.2.6.6 Thermal Pollution Following is a basin-by-basin analysis of stream conditions in the New York portion of Power plants and industries using large Planning Subarea 5.1. Lake Ontario 183 In several areas the Genesee River basin river is still very polluted. surface waters still receive inadequately The last six or seven miles of the Genesee treated industrial and municipal waste. Con- River receive the greatest quantities of in- sequently, there remain some serious areas of adequately treated wastes and thus exhibit water quality degradation. The most severely the most severe pollution conditions. Large impaired areas are the extreme lower sector of amounts of industrial waste were discharged the Genesee River and sectors on the central into this sector of the river by Eastman Kodak. portion of the main stem, Honeoye Creek, Wolf Total oxygen depletions extended for the rest Creek, Oatka Creek, Black Creek, and of the river below Kodak's outfall. Kodak re- Canaseraga Creek. However, pollution cently installed a secondary treatment plant abatement procedures in many of these areas which should help improve this reach. Storm- will restore water quality. water overflows from Rochester still contrib- From the Penn sylvani a- New York border to ute considerable organic loading to this reach. the Village of Wellsville the Genesee River The low-flow/waste-flow dilution ratio at the continues to display generally good water mouth of the Genesee River can go as low as quality. Its uses include trout fishing and 0.4:1. domestic water supply. At Wellsville, however, Further complicating the problems of this the river receives untreated industrial waste reach are the large sediment loads trans- and inadequately treated municipal waste ported by the Genesee and deposited in the from the village's overloaded primary treat- harbor. This accumulation requires annual ment plant. As a result the river at Wellsville dredging by the Corps of Engineers to accom- and immediately downstream suffers moder- modate deep-draft ships. The highly polluted ate pollution, but stream standards are not sludge is dumped into Lake Ontario. Local violated. conservationists have strongly opposed this The river's relatively swift flow downstream method and the Corps will probably cease un- from Wellsville facilitates the recovery and restricted dumping into the Lake in the near maintenance of good water quality. Signifi- future. Investigations have begun to obtain a cant pollution does not reoccur until just up- site that can be used for onshore disposal. stream from the Mt. Morris dam. The river The lower portion of the main stem of the section from this point to the Barge Canal Genesee River was recently upgraded to a B crossing is polluted in numerous places. The classification by the former New York State severity varies directly with stream flow con- Department of Health. Ideal uses of Class B ditions. This 55-mile reach of the stream re- water include bathing and recreation. Very ceives large quantities of high organic waste high coliform counts and dissolved oxygen from canneries at Mt. Morris and Avon. Mt. measurements consistently below 4.0 mg/l in Morris has a primary sewage treatment plant the lower Genesee are in violation of stream being expanded for secondary treatment. standards. Avon's new secondary plant is presently Wolf Creek is the first significant tributary adequate, but advanced waste treatment or downstream from the headwaters of the flow augmentation will probably be required Genesee that suffers substantial water qual- in the future. Water quality occasionally falls ity degradation. As a result of salt manufac- below established stream standards in this turing by the Morton Salt Company in Silver sector of the river. The most notable problem Springs, this creek has very high concen- is at Avon where the river has a C classifica- trations of chlorides and high conductivity. tion. According to standards the best use is Farther downstream the Village of Castile dis- fishing, but numerous fish-kills have occurred. charges raw sewage which severely pollutes Downstream from Avon, water quality the stream. High chloride concentrations and slowly improves until three miles upstream conductivity are caused on the main stem of from the Barge Canal junction. Here the river the Genesee at its confluence with this tribu- receives a large organic discharge from the tary. Gate s-Chili-Ogden primary sewage treat- Canaseraga Creek receives muni61pd1_ waste ment plant. This plant is being enlarged to from a primary treatment plant at Dansville include tertiary treatment. and some raw industrial wastes. Farther The quality of the river improves downstream primary treatment effluent from downstream from the Barge Canal as it flows two small municipalities and wastes from a over a series of natural falls in Rochester. Al- large milk processing plant further degrade though the dissolved oxygen remains high in the creek's waters. In addition the primary this section, biological evidence indicates the sewage treatment plant at Mt. Morris dis- 184 Appendix 7 charges into Canaseraga Creek just before its posed reservoirs for water quality. However, confluence with the Genesee River. As a result other portions of the main stem and of these discharges this tributary is moder- tributaries apparently will benefit from res- ately polluted as it empties into the Genesee. ervoir sites at Stannards or Portage as well as In the past Honeoye Creek discharged mod- from a few Soil Conservation Service dams. erately polluted water into the main stem of (2) Little Finger Lakes the Genesee River. However, recent construc- Lying within the Genesee River basin are tion of tertiary treatment facilities at Hon- four small lakes, commonly referred to as the eoye Falls, the creek's major polluter, has Little Finger Lakes. Rochester has used two of done much to alleviate this. these lakes, Hemlock and Canadice, as a water Oatka Creek discharges moderately pol- supply source for the past 100 years. Roches- luted water into the Genesee. At Warsaw this ter owns all lakeshore property along both stream receives industrial wastes and in- lakes and strictly controls the lakes' w'a- adequately treated primary treatment plant tershed areas. As a result water quality in effluent. Dissolved oxygen measurements of both lakes maintains the State's Class AA rat- less than 1 mg/1 have been recorded ing. downstream from this village. Farther Lakefront property is privately owned downstream at LeRoy, Oatka Creek receives along the other two lakes, Conesus and Hon- primary-treated effluent with high organic eoye. Both lakes are used extensively for rec- loadings from several food processors. This se- reation, bathing, boating, and fishing. Water riously lowers water quality in the area. Sec- quality in both lakes has suffered from leaking ondary effluent discharged from Scottsville septic tanks, oil from power boats, and other has a slight additional harmful effect on the causes. creek's water quality. Mild recovery occurs Conesus Lake is also used as a water supply just before the stream's confluence with the source for the Villages of Avon and Genesee, main stem of the Genesee River. Lakeville Water District, Conesus Milk Pro- In Black Crebk pollution first appears near ducers Corporation at Lakeville, and numer- the Village of Bergen. Treated cannery wastes ous private cottages. To maintain acceptable and decaying natural organic vegetation have water quality in the lake the Conesus Lake caused the stream's dissolved oxygen to drop Sewer Project was established. This intermu- below 3 mg/l. Water quality improves nicipal sewer district is constructing 27 miles downstream until the creek receives raw of sewer pipe around the lake and a new domestic sewage at Churchville. These dis- treatment plant at its north end. The perime- charges create violation of Black Creek's Class ter sewer was scheduled to be in operation by C standards. However, the creek partially re- July 1973. The sewer treatment plant was covers before its confluence with the Genesee. scheduled for operation in August 1972. To achieve and maintain satisfactory water (3) Lower Niagara River. quality in the Genesee River basin all munici- The last 20 miles of the Niagara River is pal treatment facilities must provide a mini- included in Planning Subarea 5.1. The rest of mum of secondary treatment and maximize the river from Lake Erie to just above Niagara reduction of untreated BOD. Industries with Falls is part of Planning Subarea 4.4. separate discharges also must achieve at least The Niagara River has a low-flow/wast@e- this level of treatment for all oxygen- flow dilution ratio of approximately 68 to 1 at consuming wastes. In general advanced waste its mouth. Downstream from the falls industry treatment is required on the main stem of the accounts for 60 percent of the waste dis- Genesee River as far upstream as Avon. charges. This does not include discharges from Gate s-Chili-Ogden and the Village of Avon are the Canadian shore which are minor in com- the major dischargers that will require ad- parison. The lower portion of the Niagara vanced waste treatment in the near future. By River is an area of excessive phenols and col- 1990 the Gates-Chili-Ogden plant will also re- iforms. All New York municipalities on the quire low-flow augmentation. river plan to add secondary and phosphorus Low-flow augmentation to provide suffi- removal facilities. Almost all are preparing cient dilution water for waste loadings is a final construction plans. The sewer discharge feasible solution to water quality problems in from the upper Niagara River is primarily an many other basin areas. A notable exception is industrial discharge and contains some mu- the lower Genesee River where the required nicipal wastes during heavy runoff periods. flow augmentation is too great to be practical This causes localized discoloration. with the limited storage available from pro- Since early 1970 extensive investigations of Lake Ontario 185 mercury discharges have been conducted in charge from the Food Manufacturing and the Niagara River basin. The quantity of mer- Chemical Corporation as was previously sus- cury in discharges will continue to be reduced. pected. The report concluded that the pollu- Analysis of river water shows no detectable tion problem of Jeddo Creek would be allevi- traces of mercury. ated if Middleport provided secondary waste Most preliminary plans for municipal and treatment facilities. Such facilities are now in industrial treatment facilities are complete. operation. The effects of Middleport's secon- Overall water quality improvement on the dary sewage treatment plant on the water Niagara River will not occur until most of the quality of Jeddo Creek will not be certain until planned treatment facilities are in operation. a follow-up survey is conducted. (4) Eighteenmile Creek (6) Sandy Creek Almost the entire length of Eighteenmile Albion and Holley are the major dischargers Creek is badly polluted. The sector of the creek to Sandy Creek, a Class C stream. The creek upstream from Burt Dam is rated Class D. received 0.75 mgd of inadequately treated sec- Dissolved oxygen measurements of less than ondary effluent from the overloaded treat- 1.0 mg/l constitute a violation of Class D ment facilities of these municipalities. Short streams standards. A low-flow/waste-flow di- reaches of the creek below each town are pol- lution ratio of 2.4:1 has been calculated from luted and frequently experience total oxygen known discharges at the mouth of this stream, depletion. but this ratio is probably even worse during The stream has a low-flow/waste-flow dilu- critical periods. tion ratio of 2.2:1 at its mouth. Best uses are Inadequately treated organic discharges primarily fishing and agriculture. Water qual- and chemical industrial discharges account ity is suitable for recreation, including bath- for approximately two-thirds of this stream's ing in three shore reaches of the creek. total waste load. No municipality provides suf- (7) Oak Orchard Creek ficient waste treatment and most provide no The low-flow/waste-flow ratio of Oak Orchard treatment at all. Lockport is expanding its Creek is 4.6: 1.1. The creek's average flow of 288 primary sewage treatment facilities to include cfs can be increased by as much as 225 cfs with secondary treatment. This plant will also water from the Barge Canal. Unfortunately, provide treatment for several industrial dis- during periods of low stream flow four charges. Niagara-Mohawk Company power stations on Eighteenmile Creek is grossly polluted and Oak Orchard Creek use this full amount. biologically dead. Although some low-flow Medina, the largest municipal discharger on augmentation is provided by the Barge Canal, the creek, proviaes only primary treatment alleviation of pollution on Eighteenmile Creek for its 1.05 mgd discharge. Elba has no treat- will require advanced waste treatment as far ment facilities, and Oakfield needs to expand upstream as Lockport. its existing secondary treatment facilities. (5) Johnson Creek Industrial wastes are discharged to this Lyndonville and Middleport are the major stream from food processing, tool and die, and municipal dischargers in the Johnson Creek paper manufacturing industries. basin. Lyndonville is constructing its first During periods of low stream flow dissolved sewage treatment plant and Middleport has oxygen has dipped below 1.0 mg/l. Total col- adequate secondary sewage treatment iform. counts as high as 44,000/100 ml have facilities. Three industries discharge food and been recorded downstream from Medina's chemical wastes to creek waters in this basin. sewage treatment plant. High phosphate and Johnson Creek has a low-flow/waste-flow di- nitrate concentrations have caused algal lution ratio of 21:1 at its mouth. The creek's blooms. Other data, however, indicate that the best use is agriculture. Chemical and biologi- creek's water quality, though still relatively cal data indicate no gross pollution conditions good, is declining. now exist on this stream. Best uses for Oak Orchard Creek are fishing In the past, however, Jeddo Creek, a major and agriculture. tributary of Johnson Creek, has been polluted (8) Salmon Creek in places. A 1969 survey report prepared by the Primary treated effluent from the Village of Environmental Protection Agency's Roches- Hilton and an unknown amount of industrial ter Field Office stated that the primary source waste from several canneries combine with of pollution on this stream was inadequately tributary discharges to make Salmon Creek treated municipal wastes from the Village of highly enriched with nutrients. The low- Middleport rather than the wastewater dis- flow/waste-flow ratio at its mouth can dip as 186 Appendix 7 low as 0.2:1. Pollution from domestic sewage proximately 80 mgd of primary treated waste will be eliminated within 10 years when some with a population equivalent of more than wastes are transported to Monroe County's 700,000 is discharged through a single 7,000- Northwest Quadrant wastewater treatment foot outfall to the embayment. The city's par- plant. tially treated and chlorinated sewage is dis- Brockport Creek, one major tributary of charged offshore from two of the city's major Salmon Creek, receives a total of 2.18 mgd of public beaches. Current, wind, and tempera- municipal wastes from the secondary treat- ture are major factors in the movement of the ment plants of the Village of Brockport and waste in and around the embayment. The Town of Sweden. This creek has been the site waste is a potential health hazard for the met- of several large fish-kills including one as re- ropolitan drinking water supplies. High cent as October 1971. These fish-kills have bacterial counts have caused closing of the been attributed to cyanide discharges from main public beaches on the embayment. the Dynacolor Corporation of Brockport. High The City of Rochester is constructing a new coliform counts downstream from Brockport secondary treatment plant and is placing a also indicate continued sewage pollution. 