[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
P ;Alb-? C's qw P, n@ 94 n@ ct t4 r4 7P Cd -4 UAR Cd @41 ff@krlll It-, lyw 3V Al X, Cd ,i ct Cd cd, IR 14P! TO Ip -*Acff 4A -4 V IIt'll 1EWA I A Ilk A4, k@,Y LLJ j lv,4 LLJ Z: Ka 0 L'o, i N 41 CD U- ct 'T -LI IS Cd CD r-4 @--'z tflp qp') M WY I'M n 14 ON p q'i 4P V 00 00 pit". 4t- ct Tf 6 -15) Commonwealth of Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs Department of Environmental Management 100, Cambridge Street This document is the East Coast's most comprehensive guide to the development and management of ocean beach Boston recreation areas. It is the culmination of two years of research on beaches along the Atlantic from Maine to North Massachusetts Carolina to determine how to best protect the environment while providing recreational opportunity on the 02202 Commonwealth's shoreline. The need for such a plan became apparent when DEM became responsible for developing South Cape Beach, part of 2800 acres of coastal land owned by DEM. We found that many of our public beaches contained concrete piers and Office of the asphalt parking lots built by the Department of Public Works in the 1950's. At that time, a good beach was n6t Commissioner measured by its ecological and aesthetic value but by the number of beachgoers it held. That measure showed great success. Each year about three million people visit DEM's 14 miles of beach that are suitable for swimming - 214,000 people per mile of beach. In the last three decades, overuse and natural erosion have deteriorated the sandy beach soil and structures, putting our beaches at environmental risk. The Ocean Beach Initiative is a state-of-the-art guide that will halt the damage. It will restore the natural character, overall beauty and ecological stability of the Commonwealth's fragile coastal dunes, salt marshes and wetland wildlife habitat. We realize these resources are irreplaceable. In 1983 Governor Michael S. Dukakis and the Massachusetts Legislature authorized $162 million for open space preservation and enhancement. With those funds additional acres of precious coastal property have been added to the state forest and park system, and older beach facilities are being renovated to meet today's needs. The Legislature renewed its commitment in late 1987 with the passage of a second open space bond that earmarks $6 million for a first phase restoration of ocean beaches and $40 million for coastal land acquisition. DEM's commitment includes helping municipalities acquire, preserve and manage beaches, and offering workshops and technical resources to local officials. The challenge of upgrading older beaches and developing new ones is really one of management, and DEM will meet the challenge by training staff to wisely manage coastal natural resources and to increase public awareness of their value. The Ocean Beach Initiative is truly an achievement of department-wide planning. Thanks to Karst Hoogeboom, landscape architect in DEM's Division of Planning and Development for leading the effort, and to DEM regional supervi ors: and participating communities for putting forth a plan that shows DEM at its best. Michael S. Dukakis Gouemor James S. Hoyte Secretary pe ' Ior a James Gutensohn mes Gutensohn, Commissioner Commissioner @assachusetts Department of Environmental Management Sandca.stles and Sandpipers Restoration and Development Guidelines for Ocean Beach Recreation Areas January 1988 OCEAN BEACH RESTORATION INITIATIVE Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management 100 Cambridge Street Boston, Massachusetts 02202 Michael S. Dukakis Governor James S. Hoyte Secretary of Environmental Affairs James Gutensohn Commissioner of Environmental Management Ocean Beach Restoration Initiative Task Force James Gutensohn Paul Botelho . . . ... . ... . Gilbert Bliss John Cary Julia Brody Alden Cousins Robert Kumor Karst Hoogeboom Joanne Nichols Robert McLean Donald Stoddard Note: DEM welcomes your comments, suggestions, criticisms and corrections on material presented herein. Please address comments to the project manager at the address indicated below. R N, To obtain additional copies of this publication, please contact: Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management Division of Planning and Development 225 Friend Street . ...... .. ........ Boston, Massachusetts 02114 617 - 727 - 3160 Heavily Developed Shoreline - Provincetown Project Manager Karst R. Hoogeboom All Photographs Karst R. Hoogeboom unless noted otherwise Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management James Gutensohn, Commissioner TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I 1. THE ISSUE 3 II. