Beach Management Plan for Maui

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

'0 oly OF
BEACH MANAGEMENT
PLAN FOR MAUI
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Prepared by:

University of Hawaii Sea Grant Extension Service

and

County of Maui Planning Department

December 1997

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................. v

I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1

II. COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS .......................................................................... 2

Beaches ........................................................................................ 2

Sand Dunes ................................................................................... 3

Coral Reef Ecosystems ..................................................................... 4

III. COASTAL EROSION, BEACH Loss, AND CORAL REEF DEGRADATION ..................... 5

Coastal Erosion ............................................................................. 6

Beach Loss ................................................................................... 7

Reef Degradation .......................................................................... 8

IV. PROGRESS To DATE .............................................................................. 9

V. OBJECTIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 9

1. Identification of Erosion Hotspots and Erosion Watchspots ........................ 9

2. Guidelines for Shoreline Protection Measures .................................... 11

3. Beach Nourishment ..................................................................... I I

Sand Sources for Beach Nourishment .................................................. 12

Pilot Beach Nourishment Project ...................................................... 14

4. Dune Preservation and Restoration .................................................. 15

5. Coral Reef Ecosystems, Water Quality, and Upland Activities .................. 19

6. Shoreline Setbacks and Coastal Erosion Hazard Data ............................. 21

7. Proactive Development of Coastal Lands ........................................... 22
8. Inter-agency Coordination .............................................................. 28

9. Structures and Activities within the Shoreline Area .............................. 30

Minor Structures ......................................................................... 30

Major Structures ......................................................................... 31
10. Beach Management Districts ......................................................... 32

11. Public Awareness and Education ................................................... 33

12. Research ................................................................................ 34

13. Funding Mechanisms ....................................................................3 )6
VI GLOSSARY ........................................................................................ 38

VII REFERENCES ................................................................................... 41

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. and Title Page

1 . Beach Management Advisory Committee Members ...................................... 2
2. Preliminary Erosion Hotspots, Watchspots, and Lost Beaches for Maui ............. 10

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. and Title Page

I . Common beach features ...................................................................... 3
2. Twenty foot high vegetated dunes, Spreckelsville, Maui ................................ 4
3. Coral reef ....................................................................................... 5
4. Causes of coastal erosion ....................................................................... 6
5. Coastal erosion vs. beach loss ................................................................ 7
6. Beach width on an armored vs. a natural shoreline, Speckelsville, Maui .............. 8
7. Beach Nourishment at Sugar Cove, Spreckelsville, Maui .............................. 13
8. Vegetated dune, Kanaha, Maui ............................................................ 15
9. Close up of 'aki'aki ............................................................................ 16
10. Close up of 'akulikuli .......................................................................... 16
11. Close up of pohuehue, Honokahua, Maui ................................................... 17
12. Dune restoration project at Kama'ole Il in 1984 ......................................... 17
13. Dune walkover at Karna'ole 11, Maui ...................................................... 18
14. Example of large setback and open space, Ritz Carlton, Kapalua, Maui ............ 24
15. Undermined slab on grade sidewalk at Kahikili Park, North Beach, Ka'anapali.....24
16. Different layouts of shoreline development with varying linear frontage ............ 25
17. Shore-parallel type development, Honokowai, Maui ..................................... 26
18. Less linear type development. Royal Kahana area, Kahana. Maui ..................... 26
19. Movable boardwalk constructed using recycled plastic, Karna'ole 1, Kihei, Maui..27
20. Houses built on cement pillars, Paukukalo, Maui ........................................ 27
21. Launiupoko State Park, Lahaina, Maui .................................................... 29
22. Hyatt Regency swimming pool threatened by coastal erosion, Ka'anapali, Maui ... 30
23. USGS - UH beach profile survey .......................................................... 35

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Beach 11anagement Plan for Maui seeks to promote beach preservation and
sustainable development of the coastal zone. The report makes recommendations on how
Maui County can better address beach management issues. It is intended to be a guiding
policy document, rather than be adopted in its entirety as formal law, although specific
recommendations may best be implemented through revisions of existing rules and
regulations. Issues discussed in this plan include:
� Where and why coastal erosion and beach loss have occurred
� Recommendations for more effective management of shoreline areas and the
development of increased options for resource conservation and erosion mitigation.

We have identified thirteen areas for implementing more effective beach management
practices. Each area has a short introduction followed by a statement of objectives and
specific recommendations. Although the sections are numbered, they are not ordered
chronologically nor in order of priority or importance. In fact, many of the
recommendations will need to be implemented concurrently in order to be most effective.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The report is a cooperative effort between the University of Hawaii's Sea Grant
Extension Service and the County of Maui's Planning Department.

The Maui County Regional Coastal Processes Extension Agent is jointly funded by the
University of Hawaii's Sea Grant Extension Service (UH FMIS 9 6-54355), the County
of Maui (Grants G-0413 and G-043 ) 3), and Maui Community College.

We also thank the Beach Management Plan Advisory Group members for their helpful
comments and suggestions.

Robert Mullane
Maui County Regional Coastal Processes Extension Agent
UH Hawaii Sea Grant Extension Service

Daren Suzuki
Maui County Planning Department

INTRODUCTION

The natural beauty of Maui's sandy beaches and shoreline areas is an extremelv valuable
resource to residents as well as to visitors from throughout the world. Beaches are vital
environmental, cultural, recreational, and economic resources. The beach supports the
habitat for many marine and terrestrial organisms including many endangered native
Hawaiian plants. Healthy beaches are central to the health and vitality of the shoreline
area and coastal waters. Beaches buffer ground water discharges into the coastal zone as
well as discharges from septic systems and cesspools.

Beaches also provide for diverse cultural opportunities including religious activities and
traditional ceremonies. Recreational activities tied directly or indirectly to the beach
include windsurfing, surfing, snorkeling, sunbathing, walking/jogging, swimming, and
picnicking, to mention a few. Furthermore, this unique attraction with diverse
opportunities drives the economy by supporting numerous jobs and providing services to
maintain Hawaii's thriving visitor industry.

Unfortunately, some of our sandy beaches are eroding and disappearing as a result of
natural shoreline processes, development and hardening along the shoreline, and other
human impacts. Recognizing the importance of Maui's beach resources, it is imperative
that they be preserved, protected and restored where possible.

The State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) has prepared a Coastal
Erosion Management Plan (COEMAP) for the State of Hawaii, which reviews shoreline
management options and policies in Hawaii. This statewide plan also provides a
framework to encourage cooperation between County, State and Federal agencies, as well
as community and environmental groups interested in and directly responsible for the
management of our shoreline resources. COEMAP was recently adopted by the Board of
Land and Natural Resources.

This document, the Beach Management Planfor Maui. focuses specifically on shoreline
issues for the Island of Maui and is intended as a statement of the Maui County Planning
Department's long-term commitment to preserve beach resources through effective beach
management practices. Maui citizens can benefit from this plan by understanding coastal
processes and potential negative impacts to beaches and related environments. Issues
discussed in this plan include:

� Where and why coastal erosion and beach loss have occurred
� Recommendations for more effective management of shoreline areas and the
development of increased options for resource conservation and erosion mitigation

Shoreline processes are the net result of many interrelated systems. Effective
management of shoreline resources requires input from several different fields of study.

The Beach Management Plan for Maui has been reviewed by a diverse group of experts
(Table 1), and their comments and suggestions have been incorporated in this report.

Table 1. Beach Management Advisory Committee Members

Eric Brown, coral reef researcher, University of Hawaii-Manoa
Warren Bucher, coastal engineer, Oceanit Laboratories
Ann Coopersmith, biologist, Maui Community College
Charles Fletcher, coastal geologist, University of Hawaii-Manoa
Skippy Hau.. marine biologist, Division of Aquatic Resources, State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Edward Laws, oceanographer, University of Hawaii-Manoa
Phil Ohta, Maui District Land Agent, State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural
Resources
Peter Rappa, coastal resource management extension agent, University of Hawaii-Manoa
Glenn Shepherd, marine geologist, Maui Community College
Lolly Silva., environmental planner, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Kathy Smith, Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge Manager, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service
Scott Sullivan, coastal engineer, Sea Engineering
Dean Uchida and Sam Lemmo., Land Division, State of Hawaii Department of Land and
Natural Resources
Wendy Wiltse, West Maui Watershed Coordinator, State of Hawaii Department of Health

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS

Beaches

A beach is defined as an accumulation of sediment-usually sand or gravel-that
occupies a portion of the coast. The active beach, the area of loose sediment subject to
transport by wind, waves, and currents, is divided into three regions: the backshore, the
foreshore, and the offshore, as shown in Figure 1. The active beach is backed by the
coastal upland, which can be a dune, a cliff, a soil embankment, a fossil berm, or an
engineering structure such as a seawall or a revetment. Common geomorphic features of
the beach include berms, scarps, and offshore sand bars (Figure 1).