31/2 mile outfall into the Lake. This should West Creek, the other major tributary of carry wastes far enough out into Lake Ontario Salmon Creek, has been polluted primarily by to avoid return of these wastes along the the Duffy-Mott Company in Hamlin. High or- beaches. ganic waste discharges from this food proc- (11) Irondequoit Bay essor have been responsible for a total deple- Irondequoit Bay is linked to Lake Ontario tion of dissolved oxygen in this stream. Ham- by only a shallow channel. The Corps of lin, the only municipal discharger on West Engineers has proposed a project to enlarge Creek, provides inadequate secondary waste this connecting channel to allow for greater treatment for its population of 400. Hamlin exchange of bay waters with the Lake. Until will tie into the Northwest Quadrant waste- this project is accomplished the bay will con- water treatment plant when completed. tinue to function as a sink for the various loads (9) Slater Creek discharged to it. Because of its size (1.5 x 6.0 Slater Creek receives a waste flow of 163-75 km, area 6.7 kM2, volume 0.046 kM3, maximum mgd, including 160.0 mgd of cooling water depth 23m) Irondequoit Bay displays the lim- from the Rochester Gas and Electric Corpora- nological characteristics of a small lake. Best tion. This cooling water discharge contains use of the bay is general recreation including considerable settleable solids. The Town of bathing. Greece discharges 3.75 mgd of effluents con- Irondequoit Creek is the major natural taining high phosphate levels from its secon- tributary of the bay. More than 80 percent of dary treatment plant. the municipal waste discharged into the The stream's best uses include drainage, ag- stream receives secondary treatment. The riculture, and sewage disposal. The low-flow/ stream has a low-flow/waste-flow ratio of less waste-flow ratio at the mouth can go as low as than 1.1:1 at its mouth. The lower portion of 0.5:1. According to the Monroe County Pure Irondequoit Creek is in violation of its present Waters Program, a new 15 mgd tertiary sew- B classification. age treatment plant will serve this area Chloride concentrations in Irondequoit Bay within 10 years. The Northwest Quadrant are examined in a study by Robert C. Bubeck, sewage treatment plant should alleviate a doctoral candidate at the University of Slater Creek's major pollution problems. Rochester. The study reports that dense (10) Rochester Embayment saline runoffs from deicing salt used during The area of Lake Ontario close to the mouth winter months are responsible for a five-fold of the Genesee River is often called the increase in the chloride concentration in bay Rochester Embayment. waters during the past two decades. From Partially treated domestic sewage with a November 1969 to March 1970 approximately population equivalent of more than one mil- 16,000 tons of salt entered the bay. During the lion is discharged to the embayment both di- remaining months of the year only 7,000 tons rectly and via the Genesee River. Municipal of salt entered the bay. The increased chloride and industrial wastes from a rapidly growing concentrations prevented the bay waters from metropolitan area have complicated water completely mixing during the spring of 1970, a uses in the embayment area. rare condition for a large, shallow, freshwater The worst pollutor of the Rochester Em- lake like Irondequoit Bay. During certain bayment waters is the City of Rochester. Ap- times of year the chloride level exceeds 250 Lake Ontario 187 mg/l, the U.S. Public Health Service recom- needs, considerable comprehensive water re- mended limit for human consumption'. Al- sources planning has been conducted. though not yet critical, the chloride level of A Type II comprehensive study was con- the bay's water is rapidly rising and should be ducted under auspices of the U.S. Army Corps carefully monitored. of Engineers covering Genesee River basin waters and related land resources. This study was adopted for review by the Great Lakes 8.3.1.3 Waste Loads Basin Commission. The Commission accepted the study, with minor qualifications, as a basis Table 7-61 indicates waste load totals. For for determining the need for more detailed industrial waste loads figures in parentheses studies leading to authorization of projects in indicate totals excluding the 160 mgd cooling accordance with the proposed early action water used by Rochester Gas Electric Corpo- plan. ration. The Genesee Regional Board, during the course of its planning efforts, will investigate all authorities that could assist in implemen- TABLE 7-61 Waste Loads (MGD), Planning tation of the early action plan. They will also Subarea 5.1-New Yorka give further consideration to the Lake Plains Service Area which lies adjacent to the Load Genesee River basin. Year Municipal Industrial In June 1968 the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (now part of the 1970 225 298 (138) Environmental Protection Agency) and the 1980 256 298 (138) State of New York conducted a joint com- 2000 351 377 (174) prehensive study of Lake Ontario and the St. 2020 464 775 (356) Lawrence River. Under grants funded by New York State comprehensive sewage studies were con- aAlso see Annex for more current ducted in the planning subarea. Monroe estimates. County was divided into four separate sec- Note: Numbers in parenthese-s-are tions. From these studies the Monroe County explainedin text dfrectly above. Pure Waters Agency developed a "Master Plan" for pollution abatement and recom- 8.3.1.4 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs mended methods for implementation. Construction of new facilities has already Present and future needs are summarized begun under the Monroe County plan. In ac- in Table 7-62 and advanced waste treatment cordance with the plan the county was divided nodal points and zones of water quality im- into four drainage basins, each to be served by pairment are shown in Figure 7-38. one large regional secondary treatment plant with phosphorous removal. This will greatly reduce pollution in county waters and the 8.3.1.5 Treatment Costs Rochester Embayment area of Lake Ontario. Other serious water quality problems may Figures for municipal and industrial treat- not readily be resolved by conventional ment costs are presented in Table 7-63. treatment methods. Conesus and Honeoye Lakes suffer from an accelerating rate of eutrophication which has 8.3.1.6 General already produced some algal blooms. Plans have been drawn up to construct a perimeter To achieve adequate stream restoration in sewer around Conesus Lake. The sewer will Planning Subarea 5.1, all present and future intercept direct discharges from the tiers of municipal waste treatment facilities must cottages ringing the lake. Results of this effort provide at least secondary treatment. In should be closely observed. If the plan is suc- addition all separately discharging industries cessful it can be used on Honeoye Lake and must provide at least the equivalent of secon- elsewhere. Two similar lakes in this basin dary treatment for all oxygen -con sum ing could serve as control for comparison because wastes. their watersheds are protected by the City of In recognition of this planning subarea's Rochester for water supply. 188 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-62 Present and Future Treatment Needs, Planning Subarea 5.1-New York Dilution St ream Ratio Needs Other Remarks Genesee River 0.4:1 AWT and LFA Reduction of extremely large sed- AWT and eventual flow augmenta- (lower main Both required iment loads through erosion con- tion will be needed at Gates- stem) trol, measures to prevent com- Chili-Ogden Regional STP. bined sewer overflows from City Downstream several industrial of Rochester, phosphate dischargers will require both. reduction. Two main stem reservoir sites (Stannards and Portage) in con- junction with the existing Mt. Morris Dam, could provide some measure of the augmentation requirements after 1990. Little Finger NA AWT Elimination of direct discharges Planning complete for placing Lakes (Conesas from cottages. Measures neces- a 27-mile perimeter sewer & Honeoye) sary to correct gasoline and around Conesas Lake. oil problems resulting from multitude of small boats, nutrient removal. Lower Niagara 68:1 AWT All municipal and industrial Because of high flows (200,000 River discharges should have a high cfs), conventional secondary degree of phosphate reduction. treatment adequate with nutrient removal. Eighteenmile 2:1 AWT and LFA --- Barge Canal flow augmentation Creek Both required is essential with eventual AWT for both municipal and indus- trial wastes. Johnson Creek 21:.l --- --- Conventional treatment. Sandy Creek 2:1 AWT --- Upgrading of existing second- ary plants required. Oak Orchard 5:1 AWT and LFA Nutrient removal is an important Augmentation from Barge Canal. Creek Both required requirement for this creek since Regulation adjustments should it experiences algal blooms. be made. Salmon (plus 0.2:1 AWT --- AWT needs may be eliminated with tributaries the transporting of wastes to Brockport & N.W. Quad regional treatment. West Creeks) Slater Creek 0.5:1 --- Should have only minor problems. Town of Greece wastes are trans- ferred to the new N.W. Quad plant. Rochester NA AWT and LFA Phosphate reduction and extended 3-1/2 mile outfall has been con- Embayment Both required outfalls with diffusers to carry structed for the Durand Eastman wastes beyond embayment area. Regional Plant. Irondequoit NA AWT and LFA Nutrient removal. Reduction of Improve outlet to Lake Ontario Bay Both required deicing salt during winter. to permit greater exchange of waters. Irondequoit 1:1 AWT and LFA --- Barge Canal waters supplement Bay Both required flow via siphons and overflow weirs. LEGEND: AWT Advanced Wastewater Treatment LFA Low Flow Augmentation NOTE: Annex contains more current data. Lake Ontario 189 L A K E 0 N T A R 1 0 f GARA-ORLEA S 0 ldFk Ste Barge 0 Rochester 00 lbion Medina Broco port Lewisto Lockport Niagara Fal/ efec k G nd wand Batj ia MO ROE LIVINGSTON GENESE@ Conesus saw GENESEE Lake HOM Lake WYOMING Dansvill 0 ALLEGANY s Wellsville LW st@o. VICINITY MAP NEWYID@K SCA.LE IN MILES PENNSYLVANIA 0 50 100 "WON ow EXPLANATION Reference (Nodal) point Advanced waste treatment required SCALE IN MILES 10 15 FIGURE 7-38 Lake Ontario West, Planning Subarea 5.1 (Zones of Water Quality Impairment) 190 Appendix 7 TABLE7-63 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 5.1-New York Municipal Treatment Costs Industrial Treatment Costs Capital Ave. Annual Operating Capital Ave. Annual Operating Planning Costs and Maintenance Costs Costs and Maintenance Costs Period ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) Present-1980 78 3.1 53 3.4 1980-2000 54 4.2 24 3.5 2000-2020 90 4.4 65 5.4 Because of the rapidly rising chloride level tively large lakes which occupy large deep val- in area waters, the possibility for immediate leys in the southwestern corner of Planning reduction of salt applied during winter to Subarea 5.2. Because of their large volume control road ice should be examined. and controlled outlet flows they are not radi- Pesticides receive extensive use in fruit cally affected by seasonal precipitation varia- belts of the Lake Plain area. Effective tions. Each lake provides considerable dilu- January 1, 1971, the State of New York im- tion for waste inputs and eventually assimi- posed strict regulations on the use of such ma- lates most wastes. The large lake volumes also terials. It is essential that these rules be permit a gradual release of water to the out- adequately enforced. lets. These lakes provide recreation to millions A study should be made to determine what of upstate New Yorkers and annually attract structural methods could be used in agricul- tourists from many surrounding States and ture and forestry to reduce the extremely Canada. large sediment loads carried by the Genesee In the following discussion inlets and out- River. Most of this load originates from up- lets are included under the same heading as stream land and sheet erosion. Large quan- the lakes they serve. The condition of each tities of sediment are eventually deposited in lake warrants a comprehensive limnological the harbor area where they are annually study for complete understanding. The follow- dredged and dumped into Lake Ontario. Ero- ing brief descriptions are not intended to give sion control measures such as permanently a complete picture but only to serve the ends of vegetated filter strips along water courses, this report. drainages, and critical se dime nt-prod u cing (a) Canandaigua Lake areas may be a practicable solution. Naples Creek, the inlet to Canandaigua Lake, fluctuates widely in its flow rates. Dur- ing summer it exhibits a noticeable decline in 8.3.2 Planning Subarea 5.2 dissolved oxygen with a corresponding in- crease in BOD. This is probably caused by raw 8.3.2.1 Area Characteristics waste discharges from the Village of Naples. Faunal analyses do not indicate a critical need Although linked by streams and waterways, for advanced waste treatment, but secondary certain regions within Planning Subarea 5.2 treatment is needed. are regarded as distinct from one another be- Canandaigua Lake itself receives no large cause of differences in economic and geo- direct waste discharges from municipalities or graphic characteristics. For this reason a de- industries. Its waters retain generally good parture from the usual format of a stream- quality despite the input from Naples Creek by-stream discussion is necessary when con- and moderate seepage from lakeside cottages. sidering waste loads and advanced waste The lake has been assigned an extremely high treatment needs. classification with standards that prohibit di- rect discharges from even summer cottages. State stream standards are violated in some 8.3.2.2 Water,Uses and Related Quality cases, but pertinent chemical parameters Problems nontheless show some of the lowest values for the Finger Lakes. Uses include public water (1) The Finger Lakes supply, recreation, fishing and agriculture. The Finger Lakes are a system of six rela- High nutrient levels indicate the need for ad- Lake Ontario 191 vanced waste treatment. The lake may re- State, but dissolved solids concentrations are quire a collection system and treatment facil- higher than desirable. High sporadic chloride ity to eliminate discharges by lakeshore cot- concentrations have also been noted. Benthic tages. analyses at Watkins Glen indicate pollution by In the past Canandaigua Outlet received organic decomposable wastes which are prob- municipal and institutional wastes that ably attributable to the Villages of Watkins caused a serious deterioration in water qual- Glen and Montour Falls. Advanced waste ity downstream from the City of Canandaigua. treatment for municipal wastes is needed on The water exhibited organic degradation, this stream to protect troup fishery. high coliform counts, and dissolved oxygen The waters of Seneca Lake exhibit gener- levels often falling below State standards. ally high quality, but there are two areas of Secondary treatment facilities have now been localized pollution: one along the north shore installed for the City of Canandaigua and the at Geneva, the other along the west shore at Veteran's Administration Hospital there. Ad- Dresden. Geneva's primary treatment plant vanced waste treatment will also eventually discharges wastes totaling 2.0 mgd. Some in- be needed, possibly in combination with flow dustrial discharges to tributaries and city augmentation from the lake during critical storm sewers also add to pollution at Geneva. periods. Canandaigua Outlet also receives the Periodic closures of north end beaches have discharge from Flint Creek which carries un- resulted from high coliform counts. At Dres- treated municipal and cannery wastes. den industrial wastes plus the degraded (b) Keuka Lake Keuka Outlet enter the lake. The quality of Keuka Inlet reflects the Nutrient concentrations in the lake are heavy organic loading from local winery dis- not as high as those found in highly eutrophic charges. This situation is aggravated because lakes, but are within the range considered suf- peak discharges from the wineries often occur ficient for stimulating high algal growths. during the low stream flow period in autumn. Large areas of troublesome weed beds have Untreated municipal wastes are also dis- developed in recent years: . . charged at Hammondsport. Industrial and Chlorides are increasing significantly in municipal advanced water treatment in the the lake and are found in higher concen- form of nutrient removal may eventually be trations at the north and south ends. The needed on this stream. major contribution may be natural, arising Like Canandaigua Lake, Keuka Lake re- from salt beds intercepted by the lake basin, ceives no significant direct waste discharges but it is likely that commercial salt plants at and its high water quality is satisfactory for the south end of the lake have contributed all uses. Wastes from some shoreline cottages significant quantities. are discharged into the lake but this situation Uses of Seneca Lake include public and is being remedied by an association of lake industrial water supply, bathing, boating, rec- property owners. Uses are similar to those of reation, fishing, transportation, power plant Canandaigua Lake. Possible violations of the cooling, and waste disposal. Biologically it lake's very high standards occur primarily in may be termed moderately productive. It is no the form of lakeside cottage discharges. longer a "young" lake. Advanced waste treat- Keuka Outlet receives untreated wastes ment for municipal and industrial wastes is from the food and grape processing industries needed to retard an accelerated advance to- and treated wastes from the Village of Penn ward eutrophication. Yan secondary treatment plant. There Seneca Lake's outlet is the Seneca River wastes apparently cause the high bacterial which forms the Cayuga-Seneca section of the counts found in the outlet. Waste assimilation Barge Canal system. Primarily because of in- studies indicate that even with secondary dustrial wastes it is grossly polluted along its treatment waste discharges may present a se- entire length. Municipal wastes were a prob- rious problem by 1985. Because Keuka Outlet lem in the past, but their contribution to the empties into Seneca Lake the need for indus- stream's organic load has been considerably trial and municipal advanced waste treat- lessened with installation of secondary treat- ment on the outlet is important. ment facilities at Waterloo and Seneca Falls. (c) Seneca Lake Stream standards are violated by low dis- The second major tributary of Seneca solved oxygen levels, settleable solids, and Lake is Catherine Creek which enters the lake some toxic wastes. Uses include industrial and at its southern end. The creek's lower reach is municipal water supply and discharge, navi- classified as a trout stream by New York gation, and fishing. Flows from Seneca and 192 Appendix 7 Cayuga Lakes are regulated for hydropower through fertilization of agricultural lands 2 and Barge Canal navigation, but low-now million pounds per year of nitrates and 110,000 augmentation receives only minor considera- pounds per year of phosphorous reach Cayuga tion. Flow is controlled by the New York Elec- Lake. Estimates for Seneca Lake are about tric and Gas Corporation for use during peak half these values. power production. This results in wide fluctu- Use of the lake includes municipal and in- ation of flows into the Seneca River, causing dustrial water supply, recreation, fishing, Geneva's waste discharges to Seneca Lake to power plant cooling water, and transporta- occasionally flow directly into the river with tion. A large portion has been assigned ex- little dilution. This is of concern to the City of tremely high standards by New York State. Waterloo which has a water supply intake lo- These standards may be locally and temporar- cated only a short distance downstream. Also ily violated by municipal and industrial dis- of concern are local fish populations because charges. Municipal and industrial advanced these same wastes are often carried waste treatment and improved agricultural downstream in slugs, contributing to condi- and forestry practices are needed to safeguard tions causing fish-kills. the lake's present condition. Municipal and industrial advanced waste Because the Seneca River flows into treatment is needed along this stream reach. Cayuga Outlet, improvement in the outlet's This should be used in combination with bet- water quality will come when advanced waste ter flow regulation and advanced waste treatment is instituted on the Seneca River. treatment for Geneva's wastes. Also, flow regulation from Cayuga Lake must (d) Cayuga Lake be instituted for other uses in addition to hy- The waters of Cayuga Inlet are of gener- dropower and Barge'Canal navigation. ally good quality except near its confluence (e) Owasco Lake with Cayuga Lake where the City of Ithaca Owasco Inlet exhibits fairly good quality discharges a secondary effluent totaling 3.5 as it reaches the lake. Primary and untreated mgd. Uses of the inlet include fishing, agricul- wastes from Groton and Moravia cause some ture, and municipal waste disposal. organic loading, but the stream water recov- Except for areas of localized pollution the ers, and the wastes have little harmful effect waters of Cayuga Lake are of satisfactory qual- on the lake waters. ity for all uses. Beaches in the Ithaca area Owasco Lake shows little evidence of deg- have had to be closed primarily because of lim- radation. Nutrient concentrations sufficient ited