Guidelines, Marine Resource Damage Assessment Program Washington State's marine resource damage assessment contingency plan

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

IMARINE RESOURCE DAMAGE

I ~~ASSESSMENT PROGRAM

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GUIDELINES: MARINE RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM

Washington State's Marine Resource
Damage Assessment Contingency Plan

DOE Report 80-15

Property of C2;C Library

Harry B. Tracy
Kenneth Pierce

Office of Water Programs

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

State of Washington
Department of Ecology
Olympia, Washington

December 1980

Report Funded by
U.S. Office of Coastal Zone Management
Grant 04-8-MOI-349

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD ..........................................................

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................v

1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................

1.1.0 Background ............................................2
1.2.0 Objectives ............................................3
1.3.0 Scope................................................3
1.4.0 Concept ...................
1.5.0 Authority...5
1.6.0 Purpose ......5
1.7.0 Abbreviations ..................................6
1.8.0 Definitions ..........................7..........

2.0 PARTICIPATING AGENCIES ....................................... 11

2.1.0 State Agencies ........................................ 11

2.1.1 Dept. of Ecology ................................. 11
2.1.2 Dept. of Fisheries ............................... 12
2.1.3 Dept. of Game .................................... 12
2.1.4 Parks and Recreation Commission .................. 12
2.1.5 Dept. of Natural Resources ....................... 12
2.1.6 Dept. of Emergency Services .......... 13
2.1.7 Dept. of Social and Health Services .............. 13

2.2.0 Federal Agencies ...................................... 13

2.2.1 Dept. of Transportation ..........................14
2.2.2 Environmental Protection Agency .................. 14
2.2.3 Dept. of the Interior ................... 15
2.2.4 Dept. of Commerce .............................. 15
2.2.5 Other Federal Agencies ......................... 16

3.0 INTERAGENCY DAMAGE ASSESSMENT COORDINATION ................... 17
3.1.0 Oil and Hazardous Substances Spill Contingency Plans.. 17

3.1.1 Dept. of Ecology's Contingency Plan for Spills of
Oil and Hazardous Substances ..................... 18
3.1.2 National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution
Contingency Plan ................................. 19
3.1.3 Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Contin-
gency Plan for Standard Federal Region X ......... 19

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

Page

3.2.0 State Agency Resource Damage Assessment Coordination.. 21
3.3.0 State/Federal Damage Assessment Coordination .......... 22
3.4.0 Scientific Community ................................. 24
3.5.0 Volunteers ............................................ 24

4.0 MRDA ADMINISTRATION .......................................... 25

4.1.0 Administrative Committee (AdCom) ................ 25
4.1.1 Participants .................................... 26
4.1.2 Functions ....................................... 26

4.2.0 Technical Committee (TeCom) ........................... 27

4.2.1 Participants . .... 27
4.2.2 Functions ..... 27

4.3.0 Member Agencies ....................................... 28

4.3.1 State Agency MRDA Coordinators ................... 28

4.4.0 Assessment Teams ...................................... 29

4.4.1 Team Participants ................................ 29

4.5.0 Consultants ........................................... 29

4.6.0 Resource Damage Assessment Subcommittee ............... 30

4.6.1 Participants ..................................... 30
4.6.2 Duties ........................................... 30

5.0 ALERT AND ACTIVATION PROCEDURES ............................. 31

5.1.0 Initiation ........................................... 31
5.2.0 Investigation and Classification ...................... 31
5.3.0 MRDA Alert ............................................ 32

5.3.1 MRDA Administrative Committee (AdCom) ............ 32
5.3.2 MRDA Technical Committee (TeCom) ................. 32
5.3.3 State Agency Coordinators ........................ 33
5.3.4 MRDA Contractors ................................. 33

5.4.0 MRDA Activation ....................................... 33

5.4.1 AdCom Activation ................................. 34
5.4.2 TeCom Activation ................................. 34
5.4.3 State Agency MRDA Coordinators ................... 34
5.4.4 Consultants and Contractors ...................... 35

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

Page

6.0 DAMAGE ASSESSMENT RESPONSE PROCEDURES ........................ 37

6.1.0 AdCom Response ........................................ 37
6.2.0 TeCom Response ........................................ 39
6.3.0 Resource Damage Assessment Teams .................... 41
6.4.0 Consultants and Contractors ........................... 42

7.0 LOGISTICS/COMMITMENTS .................................. 43

7.1.0 State Agencies ........................................ 43

7.1.1 Dept. of Ecology ................................. 43
7.1.2 Dept. of Fisheries ...................... 44
7.1.3 Dept. of Natural Resources ....................... 45
7.1.4 Dept. of Game ................................. 46
7.1.5 Parks and Recreation Commission .................. 46
7.1.6 Dept. of Social and Health Services .............. 47
7.1.7 Dept. of Emergency Services ...................... 47

7.2.0 Federal Agencies ...................................... 48

7.2.1 Environmental Protection Agency .................. 48
7.2.2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ................... 48
7.2.3 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.. 49
7.2.4 Other Federal Agencies ........................... 50

8.0 DAMAGE ASSESSMENT SCOPE ..... .......................... 51

8.1.0 Physical Parameters ............................ 51
8.2.0 Biological Parameters .................52
8.3.0 Economic Parameters ................................... 55

9.0 VIOLATORS' LIABILITIES ...................................... 57

9.1.0 Biological Liabilities ................................ 57
9.2.0 Economic Liabilities .................................. 57
9.3.0 Physical Liabilities .................................. 58
9.4.0 Assessment Costs ...................................... 59

10.0 DAMAGE ASSESSMENT DOCUMENTATION ............................. 61

10.1.0 Forensic Documentation ............................... 61

10.1.1 Chemical Identification and Source Determination 61
10.1.2 Bioassay Confirmation of Perturbation ...... 61

10.2.0 Damage Documentation ................................. 62

TABLE OF CONTENTS -Continued
Page

10.2.1 Physical .... 62
10.2.2 Biological.62
10.2.3 Economic ...................... 62

10.3.0 Damage Claims ........................................ 63

11.0 REPORT WRITING ............................................... 65
11.1.0 Field Team Assessment Reports ........................ 65

11.1.1 Reporting Periods ............................... 65
11.1.2 Recommended Formats ............................ 65

11.2.0 Agency Reports ....................................... 70

11.2.1 Recommended Format .............................. 70

11.3.0 Agency Follow-up Reports ............................. 72

11.3.1 Recommended Format .............................. 72

11.4.0 TeCom Reports ........................................ 72

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

Page

APPENDIX

I MRDA PARTICIPANTS .........................................I-1

II LIABILITY FOR RESOURCE DAMAGES (RCW 90.48.142) ............ II-1

III RESPONSE SCHEMATICS ....................................... III-1

IV PUBLIC AFFAIRS ............................................ IV-1

V STATE AGENCY DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PLANS ...................... V-1

VI FUNDING ........................ .......................... VI-1

VII CONSULTANTS, CONTRACTORS, SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS ........... VII-1

VIII FIELD ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES ............................... VIII-1

1. - LABELING, DOCUMENTATION, AND CUSTODY OF SAMPLES... VIII-2
2. - FORENSIC DOCUMENTATION ............................ VIII-4
3. - METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF AFFECTED BIRD POPULATIONS VIII-9
4. - METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF MARINE MAMMAL POPULATIONS VIII-12
5. - METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF INTERTIDAL ORGANISMS ..... VIII-14
6. - METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF HERRING POPULATIONS ...... VIII-20
7. - METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF SURF SMELT POPULATIONS... VIII-22
8. - METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF SUBTIDAL ORGANISMS ....... VIII-23
9. - METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF NEARSHORE FISHES ......... VIII-25
10. - METHODS FOR HABITAT ASSESSMENTS ................... VIII-28
11. - METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF OPEN WATER ORGANISMS ..... VIII-31
12. - METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF BENTHIC POPULATIONS ...... VIII-33
13. - DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL FACILITIES .......... VIII-34
14. - EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC LOSS ....................... VIII-35

IX LABORATORY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES .........................IX-1

1. - CHEMICAL ANALYSES .................................IX-1
2. - BIOASSAY ....IX-1
3. - TAINTING ....IX-2

X -DOE BASELINE METHODOLOGIES .............................. X-1

A. - INTERTIDAL SAMPLING AND PROCESSING METHODS ........ X-1
B. - BEACH SEINE SAMPLING AND PROCESSING METHODS FOR
BASELINE STUDIES ......................... X-11
C. - SUBSTRATE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MARINE AND
ESTUARINE AQUATIC LANDS OF WASHINGTON ............. X-18
D. - GENERAL HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS .................. X-19

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

Page

XI - SIGNIFICANT BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON ........... XI-1

XII - LITERATURE CITED ......................................... XII-l

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Membership in the Federal Scientific Damage Assessment
Functional Group ......... ............................... 21

Figure 2. MRDA Coordination of State Agencies ..................... 22

Figure 3. State/Federal Environmental Damage Assessment Coordina-
tion .................................................... 23

Figure 4. MRDA Organization ....................................... 25

Figure 5. Administrative Committee Communication Schematic During
a Resource Damage Assessment Response .................. 37

Figure 6. Technical Committee's Communication Schematic During a
Resource Damage Assessment Response ... .................. 39

FOREWORD

The need for an organized approach of government agencies, the academia,
and the private sector to marine resource damage assessments in the
marine and estuarine habitats of Washington State is widely recognized
by the scientific community and state resource managers. Many of these
people have been working toward this goal for some time.

Under Chapter 90.48 RCW, response to pollution-caused damages and assess-
ment of those damages are Department of Ecology (DOE) responsibilities.
The DOE accepts these responsibilities, but the DOE also recognizes the
limitations of one agency when confronted with a large spill in the
marine environment.

In an effort to provide a mechanism that will aid in coordinating the
biological expertise of all state resource management agencies and the
scientific community, the DOE in 1977 proposed the Marine Resource
Damage Assessment (MRDA) program. MRDA was presented to representatives
of the initial planning group of state resource management agencies
(MRDA Planning Group) as a two-phase program: Phase I - Development;
and Phase II - Implementation. At a meeting in December, 1977, the MRDA
Planning Group representing the following agencies agreed to participate
in MRDA Phase I, Phase II, or both Phase I and Phase II:

Department of Ecology
Department of Fisheries
Department of Game
Department of Natural Resources
Department of Emergency Services
Department of Social and Health Services
Parks and Recreation Commission

In 1978 a series of meetings was held between a nucleus of the MRDA
Planning Group and experts in the various disciplines that are directly
or indirectly affected during a pollution emergency. The fundamental

questions posed to the experts were: (a) In your area of expertise what
losses do you feel that MRDA should assess for in the event of a serious
pollution incident in the marine environment?; (b) What physical, bio-
logical, and economic resources in your area of expertise would be
affected?; (c) Of the biological resources affected, which ones in your
area of expertise should be ignored and not entered into the assessment
because of time, personnel, financial, or other constraints? Indi-
viduals and agencies other than the participating state agencies con-
tacted were:

Environmental Protection Agency (overall assessment)
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (birds)
National Marine Fisheries (NOAA) (fish)
Marine Mammal Laboratory (NOAA) (Marine mammals)
Dr. Terrence Wahl (consultant) (marine birds)
Dr. Steven Herman (Evergreen College) (marine birds)
Dr. David Mannuwal (University of Washington) (marine birds)
Dr. Herbert Webber (Western Washington University) (intertidal
ecology)
Dr. Bruce Miller (University of Washington) (nearshore fish)
Dr. Kenneth Chew (University of Washington) (invertebrates)
Dr. Carl Nyblade (University of Washington) (invertebrate
ecology)
Dr. June Siva (Atlantic Richfield) (industry)
Dr. Richard Vanderhorst (Battelle, N.W.) (fate and effects)
Dr. Andrew Driscoll (Oceanographic Institute of Washington)
(marine biology)'

In 1978 a grant application was submitted to Coastal Zone Management to
fund the development of a marine resource damage assessment response
plan. The information obtained from the meetings with the experts was
used to demonstrate the MRDA concept.

The $78,000.00 grant was approved in 1979. In April 1979, one full-time
employee was hired to serve as the MRDA project leader. The first draft
of the MRDA Response Plan was completed and reviewed by the MRDA plan-
ning group in September of 1979. Since then, several drafts have been
prepared and reviewed by a number of individuals.

At a suggestion of the MRDA Planning Group, four contracts were issued
in May 1979. Dr. Bert Webber of Western Washington University and
Drs. Bruce Miller and Ken Chew of the University of Washington were
contracted to review and comment on the MRDA plan. Dr. Terry Wahl was
contracted to develop procedures for assessing damages to aquatic water-
fowl and provide baseline data for the damage assessment to these birds.
These contracts were fulfilled in August and September of 1980. The
recommendations, comments, and data have been reviewed and where appro-
priate, incorporated into the MRDA Plan.

The drafters and the DOE administrators feel that the MRDA program Phase
I has been tremendously successful. This judgment was based on the
dedication and interest of the many people who have contributed their
time and effort into the development of this needed program. They also
feel that implementation will be equally successful if this same spirit
persists.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank the members of the MRDA Planning Group and the
federal agency advisors who contributed their time and ideas to
the development of the MRDA program. We also wish to thank the
fish and wildlife experts who provided technical information and
the numerous individuals who reviewed and commented on the draft
manuscripts. Special thanks go to Rick Cardwell (WDF), Dave
Jamison (DNR), Fred Gardner (DOE), John Sainsbury (EPA), and Bob
Clark (NMFS, NOAA) for their dedication to the MRDA program and
to Carol Perez for her patience in typing this document.

The Marine Resource Damage Assessment Program was developed under
Grant Number 04-8-M01-349 from the Office of Coastal Zone Manage-
ment.

HARRY B. TRACY
KENNETH PIERCE
Department of Ecology

I ~~~~~~~~~~EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I ~~~~~GUIDELINES: MARINE RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM

INTRODUCTION

I ~~~Under Chapter 90.48.142, Revised Code of Washington, the Washington
State Department of Ecology (DOE) is charged with the responsiblity for
I ~ ~~investigating environmental damages resulting from unlawful discharges
into state waters of any organic or inorganic material which is detri-
3 ~~~mental to water quality or harms or kills the associated biota, assess-
ing the extent of those damages, and initiating recovery of monetary
5 ~~~damages through the State Attorney General. The DOE freshwater resource
damage assessment program has been in effect since 1967. The guidelines
for this program are adaptable for use in assessing minor incidents in
fresh and marine waters. However, neither DOE nor any other single
state agency has the expertise and personnel to assess environmental
I ~~~damages resulting from a major pollution incident in Puget Sound or the
coastal areas of Washington State. What is needed in such an event is a
5 ~~~resource damage assessment task force composed of experts from each of
the resource management agencies. The Marine Resource Damage Assessment
(MRDA) Program fills this need. Partici-pating agencies are the Depart-
ments of Ecology, Fisheries, Game, Natural Resources, Emergency Services,
Social and Health Services, and the Parks and Recreation Commuiission.
I ~~~Advisory personnel from the federal response agencies also are active in
the MRDA group. MRDA was developed under Grant Number 04-8-MOI-349
3 ~~~through the Office of Coastal Zone Management.

I ~~~~~~~~MRDA GUIDELINES ORGANIZATION

I ~~~Section ONE of the MRDA Guidelines contains the introduction which
includes background information, authority, and purpose. Section TWO

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

describes the jurisdiction and responsibilities of the participating
state and federal agencies. Section THREE describes the response plans
of various state and federal agencies and explains how these plans
I ~~~interact with the MRDA response. Sections FOUR and FIVE describe the
administration, alert, and activation of MRDA and Section SIX describes
the MRDA response. Section SEVEN outlines the logistics and commitments
of the participating state and federal agencies. Sections EIGHT and
NINE discuss the scope of the damage assessment and the violator's
liabilities, respectively. Section TEN explains the documentation of
damages and Section ELEVEN outlines the formats for reports.

The Appendices supply technical and supportive information. Appendices
3 ~~~VIII, IX and X provide detailed methodologies for field and lab sampling
and analysis.

I ~~~the MRDA plan has been prepared in a loose-leaf format. Each section

and each appendix is tabbed. Periodic updatings will be made by DOE.

3 ~~~Goals and Objectives

5 ~~~The objectives, of MRDA are to develop a state resource damage assess-
ment program that organize's experts from the resource management
agencies into a damage assessment task force. The task force will have
3 ~ ~~the capability to respond to significant incidents, compile the data,
and prepare a resource damage assessment that will be supported by
I ~~~local, state, and federal government agencies and the scientific com-
munity. The MRDA objectives also are to develop and publish a detailed
response plan that describes the administrative and technical activities

of the MRDA response. In addition the MRDA program will:

I - ~~~~Coordinate the state's damage assessment response with the
national pollution response effort through state membership
I ~~~~~on the federal Regional Response Teams.

- Advise the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) and RRT on methods and
priorities for natural resources protection.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~VI

Ensure maximum recovery of monetary damage assessments from
the violator(s) in each significant incident.

MECHANICS

Alert procedures for the MRDA program are integrated with the pollution
reporting system of the state and federal agencies in Washington State.
MRDA is alerted whenever the DOE Spill Response Center is activated.
Response occurs whenever significant resource damages are reported by
the DOE regional staff or one of the cooperating response agencies.

MRDA is directed through two committees; an Administrative Committee
(AdCom), and a Technical Committee (TeCom). MRDA is activated when the
Director of the DOE Spill Response Center activates AdCom and TeCom.

AdCom will function as the manager/administrator of the MRDA damage
assessment response. AdCom is the problem-solving unit for the overall
response. Members of this committee work with the Governor's Office and
the administrators of the state and federal agencies to keep the program
mooving. They seek funding, personnel, and equipment whenever it is
needed. They also tend to logistics problems. If some aspect of the
assessment is faltering because of personnel or funding constraints,
AdCom will make the decision to take corrective action or drop that
portion of the project.

TeCom functions as the manager of the technical aspects of the MRDA
damage assessment. TeCom will act as the information gathering and dis-
pensing medium for all participants of the damage assessment task force.
Information on location and extent of damages will originate with the
On-Scene Coordinator's field forces. It will be passed to TeCom through
the DOE representative to the OSC's team. TeCom will forward the infor-
mation through the state agency coordinators to the field teams. TeCom
also will collate field data, coordinate with federal'damage assessment
participants, and maintain a chronological log. The AdCom/TeCom sub-
committees will prepare the MRDA environmental damage assessment.

vii

3 ~~~Whenever MRDA is activated, AdCom and TeCom meet and set up communica-
tions. The flow of resource damage information is from the field to the
TeCom through the DOE representatives on the Region X Regional Response
I ~ ~~Team and the Federal On-Scene Coordinator's team. TeCom members notify
their respective agency coordinators of the resources they manage.
3 ~~~Resource damage assessment information is returned to TeCom from the
agency field teams by the agency coordinators. The outcome is one
if ~~damage assessment supported by all. participating agencies.

I ~~~Scope of Monetary Resource Damage

1 ~~~The monetary resource damage assessment will include damages or losses
to the physical, biological, and economic resources of the State of
5 ~~~Washington. These losses or damages will be presented in terms of the
dollar value of the resource damaged.

I Phys~~~ical~ -Physical parameters include man-made structures such as.
boat launches, navigational buoys, public beach facilities, equip-
ment, and natural formations of recreational or commercial value
such as reefs, exposed rocks, and beaches.

Biological -While a violator is liable for the loss of all plant
and animal organisms, budgetary and personnel constraints of the
state resource management agencies limit the scope of the assess-
ment to those organisms having a direct or indirect established
I ~~~~monetary value. Organisms for which monetary values cannot be
established will be included as other affected biomass. If un-
3 ~~~~anticipated funds become available, a long-term study of greater
scope may be implemented.

I ~~~~Economic - The violator is liable for the cost of restocking the
body of water, replenishing the affected resources, and restoring
I ~~~~the body of water to its pre-injury state. 'The economic parameters
include the loss in revenue to public, agencies from state facilities
I ~~~~such as parks, shorelands, beaches, and waters, providing such
losses can be related to the pollution incident. Losses in tax
I ~~~~revenues, licenses, and fees also may be included.

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~viii

5/ ~~1.0 -INTRODUCTION

The marine and estuarine waters of Washington State play a major role in
the transport of petroleum and other toxic substance cargoes along the
West coast of the United States. Although a major pollution incident
I ~~~has never occurred in these waters, several significant spills causing
environmental damage have occurred and minor non-significant spills are
I ~~~common. The potential for major incidents exists and will increase If
Washington becomes a major shipping terminal for crude oil and'other
5 ~~~petrol eum products.

Should a major discharge of oil or other toxic substance occur in
Washington waters or adjacent Canadian waters, lands and aquatic re-
sources under state and federal government jurisdiction as well as
5 ~~~privately owned and Canadian properties and interests may be damaged.
Efficient assessment of any environmental damages requires a fast,
accurate, and coordinated response by Various state and federal. agen-
cies. Inadequate data collection or disagreements in the interpretation
of data resulting from the lack, of communication and cooperation between
I ~ ~~investigating groups may invite court rulings detrimental to the public's
interests. The results of damage assessments for such major spills as
5 ~~~the Argo Merchant (1976) and the IXTOC I well blowout (1979) has empha-
sized the need for coordination between responding agencies.

Response procedures to illegal discharge of oil and other hazardous
miaterials in U.S./Washington State waters are outlined in federalI and
I ~ ~~state contingency plans. Under these plans, the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency is designated the lead agency for coordinating the environ-
3 ~~~mental damage assessment at the federal level while Washington State
assumes a lead role in environmental protection and resource damage
3 ~~~assessment at local and state levels.

The Washington State Marine Resource Damage Assessment (MRDA) Program
I ~ ~~provides the organizational framework for integrating the resource
damage assessment response of state agencies and the mechanism for

coordinating the state's response with the national environmental damage
assessment response effort. Publication of the MRDA guidelines com-
pletes the developmental phase (Phase I) of the program. Phase II will
include training of personnel and implementation of the program.

1.1.0 - Background

The Washington State Department of Ecology (DOE) is charged with
the responsiblity of determining pollution-caused damages to the
waters of the state and for recovering monetary damages from the
discharger in an action brought by the Attorney General on behalf
of the people of the State of Washington (RCW 90.48.142). Since it
is impractical for one state agency to assess damages resulting
from a major pollution incident, DOE staff sought the assistance of
other state conservation and resource management agencies to devise
an integrated state response program which could be coordinated
with the federal response. These agencies agreed to participate in
the development or implementation of the MRDA Program. Their
representatives formed the MRDA Planning Group:

Ken Pierce, Project Leader Dept. of Ecology
Harry Tracy Dept. of Ecology
Fred Gardner Dept. of Ecology
Rick Cardwell Dept. of Fisheries
James Hall Dept. of Emergency Services
David Heiser Parks & Recreation Commission
Lora Leschner Dept. of Game
Max Hayes Dept. of Social & Health Services
David Jamison Dept. of Natural Resources

Federal Advisors

John Sainsbury Environmental Protection Agency
Howard Harris National Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin.
Robert Clark National Marine Fisheries Svc., NOAA
Robert Everitt National Marine Fisheries Svc., NOAA
Randall Smith U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

The MRDA Planning Group was the backbone of the developmental
phase. All aspects of program development and planning were
reviewed by this group prior to publication of the guidelines.

1.2.0 - Objectives

1. To Develop and publish a Marine Resource Damage Assess-
ment Response Plan (Phase I). The plan will address
damage assessment incidents in marine waters but may be
employed in fresh, marine, or estuarine waters.

2. To Develop an interagency strike force to be deployed
whenever the Marine Resource Damage Assessment Response
Plan is implemented (Phase II). This response group will
include, in addition to state personnel, members of the
federal response agencies and members of the scientific
community. Interagency coordination with the federal
spill response activity will be accomplished through the
state's participation on the federal Regional Response
Team and the On-Scene Coordinator's team as defined in
the Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Contingency Plan
for Standard Federal Region 10.

1.3.0 - Scope

The MRDA Plan provides guidelines for a coordinated environmental
damage assessment response of state and federal agencies and the
scientific community to significant pollution incidents that occur
in Washington State marine and estuarine waters. The initial
damage assessment activities of the state agencies will be con-
ducted to address state law and dwell on those biological, physi-
cal, and economic parameters for which a direct or indirect dollar
value can be established. Damage assessment activities of federal
agencies, coordinated through MRDA, will be directed at organisms

1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3

and ecological factors without establishable dollar values. How-j
ever, some federal entities may provide support to the state's
damage assessment activities. 1

The MRDA damage assessment response effort, augmented by the data
collected by the federal agencies, will culminate in a single,
comprehensive resource damage assessment supported by the state and
federal agencies and the scientific community. Data from the MRDAj
resource damage assessment will be used to generate a monetary
damage assessment to be submitted to the State Attorney General for3
the recovery of monetary damages. The monetary damage assessment
will fulfill the damage assessment responsibilities of the Director
of the DOE and the federal On-Scene Coordinator. A long-termI
environmental damage assessment may be conducted pending availability
of funds.3

1.4.0 - ConceptI

The plan assumes that in the event of a major pollution incident,I
state and federal resource management agencies will conduct an
impact assessment on the resources they manage. The plan does not3
impose additional responsibilities upon the participating agencies
or entities; however, it does encourage a coordinated response3
whenever a major pollution incident occurs. The MRDA plan provides
guidelines for standardizing damage assessment methods and sampling
techniques. It also provides a vehicle for gathering and dispensing
information needed to coordinate the assessment activities of state
and federal agencies and response groups. The outcome will be anj
assessment of resource damages produced and supported by the in-
volved agencies and entities. Data for the MRDA monetary resource3
damage assessment will be obtained through the MRDA response effort.
Data gathered during any long-term environmental damage assessment
may be processed through the MRDA system.I

1.5.0 - Authority

The MRDA Program was developed to fulfill the requirements of:

1. Chapter 90.48.142 of the Revised Code of Washington; and

2. National and Federal Region X Inland and Coastal Contin-
gency Plans for Spills of Oil and Hazardous Substances.

1.6.0 - Purpose

1.6.1 Provide a marine resource damage assessment capa-
bility for Washington State.

1.6.2 Integrate the damage assessment response of the
state resource management agencies responding to
significant pollution incidents in marine and estua-
rine habitats of Washington State.

1.6.3 Coordinate the state's damage assessment response
with the national spill response effort through
state membership on the federal Regional Response
Team (RRT) and various federal response teams
(Appendix III).

1.6.4 Recruit local scientists to assist in the develop-
ment and to participate in the implementation of the
MRDA program.

1.6.5 Produce a single comprehensive environmental damage
assessment for each significant pollution incident,
supported by local, state, and federal agencies and
members of the scientific community.

1.6.6 Ensure maximum recovery of monetary damage assess-
ments from the violator(s) in each significant
incident based on information contained in the MRDA
resource damage assessment.

1.7.0 - Abbreviations1

1.7.1 State Agencies

DES Washington State Department of Emergency
Services

DNR Washington State Department of Natural3
Resources

DOE Washington State Department of EcologyU

DSHS Washington State Department of Social andI
Health Services, Health Services Division

P&RC Washington State Parks and Recreation
Commission

WDF Washington State Department of Fisheries

WDG Washington State Department of GameI

1.7.2 Federal Agencies

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency3

USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Admi nistration3

U.S. United States

USCG U.S. Coast Guard

1.7.3 Action Phase Abbreviations, State and Federal

DOE OSC DOE On-Scene Coordinator .

DOE SRC DOE Spill Response Center

MRDA Marine Resource Damage Assessment
Program (Washington State)

TeCom MRDA Technical Committee

AdCom MRDA Administrative Committee

OSC On-Scene Coordinator (Captain of the
(Federal) Port [USCG] or predesignated EPA
official)

FWPCA Federal Water Pollution Control
Act (Clean(Water Act) Section
311, Public Law 95-217

RRT Regional Response Team for Federal
Region X

-SST National Scientific Support Team

SSC Scientific Support Coordinator
(EPA/NOAA)

NRC National Response Center

NRT National Response Team

1.8.0 - Definitions

For purpose of this report, the following definitions apply:

1.8.1 Monetary Resource Damage Assessment

For purposes of this plan, a monetary resource
damage assessment is a documentation of biological,
physical, and economic damages incurred by the
marine resources of Washington State as a result of
a pollution incident and presented in terms of U.S.
dollars. The resource damage assessment is designed
to fulfill the requirements of RCW 90.48.142 and
applies to those resources that have an establish-
able monetary value.