The amounts and fluxes of sediment in a beach are collectively known as the littoral
budget. Healthy beaches are in a state of dynamic equilibrium, where the net influx of
sediment-or sources, equals the net loss of sediment-or sinks. Sources of beach
sediment include skeletal material from coral reef ecosystems, onshore transport of sand,
longshore transport, headland erosion, volcanic glass, river input, and erosion (scarping)
of the coastal upland. Sediment sinks include loss to deep water, harbors, and channels,
offshore transport, longshore transport, impoundment by engineering structures, and
storm surge overwash. When there is an imbalance between sources and sinks, the
6each will either erode or accrete.

Coastline

Hkjh-water
shoreline
Low,water
shoreline

water
LJJ"

'r.
460

Figure 1. Common beach features. (DUXBURY AND DUXBURY, 1996).

Coastal processes such Las erosion and accretion are site-specific. season-specific, and
interannual. Different beaches have different geomorphic characteristics and are subject
to different oceanographic conditions. Beach processes can vary dramatically from one
end of a particular beach to the other. Site-specific factors such as extent and health of
coral reefs, alterations to dune systems, sediment runoff from upland areas, and other
human activities also affect coastal processes. Wave and current patterns change
dramatically from season to season, and from swell to swell. Because of these variations,
each segment of each beach will have its own history of erosion and accretion trends.

Sand Dunes

Dunes are accumulations of wind-blown sand. Although some dunes are bare, most are
vegetated with coastal plants, which help stabilize the dune (Figure 2). Vegetation traps
wind-blown sand and then grows up through the new sand accumulation. This process is
repeated to build larger dunes. The thick root system of native plants slows coastal
erosion during high-wave events and helps trap wave- and wind-deposited sand during
post-event recovery. Many dunes are host to burial sites and are legitimate environmental
systems that support specific ecosystems. Because of their cultural and environmental
sensitivity, many dunes are worthy of all due protection.

Dunes are dynamic features; they erode during periods of high waves and accrete during
normal wave conditions. During a storm or a large swell, waves attack and erode the

Imp

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Figure 2. Twenty foot high vegetated dunes, Spreckelsville, Maui.

dune. This process, known as searping, releases sand that was stored in the dune to the
active beach. The influx of sand is often carried offshore to build sand bars, which help
attenuate incoming wave energy. Erosion of pristine coastal dunes does not release silt to
the near-shore area. degrade water quality, or harm the coral reef ecosvstem since these
dunes are composed of clean sand. When stoim waves subside. normal waves dismantle
the offshore bars and rebuild the beach. Although some sand may be permanently
removed from the beach system (transported to deep water by sand channels), eventually
most of this beach sand is reincorporated into the dune. On undeveloped beaches, the
post-storm recoverv of the dunes is often complete.

Coral ReqfEcosYsteins
Coral reefs are also important components of the beach system. Reefs are natural
breakwaters: they absorb much of the incoming wave energy and help protect the
shoreline from wave attack. Without the wave buffering and sand production that coral
reefs pro% ide. raLes of coastal erosion and beach loss \\OLI!d be significantly higher.

Furthermore, coral reefs provide habitat for a rich diversity of marine life (Figure 3).
Several reef organisms build their skeletons and shells out of calcium carbonate. When
these organisms die, their skeletal remains are transported to the be ach or are cemented
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into the framework of the reef. Most of the light-colored sand on beaches derives from
coral reefs.

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Figure 3. Coral reef. Photo courtesy of John Pye.

Coral reefs are sensitive environments that require pristine coastal water quality. Corals
are very efficient marine organisms that thrive in nutrient-poor environments. This is
because coral polyps contain zooxanthellae-unicellular, symbiotic algae that produce
food for their hosts through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires sunlight, and the
depth and intensity of sunlight penetration is reduced by suspended sediments. Silt can
also settle out on corals and interfere with feeding and recolonization.

Corals can survive occasional short-term siltation events. When stressed they produce
mucus, which helps them shed the fine-grained sediments that have settled upon them.
However. repeated or chronic.silt PILIMCS Or a single large event will kill coral. Nutrient
loading is also harmful to coral reefs. Excess nutrient levels in coastal waters can lead to
algal blooms. which compete with coral colonies for space and light and disrupt the coral
reef ecosystem.

COASTAL EROSION, BEACH LOSS, AND CORAL REEF DEGRADATION

Preliminary examination of a report on shoreline changes from 1949 to 1989 suggests
that 62% of the sandy shoreline studied on Maui is eroding at an average rate of 1.25 ft/yr
(HWANG AND FLETCHER, 1992), and as much as 30% of Maui's shoreline has experienced
beach loss or significant narrowing (MAKAI OCEAN ENGINEERING, INC. AND SEA
ENGINEERING, INC., 1991). Based on field and photographic observations, nearly all of
this beach degradation is in front of or adjacent to shoreline armoring such as seawalls
and revetments.

Typically, these armoring structures are erected when coastal erosion threatens beachfront
development. Armoring the shoreline usually halts coastal erosion and protects property
and structures, but on shorelines undergoing long-term retreat, it often leads to beach loss
(FLETCHER, ET AL., 1997). The impact that armoring has on the adjoining beach creates a
conflict between the rights of coastal property owners to protect their land and the rights
of the public to utilize the beach resource.

Coastal Erosion

Sea-level rise, wave and current impacts, and sediment deficiencies drive coastal erosion
(Figure 4). Sea-level rise, currently averaging about 2.5 cm/decade on Maui, causes the
littoral system to shift landward by eroding the upland area-usually a coastal dune or
the coastal plain. This natural process, known as coastal erosion, has occurred for
millennia as sea level has risen nearly I 10 meters since the last ice age. The retreat of the
shoreline-and associated loss of coastal lands-is the natural response of the beach to
rising sea levels (TAIT AND GRIGGS, 1990) and has been the underlying premise of coastal
engineering theory for over thirty years (e.g. "The Bruun Rule", BRUUN, 1962). The
influx of sediment released to the active beach by erosion of the coastal upland helps
maintain beach width.

Sea-Level Rise Wave/Current Action

V ie
COASTAL EROSION

Sediment Deficiencies

sand mining
dune grading
sand impoundment
(behind shoreline structures)
water quality degradation
harbor/navigational channel
construction

Figure 4. Causes of coastal erosion. Sea-level rise, wave and current action, and
sediment deficiencies drive coastal erosion.

Certain human activities create suanificant sediment deficiencies and aggravate coastal
erosion. These include sand mining, dune alteration (e.g., dune grading and building on
dunes), construction of shoreline structures such as seawalls. revetments. and groins.,
degradation of coral reefs. and construction of harbors and navigational channels.

Sand mining on the beach removes sediment from the beach system leading to beach
narrowing and deflation. Up until the early 1970's, large volumes of sand were mined
from beaches around Maui to provide cement aggregate for construction and time for
sugar cane processing.

Dune grading entails buildozinv_ the upper portion of the dune to flatten it, often in order
to allow an unobstructed view of the ocean or as part of a building's construction. This
practice sharply reduces the dune's natural capacity to buffer coastal erosion and other
coastal hazards. Furthermore, if the dune is then covered with soil fill, subsequent coastal
erosion will release silt and other fine-orained sediments to the ocean, which degrade
water quality.

Harbors and navigational channels can interfere with sediment transport. Sand moved by
nearshore waves and currents is deposited in these artificial depressions and is removed
from the littoral system.

Beach Loss

Armoring shorelines undergoing long-term retreat with structures such as revetments and
seawalls halts coastal erosion. but refocuses the erosion onto the beach in front of the
structure (TAIT AND GRIGGS, 1990; FLETCHER ET AL., 1997). This causes beach
narrowing, a decrease in the usable beach width, and beach loss. the volumetric loss of
sand from the active beach (Figures 5 and 6). Coastal armoring often aggravates erosion
along downdrift properties by decreasing the supply of sediment to downdrift areas.
Initial shore profile. Beach Initial shore profile.
Seawall width
Beach
width
:i7

Shoreline profile after retreat. Seawall Shoreline profile after retreat.
(no change in width)
Beach
width Beachloss

Figure 5. Coastal erosion vs. beach loss. Coastal erosion does not normally threaten
beaches, but armoring to protect coastal lands may lead to beach loss (after TAIT AND
GRIGGS, 1990).