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 7 1. Degree of Development 9 2. Activity Zones 10 3. Long Term Planning 11 4. Visual Appearance 12 5. Environmental Awareness 12 6. Research Activities 13 III. DUNE STABILIZATION. PROTECTION AND ACCESS 15 1. Dune Grass Protection Program 18 2. Reconstruction and Revegetation Program 19 3. Wintertime Snow Fence Program 20 4. Education and Awareness Program 20 5. Control of Access 21 6. Boardwalk Walkover System 21 7. Beach Overlooks 22 8. Crowd Dispersal on Beach 22 9. Barrier Free Access 23 10.Vehicle Access to Beach 24 I l.Shoreline Protection Measures 24 IV. PARKING AND CIRCULATION 27 1. One Way Circulation 30 2. Placement and Location of Parking 30 3. Parking Surface 30 4. Alternatives to Parking 32 5. Offroad Vehicles 33 V. STRUCTURES (GENERAL) 35 1. Compliance with Regulations 38 2. Architectural Style and Scale 38 3. Building Materials and Systems 38 4. Climate Tempering and Moderation 40 NUM@N ,NZI, 5. Proximity to the Beach 41 6. Concessions 42 7. Efficiency of Maintenance 43 8. Childrens Play Areas 43 VI. BATHHOUSES AND TOILET FACILITIES 45 I - Decentralization 48 Op 2. Showers 49 3. Changing Areas 49 4. Plumbing 49 A 5. Waste Treatment 49 VIL MANAGEMENUMAINTENANCE (OPERATIONS) 51 1. Maintenance Intensity 54 2. Maintenance Programs 54 "Rim 3. Compatibility of Maintenance Equipment and Facilities 54 MOM 4. Realistic Maintenance Funding 54 5. Regional Repair and Overhaul Facility 54 Al 6. Employee Awareness/Training Program 55 SZe 7. Staffing and Operations 55 N . .. . ........... ... VIII. APPENDICES 57 1. Sites Visited During Research 59 2. Additional Agencies Contacted During Research 65 Sea Street Beach, Dennisport 3. DEM Owned and/or Operated Ocean Properties 67 4. References and Selected Sources 69 INTRODUCTION Extending from the frigid Labrador Current of Salisbury Beach to the tepid Gulfstream of Horseneck Beach, from the rocky coast of Cape Ann to the sandy beaches of Cape Cod, Massachusetts' vast coastal area has long provided seemingly endless opportunities for recreation, commerce and navigation. Our coastline covers nearly 2000 miles and is one of the state's greatest natural and recreational treasures. Its importance extends far beyond state boundaries however, as our shores lie within a day's drive of one quarter of the nation's population. Beach and Dunes - South Cape Beach, Mashpee Massachusetts is one of only two coastal states that restrict public access to coastal beaches, allowing access across private shoreline only for fishing, fowling and navigational purposes. Of the 2000 miles of Massachusetts coastline, less than 7% is in public ownership and accessible to the public. Access to the shore is becoming increasingly more difficult as more and more coastal development occurs. Competition for shoreline use, improve the visual quality and quality of experience expecially in more densely populated areas, has put a associated with ocean beaches. premium on available bathing beaches. Erosional forces and the accelerated rise in sea level are reducing the This program has been developed over the course of two availability of coastal areas to fill the demand. Along with years through correspondence and telephone conversations decreased opportunities for expanding the number and size with recreation and environmental professionals at several of areas for beach recreation, there has been a continuous National Park Service regional offices and in every coastal increase in the demand on existing sites. The net effect state in the continental United States. Numerous site has been overcrowding and the construction of parking lots, visits have been made to beach facilities from Maine to bathhouses and other facilities in locations that frequently North Carolina and meetings held with planning and detract from the natural character, ecological stability, operations personnel at each site. There has been an and overall beauty of the coastal landscape. extensive review of existing research information and a compilation of all pertinent and relevant data. The policy is a distillation of all the information, gathered and packaged in a form that addresses the particular issues relevant to ocean beach development/redevelopment in Massachusetts. The contents of this document are organized in the following fashion: T-he Issue provides a general overview of the status of DEM facilities, their intrinsic value, the need for development or 'redevelopment and the types of improvements considered relevant. General Considerations explains the general use of ocean beach recreation areas, the philosophy of their development, their overall appearance and layout. Dune Stabilization. Protection and Access outlines the steps necessary to preserve the barrier dune systems and allow navigation across them by pedestrians and vehicles. Private Development on Barrier Dtme - Cape Hatteras, North Carolina Parking and Circulation describes the approach to minimizing the visual and physical impact of automobiles on ocean beach ecosystems. Responding to this need, the Department of Environmental Structures (General) discusses the general approach to Management(DEM) has created a Development location and appearance of buildings at beach areas. Redevelopment Policy for ocean beach areas under its Bathhouses and Toilet Facilities reviews the two jurisdiction. The program establishes a policy on the ways general approaches that are recommended: elevated that development will occur and is intended to achieve a bathhouses and portable or modular bathhouses. balance with environmental regulations and regulatory Management/Maintenance outlines the various aspects agencies, preserve the natural resource, provide for the of operating beach recreation areas and components of greatest public use that can be safely accommodated and regional repair and overhaul facilities. (2) Im, @ 4 1-1 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Davis Beach - Dennis THE ISSUE Ocean beach recreation facilities owned or operated by the Department of Environmental Management cover roughly 2800 acres along the coast and include 14 miles of