1.8.2 Environmental Damage Assessment

For purposes of this plan, environmental damage
assessment is a long-term, comprehensive investi-
gation designed to study the acute and chronic
effects of a pollutant on the organisms of the
marine environment and their recovery.

1.8.3 Baseline Studies

Sampling programs (historical or on-going) which
establish a statistical data base for the spacial
and temporal variability of organisms or other
environmental factors at specific or regional
sampling areas.

1.8.4 Response

Any activity under this plan or other state/federal
oil and hazardous material spills contingency plans.

1.8.5 Oil and Hazardous Material

Oil - Any petroleum or petroleum derivative.

3 ~~~~~~~Hazardous Material -Any substances listed as hazard-
ous materials in P.L. 95-217, and any materials that
may be added to the list.

1.8.6 Environment

3 ~~~~~~~~The conditions, circumstances, and influences sur-
rounding and affecting the development of an or-
3 ~~~~~~~~ganism or group of organisms.

3 ~~~~~1.8.7 Marine Environment (Washington State),

Puget Sound and adjacent waters, Strait of ~Juan de
Fuca and adjacent U.S. waters, and Washington's
outer coastal waters within the state's three-mile

offshore jurisdiction.

1.8.8 Estuarine Environment

U ~~~~~~~~Brackish water areas at river mouths.

1.8.9 Pollution Incident

Any incident, Voluntary or accidental, which results
in the illegal discharge of oil or other hazardous
material into marine or estuarine waters of the
* ~~~~~~~~State of Washington.

2.0 - PARTICIPATING AGENCIES

The DOE has specific legislative responsibilities for determining the
environmental impact of spilled oil and other hazardous materials under
RCW 90.48.142. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water
Act) (P.L. 95-217, Section 311(a)) requires the administrator of the Act
(the Environmental Protection Agency) to determine the environmental
impact of spilled oil or other hazardous materials. Other state and
federal agencies have specified responsibilities to protect resources
under their jurisdiction or response duties mandated by federal law as
outlined in the Federal Region X Contingency Plan.

2.1.0 - State Agencies

2.1.1 - Department of Ecology (DOE)

Under Chapter 90.48 RCW, the DOE is the state agency charged
with the responsibility for water pollution emergencies within
the State of Washington. The DOE functions on the regional
concept with headquarters in Olympia and regional offices in
Redmond, Spokane, Union Gap, and Tumwater.

The DOE has four statutory responsibilities with respect to
oil and other hazardous material spills: (1) to respond to
each reported incident in an effort to identify the source,
cause, and the responsible party; (2) to ensure that cleanup
action is initiated and adequate; (3) to initiate enforcement
action as necessary; and (4) to assess environmental damages.
This plan addresses the last obligation; the first three are
covered under the state's Contingency Plan for Spills of Oil
and Hazardous Substances. Under the Federal Region X Con-
tingency Plan, DOE serves as the state's lead agency for
natural resources protection. All DOE response activities are
coordinated through the DOE Spill Response Center.

2.1.2 - Department of Fisheries (WDF)

WDF has jursidiction over food fish, shellfish, hatcheries and
associated structures and facilities, some beach access
properties, and assorted equipment which may be affected by
large spills of oil or other hazardous materials.

2.1.3 - Department of Game (WDG)

WDG has jurisdiction over all wildlife, game fish, and non-
game fish. Of special concern in event of an oil or hazardous
substance spill are water birds, marine mammals, aquatic
furbearers, anadromous game fish, wildlife habitat areas,
hatcheries, launching ramps and related facilities, and
assorted equipment.

2.1.4 - Parks and Recreation Commission (P&RC)

P&RC has jurisdiction over several underwater parks, shoreside
parks, beach properties, tie-up buoys, launching ramps and
related recreational facilities and assorted equipment which
may be damaged by large spills of oil or other hazardous
materials.

2.1.5 - Department of Natural Resources (DNR)

DNR has jurisdiction over several artificial reefs, beaches
and tidelands, beds of U.S. waters, and assorted equipment
which may be affected by large spills of oil or other hazard-
ous materials.

2.1.6 - Department of Emergency Services (DES)

DES's functions within MRDA are in the area of human services;
i.e., interaction with local governments and state agencies
such as the State Patrol and the Governor's Office, public
notification and updating of the status of the pollution
incident, and other emergency services which support activa-
tion and operational activities of MRDA.

2.1.7 - Department of Social and Health Services, Health
Services Division (DSHS)

DSHS has jurisdiction over beach closures for human health and
safety, utilization of contaminated food organisms, and
general health-related matters for the safety of the public.

2.2.0 - Federal Agencies

Participation of federal agencies in oil and hazardous substance
pollution incidents is defined in the National Contingency Plan
and the Federal Region X Contingency Plan, both of which outline
response procedures for spill containment, cleanup, disposal, and
enforcement.

In Washington State, federal agencies operate under a functional
group concept as outlined in the Federal Region X Contingency Plan.
Individual groups undertake specific spill response tasks. The
resource damage assessment task is the responsibility of the Scien-
tific Damage Assessment Group of which the EPA is the coordinator.
DOE is a member of this group in behalf of the State of Washington
(Section 3.0). Other involved federal agencies and their spill
response activities follow:

2.2.1 - Department of Transportation (DOT)

a. U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)

The USCG has basic investigative and enforcement re-
sponsibli'ties for unlawful discharge on all U.S. navi-
gable waters.

The USCG has primary responsibility for policing spillsI
of oil and hazardous substances that occur on coastal
waters and the Columbia River below Bonneville Dam. USCG
representatives investigate circumstances surrounding
each incident and direct spill containment, resource
protection measures, cleanup procedures, and disposition
of contaminated materials. The USCG also administers the
Federal Revolving Fund. Although not a member of the
damage assessment group, the USCG serves as the federal
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) for containment and cleanup of
oil and hazardous substance spills in marine and estu-
arine waters. They also provide logistical support to
agencies involved directly in the environmental damage
assessment.

2.2.2 - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The EPA has primary responsibility for polici ng spills of oil
and hazardous substances that occur on inland' U.S. waters of
Washington State as defined in the National Contingency PlanU
and Federal Region X Contingency Plan. For Washington waters,
EPA Region X has delegated predesignated On-Scene Coordinator
(OSC) responsibility to DOE. EPA Region X retains the re-
sponsibility for coordinating federal damage assessment efforts
and ensuring the completion of a comprehensive environmental
damage assessment report. In marine waters, EPA serves as
coordinator of the federal damage assessment functional groupI
as outlined in the Federal Region X Contingency Plan.

2.2.3 - Department of the Interior (DOI)

a. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)

USFWS is the lead agency for the protection and assess-
ment of damages to fish and wildlife populations en-
dangered or affected during an oil or hazardous substance
pollution incident in Washington's waters. USFWS operates
under the authority of the Endangered Species Act, the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the Marine Mammal Protection
Act, and the Anadromus Fish Act. USFWS's responsibili-
ties as DOI lead agency are outlined in the Federal
Region X Contingency Plan and National Contingency Plan.

b. Other DOI Agencies

U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Land Management,
National Park Service, Heritage Conservation and Rec-
reation Service, and Bureau of Mines, as outlined in the
Federal Region X Contingency Plan, will provide support
to USFWS during a damage assessment. These agencies may
participate actively in the damage assessment if resour-
ces under their jurisdiction are affected.

2.2.4 - Department of Commerce (DOC)

a. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

The DOC through NOAA shall provide scientific expertise
on living marine resources for which it is responsible,
including endangered species and marine mammals. In
addition, NOAA will coordinate scientific support in
coastal areas; provide current and predicted meteoro-
logical, hydrologic, ice conditions and oceanographic
conditions for the high seas, coastal, and inland waters;

provide charts and tide/current information for coastal
and territorial waters; assist EPA in damage assessment
in coastal regions and on the high seas. This infor-
mation and service will be available to the State of
Washington through the NOAA RRT member, the federal On-
scene Coordinator, or the federal Scientific Support
Coordinator (SSC).

2.2.5 - Other Federal Agencies

As outlined in the Federal Region X Contingency Plan, all
other agencies, upon request of the EPA either directly or
through the federal OSC, may provide assistance within their
operating limitations.

16
I�

16 3

1 ~~3.0 - INTERAGENCY DAMAGE ASSESSMENT COORDINATION

Section 311 of the Clean Water Act requires the federal OSC to assess
damages resulting from spills of oil and hazardous substances on U.S.
waters. RCW 90.48.142 charges the Director of the Department of Ecology
with the responsiblity for assessing pollution-caused damages resulting
from unlawful discharges into state waters. Since both state and federal
I ~ ~~agencies are legally responsible for resource damage assessments, close
coordination between state and federal agencies in planning for and
3 ~~~implementing resource damage assessment response activities is of utmost
importance.

N ~~~The DOE has been closely coordinating with the EPA and the USCG through
spill response activities since 1970. The DOE is an active member of
I ~ ~~the Federal Region X Regional Response Team and the federal OSC's team.
These channels have provided an excellent line of communication between
* ~~~the state and federal agencies regarding spill response.

* ~~~Although spill response and damage assessment response are closely
associated within the total response effort, the objectives of the two
phases differ radically. Spill response is aimed at removal, disposal,
I ~ ~~and enforcement; whereas damage assessment activities are aimed at
evaluating the damages done to the physical, biological, and economic
3 ~~~resources of the affected area. Yet the administrators of the response
activities have a responsiblity toward both aspects of the overall
response effort. Since the channels for communications and coordination
in spill response are well established through state and federal spills
contingency plans, these channels also will be employed for coordinating

resource damage assessment activities.

* ~~~This section summarizes the various contingency plans and damage assess-
ment responsibilities of the participants and describes the coordination
of the MRDA damage assessment activities.

* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~17

3.1.0 - Oil and Hazardous Substances Spill Contingency Plans

Federal pollution response contingency plans written under the
authority of the Clean Water Act outline the responsibilities of
federal agencies during the illegal discharge of oil or hazardous
substances in U.S. waters.

Washington State's oil and hazardous substance spill response
contingency plan, written under the authority of Chapter 90.48 RCW,
outlines the response procedures of state agencies (DOE, lead
agency) during an illegal pollution incident involving state
waters.

3.1.1 - Department of Ecology's (DOE) Contingency Plan for
Spills of Oil and Hazardous Substances

The DOE's Contingency Plan provides guidelines for a coordi-
nated response of federal, state, and local government agen-
cies and the private sector to spills of oil and other hazardous
substances that affect the "waters of the state" as defined in
Chapter 90.48 RCW. It is designed to protect the public health
and the environment during spill emergencies.

The DOE's Contingency Plan describes the activation and
operational procedures of the DOE response during spill emer-
gencies. The Plan activates the DOE Spill Response Center and
identifies the DOE Spill Coordinator, the DOE On-Scene Co-
ordinator (DOE OSC), their duties and responsibilities. It
also establishes procedures for spill reporting, identifi-
cation of the discharger, disposal of wastes collected during
cleanup, personnel training, international cooperation, other
administrative activities, and the activation of a damage
assessment. The DOE Plan is written to provide communications
channels between state and federal response groups and to
coordinate the state response with the federal response effort.

3.1.2 - National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution
Contingency Plan

The primary purpose of the National Contingency Plan is to
establish federal policy with regard to spill response ac-
tivities in U.S. waters and to provide guidelines for prepa-
ration of the federal regional spill response plans. The
national plan was developed in compliance with P.L. 95-217,
section 311(c)(2). The Plan applies to all participating
federal agencies and is in effect for U.S. waters and adjoin-
ing shorelines, the contiguous zone, and the high seas beyond
the contiguous zone in connection with activities under the
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act or the Deep Water Port Act,
or waters which may affect natural resources belonging to,
appertaining to, or under exclusive management authority of
the U.S.

The National Contingency Plan addresses the responsibilities
of federal agencies during a pollution incident in U.S. waters,
establishes the National Response Team (NRT) and outlines its
duties, establishes the National Response Center (NRC), de-
fines the duties of the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (OSC),
authorizes the establishment of and defines the duties of the
Regional Response Teams (RRT), establishes special pollution
control forces, and outlines the mechanisms for coordinating
the response of state and local governments, private industry,
academic groups, and the federal agencies. The Plan addresses
discharge prevention, containment, removal, cleanup and dis-
posal, environmental damage assessment, vessel removal or
destruction, use of dispersants and other chemical control
agents, and mitigation of costs.

3.1.3 - Oil and Hazardous'Substance Pollution Contingency
Plan for Standard Federal Region X

The Federal Region X Contingency Plan applies to Standard
Federal Region X which includes Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and
Alaska.

The Federal Region X Contingency Plan is effect ive for allI
waters of the U.S. within Standard Federal Region X, adjoining
shorelines, the contiguous zone, and the high seas where a3
threat exists to U.S. waters, shoreline, or bottom. It places
responsibility for containment, disposal, removal, enforcement,
and related activities on the predesignated on-scene coordina-
to r.

The Federal Region X Contingency Plan establishes federal and
state agency membership to the Regional Response Team (RRT)U
and defines the duties of the participating agencies. It
also establishes the RRT activation and response procedures
and establishes the Regional Response Center., The RRT is the
coordinating vehicle to combat significant spills within
Standard Federal Region X.3

Participating agencies on the RRT are arranged in functional
groups with each functional group assigned specific duties.
For example, the USCG is the functional group leader for
spill cleanup and disposal with the state and EPA assisting;I
NOAA has spill trajectories and weather predictions; the
state has resource protection with EPA assisting; and EPA3
has resource damage assessments with the state, the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Services, and NOAA assisting. Each agency may
be a member of more than one functional group.

As outlined in the Federal Region X Contingency Plan, the
federal spill response is implemented through the functional
group concept. Whenever the Regional Response Team is acti-
vated, the On-Scene Coordinator consults a functional group
leader for the status of that phase of the overall response.
EPA serves as team leader of the resource damage assessmentI
functional group. Membership in the resource damage assess-
ment functional group consists of the Environmental Protection3
Agency (lead agency), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
ministration, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, State Depart-3
ment of Ecology, and recruited members of the academic com-
munity. The representative for the State Department of
Ecology also represents MRDA (Figure 1).3

FIGURE 1. Membership in the Federal Scientific Damage Assessment Group.

Scientific Damage
Assessment Group
E P A, coordinator

I I I I I
Commerce Interior Scientific
E P A DOE (NO AA) (USFWS) Community
I

During RRT activation, members of the resource damage assess-
ment functional group will undertake specific tasks of the
damage assessment based on agency jurisdiction and expertise.
In addition, each participant will support, within operational
limitations, the other participants. Pollution damage infor-
mation will flow from the spill scene to the MRDA participants
through State Department of Ecology representatives on the
resource damage assessment functional group. Damage assess-
ment data will flow from the MRDA teams to the On-Scene
Coordinator through the State Department of Ecology repre-
sentative on the damage assessment functional group. Data
from all-state and federal agencies will be included in the
environmental damage assessment.

3.2.0 - State Agency Resource Damage Assessment Coordination

The Department of Ecology is the state agency responsible for
maintaining the quality of Washington's waters. The DOE is under

legislative mandate to enforce the State Water Pollution Control
Act which includes the Liability for Damages Statute, RCW 90.48.142.

State resource and conservation agencies have management and
protection responsibilities for the environmental resources of the
state. These agencies will respond whenever damages are inflicted
upon the state resources that they manage. Damages from localized
spills of minor impact will be assessed by the DOE staff with the
assistance of the resource management agency. When MRDA is acti-
vated during widespread spills of significant impact, these agencies
may be requested to field damage assessment teams and equipment on
a continuing basis as described in this MRDA Response Plan (Figure
2).

FIGURE 2. M R D A Coordination of State Agencies

F-] ~~MagnitudeI
of Spill

pill Response Cente Spill Response Center
DES - Activated Not Activated

DNR- I-
MRDA SIH S - DOEBiol/chem I
DSHS - Invest. Sect

WOE - AComI

WDG
Te Corn Resource Damage Assessment
P&RC -

3.3.0 - State/Federal Damage Assessment Coordination

Coordination of the spill response activities of the State of
Washington and the federal response agencies occurs through the
State Department of Ecology and the Federal Regional Response Team

(RRT). As the state's lead agency in spill response, the DOE is a
member of the RRT which is the governing entity of the federal
response. The DOE also represents the State of Washington on the
staff of the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) who directs spill
response activities on U.S. waters. DOE representatives to these
federal teams have assignments on several functional groups in-
cluding the Scientific Damage Assessment Functional Group. Coordi-
nation between the federal response and the MRDA program occurs
through the DOE representative on this functional group. Figure 3
demonstrates these lines of communication and coordination:

FIGURE 3. State / Federal Environmental Damage Assessment Coordination

Federal H ~DOE Rep to HI
rRRT Federal RRT HAdCorn DOE SRC

Federal DOE Rep to L
OSC Federal OSC

Damage Assessment I Te Co DOE Biol/Chem
Functional Group Invest. Sct.
EPA - Coor~iinator

I
Federal Support | State Support ate Support l
|Agencies & Entities Agencies & Entities Agencies & Entities

I ! 1
I Assessment Assessment |Minor Resource
Teams TeIDamage Assessments

Damage Assessment Appropiate

Environmental
Damage
Assessment

* ~~~~~~~~23

3.4.0 - Scientific Community

The scientific community provides a source of expertise on marine
resource damage assessments for both state and federal agencies.
During a pollution incident, certain members may serve as consul-
tants and private contractors to state agencies determined by the
state agency requiring the assistance or the MRDA committee.
Contractors and consultants will be supervised by the contracting
officer or by the contracting officer's designee.

3.5.0 - Volunteers

Volunteers, with or without training and experience will be welcome
on the MRDA task force. Volunteers for work on the resource damage
assessment will be assigned to agency field teams by TeCom. Volun-
teers will provide for their own personal gear, food, and lodging.
However, transportation will be provided consistent-with services
provided other members of the response effort.

4.0 - MRDA ADMINISTRATION

MRDA is a Department of Ecology sponsored program designed to organize
the'state resource management agencies into a task force of marine
ecology scientists. In the event of a major type of pollution incident
that inflicts damages upon the marine resources of the State of Washing-
ton, this task force will respond with the necessary personnel, materi-
als, and equipment and assess those resource damages. The outcome will
be a single, comprehensive resource damage assessment compiled by the
MRDA committees showing the damages done to the state resources in terms
of U.S. dollars. Long-term environmental damage assessments also may be
administered through MRDA (Figure 4).

FIGURE 4. M R D A Organization

cleanup

M R DA DOESRC I
enforcement

I Ad Corn
Advisers
andI
Contractors State Agencies
Contractors
Te Corn Assessment Teams
Scientific CommunityJ

Resource Damage Assessment

4.1.0 - Administrative Committee (AdCom)

AdCom is the executive and advisory entity of MRDA. Composed of
management personnel from each participating agency, AdCom manages
the administrative activities of the damage assessment; i.e.,
funding, logistics, interagency coordination, etc. AdCom confers
with the Governor's Office, the RRT Chairman, state agency direc-
tors, the EPA Administrator, etc. An EPA advisor provides federal
input to the decision-making processes of AdCom. Members are the
agency directors or their appointed representatives.

5 .~~~~~~~25

4.1.1 - Participants

a. DOE, AdCom Chairman

b. WDF

c. WDG

d. DNR

e. DES

f. DSHS

g. P&RC

h. EPA, advisor

4.1.2 - Functions

The AdCom functions as the manager/administrator of the
resource damage assessment. The AdCom Chairman will stay in
contact with the pollution incident administrators (RRT
Chairman, Federal OSC, DOE Spill Coordinator) and keep abreast
of the incident progress. AdCom will forward this information
to the state agency executives, Governor's Office, etc., as
appropriate.

AdCom will support the resource damage assessment effort by
administering contracts, seeking project funds and personnel
as needed, and ensuring that logistics are adequate. The
AdCom functions at the executive level for such needs and
support. Requests arise from the field and the technical
staff and reach AdCom through TeCom, the Federal Regional
Response Team, the On-Scene Coordinator, and the DOE Spill
Response Center.

AdCom also is the final reviewer of the monetary resource
damage assessment which is prepared by the Damage Assessment
Subcommittee. The AdCom chairman's signature will release the
monetary damage assessment to the State Attorney General for
action.

4.2.0 - Technical Committee (TeCom)

TeCom is the technical coordinating entity of MRDA. Composed of
qualified technical supervisory personnel from participating state
agencies, TeCom manages the technical aspects of the damage assess-
ment. TeCom is the information link between the damage assessment
field teams and the Regional Response and On-Scene Coordinator
teams. TeCom also provides resource protection information to the
OSC on request. The AdCom/TeCom Damage Assessment Subcommittee
prepares the final monetary resource damage assessment.

4.2.1 - Participants

a. DOE, Chairman

b. WDF

c. WDG

d. DNR

e. P&RC

f. DES

g. DSHS

h. Federal advisors: Federal SSC, USFWS, EPA, NOAA, other
participating federal agencies

i. Consulting members of the scientific community

4.2.2 - Functions

The TeCom will function as the technical supervisors of the
resource damage assessment. The TeCom Chairman will keep in
contact with the state agency MRDA coordinators, the scien-
tific functional groups on the OSC's team and the Regional
Response Team, EPA, and the DOE Spill Coordinator to keep

abreast of the affected areas, resources damaged, magnitude of3
damages, and any damage assessments in progress. The TeCom is
the technical arm of MRDA working with the scientific community3
throughout the damage assessment procedure.

4.3.0 - Member Agencies

State agencies that participate in the MRDA program are those agen-
cies that have a management responsibility for one or more of the
state's resources (Ecology, Fisheries, Game, Natural Resources,
State Parks) -- or that have a responsibility toward the public
health and welfare (Social and Health Services) -_ or that have a
responsibility toward interagency coordination during state responses
to disasters (Emergency Services).3

4.3.1 - State Agency MRDA Coordinators

Each state participating agency will assign one or more State
Agency MRDA Coordinators. State participating agencies may
assign the TeCom member as the MRDA Coordinator for their3
agency. During a damage assessment response, the TeCom
member may delegate MRDA Coordinator duties to appropriate3
personnel within that agency or perform these duties personally.
MRDA coordinators will:

a. Maintain an agency response plan complete with personnel
assignments, equipment locations, and procedural guide-3
lines.

b. In the event of a resource damage incident, keep abreast
of the agency resource damage assessment. progress, ensur-
ing that agency procedures follow as closely as possibleI
to MRDA guidelines.

c. Maintain close contact with TeCom serving as the infor-
mation link between the agency damage assessment response
and the overall MRDA effort.

4.4.0 - Assessment Teams

The assessment teams will perform the field investigation following
as closely as possible to MRDA guidelines.

4.4.1 - Team Participants

a. Qualified field technical personnel will act as team
leaders. Other team members will be drawn from the
available personnel of state agencies participating in
the damage assessment. Personnel of federal agencies may
serve as team members or as team leaders as appropriate.

b. Teams will conduct the resource damage assessment under
the direction of the assigned team leader. Each team
will prepare an assessment report describing the methods
employed, the data collected, and the damages incurred by
the resources affected (Sectionll.1)(Appendix VIII).

4.5.0 - Consultants

Members of the scientific community may be contracted to provide
state agencies with additional expertise during resource damage
assessment incidents. State agencies may execute their own con-
tracts with consultants or request consultant assistance through
AdCom. Contract requirements will be determined on a case-by-case
basis.

4.6.0 - Resource Damage Assessment Subcommittee

4.6.1 - Participants

a. DOE, Chairman;

b. TeCom appointed representatives;

c. AdCom appointed representative; and

d. Consultants as needed.

NOTE: Appointees to the Resource Damage Assessment Subcommittee
may be members of a state or federal agency or the private
sector.

4.6.2 - Duties

a. Prepare the monetary resource damage assessment from
TeCom resource damage assessment data.

b. Submit the monetary damage assessment to AdCom for review
and disposition.

5.0 - ALERT AND ACTIVATION PROCEDURES

Alert procedures for MRDA are integrated with the pollution reporting
system of the state and federal agencies in Washington State. The
mechanics of the reporting system are explained in the Oil and Hazardous
Substances Pollution Contingency Plan for Federal Region 10 and in the
Department of Ecology's Contingency Plan for Spills of Oil and Hazardous
Subs tancoen.

5.1.0 - Initiation

Spill reports originating from any source are reported to the
National Response Center, USCG, EPA, or DOE. These agencies have
commitments to notify each other and other cooperating agencies.
For example, the DOE also notifies the state and local government
agencies while the USCG notifies EPA, NOAA, USF&WL, and other
federal participating agencies.

5.2.0 - Investiqation and Classification

The incident is then investigated to:

- Determine the source and cause;

- Estimate the type and quantity of material'discharged;

- Classify the incident for the level of response;

- Determine whether negligence or intent was involved for any
enforcement action that might follow; and

- ~Estimate environmental damages.

Other pertinent information regarding the incident also is col-
lected to be passed on during the notification procedure.

5.3.0 - MRDA Alert

The MRDA committees will be alerted automatically upon activation
of the DOE Spill Response Center. The DOE Spill Response Center
will activate:

- Whenever the Federal RRT activates;

- By executive direction, or

- At the request of the DOE presesignated On-Scene Coordinator
(DOE Region Manager).

The MRDA committees will be alerted for significant pollution
emergencies in fresh or marine waters and will respond to assess
environmental damages statewide.

5.3.1 - MRDA Administrative Committee (AdCom)

Upon activation of the DOE Spill Response Center, the DOE
Spill Coordinator (Assistant Director, Office of Operations)
will notify the AdCom Chairman. The AdCom Chairman alterhates
are any member of the AdCom staff. The AdCom person notified
will alert the other AdCom members.

5.3.2 - MRDA Technical Committee (TeCom)

The AdCom person notified by the DOE Spill Coordinator also
will notify the TeCom Chairman. The TeCom Chairman alternates
are any member of the TeCom staff. The TeCom person notified
will alert the other TeCom members.

5.3.3 - State Agency Coordinators

The TeCom Chairman or his designee will alert the predesig-
nated state agency MRDA Coordinators. Their alternates are
any professional member of the same division that they respec-
tively occupy. State Agency MRDA Coordinators will alert
other appropriate members of their agency. In cases where a
TeCom member also is the designated MRDA Coordinator, the
TeCom member may delegate MRDA Coordinator duties to appro-
priate agency personnel or undertake agency alert responsi-
bilities.

5.3.4 - MRDA Contractors

MRDA contractors will be alerted by TeCom or the state par-
ticipating Agency Coordinators whenever it appears that their
services may be needed to conduct the resource damage assess-
ment. These notifications will be served as early in the
incident as possible.

5.4.0 - MRDA Activation

MRDA activates automatically whenever the DOE Spill Response Center
activates. MRDA also will activate:

- At the request of a state government executive;

- At the request of an AdCom member;

- At the request of the Federal Regional Response Team chairman;

- At the request of the On-Scene'Coordinator; or

I - Whenever extensive environmental damage in fresh or marine
waters is apparent.

.5.4.1 - AdCom Activation

Upon notification of MRDA activation and upon direction of
the AdCom Chairman or the AdCom Chairman's alternate, AdCom
members will meet at the DOE Southwest Regional Office con-
ference room, Airdustrial Park, Tumwater, Washington. The
AdCom Chairman (alternate) will immediately commence a chrono-
logical log of the proceedings and will assume the responsi-
bilities for the administration and management of the resource
damage assessment.

5.4.2 - TeCom Activation

Upon notification of MRDA activation the TeCom Chairman or the
TeCom Chairman's alternate will immediately make contact with
TeCom members to discuss the incident and identify a base of
operations for TeCom. Depending upon the location and magni-
tude of damages, the TeCom may wish to operate locally with
AdCom or they may wish to be near the scene. TeCom's first
effort will be to commence a chronological log of TeCom
activities and assume the responsibilities of the technical
supervisor over the resource damage assessment.

5.4.3 - State Aqency MRDA Coordinators

Upon notification of MRDA activation, state agency MRDA
Coordinators will immediately notify their agency supervisors
that a damaging incident has occurred and that MRDA has acti-
vated. State agency MRDA Coordinators will assume their
responsibility as the primary'representative from the state
agency to the MRDA TeCom. State agency MRDA Coordinators
will request that their respective agencies implement their
resource damage assessment plan and immediately commence a
chronological log of their activities and the activities of
the agency they represent with regard to the resource damage
assessment.

I~~~ ~ ~5.4.4 - Consultants and Contractors

Upon notification of MRDA activation, MRDA consultants and
contractors will make any initial preparations as requested
by the notifying agency or committee.