transparency caused by suspended for the support of algal growths are present, phytoplankton blooms and bacterial pollution. but apparently other necessary conditions are This situation is caused in part by certain not. There are no significant industrial or mu- natural phenomena in the lake. Although nicipal discharges to the lake. Cottage de- Ithaca's discharge is highly treated and disin- velopment, however, is heavy along the fected, and the dominant lake flow is to the shorelines. Although there are direct dis- north, the flow often reverses, returning charges from septic systems, these discharges wastes to the southern shoreline. apparently do not violate stream standards. Cayuga Lake is mildly productive, al- Uses include water supply, recreation, and though nutrient levels average slightly above fishing. Advanced waste treatment is not concentrations necessary for large algal needed, except for possible reductions of nu- growths. The lake exhibits no serious signs of trient inputs that would be beneficial. advanced eutrophication. Owasco Outlet below the City of Auburn is Chloride levels are similar to those in grossly polluted. The stream displays high Seneca Lake. In this lake also the principal BOD, phosphates, dissolved solids, and contribution may be natural. However, the In- chlorides. These characteristics were also ternational Salt Company plant near the found in benthic -analyses. The stream re- south end of the lake discharges a chloride- ceives a heavy organic loading from Auburn's laden waste. inadequately treated discharge totaling 9.0 Pollution stemming from agricultural fer- mgd, as well as from many unconnected sew- tilizers and insecticides is a growing prob- ers. Coliform counts and settleable and float- lem which requires further study. Sprayed ing solids exceed State standards. Municipal insecticides, especially DDT, have built up in advanced waste treatment is needed on this the food chain of lake trout to the point that stream. these fish are of questionable value for fish (f) Skaneateles Lake hatcheries. It has been estimated that Skaneateles Inlet does not receive signifi- Lake Ontario 193 cant wastes, and its discharge has no deteri- ing. The largest municipal discharges are di- mental effect on the lake. rect. An untreated effluent of 0.3 mgd is dis- Like other smaller Finger Lakes, charged from the Village of Macedon, and a Skaneateles Lake does not receive any single secondary effluent of 0.4 mgd is discharged large waste discharge. Its water quality is ex- from the Village of Palmyra. Industrial wastes cellent for all uses, despite minor quantities of with little or no treatment are discharged waste from direct discharges and septic tank chiefly from food operations such as canning seepage from numerous shoreline cottages. and preserving plants. Many of these wastes Control of algal populations with copper sul- are discharged into tributaries, polluting both fate is practiced by the City of Syracuse which the tributaries and the canal was well. Peak draws its domestic water supply from the lake. discharge of food industry wastes comes at a Uses include water supply, recreation, and time of year when receiving streams are least fishing. able to handle the load. Discoloration, floating Skaneateles Creek, the outlet for the and settleable solids, high BODs, and low dis- lake, discharges into the Seneca River. solved oxygen levels characterize the waters Downstream from the Village of Skaneateles of the canal and its tributaries. at the northern end of the lake, the entire Below the Village of Newark the canal is stream is polluted. Primary wastes from seriously degraded. This is caused chiefly by a Skaneateles and several industrial wastes lack of industrial waste treatment combined combine with an untreated discharge from with a lack of appreciable flow between Skaneateles Falls to cause violations of State Newark and Lyons. Three miles upstream standards. The stream displays dissolved sol- from Newark the entire canal flow is diverted ids concentrations, low dissolved oxygen into lower Ganargua Creek. In effect this levels, toxic waste concentrations, and discol- leaves a stagnant pool in which a minimal ex- oration. High nitrogen, phosphate, and bacte- change of water takes place only from lock- rial levels exist. Although conditions improve ages and leakage. Ganargua Creek parallels downstream, the stream is still polluted as it the canal to Lyons where it rejoins the canal. enters the Seneca River. On this section of the canal inadequately (2) New York State Barge Canal treated food processing wastes again deliver a Discussions of the Barge Canal include the heavy organic loading from June through De- reach from Macedon to Three Rivers, exclud- cember. During this period dissolved oxygen ing the Cayuga-Seneca section discussed levels, floating solids, and discoloration are in under the Finger Lakes region. The Barge violation of stream standards. Principal vio- Canal east of Three Rivers is covered in the laters were to tie in with Newark's treatment Oneida Lake region. facilities which discharge to Ganargua Creek. The prime purpose of the canal is naviga- Advanced waste treatment for food process- tion, predominantly merchant shipping, al- ing wastes is needed on this reach along with though recreation has assumed a more impor- consideration of flow augmentation below tant role in recent years. Agreements exist Newark or relocation of discharge. between the State of New York Department of At Lyons the canal receives a heavy organic Public Works and the New York Electric and loading from the National Biscuit Company. Gas Corporation to regulate flows in the upper This discharge plus 0.30 mgd of secondary Seneca River for peak hydroelectric power effluents from Lyons cause a slight degrada- periods. Flow regulation of Seneca and tion in quality. Cayuga Lakes is geared primarily to naviga- At Clyde further deterioration occurs as a tion and power. Maintenance of adequate consequence of primary treated wastes from depth for navigation and bridge clearance for that village combined with an untreated food waterborne traffic on the canal primarily dic- processing waste. tate flow regulation from the lakes. From the Clyde River confluence to Three The Barge Canal between Macedon and Rivers, the canal receives minimal direct Newark continues to exhibit the moderate pol- waste discharges. However, nutrient levels, lution condition common to the entire western BOD, and suspended and dissolved solids con- section of the canal. Low velocities and artifi- centrations are higher than desirable. A de- cial controls reduce the canal's assimilative crease in water quality occurs below the major capacity. The sector between Macedon and tributaries of Owasco Outlet and Skaneateles Newark receives numerous industrial and Creek, but the most vivid change occurs below municipal discharges, both directly and from Onondaga Lake Outlet. This reflects the dis- tributaries, which exert a heavy organic load- charge of municipal and industrial wastes by 194 Appendix 7 the Syracuse metropolitan area to Onondaga milky color and prohibit benthic growth. Lake. BOD and concentrations of nutrients, These precipitates have also accumulated in a solids, and chlorides are high. Dissolved oxy- delta at the creek's confluence with Onondaga gen levels are low considering the sizeable Lake. flows in the canal. The canal partially recovers Uses of stream include municipal and in- before reaching Three Rivers. Advanced dustrial waste disposal, industrial water sup- waste treatment which will benefit this reach ply, and fishing on its upper reaches. A portion of the canal is discussed in the following sec- of the stream's municipal discharges now re- tion. ceive secondary treatment. It is expected that (3) Syracuse Metropolitan Area the remainder will receive secondary treat- Discussions of the Syracuse metropolitan ment with the formation of the Ninemile area include most of Onondaga County except Creek Sanitary District. Adequate industrial for the Finger Lakes region, the Barge Canal, treatment, however, remains the most critical and the Oneida Lake region, which are dis- requirement. Allied Chemical Corporation is cussed separately in this section. Onondaga working with the Onondaga County Public County is the most significant county within Works Commission to discharge its wastes to the Oswego River basin and within Planning the Syracuse Municipal Plant. This facility is Subarea 5.2. It has the largest metropolitan being upgraded to provide secondary treat- population, centered in Syracuse, as well as ment, but it will not be completed until 1975 at the largest manufacturing complex, including the earliest. 135 industrial plants. Because of high munici- Although wastes from Allied Chemical pal and industrial pollution the area contains Corporation are a significant cause of the de- the largest pollution problem in the planning gradation of lower Ninemile Creek, these subarea: the pollution in Onondaga Lake and wastes have a more important effect upon its tributaries. Onondaga Lake. The company's role as a pol- (a) Otisco Lake luter of that lake, through discharges to The quality of water in Otisco Lake com- Ninemile Creek and direct discharge as well, pares with that of the Finger Lakes. The will be discussed further in the Onondaga chemical quality indicates minimal pollution Lake subsection. and the lake exhibits a healthy biological (b) Onondaga Lake environment. However, shoreline erosion re- Decades of use as a receptacle for all types sulting from water supply withdrawals by the of untreated wastes has made Onondaga Lake Onondaga County Water Authority may be a unsuitable for public water supply, recreation, growing problem. Biological samples in 1965 or fishing, and has turned it into one of the revealed a bottom composed almost entirely of most serious pollution problems in New York silt. That same summer the lake displayed State. Several immediate needs must be satis- drops in elevation as much as 13 feet. Uses of fied before an economically feasible long- the lake include public water supply, agricul- range plan can be developed to systematically ture, fishing, and recreation. State stream revivethelake. Anumberof majorwaterqual- standards are not violated. ity problems exist. Ninemile Creek is the outlet from Otisco Raw or partially treated municipal and Lake and a major tributary of Onondaga industrial wastes are discharged directly into Lake. As water supply withdrawals from the the lake and received from tributaries. Major lake have been increased flows to the creek polluters discharging directly to the lake are have been greatly reduced. The creek receives the Syracuse Metropolitan treatment plant three municipal discharges, only one of which and Crucible Steel. The Solvay Process Plant receives secondary treatment; periodic dis- also discharges large quantities of cooling charges from the State Fair Grounds; four in- water directly, in addition to its Ninemile dustrial discharges from food processors; and Creek discharge. a discharge from Allied Chemical Corporation. The Metropolitan treatment plant Dissolved solids and chlorides increase in provides the equivalent of primary treatment marked progression along the entire stream although it possesses the hardware of an in- length as do sulphate, calcium, magnesium, termediate treatment plant. It is hydrau- sodium, and potassium concentrations. lically overloaded because Syracuse has a Benthic fauna does not change significantly combined sewer system. Flows often must be until the stream reaches the Solvay Process bypassed at the plant. There are also numer- waste beds where calcium compounds and ous other overflow chambers provided in the sodium chlorides give the stream a permanent system. Original plant improvement sched- Lake Ontario 195 ules have been all but forgotten and the an- but the most highly treated wastes. It is rela- ticipated completion date is now set for mid- tively small with a surface area of only approx- 1975. imately 4.5 square miles and depths ranging Crucible Steel discharges cooling water from 20 to 60 feet. Four small tributaries flow and process wastes directly to the lake at the into the lake, thus providing little flushing rate of 7.2 mgd. These wastes contain pickling action. This in turn limits the assimilative washings, acids, and oils. Effects on the lake capacity of the lake. include a decrease in dissolved oxygen, in- The Federal Water Pollution Control Ad- creases in BOD and suspended solids, turbid- ministration conducted a sampling program ity, discoloration, and visible oils and grease. in the summer of 1965. Results showed high Final plans for process waste abatement phytoplankton populations in the surface wa- facilities have been submitted, but Crucible ters, but a complete absence of macroinver- Steel remains three years behind the im- tebrates of any kind in the lake bottom. This is plementation schedule imposed by New York caused in part by the long-term accumulation State. of organic and inorganic waste deposits Mercury is a source of pollution that has throughout the lake. The sampling also re- gained considerable attention. Until recently vealed high concentrations of chlorides, phos- Allied Chemical Corporation was the major phates, calcium, nitrogens, iron, and BOD. source of mercury in this watershed. Action Dissolved oxygen was near complete depletion was taken against the corporation and it was below a depth of 25 feet. placed under a court stipulation by the U.S. The four streams tributary to Onondaga Attorney. The corporation has thus far satis- Lake are Ninemile Creek, which was pre- fied conditions of the stipulation by reducing viously discussed as the outlet for Otisco Lake, its mercury discharge from approximately 24 and Ley Creek, Onondaga Creek, and Harbor pounds a day to less than one-half pound a day. Brook. Current proposals are to use the discharge Lower reaches of Ley Creek are grossly from Allied Chemical Corporation to aid in polluted. Flows are sluggish and stream phosphorus reduction at the Syracuse Metro- standards are violated by floating solids and politan plant. This would be a major step oil. Conditions have recently improved, how- towards resolving some pollution problems. ever, with connection of the Ley Creek treat- However, the corporation also has a large cool- ment plant to the Syracuse Metropolitan ing water discharge to the lake which must plant. The lower reaches of the creek are used be investigated further to determine the ef- chiefly for drainage and the upper reaches for fect of the heat input on the lake environment. recreation. Because of the huge effluent discharges Onondaga Creek and Harbor Brook each from the Syracuse Metropolitan treatment receive large amounts of untreated sewage plant, Crucible Steel, and Allied Chemical from more than 60 combined sewer overflows Corporation, immediate abatement of any one from the city's two main interceptors which of these pollution sources by itself would not parallel the creeks. State standards are vio- bring Onondaga Lake into compliance with lated on the lower reaches of both streams by State stream standards. An effective program high bacterial counts, low dissolved oxygen to revive the lake should start with the control levels, high organic content, and discolora- of all three sources. Wet weather overflows tion. Uses of Onondaga Creek include trans- from the city's combined sewer system fre- portation and industrial process and cooling quently carry large quantities of untreated water on the lower reaches, as well as recrea- sewage to the lake. This is caused by reduction tion and fishing upstream. Trout stream in interceptor capacity and deterioration of standards exist for the uppermost reaches. overflow chambers through grit buildup. Uses of Harbor Brook include industrial waste Large deposits of both organic and inorganic disposal on the lower reaches and recreation sediments have accumulated during the past and fishing upstream. century in the lake. Cores of these deposits (4) Oneida Lake Region reveal varying layers of black sludge and In the Oneida Lake region major water white clay-like material up to 18 feet thick. quality problems are found in Oneida Lake This is a result of discharges from the treat- and its tributaries to the south. The southern ment plant and the chemical company. Be- portion of the basin contains the major popu- cause of natural hydrologic phenomena, On- lation concentrations, the most agricultural ondaga Lake, even in its most natural state, activity, and the only significant industrial would have difficulty assimilating anything activity in the basin. 