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Figure 6. Beach width on an armored vs. a natural shoreline, Speckelsville, Maui.

The site-specific history of coastal processes for a particular beach segment must be
assessed to help guide the most effective beach management practices. Certain
manaaement tools-beach nourishment and dune restoration. for example-can
counteract coastal erosion and beach loss. Other management tools-such as requiring
In
sufficient building setbacks and wiser construction codes-can delay or prevent the need
to armor the shoreline to protec't beachfront development. Hence. coastal erosion does
not necessarily present a conflict between coastal property owners and the public. It can
be mitioated throu6 effective beach management strategies.
t, - -

Reef'degradation
Harbor and navimational channel construction compromise the reef s %@,ave buffering
capacity. If a portion of the reef is dredged during harbor and channel construction.
larger waves can reach the shoreline and accelerate erosion.

Many other human activities deLrade water quality and harm coral reef ecosystems.
Since most carbonate sand ultimately derives from the coral reef ecosystem, poor water
quality reduces the amount of sand produced by the reef and delivered to the beach.
Impacts to water quality caused by human activities include: siltation, nutrient loading,
and urban runoff. In addition. over-fishing can deplete the reef ecosystem of certain
species of fish and upset the ecological balance necessary for healthy coral reef
ecosystems, and introduced species have disrupted the preexisting food web, which also
disrupts the reef ecosystem. Finally. anchoring on reefs causes physical damage to coral.
as does standing on or touching these sensitive creatures.

In some cases, coastal erosion can have adverse effects on water quality and harm the
reef The erosion of dirt embankments or coastlines that have been artificially filled
releases fine sediments to the nearshore waters. Furthermore. the significant increase in
drainage outlets for recent developments and concrete channelization for flood protection
have both had significant impacts on near-shore water quality and sediment loads.

PROGRESS To DATE

Some progress has been made in Maui County and the State of Hawaii to reduce the
impact of many of these activities. For example, large-scale sand mining was prohibited
in 1986. In 1990, the Maui County Planning Department revised the shoreline setback
rules to require some building setbacks to be based on average lot depth. Recently,
DLNR's Division of Aquatic Resources in cooperation with the University of Hawaii's
Marine Option Program has installed day-use moorings at a few popular snorkel and
dive sites (e.g. Molokini) to reduce the amount of anchor damage to coral reefs. While
these recent efforts have had a positive impact, much more action is needed.

OBJECTIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The Beach Nfanagement Plan for Maui seeks to promote beach preservation and
sustainable development of the coastal zone. The report makes recommendations on how
Maui Countv can better address beach management issues. It is intended to be a guiding
policy document, rather than be adopted in its entirety as formal law, although specific
recommendations may best be implemented through revisions of existing rules and
regulations.

1. Identification of Erosion Hotspots and Erosion Watchspots

Erosion hotspots are areas where coastal erosion has threatened shoreline development
or infrastructure. They are existing management challenges. In most cases, the shoreline
has been armored to protect property and development, and there has been a noticeable
environmental impact and/or a decrease in recreational use. Erosion hotspots can be
restored, but restoration will require substantial economic resources. Erosion
watchspots are areas where the coastal environment will soon be threatened if shoreline
erosion trends continue. A potential conflict between the desire to protect property and
the desire to maintain the beach resource exists at erosion watchspots. Lost beaches are
a subset of erosion hotspots. Lost beaches lack a recreational beach, and lateral shoreline
access is very difficult-if not impossible.

It is essential to recognize these existing and potential erosion problem areas when
planning developments or redevelopments, regulating, structures, and considering
prospective areas for coastal protection or beach nourishment projects. A list of
preliminary hotspot and watchspot erosion areas appears in Table 2. These areas were
identified by an analysis of a coastal erosion rate study (MAKAI OCEAN ENGINEERING,
INC. AND SEA ENGINEERING, INC., 1991), reports of long-time coastal residents, and site
inspections.

Table 2. Preliminary Erosion Hotspots, Watchspots, and Lost Beaches for Maui.

LOCATION iHOTSPOTS WATCHSPOTS LOSTBEACHES

WEST MAUI North end of Puuoa Point Hanakaoo Point La-haina -Town-
LAHAIWA -TO 14APILI Hyatt Regency Maui Surf (Westin) Wahikuli State Wayside Park
hj- 'Either side of Honokowai Beach Park
--'Portions of Kaanapali Beach Ends of Kekaa ( - _ ___ _. __
Mahana Condominium Mala Wharf area Either side of Kahana Point
Honokowai Beach _____Honokeana Cove
Honokowai Point
@HonoKowai Beach Park
:Kahana Point
iKahana Sunset (Keonenui Beach)
!Alaeloa Beach
iNapili Bay
iKapalua Bay (shower, steps and
sidewalks threatened)

SOUTH MAUI I East end of Hauoli Street, Maaiaea Maui Lu to Suda's Store West end of Hauoli Street, Maalaea
MAALAEA TO KALAMA Kealia Beach hotspot areas Kcia Lagoon, Maui Lu area
-Tm-aipoina oe iau Beach Park Menehune Shores
_-South e.nd.o.f Halarna Street - Waimahaihai
iMaui Sands
,Hale Kai 0 Kihei - end of Lipoa St. Kalama Beach Park
ICentral Part of Halama Street
SOUTH MAUI i Hale Hui Kai Hotel --No i@eaweka-pu_ M@kapu_ Beach ---none
KAMAOLE Td MAKENA- South Keawekapu Beach -.Polo Beach
Ulua Beach PalaueaBeach

__I@atdwin "a dhRaW _-Wai mukw-kahului Wastewater Reclamation
NORTH SHORE Hobron Point to Kaa
KAHULUI HARBOR !Kaa to Kanaha Beach Park Mantokup Bay Facilities
TO KUAU Most of Kanaha Beach Park Sta-bleRoad Beach
.Spreckelsville Beacin Baldwin Beach Park lime kiln
Most of Stable Road Beach Portions of Kuau Bay
ISugar Cove (lost, but replenished) Portions of Tavares Bay
East end of Lower Paia Bay

Objective
1.1) To identify existing and potential erosion problem areas along Maui's shoreline

Recommendations
1.1a) Sponsor a study to better identify Maui's erosion hotspots and watchspots and
to analyze the possible causes of erosion
1.1b) Acknowledge the special nature of erosion hotspots and watchspots when
planning shoreline developments, infrastructure, and restoration projects
1.1c) Require data on shoreline erosion/accretion trends for any proposed coastal
development

2. Guidelines for Shoreline Protection Measures

When coastal erosion threatens property, coastal landowners are usually unaware of the
different types of coastal protection measures that are available and the applicable
environmental concerns and permitting requirements. Since conventional coastal
protection structures such as seawalls and revetments have been shown to cause beach
narrowing and loss, the County should identify and recommend more environmentally
compatible alternatives.

For example, the use of sand bags and large sand-filled geotextile tubes known as sea
bags that temporarily control coastal erosion has become popular recently. Another
example may be concave or "V" shaped structural hardening designs which may retain
sand better than linear structures. This study should discuss how and where these
structural alternatives can effectively be used.

Currently, the County of Maui has entered into a contract with Oceanit Laboratories, Inc.,
to conduct such a study. Oceanit's study is entitled Coastal Protection and Beach
Nourishment Study and is expected to be completed by January 1998.

Objective
2.1) To establish guidelines for governmental agencies and the coastal community to
determine the most appropriate type of coastal protection in a particular location

Recommendations

2.1a) Develop a study to provide technical recommendatidns for the restoration of
sandy shorelines through beach nourishment
2.1 b) Provide suggestions on alternative coastal protection designs where beach
nourishment is not feasible

2.10 List acceptable structures for emergency (temporary) coastal protection
2.1d) Address permitting requirements for beach nourishment and structural
alternatives

Beach Nourishment

Beach nourishment, a technique used to restore an eroding or lost beach or to create a
new sandy shoreline, involves the placement of sand fill with or without supporting
structures along the shoreline to widen the beach. It is the only management tool which
serves the dual purpose of protecting coastal lands and preserving beach resources.
Beach nourishment is a common management practice on the mainland (NATIONAL

RESEARCH COUNCIL, 1995). Miami Beach. FL; Myrtle Beach, NC,- Ocean City, MD; and
several other locations have ongoing beach nourishment projects.