~~~I ,~~~~~~~ ~3
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I ; ;

1.~ )
. v
I

(~~~~~' J5 " .
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. , ,0f'I.
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1 ~~~~~~~35 :

6.0 - DAMAGE ASSESSMENT RESPONSE PROCEDURES

Section 5.0 of this Plan describes the MRDA alert procedures and Section
5.4 describes MRDA activation mechanics. Also, the Department of Ecology's
Contingency Plan for Spills of Oil and Hazardous Substances and the Oil
and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan for Standard Federal
Region 10 were referenced to describe the manner in which incident
reports are received, processed, investigated, and classified by the
involved agencies and how these procedures alert and activate MRDA.
This section describes MRDA response procedures which will be administered
and managed by AdCom through the AdCom Chairman and technically supervised
by the TeCom through the TeCom Chairman. In many cases, MRDA alert and
activation procedures and initial response activities will occur simul-
taneously with spill containment and cleanup activities. Whenever
possible, damage assessment field teams will collect pre-impact environ-
mental data for pre- and post-spill comparisons.

6.1.0 - AdCom Response

Once AdCom is activated, the AdCom Chairman or the AdCom Chairman's
designee will immediately begin a chronological log of their pro-
ceedings and will assume responsiblity for the administration and
management of the marine resource damage assessment (Figure 5).

/
FIGURE 5. Administrative Committee's Communication Schematic
during a Resource Damage Assessment Response.

Federal Agncies

St~~~~~~Catermen Governor s

/ Ad Corn
Cmmandet P
3Mintains Chronological Regional
Log/Gathers and
Dispenses Spill
Inforsnation

A \~I7
{ Coesos Involving Resource Te Corn
Daa eAsesernar,1 Ferel/atet

Ad~om's first effort will be to gather information on damaged re-
sources from the cleanup project administrators on scene. Close
contact will be maintained with the USCG OSC for overflight in-
formation regarding the incident. Of immediate interest would be
locations and trajectories of contamination, quantity and type of
material discharged, weather predictions, plans for containment and
cleanup, and locations of observed damages.3

The federal Regional Response Team (RRT) Chairman may provide air
and water transportation and other logistic assistance for team
members, funding for the damage assessment, and additional person-

nel if the need arises. The RRT chairm an will be cognizant of any
serious problems confronting the cleanup and monitoring project
that may affect the resource damage assessment effort. The RRT
chairman also will have an interest regarding the progress of the
resource damage assessment.

The AdCom, under the direction of the AdCom Chairman, also will:

a. Act as a medium for information exchange regarding affected
resources among all participating agencies and groups.

b. Interact with the Washington State Governor's Office with
regard to the environmental damages associated with the pol-
lution incident.

C. Initiate the activation of the state resource damage assess-
ment.

d. Ensure that TeCom and field teams are adequately supported
logistically.

e. Seek sources of personnel and funding support for the resourceI
damage assessment as necessary.

f. Make any policy-level decisions that occur with regard to the
resource damage assessment.

Review and comment on contracts regarding the resource damage
assessment.

h. Recommend to the DOE comptroller the use of any funds com-
mitted to the resource damage assessment.

i. Review and submit the state's monetary damage assessment to
the Attorney General for action; also forward a copy to the
EPA regional administrator.

j. Communicate as necessary with state participating agency
directors, EPA regional administrator, state Office of Fiscal
Management, and other officials representing state, federal,
and local government offices and the private sector to expe-
dite the resource damage assessment.

k. Other functions of administrative or management nature as
determined during the course of the resource damage assess-
ment.

6.2.0 - TeCom Response

Once TeCom is activated, the TeCom Chairman or his designee will
begin a chronological log of their proceedings and will assume
responsibility for the technical supervision of the resource damage
assessment (Figure 6).

DOE Representative
to the RRT Sate Agenc
Ad CrCordinator

Te Corn

Contractors Maintains Chronological CoordinAtom
Log/Supervises Damage
Assessment Response

Coorn

FIGURE 6: Technical COmmittee's Communication Schematic
during a Resource Damage Assessment Response.

TeCom's first effort will be to gather data on damaged resources
from state agency MRDA Coordinators, the On-Scene Coordinator, the
DOE Spill Coordinator, the Regional Response Team, and EPA. This I
information will be plotted on charts which will be updated as new
information arrives. Resource damage assessments in progress also
will be plotted. These data will be passed on to appropriate
participating agencies and will be used to deploy damage assessment
teams. 3

Additional TeCom duties are as follows:

a. Make recommendations to AdCom on the necessity and degree of
the damage assessment.

b. Initiate the response of participating state agencies as
needed through the state agency MRDA Coordinators.

c. Receive and disburse information on damage prediction and 3
trajectory from USCG.

d. Assign assessment priorities as the incident develops.
I
e. Deploy damage assessment teams to affected locations.

f. Coordinate activities of assessment teams. Coordinate with
non-MRDA groups which wish to participate.

g. Collate data for damage assessment purposes.
I
h. Prepare periodic reports showing progress of the damage
assessment. Submit progress reports to AdCom for distri-
bution.

i. Coordinate long-term recovery studies (environmental damage
assessment).

403

1 j. ~~~~Maintain a system for receiving and disseminati ng information
to field teams.

* ~~~~k. Prepare news releases on technical matters as appropriate;
keep DOE Public Affairs Office informed of progress.

1. Coordinate with technical representatives of the federal On-
Scene Coordinator, Regional Response Team, and other federal
support groups.

I ~~~~M. Other functions of a technical nature necessary for coordi-
nating the damage assessment activities of the state.

5 ~~~~6.3.0 - Resource Damage Assessment Teams

The major MRDA field effort will be through assessment teams
deployed by state resource management agencies. The state agency
MRDA Coordinators will keep abreast of the field work, the data
I ~~~~collection, reducti on and analysis, and the monetary damage assess-
ment being accomplished by their respective agencies and forward
this information to TeCom for final processing. Requests from
state participating agencies for assistance will be processed
3 ~~~~through the state agency MRDA Coordinator.

The second major effort will be through teams deployed by TeCom.
I ~~~~These teams will be composed of volunteers from state, federal,
and local government agencies, the academia, the private sector,
3 ~~~~and the general public. The teams will operate directly with
TeCom. The data they collect will be reduced and analyzed by the
3 ~~~~team and referred to TeCom for final processing.

Other teams may be deployed by NOAA,, USFNS, EPA, or other federal
I ~~~~agencies. These studies may be directed at biological resources
hot managed by participating state agencies. Although these teams
3 ~~~~will not be under state direction, their assessment activities will

3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~41

be coordinated with the activities of the state assessment teams,
and their data will be available to TeCom and the state assessment
teams through the MRDA program. Likewise, all data collected by
the state assessment teams will be available to the federal assess-
ment teams through the MRDA program.

6.4.0 - Consultants and Contractors

Consultants and contractors may be employed, on a case-by-case
basis, whenever additional expertise is required. Consultants
and contractors may be hired through MRDA (DOE managed funds),
or by individual agencies, consistent with available funding.

* 0. . . �

: . 0 .4.

7.0 - LOGISTICS/COMMITMENTS

Activation of state agencies will be dependent upon resources affected
and ability to respond. Requests for equipment and personnel from non-
activated agencies will be processed through AdCom. Guidelines for
field operations of federal agencies are provided in the National Con-
tingency Plan and the Federal Region X Contingency Plan. Guidelines for
assessment of damages to the resources of Washington State are found in
the appendices of this document (Appendix VIII).

7.1.0 - State Agencies

7.1.1 - Department of Ecology (DOE)

DOE maintains a store of field equipment and vehicles for
use during MRDA activities and will provide field personnel
including four to six state-certified SCUBA divers. DOE field
or field-related activities will include, but are not limited
to the following:

a. Establish and maintain a meeting location for AdCom and
TeCom and provide communications facilities and technical
supplies for both teams;

b. Chair the TeCom;

c. Chairthe AdCom;

d. Perform water quality, sediment, and tissue sampling,
(pre- and post-impact);

e. Provide for analytical services for determining con-
tamination by hydrocarbons or other pollution components
(water, soil, and tissues);

f. Investigate the incident to identify the violator cause
and whether or not negligence or intent was involved in
the discharge. Initiate enforcement actions as appropriate.

g. Provide baseline data to TeCom;

h. Provide a public affairs information center;

i. Perform damage assessments for freshwater streams or
lakes that may be affected (Tracy and Bernhardt, 1974);

j. Pursue recovery of the damage assessment claim through
the State Attorney General;

k. Arrange services for tainting studies; and

1. Assess damages to private property upon request as last
priority.

7.1.2. - Department of Fisheries (WDF)

WDF, when activated, will provide equipment and personnel
including certified state divers. WDF field or field-related
activities may include, but are not limited to the following:

a. Provide a state agency MRDA Coordinator;

b. Participate in AdCom and TeCom;

c. Assess damages to:

- affected nearshore fishes
- affected shellfish beds
- affected food fish populations
- significantly affected intertidal and subtidal
habitats

affected shoreline properties and physical facili-
ties owned or managed by WDF
affected nursery habitats utilized by juvenile
food fishes;

d. Monitor recovery of affected resources;

e. Upon request of TeCom, assess biological resources not
under WDF jurisdiction according to the operating limita-
tions of WDF; and

f. Assess damages to private property upon request as last
priority.

7.1.3. -Department of Natural Resources (DNR)

DNR, when activated, will provide equipment and field person-
nel. DNR field or field-related activities may include, but
are not limited to the following:

a. Provide a state agency MRDA Coordinator;

b. Participate in AdCom and TeCom;

c. Assess damages to:

- affected shoreline property owned or managed by DNR
in cooperation with the WDF
- affected physical public facilities owned or managed
by DNR
- affected marine plants
- affected beds of U.S. waters in cooperation with the
WDF;

d. Monitor recovery of affected resources if necessary; and

e. Assess damages to private property upon request as last
priority.

7.1.4 - Department of Game (WDG)

WDG, when activated, will provide equipment and field per-
sonnel. WDG field or field-related activities may include,
but are not limited to the following:

a. Provide a state agency MRDA Coordinator;

b. Participate in AdCom and TeCom;

c. Assess damages to:

- all affected bird populations
- affected marine mammal and aquatic furbearer popu-
lations
- affected migratory game fish and resident non-game
fish populations
- affected game and non-game animals inhabiting
affected shorelines
- affected wildilfe habitats
- affected physical facilities owned or managed by WDG
- affected shorline properties owned or managed by WDG
in cooperation with WDF

d. Monitor long-term effects and recovery of affected re-
sources; and

e. Assess damages to private property upon request as last
priority.

7.1.5 - Parks and Recreation Commission (P&RC)

P&RC, when activated, will provide equipment and personnel for
field activities. P&RC field and field-related activities may
include, but are not limited to the following:

a. Provide a state agency MRDA Coordinator;

b. Participate in AdCom and TeCom;

c. Assess damages to:

- affected shorelines of parks and related physical
facilities in cooperation with the WDF
- affected shoreline properties of non-park status
owned or managed by P&RC in cooperation with the
WOF.

7.1.6 - Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS)

DSHS, when activated, will provide equipment and personnel for
public health investigations. DSHS field or field-related
activities may include, but are not limited to the following:

a. Provide a state agency MRDA Coordinator;

b. Participate in AdCom and TeCom;

c. Investigate public health hazards;

d. Implement closures and reopenings of affected lands or
fisheries whenever a public health hazard is identified;
and

e. Provide services for analytical research in the area of
public health.

7.1.7 - Department of Emergency Services (DES)

DES field or field-related activities will include, but are
not limited to the following:

.47

a. Provide a state agency MRDA Coordinator;

b. Participate in AdCom;

c. Serve as advisors to TeCom; and

d. Coordinate MRDA activities with local civil authorities
within the affected region.

7.2.0 - Federal Agencies

7.2.1 - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPA will provide equipment and as many field people as can
be utilized effectively, either in meeting EPA needs or in
filling emergency field manpower needs of other state or
federal agencies. EPA field or field-related activities will
include, but are not to be limited to the following:

a. Collect and analyze water, sediment, and biota samples
from impact and control areas (coordinated with DOE);

b. Determine damage assessment needs relative to noneconomi-
cally important marine biota including the subsequent
pursuit of scientific expertise and funding to conduct
the required damage assessment;

c. Provide EPA public affairs (news) coverage; and

d. Assist in producing a combined state/federal damage
assessment report.

7.2.2 - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)

USFWS will provide field equipment and personnel necessary
for the performance of an impact assessment on affected fish

and wildlife resources. Field or field-related activities
will include, but are not to be limited to the following:

a. Perform autopsies and chemical analyses of sea birds
and fish;

b. Supply expert personnel (sea bird and marine fish biolo-
gists) to assist state agencies;

c. Supply personnel and equipment for beach walks and
aerial surveys;

d. Supervise volunteer groups involved in cleaning sea birds
and provide data on species affected, survival, and
mortality rates;

e. Assist in law enforcement;

f. Assist in establishing dollar values for affected bird
species; and

g. Help with funding contracts for the purpose of long-term
monitoring of affected sea bird populations.

7.2.3 - Nlational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

NOAA, through its branch services, will provide personnel and
equipment consistent with its duties as described in Section
2.2.4:

(1) Provide scientific expertise on living marine resources
for which it is responsible;

(2) Coordinate scientific support in coastal areas;

(3) Provide current and predicted meteorological, hydrologic,
ice conditions and oceanographic conditions for the high
seas, coastal, and inland waters;

(4) Provide charts ahd tide/current information for coastal
and territorial waters; and

(5) Assist EPA in damage assessment in coastal regions and on
the high seas.

7.2.4 - Other Federal Agencies

Activities of other federal agencies which may be involved
in damage assessment activities are dependent upon the re-
quirements of the federal damage assessment functional group.

~~5O0~~~~~~I
:.~~~~

i~~~~~~~~~~

* t ,~~~~~~

- 0~~~~~~~~

50I

8.0 - DAMAGE ASSESSMENT SCOPE

Under RCW 90.48.142, anyone who unlawfully discharges a harmful sub-
stance into a body of water "and in the course thereof causes the death
of, or injury to, fish, animals, vegetation, or other resources of the
state, or otherwise causes a reduction in the quality of the state's
waters below the standards set by the commission, thereby damaging the
same, shall be liable to pay the state damages in an amount equal to the
sum of money necessary to restock such waters, replenish such resources,
and otherwise restore the stream, lake, or other water source to its
condition prior to the injury..." Restocking costs include the cost of
restocking the number of organisms killed plus the cost of an additional
percentage to cover stocking and natural mortalities plus the cost of
labor in restocking. Costs involved to replenish such resources in-
clude monetary loss to the fishery and the reproductive segment of the
population. These losses may involve more than one life cycle. Restore
the water source would include all costs that would be involved in
returning the affected area to its pre-injury state. Damages to the
physical, biological, and economic resources of the affected area would
be assessed under the restoration Clause (Sections 8.1.0 to 8.3.0).

In addition to damages to public resources, the violator also is liable
for damages to privately owned lands, facilities, and enterprises within
the affected area. Recovery of monetary damages for resources under
private ownership must be pursued through civil court actions by the
injured party(ies).

8.1.0 - Physical Parameters

The WDF, WDG, DNR, and P&RC maintain a number of structural fa-
cilities in the coastal waters of Washington State for use by the
public or for use by the agencies in managing the resources under
agency jurisdiction. These include, but are not limited to:

a. Boat launches;

b. Boat docks and public piers;

c. Navigational and mooring buoys;

d. Beach facilities; and

e. Underwater parks and reefs.

8.2.0 - Biological Parameters

The biological parameters include all living plants and animals
inhabiting the waters of the state, their habitats and food re-
sources, and the environment in which they live. Under RCW 90.
48.142, the violator is liable for damages to any or all biological
parameters. However, monetary and personnel constraints put limi-
tations on the number of organisms and other environmental parameters
that can be included in a monetary damage assessment. Therefore,
the initial monetary damage assessment will focus on organisms for
which monetary values can be established. These include but are
not limited to the following:

a. Food Fish (Stokes, 1979)(Appendix XI)

1. Scorpaenidae (Rock fishes)

2. Pleuronectidae (Flounders)

3. Squalidae (Dogfish)

4. Bothidae (Sanddabs)

5. Embiotocidae (Surfperches)

6. Hexagrammidae (Ling cod and Greenlings)

7. Cottidae (Sculpins)

8. Gadidae (Cod fishes and Hake)

9. Osmeridae (Smelts)

10. CZupeidae (Herring)

11. SaLmronidae (all salmon species)

12. Other species when monetary values are established.

b. Game Fish (Stokes, 1979)(Appendix XI)

1. Salmonidae ('migratory trouts)

c. Shellfish (Stokes, 1979)(Appendix XI)

1. Crabs

2. Oysters

3. Clams and Cockles

4. Mussel.s

5. Shrimps

6. Squids and octopi

7. Other species when monetary values are established.

d. Birds (Appendix XI)

1. All species utilizing affected waters

e. Mammals (Appendix XI)

1. Whales, dolphins, porpoises

2. Seals and sea lions

3. Sea otters

4. Shoreline inhabitants

a) Raccoons

b) River otter and other fur bearing game species

c) Other game and non-game animals.

f. Habitat Restoration

1. Nesting areas for marine birds

2. Haulouts and calving grounds for seals and sea lions

3. Marshes

4. Kelp beds

5. Any restoration procedures for rock, sand, mud, or mixed
shorelines.

g. Environment (Appendix XI)

1. Food chain organisms

a) Phyto and zoo plankton

b) Eggs and larval fishes

c) Algae and detritus

A long-term environmental damage assessment may be conducted if
personnel and funding is available. The violator also would be
liable for any additional damages detected in the long-term study.

8.3.0 - Economic Parameters

Economic parameters include all reductions in state revenues incur-
red through loss of tax revenues and license and fee revenues
normally generated by the affected resources (Sections 9.2;0 and
9.4.0).

9.0 -VIOLATORS' LIABILITIES

I ~~~Under RCW 90.48.142 (Appendix II) and applicable federal statutes, any
person(s) who unlawfully discharges a substance into the waters of
I ~~~Washington State is liable for any damages to the biological, physical,
and economic resources of the state. The discharger's liabilities may

I ~~~include, but are not limited to the following:

U ~~~~9.1.0 -Biological Liabilities

I ~~~~a. The monetary value of all organisms killed or subsequently
lost due to injury and less of habitat (Appendices VIII and
3 ~~~~~~IX);

b. Cost of rearing and restocking such organisms and replenishing
I ~ ~~~~the resource to pre-discharge level; and

* ~~~~C. Any fines or punishments for killing or injuring a protected
species as specified by public law (Endangered Species Act,
Marine Mammal Protection Act, and other relevant state and
federal laws).

1 ~~~~9.2.0 - Economic Liabilities

a. Loss of tax revenue normally generated by a commercial venture
* ~~~~~such as a fishery due to the direct loss of the resource
caused by the pollution incident;

I ~~~~b. Loss of tax revenue normally generated by a commercial venture
while the resource is recovering;

C. Loss of tax revenue normally generated by a commercial Venture
3 ~~~~~through inability to utilize an affected resource due to toxic

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~57

contamination or tainting (off-tseo betoal dr of
consumable flesh;

d. Loss of revenue from fees and licenses normally generated byU
commercial ventures affected by the pollution incident;~

e. Loss of tax revenue normally generated by private enterprises
affected by the pollution incident; and3

f. All state revenue loss, whether direct or indirect, resulting
from,

1. Reduction of public use of affected beaches and parks;3

2. Reduction in recreational activities such as boating,3
diving, and skiing;

3. Reduction in fishing, hunting, or other harvest activi-I
ties; and

4. idle capitol equipment and investment loss.

9.3.0 '- Physical Liabilities3

a. Cost of restoring habitats to pre-discharge condition;

b. Cleanup and repair or replacement of public facilities;

C. Operating costs of equipment needed to clean up and repair
public facilities;

d. Acquisition or rental of any special equipment needed to clean
up and repair public facilities; and3

e. Cleanup or repair to equipment used in accomplishing the3
above.

58_

9.4.0 - Assessment Costs

a. All costs incurred by the state in performing the damage
assessment including costs of personnel, transportation,
laboratory analyses, and legal fees.

10.0 - DAMAGE ASSESSMENT DOCUMENTATION

10.1.0 - Forensic Documentation

To prove the resource damage liability of the discharger, the
chemical nature and source of the pollutant must be identified;
contamination of the water, sediments, or organisms by the pol-
lutant must be established; and the ability of the pollutant to
cause observed perturbation of the affected organisms must be
confirmed.

10.1.1 - Chemical Identification and Source Determination

Chemical identification and source determination will be
accomplished using gas chromatography or other analytical
techniques with proven sensitivities equal to or surpassing
gas chromatography. Chemical analyses of water, sediment,
and tissue samples from affected and non-affected areas
will be compared to chemical samples acquired from all sus-
pected pollutant sources for contamination confirmation
purposes. Analysis methodologies must conform to EPA ap-
proved methods or standard methods.

10.1.2 - Bioassay Confirmation of Perturbation

Bioassays utilizing scientifically approved techniques will
be performed by MRDA approved investigators. Water and
sediment samples from the affected areas and chemical sam-
ples from the pollutant source will be bioassayed utiliz-
ing test organisms of a species found within the affected
areas.

10.2.0 - Damage Documentation5

10.2.1 - Physical3

Physical damages will be documented with photographs and
witness testimony.3

10.2.2 -Biological

Biologic'al damages for each economically important speciesI
will be documented by body counts and by sample comparison of
their abundances (density and biomass) in the affected areas
to their abundances in unaffected areas (control areas).
Whenever possible, species composition and densities of the3
affected organism will be compared to DOE baseline habitats
(Gardner 1978; Appendix X, C and D). Long-term damages willI
be documented by monitoring the affected areas using MRDA
approved biological sampling techniques and comparing results
to baseline data and data collected from established controlI
areas (Appendix VIII).

10.2.3 -Economic3

a. Recreation

Economic damages to 'state property will be determined
from loss of projected revenue in the form of decrease in3
fees collected for licenses, camping, or other utiliza-
tion of the affected areas; from loss of sales tax onI
sales of materials, equipment, and shelter which would
have occurred but for the damage to the resources; and
from any other recreational losses to the public relatingI
directly to the incident.

621

3 ~~~~~b. Commercial

Documentation of damage to commercial finfish and shell-
I ~ ~~~~~fish fisheries will include body counts (if available),
landing counts, loss of projected revenue from licensing,
* ~~~~~~loss of projected revenue as a result of closure of a
fishery, loss of projected revenue resulting from de-
I ~~~~~~creased harvesting while the fishery is recovering.
Revenue loss will be calculated from best projections
* ~~~~~~~using past revenue collection data' as a baseline.

3 ~~~~10.3.0 -Damage Claims

3 ~~~~Each resource will be assessed by the agency with managerial juris-
diction of the resource. DOE will be responsible for compiling a
comprehensive monetary-damage assessment claim against the vio-
lator. The comprehensive claim will then be turned over to the
AdCom for submission to the State Attorney General for recovery
* ~~~~action.

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6

3 ~~11.0 - REPORT WRITING

3 ~~The investigation reports prepared by team leaders and the final agency
reports are the foundation for the state's comprehensive damage assess-
ment and for any civil action which the state may pursue against the
I ~~violator. If the reports are incomplete and the findings are not well
documented, the case may be dropped for lack of evidence. Investigation
3 ~~~reports must be concise, answer the who, what, why, where, when, and how
questions, and be supported by documentation, statements of witnesses,
and photographs. These reports must be clearly written and neatly typed

for presentation in court.

11.1.0 - Field Team Assessment Reports

Each team leader should submit a preliminary report to Te~om within
90 days from the initiation of damage assessment investigations.
The final report should be ready within 45 days of termination of
damage assessment investigations by his team. If assessment activi-
I ~~~~ties are of short duration (less than 45 days) progress reports
(Section 11.1.1) may substitute for the preliminary report.

3 ~~~~~11.1.1 -Reporting Periods

During the first 90 days each team leader should prepare a
brief progress report for TeCom describing the activities of
the team on a weekly basis. After 90 days, progress reports
3 ~~~~~should be prepared on a bi-weekly or monthly basis.

1 ~~~~~11.1.2 - Recommended Formats

I ~~~~~Recommended formats may be changed with TeCom approval.

1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~65

a. Intra-agency Reports

Any report written for use within a participating agency
will be in the format designated by the agency.

b. Progress Reports

Progress reports may be copies of intra-agency reports or
memorandums to the TeCom Coordinator.

c. Preliminary Report

1. Introduction

The introduction should describe the resource being
investigated, the areas involved, type of pollutant,
dates, and other background information.

2. Summary

Briefly summarize the findings of the investigation
to date.

3. Methods and Procedures

Briefly describe the investigative procedures being
used, including formulas used for calculating losses.

4. Findings of Fact

Next in order should be a brief statement of each
fact that occurred regarding the incident beginning
from the moment the incident was reported to the
team. The resulting numerical list of statements
should show each move the investigating team made

if ~~~~~~~during the investigation and each fact that was
learned while investigating the incident. Do not
include results of scientific sampling. This
I ~ ~~~~~~~information -should be presented in chronological
order and should include times, dates, names,
3 ~~~~~~~~addresses, and phone numbers of )contacts, and any.
other information pertinent to the investigation.

I ~~~~~~~5. Results and Discussion

I ~~~~~~~~Briefly discuss the results of the scientific in-
vestigation and other pertinent information.
Appropriate subheadings should be used to identify
resources or environmental parameters under in-
5 ~~~~~~~~vestigation.

3 ~~~~~~~6. Recommendations

Describe briefly any field conditions encountered
during the field investigation requiring alterations
in recommended procedures and any recommendations
3 ~~~~~~~~for permanent change in investigative procedures.

1 ~~~~~~~7. Appendices

Copies of the raw datai calculations, photographs,
3 ~~~~~~~~and other pertinent material should be included in
appendices.

U ~~~~~d. Final Report

1 ~~~~~~~1. Title page

3 ~~~~~~~2. Summary

3 ~~~~~~~~Summarize the findings of the field investigation.

1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~67

3. Introduction5

Same as for preliminary report.5

4 . Findings of Fact

Same as for preliminary report.

5. Methods and Materials

Describe the investigative procedures and materials
used during the investigation.

6. Results

Analysis of data, relevant tables and graphs, and
observations. This section should be presented
under subheadings. Example: Substrate; Water
Chemistry; Flora; Shellfish; Laboratory Analysis;
etc.

7. Discussion '

Describe what was found, causes, interpretation ofI
data (literature citations), new findings, and other
relevant material.

S. Recommendations

Describe unusual or unexpected field conditions en-
countered during the investigation and make recom-3
mendations for improving field investigation in
future incidents.

9. Literature Cited

Only publications cited in report.

683

if 10. ~~~~~Appendices

3 ~~~~~~~~The appendices should contain the miscellaneous
information and material that supports the case, all
of which may or may not be referenced from the text.
I ~ ~~~~~~~If only one appendix is Used, the following order of
I ~~~~~~~~presentation is recommended:

a) Unprocessed Data. Xerox copies of field and
5 ~~~~~~~~~laboratory notebooks and work sheets. This
must be included.