beach suitable for swimming. These facilities (5) attract approximately three million beachgoers per year. flood zone. Activities and structures shall be prioritized as They fall into two categories of appearance and to necessity for proximity to the beach and matched to the development: 1) as yet undeveloped, and 2) deteriorating, degree of environmental sensitivity of the beach site. The out of date, unattractive leftovers of prior owners' nature of beach sites is such that some can support more development schemes. The facilities in the latter category intense development than others. were designed in the 1950's and built with less attention to ecological concerns, site compatibility, human comfort, Improvements to existing facilities will include site visual appearance or economy of maintenance- than is now reorganization, improved circulation, redesigned parking considered appropriate. lots, major dune restoration and stabilization, new bathhouses and concessions and upgraded sewage and utility systems. Development of as yet undeveloped beach a reas will follow the design approach proposed at existing facilities with the emphasis on site compatibility and environmental awareness. EMU,- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 011 Aging Beach Facilities - Horseneck Beach, Westport aw The Department of Environmental Management will develop barrier beaches as minimally as possible while . . . . . . . . . . . . ., providing for the greatest number of recreational users that each beach can support. To this end all unnecessary activities and structures shall be located inland on land less fragile and less valuable. Visual value, ecological value, Undeveloped Barrier Beach - South Cape Beach, Mashpm real estate value, the value of a limited quantity, all have made beachfront land far too precious to devote to inappropriate or unnecessary uses. In addition, regulatory constraints restrict the types and quantity of development within the limits of the velocity zone and the 100 year (6) om@ @mo 2 cn z 0 u I-N r- I- V) z 0 r-o 9 I OW . . ........ .............. . ...... ..... ... .. ........ ... . .. ... .. . . . . . Intense Recreational Use - Horseneck Beach, Westport GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Public ocean beaches have traditionally been designed to respond to one or two immediate recreation needs, with the site viewed as purely a recreational resource. As we have become more aware of the ecological importance of the coastal environment the development approach has been revised to protect the natural resource, maximizing efficient recreational use of the space and providing for both future demand and long term coastal change. An essential component of barrier beach preservation is a better understanding of natural coastal processes. This will be accomplished through research activities and the implementation of environmental education programs. 1. Deffee of DevelMment - Ocean beach recreation areas shall be designed to allow for maximum use according to technical constraints and quality of experience. It is necessary to provide for the greatest demand in order to significantly serve the recreation needs of the Commonwealth. a)Development elements will be sized and designed according to the capacity of the site and the capacity (9) of each other. setting. The quality of the park experience shall be maintained while not compromising the environment. b) The limiting technical constraints will vary from site Parking lots, public roads, utilities, maintenance to site. Examples include: areas, visitor centers, main bathhouses, and major pedestrian circulation routes will be included in - square foot area of beach development zones. There may be more than one - wastewater disposal capacity development zone per beach area to separate - capacity of water system incompatible activities such as sanitary facilities and - parking restrictions and availability of land for recreation activities. parking Ng" capacity of access roads .. ... ... ... fragility of the ecosystem. c) Determination of the types and concentrations of activities which affect the quality of experience is more subjective and requires careful analysis of, among others: - visual qualities of the site - visual impact of the activity - compatibility of uses - location and dispersal of activities - vegetation types and coverage - topography - established space standards - ecological stability of the site. These limiting factors will help determine the carrying capacity of the site. Regulation of the number of people Cottages Being Dismantled at Barrier Dune - Brewster State Beach, Brewster on the site will help protect and preserve it for the use and enjoyment of future generations. b) Due to their fragile nature, nesting sites, barrier dunes and most salt marsh and wetlands areas will be 2. Activily Zones - Ocean beach recreation areas shall be designated as natural zones. The public will be divided into three zones of management: development prohibited from these areas. Natural zones will be zones, natural zones and limited access zones, the fenced off and indicated with educational and locations of which will depend on the capacity of the regulatory signage. land to support anticipated uses. c) All other areas of the park shall be considered part of a) Development zones will be concentrated in the a limited access zone and will be managed to