196 Appendix 7 (a) Onedia Lake Tributaries reaches Canaseraga Creek via its major tribu- Oneida Lake tributaries are Chittenango tary, Cowaselon Creek. For decades both of Creek and its tributaries, Butternut and these Canaseraga Creek tributaries have Limestone Creeks; Canaseraga Creek; Oneida been adversely affected by untreated sewage Creek; Fish Creek, which enters the lake discharges from the Village of Canastota. through the Barge Canal; and several minor Canastota recently introduced secondary tributaries. treatment facilities for 1.1 mgd of wastes, but Water quality on Limestone and Butter- treatment has not proven effective and the nut Creeks will soon change with completion source remains only partially abated. Water of a new regional plant, Meadowbrook- uses in this network include fishing, agricul- Limestone. This plant will treat wastes from ture, and municipal waste disposal. Municipal some industries and municipalities which advanced waste treatment and nutrient re- originally discharged to both creeks. Unfortu- moval are still needed. nately the plant will sorely tax the assimila- Oneida Creek receives several significant tive capacity of Limestone Creek where its municipal discharges. Most of these wastes effluent will be discharged. Either advanced receive no more than primary treatment. waste treatment or low-flow augmentation Fishing, agriculture, and municipal waste will be required in the immediate future. disposal are its principal uses. The lower reach Uses for Limestone Creek include industrial of the creek is adversely affected by primary and municipal water supply, agriculture, and effluents totaling more than 2 mgd from the fishing on the upper reaches. Cities of Oneida and Sherrill. Gross pollution is Butternut Creek, which is joined by Lime- exhibited in the vicinity of Oneida by an abun- stone Creek near its mouth, is also subjected dance of pollution-tole rant benthic fauna as to several primary or untreated municipal well as extremely low dissolved oxygen levels discharges. Plans to eliminate these call for which fall far short of State stream standards. upgrading present plants or creation of a new In addition the Kenwood plant of Oneida Lim- sanitary district. Grease and oil wastes from a ited discharges industrial wastes to the creek railroad diesel repair facility also are dis- after treatment for removal of toxic metals, charged to the lower reaches of the stream. oil, grease, and solids, and after dilution with Stream standards are violated by high bacte- wash water and cooling water. rial counts, dissolved solids concentrations, Sconondoa Creek, the main tributary of low dissolved oxygen levels, and floating oil. Oneida Creek, receives both municipal and in- Uses and needs for municipal and industrial dustrial wastes. Moderate pollution exists advanced water treatment approximate those chiefly from a municipal primary treatment of Limestone Creek. plant. The Sherrill plant of Oneida Limited Chittenango Creek receives municipal has a recovery and neutralization system dis- wastes totaling more than 1 mgd. Half of those charge of approximately 1.0 mgd. This has been wastes are untreated and half receive primary further improved by expansion of waste treatment. Chittenango Creek also receives treatment capabilities. residual wastes from Limestone and Butter- Municipal and industrial wastes dis- nut Creeks. The result of these loadings is re- charged to Oneida -and Sconondoa Creeks, al- flected in the biology of the downstream though receiving some degree of treatment, reaches. Analyses have revealed an abun- exceed the assimilative capacity of the dance of benthic organisms ranging from streams during low-flow periods. Both clean-water to pollution-tolerant types, streams are subject to considerable flow fluc- Luxuriant growths of aquatic vascular plants tuation because they have no upstream lakes are found along the entire stream reach in the or reservoirs for retention of runoff. As a re- Bridgeport area. Uses of the creek include ag- sult critical periods of low flow often occur. Ad- riculture on its lower reaches, public water vanced waste treatment for municipal and in- supply and waste disposal along nearly its dustrial wastes is iieeded. entire length, and recreation and fishing on Fish Creek is the only major tributary of the upper reaches. Muncipal advanced waste Oneida Lake that flows in a southerly direc- treatment in the form of nutrient removal is tion to the lake, with its watershed north of needed on this stream. the lake. There are only a few municipal and Municipal waste pollution is the main pol- industrial waste sources, which exist primar- lution problem in the Canaseraga- ily on the West Branch. This enables the creek Cowaselon-Canastota Creek network. The to exhibit the best water quality of Oneida's problem originates on Canastota Creek and major tributaries. The most significant waste Lake Ontario 197 source is at Camden on the West Branch mately 10 mg/1 to 20 mg/1 as calcium carbonate. where a primary-treated effluent of approxi- In 1965 the alkalinity had increased to be- mately 0.25 mgd is discharged. This results in tween 80 and 90 mg/l. This change is directly only localized pollution due to the high nat- related to the increase in productivity which ural flow and good assimilative capacity of reduces the amount of free carbon dioxide and the stream. Camden plans to construct a increases the pH. secondary treatment facility. Fish Creek is Certain natural limnologic features such used for fishing, recreation, and agriculture. as a warmwater mass, shallow depths, and ir- Nutrient removal on the stream would, of regular tributary streams that carry scoured course, be beneficial to Oneida Lake, which fertilizers and other nutrient-rich material to suffers from large algal blooms. the lake add to its quality problem. Oneida Oneida Lake has numerous minor Lake occupies a shallow depression in the ap- tributaries which are polluted by dairy wastes proximate center of its drainage basin. Its from milk-receiving stations and cheese fac- maximum depth is only approximately 50 tories. All these discharges contribute to the feet and its mean depth is 25 feet. overfertilization of the lake. The lake is used for recreation, fishing, (b) Oneida Lake . agriculture, navigation, and municipal and Oneida Lake may have been in an ad- industrial waste disposal. It has the largest vanced state of eutrophication for some time. surface area of all lakes lying wholly within Fresh growths of aquatic plants along the the State of New York. Plants that discharge shoreline, as documented by early explorers, directly into the lake should be expanded to testify to its high state of natural productivi- include advanced waste treatment, and the ty. This condition has been compounded and numerous discharges from shoreline cottages its progression accelerated by the input of and homes should be eliminated, possibly large quantities of nutrients from poorly through the formation of a perimeter sewer treated municipal and industrial wastes. A district. The Oneida Lake Shore Sewer Dis- large portion of these nutrients enters the trict is presently in the planning stages, but it lake via the tributaries previously discussed, will include only the western half of the lake's but an even larger portion is apparently south shore. Elimination of wastes from caused by natural runoff including the portion Barge Canal traffic and pleasure craft would attributable to agricultural activity. In addi- undoubtedly improve water quality, but the tion the lake receives many direct discharges largest source of enrichment to the lake ap- from cottages and vessel wastes from a large parently is land runoff. Proper agricultural number of pleasure craft and from the Barge and forestry practices should reduce the nu- Canal traffic which crosses it. Extensive trient and sediment loads from land runoff. blooms of floating algae are seen on the lake. The Oneida River, the outlet for Oneida These blooms decay into foul smelling masses Lake, flows westward to Three Rivers, where that eventually wash ashore, severely it joins the Seneca River to form the Oswego limiting recreational uses of the lake waters River. It is part of the Barge Canal system and and shoreline property through much of the experiences a great seasonal variation in summer and fall. flows which may exceed 8,000 cfs during the Phosphate levels in the lake are con- spring and drop as low as 100 cfs during sistently high. Monthly variation of these periods of low flow. Flows are regulated by a levels generally reflects the influence of sup- dam at Caughdenoy for navigation in the ply waters and the growth cycle of the phyto- Canal and recreation on Oneida Lake. The river plankton and algae. For the Oneida Lake basin passes through a region consisting chiefly of as a whole, only a small percentage of the total woodland, farmland, and swampland, but it is phosphate loading is the result of municipal subjected to pollution from Barge Canal traf- and industrial discharges made directly into fic in the form of garbage, sewage, and oil. the lake or its tributaries. This, combined with the constant stirring of Other indications of Oneida's deteriora- bottom sediment from the passage of boats, tion are its limited transparency and increas- gives the river a dirty appearance in places. In ing alkalinity. In comparing Oneida Lake to addition the Town of Brewerton discharges the Finger Lakes and Great Lakes, only Onon- untreated effluent from a population of ap- daga Lake has an average transparency less proximately 1,000. than Oneida Lake. Principal uses of the river include fishing, In 1927 the total alkalinity of the north recreation, agriculture, navigation, and waste shore of Oneida Lake varied from approxi- disposal. There are no violations of stream 198 Appendix 7 standards except in localized areas which may advanced waste treatment in the form of have floating oil or solids. Elimination of phosphate reduction-would be beneficial. Barge Canal traffic wastes and occasional oil spills from marinas would contribute to elimi- nation of these localized areas of pollution. 8.3.2.3 Waste Loads Municipal advanced waste treatment is not needed. Waste loads in Planning Subarea 5.2 are (5) Oswego River listed in Table 7-64. These figures do not in- Although the Oswego River is only 24 miles clude the 259 mgd cooling water discharge long, it receives large volumes of municipal from Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation's and industrial wastes. Until recently many of Ginna nuclear power plant. This plant is lo- these wastes received no treatment. cated on Lake Ontario approximately five The river is high in dissolved organics at its miles west of Sodus Bay in Wayne County and headwaters where a dilution ratio of 2.0:1.0 discharges wastes into Lake Ontario. may exist during critical periods. At Phoenix the river exhibits moderate pollution caused by the discharge of primary-treated effluent TABLE 7-64 Waste Loads (MGD), Planning from the village and a 2.3 mgd paper process- Subarea 5.2-New Yorka ing discharge. At Fulton the canal section between two Load locks is extremely polluted. Discharges into Year Municipal Industrial the river upstream and in this section include 3.4 mgd of primary-treated effluent from the 1970 128 188 City of Fulton and four relatively large indus- 1980 155 205 trial discharges. 2000 216 98 Two miles downstream a cork processing 2020 289 209 plant releases a large discharge which in the past created an unsightly delta of deposits in the river below the outfall. The plant recently aAlso see Annex for more current installed treatment facilities which should estimates. eventually resolve many of the problems in this reach. Farther downstream bottom de- posits are resuspended by river traffic, discol- oring the river as it flows past a State park. 8.3.2.4 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs Dissolved oxygen concentrations in this reach are low relative to the large hows. Because of the pattern of flows in this plan- At Minetto the river receives an untreated ning subarea and the lack of low-flow informa- municipal discharge from a population of 2,000 tion which prohibits more localized calcula- as well as a relatively large discharge from a tions, it was decided that the nodal point textile works. Before entering Lake Ontario method of recommending treatment could the river flows through the City of Oswego function best by assigning only a minimal where it receives large volumes of industrial number of such points. Flows from the Finger and municipal wastes. On the east side of Os- Lakes, Barge Canal, and Onondaga Lake re- wego construction of a secondary treatment gion converge with flows from the Oneida facility was recently completed to serve most Lake region at Three Rivers (where the of its sewered population of 23,000. The west Seneca and Oneida River enter the Oswego side is presently served by a primary plant, River). Nodal points have been placed at three but final plans have been submitted for a ter- Finger Lakes outlets; at the end of the Seneca tiary facility. Several industries presently River System; at the end of the Oneida River discharge wastes to the river in,this area, but system; at the head of the Oswego River below these industries plan to connect to the munici- the Seneca-Oneida confluence; and at the con- pal system. fluence of the Oswego River with Lake On- The placement of a nodal point at the mouth tario. of the Oswego River results in a dilution ratio A strict application of the water quality of approximately 2.0:1.0. Although the river's methodology developed for this appendix re- overall condition has been improved by instal- sults in a stream-flow/waste-flow dilution lation and upgrading of treatment facilities, ratio of 0.9:1 on the Seneca River. In actual-. Lake Ontario 199 ity such a ratio must not be regarded as com- Countywide comprehensive sewage studies pletely accurate, because it includes those are complete or nearing completion. wastes discharged far upstream to the Finger The Environmental Protection Agency Lakes and Barge Canal which are largely as- (EPA) recently sponsored three studies within similated before reaching Three Rivers. Most the planning subarea. Two research and of the total waste volume calculated in this development grants were given to the Onon- nodal point is discharged to Onondaga Lake, daga County Department of Public Works for but the validity of a dilution ratio at Three conducting a study of Onondaga Lake and for Rivers is further complicated by the natural investigating solutions to the combined-sewer hydrologic factors for Onondaga Lake. These overflow problems in Syracuse. The third factors occasionally cause the reversal of flow grant was given to Widmer Wineries to resolve in Onondaga Outlet which results in poor flush- some of the related treatment problems which ing action. Many wastes discharged into the plague the Finger Lakes region. lake settle and, therefore, never reach this In June 1968 the Federal Water Pollution nodal point. Control Administration (now EPA) and the In short, the problems of the Onondaga State of New York conducted a comprehensive Lake region, clearly the most degraded in the study of the Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence planning subarea, have been presented River basin. This study was entitled Water without emphasizing quantification by use of Pollution Problems and Improvement Needs. a nodal point ratio. Such a point placed at the An unpublished report covering the Oswego end of this system, though it is the only way to River basin was also completed by the Roches- apply the methodology with available infor- ter Field Office of EPA. A thorough examina- mation, cannot truly represent stream condi- tion of the findings of such studies is urgently tions or be used as a basis for accurate ad- needed. This should be followed by implemen- vanced waste treatment recommendations. tation programs that would resolve water Nodal point calculations just upstream from quality problems in the most direct and Three Rivers on the Oneida River reveal a low economical manner and serve the best inter- stre am-flow/wa ste -flow dilution ratio of ap- ests of the Great Lakes as a whole. There are proximately 8:1. This barely satisfies the 8:1 several proposals that could alleviate some of guideline ratio which, according to the the most significant water quality problems in methodology, prescribes a need for advanced Planning Subarea 5.2. waste treatment. However, the ratio calcu- In the Finger Lakes area, associations of lated for the Oneida River should not be con- lake property owners have developed in recent sidered as an accurate measurement of water years. Consolidation of these groups has been quality upon which to base recommendations discussed. This would strengthen the associa- for advanced waste treatment. tions' efforts to improve water quality and Present and future needs are summarized would provide for exchange of information. At in Table 7-65. Figure 7-39 shows selected ad- Keuka Lake use of a full-time inspector has vanced waste treatment nodal points and been extremely successfu 'I in resolving many zones of water quality impairment. It should problems. Local inspecting of other lakes is be noted that very few of the listings in Table suggested. 7-65 include dilution ratios for the reasons High chloride concentrations are present in previously indicated. both Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. Increasing at an alarming rate, these concentrations pose a s hous problem. An early solution should be er 8.3.2.5 General sought. On Seneca Lake excessive aquatic weeds In recognition of water quality problems in have caused concern among lakeside resi- Planning Subarea 5.2, considerable com- dents. The weeds have hampered both boating prehensive planning has taken place in recent and water supply intakes for cottages. The years. (See Table 7-66). situation should be investigated and im- The State of New York, assisted by several mediate interim solutions such as chemicals Federal agencies, has recently completed or mechanical harvesters should be consid- three separate comprehensive water resource ered. studies in Planning Subarea 5.2. These studies On Cayuga Lake as well as other lakes pes- are under auspices of regional planning ticides have become a serious threat to lake boards established by the State. They are trout. Closer controls for pesticide use are similar to a Type II comprehensive study. clearly needed. 