I ~~~~~~~~b) List of Witnesses. List each witne ss sepa-
rately including his name, address, phone
I ~~~~~~~~~number, and where he can be readily contacted.

c) Witness Statements. Statements of witnesses
shall be attached together.

I ~~~~~~~~d) List of Samples. List the samples taken, where
they were extracted, type of material, and
3 ~~~~~~~~~where they are stored (see Appendix VIII 1. of
this document).

e) Memoranda and Correspondence. Any memoranda
and correspondence regarding the incident from
the entities involved or from the agency to the
'entities involved should be included here.

f) Cleanup Project. Any reports or memoranda
* ~~~~~~~~~describing the impact of the cleanup project
may be included here.

I ~~~~~~~~g) Reports from other Agencies. Reports from
other agencies describing their input with
I ~~~~~~~~~respect to the incident or the impacts of the
incident on their area of responsibility may be
3 ~~~~~~~~~~attached here.

1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~69

h) Maps and Charts. Maps and charts showing
the affected area are extremely important.

i) Special Criteria. Blueprints, schematics, and
other drawings are helpful in understanding the
mechanics of the case.

j) Photographs. Photographs are very important
supportive evidence and shall be attached last.

11.2.0 - Agency Reports

Within 90 days of the termination of the agency's damage assessment
activities, the agency will submit a final impact assessment report
pertaining to the resources under agency jurisdiction to TeCom.

11.2.1 - Recommended Format

a. Final Report

1. Title Page

2. Summary and Conclusions

Briefly summarize the damage to the resources under
jurisdiction of the agency and the implications for
the future of the resources.

3. Introduction

Include only background information on the agency's
participation in the state's damage assessment
activities.

5 ~~~~~~~4. Methods and Procedures

I ~~~~~~~~Discussion on the methods used to establish values
on affected resources.

1 ~~~~~~~5. Impact on Resource(s)

5 ~~~~~~~~Analysis of data with respect to impact on resour-
ces. Use appropriate subheadings.

6. Discussion

I ~~~~~~~~Describe impact of incident on current and future
utilization and management of resources.

7. Recommendations

Recommend economic values to be used in assessing
monetary damage to resource,, recommendations for
I ~ ~~~~~~~follow-up studies or long-term monitoring, including
costs, and recommendations for future assessment
I ~~~~~~~~procedures. Use appropriate subheadings.

1 ~~~~~~~8. Literature Cited

Only literature cited in the report.

9. Appendices

include an itemized list of costs incurred during
I ~~~~~~~~the damage assessment and documentation thereof,
any miscellaneous material supporting the text, and
all official forms required by TeCom or enforcement

agencies.

� ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~71

11.3.0 - Agency Follow-up Reports

When recovery studies or monitoring programs are initiated either
by an agency or through private contractors, the agency with juris-
diction over the resource should submit reports to TeCom on a
quarterly or semi-annual basis.. Other time periods may be used if
more appropriate.5

11.3.1 - 'Recommended Format

a. Progress ReportI

Progress reports should be in the form of a memorandum5
from the agency director or his appointee to the TeCom
Chai rman.j

b. Final Report

If subsequent civil action by the state is recommended,
the final report should follow the form recommended forI
Agency Reports. If no action is proposed and the report
is for agency use only, a copy of the report submitted to
the TeCom Chairman is sufficient.

11.4.0 - TeCom Reports

TeCom reports to state agencies will be memorandums to appropriate
personnel with copies to the agency director, if appropriate, or5
follow formats provided by the DOE.

TeCom reports to federal agencies will be memorandums to appro-
priate personnel or follow formats provided by federal agencies.

723

I
U
I
I
I
I
I
I
APPENDICES
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

APPENDIX I

MRDA PARTICIPANTS
(Names and Telephone Numbers)

Work Phone Home Phone
A. EMERGENCY NUMBERS

1. DOE (206) 753-2353

2. EPA (206) 442-1263

B. AdCom

1. DES James Thomas (206) 753-5255 (206) 491-2061

2. DOE Randy Fisher (Chairman) (206) 753-6872 (206) 352-3169

3. DNR Bill A. Johnson (206) 753-5326 (206) 491-3025

4. DSHS Carl Sagerser (206) 753-5961 (206) 491-3096

5. P&RC Jan Tveten (206) 753-5757 (206) 273-9379

6. WDF Bill Rees (206) 753-3621 (206) 459-2051

7. WDG Fred Holm (206) 753-2901 (206) 491-7086

8. EPA - EMERGENCY RESPONSE - (206) 442-1263

C. TeCom

1. DES Gordon Goff (206) 753-5255 (206) 491-3354

2. DOE Fred Gardner (206) 753-0577 (206) 752-9689

3. DNR Doug Magoon (206) 753-3703 (206) 943-0394

4. DSHS Max Hays (206) 753-5959 (206) 491-3794

5. P&RC Dave Heiser (206) 753-2016 (206) 357-5117

6. WDF Earl Finn (206) 753-3629 (206) 456-1576

7. WDG Fred Holm (206) 753-2901 (206) 491-7086

8. EPA - EMERGENCY RESPONSE - (206) 442-1263

9. USFWS - Olympia Area Office - (206) 753-9578

10. NOAA MESA (206) 442-5590

Work Phone Home Phone

D. AGENCY COORDINATORS

1. DES Gordon Goff (206) 753-5255 (206) 491-3354

2. DOE Fred Gardner (206) 753-0577 (206) 752-9689

3. DNR Rick Vining (206) 753-3703 (206) 943-8954

4. DSHS Max Hays (206) 753-5959 (206) 491-3794

5. P&RC Bill Bush (206) 753-2017 (206) 491-2326

6. WDF Earl Finn (206) 753-3629 (206) 456-1576

7. WDG Fred Holm (206) 753-2901 (206) 491-7086
Alternate - Jim DeShazo (206) 753-2895 (206) 456-2407

8. EPA John Sainsbury (206) 442-1263 (206) 743-2010

9. USFWS Randall Smith (503) 231-6229 (503) 636-7946

10. NOAA Howard Harris (NOAA Contact) (206) 442-5590 --

11. USCG Captain of the Port

Seattle, Washington (206) 442-1856, (206) 442-7070 after hours
Portland, Oregon (503) 221-6323, (503) 221-6323 after hours

12. DES (206) 753-5990

I-2

APPENDIX II

LIABILITY FOR RESOURCE DAMAGES

RCW 90.48.142 Violations--Liability in damages for injury or death of
fish, animals, vegetation--Action to recover. Any person who violates
any of the provisions of this chapter, or fails to perform any duty im-
posed by this chapter, or violates an order or other determination of
the commission or the director made pursuant to the provisions of this
chapter, including the conditions of a waste discharge permit issued
pursuant to RCW 90.48.160, and in the course thereof causes the death
of, or injury to, fish, animals, vegetation or other resources of the
state, or otherwise causes a reduction in the quality of the state's
waters below the standards set by the commission, thereby damaging the
same, shall be liable to pay the state damages in an amount equal to the
sum of money necessary to restock such waters, replenish such resources,
and otherwise restore the'stream, lake or other water source to its
condition prior to the injury, as such condition is determined by the
commission. Such damages shall be recoverable in an action brought by
the attorney general on behalf of the people of the state of Washington
in the superior court of the county in which such damages occurred:
Provided, That if damages occurred in more than one county the attorney
general may bring action in any of the counties where the damages oc-
curred. Any money so recovered by the attorney general shall be trans-
ferred to either the state game fund or the department of fisheries to
use for food fish or shellfish management purposes and propagation, or
to any other agency of the state having jurisdiction over the resource
damaged and for which said moneys were recovered, as appropriate:
Provided, That the agency receiving such money shall utilize not less
than one-half of said money on activities or projects within the county
where the action was brought by the attorney general. No action shall
be authorized under this section against any person operating in compliance
with the conditions of a waste discharge permit issued pursuant to RCW
90.48.160. [1970 ex.s. c 88 � 12; 1967 ex.s. c 139 � 13.]

Severability---1967 ex.s. c 139: See RCW 82.34.900.

APPENDIX 11i.

Doe Inhouse Response to
Spills of Oil and Hazardous Substances

Spill Report Received at
any DOE Office
I 4,
Spill Report Referred to |
Appropriate Regional Office

I
1 Federal Agencies Notification I1 State/Local Agencies

Intial Investigation by !
DOE Predesignated OSC

Spill Classification |

I Minor I 1 Moderate I Major
! I I I
$ t
Processed to Completion DOE Spill Response
by DOE Predesignated OSC Center Activated
*=4, I

Assignes DOE-OSC

5j ~Investigation |

Containment I

Removal I

Disposal i

Enforcement I

Damage Assessment (MRDA) I
*+
|I 0 Termination

APPENDIX III
Oil and Hazardous Substances Spill
Response in Washington State Waters

Spill Report

I I I
DOE Regional I Reports to State and Federal Federal Toll-Free Number
Answering Service Agencies Required by Law 1-800-442-8802
l I
I ~~~~~~~~~~I i
DOE Regional Offices I IEPA Regional Offices Delegated I USCG Regional Office
Predesignated OSC Predesignated OSCto DOE I Predesignated OSC

lI l II
Initial Response i litial Response
l~~~
Inland Area | I Inland Area I Coastal & Columbia River
I l
I Notification Local, Notification
State,
In~~~l and
I Classification Federal Classification I
l~~ ~~Agencies

I ae r Moderate or i
~~~~~~~~~II
| EPA Chairs RRTI I USCG Chairs RRT I
I i
R RT Convenes

EPA EPASCG~
Delegates EPA is sC
lOSC to DOE[ '-

State Agencies I Federal Agencies |

L| | On Scene Coordinator
l
I
I Investigation |

I Containment I
I
I Removal I

Disposal
I
Enforcement I
I Scientific Damage
| MRDA H- Impact Assessment j- Assessment Group

I Termination I
III-2

APPENDIX IV

PUBLIC AFFAIRS

During an oil or hazardous substances spill emergency, the DOE Public
Affairs Office will initiate all official news releases regarding the
containment, removal, enforcement actions, and damages resulting from
the incident. Information for release will be provided by the DOE
Spill Coordinator. The Public Affairs Officer will make every effort
to coordinate news releases with other agencies including the On-Scene
Coordinator and the Regional Response Team. Individuals seeking spill
information will be referred to the DOE Spill Coordinator.

IV-
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:
I~~~~~~~:

I~~~~~~~~~~
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1''
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,*,A

APPENDIX VI
FUNDING

No special fund is maintained to pay for marine resource damage assess-
ments. However, during a pollution emergency, funds will become available
from one or more sources: (1) The violator; (2) federal agencies; (3)
the Governor's emergency fund; or (4) state agencies. State and federal
laws state that expenses incurred by governmental agencies will be re-
imbursed by the violator. There may be delays in reimbursement if the
case goes through the courts.

VI'-
U~~~~~~~~as:
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I~~~~~0.*4 :?,tl
I ~ ~ ~~gQ' .'

I~~~~~~~~, '' "' f ;0 -0'', 0 'd
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f,
I~~

APPENDIX VII

CONSULTANTS, CONTRACTORS, SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS

A. Consultants and State Experts for Biological Sampling

1. Benthic Infauna - Epifauna

Carl Nyblade, Department of Zoology, University of Washington,
Seattle WA 98192
(206) 378-2384 (Friday Harbor)

Bert Webber, Huxley College of Environmental Studies,
Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
(206) 532-3509

Ken Chew, College of Fisheries, University of Washington,
Seattle WA 98195
(206) 543-4270

Tom English, Oceanography, University of Washington,
Seattle WA 98195
(206) 543-5077

2. Marine Fish - Epibenthic Invertebrates

Bruce Miller, College of Fisheries, University of Washington,
Seattle WA 98195
(206) 543-2135

Peter B. Bergman, Assistant Director, Salmon Program
State Department of Fisheries
Olympia WA 98504
(206) 753-6631

Rick Cardwell, Envirosphere Co.
10800 N.E. 8th Ave., Room 715
Bellevue WA 98004
(206) 453-6046

Gene DiDonato, Assistant Director, Marine Fish'Program
State Department of Fisheries
Olympia WA 98504
(206) 753-6716

Charles Simenstad, Fisheries Research Institute
University of Washington
Seattle WA 98195
(206) 543-7185,-4650

3. Shellfish

Ron Westley, State Department of Fisheries
Olympia WA 98504
(206) 753-6749

4. Algae

Thomas Mumsford, Department of Natural Resources,
Olympia WA 98504
(206) 753-3703

Ron Phillips, Seattle Pacific University,
Seattle WA 98101
(206) 231-2203

5. Fate and Effects

Dick Vanderhorst, Charles Gibson, and Jack Anderson,
Battelle Pacific N.W. Labs, Route 5, Box 1000,
Sequim WA 98302
(206) 683-4151

Charles Woelke, State Department of Fisheries
Olympia WA 98504
(206) 753-6635

Robert Clark, National Marine Fisheries Service
2725 Montlake Boulevard East
Seattle WA 98112
(206) 442-5569

6. Birds

Gordon Alcorn, University of Puget Sound, 1500 North Warner,
Tacoma WA 98406
(206) 756-3121

David Manuwel, University of Washington
Seattle WA 98195
(206) 543-1585

Lora Leschner, State Department of Game, 600 N. Capitol Way,
Olympia WA 98504
(206) 754-1449

Steve Herrman, Lab 1, The Evergreen State College,
Olympia WA 98505
(206) 866-6063

Terence Wahl
3041 Eldridge
Bellingham WA 98225
(206) 733-8255

- VII-2

7. Marine Mammals

Al Erickson, College of Fisheries, University of Washington,
Seattle WA 98195

Steve Jeffries, University of Puget Sound, 1500 North Warner,
Tacoma WA 98406

Bruce Mate, Oregon State University, Newport Laboratory,
Corvallis OR 97330

Robert Everitt, State Department of Game, 606 N. Capitol Way,
Olympia WA 98504
(206) 754-1449 or (503) 325-8241

* B. Laboratory Services

Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, College of Fisheries WH 10,
University of Washington,
Seattle WA 98195

National Fisheries Research Center
Seattle WA
(Fate and effects of hydrocarbons in the environment)

National Wildlife Health Lab
Madison WI
(toxicology)

Columbia National Fisheries Research Lab (CNRFL)
Columbia, Missouri
(toxicology)

National Wildlife Research Center
Patuxent MiD
(toxicology)

National Analytical Facility
National Marine Fisheries Service
Seattle WA
(chemical extraction and analyses).

C. Service Organizations

Seattle Wild Bird Clinic
Seattle WA
(care of affected birds)
(206) 824-6249

Oceanographic Institute of Washington
Seattle WA
(206) 464-6272

VII-3

H ~~~~~~~~~~~APPEN~DIX VIII1

3 ~~~~~~~~FIELD ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES

INTRODUCTION

The complex and dynamic nature of the marine ecosystem, prevailing
weather, time of year, location and habitat variability, currents,, type
I ~ ~and amount of pollutant, and methods of cleanup interact to affect the
extent and magnitude of damage to the environment. The present state of
the art for determining pollutant-caused environmental damage, although
I ~ ~often underestimating damages, does provide researchers with the capa-
bility of producing an approximate damage assessment.