Although Maui has limited experience with beach nourishment, a few small-scale
projects have successfully restored lost or eroding beaches (Figure 7). Most restoration
projects that have taken place on Maui were privately funded and carried out without a
thorough engineering study.

Beach nourishment requires large volumes of beach-quality sand. The initial
nourishment project typically requires thousands of cubic meters of sand per kilometer of
shoreline, and most beaches need periodic renourishment. Maui should take measures to
more effectively manage its limited sources of readily available sand and should build its
capacity to tap new, currently unavailable sources of sand.

Sand Sourcesfor Beach Nourishment
Sand for nourishment projects is from a variety of environments. Terrestrial sources of
sand include coastal dunes, coastal plains, and inland sand dunes. Offshore sources
include dredge spoils from harbor maintenance, shallow-water sand fields, medium-depth
sand channels, and deeper-water sand banks. Harbor spoils can be accessed from land
with a clarnshell dredge but comprise only a minor portion of Maui's sand resources.
Larger sources of sand must be hydraulically dredged with a suction dredge. Currently,
Maui lacks its own suction dredge and hence lacks the capacity to tap large offshore sand

resources.

To date, most small-scale nourishment and coastal protection projects on Maui have used
sand mined from inland dunes. The fine-grained nature of dune sand may not be
compatible for high energy beaches that typically have coarser-grained sand. Because
some sand dunes contain burial sites, sand should be acquired only from quarries
designated free of cultural sites. Inland sand mines on Maui charge $10 to $18 per cubic
yard, which is relatively inexpensive. In contrast, dune sand from Kaua'i for the creation
of four pocket beaches at Ko'olina Lagoons on O'ahu cost $80/cubic yard in place.
Nonetheless, terrestrial sources of sand are limited. Sand shipment off island-primarily
for cement companies on 0'ahu-has occurred for decades. This constitutes a loss of
valuable Maui sand that could be used for local beach nourishment projects. The export
of Maui's sand resources should be restricted, perhaps by introducing new legislation.

Maui should build its capacity to tap offshore sand resources. Potential offshore borrow
sites should be identified, mapped, and sampled. Local scientists and consulting firms
have mapped offshore sand resources for O'ahu (SEA ENGINEERING, INC., 1993).
Although a similar study was done for Maui and Moloka'i in 1971 (CAMPBELL, ET AL.,
1971), this study did not include extensive sampling and should be updated. Sampling is
necessary because offshore sand may not be suitable for beach nourishment. A recent
sand nourishment viability study on O'ahu found that offshore sand is often fined-grained
and discolored for beach nourishment (SEA ENGINEERING, INC., 1993). Funding for

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Figure 7. Beach Nourishment at Sugar Cove, Spreckelsville, Maui. Before and after
small-scale beach nourishment project implemented entirely with private funding. Above
photo taken June 1996-, below photo taken October 1997.

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the updated offshore sand resource study could be shared by Maui County, DLNR, the
University of Hawaii, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE).

Pilot Beach Nourishment Project

Beach nourishment is the only management tool that protects coastal development
without degrading the beach. Preserving or restoring a sandy beach has direct, beneficial
impacts on recreational opportunities and property values. Some homeowners
associations-Sugar Cove Condominiums in Pa'ia, and Karia'i 0 Nalu in Ma'alaea, for
example-have implemented small-scale, privately-funded beach nourishment projects.
Both of these projects were deemed successes; it was worth the expense to restore the
recreational use and value of the beach. The demand for beach nourishment on Maui as
well as statewide has grown in recent years and will likely continue to grow. The County
of Maui should anticipate this growing demand and take the lead in promoting and
implementing beach nourishment.

A pilot project is very much needed. It would illustrate the engineering requirements of
nourishment as well as surface all the environmental and permitting requirements,
problems, and concerns. An action plan for a pilot beach nourishment project should be
prepared based on guidelines from the Coastal Protection and Beach Nourishment Study.
Site selection should consider erosion rates, geographical location, beach configuration,
sand availability, cause of erosion, public use and access, and cost sharing. In order to
better ensure a successful pilot beach nourishment project, a site-specific, coastal
engineering study will likely be necessary.

Objective
3.1) To promote beach nourishment by more effectively managing the limited sources
of readily available sand and building its capacity to tap new, currently
unavailable (offshore) sources of sand

Recommendations

3.1a) Earmark beach-quality sand that is periodically removed from Maui's harbors
for nourishment projects
3.1b) Restrict the export of Maui's dune sand resources, perhaps by introducing new
legislation
3.1c) Limit sand mining to quarries designated free of cultural sites
3.1 d) Identify, map, and sample potential offshore borrow sites
3.1e) Consider acquiring a suction dredge to use to tap offshore sand resources,
provided offshore borrow sites have sand of good quality, and dredging will not
cause long-term environmental impacts
3.1f) Identify and implement one or more pilot beach nourishment projects

4. Dune Preservation and Restoratioll

Sand duries are important components of the littoral budget. Dunes trap windblown sand,
store excess- beach sand. and serve as natural erosion bl.lffel'S. protecting beach-front
property and coastal infrastructure during storms and h1uh-wave events. Pristine dunes

are veg
Yetated by riative Hawaiian species @LICII as aki'aki. akalikidi. naIII)aka. and
I)ohitelizic. which are salt-tolerant. have dense root svstems. and are effective wind-breaks
and wave bUft'ers i Fi(_IUreS 9 to I I ). Healthy sand dunes are vital to the health of the
beach and nearshore marine environment.

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Ab" AIP

igwl_!@@. AAJ

Figui-e 8. Vegetated dune, Kanalia, Maui. 'Vaillxtka shrub and 'aki'aki and pohuehite
(With pUrple flowers) ground cover at center. 'aki'aki (sparse ground cover) in
backQrOUnd.

Because of the natural erosion buffer that coastal dunes provide. dunes should be
preserved and. in some cases. restored. Dune restoration projects took place at Karna'ole
I in 1983. Kama'ole II in 1984, and Memorial Beach Park in 1987 (Figure 12). All three
of these restoration projects significantly enhanced the recreational value of the beach and
upland areas.

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MRS.

Figure 9. Close up of 'aki'aki. Photo froM JOHNSTONE 1997.

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Figure 10. Close up of 'akulikidi. Photo from JOHNSTONE. 1997.

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JIlk,

Figure 11. Close up of pohitehite, Honolialiua, Maui Common name: beach moming
glory.

Figure 12. Dune restoration project at Kama'ole 11 in 1984.

Objectives
4.1) To preserve existing sand dunes
4.2) To restore degraded sand dunes

RecoinnwnclaliO17S

4.1a) Map coastal dunes. and limit development on top of or in front of these dunes
4.1 b) Prohibit aradinu @Ievelinu,) or i-runing of coastal dunes
4. 1 c) Guide landscaping in dune areas (e.g.. limit topsoil fill. encouyaue the planting
-v t@
of native coastal species rather than turf grass. which is I'lot consistent with the
natural littoral environment)

4. 1 d) Establish moveable dune ivalkovers to provide pedestrian access without
trampling ClUne veaetation (FILure I'))
4.2a) Encourage and support ClUne restoration efforts idUrle fencing. revegetation.
sand nourishment. etc.)
4.2 b) Publish a handbook detailing the methodology for future ClUne restoration
projects

............................

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Figure 13. Dune walkover at Kamalole II, Maui.

5. Coral Reef Ecosvstems. Water Ouality. and Upland Activities

The health of beaches is closely tied to the health of the coral reef ecosystem, which is
itself closely tied to upland land practices. Hence, effective beach management requires a
geographically broader approach known as integrated coastal zone management.
Although this report has focused mainly on the shoreline area-the beach, the dunes, and
the coastal plain-we have included some recommendations for more effective protection
of the coral reef ecosystem and better mana2ement of upland land practices.

In many cases, improper control of runoff at agricultural lands and construction sites,
even those far from the coast, has degraded the water quality of coastal areas. For
example, recent construction without adequate erosion control measures for the Maui
Ocean Center has led to frequent silt plumes in Ma'alaea Bay and negative impacts on the
coral reef. Silt diminishes light penetration and eventually settles out on the seafloor.
This harms coral and other marine organisms (e.g.,foraminifera, an important component
of beach sand) and limits safe and enjoyable ocean recreation. Runoff also transports
nutrients, pesticides, and other pollutants to coastal waters compounding the impacts on
water quality.