200 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-65 Present and Future Treatment Needs, Planning Subarea 5.2-New York Dilution Stream Ratio Needs Other Remarks Finger Lakes NA AWT P04 reduction, weed and pesti- Lakes are not eutrophic but man's cide control, perimeter sewers. inputs have accelerated aging process. Direct inputs from cottages and agricultural runoff are major sources. DDT has built up in food chain of lake trout. Copper sulfate is in use for algae control. Canandaigua NA AWT --- AWT required with regard to Lake nutrient removal for lake proper. Canandaigua AWT --- Provisions of secondary treat- Lake Inlet ment should be adequate through (Naples Creek) 2000. Canandaigua 1:1 --- --- This is a long range need. Lake Outlet Keuka Lake NA AWT --- AWT is in form of nutrient removal. Keuka Lake Inlet AWT Immediate P04 removal. Provision of secondary will probably be adequate through 2000. Keuka Lake AWT and LFA Immediate P04 removal. AWT about 1985. Outlet Seneca Lake NA AWT Immediate reduction of nutri- High chloride concentrations are ents from agricultural runoff steadily increasing and pose a and cottages. Aquatic weed serious problem. Early solution control. must be sought. Seneca Lake AWT Immediate P04 removal. Will eventually be necessary to Inlet protect trout fishery. (Catherine Creek) Seneca Lake AWT and LFA Removal of toxic wastes. Fish kills have been prevalent. Outlet (Seneca- Cayuga Calan) Cayuga Lake NA AWT Immediate reduction of nutri- Investigate sources of high ents and pesticide control. chloride concentrations. Owasco Lake NA AWT Reduction of nutrient inputs. --- Owasco Lake 0.7:1 AWT and LFA Irmnediate upgrading of existing Outlet Both required treatment and increased flow augmentation. Skaneateles NA AWT Reduction of nutrient inputs. Copper sulfate used for algae Lake control; partial perimeter sewer proposed North end. Skaneateles AWT and LFA Immediate upgrading to second- Increased water supply withdrawals Lake Outlet ary and eventually to tertiary. by Syracuse could substantially complicate this situation. Barge Canal 0.9:1 --- --- Dilution ratio computed on Seneca River near Three Rivers. Barge Canal, AWT and LFA Also reduce frequency of oil --- Newark-Lyons spills from barge traffic. Reach Otisco Lake a NA LFA Has a regulation problem rela- Lake experiences shoreline eros- tive to water supply demands. ion. During dry periods water has receded up to 13 feet. Ninemile Creeka AWT and LFA --- Otisco Lake regulation is a determinant factor. Onondaga Lakea NA AWT and LFA Dredging of salt deltas, phos- Already partially augmented by Both required phate reduction by any direct water supply withdrawals from discharges, further reduction Skaneateles and Lake Ontario for of mercury discharges. the City of Syracuse. aPart of Syracuse Metropolitan Area Lake Ontario 201 TABLE 7-65 (continued) Present and Future Treatment Needs, Planning Subarea 5.2-New York Dilution Stream Ratio Needs Other Remarks Ley Creek AWT Prevent the continuous overflows Need immediate provision of sec- Harbor Brook to Onondaga Creek and Harbor ondary treatment for all wastes and Onondaga Brook. Reduce leachate from with eventual AWT for most Creek (lower solid waste disposal areas on major discharges. reaches )a Ley Creek. Oneida Lakeb NA AWT Elimination of direct cottage Lake is experiencing an accel- discharges and those from Barge erated rate of eutrophication. Canal traffic. LimeStone Creekb AWT and LFA Phosphate removal for all Existing DeRuyter Reservoir may Both required discharges. be able to provide some aug- mentation. Butternut & AWT and LFA Phosphate removal for all Jamesville and Erieville Chittenango discharges. Reservoirs could not provide Creeksb sufficient low-flow augmentation. Oneida & AWT Immediate phosphate removal Eventual AWT for both municipal Sconondoa and industrial. Creeksb Canaseraga, AWT Phosphate reduction. Municipal AWT. Cowaselon & Canastota Creekb Fish Creek & AWT Immediate phosphate removal from other small municipal and industrial sources tributaries and reduction of nutrients from to Oneida Lakeb land runoff. Oneida Riverb 8:1 AWT Reduction of oil spills. Provision of secondary treatment will probably alleviate most immediate problems. Oswego River 2:1 AWT --- In most cases secondary with nutrient removal for major discharges will satisfy immediate needs. LEGEND: AWT Advanced Wastewater Treatment LFA Low Flow Augmentation NOTE: Annex contains more current data. aPart of Syracuse Metropolitan Area bPart of Oneida Lake Region TABLE7-66 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 5.2-New York Municipal Treatment Costs Industrial Treatment Costs Capital Ave. Annual Operating Capital Ave. Annual Operating Planning Costs and Maintenance Costs Costs and Maintenance Costs Period ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) Present-1980 35 2.6 61 2.8 1980-2000 22 3.4 24 2.2 2000-2020 50 3.6 84 3.7 NOTE: See Annex for more current estimates 202 Appendix 7 t0ce c" Od ,7 Creel, IS G,"k SIN G 0 LMON E Oswego \ 2 \ Cam an an Full n 2 WAYNE kt- W C1. Rome W YNE-C UGA o O...d. Lake w SVille insville 2 A Clyde Utica Palmyra yons S rac ar one 0 RIO Newark 2 3 2 Aubu S 0 21 2 Waterloo FaIlt 15 ON NDA Ca.eno@@ 0 nandaigu 7 14 Otisco HERKIMER GeneVa* 8 Lake ONEIDA aig- Cay.g. O...o Skan La *Hamilton Lake Lake Lake MADISON YATES 5 Penn Yan Lake 4 CAYU SENECA K..k. Lake 10 EXPLANATION Ithaca 9 Reference (Nodal) point - Number 3 atkinsG in refers to text citation TOMPKINS SCHU ER Zones of water quality impairment (see legend) 6 VICINITY MAP @!.E IN MILES ow SCALE IN MILES C 1. to .5 20 FIGURE 7-39 Planning Subarea 5.2 (Zones of Water Quality Impairment) Lake Ontario 203 Flows from Seneca and Cayuga Lakes are treatment with chlorination, but these regulated for hydropower, flood control, and facilities should be upgraded to include secon- navigation. Unfortunately other purposes in- dary treatment. Estimates show a dilution cluding low-flow augmentation receive only ratio as low as 7.7:1.0 in the lower reaches of minor consideration. This policy should be se- the river during critical periods. riously reexamined. The lower 16 miles of the Black River are Oneida Lake is in an advanced state of eu- grossly polluted. Present uses include indus- trophication resulting partly from the input of trial and public water supply as well as indus- large quantities of nutrients. Every attempt trial and sewage waste disposal. High coliform should be made to bring about phosphate re- counts and low dissolved oxygen levels result- moval for all municipal and industrial dis- ing from paper mill and sewage plant wastes charges made directly to the lake and via exceed State stream standards for public tributaries. Direct discharges from cottages water supplies. Eventual industrial and muni- and commercial and pleasure boats should be cipal advanced waste treatment is a critical eliminated. Equally important, a serious ef- need on this stream reach. fort must be made to reduce nutrient inputs From Black River to Lowville the river is from land runoff, especially that related to ag- seriously polluted. Present uses include ag- ricultural activity, through improved farming riculture, fishing, industrial and municipal and forestry methods. water supply, and industrial and sewage Signs have been posted on Onondaga Lake waste disposal. Degradation occurs through warning against eating fish that might be high coliform counts, low dissolved oxygen, caught, because of mercury contamination. foam, fiber, and high BOD, caused by paper Mercury discharges to the lake must be closely mill and sewage plant wastes. These condi- scrutinized to insure that existing stipula- tions are in violation of stream standards and tions issued by the U.S. Attorney are followed. indicate the need for industrial and municipal Flow augmentation should be given serious advanced waste treatment. consideration on Owasco Outlet and Lime- From Lowville to Port Leyden the river is stone Creek. Additional sources should be in- used for fishing, industrial water supply, and vestigated to improve the flushing action of waste disposal. Stream standards are violated Onondaga Lake. by high coliform counts, low dissolved oxygen, Several smaller tributaries of Lake Ontario and high BOD from paper mill and sewage lying within Planning Subarea 5.2 were exam- plant wastes. Through this stretch the Black ined for possible advanced waste treatment River suffers further from decreased velocity needs. Water quality problems were found on of flows caused by a relatively flat slope and Salmon River, Little Salmon River, Red also from wastes from the Moose River which Creek, and the Salmon Creeks in Wayne increase the already heavy waste load in this County. However, the majority of these were reach. Industrial and municipal advanced localized areas of pollution and the provision waste treatment will be needed eventually. of adequate secondary treatment would Flow augmentation should also be considered. eliminate the problems. In the stretch from Port Leyden to Kayuta Lake the river approaches compliance with stream standards. Use consists primarily of 8.3.3 Planning Subarea 5.3 trout fishing. Sewage plants, some small dairies, and farmland runoff contribute to pol- lution, however, and during low-flow periods 8.3.3.1 Water Uses and Related Quality dissolved oxygen levels may violate State Problems standards for trout waters. Advanced waste treatment for municipal and dairy wastes is (1) Black River needed to bring about desired conditions on In the Black River more than 90 percent of this trout stream. the total waste load by volume consists of in- Because of some small village discharges, dustrial waste. Most of these industrial the river suffers in water quality above wastes come from fiber, paper, and dairy in- Kayuta Lake, but to a degree compatible with dustries, resulting in an extremely heavy or- its present usage, fishing. Advanced waste ganic loading. The larger paper companies use treatment is not needed here. vacuum filtration or sedimentation, but their (2) Oswegatchie River wastes require further treatment. The largest Variable degrees of degradation are evident volume of municipal wastes receive primary throughout the length of the Oswegatchie 204 Appendix 7 River below Cranberry Lake. The degradation ent flow augmentation to bring this sector is especially concentrated in three generally into compliance with State standards. localized reaches which receive untreated in- From Wanakena to its headwaters the river dustrial and/or municipal wastes. However, is free of pollution. Conditions comply with the stream recovers significantly between State standards for trout streams. There is no these reaches due to turbulent flows. On this need for advanced waste treatment. river, as on the Black River, the largest per- (3) Grass River centage of the waste load by volume is indus- In the lower reaches of the Grass River lo- trial. Paper mill and dairy wastes combine calized areas of pollution occur below Canton with municipal wastes to subject the stream to and Massena. A 2.0:1.0 dilution ratio some- a very heavy organic loading along localized times occurs during critical periods. reaches. This, when added to toxic lead smelt- The first polluted reach extends from the ing and refining wastes, can result in a dilu- river's mouth to just below Massena. Major tion ratio of 6.0:1.0 in the lower reaches during sources are the Massena primary treatment low-flow periods. These toxic wastes have be- plant with an effluent of 2.5 mgd and an Alcoa come a problem of no small consequence in the Corporation settling and oil separation lagoon lower half of the river. with an effluent of 20.5 mgd. These discharges From its mouth to Rensselaer Falls the Os- result in low dissolved oxygen levels and high wegatchie River is seriously polluted. Uses in- BOD as well as violations of State stream clude fishing, industrial and municipal water standards in the form of sludge deposits and supply, and industrial and sewage waste dis- occasional floating oil. Industrial advanced posal. Municipal and dairy wastes violate waste treatment will eventually be needed on State stream standards because they cause this stream reach. low dissolved oxygen levels and large quan- The only other polluted zone lies between tities of floating solids. Advanced waste the dam at Madrid and the Town of Canton. treatment is critically needed for industrial Once seriously degraded, this reach has re- wastes. Municipal advanced waste treatment cently improved with the installation of secon- will eventually be required. dary sewage treatment facilities in Canton From Elmdale to Edwards the river again which also serves the Kraft Foods cheese becomes seriously degraded from dairy and plant. However, untreated discharges by sev- municipal wastes and toxic wastes from lead eral dairies in the Canton area place an organ- refining processes. Midway along this reach, ic loading on the stream, and discoloration however, conditions are improved by falls, and floating solids violate the high State rapids, and power dams in the vicinity of stream standards on this section of the river. Gouveneur. Uses approximate those in the Uses along this reach, as well as the lower lower reach and State standards are violated reach, including fishing, industrial and sew- by low dissolved oxygen levels, discoloration, age waste disposal, and industrial and public toxic wastes, settleable solids, and fibrous water supply. Advanced waste treatment sludge deposits. Advanced waste treatment is needed for the remaining dairy wastes. will eventually be needed for municipal The upper reach of river above Canton wastes, but adequate treatment for industrial exhibits generally high water quality because wastes is the most important need along this of the sparse population and turbulent river reach. flow. High State standards for trout streams The last polluted reach of the Oswegatchie are not violated. Moderate fluctuations in River extends from Newton Falls to Cran- flows are caused by the few remaining power berry Lake. Uses remain the same as on lower facilities on the river. Advanced waste treat- sections of the river. Municipal and paper mill ment is not needed in this area. wastes cause high BOD. Dissolved oxygen and (4) Raquette River pH levels, as well as solids, violate State trout Water quality of the Raquette River is gen- stream standards. This situation is compli- erally high excepi for localized zones of pollu- cated by frequent periods of extreme low flow tion from the mouth to immediately below and severe streamflow regulation by the Potsdam. During periods of low flow a dilution Niagara-Mohawk Power Company at Flat ratio of 22:1 may occur in the lower reaches. Rock. However, effective flow augmentation is However, water quality varies greatly be- accomplished when needed by the regulation cause of the effects of upstream power im- of releases from Cranberry Lake. Industrial poundments, and this ratio may become much and municipal advanced waste treatment will worse. There are periods of up to 14 hours eventually be needed in combination with pres- when natural river now below Potsdam is Lake Ontario 205 completely cut off. The entire flow during primary treatment plant. Generally secon- .these periods consists of municipal and indus- dary treatment or its equivalent will be trial waste effluents. adequate to satisfy treatment needs. Degradation along the last 15 miles of the At Ogdensburg the discharge of wastes from Raquette River apparently does not result the Diamond National Corporation paper from direct discharges along this reach, but is plant violates State standards for discolora- caused by the continuing oxygen demand from tion, floating solids, and foam. These wastes fibrous paper mill discharges upstream. This along with wastes from the primary treat- upstream area which begins at Potsdam, re- ment plant in Ogdensburg also cause a high ceives a heavy organic loading from paper BOD in this area. Eventual industrial and mills, dairies, and municipalities. Municipal municipal advanced waste treatment may be waste pollution, however, has been substan- needed in this area. Most municipal wastes tially abated recently with the installation of discharged directly to the river presently re- secondary facilities at Norwood and Potsdam. ceive no treatment or primary treatment at Violations of State stream standards occur in best. Secondary treatment facilities for these localized areas and include low dissolved oxy- municipalities are planned or under construc- gen levels, discoloration, and floating solids. tion. The major industries discharging wastes Uses include fishing and municipal and indus- also plan to institute secondary treatment. trial water supply and discharge. Require- Water quality should improve by the mid- ments along this reach include industrial and, 1970s as these facilities begin operation. This to a lesser extent, municipal advanced waste will help to eliminate the gradual increases in treatment in combination with better stream chlorides and dissolved solids which have been flow regulation from the upstream power im- the only definable changes that indicate a poundments. deterioration in the quality of the St. Law- The river exhibits generally good quality rence River. from Potsdam to its headwaters in spite of some scattered and small municipal dis- charges. Uses include municipal supply and discharge, fishing, recreation, and power sup- 8.3.3.2 Waste Loads ply. State standards are not violated along this reach. Municipal advanced waste treat- In Planning Subarea 5.3 industries using ment is desirable but not critical. large amounts of water presently receive ap- (5) St. Lawrence River proximately 29 mgd of the total municipal Although maximum and minimum daily water supply. discharges of 350,000 efs and 139,000 efs have The combined withdrawals of two industry been recorded on the St. Lawrence River in groups, Paper and Allied Products (SIC 26), different years, its flow during a typical water and Primary Metals Products (SIC 33), ac- year remains remarkably constant. A 7-day count for more than 95 percent of total indus- 10-year low flow is estimated at 176,000 efs. trial water use. This and other information When compared with the waste volume dis- was used to derive the waste loads shown in charged directly and by tributaries, this Table 7-67. amount results in a dilution ratio of approxi- mately 1,300:1. This includes only direct and tributary discharges from the St. Lawrence TABLE 7-67 Waste Loads (MGD), Planning River portion of Planning Subarea 5.3. It does Subarea 5.3-New Yorka not include discharges from the Canadian shore. Load Such a ratio indicates the river's generally good water quality. Some localized zones of Year Municipal Industrial pollution do occur, however, and there is evi- dence of some mercury contamination along 1970 15 145 its entire length. At Massena poorly treated 1980 16 69 wastes from the Aluminum Company of 2000 18 15 America, Reynolds Metals Company, and the 2020 20 19 Chevrolet Motor Division of General Motors cause violations of State standards in the form a of discoloration, floating solids, and floating Also see Annex for more current oil. Added to this are wastes from the Massena estimates. 