ensure smallest area necessary to accommodate the required that natural resources and processes remain largely development and intensive use while still achieving the unaltered by human activity. Nature trails and attractive appearance desired in a naturalistic beach boardwalks, overlooks and observation points, (10) interpretive programs and signage, wildlife study areas and programs will be included within the limited access zone. Development will be of the most minimal kind needed to provide limited access and achieve proper maintenance of the natural resources. Access will be controlled through the use of signage, elevated boardwalks with railings and clearly delineated trail systems. @-w W. Beach Erosion at Seawall - Salisbury Beach, Salisbury b) Current planning shall identify potential locations for structures and parking lots for utilization in the future. Consideration should be given to the purchase of those areas the Department doesn't currently own Storm Washout - South Beach, Martha's Vin P ve r Aand holding them in reserve. These areas could be used to absorb current peak day overnowuse. 3. Lon-g Term Planning It is necessary to design ocean beach recreation areas for the extremely long term - 60 c) The region surrounding the ocean beach recreation to 100 years. The need for a long range view is due area shall be analyzed for potential or anticipated primarily to tremendous coastal development pressures, development within the same 60 - 100 year time the dynamic erosional forces along the coast, and frame. This will help in determining development projected increases in population and recreation demand. pressure, future demand and the future need for expansion. a) Each site shall be reviewed in terms of where the coastline will be 100 years from now. This can be d)A program shall be developed to purchase adjacent determined fairly accurately by interpolating rates of storm-damaged property as it becomes available after erosion, littoral movement and the increase in sea storms. This will put more shore in the hands of the level elevation and will give an indication where public and reduce the negative impacts associated permanent structures can be located. with development of the coastline. (11) W Contact Station - Hammonasset Beach, Madison Connecticut Storm Damaged House - South Beach, Martha's Vineyard b) Entrances shall be visually appealing and eyecatching with a clear sense of arrival and a good clear signage 4. Visual Appgarance All ocean beach recreation areas system, all of which will help create an immediately shall have a consistency of appearance with other DEM positive public image. recreation areas. This will help to identify them as components of the state's recreation system. 5. Environmental Awareness - A strong environmental education program and a wide range of interpretive a) Ocean beach recreation areas shall establish and activities will help demonstrate to the public the great reinforce an appropriate experience for beachgoers. resource value of barrier beach areas. In addition, development components shall contain unifying elements that are in keeping with an a)Visitors will be given the opportunity to learn about oceanfront character and are indigenous to the the forces that shape and maintain the coastal region. Examples incorporating local traditions and environment, to learn that people are a part of that conditions would include: environment, and that their actions can have innumerable impacts upon it. - building forms - architectural style and elements b)The program will explain the reasons for regulations - types of materials and the need for protected areas. Its intent will be to - color selection promote environmental awareness and respect for - physical layout. barrier dune areas. (12) c) In addition to regular interpretive programs, assistance will be given to teachers, organized groups and schools which use the beach areas in their environmental studies. 6. Research Activities - The use of ocean beach recreation areas under D.E.M. jurisdiction for research and study may be permitted and encouraged provided the projects meet certain guidelines and criteria established by the Department. a) Scientists may use barrier beach areas for studies that cannot be performed elsewhere. Those studies should contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics and fragility of the barrier beach ecosystem. b) Research proposals must be in sufficient detail to be acceptable to the Department. All proposals will be subject to Departmental review, approval, conditions, and limitations. c) Research activities cannot interfere with the use of Sandpipers on Tidal Flats - First Encounter Beach, Eastham the park by the public. In addition, research activities can have no permanent or lasting impact on park resources or any temporal impact deemed unacceptable by the Department. d) Collection of specimens will be allowed only when essential and consistant with an approved research proposal, and will not be allowed for off-site study programs or general collections. Collecting shall be in accordance with provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973. No collections will be allowed that substantially deplete a natural resource or upset the natural balance of the ecosystem. (13) III DUNE STABILIZATION, PROTECTION AND ACCESS (15) Q 41) ^(1) - r. Co 0 (U ." co 4@ U2 U U (U 4) C,3 IV 0 4- 0 -t: > W CO -P (U 0 co co 0 > .0 0 W W t in co 4) CO (v w cu CO -4. 