The following field assessment techniques'have been selected as being
the most suitable of those presently available for use in Washington
State marine waters. Selection was based on the available baseline
data, equipment, and personnel expertise available in the state, and
I ~ ~present or anticipated availability of funds. These techniques are to
be considered as guidelines subject to modification as our knowledge
increases and our sampling equipment and sampling methodologies are
* ~~~refined.

Initial field assessment activities will emphasize those resources for
which data may be lost due to migration, tidal action, and scavengers
I ~ ~~(fish, mobile invertebrates, birds, and mammals). Immobile inverte-
brates, habitats, physical structures, and planktonic organisms will
have a lower assessment response priority. However, a lower assessment
response priority for a given resource does not indicate a lower re-
source value; it only indicates the lesser vulnerability of that re-
source to data loss during the initial hours of the pollution incident
3 ~~~or the complexity of the necessary sampling procedures.

Financial and personnel constraints of the state agencies also require
selective prioritization of resources to be assessed in a marine re-
source damage assessment. For this response plan, resources were
I ~ ~~prioritized according to commercial and recreational values, avail-
ability of historical baseline data, ability to establish resource
replacement costs, and the expertise of available agency personnel.
I ~ ~~Certain non-commercial organisms (marine birds and mammals) will be
included because of their protected status. For those organisms in-
cluded in the damage assessment, monetary values will be based upon
Stokes (1979), actual costs incurred in restoration, extrapolation of
known costs of restocking similar species, or revenue and catch data
available from the state resource agencies. Biological and physical
resources which will be included in a marine resource damage assessment
are listed in section 8.0 of the text of this response plan. Those
organisms and physical resources which will not be part of the damage
assessment were eliminated on the basis of insufficient information on
populations, no establishable monetary value, low assessment benefit/cost
ratio, or non-availability of scientifically acceptable sampling method-
ologies. Resources not listed or added to the list at a later date will

V111-1

receive only cursory study and be added into the assessment as biomass
also affected unless they are included within the federal environmental
damage assessment. Appropriate data derived from federal damage assess-
ment activities will be included in the state's monetary damage assess-
ment.

On occasion, field conditions may dictate necessary sampling modifica-
tions. Individuals utilizing these techniques should be familiar with
the following publications: (1) Field Detection and Damage Assessment
Manual for Oil and Hazardous Material Spills (EPA 1972); (2) Procedures
for Quantitative Ecological Assessments in Intertidal Environments
(Gonor and Kemp, 1978); and (3) Oil Spill Studies: Strategies, and
Techniques (American Petroleum Institute, 1977).

1. LABELING, DOCUMENTATION, AND CUSTODY OF SAMPLES

During the course of an environmental damage assessment, field personnel
will acquire numerous field samples of diverse origin and purpose,
These samples and their analytical results will form an important part
of the documentation of damages inflicted upon the state's resources.
Subsequent recovery of monetary damages based on the state's environmental
damage assessment may involve the state in civil court actions. It will
then be necessary for the state to prove that the samples were collected
in a scientifically approved manner and that the samples were protected
from outside contamination (non-incident related) and accidental mix-ups
during handling and analyses. It is, therefore, extremely important
that every sample be readily identified and their location and ana-
lytical status known and documented at all times.

A. Labeling

1. Label immediately upon obtaining each sample.

2. Use waterproof, adhesive labels; use large size labels; label.
outside of container only (lid optional).

3. Labeling should be done with water-resistent ink. No. 1
graphite pencil is an acceptable substitute. Lines should be
drawn through errors - NEVER ERASE.

4. Labeling must include:

a. Sample number;

b. Location of sample origin;

c. Identity of sample;

d. Date sample obtained;

VIII-2

e. Time of sampling;

f. Type of preservative if added;

g. Printed name of sampler and agency;

h. Incident investigation identification; and

i. Storage instructions - may be placed on outer container
if several or more similar samples will be normally
stored in a common container.

Example

No. 3, Station 3-A 9/4/81
Floating Oil time: 0930
50 ug HgCl added, refrigerate
oil barge Mary Ann Spill John Smith
DOE

5. Title, sign, and date Polaroid photographs immediately (in-
delible ink preferred). Include names and addresses of wit-
nesses, if available. If roll film is used, keep a record of
the frame number and contents, date, etc.

B. Documentation

1. Document samples and associated field observations in hard-
bound, sequentially paginated notebook.

2. All notes should be written in the notebook at earliest
possible time. Notes should never be written on scrap paper
and then transferred to the notebook.

3. Do not remove pages from the notebook.

4. Notes must be written with indelible ink. Mistakes may be
crossed out in a manner that leaves them readable. NEVER
erase an entry or any part thereof.

5. Notes should include time of arrival of team, names of team
members, weather and tidal conditions, ambient air and water
temperatures, location of sampling area, prominent landmarks,
substrate type(s), names of witnesses, type of pollutant, size
of area affected, observations on affected biota, and other
relevant material.

6. All field records should be initialed by the person making the
entry at the time of entry. Entries should be countersigned
by witnesses, if possible.

VIII-3

7. Close out each day's entries with a horizontal line, date, and
initial.

8. Keep all original notes, even after typed copies have been
prepared.

9. Laboratory notes should follow above format with appropriate
modifications.

C. Custody

1. Predesignated storage facilities should be used for storing
samples.

2. Access to the samples should be as limited as possible. If
possible, storage facilities should be locked. In all cases,
samples must be separated from samples pertaining to other
projects.

3. One individual should be declared as custodian of the samples.
When samples of different types or samples collected by dif-
ferent agencies are kept in separate locations, a custodian
must be named for each sample set; however, the same indi-
vidual may be named as the custodian in each case.

4. A custodian is responsible for keeping a record of all samples
under his/her jurisdiction. the name of all persons having
access to the samples, the movement and analyses performed
(including dates and names) on the samples, and the location,
storage, and custodianship of samples while they were away
from the primary custodian's care.

5. If samples are sent through the mail, the samples must be
properly packed and the shipping containers secured for ship-
ment. Use only registered mail with return receipt requested.
A sample transmittal sheet describing each sample and analysis
to be performed must be included to identify contents. A copy
of the transmittal sheet must be kept by the primary custodian.

2. FORENSIC DOCUMENTATION

The chemical nature of oil and other toxic substances often requires
special precautions to ensure non-contamination of samples. At the time
of the pollution incident, sample preservation instructions - i.e., type
of containers, container cleaning methods, etc. - will be provided by
the DOE, Biological and Chemical Investigations Section, or by the TeCom
Chairman. Individuals responsible for water, sediment, and tissue
sampling will be predesignated b TeCom or by authorized a_.ency staff
personnel.

VIII-4

Analytical methodologies employed in analyzing all samples will be those
accepted by the scientific community at the time of the incident.

A. Water Quality Protocol

1. Triplicate samples should be collected at the surface (air-
water interface), 1.5 meters, 3 meters, and, if appropriate,
10 meters and 30 meters.

2. Thoroughly cleaned and rinsed 0.5 or 1 liter containers should
be used. If hydrocarbon contamination is suspected, the con-
tainers must be glass (lids must be Teflon or aluminum foil
coated, or glass) (see D. Cleaning Procedures).

3. Surface samples may be dipped; other samples should be col-
lected by gear which prevents contamination from the surface
waters; i.e., a continuous flow submersible pump or SCUBA
divers.

4. Sample containers should be sealed immediately after sample is
collected. If preservative is required to prevent biodegra-
tion, it may be added prior to sealing or prior to collection.

5. After sealing, the lid or cap should be secured with adhesive
tape or similar method and the sample labeled and placed on
ice (if appropriate) until proper storage or analytical
facilities are available (see E. Storage Procedures).

B. Sediment Sampling Protocol

1. The collection device (corer, grab, etc.) should be thoroughly
cleaned and rinsed, and composed of a material incapable of
contaminating the sample (see D. Cleaning Procedures).

2. Samples should be collected in duplicate, and each sample
divided in half, each half being placed in a separate,
thoroughly cleaned and rinsed glass container. Size of
container depends upon size of sample required for analytical
analysis.

3. Add preservative (if appropriate) and seal immediately with
non-contaminating lid or cap.

4. Secure lid or cap with adhesive tape, label, and place on ice
or freeze (-20�C) until analyzed (see E. Storage Procedures).

C. Tissue Sampling Protocol

1. Tissue samples should be confined to macroorganisms such as
large filter-feeding or bottom-scavenging invertebrates
(clams, oysters, shrimp, etc.) and benthic, bottom-feeding
fishes.

VIII-5

2. Tissue samples need to be protected from external contamina-
tion at time of collection. Contents of the intestinal tract,
external slime coating, contaminated collecting utensils, etc.
are all potential sources of contamination (see D. Cleaning
Procedures).

3. All collecting gear and sample containers must be made of
materials free of extraneous contaminating substances.

4. Tissue samples should be collected as soon as possible after
death of the organism. Decomposed organisms are rarely of any
value for analyzing.

5. When possible, at least 10 grams of tissue from each organism
should be collected. Tissue should include flesh and internal
organs, especially liver.

6. Tissue samples should be placed in clean glass jars with non-
contaminating lids, sealed, labeled, and frozen. Samples may
be kept on ice until freezing is possible (see E. Storage
Procedures).

7. Depending upon pollutant involved, whole carcasses may be
wrapped in clean tinfoil and frozen, if whole animal analysis
or laboratory dissection is appropriate.

D. Cleaning Procedures

No single container and instrument cleaning protocol is acceptable
for use with all pollutant sampling regimes. Type of pollutant
and analytical testing procedures to be performed determine the
cleaning protocol as well as the composition of acceptable containers
and sampling instruments (EPA, 1979a and 1979b). Individuals re-
sponsible for collecting samples for laboratory analyses will be
either supplied with apporpirately cleaned containers or receive
specific cleaning instructions from DOE. The following cleaning
procedures apply to samples destined for hydrocarbon analyses (EPA
1979a, Clark and Brown, 1977).

1. Only containers and lids made of glass, solvent-extracted tef-
lon, stainless steel, or aluminum foil are acceptable.

a. Containers and lids are washed in hot water using a
detergent acceptable for laboratory use. Unused aluminum
foil does not need washing (see third rinse).

(1) First rinse: tap water, then re-rinse in distilled
water.

(2) Second rinse: nanograde acetone.

(3) Third rinse: methylene chloride, pentane, or hexane.

VIII-6

b. Wrap tightly in methylene chloride rinsed aluminum foil
until used. Avoid hand contact.

2. Stainless steel sediment gear (shovels, grabs, cores, etc.) is
used almost exclusively (glass, teflon, and aluminum gear is
acceptable but uncommon except for small instruments used in
transferring and examining samples).

a. Before collecting each sample, the gear is rinsed with
water then re-rinsed with methylene chloride, pentane, or
hexane. It is advisable to wash gear with hot water and
detergent at the end of each day (see 1., above) or more
often.

b. All instruments used in handling sample must be made of a
non-contaminating material (see above) and rinsed with
water and methylene chloride, pentane, or hexane between
each sample collection. Avoid hand contact with sample.

3. Tissue samples must be collected and stored using appropriately
cleaned non-contaminating instruments and containers (see 1.,
above).

a. Whole organisms of suitable size may be stored in appropriate
containers or wrapped in methylene chloride rinsed aluminum
foil and returned to the laboratory for processing.

b. Tissue sections from larger animals must be protected from
accidental contamination.

(1) Clean tissue surface to be cut with methylene chloride
applied by cotton swab. Cutting instruments must not
come into contact with uncleaned tissue.

(2) When collecting internal organ tissue, remove or fold
back enough surrounding flesh to facilitate access to
internal organs.

(3) Collect stomach and intestinal tract last.

(4) Avoid hand contact with freed tissue.

(5) NOTE: External slimes, exposed tissues, and intesti-
nal tract fluids are all sources of contamination.

E. Storage Procedures

1. Each sample will be placed in a separate container.

2. Several sample containers may be stored together in a common
container IF all samples have the same storage requirements.

VIII-7

3. Unless special preservatives or analytical storage procedures
are used, samples will be stored at -20�C or lower until
analyzed.

4. Samples must be frozen as soon as possible after collection.
If freezing facilities are not readily available, samples may
be kept on ice (preferably dry ice) until freezer space is
available. Ice and higher freezing temperatures retard but
do not prevent microbial and chemical changes within the
sample.

5. Samples collected only for the purpose of organism identification
and enumeration may be preserved in 10% formalin and stored at
I
room temperature.

a. Inject a volume of full-strength formalin (formaldehyde
solution 37%) equivalent to 10% of the volume of water
contained in a sediment sample and mix thoroughly.

b. Organisms should be placed in a volume of 10% sea water
buffered formalin equal to 10 times the volume of the
organism~s).

(1) Internal cavities of larger organisms should be
opened.

6. Samples preserved under special conditions (i.e., histological
samples fixed with formalin based fixes) will be stored
according to the requirements of the preservative or analytical
procedure to be performed.

Photography Protocol

1. Single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras are best all-around cameras
to use.

a. Color film'or infrared color film should be used.

(1) 35 mm slide films with an ASA above 100 are best
choice for general use.

(2) Self developing films (require special camera) are
suitable if slide projection will not be required.

b. camera and type of film used must be selected according to
use.

2. Photo documentation should include:

a. Affected area;

b. Non-affected areas adjacent affected area;

I
VIII -8

c. Control areas; �

d. Affected and non-affected biota in affected area, adjacent
non-affected areas, and control areas (include a reference
scale);

e. Sampling site prior to collection of sample;

f. Members of sampling team working on scene;

g. Major landmarks; and

h. Other relevant material suitable for photographic docu-
mentation.

3. METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF AFFECTED BIRD POPULATIONS

TeCom will provide data on shorelines affected or threatened based on
the shoreward movement of the pollutant, habitat vulnerability, and
resources endangered. The following is based on data provided by
Wahl and Speich, 1980.

A. Aerial Survey

Aerial surveys will be used to census marine bird populations within
and adjacent affected areas and control areas. Resulting data will
be used for determining any population changes resulting from the
pollution incident and subsequent population recoveries.

1. Establish sufficient aerial transects to cover waters and
shorelines that are affected, endangered, or control areas.
Whenever baseline study regions are involved, aerial transects
will conform to those used in the baseline study.

2. Flights covering all designated transects should occur each
day, if possible, for duration of incident and thereafter
until environmental impact has stabilized.

3. Transects may be added during the survey if necessary, but
deletion of transects should be avoided.

4. An altitude of 60 meters and a speed of 80 knots should be
maintained at all times. In coastal areas, the transect
should be located 60 meters offshore. Observation techniques
will be the same as those used during the 2-year MESA baseline
study (Manuwel, et al., 1979).

5. Each flight must include two experienced observers (three ob-
servers preferred) in addition to the pilot. Observers should
be limited to the same personnel at all times, and all sight-
ings recorded by the same individual.

VIII-9

6. Extensive photographic documentation should accompany sighting
records.

7. Records of marine mammal sightings should also be kept.

B. Beach Walks

Data derived from beach walks will be used to document body counts,
species affected, and forensic data.

1. Beach walks should occur on all accessible beaches. If
extent of affected area exceeds the capability of available
personnel, beaches of concern will be designated by TeCom.

2. During walk, the area of beach covered will include low tide
mark to extreme high tide level, adjacent nearshore waters,
and any land above extreme high tide level within a reasonable
distance to include possible wanderings by affected birds.

3. Each beach should be walked at least every third day for the
duration of the incident. Daily beach walks are preferred.

4. A walk team may be limited to a single individual or prefer-
ably, two or three individuals if available personnel permits.

5. Preferably, beach team members will be experienced in field
identification of birds and have previous beach walk experi-
ence. Personnel thoroughly briefed on beach walk techniques
are acceptable.

6. Detailed notes describing numbers and species affected and
other relevant information must be recorded by the beach walk
teams and photographic documentation included.

C. Small Boat/Ferry Observations

Data derived from small boat/ferry observations will be used to docu-
ment body counts, species affected, and forensic data.

1. Small boat transects should be used in conjunction with beach
walks when possible and in areas inaccessible to beach walk
teams. Observations should occur as frequently as possible,
every day being preferred.

2. Observation area should include 150 meters on either side of
boat and should be limited to within 1000 meters of shore.

3. When affected waters include ferry routes, observations from
ferries should be included. Observational area should be
limited to within 500 meters on both sides of ferry.

VIII-lo

4. Observers utilized on small boat/ferries should be experienced
in field identification of birds.

5. Detailed notes describing numbers and species affected, water
conditions, and other relevant information and photographic
documentation must be kept.

D. Carcass Counts

1. All beached and floating carcasses should be collected, bagged
separately, tagged or labeled, and frozen as quickly as pos-
sible for later laboratory examination. If kill is extensive,
collecting of a random sample will be acceptable. Carcasses
should be placed on ice or refrigerated until freezing is
possible.

12. All carcasses not collected for laboratory examination should
be counted and species, sex, and age (if feasible) determined
or estimates thereof made. These carcasses must be removed
from the beach or identified in a manner that will prevent repe-
titious counting.

3. Moribound birds and those birds exhibiting abnormal behavior
which are found within or adjacent to affected areas should
also be collected.

4. A sufficient number of carcasses should be sent to an
authority on bird identification for species confirmation.

5. An appropriate sample of the carcasses should be sent to TeCom
approved labs for autopsy to establish cause of death and for
chemical analyses to confirm pollutant contamination.

6. In the event of oiled or otherwise coated birds, a few un-
cleaned skin mounts should be made for use as evidence in
court procedings.

7. All other collected carcasses should be examined by trained
personnel for confirmation of species identity, sex, age, and
cause of death, if determinable, before discarding.

E. Rehabilitation Counts

1. Designated observers will be stationed at rehabilitation sites
established by volunteer groups for the purpose of recording
number of birds brought to the .site, species involved, col-
lecting and tagging mortalities, and survival rates of treated
birds.

VIII-11

F. Habitat Assessment

1. Nesting sites, roosting rocks, and'other land habitats which
occur within or adjacent to the affected waters or are uti-
lized by birds subject to impact will be observed by teams of
experienced personnel (one to five individuals/team).3

2. Extent of habitat affected either directly by the pollutant or
indirectly through contamination by contaminated birds (e.g.,
eggs and nests oiled as a result of contact with oiled feathersI
of an adult) will be assessed.

3. Photographic documentation depicting contamination will be of
primary importance.I

G. Post-Impact Monitoring

1. Aerial transects will be established on the basis of baseline
data to monitor the affected bird populations (standing crop)
on a monthly basis for one year and on a quarterly basis for
one or more additional years pending availability of funds.

2. Beach walks will be done on a weekly basis for one month post3
cleanup,

3. Habitats will be monitored on a weekly basis (post cleanup)

additional years pending availability of funds.

4. Field study of eggs for hatchability (Stickel and Dieter,I
1979) will be performed for any species affected during a
nesting season.

S. Tagging studies (survival rate) will be performed if reha-I
bilitated birds are tagged, pending availability of funds.

H. Damage AssessmentI

1. Body counts.3

2. Reduction of standing crop where correlation between standing
crops, body counts, and baseline data exist.

3. Reduction in hatching success.I

4. METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF MARINE MAMMAL POPULATIONS

Tecom will provide data on shorelines affected or threatened based onI
the shoreward movement of the pollutant, habitat vulnerability, and
resources endangered.3

VII11-12

A. Aerial Survey

Aerial surveys will be used to census marine mammal populations
that may be affected by the pollution incident.

1. Establish sufficient aerial transects to cover waters and
shorelines that are affected or endangered.

2. Each flight should follow routes designated prior to the
beginning of the survey.

3. Altitudes of 100 to 150 meters should be maintained during
survey of coastal areas; 200 meters or less for open water
flights.

4. Flights should be repeated once each day if possible for
duration of incident.

5. Transects may be added during the survey, if necessary, but
deletion of flights should be avoided. Each flight must
include two experienced observers (three observers preferred)
in addition to the pilot. Observers should be limited to the
same personnel at all times.

1 6. One observer, predesignated as recorder, should always record
sightings.

7. Photographs of all sightings should be made, along with photo-
graphs of affected area. Photographic equipment must be
selected according to working conditions.

8. Location of all dead or abnormally behaving animals must be
recorded and, if possible, animals observed from a boat.
Tissue samples or entire carcasses should be collected when-
ever possible.

9. Records of marine mammals sighted during aerial bird surveys
should be integrated into collected data.

B. Boat/Land Observations

Boat/land observations will be used to refine aerial survey obser-
vations and for observing behavior of animals.

1. Land and boat observations should be utilized on coastal
areas, around and on pinniped haulout sites and breeding
colonies, and near feeding grounds, when known.

2. Whenever possible, personnel involved in boat and land surveys
should be acquainted with the area.

3. Land and boat observations should occur before, during, and
after impact to the greatest possible extent without causing
undue stress to animals under observation.

VIII-13

C. Sightings from Other Sources

1. Sighting reports concerning the affected area from the various
organized mammal watching societies, fishermen, ferry operators,
and the general public will be utilized as general backgroung
data; however, reliable observers may be utilized as witnesses.

D. Forensic Documentation

Marine mammals are protected by both state and federal regulations.
In order to establish a water quality violator's liability for the
injury or death of a marine mammal, probable cause of injury or death
must be established for each affected animal.

1. All floating or beached carcasses (or tissue samples thereof)
will be collected and sent to TeCom approved laboratories for
autopsy and tissue analyses.

2. Autopsies must be performed by qualified personnel such as
marine mammal veterinarians or qualified marine mammal field
biologists.

E. Body Counts and Population Estimates

1. Body counts will include floating and beached carcasses,
strandings, and adult and juvenile mortalities on hauling out
areas and breeding colonies whenever the pollutant can be
identified as a probable cause of death or stranding or as a
contributing factor to death or stranding.

2. Decreases in population numbers of affected populations as a
result of documented pollution impact to adults, juveniles, or
their habitats will be assessed utilizing baseline data acquired
from the DOE baseline project, WDG baseline studies, and
National Marine Mammal Laboratory/Marine Ecosystems Analysis
baseline studies (Everitt, 1979).

F. Damage Assessment Claims

Damage Assessment Claims will be based on:

1. Known restocking costs.

2. Estimated restocking costs based on maintenance records of
zoos and aquariums.

5. METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF INTERTIDAL ORGANISMS

Assessments will be limited to economically valuable bivalve molluscs
and crabs and, when present, surf smelt and Pacific herring spawners and

VIII-14

their spawn. Incidental data collected on other intertidal organisms
will be retained for possible long-term recovery studies.

TeCom will provide data on shorelines affected or threatened, based on
the shoreward movement of the pollutant, habitat vulnerability, and re-
sources endangered, and land ownership.

A. Establishing Sampling Sites

1. Photograph affected beach areas and adjacent non-affected
areas. Include photographs of affected and non-affected
organisms. Aerial photographs should be obtained if pos-
sible.

2. Record general observations on the severity of contamination
in affected areas and at several random locations, measure
depth of penetration of the pollutant into the substrate.
Record names and addresses of witnesses to substantiate
recorded observations. Written statements from witnesses are
desirable.

3. For substrate classification, collect several random core
samples (volume of 2 liters) between 0 ft and +8 ft tidal
heights and store in labeled plastic bags. Cores should be
taken to a depth of 30 cm or until bedrock or hardpan is
reached.

4. Measure total area of affected shoreline.

S. Record water temperature (take sufficient number of readings
to characterize the water temperature(s) in the immediate
vicinity of the affected beach), collect water samples and
record prevailing weather conditions.

6. Record temperature of affected and non-affectes substrate at
0, 1, and 5 cm depths and similar temperatures of substrate in
control area (take sufficient number of readings to charac-
terize the substrate). Temperatures should be taken during
warmest time of day.

7. Using reference markers, establish permanent reference lines
up to 100 m in length parallel to the water on high ground.
At least two reference lines per 500 m of linear beach should
beestablished. Reference lines should include all substrate
types present on beach. On large, homogeneous beaches, the
number of permanent reference lines may be reduced.

8. Identify permanent reference lines on a map of the area. Map
should show shoreline, roads, and other significant features.

9. When available, control sampling areas should be established
and sampled in the same manner as affected areas.

VIII-15

B. Sampling Procedure: Hard Shell Clams
1. Initial sampling will occur within 3 days of impact andI
thereafter on a weekly basis for I month after impact or until
the mortality rate has stabilized. Subsequent sampling will
occur on a quarterly basis for 3 years or until clam popula-
tions have stabilized, pending availability of funds.

2. After establishing permanent reference lines, select at random
several sampling transects perpendicular to the permanentI
reference lines. Sampling transects should extend from 0 ft
tidal height or low-water line (whichever is lowest) to +8 ft
tidal height or the highest boundary of the clam beds.I

3. Establish sampling stations along the sampling transect at
locations approximating common tidal heights.

4. A ring or square enclosing 0.25 square meter will be used toI
define replicate sampling sites at each station.

5. Record all organisms and vegetation occurring on the surface3
within the ring or square. Also include state of health
(normal, stressed, dead) and degree of contamination of sub-
strate and depth of penetration of pollutant. SedimentI
samples for chemical analysis may be collected at this time.

6. Remove replicate 0.25 square meter samples to the depth of 30
cm or until bedrock or hardpan is reached.

7. Sieve samples through a 0.5 inch screen. SAVE ENTIRE SAMIPLE.

a. If time does not permit field screening, the sample mayI
be processed in the laboratory at a later date. The
following steps would then be performed in the field or
laboratory.
(1) Collect all clams that do not pass through the
screen. Separate living and stressed (narcotized)I
clams and place in separate containers. Tissue
samples may be collected at this time.

(2) Place entire sample including separate containers3
for clams into a common container; label and store
container with ice or freeze for later analysis.

8. Sampling of beds extending into the subtidal is discussedI
later.

C. Sampling Procedure: Razor Clam

1. Initial sampling will begin within 12 hours 'of impact and
continue daily until acute mortality has ceased. Sampling for
latent mortalities will continue on a weekly basis until

Vill~~~~i6~

mortality rate has stabilized. Nighttime sampling periods
will be included. Sampling will occur during lowest available
tides.

2. Permanent reference lines parallel to the water will be es-
tablished on high ground.

3. Sampling transects will be established at random intervals
perpendicular to the permanent reference lines. Each sampling
transect will be 30 to 100 meters in length and include random
tide heights between high tide line and water line and within
accessible surf zone (lagoon area).

4. A 3-meter swath transect will be walked and clams counted.
Replicate transects will be sampled.

5. Counted clams will be classified as: (a) Normal show; (b)
"Neckers" (distressed) - clam in normal position in sand with
neck extended and flaccid; (c) Dead, on surface; (c-l) fresh
shell with tissue; or (c-2) fresh shell without tissue.

6. At random intervals, clams will be collected for tissue
analysis and normal showing clams will be collected for use in
tainting studies. Whole clams will be collected and frozen.

7. In the surface zone, include an additional class, (d) "drifters",
moribund and dead clams which have detached from the sub-
strate.

8. "Drifters" will be sampled using a beach seine of known length
within the surf zone (lagoon area). In deeper subtidal
waters, a beam trawl or otter trawl will be used, weather and
surf conditions permitting.

9. After initial mortalities have subsided, a gradient sampling
scheme will be used to determine extent of damage to razor
clam populations. Sampling will be done using a marked clam-
recovery method which the WDF uses annually to determine the
population of harvestable clams available (Tegelburg and
Magoon, 1968).

a. Sampling areas of.3 meters by 30 meters will be set up
immediately adjacent to the sampling areas of the pre-
vious fall population studies.

b. Clams dug from outside the area will be marked with a
letter and number using an electric hand drill then
replanted within the designated area. Marked clams will
be measured for length and enumerated for each 100 ft
section west of a survey baseline.

c. On the following tide series, each area will be re-dug
and all clams recovered will be measured and recorded.
Each section will be dug a total of at least two times
until a minimum of 20% of the marked clams are recovered.

VIII-17

d. The population is determined by the ratio of the marked
to non-marked recoveries. A comparison can then be made
with the adjacent area sampled earlier.

e. The original area will also be re-dug to obtain marked
and non-marked clams for growth and additional population
information.

10. There will be a number of factors to consider in the analysis,
such as the amount of time the area has been open to sport
harvesting, what size of clams will be excluded from count to
eliminate any recruitment factor from the original fall
sampling site, and location of sampling site in reference to
impact area of spill.

11. Additional gradient sampling will also be set up in or near
impact area if no previous WDF sampling areas exist.

12. Monthly sampling will be conducted for indication of mortali-
ties of set clams (3 mm to 52 mm). Areas sampled will be the
same areas sampled during fall population studies.

a. Approximately 10 samples (0.36 sq m x 22 cm deep) randomly
collected within each gradient sampling area will be put
through a 1.5 mm mesh screening cart. The sand is then
flushed out and the remaining clams counted and measured.
This data will be compared to previous monthly sampling
to check for any major differences in population levels.

14. Sediment samples for chemical analyses should be collected
periodically from affected and non-affected area from time of.
impact until termination of sampling.

D. Sampling Procedure: Oysters and Mussels

1. Sampling will begin within 5 days of impact and continue on a
weekly basis until the latent mortality rate has stabilized.
Subsequently, sampling will occur on a quarterly basis for 3
years, pending availability of funds.

2. After establishing permanent reference lines on high ground,
sampling transects will be randomly established perpendicular
to the permanent reference lines. Sampling transects will
extend from low water line to upper boundary of the bed.

3. All oysters or mussels occurring within a 1-ft swath along the
sampling transect will be counted, measured, and age estimated
according to size (0 yr, 1 yr, 2 yr, 3 yr or older) (WDF, un-
published data), and classified as (a) Normal appearing; (b)
Moribund or narcotized; (c) Dead with tissue present; (d)
Dead without tissue but shells still hinged; (e) Whole (un-
broken) unhinged shells.

VIII-18

4. When shellfish beds are extremely large, randomly spaced, 10-
ft sections of the sampling transects may be used for counting
as an alternative to counting along the entire length of the
sampling transect.

5. Replicate transects should be sampled.

6. Tissue from normal appearing and moribund individuals should
be collected and frozen for future chemical analysis.

7. Sediment samples should be collected periodically from time of
impact until termination of sampling.

8. Sampling of beds extending into the subtidal is discussed
later.

E. Sampling Procedure:- Crabs

1. Sampling should begin within 12 hours of impact and continue
daily until acute mortality ceases. Subsequent sampling
should be continued on a monthly basis until latent mortality
has stabilized. Population monitoring should continue on a
quarterly schedule for 1 year.

2. Random sampling transects perpendicular to permanent reference
lines established on high ground should extend from low water
line to extreme high tide line.

3. Survey a 4-meter wide swath along each of the sampling tran-
sects.

4. Collect all living and dead red rock crab (Cancer productus)
and Dungeness crab (Cancer magister). Note should be made
of other crab species observed.

5. Record specimens as: (a) Living; (b) Moribund or narcotized;
or (c) Dead.

6. Count, sex, and measure carapace each species separately. May
be performed in the lab if time is limited.

7. All specimens or subsamples thereof should be frozen (keep
on ice until freezing is possible) for lab analyses.

8. If crab carcasses have collected in windrows in-the upper
tidal heights, representative sections of the windrow should
be selected and all carcasses with the section should be
counted and sorted by species and sex and carapace measurement
recorded.

9. In affected and adjacent areas supporting commercial harvest-
ing of Dungeness crab (outer Pacific coast), the commercial
catch should be observed for health abnormalities and random

VIII-19

I
samples of tissues collected and frozen for future chemical