206 Appendix 7 8.3.3.3 Advanced Waste Treatment Needs 8.3.3.4 General Present and future advanced waste treat- Reflecting the awareness of the water pollu- ment needs are summarized in Table 7-68. tion elements which threaten optimum use of Figure 7-40 shows selected advanced waste water resources in Planning Subarea 5.3, sev- treatment nodal points and zones of water eral programs have been developed. quality impairment. Two such programs call for the development Greatly increased recirculation ratios for of comprehensive water resources plans by industrial process water during the second the Black River Basin and St. Lawrence- and third planning periods is reflected in sub- Franklin Regional Water Resources Planning stantially reduced capital costs and annual Boards in cooperation with the State of New operating and maintenance costs for these York. periods (Table 7-69). A water pollution control program has been TABLE 7-68 Present and Future Treatment Needs, Planning Subarea 5.3-New York Dilution Stream Ratio Needs Other Remarks Black River 7.7:1 AWT and LFA Industrial and municipal AWT. Heavy organic loading principally Both required Flow augmentation. from paper and dairy industries. AWT long range need. Oswegatchie 6:1 AWT and LFA AWT with augmentation to offset Zones of localized pollution caused River Both required effects of power impoundment. by paper mill, dairy, heavy metal, Minimum of secondary treatment and sewage wastes. AWT long range needed immediately for toxic need. lead smelting and refining wastes. Grass River 2:1 AWT Lower section needs industrial Localized zones of heavy organic and AWT, eventually. loading in lower reaches. Raquette River 22:1 AWT and LFA More effective flow regulation AWT for municipal and paper mill by upstream power impoundments. discharges; long range need to relieve heavy organic loading on lower reaches. St. Lawrence 1300:1 AWT New York State has advised Generally good quality with River against consumption of certain exception of localized zones of species of fish due to mercury pollution. Industrial AWT is a contamination. Suspect sources long-range requirement at this outside immediate subarea also point due to minimal progress made contribute to problem. by industry. An immediate need for secondary industrial treatment for gradually rising chlorides, mercury, and dissolved solids. LEGEND: AWT Advanced Wastewater Treatment LFA Low Flow Augmentation NOTE: Annex contains more current data. TABLE7-69 Projected Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Cost Estimates, Planning Subarea 5.3-New York Municipal Treatment Costs Industrial Treatment Costs Capital Ave. Annual Operating Capital Ave. Annual Operating Planning Costs and Maintenance Costs Costs and Maintenance Costs Period ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) ($ Million) Present-1980 7 0.6 50 2.3 1980-2000 5 0.8 9 0.8 2000-2020 7 0.8 15 0.9 NOTE: See Annex for more current estimates Lake Ontario 207 M ena River a 'r, gdffftqZg 0, Potsdam w C ton 0 L I ke GRAS RAQUETTE-ST. REGIS G no Saranac Lakes 1`9 0 @r.pper Lak PERCH CranbEErry take OSWEGATCHIE ST. NCE 19atertow ge Deaver Reservoir Raq a eke LAKE Lowville e Full n Lakes ONTARIO JEFFERSON BLACK at Moose S@ LAKE SuNeo, VICINITY MAP EXPLANATION ..... SCALE.. ..Its 0 50 Im Reference (Nodal) point LAKE Zones of water quality impairment to SCALE IN MILES 0 5 10 15 20 FIGURE 7-40 Planning Subarea 5.3 (Zones of Water Quality Impairment) 208 Appendix 7 established for the Black-U.S. St. Lawrence Future requirements in this planning sub- River basins by the U.S. Department of the area must safeguard high quality waters for Interior and the New York State Department recreational use. Planning should be initiated of Health. to transport wastes in joint community or Pollution abatement programs for municipal master collection systems connected to larger and industrial discharges are in various states integrated treatment facilities. of development ranging from preliminary Expansion, upgrading, and operating and plans to completion of construction. maintenance costs of treatment facilities in- Although extensive work has been done to stalled in the first planning period can be rea- satisfy the immediate needs of this area, much sonably predicted through the third planning remains to be done. Further research is period when these are related to projected in- needed in some stream basins. The St. Regis dustrial and municipal trends. However, a River, for example, requires additional study need will exist well before the end of the third on a continuing basis to determine its im- planning period to evaluate operations of mediate and long-range requirements. A min- waste treatment facilities on a frequent basis imum of secondary treatment facilities for all to predict and provide for needs and trends discharges is the most pressing improvement well into the next century. needed to solve the immediate problems in this planning subarea. Although toxic wastes are a growing menace, maximum reduction 8.4 Summary and Conclusions of untreated BOD from oxygen-con@uming wastes is the most critical immediate need. Lake Ontario has a water surface area of There are also other more specific needs. 7,340 square miles and a total drainage basin More effective stream-flow regulation is re- of 32,100 square miles. Of these totals 3,460 quired on the Oswegatchie and Raquette Riv- square miles of the water surface and 16,800 ers, and timely flow augmentation should be square miles of the drainage basin are in the implemented on the upper Black River. United States. The study area includes the Toxic wastes produced by hard products in- U.S. portions of the Niagara and St. Lawrence dustries should receive adequate treatment, Rivers from Buffalo, New York, to the inter- and acids and alkalies should be neutralized. national boundary line at St. Regis Point. Mercury contamination has been found in fish Within the Lake Ontario basin are the river throughout the length of the St. Lawrence basins of the Niagara, Genesee, Oswego, River. New York State has issued warnings Black, Oswegatchie, and the Grass- advising against the consumption of certain Raquette-St. Regis Rivers. species of fish caught in that river and in The basin plan area includes three planning other areas of Planning Subarea 5.3. subareas which encompass 21 counties, all in Cottage developments around the inland the State of New York. The total population lakes should be connected to shoreline sewer was 2.5 million in 1970. systems to reduce nutrient loadings in those Standard Industrial Classifications used in- lakes which are valuable recreational re- clude Food and Kindred Products; Paper and sources. Allied Products; Chemicals and Allied Prod- Inconsistencies exist between present uses ucts; and Scientific Instruments, Photo- of some stream reaches and the classifications graphic, and Optical Goods. assigned for the reaches by the State of New The major New York State agencies con- York. For example, desired stream cerned with water quality control are the De- classifications of D exist for polluted reaches partment of Environmental Conservation and of the Black River both upstream and the Department of Health. The Department of downstream from the City of Watertown. Environmental Conservation was created to However, more stringent Class A standards consolidate various State programs involving are needed along the reach of the river flowing the quality of the environment, water re- through the city because of the present water source planning, and development and man- supply use. Stream quality obviously cannot agement of programs relating to air, land, and change from D to A classifications in such a water pollution. The Department of Health short stretch simply because optimum uses continues to have primary responsibility for change. The desired classification for a the quality and control of public water specific stream reach must take into account supplies and for various aspects of the optimum standards both upstream and environmental conservation involving public downstream from the reach. health. Lake Ontario 209 New York State has received approval for the last five to six miles the Genesee River in the classifications and water quality stand- its most serious state of degradation. The dis- ards developed as part of its program. charge from the Eastman Kodak's primary Enforcement and implementation are identi- treatment plant has been the principal cause cal for intrastate and interstate waters. of this condition, but Kodak now has secon- The largest single source of nutrient inputs dary treatment facilities in operation. Poor in Lake Ontario is the Niagara River. A major quality of water may also be attributed to in- pollution problem in the Lake is the yearly termittent discharges from combined sewer crop of Cladophora, a form of filamentous overflows in the City of Rochester and latent green algae. The alewife die-off during the oxygen demand of the extensive sludge depos- summer adds to the stench of the windrows of its. Other reaches on the main stem and its rotting Cladophora on beaches. tributaries, previously described, exhibit sig- In addition to the buildup of nutritional nificant impairment of water quality. compounds, Lake Ontario waters have deteri- In Planning Subarea 5.1 the total amount of orated in chemical quality, measured by such domestic, commercial, and industrial waste- parameters as sulfate and chloride ions and water treated in municipal wastewater dissolved solids. The chloride increase has facilities is expected to increase from a 1970 been attributed to a parallel buildup in Lake base of 225 mgd to 256 mgd by 1980 and to 464 Erie. The present level of chlorides in Lake mgd by the year 2020. Ontario, however, is well below that which Present and future advanced waste treat- would cause significant water use impair- ment needs are also indicated in previous sub- ment. sections. Both nodal points and zones of water The Rochester Embayment, which includes quality impairment are shown. the Monroe County shoreline of Lake Ontario Municipal wastewater treatmenL capital and Irondequoit Bay Creek, has water pollu- costs are projected to be $78 million in the 1970 tion problems caused primarily by the dis- to 1980 planni-ag period, 1.54 million in the 1980 charge of municipal wastes and also by indus- to 2000 period, and $9 0 million in the 2000 to trial wastes. High bacterial counts from 2020 period. Average annual operating and metropolitan sewage have caused the main maintenance costs are expected to increase public beaches in the embayment to be closed. from $3.1 million in the 1970 to 1980 period to Although Planning Subarea 4.4 is included 4.4 million in the 2000 to 2020 period. in the Lake Erie section, it is briefly consid- ered in this section because of the Niagara River. The nutrient-laden waters of Lake 8.4.2 Planning Subarea 5.2 Erie, wastes from the industrial complex along the Buffalo River, and direct waste dis- Planning Subarea 5.2, which includes 12 charges from municipalities and industries counties, had a 1970 population of approxi- constitute the major pollution load to the mately 1,340,000. The major areas of water Niagara River. Excessive growths of quality impairment are found in the Oswego Cladophora in the Niagara River and algae River-Finger Lakes region, Onondaga Lake, from Lake Erie and the upper Niagara River and Oneida Lake. tributaries form largFe accumulations below A majority of the planning subarea's popu- Niagara Falls. Pollution problems in lation and approximately 60 major industries tributaries and the Barge Canal were pre- are located in the Syracuse metropolitan area. viously described. Waste discharges to Onondaga Lake contain large quantities of inorganic and organic ma- terials. The lake periodically experiences lo- 8.4.1 Planning Subarea 5.1 calized algal blooms. Oneida Lake is in a highly advanced state of Planning Subarea 5.1 includes Allegany, eutrophication, resulting partly from the Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Orleans, and input of large quantities of nutrients from Wyoming Counties. It had a 1970 population of poorly treated municipal and industrial approximately 937,000. wastes. On Cayuga Lake the beaches in the The major areas of water quality impair- Ithaca area have had to be closed because of ment in the Genesee River basin are sectors on bacterial pollution and dense growths of the lower and central part of the main stem plankton. The two Finger Lakes outlet and on Honeoye, Keshqua, Wolf, Oatka, Black, streams most seriously degraded are Wilkins, Conesus, and Canaseraga Creeks. In Skaneateles Creek and Owasco Outlet. Sev- 210 Appendix 7 eral reaches of the Barge Canal have exces- sion and the Reynolds Metals aluminum re- sive organic loading. The Oswego River is high duction plant. The major tributaries of the in dissolved and suspended organics at its river all have localized areas of pollution. headwaters and receives both untreated In Planning Subarea 5.3 municipal waste- domestic and industrial wastes from several water flows treated at municipal treatment sources. facilities are expected to increase gradually In Planning Subarea 5.2 municipal waste- from 15 mgd in 1970 to 20 mgd by the year 2020. water flows treated at municipal treatment Industrial wastewater treated in industry- facilities are expected to increase from a 1970 owned treatment facilities is expected to de- base of 128 mgd to 155 mgd by 1980 and 289 cline sharply from the 1970 base of 145 mgd to mgd by the year 2020. Industrial wastewater 69 mgd in 1980 and to 19 mgd by the year 2020. treated in industry-owned wastewater treat- Present and future advanced waste treat- ment facilities is expected to increase from a ment needs were summarized in previous sec- 1970 base of 188 mgd to 205 mgd in 1980, and tions. Selected advanced waste treatment after declining from 1980 to 2000, to increase nodal points and zones of water quality im- slightly to 209 mgd by 2020. pairment were also shown. Present and future advanced waste treat- Projected municipal wastewater treatment ment needs were discussed previously. capital costs are estimated at $7 million in the Selected advanced waste treatment nodal 1970 to 1980 period, $5 million in the 1980 to points and zones of water quality impairment 2000 period, and $7 million in the 2000 to 2020 were also discussed. period. Annual operating and maintenance Projected municipal wastewater treatment costs will vary between $0.6 million and _$D. 8_ capital costs are estimated at $35 million for million during those periods. Industrial the 1970 to 1980 period, $22 million for the 1980 wastewater treatment costs are expected to to 2000 period, and $50 million for the 2000 to decline substantially from their estimated 2020 period. Annual operating and mainte- 1970 to 1980 level of $50 million. nance costs are estimated to increase from $2.4 million in the 1970 to 1980 period to $3.6 million in the 2000 to 2020 period. 8.4.4 Special Pollution Problems Special problems include untreated or in- 8.4.3 Planning Subarea 5.3 adequately treated wastes from commercial ships and pleasure boats; runoff from rural Planning Subarea 5.3 includes Jefferson, and urban land including residues from the Lewis, and St. Lawrence Counties, and application of chemicals, fertilizers and pes- encompasses an area referred to as the ticides; thermal pollution; and disposal of Black-U.S. St. Lawrence basin. It has many dredged material. areas of serious water quality impairment. On both East Koy and Wiscoy Creeks in the The central and lower sections of the Black Genesee River basin there have been several River are the most seriously affected reaches. large fish-kills attributable to an organic In terms of BOD more than 90 percent of the phosphate pesticide used by area potato grow- total organic loading of 900,000 PE in the wa- ers. A major problem results from the accumu- ters of the Black-U.S. St. Lawrence River lation of oil on the Buffalo River. Flushing basin is contributed by pulp and paper man- action causes these accumulations to be dis- ufacturers. Municipalities have inadequate charged periodically to the Niagara River. treatment facilities. Several locations of seri- Waste heat from power plants and industries ous water quality degradation also exist on using large quantities of cooling water are of the St. Lawrence River. Two of these areas considerable concern, especially when located receive wastes from the aluminum casting on streams without the capacity possessed by plant of the General Motors Chevrolet Divi- large lakes for dissipating waste heat. SUMMARY The large concentrations of people and in- As the growth of population and industry dustry in the Great Lakes Basin, as well as the creates additional pressures on water supply concentrations of agriculture in some areas of and quality for established uses, further em- the Basin, have created water quality prob- phasis will have to be placed on identifying lems which urgently require coordinated areas that require advanced waste treatment. planning for their solution. The Federal, Sufficient funds will be needed for this treat- State, and local efforts to remedy existing ment and other related water quality im- water pollution problems and prevent future provement measures. water quality degradation vary within Lake In addition to waste treatment problems and river basins because of varying situations faced by municipalities and industries other and varying availability of required resources problems will require continued attention and and technology. greater resources for their solution. Examples The adoption of water quality standards by of such problems are soil erosion and sedimen- all Great Lakes States facilitates the coordi- tation, combined sewer overflows, thermal nated efforts to attain the water quality discharges, wastes from watercraft, oil pollu- needed to meet Framework Study objectives. tion, organic contaminants, and dredged ma- From time to time it may be necessary to mod- terial. Non-point pollution sources should re- ify such standards to reflect changing condi- ceive particular attention in many river ba- tions, changing information, and changing sins. Modern agricultural practices, technol- public wishes as to what constitutes best use ogy, and construction measures can provide a of all water related resources. partial solution to this problem. 211 GLOSSARY advanced waste treatment (AVff)-the selec- nonwater constituents, entering a treat- tive application of usually uncommon physi- ment plant. cal and chemical processes to remove or- ganic and inorganic contaminants that re- mgd-million gallons per day. main after secondary treatment. mg/1-milligrams per liter. algae-simple plants, many microscopic, con- taining chlorophyll. Most algae are aquatic municipal waste-includes domestic and com- and may become a nuisance when conditions mercial wastes and may include industrial are suitable for prolific growth. wastes if the industries discharge their wastes to municipal systems. basic treatment-for the purposes of this study, includes secondary treatment plus nutrient-a chemical substance (an element or effluent chlorination and a minimum of 80 an inorganic compound, e.g., nitrogen or percent phosphorus removal. phosphorus) which promotes plant growth. biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)-the quan- pH-an expression of hydrogen ion activity. tity of oxygen consumed by microbial life The neutral point between an acid and an while assimilating and oxidizing the organic alkali is pH7; values below 7 indicate an acid matter present. It provides an index of the condition, values above 7 indicate an al- degree of organic pollution of water. kaline condition. cfs--cubic feet per second. population equivalent (PE)-41) the average number of pounds per day per capita of chemical oxygen demand (COD)-the amount biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) contrib- ofoxygen required to oxidize organic matter uted to a municipal sewer system by the in a sample under specific conditions of connected population (commonly taken as oxidizing agent, temperature, and time. one-sixth of a pound). (2) For industrial waste, the number of people contributing as coliform-an organism common to the intesti- many pounds per day of BOD as the industry nal tract of man and animals, whose pres- contributes. ence in water may be an indicator of pollu- tion. ppm-parts per million by weight. In the small magnitudes commonly found in waters, it dilution ratio-the ratio of the rate of flow in a may be considered equal to mg/l. stream to rate of incoming wastewater flow. primary treatment-the first major process or dissolved oxygen (DO)-the gaseous oxygen group of processes in sewage treatment. It dissolved in water and freely available to usually consists of screening, shredding, aquatic life for respiration. In unpolluted and sedimentation. It is designed to remove water, oxygen is usually present in amounts a high percentage of suspended matter but of 10 ppm or less. The solubility of oxygen little colloidal and dissolved matter. It re- varies inversely with the temperature. moves approximately 35 percent of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). effluent-the treated water discharged by a wastewater treatment plant. process water-all water (liquid or vapor) that comes in contact with a product being man- influent-the wastewater, together with its ufactured. 