Golf courses, resorts, and other urban developments have impacts on water quality
through the overuse of fertilizers, pesticides, and the leaching of other pollutants,
including chlorine from the drainage of swimming pools. In some cases, nutrient loading
of coastal waters has led to algal blooms. Most upland runoff can be prevented from
polluting the coastal waters through adherence to the best management practices (BMPs)
outlined in the West Maui Watershed Owners Manual (WEST MAUI WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE, 1997), which is available to the public from the
Hawaii Department of Health. Major recommendations for agriculture and construction
are highlighted below. The West Matti Watershed Owners Manual also provides
recommendations for landscaping.

According to the West Maui Watershed Owners Manual, best management practices for
agriculture include, but are not limited to, the following.
� Expanded use of sediment retention basins
� Regular maintenance of sedimentation basins and other erosion control measures
� Use of diversions, terracing, contour farming, and crop residue to intercept and slow
sheet flow and stabilize the surface
� Improved water management practices
� Development of precision agriculture in order to insure efficient application of
fertilizer and pesticides based on local soil/crop needs

Best management practices for construction sites include the following.
� Use of detention basins to prevent runoff
� Use of dust suppression measures such as dust screens and watering

Limiting the surface area of exposed soil and coordinating activities with periods of
low rainfall

Other recommendations in the West Maui PVatershed Owners Manual include

� Revising the Grading Ordinance to reduce soil erosion
� Providing training and education for contractors, developers, and equipment operators
� Improving inspection and enforcement of requirements for erosion control

Upland activities such as landscaping, agriculture, and construction must become more
environmentally responsible. Currently, the county Department of Public Works and
Waste Management (DPWWM) and state Department of Health (DOH) are responsible
for enforcing compliance with proper environmental controls at construction sites.
Communities and non- governmental organizations can assist DPWWM and DOH in
enforcement. To facilitate this. public awareness should be increased. Contracting firms
and developers should attend workshops on environmentally sound construction practices
and have their projects certified as "reef-friendly."

Objective
5.1) To reduce impacts to water quality and coral reef ecosystems

Recommendations
5.1 a) Continue to educate the public-especially the ocean recreation users such as
ocean activity centers and dive/snorkel tour boat operators-on the importance
of coral reef ecosystems and how to reduce damage to these resources
5.1b) Support studies to determine the status of Maui's coral reef ecosystems
5.1c) Insure that upland construction and agricultural practices become more
environmentally responsible by increasing public awareness
5.1d) Amend the grading ordinance to implement best management practices for dust
and sediment control, as approved by the Natural Resource Conservation
Service, and the Department of Public Works and Waste Management (This is
currently being considered by the Maui County Council.)
5.1e) Provide BMP workshops to contractors at construction sites
5.1f) Improve enforcement of the grading ordinance
5.1g) Implement suggestions of the FVest Maui PVatershed Owners Manual including
guidelines for the reduction of soil erosion and the development of and
adherence to best management practices protective of coastal water quality
5.1h) Promote sand fill along shoreline properties rather than soil fill
5.1i) Review existing water quality standards, testing, and enforcement
5.1i) Support a study of nearshore circulation patterns to help determine
environmental impacts of various drainage master plans

6. Shoreline Setbacks and Coastal Erosion Hazard Data

The intent of shoreline setbacks is to establish a coastal-hazard buffer zone to protect
beach-front development from high-wave events and coastal erosion. Adequate setbacks
allow the natural erosion and accretion cycles to occur and help maintain lateral beach
access. Furthermore, setbacks provide open space for the enjoyment of the natural
shoreline environment.

It is the experience of the Planning Department that the generally applied 40-foot
shoreline setback was often inadequate because setbacks are not determined by historical
site-specific rates of coastal erosion. Along much of the Maui coastline, this setback has
failed to protect developed beach-front property from coastal erosion and has failed to
provide adequate environmental open space for coastal processes. An analysis of coastal
erosion trends would provide data on a property scale to enhance decision making in the
coastal zone area.

Historical erosion rates can be determined on a parcel by parcel scale and used to project
the future erosion hazard area along the shoreline. Maps of the projected 30-, 60-, and
90-year shorelines can be prepared assuming that future shoreline trends will be similar to
historical trends. The areas makai of the projected shorelines are known as the 30-, 60-,
and 90-year erosion hazard zones. Maps of erosion-hazard zones provide a scientific
basis for more effectively regulating proposed structures and activities in beachfront lots.

Coastal-erosion hazard maps could be used to establish rate-based building setbacks.
Setbacks would be site-specific-literally at the property scale-to reflect the site-
specific nature of coastal erosion. These setbacks would also incorporate the proposed
style of development. Construction-style considerations would include the size and
expected lifetime of the planned structure. Larger, immovable buildings and those with
lifetimes of more than 50 years would have deeper setbacks than small, movable
structures. For instance, a ten-story, 200-unit condominium would have a deeper setback
than a single-family house built on posts.

Establishing setbacks that reflect site-specific coastal processes and building styles could
be incorporated directly into the Shoreline Setback Rules for the Maui Planning
Commission along with certain construction and land-use performance standards for
areas that fall within a particular erosion-hazard zone. Site-specific setbacks would also
offer a basis for dune conservation.

Variable-rate setbacks may be difficult to adopt. Projected erosion rates along shorelines
with a history of severe coastal erosion could significantly limit the buildable area of a
beach-front parcel. The projected hazard-zone may even consume the entire property.
Provisions for possible exceptions to rate-based shoreline setbacks would need to be
included with any rule changes. Even if variable shoreline setbacks are not adopted by
the Planning Commission, erosion-hazard maps would still provide valuable data that
would be used during planning, developing, and redeveloping coastal properties. For

example, erosion hazard maps could be used to identify areas prone to high rates of
coastal erosion and help determine the causes of and methods to address coastal erosion.

Objectives
6.1) To provide relevant information for governmental agencies and the coastal
community when purchasing shoreline property and/or planning and designing
any development along the shoreline
6.2) To provide a scientific basis to assess and regulate proposed structures and
activities within projected shoreline erosion hazard zone

Recommendations

6.1a) Develop a detailed coastal erosion hazard analysis that will determine historical
shoreline positions and map the projected position of the shoreline 30, 60, and
90 years in the future. (Maui County has already prepared and advertised an
RFP to develop such a study.)
6.1b) Quantify the amount of beach loss that has occurred to help identify the possible
causes and potential mitigation of coastal erosion
6.2a) Incorporate site-specific erosion rate data and performance standards (e.g.,
construction style and estimated lifetime of structure) into the determination of
shoreline building setbacks
6.2b) Initiate meetings with neighborhood associations to help develop performance
standards for variable setbacks in areas with high rates of coastal erosion

7. Proactive Development of Coastal Lands

Proactive management occurs in the planning stages of new developments or
redevelopments along the shoreline, well before project layout is finalized. This type of
planning is beneficial to coastal landowners and developers who are not always aware of
shoreline processes, coastal hazards, and the potential impacts of development on the
beach and other nearshore areas. The permitting agency should apprise the applicant of
the recommendations listed below during project layout. Incorporating the advice of the
Planning Department would streamline the permitting process and decrease the risk of
coastal hazards.

Developers and landowners should be encouraged to pre-consult wi th various experts and
governmental agencies familiar with coastal erosion in order to get appropriate
recommendations on project design. Developers and landowners should also
acknowledge that developments along the shoreline are subject to the risk of coastal
erosion and high wave events and that any request to protect structures and property with
shoreline armoring is currently discretionary based on grounds of hardship and impacts
on the environment.

Objectives
7.1) To encourage proactive shoreline developments and increase awareness of coastal
hazards

7.2) To increase awareness of the discretionary nature of permitting shoreline
armoring to protect property

Recommendations

7.1a) Encourage developers and landowners to pre-consuit with various experts and
governmental agencies familiar with coastal erosion in order to get appropriate
recommendations on project design
7.1b) Make the Beach Management Plan for Vaui available to developers,
contractors, and landowners as a reference guide
7.1c) Encourage greater setbacks for erosion hotspots and watchspots and other areas
with a high rate of erosion (Figure 14)
7.1d) Discourage slab-on-grade construction (Figure 15)
7.1e) For major condominium/hotel type developments, encourage layouts with less
linear frontage (Figures 16, 17, and 18)
7.1f) Encourage minor structures to be non-permanent and portable (Figure 19)
7.1g) Encourage major structures to be hurricane/tsunami resistant (ie., built on posts)
(Figure 20) and located away from areas of high coastal hazard
7.1h) Encourage developers to construct building additions on the mauka side of the
structure rather than within the shoreline setback area

7.1i) Encourage use of sand fill and native vegetation for shoreline landscaping
7.2a) Require developers and landowners to acknowledge that shoreline armoring is
discretionary and based on grounds of hardship and impacts on the environment

77 r

WANN
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Figure 14. Example of large setback and open space, Ritz Carlton, Kapalua, Maui.