60 E W 0 r_ co 0 cboj) 49K ik beaches and wetlands, they protect inland areas from storm damage and flooding by storm waves. Vegetation cover contributes to the growth and stability of coastal dunes, minimizing wind erosion and trapping windborne sand. We must maintain this dune system in order to retain its protective qualities. 1. Dune Grass Protection ProgLam - Dune vegetation is very intolerant of both pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Even the pressure of foot traffic will cause severe root dieback, resulting in substantial reduction of vegetative cover, which in turn can lead to rapid deterioration of the entire dune system. Storm Damage to Barrier Dune - Coast Guard Beach, Eastham 'g W. eft N ................ 7 Vehicular and Pedestrian Damage - South Beach. Martha's Vineyard iers shall be installed around the perimeter of a) Barr dunes to direct pedestrian movement away from fragile dune area and limit unauthorized access. The Snowfencing Around D%me - Robert Moses State Park, Fire Island, New York best currently available barrier material is wood (18) picket snow fencing with a 50% porosity and posts a)Unnecessary existing structures and activities within every ten to fifteen feet. Snow fence is relatively the barrier dune area shall be removed and barrier inexpensive, visually unobtrusive, widely available, dunes reconstructed at their locations. The seaward resists vandalism and requires less installation cost edge of reconstructed dunes shall be situated at least than other types of fencing. The installation of three one hundred feet inland of mean high water to avoid rows of snow fencing will deter all but the most destruction by storm waves before vegetation cover determined of trespassers and has the added benefit of can be established. trapping almost all of the windblown sand. b) American Beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) shall b) Signs shall be installed prohibiting dune access, be planted on reconstructed dunes and bare areas of explaining the reason for the regulation and warning the existing primary dune and back dune in sufficient that trespassers will be ejected from the beach. quantities and coverage to trap windblown sand. Dunegrass planting shall be in accordance with c) Vehicular traffic shall be limited to maintenance and established studies. Grass must be planted in emergency vehicles only at designated dune crossings. staggered rows parallel to the dune line and beach. Fertilizer shall be applied to new plantings at rates 2. Reconstruction and Revegetation PLo M - The dune and ratios recommended by established studies. system must be of a relatively uniform height and shape to be effective in storm protection. Q Beach Grass Revegetation - Robert Moses State Park, Fire Island, New York c) Blowouts must be repaired immediately by replenishing dune sand, erecting snow fencing and planting beachgrass. The source of sand for Dune Reconstruction and Revegetation - Fort Phoenix, Fairhaven replenishment shall be the adjacent beach. (19) d) Beach nourishment may be justified if densely into the scarp with a row of snow fencing placed populated areas are threatened or if adjacent dredging parallel to the scarp on the seaward side in a zig-zag operations require a location for deposition of dredged configuration. After sand begins to accumulate, beach material. Studies must be done to determine the grass shall be planted in conformance with the effect of beach nourishment on downdrift inlets and revegetation program. channels. Sand which is brought in must be compatible with existing beach sand in grain size, texture, color 3. Wintertime Snow Fence Program - Onshore winds are and organic content and must be acceptable to all strongest during winter months and can substantially regulatory agencies with jurisdiction over the erode the beach sand supply. Snow fencing installed on operation. the beach in autumn will capture windblown sand and keep it' on the beach, slowing landward migration. Studies shall be done in advance to determine optimum patterns and layout. Scarped Dune - Coast Guard Beach, Eastham Winter Snowfence Program - Horseneck Beach, Westport e) Dunes often become scarped (or cliffed) during storms when waves bend on the beach and run parallel to the 4. Education and Awareness Program - An explanation to coastline, undercutting the dune edge and carrying visitors why DEM can or cannot allow certain activities away large quantities of sand. In contrast to the on the dunes will enhance public appreciation of the post-storm beach building process which occurs functional role of barrier dunes. Through the use of rapidly, vertical scarping is difficult to repair, either signage, displays, interpreters (and possibly volunteer naturally or artificially, because of the volume of sand programs), the public must be made aware of the reasons removed. Scarping shall be repaired through the use for dune protection and stabilization, and solicited for of short perpendicular spurs of snow fencing placed their help in these concerns. (20) 5. Control of Access - The barrier dune system, associated coastal wetlands and the adjacent pioneer vegetation community are all very sensitive to foot traffic. Because pedestrians will use the easiest route to their destination, beach access routes must be designed to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . appear the easiest and most direct in order to be successful in protecting the coastal environment. Access shall be controlled beginning as far back from the beach as possible, with fencing, a railing or vegetation barrier around the parking lots and along walks, and through the use of elevated boardwalks with handrails on both sides. 