213 214 Appendix 7 secondary treatment-uses biological methods sludge-the residual waste matter normally (bacterial action) in addition to primary separated from wastewaters in treatment treatment, removes from 85 to 90 percent of processes, commonly comprises both solids the biochemical oxygen demand in typical and concentrated dissolved substances in municipal wastewaters. liquid form, which may or may not be fur- ther separated by drying. LIST OF REFERENCES 1. Council on Environmental Quality, Na- 4. Cost and Per- tional Multiagency Oil and Hazardous formance Estimates for Tertiary Waste- Materials Contingency Plan, September water Treatment Processes, Federal 1968. Water Quality Administration, Cincin- nati Water Research Laboratory, June 2. International Lake Erie Water Pollution 1969. Board and the International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Water Pol- lution Board, Pollution of Lake Erie, 5. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo Lake Ontario and the International Sec- District, Dredging and Water Quality tion of the St. Lawrence River, 1969, 1970, Problems in the Great Lakes, 1969. Volumes 1-3. 3. Smith, Robert, A Compilation of Cost In- 6. United States Environmental Protection formation for Conventional and Ad- Agency, Region V, Pollution ofNavigable vanced Wastewater Treatment Plants and Waters of the United States by Wastes Processes, Federal Water Quality Ad- From Watercraft, (submitted to Congress ministration, Cincinnati Water Research on June 30, 1967). Laboratory, December 1967. 215 BIBLIOGRAPHY Beeton, Alfred M., "Eutrophication of the St. United States Environmental Protection Lawrence Great Lakes," Limnology and Agency, Region V, An Appraisal of Water Pol- Oceanography, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1965), pp. 240- lution in the Lake Superior Basin, April 1969. 254. A Comprehensive Michigan Water Resources Commission and Water Pollution Control Program, Lake Michi- Michigan Department of Public Health, Re- gan Basin, Green Bay Area, June 1966. port on Water Pollution Control in the Michi- gan Portion of the Lake Superior Basin and Its A Comprehensive Tributaries, 1969. Water Pollution Control Program, Lake Michi- gan Basin, Milwaukee Area, June 1966. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Prog- ress Report on Long-Range Plan and Program Lake Erie En- for Water Pollution Control, 1968. vironmental Summary, 1963-1964, May 1968. , Report on Water , Lake Erie Report, A Quality and Sources of Wastes in the Lake Planfor Water Pollution Control, August 1968. Superior Basin, 1969. Report on Water Pol- Division of Water lution in the Lake Erie Basin, Maumee River Quality, Wastewater Disposal Facilities In- Area, August 1966. ventory, State of Minnesota, January 1, 1970. 9 Water Pollution Division of Water Problems and Improvement Needs, Lake On- Quality, Water Quality Management Plan, tario and St. Lawrence River Basins, June Interim, Lake Superior Basin, July 1971. 1968. Monroe County, Michigan, Clean Water- Water Pollution Official Plan of Action for Pollution Control Problems of Lake Michigan and Tributaries, and Sewer Collection and Water Supply Sub- January 1968. mission and Distribution Facilities, August 1969. , Water Quality Inves- tigations Lake Michigan Basin-Lake Cur- Putnam, H. E. and Olson, T. A., Studies on the rents, November 1967. Productivity and Plankton of Lake Superior, Bloomington, Minnesota, School of Public United States Environmental Protection Health, University of Minnesota, 1961. Agency, Region V, and New York State De- partment of Health, A Water Pollution Control Quirk, Lawler, and Matursky, Engineers, New Program for Minor Tributary Basins of Lake York City, New York, Systems Analysis of St. Ontario, 1968. Cloud River from Cloquet to Arrowhead Bridge, Presentation to the Minnesota Water A Water Pollution Pollution Control Agency for Establishment Control Program for the Black and United of River Classifications, December 12, 1967. States St. Lawrence River Basins, 1968. Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, Detroit, Michigan, Southeast Michigan Re- A Water Pollution gional Water, Sewerage and Drainage Control Programfor the Genesee River Basin, Facilities, October 1970. 1968. 217 218 Appendix 7 A Water Pollution Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Control Program for the Oswego River Basin, Program for Quality Waters in the Wisconsin 1968. Section of the Lake Superior Basin, 1969. Wisconsin Committee on Water Pollution, Re- , Report on the Water port on an Investigation of the Pollution in the Quality Survey in Wisconsin Waters of Lake Lake Superior Drainage Basin, 1966. Superior Made During July 1968. ANNEX This section provides a summary of com- (Tables 7-70 through 7-78). This information is pleted, approved, and pending municipal more complete than the generalized informa- waste treatment projects for Planning Sub- tion provided for the Lake Ontario basin in areas 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3, as of December 31, 1971 preceding pages. TABLE 7-70 Approved Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.1 Project Project Number Applicant County STP-MGD Cost Type of Project Receiving Stream 417 Perry Wyoming (4) 0.8 1,568,598 --- --- 539 Holley Orleans (3) 0.3 1,316,300 --- --- 489 Pittsford Monroe (3) 0.24 143,000 STP Barge Canal 375 Rochester Monroe (3) 100.0 79,O4OtOOO STP,P Barge Canal 603 Thruway Authority Monroe (4) 0.08 103,700 STP Oatka. Creek Scottsville Service 293 Scottsville Monroe (4) 0.65 1,079,389 STP-Init. Oatka Creek 419 Webster Monroe (3) 2.5 496,000 STP,P Mill Creek 359 Lockport Niagara (3) 22.0 8,468,680 STP,P Eighteenmile Creek 423 Henrietta Monroe (3) --- 368,400 INT,PS,FM Barge Canal 476 Henri'etta Monroe (3) --- l,b98,780 PS,FM,INT Barge Canal 425 Hone oye Falls Monroe (4) 0.6 19195,000 STP Honeoye Creek 500 Irondequoit Bay Monroe (3) --- 108,993,500 INT,PS,P Irondequoit Creek 496 Northwest Quadrant Monroe (4) 15.0 40,193,000 STP,INT,PS,FM,OS,P Lake Ontario 261 Pittsford Monroe (3) 0.4 144,500 STP Barge Canal 407 Elba Genesee (3) 0.24 448,237 STP Oak Orchard Creek 561 Genesee Livingston (4) 1.7 1,0269040 STP,P Genesee River 623 Conesus Lake County Livingston (4) 1.27 5,575,200 STP,PS,FM,INT,OS,P Conesus Creek 426 Mount Morris Livingston (4) 0.82 1,298,650 STP Genesee River 327 Brighton SD #2 Monroe (3) 5.0 & 3.0 4,905,000 STP,P Allens Creek 626 Churchville Monroe (4) 0.2 915,200 STP Black Creek 578 Gates-Chili-Ogden Monroe (4) 15.0 19,031,000 STP,P Genesee River 581 Gates-Chili-Ogden Monroe (4) --- 1,338,400 INT Genesee River 219 220 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-71 Completed Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.1 Project Project Number Applicant County STP-MGD Cost Type of Project Receiving Stream 199 Batavia Genesee (4) 2.5 1,429,430 STP,P Tonawanda Creek 5 Genesee Livingston (4) 0.75 321,445 SIP Genesee River 36 Brighton Monroe (3) --- 443,934 SIP Barge Canal 138 Brighton Monroe (3) 2.0 109,116 STP Barge Canal 137 Brighton Monroe (3) --- 135,433 STP Barge Canal 281 Brighton Monroe (3) 0.6 752,343 SIP Barge Canal 107 LeRoy Genesee (4) 0.75 701,981 SIP Oatka Creek 260 Lima Livingston (4) 0.18 403,337 STP Spring Brook 240 Brockport Monroe (3) 1.5 899,397 STP,P Barge Canal 147 East Rochester Monroe (3) 1.5 842,338 STP,P Lake Ontario Irondequoit Bay 81 Fairport Monroe (3) 0.6 149,897 SIP --- 315 Gates-Chili-Ogden Monroe (4) 4.0 637,990 SIP Genesee River 151 Greece Monroe (4) 0.4 190,141 STP Lake Ontario Island Cottage 152 Greece, Latta Road Monroe (4) 3.5 447,320 STP Lake Ontario Island Cottage 93 Hamlin Monroe (3) 0.2 274,980 STP Tributary to Lake Ontario 202 Henrietta Monroe (3) 2.0 533,900 SIP Barge Canal 62 Henrietta Monroe (3) 2.0 379,360 STP Barge Canal 231 Henrietta Monroe (3) --- 592,992 STP Barge Canal 246 Hilton Monroe (3) 0.4 235,021 STP Salmon Creek 99 Honeoye Falls Monroe (4) 0.3 191,159 STP Honeoye Creek 43 Irondequoit Monroe (3) 1.0 641,305 STP Lake Ontario 209 Irondequoit Monroe (3) --- 79,372 STP Lake Ontario 235 Irondequoit Monroe (3) --- 39,900 STP Lake Ontario Bayview SD 264 Irondequoit Monroe (3) --- 233,686 STP Lake Ontario 78 Monroe County --- --- 70,484 STP Lake Ontario 222 Penfield Monroe (3) --- 97,913 STP Irondequoit Creek 233 Penfield Monroe (3) 0.24 478,115 STP,P Irondequoit Creek 287 Penfield Monroe (3) --- 86,377 STP Irondequoit Creek 270 Perinton Monroe (3) 0.45 229,627 SIP Irondequoit Creek 5 Pittsford Monroe (3) --- 191,142 STP Barge Canal Jefferson Hgts SD 24 Pittsford Monroe (3) --- 186,800 STP Barge Canal 6 Rochester Monroe (3) --- 694,351 STP Lake Ontario 25 Rochester Monroe (3) 110.0 928,493 STP Lake Ontario 56 Rochester Monroe (3) --- 943,390 STP Lake Ontario 89 Rochester Monroe (3) --- 935,280 STP Lake Ontario 192 Rochester Monroe (3) 110.0 1,921,030 STP Lake Ontario 63 Sewer Agency (Gates- Monroe (4) 2.0 812,170 SIP Genesee River Chili-Ogden) 173 Sewer Agency (Gates- Monroe (4) --- 84,611 STP Genesee River Chili-Ogden) 95 Spencerport Monroe (4) 0.3 120,000 STP Northrup Creek 125 Sweden Monroe (3) 0.1 244,040 SIP --- 20 Webster Monroe (3) 2.5 178,500 STP Mill Creek 110 Webster Monroe (3) --- 568,000 STP Mill Creek 249 Webster Monroe (3) 2.5 701,619 STP Mill Creek 126 West Webster Monroe (3) 2.5 86,097 STP Mill Creek 52 Wilson Niagara(3) 0.54 118,739 SIP Lake Ontario 77 Albion Orleans (3) 0.6 999581 STP W. Branch Sandy Creek 217 Medina Orleans (3) 2.4 556,744 STP Oak Orchard Creek 201 Lockport Niagara (3) --- 297,600 SIP Eighteenmile Creek 490 Env. Facilities Corp. Wayne (3) 0.25 672,353 SIP Wolcott Creek Wolcott 487 Lockport SD #3 Niagara (3) --- 255,100 STP Eighteenmile Creek 382 Middleport Niagara (3) 0.7 1,046,400 STP Tributary to Jeddo Creek 383 Spencerport Monroe (4) 1.0 634,300 STP,P Northrup Creek 299 Webster Monroe (3) 2.5 4,019,200 STP,P Mill Creek 310 Greece Monroe (4) --- 277,701 PS,FM,P-Init. Tributary to Init. Lake Ontario 424 Irondequoit Monroe (3) --- 127,000 INT,PS Lake Ontario 314 Avon Livingston (4) 2.75 lt313,420 STP,P Genesee River 414 Gates-Chili-Ogden Monroe (4) --- 2,772,600 INT Genesee River 329 Greece Monroe (4) --- 227,800 INT Tributary to Lake Ontario Annex 221 TABLE 7-72 Pending Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.1 Project Project Type of -lumber Applicant County Cost Project Receiving Stream Remarks 918 Bergen Genesee (4) 1,180,000 INT,FM, Barge Canal/Genesee Awaiting submission of eligibility data; PS possible treatment at the Churchville Plant. 735 LeRoy Genesee (4) 2,820,000 SIP UP, Oatka Creek Pilot plant studies again underway; INT Applic. and Engineering Report under review by NYSDEC: O&M: CO (1). 376 Oakfield Genesee (3) 912,600 SIP Oak Orchard Creek Applic. withdrawn fro. EPA/WQO; awaiting resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing; awaiting submission of Plans and Specs. 683 Dansville Livingston (4) 2,624,000 SIP UP, Canaseraga Applic. withdrawn fro. EPA/WQO; awaiting P resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing. 919 Genesee Livingston (4) 810,000 INT Genesee River Eligibility meeting held 326 Nunda Livingston (4) 1,010,000 STP,INT Keshequa Creek Applic. under review by NYSDEC; Engineering Report being revised. 586 Brockport Monroe (3) 1,627,000 INT,P Barge Canal O&M; awaiting submission applic. and Engineering Report. 780 Andover Allegany (4) 860,000 STP,INT, Genesee River Applic. under review by NYSDEC; OS Engineering Report approved. Project defeated by referendum. 702 Canaseraga Allegany (4) 605,000 STP,TNT, Canaseraga Creek Awaiting submission of applic. and OS Engineering Report. 752 Cuba Allegany (4) 54,600 SIP ADD Cuba Lake Applic. under review by NYSDEC; Engineering Report approved. 575 Wellsville Allegany (4) 2,000,000 STP,INT, Genesee River Revised applic. and Engineering Report OS'P under review by NYSDEC. 652 Adam Jefferson (3) 678,000 STP,INT, Lake Ontario CO (2) applic. Plans and Specs under OS review by NYSDEC; Engineering Report approved. 534 Sackets Harbor Jefferson (3) 1,799,000 STP,INT, Lake Ontario Applic. and Priority Certificate PS,FM returned by WQO. 466 Clayton Jefferson (3) 940,000 STP,PS, St. Lawrence Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO; await- FM'OS ing resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancinp; Plans and Specs approved by NYSDEC. 518 Mexico Oswego (3) 945,000 STP,INT, Little Salmon River Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO; await- PS ing resolution of Federal reinbursement of State and local prefinancing; Plans and Specs approved by NYSDEC. 837 Rochester Monroe 8,950,000 INT,PS Lake Ontario Additional information requested prior to scheduling an eligibility meeting; O&M. 684 State Agricultural Monroe (4) 383,300 SIP Honeoye Creek Applic. withdrawn fro. EPA/WQO; await- and Industrial ing resolution of Federal reimbursement School, Rush of State and local prefinancing; awaiting submission of Plans and Specs. 585 Webst-r Monroe (3) 9,198,900 SIP ADD, Mill Creek Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO; await- INT'PS' ing resolution of Federal reimbursement FM of State and local prefinancing; Plans and Specs for Contract are under review by NYSDEC. 726 Webster Monroe (3) 2,000,000 INT Mill Creek O&M; awaiting submission applic. and Engineering Report. 922 Barker, Somerset Niagara (3) 2,560,260 STP,INT, Golden Hill Creek --- PS,FM,OS 529 Lewiston Niagara (3) 8,971,300 STP,INT, Niagara River Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO; await- PS ing resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing; Plans and Specs for Contract I under review by NYSDEC. 923 Lockport Niagara (3) 14,500,000 SIP ADD Eighteenmile Creek Incinerator and combined sewer separation. 920 Henrietta Monroe (3) 180,000 INT Genesee River Project determined eligible; my be an increase in scope to 36-476; O&M. 717 Irondequoit Monroe (3) 565,000 INT Lake Ontario Awaiting submission of applic.; O&M. 921 Monroe County Monroe (4) 2,400,000 INT,PS, Genesee River Treatment at Gates-Chill-Ogden STP; South Central Section FM Chili (I). O&M. 716 Northwest Quadrant Monroe (4) 7,680,400 INT Lake Ontario Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO; awaiting resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing; awaiting submission of Plans and Specs. 838 Perinton Monroe (3) 175,000 PS,FM lrondequoit Project was previously C-328. Bids were rejected and scope of project has been reduced. Eligibility data presently under review WQO, O&M. 222 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-72 (continued) Pending Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.1 Project Project Type of Number Applicant County Cost Project Receiving Stream Remarks 867 Oswego Oswego (3) 1,845,000 INT Oswego River --- 675 Ne.fane Niagara (3) 5,410,000 STP.INT. Eighteenmile Creek SO formed; Engineering Report under PS,FM,OS review by NYSDEC; negotiating with EFC; awaiting submission of applic. 924 Royalton, Gasport Niagara (3) 98,700 PS,FM, Barge Canal Treatment at Lockport STP; abandon INT existing STP at Gasport SO. 457 Warsaw Wyoming (4) 267,300 STP UP, Oatka Creek Applic. returned by WQO for additional INT'P information; Plans and Specs under review by NYSDEC. 812 Sodus Point Wayne (3) 2,320,000 STP,INT, Tributary to Lake Ontario Applic. and Engineering Report under PS'FM'OS review by HYSDEC-, Municipal-Industrial project; Ip. 631 Williamson Wayne (3) 4,412,200 STP,INT, Tributary to Lake Ontario Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO; awaiting OS resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing; Plans and Specs approved by NYSDEC. project defeated by referendum. 824 Albion Orleans (3) 3,340,000 STP.IXT W. Branch Sandy Creek IF Municipal-Industrial project; O&M. supervised schedule. 842 Lyndonville Orleans (3) 1,580,000 STP,INT Johnson Creek Engineering Report not acceptable by NYSDEC; eligibility meeting held; awaiting results of infiltration study; Municipal-Industrial project; CO. 925 Medina Orleans (3) 1,690,000 STP UP Oak Orchard Creek O&M; Basin Plan to WQO. 413 Wayland Steuben (4) 890,000 STP,INT, --- Applic. and Engineering Report under OS review by NYSDEC; CO (3). 813 Env. Facilities Corp. Niagara (3) 662,nOO STP UP , Lake Ontario O&M; Engineering Report under review Wilson by NYSDEC. 