.im

...4
102
Figure 15. Undermined slab on grade sidewalk at Kahekili Park, North Beach,
Ka'anapali. This sidewalk is very hazardous to beach users and interferes with coastal
processes. This structure should have been readily movable when coastal erosion posed a
threat.

Makal

Shoreline

............
. . .........
...... ..........
..... ...
.. ..........
..........
..........
Building-

33 % of the, structure@ threatened by coastal hazards.

Makai

Shoreline
M

Building-

20% of the. structure threatened by coastal hazards
I
Makal

Shoreline

M: iT..

...........................

Building-

7'0/@-oftha-structure-.threatened..by,:coastal.'hazards
Figure 16. Different layouts of shoreline development with varying linear frontage.
V-shaped IaN@outs confine the risk of high-wave events and coastal erosion to a small
portion of the building instead of the entire structure.

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4-

.1 -dim

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21@
N

Honokowai, Maui.
Figure 17. Shore-parallel type development, Maui Kai and
Mahana Condominiums. Revetments front both condominiums.

J."

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Q

Figure 18. Less linear t-NIpe development, Royal Kahana area, Kahana, Maui. Note
sandbagging is limited to the corner portions of the structure closest to the ocean.

2 6

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Figure 19. Movable boardwalk constructed using recycled plastic, Kama'ole 1,
Kihei, Maui.

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Figure 20. Houses built on cement pillars, Paukukalo, Maui.

8. Inter-agency Coordination

Much of the coastline of Maui consists of parks, highways, and other public works
projects, which are threatened or will soon be threatened by erosion and other coastal
hazards. Inter-agency communication and education is necessary to more effectively plan
for or mitigate coastal hazards and implement more environmentally sound projects.
Better inter-agency coordination would also reduce delays, duplications, paperwork, and
resource demands in permit processing, resulting. in cost-savings to both permit
applicants and governmental agencies.

For example, the Department of the Army has proposed a General Permit for beach
nourishment and restoration in Hawaii. The purpose of the General Permit is to expedite
the authorization of minor non-controversial projects (e.g., beach nourishment and
offshore submerged berms). Activities that do not conform to the provisions and
limitations of this permit will still require an individual permit from the USACOE and/or
a project-specific DOH Section 401 Water Quality Certification and a Coastal Zone
Management (CZM) Federal Consistency determination. This General Permit has
already been reviewed for Hawaii Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program Federal
Consistency.

Beach nourishment projects and other shore protection measures often fall within two or
more jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., Federal and State, State and County, or Federal,
State, and County). This leads to jurisdictional conflicts. Each agency is often not fully
aware of the other agencies' permitting requirements and the status of pending
applications.

Some progress has recently been made towards the coordination of county and state
shoreline management efforts. Maui County and the State DLNR are discussing the
formation of improvement districts (see section on Beach Management Districts), the
selection of pilot beach nourishment sites, and data-management needs through the
Coastal Erosion Management Planfor the State of Hawaii.

However, more interagency communication is needed. For example, better cooperation
between State Parks and the County Parks and Recreation should be sought since many
of our beach parks are maintained by these departments. In addition, discussions should
be enhanced with the State Department of Transportation (DOT), because some highway
facilities are threatened or will soon be threatened by coastal erosion. In most cases, state
highway facilities are the major or only thoroughfare between regions. Proactive
planning of new highway construction, widening, and realignment could reduce the threat
of coastal erosion, high-wave hazards, and beach loss by anticipating future shoreline
trends (Figure 21).

Maui County should continue to work with the Federal and State agencies to improve
coordination on shoreline matters in order to avoid duplication, expedite permit
processing, and encourage more environmentally sensitive shoreline protection measures.

-7

Figure 21. Launiupoko State Park, Lahaina, Maui. This section of the state highway
is being threatened by ongoing coastal erosion and is earmarked for a revetment project
by the State DOT and the USACOE. However. the project was questioned by the County
since it seemed to be a short-term solution to a Ion(-T-term problem and would likely
promote construction of other similar structures. Beach nourishment with cobbles or
hiuhway relocation may be more appropriate solutions.

Objectives
8.1) To enhance coordination with federal. state. and other governmental agencies with
jurisdiction over shoreline management 1SSUes-Army Corps of Engineers.
Natural Resource Conservation Service. State and County Parks Departments. the
State Department of Transportation @Hiuhwa%,s and Harbors Division) the State
Department of Land and Natural Resources. State Department of Health. and the
Count%- Department of Public Works
8.2) To develop an atmosphere which allows commUnities to act proactively to meet
demands for shore protection and preservation

R e co n7n? e ncla t io i is

8. 1 a) 'Vlaintain on(loing discussions and improve coordination on shoreline matters
with other agencies in order to avoid duplication. expedite permit processing,
C@
and encourage more environmentally sensitive shoreline protection measures
8.2a) Proactively plan highway construction, park improvements, and other
infrastructure projects

')9

9. Structures and Activities \\ ithin-flie Shorel me Area

Certain shoreline structures have been shown to have an impact on coastal processes.
Although pre-consultation and cooperation with governmental agencies results in more
t@' Z:@
effective. proactive management and planning. certain recommendations on shoreline
development must be fori-riahzed through adoption of rule changes.

Minor Siructures

Concrete sidewalks. in-around swimming pools. and other beach-use facilities
historicaltv have been permitted within the shoreline setback area as **rninor structures".
Some of these existina structures are threatened by coastal erosion or hinder the normal
coastal processes (Figure 22).

.6;.

Figure 22. Hyatt Regency swimming pool threatened by coastal erosion.
In
Ka'anapali. Maui. Also refer to Figure 15.

The shoreline setback rules should be amended to regulate these type of permanent and
immovable structures within the shoreline area bv limiting minor structures to those that
are portable. expendable. or under a certain dollar value (see Figure 19). If the structure
is threatened by coastal erosion or has an adverse effect on shoreline processes, the
structure should be conditionally relocated or removed.

Permit processing on the County level for sand nourishment projects that would stabilize
and enhance the shoreline area should be expedited to the extent possible. Sand is
dynamic, it comes and goes naturally, depending on the tides. wind. seasons, and wave

action. Furthermore, nourishment may have a beneficial impact to surrounding properties
and often will increase the recreational value of a particular beach. By streamlining this
environmentally sensitive method of erosion control, the construction of illegal shoreline
hardening structures may be deterred. Guidelines, however, must be created to regulate
sand compatibility with the existing beach and sand cleanliness to minimize adverse
impacts on water quality and marine resources.

Major Structures

Major structures include buildings and extensions, patios and paved areas, and parking
lots. Although these are usually restricted from the shoreline setback area, the criteria for
granting a shoreline setback variance, is currently very broad. For example, shoreline
hardening structures have been historically permitted in the setback area for coastal
erosion control.

Unfortunateiv, shoreline hardening along coasts undergoing long-term coastal erosion has
led to widespread beach loss on Maui. The county is very concerned about possible
environmental impacts of coastal armoring and other major structures, especially with
regard to beach processes. The Planning Department critically reviews each proposed
shoreline setback variance and discouracyes the use of permanent coastal armoring
structures along sandy shorelines. A proposed major structure in the setback area should
be justified only after a thorough analysis of: 1) practicable alternatives, 2) reasonable
use of land, 3 )) desire to protect private property and structures, 4) shoreline erosion rates,
5) impacts to the environment, and 6) loss of public benefit.

Finally, one of the major flaws in the current shoreline setback rules is that parcels must
"abut the shoreline" in order to be subject to these rules. In other words, properties
fronted by even a sliver of a State beach reserve may construct major structures near the
makai edge of the property boundaries. This constitutes a major loophole in the current
shoreline setback regulations with potentially serious consequences to both the beach
environment and the property owner.