6. Boardwalk Walkover SMtem Coastal regulations prohibit alteration of the grade or profile of barrier dunes or the installation of structures that impede the free movement of sand or water. a)Elevated boardwalks shall be constructed in a manner Effective Signage System - Assateague Island, Maryland which involves negligible alteration to the primary dune. . ..... .... SINN, Use of Snowfence to Control Access - Race Point, Provincetown Elevated Boardwalk System - Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (21) b) Boardwalks shall be elevated to a minimum 2 1/2 foot dunes to get that view, which causes damage to the clear space with only posts or pilings in contact with vegetative cover and the stability of the dunes the dune. This 2 1/2 foot minimum clear space will themselves. Beach overlook platforms shall be allow for penetration of sunlight, grass growth and constructed as part of the boardwalk system where easy movement of sand underneath and will help in appropriate to satisfy the need and minimize dune restricting random beach access. damage. Overlooks will be designed to be visually unobtrusive while providing good views. . .... ...... . ........... .... ... ..... ......... ..... .. . ........ .... ........... .......... ........ ............ ... - -------------------------- - ----- -- .... .............. - - --------- Ramped Boardwalk - Fenwick Island, Delaware Primary Dune Overlook - !Eape Henlopen State Park, Lewes, Delaware c) Elevated boardwalks shall be ramped where possible (avoiding steps) with railings on both sides and designed for handicapped accessibility. 8. Crowd DisDersal on Beach - In order to achieve a high user population at the beach without a degradation in d) Periodically along the length of a boardwalk quality of the beach experience, movement along the (particularly at the ocean end), it shall be constructed beach should be made as easy as possible. in abutting breakaway segments. In the event of a major storm, damage would be confined to only a a) Overdune boardwalks shall be located in a manner that portion of the boardwalk instead of the entire helps spread people out on the beach. However if a structure. boardwalk deposits people onto a section of the beach without lifeguards it should be indicated by signs at 7. Beach Overlooks - On barrier beaches there are few the beginning of the boardwalk. opportunities to gain elevation and get a view of the beach and dunes. A common practice is to climb high (22) b) Where appropriate, an at-grade boardwalk shall run along the back of the beach, in front of the primary dune and parallel to the water's edge. If the boardwalk is close to dune vegetation, snow fencing should be installed along the dune to prevent access. . ....... ..- n Boardwalk Along Back of Beach - Rocky Neck, East Lyme, Connecticut 9. Barrier-Free Access - All development shall be designed with the entire public in mind. Everyone should have the AM opportunity to enjoy a complete beach experience. Access Denied to the Handicapped - Marconi Beach, Wellfleet a) At a minimum, barrier-free access shall be provided to the top of the primary dune; an elevated boardwalk to an elevated overlook providing a view of the beach b) Where ramped boardwalks to the beach and at-grade and ocean. Where possible, provisions for shade will beach boardwalks are provided (allowing handicapped be incorporated into the overlook (i.e. pavilion, access to the beach), spurs of boardwalk can extend awning, umbrellas). across the beach to a point near the high water mark. The boardwalk should be widened at points to provide stop off areas for families with baby strollers and for handicapped people. (23) c) At-grade boardwalks on the beach will be made of plant itself, causing dieback and subsequent loss of rigid sections instead of roll-up sections, section size grass cover. Access roads through the dunes shall be to be determined by the size and weight two workers angled against the wind direction or "S" shaped and can handle. Sections will be fastened together with shall be cut through very dense stands of grass. pins or another reusable method. At-grade boardwalks Site-specific patterns of erosion and sand movement are non-permanent and will be removed at the end of must be fully understood when locating vehicle paths. the season or at the threat of a major storm. 