analyses and tainting studies (Appendix IX).

10. Crab samples will be obtained from affected areas and adjacent
areas by means of crab pots, ring nets, and beam or otter
trawl. Health condition will be recorded and tissue samples
collected.

F. Laboratory Procedures

1. All samples will be logged in and chain of custody and proper
storage arranged or chemical analyses performed. I

2. Core samples will be sieved through Tyler sieves to determine
particle size of the beach substrate. Substrate will then be
classified according to DOE baseline designations (see
Appendix X).

3. All 0.25 sq.m. hard shell clam samples will be sorted. Bi-
valves will be identified by species, measured and classified I
as: (a) Living; (b) Stressed; (c) Dead with tissue present;
(d) Dead, hinged shells; and (e) Whole, unhinged shells. All
other organisms will be sorted by species or family group and
counted (Appendix XI A). Representative samples of non-
bivalves will be preserved in 10% seawater-buffered formalin
and stored for future reference. t

4. Statistical population/mortality analyses will be performed on
organisms designated as economically valuable in Section 8 of
the text of this plan. I

6. METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF HERRING POPULATIONS I

WDF possesses stock assessment data on most populations in Washington I
waters. Therefore, damage assessments will be made on the basis of
mortality of spawning adults and spawn at known spawning grounds and
reduction in related stock assessment. 3

TeCom will provide data on shorelines affected or threatened based on
shoreward movement of the pollutant, habitat vulnerability, and re-
sources endangered. 3

A. Herring Spawning Ground Surveys 3

1. Assessment of herring spawning will occur only on the known
spawning grounds and only during the months when herring are
spawning or spawn is present. Maps available from WDF.

V
VIII-20
[]

2. Sampling of spawning grounds should be undertaken during
periods of high tide.

3. Whenever possible, pre- and post-impact surveys should be
performed.

4. When feasible, SCUBA transects similar to those used for
nearshore fishes and low-water field surveys (beach walks)
should be performed in conjunction with normal spawning ground
surveys.

5. A shallow-draft vessel equipped with an outboard motor and
capable of operation in tight maneuvering situations and
operationally safe in rough, in-shore water conditions should
be used.

6. A field crew will consist of two (2) persons, one (1) of which
will be the designated recorder.' Both should be experienced
in herring spawning ground surveys and preferably familiar
with the grounds being surveyed.

7. Vegetation will be sampled at sites located every 350 to 400
meters along the shoreline for the entire distance of the
spawning grounds.

8. Vegetation will be collected with the use of a "rake" of simi-
lar construction as the "rakes" presently utilized by WDF.

9. Multiple stations (location of actual tows) may be required at
each sampling site where suitable spawning habitat occupies a
wide breadth of the littoral zone.

10. At each station, beginning and ending points are recorded on a
nautical chart, collected vegetation is identified down to
genus, density of spawn is estimated, and a small representa-
tive sample of spawn-laden vegetation is preserved in stock-
ards solution (4 parts acetic acid, 5 parts formaldehyde
[38%], 6 parts glycerine, and 85 parts distilled water) for
age and mortality analysis.

11. All adult mortalities (or a representative sample if mortali-
ties are numerous) will be collected and kept on ice or frozen
until they can be analyzed in the lab for reproductive con-
dition and pollutant contamination. Samples of spawn will
also be kept on ice until it can be frozen and sent to a lab
for pollutant contamination analysis.

12. Sampling should occur every 3 days until all spawn has hatched.

B. Juvenile and Adult Stock Assessment

1. Impact on juveniles will be based on tow-net'surveys similar
to those described by Miller, et al., 1978 (nearshore phase -
June, July, and August).

VIII-21

2. Abundance of herring aggregating in deep waters (Oct6ber to
May) will be accomplished through use of Aydroacoustic-midwater
trawl surveys (Lemberg, 1978).

C. Laboratory Techniques

1. With a binocular microscope (10 x to 15 x), percent mortality
and age composition of embryos is estimated. Embryonic age
will be determined using WDF's developmental stage sequence
data.

D. Habitat Assessment

In the event of pollution impact to a spawning ground prior to a
spawning period which prevents spawners from using the area or
reduces the success of spawning, lost production would be based on
a five-year average of spawning success or best data available.

7. METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF SURF SMELT POPULATIONS

Surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus) are one of the more widespread near-
shore fishes. Unlike other nearshore fish species, surf smelt utilize a
specific spawning substrate in the high intertidal zone. This charac-
teristic makes them highly vulnerable to pollution impact during their
spawning periods.

Surf smelt will be included in the damage assessment only if spawning
adults, deposited spawn, or early larval stages are affected during a
pollution incident.

7. Tidal and weather conditions at time of sampling (and for
duration of spill, if possible) will be recorded along with
description of beach, estimate of impact, names and addresses
of witnesses, and other pertinent data.

8. The percentage of suitable spawning substrate in a 2'm swath
along each transect will be determined.

9. Sampling sites will be selected along each transect for each
one-foot tidal height or as patchiness of suitable substrate
dictates.

10. At each sampling site, all adult carcasses will be collected,
sexed, and placed on ice or frozen for future fecundity
studies and chemical analyses.

11. At each sampling site, cores, 2 liters in volume, of the sub-
strate will be taken to the depth of 3.0 cm.

VIII-22

12. The substrate will be preserved with Stockard's solution (4%
glacial acetic acid, 6% glycerien, and 5% Formalin [38%] in
distilled water).

13. At random sampling sites within the affected area, small
samples of spawn will be collected. The samples will be
pooled and kept on ice or frozen until analyzed.

B. Laboratory Studies-

1. Eggs in each preserved sample will be counted. Subsamples
will be examined under a dissecting scope for age evaluation,
fertilization, and mortality rates.

2. Fecundity studies will be performed on adult carcasses.

3. Adult carcasses and pooled samples of spawn (frozen) will be
analyzed for tissue contamination.

8. METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF SUBTIDAL ORGANISMS

Assessment of subtidal organisms will be limited to fish and macro-
invertebrates which have an establishable economic value (Stokes, 1979).
Data on other species gathered incidentally during the assessment will
be retained for possible use in long-term recovery studies.

TeCom will provide data on shorelines affected or threatened based on
the shoreward movement of the pollutant, habitat vulnerability and
resources endangered.

A. General Sampling Aspects

1. Sampling schedule will be:

a. Within 96 hours of pollutant impact;

b. One week after impact; and

c. Weekly thereafter until acute effect (die-off) of pol-
lutant impact has stabilized.

3. Long-term damage and recovery studies will follow Washington
State DOE baseline methodologies.

B. Preparatory Procedures

1. Classify habitat(s) and substrate(s) within the area to be
sampled according to habitat classifications defined by DOE
baseline (Appendix X).

VIII-23

2. Estimate total area affected by pollutant.

3. Record water temperature, weather conditions, tidal height,
observations on extent of impact (estimate of affected sub-
tidal substrate, presence or absence of mortality of mobile
organisms, etc.), names and addresses of witnesses, public
use of affected shoreline, and other relevant data.

4. When feasible, randomly select a point within the affected
area to begin a SCUBA transect and mark with flag or other
distinctive marker.

a. If the affected area is large or contains a number of
different types of habitats, more than one SCUBA transect
point should be marked with each habitat type having at
least one SCUBA transect.

5. Most subtidal waters of the outer Pacific Coast are unsuitable
for SCUBA transects and therefore will be sampled with trawls
and dredges or photo sled (waters deeper than 20 meters).

C. Compass Transect (SCUBA)

1. Compass transect procedure is same as described for near-
shore fishes (Appendix VIII 9).

D. Sampling Clam and Geoduck beds

1. If a subtidal hardshell clam bed(s) or geoduck (Panope gene-
rosa) bed(s) is(are) found during SCUBA survey, the bed(s)
will be sampled separately.

2. Hardshell clam beds will be sampled by divers using a venturi
suction dredge.

a. A metal ring enclosing an area of 0.1 square meter
will be placed at random upon the substrate. The sub-
strate enclosed is then removed using a venturi suction
dredge (Goodwin, 1973a).

b. Collected specimens are handled as described above.

3. Geoduck beds will be sampled by divers counting "shows"
(either siphons or depressions of the substrate indicating the
presence of a siphon).

a. Divers establish transects 50 meters long (or until a
depth of 20 meters is reached) perpendicular to the
shore.

b. Divers then survey a swath 1 meter on each side of
transect and place markers at each "show" (Goodwin,
1973b).

VIII-24

c. Individual geoducks should be collected on a random basis
(method described for intertidal hard shell clams) using
a corer or similar device.

d. Collected specimens are iced or frozen for future labora-
tory analyses.

9. METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF NEARSHORE FISHES

Nearshore fish populations subject to monetary assessment will be limi-
ted to species identified by Stokes (1979) as having an establishable
economic value. Data on other species gathered incidently during the
assessment will be retained for possible use in long-term recovery
studies.

TeCom will provide data on shorelines affected or threatened based on
the shoreward movement of the pollutant, habitat vulnerability, re-
sources endangered, and land ownership.

A. General Sampling Aspects

1. All sampling will be done during slack water conditions.

2. Sampling schedule will be:

a. Within 24 hours of pollutant impact;

b. One week after impact; and

C. Weekly thereafter until acute effect (die-off) of pol-
lutant impact has stabilized.

3. Long-term damage and recovery studies will follow Washington
State DOE baseline methodologies or similar methods approved
by TeCom and WDF.

3 B. Preparatory Procedures

1. Classify habitat(s) and substrate(s) within the area to be
sampled according to habitat classifications defined by DOE
baseline (Appendix X).

2. Estimate total area affected by pollutant.

3. Collect water and sediment samples for analysis.

4. Record water temperature, weather conditions, tidal height,
observations on extent of impact (estimate of subtidal sub-
strate, presence or absence of mortality of mobile organisms,

VIII-25

etc.), names and addresses of witnesses, public use of im-
pacted shoreline, and other relevant data.

5. Within affected area, randomly select a point to begin a SCUBA
transect and mark with flag or other distinctive marker.

6. If the affected area is large or contains a number of dif-
ferent types of habitats, more than one SCUBA transect point
should be marked with each habitat type having at least one
SCUBA transect.

7. When water conditions or unavailability of personnel prevent
SCUBA operations, beach seining may be substituted (Section E).

Compass Transect (SCUBA)

1. SCUBA divers should always work in pairs, with one diver
designated as recorder. WISHA regulations will be followed at
all times.

2. The course of the transect will be determined by compass
bearings. The first leg of the transect is at a 45-degree
angle from the bench, from the water line to a depth of 15 or 75
meters, then 90-degree angle back to the beach. Repeat until
approximately 250 meters of beach footage have been covered.
Point of direction change should be marked with a buoy.

3. A path 5 meters wide should be investigated along the transect
route. Underwater visibility should be'measured.

4. All carcasses and moribund specimens of species with estab-
lished values will be collected.

5. Care must be taken to ensure that carcasses are not overlooked
because of lodgement under rocks or in crevices.

6. Record of carcasses of non-economically valued species will be
kept and random samples will be taken for future reference.

7. Record of live organisms will be kept. Condition of algae
covering should also be noted.

8. Collect water and sediment samples for laboratory analysis
(Appendix VIII 2.).

9. When transect is completed, collected specimens will be pre-
served in ice or frozen for future laboratory studies.

10. Samples of moribund specimens, if available, will be placed in
a 10% saltwater-buffered formalill solution for hi sologilval
studies.

VIII-26

11. The rest of the specimens (or a subsample thereof) will be
placed in non-contaminating containers, sealed, labeled, and
frozen for future laboratory analyses.

12. Actual distance covered during transect will be determined by
measuring distance between the buoys. This measurement multi-
plied by the width of the transect (5 m) will give the total
area of the transect.

13. Population and mortality estimates (organisms per m2) derived
from the transect area will be extrapolated to determine
population and mortality estimates for the total affected
area.

14. Information taken for each specimen collected will include
species, sex, length, weight, reproductive condition, and any
apparent disease or abnormality.

D. Exposed Substrate Transect

Fish carcasses will be found in the intertidal areas. They may be
collected during intertidal investigations or separately as con-
ditions indicate:

1. Establish permanent reference lines 250 meters in length on
high ground parallel to the water. Randomly establish sampling
transects at a rate of approximately 3 per 50 meters (approxi-
mately 15 transects total).

2. Between high water line and low water line, the beach will be
sampled using the selective stratification (habitat zones)
technique utilized in the DOE Baseline (Appendix X A.).

3. Each sampling site will be carefully examined for carcasses.
For each carcass, species, weight, length, sex, reproductive
condition, and visible lesions will be recorded.

4. Carcasses of all economically valued species or a sufficiently
large random sample thereof will be collected and frozen as
quickly as possible for future analysis.

5. Mortality estimates will be made for each stratified sampling
region.

6. Intertidal invertebrates may be sampled at the same time.

E. Beach Seine

Weather conditions, turbid waters, currents, and other factors
may prevent the use of SCUBA. Under these conditions, beach seines
may be used.

VIII-27

1. Methodology for beach seining is described in Appendix X B.

10. METHODS FOR HABITAT ASSESSMENTS

For the purpose of habitat damage assessments, habitat will be defined
as available substrate and associated flora. In most instances, habitat
damage assessment activities should be performed concurrently with
intertidal and subtidal damage assessment activities.

TeCom will provide data on shorelines affected or threatened.

A. Infra-red Aerial Photography

1. Pre- and post-impact aerial photography should be utilized to
the greatest extent possible. Factors affecting usefulness of
infra-red aerial photographs include:

a. Weather;

b. Time of day and tidal heights;

c. Water surface conditions; and

d. Availability of aircraft.

2. All infra-red aerial photographic work should be performed at
time of lowest feasible tidal height.

3. Infra-red aerial photography should be considered for the
following surface areas:

a. Intertidal area from extreme high tide line to water
line;

b. Exposed mud flats;

c. Marshes;

d. Floating kelp beds; and

e. Islets, rocks, and other exposed lands which may be
used by pinnipeds or marine birds.

4. Photographic parameters include:

a. Use of 9" x 9" black-and-white infra-red film and
appropriate camera equipment;

b. A photographic scale of 1:7200 (1' = 600'). Inclusion
of objects of determinable size is desirable for use as
scale references; and

VIII-28

c. Visibility consistant with standard aerial photography
survey proceures.

5. Infra-red aerial photographs should be used in conjunction with
field sampling procedures.

B. Substrate Sampling

1. Substrate samples should be collected as part of the inter-
tidal and subtidal sampling activities.

2. Cores (15 cm in depth) totaling 1 liter in volume (or other
volume, if appropriate) should be collected at random quadrats
along transects established for intertidal and subtidal
investigations.

3. Samples should be placed in glass containers, sealed, labeled,
and stored on ice until freezing is possible. Preservatives,
if required, may be added prior to sealing.

4. Samples should be frozen as soon as feasible and kept frozen
until analyzed.

C. Benthic Algae (excluding floating kelps)

1. Benthic algae should be sampled during intertidal and sub-
tidal sampling activities.

2. It is recommended that benthic algae be sampled according to
method described in Appendix X (Intertidal Sampling and
Processing Methods).

D. Floating Kelps (Nerocystis and Macrocystis)

1. Unless otherwise directed by TeCom, it is recommended that
damage assessments of floating kelp beds be modeled after the
Kelp Inventor Method (KIM-1) developed by Dr. Ronald E. Foreman
(1975) of the Department of Botany, University of British
Columbia (Coon, et al., 1976).

E. Higher Plants

1. Higher plants include the vascular plant species of the sea
grasses, tidal marsh, and beach communities.

2. Affected areas containing significant higher plant vegetation
will be identified during beach and boat surveys for wildlife
and aerial overflights.

VIII-29
VIII1-29

3. Field team surveys and aerial photographs should be used to
map the boundaries of contaminated vegetation in each affected
area.

4. In the field, field teams should mark the boundaries of contamination
with flags or other methods.

5. The team leader should be experienced in identifying the higher
plants associated with the marine environment of Washington State.

6. Vegetational transects would be deployed within the area of
concern in a stratified random pattern. For large, more or less
continuous masses of oil, two strata would be defined on the
basis of whether or not the vegetation had come into contact
with the oil. If the areas of contact were relatively small
individually but involved a large area of vegetation, this
would be sampled as a single stratum. The number of transects
would depend upon the acreages and the uniformity of the vege-
tation.

7. The transect would be oriented perpendicular to the directional
trend of the beach. It would start in the highest vegetation
affected by the tides and would continue seaward to the outer
edge of plant growth or to the limit set by water depth, whichever
point was higher.

8. Each transect would be marked by a steel post or other durable
object at or above the high-tide line. Distance and magnetic
azimuth from a reference point would be accurately measured and
recorded.

9. Each principal vegetational zone would be sampled by a subtransect
perpendicular to the trunk transect and centered on it. The sub-
transect would be 40 meters in length. The intersection of
transect and subtransect would be marked by 1 m of plastic
garden hose inserted in the ground with about 15 cm above
ground. The distance from the steel post and the distance and
magnetic azimuth from the reference point to the mid-point of
each subtransect would be recorded. Each transect would be
plotted on the base map.

10. For salt marshes, a 1-m2 quadrat frame would be centered at every
2 m from the trunk transect in both directions (20 quadrats). The
quadrats would be mapped to indicate ground cover by plant species.

11. For the sea grasseS, the quadrat would measure 30 cm on the side,
and subtransects would be located along the trunk transect at
elevation intervals of 1 foot.

The number of turions within the frame would be counted, and the
length of the longest leaf on three randomly selected turions
would be measured.

VIII-30
__

12. Odd-meter points on the subtransects of'both sampling methods
would be reserved for the collection of such samples as would
be required for laboratory analysis or for calibrating the
density-length data for estimates of biomass.

13. Black and white, fixed-point photos would be taken of each
transect from the highest vantage point. Color and black and
white photos would be made of two quadrats, randomly chosen, on
each subtransect. This series of photos would be repeated in
each subsequent survey. All opportunities for the making of
comparison photos including aerial infra-red photos would be
exploited.

14. Some plant species would be difficult or impossible to. detect
from late fall to early spring. Therefore, the transects should
be remeasured during the August following the spill. If a
significant difference then existed between the oil-contact
areas and uncontaminated areas for any of the parametric
estimates, the need for additional measurements in August of
the following year should be considered.

F. Damage Assessments

Habitat damage assessments should be limited to verification-of
substrate contamination and changes in flora biomass, species
composition, and percentage of cover. Except for cases where
monetary dollar values may be establishable for certain species
of flora, habitat damage assessments will be primarily used as
supporting evidence for loss of organisms.

11. METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF OPEN WATER ORGANISMS

Pollution-related damage assessments to open water organisms will occur
only under special conditions and will include primarily planktonic
organisms. A monetary damage assessment will be conducted, as deter-
mined by TeCom, when:

1. Pollutant-impacts affect 'such an extensive area of open water
that loss of primary food producing organisms (algae) is great
enough to actually threaten the food producing capabilities of
the region;

2. The pollutant-affected waters contain a large proportion of
larvae of an economically valued species; i.e., waters adja-
cent to herring and surf smelt spawning grounds;

3. The pollutant-affected area has a restricted water flow
(estuaries, etc.), the impact is extensive, and recruitment of
primary producers is expected to be slow; and

VIII-31
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~�

4. Other circumstances which TeCom deems hazardous enough to the
food producing capabilities of the affected waters to warrant
assessment.

A. Field Studies

1. Field sampling must begin as soon as possible after discharge
of the pollutant.

2. Approval of the federal OSC should be obtained prior to
initiation of the sampling because of the need for operating
in the vicinity of the discharge which may interfere with
cleanup operations if not coordinated.

3. Existing federal guidelines regarding legal aspects of field
sampling as set forth in the EPA manual Field Detection and
Damage Assessments Manual for Oil and Hazardous Material
Spills (EPA, 1972), should be followed.

4. It is suggested that the combined field sampling/bioassay
method recommended by Hirota, et al., (1977) be used unless
the TeCom states otherwise.

5. In the field:

a. Photograph discharge (source and affected waters), mark
affected waters on nautical chart of area, note weather,
tidal heights, currents, type of discharge, source of
discharge, names of witnesses, etc. Include aerial
photographs whenever possible;

b. Establish control and reference stations. Control sta-
tions should be located in waters unlikely to be affected
and be similar to the affected waters in temperature,
salinity, depth, water quality, and general habitat
characteristics (especially in an estuarine situation).
Reference stations should be located in waters adjacent
to pollutant-affected waters, but not affected. Refer-
ence stations will change as pollutant disperses;

c. Collect samples of pollutant and water from affected
waters (obtain a raw sample of the pollutant)(Appendix
IX-i). Water samples for bioassays (Appendix IX-l) should
be stored in air-tight glass jars or carboys with teflon
lined caps and stored on ice for shipment to lab;

d. Collect replicate water samples (1 to 4 liters) from
within 1 to 3 meters of the surface at random points
throughout the affected waters. Preserve samples in 2%
seawater-buffered formalin solution for phytoplankton and
micro-zooplankton analyses;

VIII-32

e. Collect zooplankton samples from affected waters using
plankton net (0.18 - 0.33 mm mesh). Preserve samples in
5% seawater-buffered formalin solution. If pollutant is
a petroleum product or other slick forming substance,
tows should be made at edge of slick to prevent contami-
nation of sample. Replicate tows should be made in
several regions of the affected waters to ensure adequate
sampling of the zooplankton populations;

f. Collect samples similar to those described in steps 3
through 5 from control and reference stations; and

g. Sampling periods should include both daytime and night-
time periods to ensure inclusion of vertically migrating
zooplankton species.

B. Laboratory Studies

1. Organisms (plant and animal) in the preserved field samples
should be enumerated and identified down to species, if
possible.

2. Acute toxicity bioassays of the discharged pollutant should be
performed following the appropriate American Society for
Testing and Materials Method: Standard Practice for Conduct-
ing Acute Toxicity Tests with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and
Amphibians or Standard Practice for Conducting Static Acute
Toxicity Tests with Larvae of Four Species of Bivalve Molluscs.

3. Receiving water bioassays as described by Cardwell and Woelke
(1979) and Hirota et al., (1977) should be performed utilizing
larvae of at least one invertebrate and one vertebrate, and at
least one phytoplankton. If possible, species inhabiting the
affected area should be utilized. Selection of bioassay
technique will depend upon requirements and objectives of the
investigators.

12. METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF BENTHIC POPULATIONS

In the event that a pollutant contaminates the benthic environment below
the depths covered in sublittoral assessments, sampling will be per-
formed to document contamination of the sediment and organisms asso-
ciated with the sediment.

A. Field Sampling

1. If the depth of water exceeds safe operating depth for SCUBA
divers and economically valuable shellfish beds are not

VIIi-331.

included in the affected blota, sampling will involve the col-
lection or benthic organisms by otter tinawl and sedl:ilmiont
grabs. Replicate trawls and grab samples wilt be taken
throughout the suspected area of contamination and at one
or more control stations. A photo sled may also be used
under appropriate conditions.

2. If shellfish beds are involved and water depth exceeds safe
limits (20 meters) for SCUBA divers, a type of dredge capable
of efficiently harvesting a deep water shellfish bed should
be employed in sampling the bed.

3. Samples collected in the field will be sealed in an appropri-
ate non-contaminating container, labeled, and frozen until
analyzed in the lab.

4. Appropriate analytical methods will be utilized in the lab to
investigate possible contamination of sediments and tissue.

5. Static receiving water assays (Appendix IX) using the pol-
lutant and contaminated sediments will be used to determine
toxicity of pollutant to benthic organisms.

6. Damage assessment claims will be based on loss of revenue from
commercial benthic fisheries in the region.

13. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL FACILITIES

1. Get photographic documentation of damage. Names and addresses of
witnesses and their counter signature on photographs and descrip-
tion of damages is desirable.

2. Keep all invoices for cleanup materials, replacement parts, and
equipment rentals.

3. Keep accurate time sheets and travel expenditures for all personnel
involved in cleanup.

4. A photographic record of predamage condition, impact damages,
various stages of cleanup or repair, and rehabilitated structure is
recommended.

5. Record of improvements or repair of damage not related to pollution
incident must be kept spearate and not included in damage claim.

VII-34

14. EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC LOSS

Economic loss to the state will be based on the most recent statistics
available from the state agencies with jurisdiction over affected re-
sources.

A. Park Lands

(No. of activity occasions/day x value/activity occasion) +
(operation costs/day) + (amortization of idle investment/day) +
(average revenue income/day) x (number of days of closure or reduced
utilization) = Economic Damage Assessment.

Values to be supplied by P&RC.

B. Public Lands

(value/man-day) x (length of closure) Economic Damage Assessment.

Values to be supplied by DNR/WDF.

C. Recreational Fishing

(value/man-hour) x (number of man-hours lost) = Economic Damage
Assessment.

Values to be supplied by WDF. If freshwater game fish are im-
pacted, their values will be supplied by WDG.

D. Commercial Fishing

value x catch value x catch Economic Damage Assessment
( catch effort I catch effort 2

where: 1 = before pollution incident

2 =.after pollution incident

Values to be supplied by WDF.

E. State Revenue

(projected tax revenue + licenses and fees) - (actual collections)

Values to be supplied by appropriate state agencies.

VIII-35

APPENDIX IX

LABORATORY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES

INTRODUCTION

While field sampling programs are sufficient to document quantitative
changes in the abundance of organisms in a pollution-affected environ-
ment, they are seldom capable of documenting the physiological effects
a given pollutant has in bringing about changes in the abundance of or-
ganisms in the affected environment. The physiological effects the
pollutant has on living organisms requires laboratory testing.

State-of-the-art procedures acceptable to the scientific community will
be used for all laboratory testing. Specific methodologies for the
various analyses are not included because testing regimes vary according
to the chemical nature of the pollutant and the continuous improvement
in instrumentation and development of new analytical techniques.

1. CHEMICAL ANALYSES

A. Pollutant Identification

1. Chemical identification of the pollutant and identification
of the pollutant in water, sediment, and tissue samples will
be performed by qualified laboratories using state-of-the-art
methodologies.-

2. BIOASSAY

A. Static Acute Toxicity

1. Bioassay methodology will be based on the 48-hour exposure
method using bivalve mollusc embryos described in the
American Society for Testing and Materials' proposed methods
for acute toxicity tests Standard Practice for Conducting
Basic Toxicity Tests with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and
Amphibians or Standard Practice for Conducting Static Acute
Toxicity Tests with Larvae of Four Species of Bivalve Mol-
luscs.

B. Toxicity to Impacted Species

1. Bioassay methodology will be based on the receiving water
bioassay methodology used by WDF (Cardwell and Woelke, 1979
and Hirota et al., 1977).

IX-].

2. Organisms bioassayed will be meroplankton larvae of economi-
cally important species collected from reference stations
adjacent impacted waters (Appendix VIII).

3. TAINTING
(Pollutant Exposure-related Tastes and Odors)

A. Taste Panel

1. Species tested will be limited to important commercial and
recreational species. Selection of species for testing will
rest with the WDF and DSHS.

2. Organisms for testing may be collected during pollutant
impact-related sampling operations or separately if collected
from affected areas.

3. The first organisms for testing should be collected 2 to 9
weeks after exposure to the pollutant with subsequent sampling
every 3 weeks.

4. Subsamples (either whole organisms or parts thereof) of each
sample shall be tested for contamination (tissue retention of
the pollutant) (Appendix VIII).

5. The rest of the sample will be turned over to the Department
of Food Science and Technology, College of Fisheries, Uni-
versity of Washington, or a similar organization for taste-
testing by panels drawn from the general public.

N ~~~~~~~~~~APPENDIX X

DOE BASELINE METHODOLOGIES
I ~ ~~~~A. INTERTIDAL SAMPLING AND PROCESSING METHODS

Revised October 1980

I. Determination of Sample Locations

I ~~~~The basic purpose for determining critically the location of sample
sites is to enable the investigator to extrapolate his data from
these sample locations to all similar areas within his area of con-
cern. Therefore, a method which permits statistical subsampling of
all the beach types should be used. The first step, called the
characterization phase, would be to segregate all the shoreline
areas into habitat types, as defined by the Department of Ecology
I ~ ~~~such as marshes, mud flats, sand beaches, rocky beaches, mixed, and
eelgrass beds. The location of the habitat types would then be
mapped, using serial photography, spot-checking with ground inspec-
tions, as well as a review of previous studies in the area.
The number of beaches chosen to be sampled during the Baseline
phase should be in proportion to (a) the extent of each habitat
U ~ ~~~type, (b) the expected amount of variability between beaches of
similar habitat characteristics, and (c) the sensitivity or impor-
tance of the habitat type to human activities.

For habitat types of limited extent such as only one or two examples
or short stretches of beach then only one beach need be examined.
If there are several miles of beach, then at least two areas should
be chosen. If the habitat'type covers a hundred miles, then five
or more sites may be chosen.

3 ~~~~Beach types such as rocky shores and mixed that can have a wide
range in exposure to wave action, water temperature, and salinity,
should be segregated and subsampled on the basis of these variables.
For example, there may be six one-mile beach segments that are
I ~ ~~~classified as mixed. Two are in exposed locations with low annual
water temperatures and high salinities. Three are in protected
locations near river mouths with a wide range of temperatures and
salinities. The last beach is intermediate. In this situation,
one beach of each type should be sampled.

Certain habitat types such as eelgrass beds and protected mixed
beaches can be affected dramatically by siltation in the water.
The eelgrass can be covered with sediment which lowers the ability
of the plant to produce organic materials from sunlight and can
result in a die off of the beds. Mixed beaches can be covered with
silt, smothering the benthic animals and preventing the settlement
of larvae. In addition, eelgrass beds are important nursery and
feeding areas for commercially and recreationally important species,
I ~ ~~~while mixed habitats often contain numbers of economically important
clam species. Therefore, these areas should be sampled in at least
3 ~~~~two locations over a five-mile stretch.

X- 1

In addition to choosing the number of sites based on the above
considerations, access and funding limitations must be recognized.

Assuming that access is primarily from the uplands, where roadsI
must be found and permission to cross private property sought, the
candidate sites may have to be reduced. In addition, 57 percent of
the tidelands of Washington are private, so permission must also be
secured from the owners to sample. Reduction of sites should be
based on a priority basis starting with common minimal impact
sites.

I.Method of Random Sampling to Document Distribution of Organisms

A. Permanent Reference and BaselineU

All intertidal stations must have at least one permanent tidal
reference point marked on an immovable object on the backshore
or in the intertidal. Each mark is calibrated approximately
to a tidal height either from a USCGS marker, if close by, or
from a given water level under average weather conditions
using NOAA tidal predictions and any appropriate corrections
in them known for the specific location.

The reference marks have several purposes. Using a transit,I
they permit a relative tidal height determination for all
quadrats sampled at the station. They permit return to the
same heights for any subsequent sampling. They also permit'
eventual exact tidal height determination of all quadrats if
the absolute tidal height of the reference points are ever
determined.

The reference line is a line located parallel to the water at
the upper tidal boundary of each station's high intertidal
zone. The reference line length may vary from area to area.
The objective is to stay within the same habitat type at eachI
station. In linearly homogeneous areas, a length of up to
100 m may be used. In more heterogeneous or physically
restricted areas as little as 25 m may be available.3

B. Transect Lines

Each time an intertidal station is sampled, transe-ct lines areU
placed perpendicular to the baseline. It is along these
transect lines that samples are ta ken. Depending upon the
habitat type, one or more transect lines are used. In mud and
working distances longer, one transect line is used. However,
if the area is variable horizontally, then two transects
should be made. On gravel, cobble, and rock habitats, two orI
more parallel transect lines are used.

To assure the randomness required for statistical analysis of
quantitative data, the transect line positions are chosen
without bias. This is done by choosing a random Inumber which
falls within the meter boundaries of the baseline for the
first transect line. Any feasible geometric means, such as a3
X- 2

transit, is used to assure that the transect lines are perpen-
dicular to the baseline. The second and subsequent trans~ect
* ~~~~~lines are placed 15 meters apart.