Objective
9.1) To regulate certain structures and activities within the shoreline area in a manner
consistent with proactive planning recommendations

Recommendations
9.1a) Limit minor structures to those that are portable, expendable, or under a certain
dollar value, and require them to be relocated or removed if shown to adversely
affect shoreline processes
9.1b) Expedite permit processing for sand nourishment projects, provided that
guidelines are created through the Shoreline Setback Rules to minimize adverse
impacts on water quality and marine resources

9.1c) Specifically define the criteria for granting a shoreline variance for major
structures

9.1d) Require that shoreline setback rules apply to all lands that abut the shoreline or
abut a state beach reserve

9.1e) Consider incorporating other recommendations in this plan as formal rule
changes (e.g., prohibition of soil fill and sand dune grading along the shoreline)

10. Beach Manasiement Districts

Beach management districts should be established on a neighborhood scale to help
maintain or restore nearby beaches and other shoreline areas. A beach management
district (BMD) is a special designation for a group of neighboring coastal properties that
provides a mechanism for implementing erosion mitigation projects at multi-property
scales. BMDs streamline the permitting requirements for beach preservation and
restoration projects and facilitate cost sharing between the group of neighborhood owners
and countv. state, and federal agencies. Further details about establishing beach
management districts and the advantages and challenges of establishing them are
thoroughly discussed in a 1992 report entitled Beach Management Plan with Beach
Management Districts by Hwang and Fletcher.

Certain beach management projects (e.g., large beach restorations) affect several
beachfront properties. The formation of a beach manaaement district allows a group of
adjacent landowners to address shoreline issues as a unit rather than as individual
property holders (HWANG AND FLETCHER, 1992). As a beach management district, the
group can pool its resources and streamline the permitting process for such projects.
Often, county. state. and federal agencies will participate in cost sharing for a particular
project, if it benefits the public. Some condominium associations and neighborhood
boards already act as defacto beach management districts.

Objective
10.1) To encourage and implement beach management districts in order to coordinate
beach management on a neighborhood scale

Recommendation
10.1a) Establish beach management districts at erosion hotspots, especially those
proposing to implement a beach restoration project
10.1b) Set up a mechanism at the county and/or state levels for evaluating petitions to
form a beach management district

11. Public Awareness and Education

Coastal and marine environments are greatly influenced by the activities of humankind.
Increasing public awareness of the sensitivity of these environments would sharply
decrease human impacts. Policy makers and agency personnel should be provided with
guidance for more effective beach management practices. Equally important is
increasing awareness and education of general public. Although Maui has many well-
informed individuals with stewardship attitudes, both the private sector and the public
need to become more aware of coastal and marine resource issues.

Policy makers and agency personnel need to be better informed so that their decisions are
envirom-nentally and economically responsible. The same applies to developers and
contractors, especially those working at shoreline properties. A better informed public
will support decisions that need to be made.

Hawaii Sea Grant and Maui Community College should develop a public awareness and
education program on coastal and marine resource issues. Sea Grant should team up with
local scientists and environmental groups to sponsor K-12 teacher training workshops.
Maui Community College can support post-secondary education and research by
continuing to offer marine science courses through its Marine Option Program. Offering
a bachelor's degree program in Marine Science should be a longer-term goal at Maui
Community College.

Public awareness can also be increased through educational presentations to various
groups (e.g., community associations, neighborhood boards, rotary clubs, ocean activity
owners and County commissions). Other ways to increase awareness include creating a
web site on coastal processes and development guidelines, issuing press releases,
publishing information in booklets, and giving presentations at conferences and
symposiums similar to the Coral Reef Symposium and the Coastal Zone Management
Conference, both of which took place on Nlaui in September 1997.

Objective
11.1) To increase public and private sector awareness and education on coastal and
marine resource protection

Recommendations
11.1a) Identify key target audiences (e.g., schools. community associations,
neighborhood boards, rotary clubs. developers and contractors, ocean activity
owners, county commissions, etc.)
11.1b) Continue disseminating information by issuing press releases, publishing
booklets and posters, and giving presentations at conferences and to key user
groups

3 3

11.1c) Sponsor the creation of a web site on coastal processes, development
guidelines, and beach management
11.1d) Partner with local scientists and environmental groups to sponsor K-12 teacher
training workshops

12. Research

Several University of Hawaii research projects have focused on Maui County's coastal
and marine resources. These projects have greatly increased our knowledge of the coastal
and marine environments and processes and have led to improved management of the
coastal zone. Further research is necessary to increase our understanding of coastal and
marine science and to insure the effective and efficient management of the coastal zone.

Hawaii Sea Grant can help identify new projects and potential funding partnerships. The
most likely partners would be Sea Grant, DLNR. DOH, DBEDT's Coastal Zone
Management Program. the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Environmental
Protection Agency, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and NOAA's Hawaii
Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary.

An important component of research is monitoring. Monitoring involves the periodic
collection of data to study changes in an environment through time. Two important
studies relevant to beach management carried out by volunteers on Maui include the
monitoring of algal blooms and the biannual collection of beach profiles (Figure 23). The
collection of data on nuisance algal blooms was initiated in 1995 by Na Maka'ala and is
currently being carried Out by Na Pale 0 Ke Kai. Na Pale 0 Ke Kai also collects water
samples and analyzes turbidity.

The monitoring of beach profiles is an on-going UH-Manoa and USGS cooperative
effort. Researchers involved in this joint study have monitored 32 profile lines on Maui
beaches twice yearly since January 1995. The analysis of sequential beach profiles
provides data on seasonal and longer-term changes in beach volume. This information is
needed to complement aerial photograph analyses of coastal erosion and to help plan
beach restoration projects.

Vertical aerial photographs of the shoreline provide valuable information to coastal zone
planners and developers. Recent aerial photographs of a given shoreline area can be
compared with historical aerial photographs to determine rates of coastal erosion. The
county currently maintains a limited archive of aerial photographs. with complete sets
from 1967, 1988, and 1993. This database should be updated at least every 5 years.

Figure 23. USGS - UH beach profile survey.

Objective
12.1) To continue to help fund research in coastal and marine science and marine
polic"
12.2) To continue to closely monitor shoreline trends SLIch as coastal erosion and beach
loss as well as algal blooms

1,2.1a) Commission new research projects in coastal and marine science and marine
policy on ail scales
12.1 b) Fund studies that seek to better understand site-specific causes of coastal
erosion and beach loss

12.1c) Help fund a study that quantifies sand production on corai reefs
1,2.1d) Help sponsor a study of the economic. legal. and political challenges associated
with requiring rate-based building setbacks
12.1e) Encourage Maul Community College to take a more active role in marine
science education and research by further developing its Marine Option
Prouram

12.1f) Seek participation in research on marine issues from other universities, ocean
user groups, and other government agencies
12.2a) Update the County's database of coastal aerial photographs at least every five
years so that county planners can make informed decisions with reasonably up
to date information on shoreline development
12.2b) Help maintain and expand the island-wide network of beach profiles
12.2c) Help support the continued collection of data on water quality and algal blooms

13. Fundiniz Mechanisms

Two effective tools for managing coastal erosion and beach loss include beach
nourishment and the acquisition of coastal lands. Large beach nourishment projects and
the purchase of shoreline properties can cost several millions of dollars. Additionally,
continued research in coastal and marine sciences and beach monitoring will require
continued funding.

The funding of these projects should be shared by federal, state, county, and private
sources. Grants from outside agencies (e.g., federal agencies, Sea Grant, the DLNR, and
the Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism's Coastal Zone
Management Program) can be leveraged from relatively small seed funding allocated by
the County. Monetary and in-kind support from non-governmental organizations and
environmental groups should also be sought.

The County could propose setting up a dedicated beach management fund. This fund
would help pay for beach nourishment and dune restoration projects as well as research
and monitoring needs. Some of the money for this fund could be gathered from CZM-
related permit processing fees (SMAs and SSVs) and fines collected from various
violations. Additional funds could be allocated in County budget. Even a small, perhaps
voluntary, visitor donation for beach preservation of as little as $0.50 per person per day
could generate millions annually.

Currently, the County is limited in the amount of coastal lands it can acquire. These
lands may be more efficiently funded through a practice called land banking. Land
banking is defined as the practice of acquiring land by reason of opportunity, crisis, or
prudent planning, and then holding the land for either a specific or unforeseen use-the
use being in the public interest. This funding mechanism. falling outside of the normal
process of budget appropriations, will provide a way to regularly set aside ftinds for
future land acquisitions in both good and bad economic times (Anthony Rankin, pers.
comm.).