11. Shore Protection Measures - Shoreline stabilization structures are intended to control sediment movement; keeping navigation channels and inlets open and preventing erosion from occurring at certain locations along the coast. These engineered structures, such as groins, breakwaters, sills, revetments, bulkheads, riprap and seawalls alter the natural processes of the shoreline by interrupting littoral movement of sediment along the beach. This results in sediment starvation and rapidly increasing erosion on the downdrift side of the structure. The net erosion loss over the length of area affected by Modular Boardwalk Across Beach - Island Beach, Seaside Park. New Jersey 10. Vehicle Access to Beach Vehicle access shall be separated from pedestrian use areas. Vehicle traffic .......... . shall be limited to only maintenance and emergency vehicles and only at designated dune crossings. All . ......... Z@4 other vehicles must be kept at least twenty feet from the edge of the grass to protect its underground . ...... ..... rhizomes. Sand dunes are stabilized and held in place Z' by dune grass, which spreads by sending out underground rhizomes. The rhizomes can extend twenty feet beyond the grassed area, and are AL notoriously intolerant of vehicular traffic. If disturbed, they will die back to and affect the grass Effect of Groin Field on Bathing Beach - Haigis Beach, Dennisport (24) the structure is usually greater than in nearby unstabilized areas. Because engineered structures can actually accelerate erosion rates, no stabilization measures, other than maintenance of existing structures, shall be taken that affect the natural migration of sediment along the coast. Increased Shore Erosion on Downdrift Side of Groins - Westhampton Beach, Long Island, New York ...... ...... . . Storm-damaged Houses on Sediment-starved Beach - Westhampton Beach, Long Island, New York (25) IV PARKING AND CIRCULATION (27) PARKING AND CIRCULATION Parking in Front of Barrier Dune - Herring Cove Beach, ProvincetovM Automobiles and the roads and parking lots which facilitate their use are often at direct odds with the function and appearance of ocean beach ecosystems. Roads and parking lots require level, stable areas above the water table and often cover large amounts of land with vast, unsightly, hard, impervious surfaces. By nature, barrier beach areas usually consist of rolling, unstable, constantly shifting dunes or ecologically rich saltmarsh wetlands. It is these shifting dunes and wetland areas which absorb the force of storm waves and reduce their impact on the mainland. Roads and parking lots must be located outside of these areas and shall be designed to minimize disturbance of these buffer zones. In addition they shall be designed to minimize their negative visual impact. (29) Mum 1. One Way Circulation - Visual impacts of the circulation patterns should be minimized. Where possible, one way . ...... ill be used to control traffic, either parkway type loops w roads with a center median or one way only roads (in at ... ....... .. . .... .... one location, out at a different location). 2. Placement and Location of Parkin Barrier beaches and dunes are dynamic and migrate landward over time, responding and adjusting to erosional processes and the rise in sea level elevation. Parking lots are static and stationary and do not adapt well to any sort of change. Therefore, parking areas shall be located behind the barrier dune system in adjacent upland areas. This will avoid disturbance of the barrier dune and eliminate the MW H-. need for storm damage repairs. W-, One Way Circulation System - Hammonasset Beach, Madison, Connecticut .. . . ...... 7F V 1% Z Underutilized Parking Lot - Jones Beach, Long Island, New York 3. Parking Surface - Bituminous pavement is expensive to install and maintain, creates storm water runoff problems, is very hot in the summer sun and is visually Parking Lot in Vegetation - Rocky Neck, East Lyme, Connecticut more obtrusive than other "softer" materials. Often, (30) large portions Of Paved lots remain unused except for the ........ ..... N five or ten busiest days of the year. Therefore, the amount of paved material shall be reduced where possible. A hierarchy of paving surfaces will be developed, with frequency of use dictating the type of paving surface utilized. a) Bitiminous paved lots shall be of a capacity to accomodate handicapped requirements, staff and service vehicles, and year round parking needs. Paved lots will be broken up with graded planting islands to reduce the visual impact of the pavement, however, dense shrub screens are not desirable for security and control reasons. b) Gravel lots shall be of an additional capacity to accomodate the anticipated average summer weekday use. Planted Islands in Parking Lot - Marconi Beach, Weiineet .......... .......... . . . . ....... . . - A0, .......... ........... V01 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ....... Grass Parking Field - Hammonasset Beach. Madison, Connecticut c) Open grass fields shall be maintained of a capacity to accomodate the anticipated average summer weekend Gravel Parking Lot - South Cape Beach, Mashpee use. (31) 4. Alternatives to Parking - Alternate methods of tion to beach areas such as bicycles, shuttles transporta and dropoffs are to be encouraged as means of reducing the need for large expanses of parking pavement. a) Bicycle paths shall be incorporated wherever possible either as capital improvements or included in renovation/rehabilitation projects. Ideally they should be separated from the road system, eight feet wide, and meandering in alignment, but at an absolute minimum they should be on a five foot wide road shoulder with signs and pavement markings to indicate a bicycle path. A Bike Path on Road Shoulder - Island Beach, Seaside Park, New Jersey ...... .... . . . . ...... ... W 5W . . ... ..... . N . .. ...... .... .. Shuttle Bus - Ocracoke, I b) Shuttle services can be a desirable alternative to the construction of roads, parking and support facilities. They can reduce the impact