C. Quadrat Locations and Number

The transect line (or lines) distance is measured from the
reference line to the minus 0.5 meter level, if possible, or
to the lowest practical sampling level based upon the low
tides during the sampling period. Quadrats are obtained at
I ~ ~~~~each foot of tidal height from mean higher high-water to the
low tide line as determined by USGS in that area. Once these
levels are determined, they are staked or permamently marked.
These stakes represent quadrat locations. Quadrats should not
be reoccupied in subsequent sampling.

3 ~~~~D. Quadrat Heights

The permanent reference marks at all stations are at a known
distance above or below a selected high tide of a certain
date. This correlation allows a matching scale between
intertidal stations based on the amount of air exposure the
beaches will receive. This scale can be made comparable to
normal corrected tide table levels. For each quadrat on the
beach the distance below, or in some cases above, the high
tide datum mark is recorded.

This method is used because a given tide table prediction
lacks known accuracy. A table determined low tide in many of
the sampling stations would, because of this problem, plus,
the seasonally occurring beach slope shifts, produce extremely
crude tide height levels.
* ~~~~E. Photographs

Photographs of each quadrat before sampling the beach, at each
sample level, and a panoramic view of the habitats on the
beach including the reference line should be taken as a histori-
cal record, a quantitative tool in rocky areas, and to illus-
trate seasonal differences if they occur.

3 ~~~~F. Timing of Sampling

Distribution sampling should be done at least once preferably
during the late spring or early -summer - whenever population
I ~ ~~~~distributions of significant species are at a maximum. If
dramatic seasonal changes are suspected in significant species
or communities, then another sampling should be made at their
distributional minimum.

X- 3

III. Method of Stratified Random Sampling to Document Representative
Abundance of Organisms

A. Permanent Reference and Baseline

The Baseline is established in the same manner as in Section II A.

B. Transect Lines

Three levels at each area are sampled using horizontal transect
lines, unless distributional data indicate that adequate
sampling of significant populations should be accomplished
with fewer or greater number of levels. The suggested levels
are as follows: high intertidal (mean high water to mean sea
level), middle intertidal (mean sea level to mean low water),
and low intertidal (mean low water to extreme low water).
Once these levels are determined for each study area based on
the distribution of organisms on the Significant Biological
Resources List (or if those species are not present in sig-
nificant amounts, then the location is based upon the dis-
tribution of the dominant community in each zone) and refer-
enced to the permanent tidal marker, the same levels are
returned to for any subsequent sampling on a seasonal basis.
The horizontal transect lines are located by measuring from
the vertical line using a transit.

C. Quadrat Locations

A 25 to 100 m (depending on horizontal heterogenity and prac-
ticality) horizontal transect line is laid out following the
tidal height contour decided upon. The locations of quadrats
to be sampled along the transect are determined from a random
number table.

D. Quadrat Number

1. Soft-substrata

At least two 6.05 m2 x 15 cm. deep samples per horizontal
transect are taken for dead-sieving in the laboratory
after fixation in formalin. At least three 0.15 m x
30 cm deep samples are taken for live-sieving on the
beach. Photographs of the surface of each quadrat are
taken prior to sampling.

2. Hard-substrata
2
At least three 0.15 m samples are removed after being
photographed. Scattered barnacles with no other organisms
may be photographed and counts made from the photographs.

E. Timing of Sampling

Abundance data should be obtained at least during the biological
summer. If data indicate large seasonal fluctuations, then
samples should be obtained in other seasons as appropriate.

X-4

IV. Methods for Sampling Quadrats

A. Rock
2 2
A .25 m frame which is sectioned into twenty-five .01 m
units is placed over the quadrat location. First, an estimate
of the percentage of algae cover is made based upon the aver-
aged estimates of two o5 more observers. Next, all the algae
within the entire .25 m area is removed. With this accom-
plished, larger ( 5mm) invertebrates are removed from within
the .25 m frame. Five .01 m sections are selected randomly,
and these are separately scraped clean of all algae and
invertebrates.

B. Cobble
2 2
A 0.25 m frame which is sectioned into twenty-five 0.01 m
units is placed over the quadrat location. Afte~ first photo-
graphing, all the algae within the entire 0.25 m area is
removed. With this accomplished, larger (2+ mm) invertebrates
are removed from the surface of the 0.25 m area and from
beneath the larger cobble, being careful to replace each rock
after ~he removal of organisms. Next, five randomly selected
0.01 m sections are scraped clean of all remaining algae and
invertebrates and containerized separately.
2
Following this, a 0.05 m frame is placed randomly within the
0.25 m frame. Sediment from within this smaller frame is
removed to a depth of 15 cm. This is placed in a container of
600 ml of pure formalin (40 percent formaldehyde in water);
seawater is added to cover the sediment; and it all is gently
stirred to assure good mixing of the formalin.
2
On every other quadrat of each transect line a .25 m frame is
placed adjacent to the already cleared frame. A 0.2A x 30 cm
sample is dug diagonally adjacent to alternate .05 m samples.
The sediment is excavated out of this frame to a depth of
30 cm and passed live through a 12.5 mm sieve. Bivalves and
crustaceans are retained (20 percent seawater/formaldehyde
solution).

C. Gravel
2
A .05 m frame is placed at the quadrat location. Sediment
from within is removed to a depth of 15 cm. The sediment is
fixed as above and dead-sieved in the laboratory through a
1 mm screen. Large cores are taken (.25 m x 20 cm) and
processed as in cobble section.

D. Sand

Same method as in gravel.

E. Mud

Same method as in sand.

F. Quadrat Rejection

Certain quadrats may fall upon obviously dissimilar habitat
types such as on a rock on a mud flat. These quadrats should
be rejected and another quadrat chosen at the same location.

V. Field and Laboratory Procedures

A. Field Handling

Samples from the field are containerized and tagged as to
location, date, quadrat number, and collection method. Each
different collection method within a quadrat is stored and
tagged separately from other collection methods within the
same quadrat.

B. Supporting Measurements

Prior to sampling, the temperature and salinity of the
shoreline water 0.25 m below the surface should be obtained
and recorded along with prevailing weather conditions. Beach
slope and composition from M.H.H.W. to the low-water line
should be recorded, if different from the first sampling.

C. Preservation

All live-sieved samples and algae are preserved in the field
in a 10 percent buffered (CACO3) formaldehyde/seawater solu-
tion.' Immediately upon reaching the laboratory, prior to
processing, they should be transferred to a fresh 10 percent
buffered formaldehyde/seawater solution or 70 percent ethanol
with 5 percent glycerin for animals and a 4 percent ethanol
seawater solution for algae. Algae should be stored in darkness
to prevent bleaching.

D. Processing

1. .01 m2 Scrapes - Rock and Cobble Habitats

The five subsamples are' kept separate at all times. Each
is emptied into a sorting pan. Use separate algae samples
to calculate percent missed from scrape. Next, the
material, including washings from the algae, is run
through a 1 mm sieve. The material left has organisms
separated from the detritus and algae. They are then
visually grouped into organism types with general common
characteristics and placed into petri dishes. All the
petri dishes, along with their identification tags, are
then preserved with a 70 percent alcohol and 5 percent
glycerin solution and sent to shelves to wait for
identification.

X-6

2. .05 m2 x 15 cm - Cobble, Sand, Mud, Habitats

The sample is then"run through a 1 mm sieve after 24-hour
fixation. The sample is then dyed with rose bengal (or
phloxine-B) and bottled for two days. Material is then
placed in a sorting pan and visible organisms removed and
placed into petri dishes. Petri dishes and their tags go
to shelves to wait for identification.

3. .25 m2 Rock, Cobble, Habitats

Organisms and algae from the sample are floated in a
sorting pan. Algae removed from within the .25 m2
quadrat by a .01 ma or .05 ma scrape is also placed with
this sample. The organisms and algae are then visually
sorted as to types and placed in petri dishes. Wet
weight is then obtained for each species. It is preserved
with 4 percent buffered formaldehyde/seawater solution to
await identification as needed. Algae is preserved as in
5C. f

4. .25 m2 x 30 cm, 12.5 mm Live-Sieved - Cobble, Gravel,
Sand, Mud Habitats

These organisms are cleaned under running water, pre-
served as above, and sent to the identification table.

Identification is attempted to the species level for all organisms
1 mm and larger, beginning with those on the Significant Biological
Species list of the Department of Ecology. The number of indivi-
duals for each species for each collection method within a quadrat
is obtained. Organisms with an aggregrate weight of less than
.1 gram are not weighed. The length of bivalves is given in mm of
those caught greater than 10 mm.

All organisms collected from the sample stations are finally stored.
Each collection method from each station's quadrats is preserved
and containerized separately. These are placed in a larger con-
tainer filled with preservative, holding all of an individual
quadrat's smaples. Algae is preserved in formalin and inverte-
brates in 70 percent alcohol with 15 percent glycerin.

A museum collection is then made of representatives of all species
collected by the study. Taxonomic identification should be given
with location, date, key used, and quadrat number.

IR~~~~~X-

E. Identification Keys

1. The primary key to invertebrates is Kozloff, E. N., 1974.
Keys to the Marine Invertebrates of Puget Sound, the San
Juan Archipelago and Adjacent Regions. University of
Washington Press, Seattle and London.

2. For algae, basic identification is made from the following:

For generic names, Scagel, R. F., 1957. Annotated List
of Marine Algae of British Columbia and Northern Washing-
ton. National Museum of Canada, Biology Series No. 52,
Bulletin No. 150.

For green algae, Scagel, R. F., 1966. Marine Algae
of British Columbia and Northern Washington - Part I:
Chlorophyceae (green algae). National Museum of Canada,
Biology Series No. 74, Bulletin No. 207.

For brown algae, Widdowson, T. B., 1973. The Marine
Algae of British Columbia and Northern Washington:
revised list and keys. Part I. Phaeophyceae.
Syesis 6:81-96.

For red algae, Widdowson, T. B., 1974. The Marine
Algae of British Columbia and Northern Washington:
revised list and keys. Part II. Rhodophyceae.
Syesis 7:143-186.

3. Other keys are used as aids or additions: Banse, Karl
and K. D. Hobson, 1974. Benthic Errantiate Polychaetes
of British Columbia and Washington. Bulletin. Fisheries
Research Board of Canada 185.

Berkeley and Berkeley. 1952. Annelida Polychaete
Sedentaria. (9b(2)). Fisheries Research Board of
Canada. University of Toronto Press.

Pettibone, M. H., 1953. Some Scale-Bearing Polychaetes
of Puget Sound and Adjacent Waters. University of
Washington Press, Seattle. -

Barnard, J. L., 1969. The Families and Genera of Marine
Gammaridean Amphipod'a. Bulletin. U. S. National Museum
271:1-535.

Quayle, D. B., 1970. The Intertidal Bivalves of British
Columbia. British Columbia Museum Handbook 17.

Griffith, L. M., 1967. The Intertidal Univalves of
British Columbia. British Columbia Museum Handbook 26.

Rice, T., 1971. Marine Shells of the Pacific Northwest.
Ellison Industries, Inc., Edmonds, Washington.

X-8

Light's Manual - Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central
California Coast,' Third Edition., Ed. Ralph I. Smith and
James T. Carlton. 1975.

VI. Data Analysis

The following should be provided for each station:

1. General location map showing shoreline configuration, low-tide
line, roads, and other significant shoreline features.

2. Detailed site map showing the winter and summer distribution
of sediments, algae beds, eelgrass beds and other significant
features.

3. Diagrams of the winter and summer vertical distributions of
dominant and/or significant organisms and species listed on
the Significant Biological Resources List by life history
stage and sediment distributions.

4. Graphs of the seasonal vertical distribution of dominant
and/or significant organisms and species listed on the Signi-
ficant Biological Resources List by life history stage.

5. Graphs of the seasonal vertical abundance of dominant and/or
significant organisms and species listed on the Significant
Biological Resources List by life history stage.

6. Graphs of the seasonal variation in water temperature and
salinity.

7. Textual discussion of station characteristics, sampling and
processing methods, results (including appropriate tables
listing species abundance by life history stage with means and
standard deviations for all organisms collected for each
collecting period). A discussion section describing the
seasonal distribution and abundance of organisms by life
history stage found at the station and relationship to measured
water and sediment characteristics as well as other factors
(such as unusual weather or human impact) that may have
influenced the observed community characteristics..

S. Field data entered on the forms provided by the Department of
Ecology.

The following should be provided for all stations:

1. A general map of the entire area of concern showing all sta-
tions. The shorleine, roads, and other significant features
should be included on the map.

X-9

2. A textual discussion with supporting diagrams and graphs of
interstation characteristics and differences relative to
sediment and organisms.
3. A species-by-species discussion of distribution and abundance
of life history stages found over all stations and seasons
including causal factors (where known) determining the dis-
tribution and abundance pattern.

~~~~~~~X-10~
, A::~~~~~~
-~~~~~~~~

.~~~~~~~~

,. .~~~

l~~~~~~

X-10~~~~~~

B. BEACH SEINE SAMPLING AND
PROCESSING METHODS FOR BASELINE STUDIES

State of Washington
Department of Ecology

Revised October 1980

I I. Selection of sample sites should receive the same care and considera-
tion discussed under intertidal sampling (Appendix XIA). Also, care
should be exercised in the location of sample sites to ensure that
they do not contain obstructions to the use of the beach seine.

II. Beach Seine Construction

The beach seine is a haul seine which is set parallel to shore and
hauled to the beach, concentrating the fish into a fine-meshed bag
centered between the net's larger-meshed wings.

A. Met

The standard net (Figure 1) is 37-m long. A 0.6 m-wide by
2.4-m deep by 2.3 m-long bag is situated between the two
18 m-long wings. The 2.9 cm mesh wings taper from widths of
0.9 m at the ends to 2.4 m adjacent to the bag; the bag is
constructed of 0.6 cm mesh webbing. Wooden poles are attached
to each end of the net, leading to bridles where the hauling
lines are attached.

The net utilized in the Baseline Studies Program is a con-
vertible net that can be used for sampling both demersal and
pelagic fish in the intertidal and nearshore subtidal. The
net designed to sweep the bottom has a solid core lead line
and a 3.8 cm by 6.4 cm float every sixth hanging along the
float (top) line. It is converted to the floating configura-
tion by the addition of seven 12.7 cm x 27.9 cm "T" floats
which are clipped on along the float line--three along each
wing and one over the bag.

B. Hauling Lines

The lines attached to the bridles and poles at the ends of the
beach seine are 1.27 cm singlebraid polypropylene rope 60 m to
90 m long. The lines are marked at 10 m intervals.

III. Setting of the Net

A boat is utilized as a platform from which the net is set, either
from the stern of a rowed skiff or from the bow of a powered skiff.
The net is laid in layers on a sheet of wood or canvas so that when
the boat is underway, the net plays out evenly (Figure 2).

36.6m

L sm IB 18m

Wings - 2.86cmst. mesh- #147 or #189 E11 876 65 meshes .9m

2 V ag -0.6 cm st. mesh; 1800 mesh mouth perimeter, 0.6 m wide x 2.4 m-deep x 2.3 m long

1 3.8 cm x 6.4 cm float every 6th hanging; convert to floating seine with seven 12.7 cm x 27.9 cm 'T' floats

2 Solid core lead line

Figure 1. Convertible beach seine utilized during Nearshore Fish Survey

- - - - --- - - - - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

U ~~~~~~~~SET AmnNET -PL
t~~~~~~~~~*POLE

30 m
37 m
I j*~~~~~~~~-.HAULINE LINE

'-ALING LINE
* ~~~~~~SHORE

Figure 2. position of set beach seine before hauling.

I~~~~~~~~HR

~~~~~~~igue3 oiino ec en aldt ihnl fsoe

U~~~~~~~~~~~X1

one line is attached to the net and paid out from shore, the
individuals on this line directing the boatmen to begin setting
the net when 30 m of line has been stretched between theU
water's edge and the boat. The net is then paid out evenly as
the boat is rowed parallel to shore. It is important that the
bag is arranged on the boat so that it deploys in the water
wlith the opening facing shoreward and is not rolled or twisted
in any manner. When all the net has been paid out, the boat
is then rowed directly back to shore, the boatmen paying out
the other hauling line'which is attached to that end of theI
net. The boat should reach the shore at a point perpendicular
to that end of the net, approximately 37 m from the beginning
point; it is helpful to place a marker on the beach at this
distance to guide the boatmen.

If any current is in evidence, the boat should be rowed or powered
"upstream" and the net initially set in a parallelogram configura-I
tion so that by the time it is ready to be hauled, iL is perpen-
dicular to the shore "stations"; this will be especially necessary
when fishing the floating seine.3

Note that the net should not be set directly over a dense eelgrass
bed as it will roll up in the process of being hauled in. Once the
net is moving, however, it will pass over scattered eelgrass clumps
without rolling.

IV. Net Retrieval3

Once the net is set, it should be hauled in without delay. Two,
individuals can handle each hauling line, pulling it in hand-over-
hand at 10 in/mm., calling out each 10 in interval mark passed on
the hauling lines. When 10 m of line is remaining and the poles
have just become visible (in the case of the sinking net), the
haulers should move in toward each other until they are about 12 in
apart (Figure 3). One person on each side wades out to the bridle
pole to guide it in with the lead line on the bottom and to the
inside. The net is then hauled the rest of the way onto the shore.
At all times it is very important to make sure that the lead line
is not raised off the bottom; once the net is on shore, hauling
should be done either from the bridles or the lead line but never
along the float line as this raises the lead line farther along the
net.

V. Collecting and Processing

Organisms captured in the seine haul should be retrieved from theI
wings and bag or "worked" along the wings and into the bag where
they can be concentrated and removed. All fish collected should be
placed in plastic bags with appropriate labels. A representative
sample of invertebrates is separately bagged. If the catch isI
excessively large (over 2,000 to 3,000 fish), it should be properly
subsampled and apply to an excessively large catch of one speciesI
as well as a large mixed catch. The bagged organisms should be
refrigerated until processing can take place, usually from one-half

X- 14

to six hours later, depending upon the sampling method and the
eventual use of the specimens--e.g., specimens destined for stomach
analyses are to be processed as soon as is practical, never more
than two hours later. The specimens for stomach analysis are
preserved in 20 percent buffered (CaCO3) formaldehyde/seawater
solution. Larger specimens (larger than 20 cm) should have their
belly walls slit to permit rapid fixation.

The above methods have been designed to eliminate subsampling of
catches and every attempt should be made to avoid subsampling.
Occasions do occur, however, when catches are too excessive to be
physically handled within the available time and budget constraints.
Only in these cases should subsampling be allowed.

There are two types of subsampling circumstances:

1. Subsampling the total catch for catch composition, abun-
dance, and biomass estimates.

2. Subsampling within a species for abundance, biomass, and
representative length, weight, sex, etc., information.

When subsampling the total catch, the fish should be a homogeneous
mixture of species before subsampling. This can be accomplished by
mixing by hand or observing that they are evenly mixed. Using a
scoop balance pan or similar container, take uniform, successive
samples from the catch, retaining every tenth sample. The other
nine samples should be returned down current or otherwise away from
the sample area.

The resultant subsamples should give you one-tenth of the original
catch.

The subsample is then sorted to species and life history stage.
These fish are counted and weighed. The total catch is estimated
from the subsamples as well as species life history, weights, and
numbers.

When an excessively large catch of one species is made, a minimum
of 50 fish of each life history stage is obtained randomly (25 from
each of two hauls). The total catch is then estimated from those
subsamples.

VI. Time and Number of Collections

In order to concentrate fish occupying the intertidal region, beach
seining should routinely be performed during the extreme low tide
series of the monthly lunar cycle. Actual collections should be
made as close to the low slack tide period as is possible. In
collections involving both sinking and floating seines, those made
with the sinking seine should be made at low tide, the floating
seine collections immediately before or after. (In shallow beach
regions, only one net collection is neceesary since the two nets
fish the same water column.) Two replicate hauls (two adjacent

X-15

hauls) constitute one collection. Habitats should be inventoried
at least four times per year (seasonally) with added emphasis on
the more productive late spring, early summer months, and earlyU

VII. Date Collection3

For all collections and hauls, the location, date, time, tide,
weather, and oceanographic and other pertinent environmental
information are recorded at the time of sampling. Water samplesI
are obtained, and sample bottle numbers recorded, for salinity and
dissolved oxygen determination by either laboratory chemical
analyses or in situ instrument readings. All information is
directly recorded on computer format coded forms provided by
the Department of Ecology.
Each fish sample is sorted according to species which as a group
are enumerated and weighted. In addition, for each species, indi.-
vidual total length (to nearest mm) and weight (to nearest 0.1 g)
measurements for representative numbers ( 25 if available) of each
disease, parasites, and abnormalities. Sex, age, and stomach
contents for selected subsamples of economically or ecologically
important species may also be obtained. All catch and individualI
specimen data are directly recorded on computer-format coded forms
to be provided by the Department of Ecology.

VIII. TaxonomyU

The principal reference for identification of Puget Sound marine
fishes is Hart, J.L., 1973, Pacific Fishes of Canada, Fish. Res.I
Board Can. Bull. 180. If the identification of any species is in
question, it should be given to the College of Fisheries, University
of Washington, for verification. i

IX. Data Analysis

The following should be provided for each station:3

1. General location map showing shoreline configuration, low
tide line, roads, and other significant shoreline features.3
2. Detailed site map showing the winter and summer distri-
bution of sediments, algae beds, eelgrass beds, and other
significant features.5

3. Graphs of the seasonal distribution of dominant and/or
significant organisms and species listed on the Significant
Biological Resource List by life history stage.I
4. Graphs of the seasonal vertical abundance of dominant
and/or significant organisms and species listed on theI
Significant Biological Resources List by life history
stage.

X- 16

U ~~~~~5. Graphs of the seasonal variation in water temperature and
salinity.

1 ~~~~~6. Textual discussion of station characteristics, sampling
and processing methods, results (including appropriate
tables listing species abundance by life history stage
3 ~~~~~~with means and standard deviations for all organisms
collected for each collecting period). A discussion
section describing the seasonal distribution and abundance
of organisms by life history stage found at the station
and relationship to measured water and sediment character-
istics as well as other factors (such as unusual weather
or human impact) that may have influenced the observed
community characteristics.

7. Field data entered on the forms provided by the Department
3 ~~~~~~~of Ecology.

The following should be provided for all stations:

1. A general map of the entire area of concern showing all
stations. The shoreline, roads, and other significant
features should be included on the map.

* ~~~~~2. A textual discussion with supporting diagrams and graphs
of interstation characteristics and differences relative
to sediment and organisms.

1 ~~~~~3. A species-by-species discussion of distribution and
abundance of life hist ory stages found over all stations
and seasons including casual factors (where known) deter-
I ~ ~~~~~~mining the distribution and abundance pattern.'

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~X1

C. SUBSTRATE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MARINE AND ESTUARINE AQUATIC LANDS
OF WASHINGTON* **

TYPE CHARACTERISTICS

Inorganic

Solid Rock continuous or repeated strata
Boulder 256 mm in diameter or greater
Cobble 64 to 256 mm
Pebble-Gravel 4 to 64 mm
Sand
very coarse 1 to 4 mm
coarse 0.5 mm to 1 mm
medium 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm
fine 0.12 mm to 0.25
very fine 0.06 mm to 0.12 mm
Silt 0.06 mm to 0.004 mm
Clay 0.004 mm or less

Organic

Shell fragments Calcium carbonate; contains fragments
of clam or snail shells.
Detritus Accumulated wood, sticks, and other
undecayed coarse plant material.
Fibrous peat Partially decomposed plant remains;
parts of plants readily distin-
guishable.
Pulpy peat Very finely divided plant remains;
parts of plants not distinguishable;
varies in color from green to brown;
varies greatly in consistence often
being semifluid.
Muck Black, finely divided~organic matter;
completely decomposed.
Eelgrass Zostera nana, Zostera marina
Kelp "Bullwhip kelp" (nereocystis primarily)
but also ulva, laminaria, fucus, etc.

*NOTE: Data on beach geology and wave hydrodynamics indicate that beach
slope and substrate characteristics are generally related to wave and/or
current action. Therefore, in most cases (except for rocky areas)
characterization of beaches and beds by substrate type will be providing
information on the beach slope and wave and/or current energy history.
Many beaches in the Pacific Northwest are not just of one type of sub-
strate. Upper zones can be of coarser materials, and the further toward
the water you go, the finer the sediments become.

**From North Puget Sound Baseline Study 1974-1977. Fred Gardner (editor).
Baseline Studies Program, Washington State Department of Ecology.

X-18

I D. GENERAL HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS*

The habitats which are described on the following pages are compos-
ites of literature reviews and field sampling. They do not represent
a particular place (unless specifically named), these descriptions,
however, should fit the variety of habitats you could encounter in
northern Puget Sound.

Open Water

Beyond the shoreline and away from the immediate influence of the
sea bottom are organisms that float and swim in search of food
within the water column. This is the open water habitat. The
greater majority of organisms in this habitat are microscopic,
single-celled plants called diatoms and dinoflagellates which serve
as food for the dominant animals which are copepods. To one not
aware of biological food chains, they are seemingly unimportant to
man because of their small size. However, it is this small size
that makes possible their ability to stay within the lighted surface
waters and allows for their rapid reproduction. Microscopic plants
such as diatoms and dinoflagellates feed copepods and larvae, which
in turn feed herring and other small fish which ultimately feed
salmon. Passing through the open water habitat are migrants such
as salmon, herring, birds, seals, and whales. In addition, eggs
released by bottom, shoreline, and open water species can be concen-
trated at the surface. Jellyfish are also frequently found at the
surface.

Stratification of the water column begins at the surface where
river water, rainfall, and solar heating cause changes in tempera-
ture and salinity forming a temporary barrier to settling particles
and food materials. Below this seasonal pycnocline (the marked
density boundary between the upper and lower water masses) is the
regional pycnocline which reflects'the oceanographic conditions off
the coast of Washington and Canada. The role of these pycnoclines
in controlling the distribution of the phytoplankton and zooplankton
and, therefore, commercially important fish, is not well understood.

No previously published studies exist as to oil mixing at the
pycnocline depths and the possible consequences to the life that
exists there. Associated with tidal channels are logs, seaweed,
and other organic debris displaced from the shorelines. It is
possible that these areas of rafted debris are also rich food
resource areas for open water occupants. Also important might be
the potential entrapment of tidally mixed oil at the boundary
between the upper tidal turbulent waters and the deeper basinal
waters.

Subtidal Habitats

Beneath the open water habitat and seaward of the intertidal shore-
line are several diverse environments for shellfish, bottom fish,
and shrimp. In these subtidal environments, organisms depend on
food reaching the bottom through the water or transported along the

X-19

sea bottom by currents. Food to these deep areas may also be transported
by predator/prey activity, forming a food ladder between the various
depths.

In current-swept rocky areas such as tidal channels where most food
is in suspension, forms of bottom life are adapted to drawing the
food particles from the water. Incltuded in tUhis group of sllspension
feeders are; sponges, sea anemones, and worms. Organisms capable
of grasping tightly to the rocks, such as starfish, sea urchins,
and abalone, move about in search of food. In tidal delta areas,
where tidal channel debris settles, both suspended and deposited
food are abundant, supporting perhaps the most populated and diverse
community. Here large geoducks, crabs, tunicates, worms, and many
other organisms can live in great abundance because of readily
available food in the water and in the bottom sediment. At levels
where the pycnocline intersects the sea floor, there are many
accumulation sites of good and organic debris supporting higher
numbers of suspension and deposit feeders. In the deeper portions
of Puget Sound, green muds, rich in diatoms and other organic
debris, support primarily deposit feeding worms, sea urchins, and
small delicate clams.

Rocky Habitats

Rocky habitats display a diversity of both plant and animal life
especially adapted to withstand pounding surf and a wide range of
temperatures, salinities, and oxygen concentrations. Much of the
seaweed and other organic debris which washes ashore on beaches or
accumulates in the subtidal habitat is derived from rocky habitats,
and provides food for detritus feeders. Small snails such as
littorines and limpets crawl about in the upper portions of the
rocks eating algae and organic debris. Barnacles are abundant in
this environemnt and have adapted to withstand weeks without food.
At the midtide level, snails, starfish, and some fish prey on these
barnacles and on mussels, usually more abundant in this level.

The midzone usually shows increases in brown, red, and green seaweeds
but rockweed seems to be best adapted, especially in turbulent
rocky habitats. Organisms without protective shell coverings
become more abundant and include sea anemones, sponges, and tunicates.
The purple crabs, normally found in cracks or under loose rocks,
search out organic debris and dead organisms killed by shifting
boulders during periods of large tidal currents or high surf activity.
At the lower tide levels, larger green, brown, and red seaweed
occur. Especially characteristic of this lower level are increased
occurrences of starfish, sea cucumbers, and sea anemones.

Schools of black and yellowtail rockfish, kelp greenling, and some
herring are the common fishes observed among the kelp. Sculpins,
gunnels, and cabezon are found in the lower regions of this habitat,
while ratfish, dogfish, and lingcod are frequently observed in the
deepest areas.

X-20

Mixed-Coarse Habitats

Life in the mixed-coarse habitats is dependent on the presence of
large boulders, which serve as attachment sites for algae and
lessen the impact of waves. In these areas, shore crabs are very
abundant in the midtide levels. In the higher reaches of the
beach, driftwood and algal debris accumulate providing refuge for
sand fleas. The lower zone is typically lush with algae, and
attached to cobbles and boulders are large brown and red seaweed.
In the lower tidal zone with the sediment are butter clams and
cockles as well as numerous amphipods and worms that provide abun-
dant food for fish.

In contrast, mixed habitats devoid of boulders and sand flats,
directly impacted by the surf, result in shifting substrates and
are devoid or have sparse populations of such organisms as sea-
weeds, clams, littorines, and shore crabs. Open water fish of this
habitat such as herring; some salmon fry, and shoreline fish such
as buffalo sculpins, sculpins, and tubesnouts tolerate this increased
surf activity.

Mixed-Fine Habitats

Most of the mixed-fine habitats are found in protected embayments
adjacent to rocky areas or near river deltas where the bottom
consists of gravel, sand, and mud. These protected habitats provide
shelter and rich food supplies for many fish. Fish apparently seek
out these protected habitats during stormy weather and during
winter months. In these embayments organic debris settles, provid-
ing food for the abundant small clams, shrimp, and worms. Sediment
type of the upper beach is dominated by gravels grading into sand
and mud offshore. The lower portion of the shoreline normally
contains abundant worm and clam holes, attesting to its richness.

In embayments which have sufficient surface area for wind waves to
develop, loose gravel and sand are concentrated on the intertidal
beach slopes. These sediments normally contain fewer organisms
with the sediment, but still have high amphipod concentrations to
support large fish populations. When located next to kelp or
eelgrass beds, such as a Deadman Bay, a great variety of fish
species exist.

Sand Habitat

Life in sandy beaches at first glance appears to be neither abundant
nor diverse. Organisms in this habitat seek shelter within the
sediment and are dependent on the microscopic food found between
the sand grains, or pump seawater through their body to strain
microscopic particles from the water. However, a walk along the
beach observing debris tossed by a storm begins to reveal that
large organisms live in this habitat. Included are Dungeness
crabs, cockles, and butter clams. The upper beach is often strewn
with drift logs and swash debris rich with sand fleas and set on
top of loose tan colored dry sands. Midway down the beach slope,

X-21

the sand is wet and grey, and holes left by burrowing organisms are
more apparent. Between the sand grains are found numerous types of
diatoms and detritus serving as food for clams, worms, and small
crustaceans. At the lower levels, large moon snails, clusters ofI
algae may occur, providing food and refuge for such organisms as
crabs and fish. Because of the vast extent of these eelgrass beds
and their importance in northern Puget Sound, the characteristicsI
of this habitat are discussed separately. Sandy habitats are also
important to *fish, especially herring and sand lance which lay
their eggs in the upper regions. Also visiting these habitats
during high tide are juvenile flat fish, perch, salmon fry, and a
host of other fishes.

Mud HabitatI

As in the sandy habitats, the abundance and diversity of life in
the mud environment is not readily apparent. It is life from these
habitats which serves as food for so many of Washington's shoreline
birds and fish. During high tide, humans cannot see through the
turbid water, yet during these periods, flat fish and other fishI
migrate shoreward feeding on the abundant worms, clams, and crusta-
ceans. Also during these flood tideso ghost shrimp and crabs leave
their burrows in search of food, which in turn exposes them to
predation by these fish. Many of the mud flats of northern Puget
Sound have upper slopes composed of rock, cobble or pebble substrate,
supporting seaweeds, crabs, and small snails. Oysters are occasion-
ally found attached to these substrates, but are rarely found inI
large concentrations, as they are in the southern portion of Puget
Sound. Spills in these habitats would be next to impossible to
clean up because of the extensive areas of soft muds involved and
incorporation of the oil into the worm tube burrows and clam holes.
Eelgrass Habitat

Eelgrass beds are most commonly found at the low tide Ievel inI
sandy or muddy habitats, providing refuge for juvenile fish.
Although not extensive, eelgrass, beds are also found in mixed-
coarse and fine habitats. In addition, eelgrass acts as attachmentI
sites for some organisms while it provides food directly or indirectly
to others. Attached to the blades are diatoms, seaweeds, sea
anemones, bryozoans, and hydroids. Crawling about the leaves canI
be small crabs, sea slugs, snails, isopods, and small crustaceans.
At their base, crabs, shrimp, and fish seek food and shelter. The
eelgrass tends to trap dead blades and algae debris, providing
detritus for worms, clams, and a host of other organisms. Much of3
the detritus decays, providing enriched sites for micro-algae and
additional food for many organisms including worms and clams, which
in turn feed crabs, fish,' and birds.

Salt Marsh Habitats

Bordering tide flats and usually found adjacent to rivers are
marshes, consisting of various types of grasses that provide shelter

X-225

for nesting and foraging birds. These marshes are inundated only
during the highest tides or times of river flooding. During these
periods, large amounts of organic detritus and silt are left behind,
enriching the soil. This organic influx is responsible for the
high production which can exceed six times that of a wheatfield.
On the seaward margin, picklewood with associated small snails and
crabs may occur. Further landward, grasses, and reed plants prevail,
offering refuge for birds and other animals. These salt marshes
and grasses stabilize the river deltas, especially during times of
high tides or flooding rivers. Organic matter derived from salt
marshes is believed to be an important source of food for offshore
marine species.

Kelp Habitats

The large brown seaweeds or kelp beds that prevail in rocky habitats
provide protection and food for various organisms. The fronds
(leaves) of these large seaweeds reduce wave action or turbulence
of the water making food collection by birds and other organisms
easier. Schools of herring, rockfish, and greenling commonly seek
their protection. Varying densities of these plants influence
bottom populations of many organisms, affecting the ability of
these habitats to support fish. Associated with the kelp beds, and
attached to rocks, are abolones, sea urchins, and' scallops.

Manmade Habitats

Breakwaters, marinas, piers, docks, harbors, mounds of dumped
dredged debris, navigational channels, and bottoms which have been
influenced by sewers or industrial wastes all provide unnatural
habitats for marine life. The influence of manmade habitats on the
natural marine populations is just beginning to be studied and
understood. Breakwaters and marinas may enhance the adjacent
habitats by providing added kelp debris from their rocky surfaces.
Areas protected from waves and currents provide shelter from winter
storms. This same protection, however, may also trap organic
debris and pollutants such as oils. Piers and floating docks have
unique sites for attachment of seaweeds, colonial diatoms, hydroids,
worms, sea anemones, sea squirts, and many predators that feed upon
these organisms. Shadows cast by these structures inhibit the
growth of algae, decreasing the food supplying of herbivorous
animals. Piers and harbors prevent plant growth, but in turn
provide shelter and food from the pilings. Most dredged materials
come from nearshore areas or riverbeds. This sediment is normally
high in wood debris, coarse-rock material and'at times, industrial
pollutants. Dredged materials, when dumped in offshore environments,
usually present the benthic occupants with a radically different
environment. Few studies have been made in Puget Sound regarding
repopulation of dredge dump sites and these populations or communi-
ties may differ from the adjacent normal populations. One study
which was done was the Grays Harbor dredging fate and effects
study; funded by the Corps of Engineers 'in 1974, throuIgh the
Department of Ecology.

X-23

Althlough deepening river channels has impact on life on the riverI
bottom, dredging is necessary to maintain ship traffic lanes. As
industrial complexes grow adjacent to these navigational lanes,
waste debris accumulates in the channels which may have seriousI
effect on food for migratory salmon.
Sewage which has accumulated on the sea bottom provides a unique
habitat for life because it is exceedingly rich in organic matter.
What organisms ultimately occupy these sewage sludge sites, or
whether uptake of harmful components occurs, is poorly understood.
In addition, knowledge of how these sites may change with time orI
influence the surrounding habitats is not documented. Because of
the complexity of these habitats and limited areal extent, their
study was not incorporated into the northern Puget Sound Studies.I

X-24~~~~~

APPENDIX XI

SIGNIFICANT BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON*

The following 336 species of marine-oriented animals and plants have
been placed on this list on the basis of one or more of the following
criteria:

1. Commercially obtained for food or for industrial products.

2. Recreationally important.

3. A known important food item of a commercial or recreational
species.

4. A known important predator or competitor on a commercial or
recreational species or on a food item of a commercial or
recreational species.

5. Established values of species will be based on Stokes (1979).

MAMMALS: Open Water

Scientific Name Common Name

Emuetopias jubata * Northern sea lion
Zalophus californianus California sea lion
Phoca vitulina Harbor Seal
Callorhinus ursinus North Pacific fur seal
Mirounga angus tirostris Northern elephant seal
Orcinus orca Pacific killer whale
Globiccphala scammonii Pacific blackfish
Phococna phocoena Pacific harbor porpoise
Eschrichtius glaucus Gray whale
Balaenoptera physalus Finback whale
Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale
Lageonorhynchus obliquidens Pacific white-sided dolphin
Delphinus delphis Common dolphin
Stenella styx Gray porpoise
Berardius bairdi Baird beaked whale
Mesoplodon steinegeri Stejneger beaked whale
Ziphius cavirostris Goose-beaked whale
Physeter catodon Spern whale
Kogia breviceps Pygmy sperm whale
Lissodelphis borealis Northern right whale dolphin
Phocoenvides dalli Dall porpoise
Grampus griseus Grampus dolphin

*Taken from North Puget Sound Baseline Program 1974-1977. 1978. Fred
Gardner (Ed.) Washington State Department of Ecology, Baseline Studies
Program. pp 50 to 53.

XI-1

MAMMALS: Shoreline

Scientific Name Common Name

ILutr.a g.Auad.nia River otter
KEnhydra lutris lutris Sea otter3

BIRDS: Open Water

Scientific Name Common Name3

Gavia immer Common Loon
Gavia aWrctica kacifica Pacific Arctic Loon
Gavia stellata Red-Throated Loon
Podiceps grisegena Holboel Red-Necked Grebe
Podiceps auritus cornutus Horned Grebe
Podiceps nigricollis American Eared Grebe
californicus
A`c~hmophiusoccFidentalis Western Grebe
Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus White-Crested Cormorant
Phalacrocorax aturitus Northwestern Double-Crested
albociliatus Cormorant
Phalacrocorax auritus Double-Crested Cormorant
Phalacrocorax penicillatus Brant's Cormorant
Phalacrocorax pelagicus Baird Pelagic Cormorant
re sp lendens
Olor columbianus Whistling Swan*j
Branita canadensis occidentalis Western Canada Goose*
Branta nigrica'ns Black Brant*
Anser albi~frons fontalis Pacific White-Fronted Goose*
Chen c~aeorulescens -caerulescens Lesser Snow Goose*
A-nas platyrhiyricho-s--pyatyrhyachos Mallard*
Arias acuta Pintail
Ans crecca carolinensis Green Winged Teal
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ I.
Anias americana American Wigeon
Arias clpaaNorthern Shoveler
Ayba vaT3isineria Canvasback
Aythya marila neararctica Greater Scaup
Aythya affinis Lesser Scaup
BUUCephaacagl mrcn Common Goldeneye
B`uc-e-pEala` islandica Barrow's Goldeneye
Bu--ephal a -a lbeol a Buff lehead
Clangula ihyemali-s Oldsquaw
HistrinicushistrinicusHarlequin Duck
N-elFani tt de-Ti~ io Western White-Winged Scoter
1,leTa~nitta _e-rspicilla~ta Surf Scoter
Melanitta nigra Black Scoter
Mergus meRgans~er americanus Common Merganser
Mergus serrator Red Breasted Merganser
Fulica americana americana American Coot*-
Stercorarius parasiticus Parasitic Jaeger
Larus glaucescens Glaucous-Winged Gull*
Larus occident~alis occidentalis Western Gull*

*Taken from North Puget Sound Baseline Program 19'74-1977. 1978.3
Fred Gardner (Ed.) Washington State Department of Ecology, Baseline
Studies Program. pp 50 to 53.
XI-2

BIRDS: Open Water (continued)

3. ~~~~Scientific Name Common Name

Larus argentatus Herring Gull*
Larus californicus California Gull*
Larus delawarensis Ring-Billed Gull*
Larus canus Mew Gull*
Larus philadelphia Bonaparte's Gull
Larus heermanni Heermann' s Gull*
Larus thayeri Thayer's Gull*
Sterna hirundo, hirundo Common Tern
Uria aalge claifornica Common Murre
Cepphus columba. Pigeon Guillemot
Brachyramphus marmoratus Marbled Murrelet.
marmoratus
Ptychoramphu-s aleutica Cassin's Auklet
Cerorhinca monocerata Ri'noceros Auklet
Luna irihata Tufted Puffin
Steganopus tricolor Wilsons Phalorope
Lobipe lobatus Northern Phalorope
Diomedea nigripes Black-Footed Albatross
Fulmarus glacialis Northern Fulmar
Pfuffinus creatopus Pink-Footed Shearwater
Puffinus griscus Sooty Shearwater
Oceanodroma furcata plumbea Southern Fork-Tailed Storm Petrel
Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican
Stecorarius pomarinus Pomarine Jaeger
Stercorarius longicaudus Long-Tailed Jaeger
Rissa tridactyla Black-Legged Kittiwake
Xema sabini Sabine's Gull
Sterna forsteri Forster's Tern
Childonias niger Black Tern
Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern
Synthliboramphus antiguum Ancient Murrelet
Podilymbus podiceps Pied-Billed Grebe
Larus hype rboreus barrovianus Glaucous Gull*
Olor buccinator Trumpeter Swan
CEatharacta skua Skua
*also found on shore

I ~~~BIRDS: Shorebirds

Scientific Name Common Name

I ~~~~~Ardea herodias fannini Northwestern Great Bue Heron
Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel
Actitis macularia Spotted Sandpiper
Hfeteros~cclus incanum Wandering Tattler
Tringa melanoleucus Greater Yellowlegs
Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs

*Taken from North Puget Sound Baseline Pro~gram 1974-1977. 1978. Fred
Gardner (Ed.) Washington State Department of Ecology, Baseline Studies
Program. pp 50 to 53.

I ~~~~~~~~~~XI- 3

BIRDS: Shorebirds (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name3

Calidris canutus rufa American Knot
Califdris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper
Caidris minutilla Least Sandpiper
Ca-lidri-s alp~ina~ Dunlin
Pi-mnodr~omus ariscus caurinus Short-Billed Dowitcher
~Imnodr~omus scolopaceus Long-Billed Dowitcher
Calidris mauri ~Western SandpiperI
Ca i-d r-Ia alIb a Sandekling
HeamiaEop-u~sbachmnani Black Oyetercatcher
Charad~rius s:emwipalmatus Semipalmated Plover
Ch-aradrius voc-iferu-s vociferus Kilideer
Squaaroa siuaar~ola Black-Bellied Plover
Akhr~iza virgSata Surfbirdj
Arenaria interpres Ruddy Trunstone
Arenaria melanocephala Black Turnstone
Butorides virescens anthonyi Green Heron
Butaurus lentiiou American Bittern
Calidris acuminata Sharp-Tailed Sandpiper
Calidris pusillus Semipalmated Sandpiper

BIRDS: Casual Marine Feeders

Scientific Name Common Namef

Megacerylc alcyon Belted Kingfisher
Cfor vus ~caur'inus Northwestern Cros
lla-liaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle
Pandion haliaetus Osprey

FISHES: Offshore -- Bottom OrientedI

Scientific Name Common Name

Anoplopoma fimbria SablefishI
Ophiodon elongatus_ Lingcod
Cithari-ch-thys sordidus Pacific sand dab
Atheresthes stomias Arrow tooth flounder
Eopsetta jordani Petrale sole
Glyptocephalis zachirus Rex sole
Hippoglossus stenolepis Pacific halibut
Tisopsetta isolepis Butter sole
Lepidopsett bilineata Rock sole
Mlicrostomus p~acificus Dover sole
Parophrys vetulus English sole
-1a-ti cht-H y stellatus Starry flounder
Pleuron-ichthys coenosus C-O sole
Pleuronichthys decurreins Curlf in sole
Psettichthys melanosticus Sand sole
Hippoglosso~ides elassodon Flathead sole

X1-4I

FISHES: Offshore --Bottom Oriented (C'ontinued)'

Scientific Name Common Name

Lyopsetta exilis Slender sole
Porichthys notatus Plain-fin midshipman
Gadiis macrocephalus Pacific cod
Merluccius produ1ctus Pacific hake
Microgadus proximus Pacific tomcod
Theragra chalcogrammus Walleye pollock
Anarrhichthys ocellatus Wolfeel
Sebastes alutus Pacific Ocean perch
Sebastes brevispinis Shortspine rockfish
S~ebastes caarinus Copper rockfish
Sebastes emphaeus Puget Sound rockfish
Seb~astes flavidus Yellowtail. rockfish
Sebastes mal~anops Black rockfish
Sebastes paucipinis Bocaccio
'Sebastes ruberrimus Red snapper
-eba-stes -pinniger Orange rockfish
S-ebastes gode Chilipepper rockfish
Sebastes babcoclci Flag rockfish
9--at es -a~e-utiaFnus Rougheye rockfish
Sebastes diLoRoREa Splitnose rockfish
Sebastes elongatus Greenstriped rockfish
Sebastes auriculatus Brown rockfish
Sebastes proriger Redstripe rockfish
Sebastes nebulosus China rockfish
Sebastes entomelas Widow rockfish
'Sebastes Tytiu Blue. rockfish
Sebastes miniatus Vermillion rockfish
Raja bionculata Big Skate
Raja rhina Longnose skate
Hydrolagus colliei Ratfish
Acipnse transmontanus White sturgeon
Acipenser medirostris Green sturgeon
Citharichthys s.tigmaeus Speckled sand dab
ft ~~~~Torpedo californica Pacific electric ray

FISHES: Shoreline

J ~~~~~Scientific Name Common Name

Salmo clarki clarki Sea-run cutthroat trout
Hexagrammos decagrammus Kelp greenling
Hexagrammos Ilagocephalus Rock greenling
Hexagrammos stelleri Whitespotted greenling
En-ophrys bison Buffalo sculpin
Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus Red Irish lord
Leptocottus armatus Pacific staghorn sculpin
Oligocottus maculosus Tidepool sculpin
Scorpaenichthys marmoratus Cabezon
Axnphistichus. rhodoterus Redtail surfperch

XT-5

FISHES: Shoreline (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name

Brachyistius frenatus Kelp perch
Cymatogaster aggregata Shiner perch
Embiotoca lateralis Striped seaperch
Hyperprosopon argenteum Walleye surfperch
Rhacochilus vacca Pile perch
Phanderodon furcatus White sea perch
Apodichthys flavidus Penpoint gunnel
Pholis ornata Saddleback gunnel
Pholis laeta Crescent gunnel
Sebastes maliger Quillback rockfish
Roccus saxatilis Striped bass
At~herinqks affinis affinis Top smelt
Gasterosteus aculeatus Threespined stickleback
Hyp-erlro-sojp-!n e~Lipt~Iculn Silver stirfperch
Lumpenus. sagitta Snake prickleback
Glevelandia ios Arrow goby
Oxylebius pictus Painted greenling
Salvelinus malma Dolly Varden

FISHES: Open Water5

.Scientific Name Common Name

Sardinops sagax Pacific sardineI
Alosa sapidissima American shad
Clupea harengus pallasi Pacific herring
En-graulis mordax mordax Northern anchovy
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Chinook salmon
Oncorhynchu-s kisutch Coho salmon
Oncorhynchus Lcrbuscha Pink salmon
On-corhynchus nerka Sockeye salmon
Oricorhynchu-s keta Chum salmon
Onacorhynchus masu Masu salmon
'S'almo gairdfne-ri Steelhead (rainbow trout)
Hypomesus pretiosus pretiosus Surf smelt
Spirinchus thaleichthys Longfint smelt
Thaleichthys pacificus Eulachon
Mallo0tus villosus Capelin
Cynoscion nobilis White sea bass
Ammodytes hexapterus Pacific sand lance
Squalus acanthias Spiny dogfish
Cetorninus maximus Basking shark
Prionace glauca Blue shark
Lamma ditropis Salmon shark
Galeorhinus z~yoptetus Soupfin shark
Alopias vulpinus Thresher shark
Carcharodon carcharias White shark
Trachurus symmetricus Jack mackerel

Thunnus alalunga Albacore

XI-63

1 ~~FISHES: Open Water

I ~~~~Scientific Name Common Name
Scomber japonicus Chub mackerel
Mola mola Ocean sunfish
3 ~~~~Cololabis saira Pacific saury
Erilepis zonifer Skilfish
Euthynnu pelamis Skipjack tuna

I ~~~ECHINODERNS: Offshore --Bottom Oriented

3 ~~~~Scientific Name Common Name

Parastichopus californicus Sea cucumber
Strongylocentrotus Green urchin
droebachiens is
Strongylocentrotus Red urchin
fransiscanus
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin
Pycnopodia helianthoides' Sunflower starfish
Dendraster excentricus Sand dollar

ft ~~ECHINODERMS: Shoreline

Scientific Name Common Name

ft ~~~~Pisaster ochraceus Purple starfish

CRUSTACEANS: Offshore --Bottom Oriented

I ~~~~Scientific Name Common Name

Pandalus jordani Ocean pink shrimp
Pa-ndalu-s borealis Pink shrimpI
Pandalopsis dispar Sidestripe shrimp
Panadalus platyceros Spot shrimp
Panda-f- da-ne Dock shrimp
Pandalus goniurus Coonstripe shrimp
Pandalus !jypsinotus~ Coonstripe shrimp
Lopholithodes formaminatus Box Crab
Cancer magiste Dungeness crab
Cancer productus Red rock crab
Lopholithodes mandtii Puget Sound king crab
Pugettia grKAciliS Kelp crab
Callianassa californiensis Ghost shrimp
Chinonoecetes tannery Tanner crab
Pandalopsis ampla Shrimp
Heptacarpus stimpsoni Broken back shrimp

Upogebia pugettensis Burrowing shrimp

XI- 7

CRUSTACEANS: Shoreline

Scientific Name Common Name

Orchestria traskiana Sand flea
Idotea resecata Beach isopod
Idotea wosneseaski Beach isopod
Balanus glandula Barnacle
Balanus cariosus Barnacle
Hemigrapsus nudus Purple shore crab
Hemigrapsus oregonensis Hairy shore crab
Cancer oregonensis Shore crab

CRUSTACEANS: Open Water

Scientific Name Common Name

Epilabidocera amphitrites Copepod
Holmesiella anomala Mysid
Euphausia pacifica Euphausid
'hysanoessa longipes Euphausid
Calanus sp. Copepod
Microcalanus sp. Copepod
Pseudocalanus sp. Copepod

ANNELIDS

Scientific Name Common Name

Nereis vexillosa Pile worm
Lumbrineris sp. Pile worm
Abarenicola pacifica Lug worm
Chaetopterus variopedatus Lug worm

SCYPHOZOA

Scientific Name Common Name

Aurellia aurita Jellyfish
Aequorea aequorea Jellyfish

ANTHOZOA 5

Scientific Name Common Name

Anthopleura xanthogrammica Sea anemone
Anthopleura elegantissima Sea anemone

MOLLUSCS: Offshore -- Bottom Oriented

Scientific Name Common Name

Ostrea lurida Olympia oyster
Haliotis rufesceans Red abalone

XI-8

MOLLUSCS: Shoreline (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name

Haliotis kamtschatkana Northern abalone
Panope generosa Geoduck
Chlamys hastata hericia Pacific pink scallop
Pecten caurinus Sea scallop
Hinnites multirugosus Rock scallop
Chlamys hindsi (rubida) Hinds' scallop
Octopus hongkongensis Octopus
Octopus dofleini Octopus
Archidoris nobilis Sea lemon

MOLLUSCS: Shoreline

Scientific Name Common Name

Crassostrea virginica Eastern oyster
Crassostrea gigas Japanese oyster
Crassostrea gigas kumamoto Kumamoto oyster
Mytilus edulis Blue mussel
Mytilus californianus California mussel
Haliotis rufesceans Red abalone
Saxidomus giganteus Butter clam
Clinocardium nuttalli Common cockle
Tresus nuttalli Horse clam
Tresus capax Big neck
Mya arenaria Soft shell clam
Venerupis japonica Japanese little neck
Zirfaea pilsbryi Piddock
Siliqua patula Razor clam
Protothaca staminea Rock or native little neck
Polinices lewisii Moon snail
Thais lamellosa Wrinkled purple snail
Cryptochiton stelleri Giant gunboat chiton
Mopalia lignosa Chiton
Urosalpinx cinerea Native drill
Ocinebra japonica Japanese oyster drill

MOLLUSCS: Open Water

Scientific Name Common Name

Loligo opalescens Pacific Coast squid

SEAWEEDS: Offshore -- BoLLttom Oriented

. Scientific Name Common Name

Iridaea cordata Red algae

Macrocystis pyrifera Kelp

XI-9

9kAWEEDS: Offshore -- Bottom Oriented (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name

flacrocysti~s integrifolia Brown algae, kelp
Propyr~ orpyra nereocy-stis Red algae, noni
Laminaria saccharina Brown algae, kelp

SkAWEEDS: Shoreline

Scientific Name Common NameI

Gigartina papillata Red algae
Gigartina exasperata Red algae
(7torta)
Porphyra perforata perforata Red algae, nori1
Porphyra miniata Red algae, nori
Porphyra san jaunensis Red algae, noni
F-iPoYrphya aottae Red algae, noni
Prophyra `po--rpyr nereocystis Red algae, nori
FUCIIS grn Brown algae, rockweed
Urv-a-lactuca Green algae

PHYTOPLANKTON

Scientific Name

Skeletonena costatum
PheodaCtylui~TFtrlCorUtluf
Nitzchia closteriuin
Chaetoceros dedipiens
Chaetoceros armatum
Asterionella- japoftica
Nonohyi lutheri

GRASSES

Scientific Name Common NameI

Zostera nana Eelgrass
Zostera marina Eelgrass
Distichlis spicata Green seashore salt grass
Spartina gRac3_iis Alkali cord-grass
Salicornia virginia Pickleweed
Triglochin maritimum Arrow grass

xi-lo

APPENDIX XII

LITERATURE CITED

Cardwell, R.D. and C.E. Woelke, 1979. Marine Water Quality Compendium of
Washington State. Vol. I, Wash. St. Dept. Fisheries, Olympia WA, pp. 4-12

Clark, R.C., Jr. and D.W. Brown, 1977. Petroleum: Properties and analyses
in biotic and abiotic systems. In Effects of Petroleum on Arctic and Sub-
arctic Marine Environments and Organisms, D.C. Maiins (ed.). Academic
Press, Inc., New York NY pp. 2-89

Coon, L.M., E.J. Field, and Canadian Benthic LTD, 1976 (second printing
1977). Nootka Sound Kelp Inventory, 1975. Fisheries Management Report
No. 2, British Columbia Marine Resources Branch, Ministry of Recreation
and Conservation, Providence of British Columbia, 28 pp. (copies avail-
able from Harry Tracy, DOE)

EPA, 1979a. Handbook for Analytical Quality Control in Water and Waste-
water Laboratories. Environmental Protection Agency, Pub. No. EPA-600/
4-79-019.

EPA, 1979b. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. Environmental
Protection Agency, Pub. No. EPA-600/4-79-020.

EPA, 1972. Field Detection and Damage Assessment Manual. Environmental
Protection Agency, Contract No. 68-01-0113.

Everitt, R. D., 1979. Marine Mammals of Northern Puget Sound and the Strait
of Juan de Fuca - A Report on Investigations Nov. 1, 1977 - Oct. 31, 1978.
Marine Ecosystem Analysis Program, Boulder CO, NOMAA Tech. Memorandum
ERL MESA-41, 191 pp.

Foreman, R.E., 1975. KIM-1, a Method for Inventory of Floating Kelps and
Its Application to Selected Areas of Kelp License Area 12. Final Report
File No. 5506-81-131-1-72. BERP Report 75-1. 19 pp.

Gardner, F. (ed.), 1978. North Puget Sound Baseline Study, 1974-1977.
Baseline Studies Program, Washington State Dept. of Ecology, pp 6, 22-24,
and 50-53.

Gonor, J.J. and P.F. Kemp, 1978. Procedures for Quantitative Ecological
Assessments in Intertidal Environments. Environmental Protection Agency,
Pub. No. EPA-600/3-78-087.

Goodwin, C. L., 1973a. Distribution and Abundance of Subtidal Hardshell
Clams in Puget Sound, Washington. Wash. St. Dept. Fisheries, Olympia WA
Tech. Rept. No. 14, 81 pp.

Goodwin, C. L., 1973b. Subtidal Goeducks of Puget Sound, Washington. Wash.
St. Dept. Fisheries, Olympia WA Tech. Rept. No. 13, 64 pp.

Hirota, J., R. D. Cardwell, A. W. Kendall, Jr., P. A. LaRock, S. M. Novak,
and N. J. Prouse, 1977. The Plankton in Oil Spill Studies: Strategies and
Techniques. American Petroleum Institute, Washington DC, Publ. No. 4286,
chapter 4, pp. 40-56
.XII-1

Lemberg, N., 1978. Hydroacoustic Assessment of Puget Sound Herring, 1972-1978.
Wash. St. Dept. Fisheries, Tech. Rept. No. 41

Manuwel, D. A., T. R. Wahl, and S. M. Speich, 1979. The Seasonal Distribution
and Abundance of Marine Bird Population in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and
Northern Puget Sound in 1978. Marine Ecosystems Analysis Program, Boulder
CO, NOAA Tech. Memorandum ERL MESA-44, 391 pp.

Miller, B. S., C. A. Simensted, L. L. Moulton, K. L. Fresh, F. C. Funk,
W. A. Karp, and S. F. Borton, 1978. Puget Sound Baseline Program Nearshore
Fish Survey; Report No. 10, Appendix D - Nearshore Fishes. Wash. St. Dept.
Ecology Baseline Study Program, Olympia WA, p. 6

Penttila, D., 1978. Studies of Surf Smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus) in Puget
Sound. Wash. St. Dept. Fisheries, Olympia WA. Tech. Rept. No. 42, 47 pp.

Stickel, L.F. and M.P. Dieter, 1979. Ecological and Physiological/Toxico-
logical Effects of Petroleum on Aquatic Birds. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Svc.,
Biol. Serv. Prog. FWS/OBS-79/23. 14 pp.

Stokes, R. L., 1979. Economic Evaluation of Marine Biological Resources.
Economic Report Phase II, Appendix 0. Wash. St. Dept. Ecology Baseline
Study Program, Olympia WA. 36 pp.

Tegelburg, H., and D. Magoon, 1968. Razor Clam Fisheries and Sampling
Program. Wash. State Dept. Fisheries. Progress report.

Tracy, H. B. and J. C. Bernhardt, 1974. For Investigating Oil Pollution
Complaints in Washington State. Wash. St. Dept. Ecology, Tech. Rept.
No. 74-4., 40 pp.

Wahl, T. R. and S. M. Speich, 1980. Marine Bird Populations in Washington
Waters, Impact Documentation and Long-Term Monitoring. Wash. St. Dept.
Ecology. Final Report, Contract No. 80-100 CZMA. Unpublished.

XII-2

CREDITS TO CONTRIBUTORS

Many people devoted their time and energy to the development of the
MRDA response plan. The authors are grateful for these efforts as
stated in the adknowledgments. Others prepared written documents of a
technical nature for inclusion in the plan. These individuals are
given credit for their work by section and page number below. Their
efforts also are greatly appreciated:

Method for Assessment of Affected Bird Populations
Section 3, Page VIII-9; Dr. Terry Wahl and Dr. Steve
Speich, University of Washington

Sampling Procedure: Hard Shell Clams
Section B, Page VIII-16; Al Scholz, Washington
Department of Fisheries

Method for Assessment of Herring Populations
Section 6, Page VIII-20; Bob Trumble, Washington
Department of Fisheries

Method for Assessment of Smelt Populations
Section 7, Page VIII-22; Bob Trumble, Washington
Department of Fisheries