The Maui County Council recently unanimously endorsed a bill calling for increased
county funding for public land acquisition through a surcharge on the existing state

conveyance tax. This stable funding would greatly enhance the ability of the county to
acquire coastal lands for public use.

Objective
13.1) To sharply increase funding for beach management. coastal lands acquisition,
and research and monitoring and seek to attract outside sources of funding

Recommendations

13.1a) Allocate a portion of the annual budget to a dedicated beach management fund,
which would not only be used for land banking and beach nourishment projects
but also for continued coastal zone research and monitoring
13. 1 b) Identify strategies for generating more revenue earmarked for beach
management
13.1 c) More effectively pursue matching funds from outside agencies through
leveraging
13.1d) Support and recognize volunteer efforts of non-governmental agencies and
community groups who are active in beach stewardship

GLOSSARY

Accretion - the deposition of sediment. sometimes indicated by the seaward advance of a
shoreline indicator such as the water line, the berm crest. or the vegetation line.
Active beach - the portion of the littoral system that is frequently (daily or at least
seasonally) subject to transport by wind. waves, and currents.
Algal bloom - a sudden increase in the amount of marine algae (seaweed) often caused
by high levels of phosphates, nitrates, and other nutrients in the nearshore area.
Armoring - the placement of fixed engineering structures. typically rock or concrete, on
or along the shoreline to reduce coastal erosion. Armoring structures include
seawalls, revetments. bulkheads, and rip rap (loose boulders).
Backshore - the generally dry portion of the beach between the berm crest and the
vegetation line that is submerged only during very high sea levels and eroded only
during moderate to strong wave events.
Beach - an accumulation of loose sediment (usually sand or gravel) along the coast.

Beach loss - a volumetric loss of sand from the active beach.

Beach management district - a special designation for a group of neighboring coastal
properties that is established to facilitate cost sharing and streamline the permitting
requirements for beach restoration projects.
Beach narrowing - a decrease in the useable beach width caused by erosion.
Beach nourishment - the technique of placing sand fill along the shoreline to widen the
beach.

Beach profile - a cross-sectional plot of a shore-normal topographic and geomorphic
beach survey, usually in comparison to other survey dates to illustrate seasonal and
longer-term changes in beach volume.
Berm - a geornorphological feature usually located at mid-beach and characterized by a
sharp break in slope, separating the flatter backshore from the seaward-sloping
foreshore.
Building setback - the county-required seaward limit of major construction for a coastal
property. Building setbacks on Maui vary from 25 feet to 150 feet landward of the
certified shoreline.
Coastal dunes - dunes within the coastal upland, immediately landward of the active
beach.
Coastal erosion - the wearing away of coastal lands. usually by wave attack, tidal or
littoral currents, or wind. Coastal erosion is synonymous with shoreline (vegetation
line) retreat.
Coastal plain - the low-lying, gently-sloping area landward of the beach often containing
fossil sands deposited during previously higher sea levels.

Coastal upland - the low-lying area landward of the. beach often containing
unconsolidated sediments. The coastal upland is bounded by the hinterland (the
higher-elevation areas dominated by bedrock and steeper slopes).
Day-use mooring - a buoy or other device to which boats can be secured without
anchoring.
Deflation - a lowering of the beach profile.
Downdrift - in the direction of net longshore sediment transport.
Dune - a landform characterized by an accumulation of wind-blown sand, often
vegetated.
Dune restoration - the technique of rebuilding an eroded or degraded dune through one
or more various methods (sand fill, drift fencing, revegetation, etc.).
Dune walkover - light construction that provides pedestrian access without trampling
dune vegetation.
Dynamic equilibrium - a system in flux, but with influxes equal to outfluxes.
Erosion - the loss of sediment, sometimes indicated by the landward retreat of a shoreline
indicator such as the water line, the berm crest, or the vegetation line.
Erosion hotspots - areas where coastal erosion has threatened shoreline development or
infrastructure. Typically, the shoreline has been armored and the beach has narrowed
considerably or been lost.
Erosion watchspots - areas where the coastal environment will soon be threatened if
shoreline erosion trends continue.

Foreshore - the seaward sloping portion of the beach within the normal range of tides.
Hardening - see Armoring.
Improvement districts - a component of a beach management district established to help
facilitate neighborhood-scale improvement projects (e.g., beach nourishment).
Land banking - the purchase of shoreline properties by a government, presumably to
reduce development pressure or to preserve the parcel as a park or as open space.
Littoral budget - the sediment budget of the beach consisting of sources and sinks.
Littoral system - the geographical system subject to frequent or infrequent beach
processes. The littoral system is the area from the landward edge of the coastal
upland to the seaward edge of the near-shore zone.
Longshore transport - sediment transport down the beach (parallel to the shoreline)
caused by longshore currents and/or waves approaching obliquely to the shoreline.
Lost beaches - a subset of erosion hotspots. Lost beaches lack a recreational beach, and
lateral shoreline access is very difficult if not impossible.
Monitoring - periodic collection of data to study changes in an environment over time.

Nutrient loading - the input of fertilizing chemicals to the nearshore marine
environment, usually via non-point source runoff and sewaize effluent. Nutrient
loading often leads to algal blooms.
Offshore - the portion of the littoral system that is always submerged.
Overwash - transport of sediment landward of the active beach by coastal flooding
during a tsunami, hurricane, or other event with extreme waves.
Revetment - a sloping type of shoreline armoring often constructed from large,
interlocking boulders. Revetments tend to have a rougher (less reflective) surface
than seawalls.
Scarp - a steep slope, usually along the foreshore and/or at the vegetation line, formed by
wave attack.

Scarping - the erosion of a dune or berm by wave-attack during a storm or a large swell.
Sea bags - large sand-filled geotextile tubes used in coastal protection projects.
Seawall - a vertical or near-vertical type of shoreline armoring characterized by a smooth
surface.

Shoreline setback - see Building setback.
Siltation - the input of non-calcareous fine-grained sediments to the nearshore marine
environment, or the settling out of fine-grained sediments on the seafloor.
Storm surge - a temporary rise in sea level associated with a storm's low barometric
pressure and onshore winds.
Urban runoff - the input of hydrocarbons. heavy metals, pesticides. and other chemicals
to the nearshore marine environment from densely populated areas.
Zooxanthellae - unicellular. symbiotic algae living within coral Polyps that produce food
for their hosts by photosynthesis and help efficiently recycle low-levels of nutrients.

REFERENCES

BRUUN. P.. 1962. Sea level rise as a cause of shore erosion. Journal of Waterways &
Harbors Division, ASCE, 88: 117-130.

CAMPBELL, J.F., RoSENDAHL, B.R., COULBOURN, W.T., AND MOBERLY, R.M., 1971.
Reconnaissance Sand Inventory: Off Leeward Molokai and Maui. HIG-71-17. Hawaii
Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii-Manoa.
DUXBURY, A.B. AND DUXBURY, A.C., 1996. Fundamentals of Oceanography. 308 p.
FLETCHER, C.H., MULLANE, R.A., AND RICHMOND, B.R., 1997. Beach loss along armored
shorelines on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Coastal Research, 13, 1, 209-215.
HWANG. D.J. AND FLETCHER, C.H., 1992. Beach Management Plan with Beach
Management Districts. Hawaii Office of State Planning, Coastal Zone Management
Program, Honolulu, 192 p.
JOHNSTONE, H.W., 1997. Mo'omomi, West Moloka'i: a Coastal Treasure. University of
Hawal"i at Manoa, Sea Grant Extension Service, Honolulu., 56 p.
MAKAI OCEAN ENGINEERING, INC. AND SEA ENGINEERING, INC., 1991. Aerial Photograph
Anal'ysis of'Coastal Erosion on the Islands of Kaua'i, Moloka'i, Lana'i, Maui, and
Haivai'i. Hawaii Office of State Planning, Coastal Zone Management Program,
Honolulu, 199 p.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, 1995. Beach Nourishment and Protection. Committee on
Beach Nourishment and Protection, Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and
Technical Systems, Washington, DC, 3334 p.
TAIT, J.F., AND GRIGGS, G.B., 1990. Beach response to the presence of a seawall. Shore
and Beach, 5 8, 11-2 8.
SEA ENGINEERING, INC., 1993. Beach Nourishment Viability Study. Hawaii Office of
State Planning, Coastal Zone Management Program. Honolulu. 95 p.
WEST MAUI WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE, 1997. West Maui
Watershed Owners Manual. 92 p.

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