485 Ontario Wayne (3) 3,341,000 STP,INT, Tributary to Lake Ontario Applic. withdrawn fro. EPA/WQO; awaiting PS'F4'OS resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing; Plans and Specs under review by NYSDEC. Annex 223 TABLE 7-73 Completed Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.2 Project Project Type of Number Applicant County STP-MGD Cost Project Receiving Stream 263 Port Byron Cayuga (7) 0.16 349,644 STP Owasco Outlet 271 Auburn Cayuga (7) ---- 274,497 STP Owasco Outlet 211 Cayuga Cayuga (7) 0.0875 154,551 STP Cayuga Lake 96 Union Springs Cayuga (7) 1.6 210,543 STP Cayuga Lake 285 Weedsport Cayuga (7) 0.3 600,694 SIP North Brook 259 Chittenango Madison (7) 0.6 477,937 STP Chittenango Creek 254 Canastota Madison (7) ---- 1,015,280 STP,P Canastota Creek 70 Baldwinsville Onondaga (7) 1.8-0.25 197,080 --- Seneca River 303 Camden Oneida (7) 0.8 58,585 SIP West Branch Fish Creek 174 Oneida Madison (7) 1.7 609,783 STP Oneida Creek 90 Sherril Oneida (7) 0.466 310,776 STP Oneida Creek 135 Central School Onondaga (7) 0.02 25,591 STP --- District #3 No. Syracuse 186 Clay Onondaga (7) ---- 41,385 STP Seneca River 104 Geddes Onondaga (7) 0.2 234,676 STP Seneca River 65 Marcellus Onondaga (7) ---- 94,698 STP Ninemile Creek 103 Minoa Onondaga (7) 0.5 182,642 STP LimeStone Creek 308 Onondaga, Manlius Onondaga (7) ---- 87,625 STP LimeStone Creek 296 Onondaga Jail Onondaga (7) 0.04 96,937 STP --- 18 Public Works Comm. Onondaga (7) 50.0 1,807,528 STP Onondaga Lake Metro Syracuse Treatment Plant 64 Public Works Comm. Onondaga (7) 0.38 160,190 STP Seneca River Morgan Road 116 Public Works Comm. Onondaga (7) ---- 653,940 STP Onondaga Lake Liverpool 251 Salina Onondaga (7) ---- 476,100 SIT Onondaga Lake 73 Skaneateles, Syracuse Onondaga (7) 0.35 164,449 STP Skaneateles Creek 225 Central Square Oswego (7) 0.2 368,607 STP Little Bay Creek 132 Fulton Oswego (7) 0.275 1,432,201 SIP Oswego River 141 Phoenix Oswego (7) 0.29 227,391 STP Oswego River 224 Ithaca Tompkins (7) ---- 160,249 STP Tributary to Cayuga Lake 167 Trumansburg Tompkins (7) 0.3 418,683 STP Cayuga Lake 55 Ithaca Tompkins (7) 4.0 882,609 STP,P Tributary to Cayuga Lake 267 Ithaca Tompkins (7) ---- 302,537 STP Tributary to Cayuga Lake 144 Groton Tompkins (7) 0.3 455,220 SIP Owasco Lake Outlet 278 Dryden Tompkins (7) 0.27 744,405 STP Virgil Creek 142 Cayuga Heights Tompkins (7) 0.7 277,001 STP Cayuga Lake 102 Canandaigua Ontario (7) 1.5 720,841 STP Canandaigua Outlet 727 Canandaigua Ontario (7) ---- ------- --- Canandaigua Outlet 188 East Bloomington, Ontario (7) 0.125 282,830 STP Tributary to Mud Creek Holcomb 128 Farmington Ontario (7) ---- 137,511 STP Mud Creek 177 Farmington Ontario (7) ---- 649399 STP Mud Creek 49 Geneva Ontario (7) 3.38 79,269 STP Seneca Lake 60 Manchester Ontario (7) 0.25 10,877 STP Canandaigua Outlet 157 Phelps Ontario (7) 0.25 19,769 STP Canandaigua Outlet 163 Shortsville Ontario (7) 0.2 149977 STP Canandaigua Outlet 273 Victor Ontario (7) 0.25 582,065 SIP Mud Creek 101 Montour Falls Schuyler (7) 0.18 229,823 STP Inlet to Seneca Lake 210 Watkins Glen Schuyler (7) 0.52 229,000 STP Inlet to Seneca Lake 16 Newark Wayne (7) 1.5 6,737 --- Ganargua Creek 252 Newark Wayne (7) 1.5 152,260 --- Ganargua Creek 91 Palmyra Wayne (7) 0.75 338,423 --- Barge Canal 145 Penn Yan Yates (7) 1.5 18,623 STP,P Keuka Lake Outlet 179 Penn Yan Yates (7) ---- 89,563 STP --- 94 Wayne County Home Wayne (7) .02 25,299 STP --- 450 Onondaga, Cicero Onondaga (7) ---- 1,725,556 STP Seneca River 234 Onondaga, Camillus Onondaga (7) 0.75 684,925 STP Ninemile Creek 482 Onondaga, Geddes Onondaga (7) ---- 1,492,663 SIP Seneca River 358 Onondaga, Ley Creek Onondaga (7) 28.0 3,3619400 STP,P Onondaga Lake Modification to STP 313 Onondaga, Morgan Road Onondaga (7) 3.5 3,187,829 STP,P Seneca River 224 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-73 (continued) Completed Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.2 Project Project Type of Number Applicant County STP-MGD Cost Project Receiving Stream 272 F4rmington Ontario (7) 1.0 813,500 STP,P Mud Creek 330 Ontario County Ontario (7) 0.03 171,334 --- --- 412 Dryden, Varna Tompkins (7) ---- 152,600 PS,FM,INT Virgil Creek 266 Onondaga Onondaga (7) 1.7 3,873,000 STP,P Seneca River 474 Central Square Oswego (7) 0.2 129,547 STP Little Bay Creek 484 Clyde Wayne (7) 1.0 1,185,695 STP Ganargua Creek 367 Newark Wayne (7) 3.0 1,550,000 STP,P Ganargua Creek 312 Dundee Yates (7) 0.27 486,680 STP Big Stream-Seneca Lake 332 Jerusalem, Keuka Park Yates (7) ---- 558,270 STP Keuka Lake 538 Montour Falls Schuyler (7) ---- 231,715 --- --- 372 Seneca Falls Seneca (7) 3.5 2,700,720 STP,P Seneca River 416 Waterloo Seneca (7) 0.8 1,109,300 STP Seneca River 535 Aurora Cayuga (7) 0.3 1,210,700 STP Cayuga Lake 319 Camillus Onondaga (7) 0.15 64,700 STP Ninemile Creek 467 Marcellus Onondaga (7) 0.38 381,000 STP Ninemile Creek TABLE 7-74 Approved Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.2 Project Project Number Applicant County STP-MGD Cost Type of Project Receiving Stream 448 Onondaga Lakeshore Onondaga (7) 3.0 14,261,000 STP,P Oneida River 447 Onondaga, Meadow- Onondage (7) 7.0 8,777,000 STP,P LimeStone Creek brook-Limestone 459 Env. Facilities Corp. Ontario (7) 0.37 1,067,000 STP,INT,OS Canandaigua Outlet Clifton Springs 560 Geneva Ontario (7) 8.5 6,213,500 STP,P Seneca Lake 617 Holcomb Ontario (7) 0.21 606,000 STP Fish Creek 605 Cayuga Heights Tompkins (7) 2.0 2,673,800 STP,P Cayuga Lake 454 Tully Onondaga (7) 0.25 938,000 STP Tributary to Oswego River 415 Clyde Wayne (7) 1.0 1,552,400 STP,P Barge Canal 422 Lyons Wayne (7) 0.75 1,082,475 STP Clyde River 582 Palmyra Wayne (7) 0.6 553,400 STP Barge Canal 380 Sodus Wayne (7) 0.2 811,915 STP Unnamed tributary to Lake Ontario 483 Auburn Cayuga (7) 9.3 7,140,676 STP,P Owasco Outlet 601 Fleming Cayuga (7) --- 388,000 INT,PS,FM Owasco Outlet 349 Moravia Cayuga (7) 0.21 914,505 STP Owasco Inlet 477 Env. Facilities Corp. Cayuga (7) 0.18 223,400 STP Seneca River Port Byron 647 Sennett Cayuga (7) --- 97,000 INT Owasco Outlet 462 Fulton Oswego 3.3 1,163,294 STP,P Oswego River 386 Oswego Oswego (7) 3.0 6,1009000 STP,P Lake Ontario 336 Env. Facilities Corp. Oswego (7) --- 1,074,500 STP UP,PS,INT,FM Salmon River Pulaski 449 Env. Facilities Corp. Oneida (7) 0.5 1,047,700 STP Sconondoa Creek Vernon 452 Manlius, Fremont Onondaga (7) --- 253,928 STP LimeStone Creek 633 Minoa Onondaga (7) 0.5 661,500 STP LimeStone Creek 636 Camden Oneida (7) 0.8 1,146,700 STP West Branch Fish Creek Annex 225 TABLE 7-75 Pending Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.2 Project Project Type of Number Applicant County Cost Project Receiving Stream Remarks 858 Aurelius Cayuga (7) 1,050,000 INT,PS, Seneca River Treatment by Auburn STP (C-36-483); SD PH defeated. 855 Cato Cayuga (7) 216,000 STP,INT, Muscrat Creek, Barge Canal CO (2), project referred to Attorney OS General for legal action. 804 Cayuga Cayuga (7) 87,400 STP UP Seneca River Awaiting submission of applic.; Engineering Report under review by NYSDEC. 856 Fair Haven Cayuga (7) 300,000 STP,INT, Lake Ontario CO (2), project referred to Attorney 0S (Little Sodus Bay) General for legal action. 411 Genoa, King Ferry Cayuga (7) 372,000 STP,INT, Salmon Creek --- 0S 729 Owasco Cayuga (7) 2,630,000 INT,PS, Owasco Lake Transmit to Auburn STP (C-36-483); FM Owasco IF (2); Engineering Report under review by NYSDEC. 857 Union Springs Cayuga (7) 2,550,000 STP UP, Seneca River Rehabilitate and upgrade existing Union INT,PS, Springs STP: Union Springs O&M. FM,OS,P 654 Cazenovia Madison (7) 1,869,000 STP UP Chittenango Creek Cazenovia CO (2); applic. under review by NYSDEC; Engineering Report approved. 775 Chittenango Madison (7) 812,000 STP UP Chittenango Creek Enginering Report approved; project defeated by referendum. 862 Morrisville Madison (7) 375,000 STP,INT, --- --- 0S 655 Oneida Madison (7) 2,600,000 STP UP, Oneida Creek O&M; applic. under review by NYSDEC; INT Engineering Report approved. 451 East Syracuse Onondaga (7) 738,000 INT,PS Onondaga Lake Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO; awaiting resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing; Plans and Specs approved by IYSDEC. 805 Jordan Onondaga (7) 897,900 STP,IS, Seneca River IP; no schedule; applic. under review INT,PS, by NYSDEC; Engineering Report approved. FM 73,a Onondaga, Clay Onondaga (7) 14,200,000 STP.114T, Seneca River Eligibility meeting held on change in PS,FM, scope; revised applic. and Engineering OS'p Report under review by NYSDEC; special authority given for construction of Contract I, Davis Road, Int. RT.57 Trunk Sewer Plans and Specs under review by NYSDEC. . 839 Onondaga, Collomer Onondaga (7) 1,000,000 INT,PS, Onondaga Lake Transmit to Ley Creek STP, then to PH Syracuse Metro STP. Second eligibility meeting needed. 763 Onondaga, Harbor Onondaga (7) 3,600,000 INT,PS Oneida Lake Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO; awaiting Brook Int & PS resolution of Federal reimbufsement of State and local prefinancing; Plans and Specs approved by NYSDEC. 658 Onondaga, Kirkpatrick Onondaga (7) 867,100 PS Onondaga Lake Applic. withdrawn from EPAIWQO; awaiting Street resolution of Federal reinbursement of State and local prefinancing; Plans and Specs approved by NYSDEC. 724 Sherrill Oneida (7) 2,123,000 STP UP, Oneida Creek Engineering Report approved; applic. Plans INT and Specs for contract 1A under review by NYSDEC; O&M. 863 Verona Oneida (7) 1,630,000 STP,OS, Stoney Creek Engineering Report under review by NYSDEC. INT Eligibility meting to be scheduled. 865 Onondaga, Nine.ile Onondaga (7) 11,120,000 STP AD]), Ninemile Creek Abandon existing Camillus primary STP Creek Service Area PS'FM' which is to be converted to PS pump to INT,P expanded Ninemile STP; report on forms- tion of SO under review by Camillus County. 596 Onondaga Onondaga (7) 3,190,239 INT,PS, Onondaga Lake Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO; awaiting FM resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing; Plans and Specs approved by NYSDEC. 864 Onondaga, Skaneateles Onondaga (7) 11,100,000 STP,INT, Skaneateles Creek Abandon existing Glen STP; new STP at Service Area OS'PS' new site; Skaneateles CO (2); proposed FM'p County Sanitary District. 659 Onondaga, Syracuse Onondaga (7) 65,800,000 STP UP, Onondaga Lake Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO; awaiting Metro P resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing; Plans and Specs for Phases I and 2 approved by NYSDEC. 806 E. Oneida Lake Oneida (7) 1,948,000 STP,OS, Oneida Lake Engineering Report under review by PS,FM NYSDEC. 762 Onondaga, Baldins- Onondaga (7) 13,302,000 STPXIT, Seneca River New STP to be built at site of existing ville-Seneca Knolls PS FM, Seneca Knoll SO #2 primary STP owned by 0S private sewerage corporation. Abandon existing STP at Van Buren Seneca Knoll SD #1, Baldwinsville North, Baldwins- ville South and Geddes SD #4 STP, Van Buren Seneca Ynoll SO #1 received O&M. 226 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-75 (continued) Pending Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.2 Project Project Type of Number Applicant County Cost Project Receiving Stream Remarks 692 Onondaga, Westaide Onondaga (7) 4,080,000 PS,FM Onondaga Lake Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO; await- ing resolution of Federal reimburse- ment of State and local prefinancing. Plans and Specs for PH under review by NYSDEC. Plans and Specs for PS Mod approved by NYSDEC. 815 Onondaga, Meadowbrook Onondaga (7) 1,000,000 INT LimeStone Creek Transmit to Meadowbrook LimeStone STP 453 Onondaga,Southwood Onondaga (7) 380,000 INT Onondaga Lake Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO, await- ing resolution of Federal reimburse- ment of State and local prefinancing. Plans and Specs approved by NYSDEC. 840 Syracuse, Valley Drive Onondaga (7) 112,500 INT Onondaga Lake Valley Drive INT to transmit to Brookside Drive INT then to Syracuse Metro SIP. Engineer awaiting City approval to prepare Engineering Report, Syracuse CO (1). 588 ITYS Willard State Seneca (7) 412,500 STP UP Seneca Lake Upgrade existing facilities to tertiary, Hospital awaiting submission of applic. and Engineering Report. 926 Bridgeport Seneca (7) 2,428,000 INT,PS, Need referendum, IP. F74 429 Ovid Seneca (7) 675,000 STP,TNT Seneca Lake CO (1), awaiting submission of applic. and.revised Engineering Report. 927 Romulus, Varick Seneca (7) 554,000 PS,FM Seneca Lake To Seneca Ordinance Depot for treatment. 816 Canandaigua Ontario (7) 4,238,000 SIP UP &Cananddigua Lake Awaiting submission of applic. and ADD,INT, Engineering Report. PS,FM 704 Farmington Ontario (7) 1,250,001) INT Mud Creek Applic. Engineering Report and Plans and Specs under review by NYSDEC, O&M. 765 Geneva Ontario (7) 820,000 INT,PS Seneca Lake Applic. Engineering Report and Plans PH and Specs under review by NYSDEC, S.D. approved. 768 Gorham Ontario (7) 717,000 STP,INT, Flint Creek Awaiting submission of applic. and 0S Engineering Report. 682 Rose-North, Rose Wayne (7) 585,000 STP,INT, Tributary to Lake Ontario Awaiting submission of applic. and PS,FM,OS Engineering Report. 685 Env. Facilities Corp. Wayne (7) 425,600 STP,INT, Crusoe Creek IF (4), with supervised schedule, Savannah OS,PS,FM applic. review by NYSDEC, Engineering Report approved. 660 Phoenix Oswego (7) 461,000 STP UP Oswego River O&M, Applic. under review by NYSDEC, Engineering Report approved, 821 Hastings Oswego (7) 1,121,000 STP,INT, Oneida River ---- - PS,FM,OS 732 Minetto Oswego (7) 987,000 STP,INT, Oswego River Minetto (H) IF (2); supervised PS,F.4,OS schedule, Municipal-Industrial project; SO approved by Audit and Control. 573b Oswego Oswego (7) 9,846,000 SIP UP, Lake Ontario Upgrade to tertiary. Engineering Report OS, INT, approved; applic. under review by p NYSDEC; final design 75% complete. 846 Tompkins, Stage 1 Tompkins (7) 1,680,000 INT Cayuga Lake SO will serve portion of Dryden, Ithaca, Cayuga Heights, and Lansing; treatment at Cayuga Heights 2nd eligi- bility determination conference required. Only R.R. INT to be constructed under Stage 1. 650 Groton Tompkins (7) 523,000 STP UP Owasco Inlet Creek Applic. wichdra- from EPA/WQO, await- ing resolution of Federal reimburse- ment of State and local prefinancing. Plans and Specs under review by NYSDEC. 786 Watkins Glen Schuyler (7) 1,616,000 STP UP, Seneca Lake O&M, Applic. and Engineering Report ADD under review by NYSDEC. 792 Kanchester-Shortsville Ontario (7) 2,420,000 STP,INT, Canandaigua Outlet Applic. and Engineering Report under Joint Sewage Disposal OS review by NYSDEC; existing primary STP's System, Manchester, at Manchester and Shortsville to be Shortsville abandoned; Manchester and Shortsville CO (2). Ontario Env. Conserva- Ontario (7) 12,900,000 SIP UP &Canandaigua Lake Outlet Eligibility meeting held. tion Agency ADD,INT, PS,FM,P 808 Ontario Env. Conserva- Ontario (7) 2,330,000 STP,INT, Honeoye Creek Awaiting submission of applic. and tion Agency, Richmond- PS,FM,OS Engineering Report. Canadice, W.W. District 740 Macedon Wayne (7) 515,000 INT Canargua Creek Awaiting submission of applic. and Engineering Report. Sewer District to be formed. 384 Marion Wayne (7) 908,700 STP,INT, Red Creek Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO, await- OS ing resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing. Plans and Specs approved by NYSDEC. a SIP 8.0 b4.1 MCD Annex 227 TABLE 7-76 Completed Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.3 Project Project Number Applicant County STP-MGD Cost Type of Project Receiving Stream 34 Webb Herkimer (8) 0.4 308,319 SIP Moose River 181 Watertown Jefferson 8.0 3,424,630 SIP Black River 118 Brasher St. Lawrence (9) 0.12 168,182 STP St. Regis River 283 Canton St. Lawrence (9) 78,353 STP Grass River 122 Madrid St. Lawrence (9) 0.12 110,666 SIP Grass River 37 Massena St. Lawrence (9) 6.0 873,968 SIP Grass River 196 Ogdensburg St. Lawrence (9) 6.5 3,372,620 SIP Oswegatchie River 32 Malone Frankli n (9) 2.1 323,344 SIP Salmon River 83 Tupper Lake Franklin (9) 1.1 833,563 SIP Raquette Pond Raquette River 316 Edwards St. Lawrence (9) 0.08 181,000 INT,STP,OS,PS,FM Oswegatchie River 444 Fine St. Lawrence (9) 0.015 103,400 STP,INT,PS,FM Oswegatchie River 468 Heuvelton St. Lawrence (9) 0.45 629,000 STP,INT Oswegatchie River 464 Norwood St. Lawrence (9) 0.375 892,500 STP,INT Raquette River 320 Potsdam St. Lawrence (9) 3.3 3,110,500 STP,FM,PS Raquette River 501 Stockholm St. Lawrence (9) 190,624 INT,PS,FM St. Regis River 369 Canton St. Lawrence (9) 2.0 2,635,600 STP UP,INT Grass River 292 Watertown Jefferson (8) 8.0 1,338,552 STP,P Black River 491 Env. Facilities Corp. Lewis (8) 0.05 153,400 STP Black River Martinsburg, Glenfield 478 Cape Vincent Jefferson (9) 0.14 422,200 SIP St. Lawrence River 465 Philadelphia Jefferson (9) 0.1 270,600 STP Indian River TABLE 7-77 Approved Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-11BG 5.3 Project Project Number Applicant County STP-MGD Cost Type of Project Receiving Stream 556 Brownville Jefferson (8) 0.6 818,615 SIP Black River 513 Dexter Jefferson (9) 0.12 140,900 STP Black River 547 Evans Mills Jefferson (9) 0.09 ?38,000 STP West Creek 595 Orleans, Thousand Jefferson (9) 0.25 641,500 SIP Chaumont River Island Pk SD 502 Env. Facilities Corp. Jefferson (9) 4.0 4,880,000 STP,P Black River Carthage, W. Carthage 653 Alexandria Bay Jefferson (9) 0.75 1,698,800 STP,INT,PS,FM,OS St. Lawrence River 435 Waddington St. Lawrence (9) 0.36 397,250 STP UP,INT Oswegatchie River 701 Norfolk St. Lawrence (9) 0.15. 449,900 STP UP Raquette River 584 Potsdam St. Lawrence (9) '0.14 148,200 STP,INT,OS Raquette River 520 Colton St. Lawrence (9) 0.07 363,416 STP,OS,INT,PS,FM Raquette River 486 DeKalb St. Lawrence (9) 0.03 198,200 STP,INT Oswegatchie River 301 Castorland Lewis (8) 0.019 210,900 STP Black River 606 Lowville Lewis (9) 1.0 441,200 STP,P Mill Creek 515 Boonville Oneida (8) 0.64 1,016,858 STP Mill Creek 228 Appendix 7 TABLE 7-78 Pending Municipal Wastewater Treatment Projects-RBG 5.3 Project Project Type of Number Applicant County Cost Project Receiving Stream Remarks 546 Brasher, Helena St. Lawrence (9) 157,500 STP,INT, St. Regis River Engineering Report approved, applic. Plans OS and Specs under review by NYSDEC. 440 Couverneaur St. Lawrence (9) 4,160,000 STP,INT, Oswegatchie River CO (1), Engineering Report approved. FM'OS'PS Applic. Plans and Specs under review by NYSDEC. 438 Hammond St.-Lawrence (9) 282,000 STP,INT, Indian River Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO, awaiting Os resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing. Plans and Specs approved by NYSDEC. 439 Hermon St. Lawrence (9) 329,000 STP,INT, Elm Creek, Grass River IP (4), supervised schedule Engineering US Report approved; applic. under review by NYSDEC. 868 Louisville St. Lawrence (9) 240,720 INT,PS, Grass River Transmit to Massena STP for treatment. PH 661 Massena St. Lawrence (9) 1,540,000 STP UP Grass River Applic. withdrawn from EPA/WQO, await- ing resolution of Federal reimbursement of State and local prefinancing. Plans and Specs approved by NYSDEC. 869 Morristown St. Lawrence 1.530,000 STP,INT, St. Lawrence Morristown IF (4) supervised schedule. PS,FM,OS 710 Norfolk, Raymondville St. Lawrence (9) 386,000 STP,PS, Raquette River Engineering Report under review by OS,FM NYSDEC. 844 Ogdensburg St. Lawrence (9) 150,000 INT Oswegatchie River Treatment at secondary SIP under C-36-317, O&M. 860 Webb, Old Forge Herkimer (8) 300,000 STP UP Moose River --- 723 Antwerp Jefferson (9) 537,000 STP,INT, Indian River IP (3) supervised schedule. Applic. PS,F74,OS Plans and Specs under review by NYSDEC. 700 Black River Jefferson (9) 755,205 STP,INT, Black River Applic. under review by NYSDEC. 'OS Engineering Report returned to applicant. 445 Orleans, LaFargeville Jefferson (9) 1,690,000 STP,INT, Chaumont River Municipal-Industrial Project. OS 512 Theresa Jefferson (9) 435,000 STP,OS, Indian River NYSDEC & WQO grants withdrawn pending PS,FM further action by Village. 782 Watertown Jefferson (8) 6,850,000 SIP UP, Black River Engineering Report approved. Applic. P under review by NYSDEC. O&M Plans and Specs for Contracts I & II under review by NYSDEC. 548 Copenhagen Lewis (8) 319,400 STP,INT, Deer River Project defeated by referendum. PS,FM,OS Applic. and Engineering Report returned to applicant. 779 Croghan Lewis (8) 376,000 STP,OS Beaver River Engineering Report approved. Applic. Plans and Specs under review by NYSDEC. 510 Harrisville Lewis (9) 349,300 STP,INT, W. Branch Oswegatchie Project defeated by referendum. PS,FM River 861 Port Leydon Lewis (8) 300,000 SIP UP Black River --- 517 Ogdensburg St. Lawrence (9) 2,342,000 SIP UP Oswegatchie River O&M, Engineering Report approved. Applic. under review by NYSDEC. W 42"', DATE DUE 40, V@ lchigan GAYLORDINo, 2333 pr;acc L q. of Minnesota of New York Qhio sylvalt a of Wisconsin IIL en't of Agriculture Departmentbf the Army of Commerce D=arlirntment of Health, Education & We"aw Department AlLuousing & 4, Urban D4 veMpment Department of the interior Department of J ce Department of Mile "'Vi fto Department of Transportation Environmental Protection Agency @ji Federal Power Commission Great Lakes Commission Ilk 6 2820 i 366681410 R@O