on valuable resources and minimize disruption of fragile ecosystems. The use of shuttle buses, whether public or private, to transport people to and from the beach will be allowed by the Bicycle Path along Ocean - Quisset Beach, Falmouth Department. New or upgraded sites shall be designed (32) to accomodate shuttle systems even though they might 5. Offroad Vehicles - Dune grass and its underground not be implemented until a future date. Park entrance rhizomes is the glue that holds sand dunes in place. The fees will be levied in accordance with Department rhizomes can extend twenty feet beyond the the grass policy. The Department reserves the right to institute edge but are very sensitive to vehicular pressure which shuttle service of its own in the future based upon will cause them to die back and affect the vigor of the demand. Shuttles may be state run or operated as stand of grass. Therefore, the offroad use of vehicles private concessions. and motorized equipment shall be limited to that required for emergency and for maintenance activities by authorized personnel and which cannot be accomplished by other means. The approved vehicle use will be restricted to designated access roads. All vehicles used by the public shall be restricted to the designated roads and parking lots. ....... ... . . . . ... ... . ... . . . .. . . ... ... ........... ..... ..... . . . . . .......... ................ ", ......... . . . ... ... ... -- - - - -- ---- Bus Dropoff - Coast Guard Beach, Eastham c) A dropoff/turnaround area shall be provided where .......... possible to allow drivers to drop off beachgoers without having to pay an entrance fee. Beachgoers would be charged the walk-in rate. Uncontrolled Parking - South Beach, Martha's Vineyard d) Where land area for parking is limited, the Department should investigate inland parking areas for purchase, lease or concession. A shuttle would be used for transportation of people to the beach. (33) v STRUCTURES (GENERAL) (35) Building on Barrier Dune - Salisbury Beach, Salisbury STRUCTURES (GENERAL Historically, the approach to construction of buildings at coastal locations has been to situate them on or in front of the barrier dune (despite problems involving erosion, water supply, sewage disposal and road and utility maintenance) to take advantage of ocean views and for close proximity to the waters edge. In recent years, an increase in awareness of the negative environmental impacts of coastal development has led to the formulation of restrictions on this type of construction. Coastal regulations were created to preserve and protect barrier dunes and wetlands with the result of slowing down the erosion processes and preserving the storm buffer and marine fishery resources of the coastal ecosystem. They prohibit the construction of structures which: - impede the ability of the dune to erode in response to coastal beach conditions, - prevent the dune form from being altered by wind or water, - impede the ability of the dune to move landward or laterally. (37) The key to storm damage prevention and flood control is ...... .. .... the ability of coastal beaches to absorb and dissipate storm . . . . . . . . . . wave energy through unrestricted sand movement. 1. Compliance with Regulations The regulatory process has been designed to protect our coastal resources and prevent potentially damaging development. Guidelines have been established to minimize the impact of manmade structures on the environment. 5MI. L -M, ..... . . . . . Elevated Bathhouse - Fort Macon State Park, Morehead City, North Carolina 2. Architectural Style and Scale - Coastal areas often have . ... .. .. . . 2, 1 their own indigenous style and use of materials. The MIN, most common styles of architecture along the Z 1E Massachusetts coast are the salt box, Cape and shingle M style. . ......... ... aw N Inland Bathhouse - Reid State Park, Georgetown. Maine a) New buildings shall consist of materials, forms and style compatible with architecture common to the region. a) All unnecessary buildings shall be removed from the b) A single large megastructure, containing the barrier dune area. New structures shall be located in bathhouse, visitor center, office and maintenance upland areas where possible. facilities all under one roof is not desirable or environmentally suitable. Smaller, appropriately b)Buildings whose function requires their proximity to scaled buildings shall be used, clustered according to the dune area shall either be constructed on pilings their functional relationships and the constraints of and designed in a manner to minimize impedence to the site. the movement of sand or be portable in nature, movable at the threat of a major storm or the onset of 3. Building Materials and %Egtem - The harsh coastal winter. climate causes inferior building materials to deteriorate (38) rapidly and inappropriate systems to function poorly. Materials shall be selected for their weather resistance, strength, climate tempering capabilities and resistance to deterioration by windborne salt and sand. The design of building systems shall reflect the physical demands of the coastal environment. .. .. ..... ... ............ . OW: Indigenous Style and Materials - Race Point Beach, Provincetown Compatibility of Building with Site - Race Point Beach, Provincetown 7v@ a) Siding s hall be of lightweight, strong materials such as shingles/shakes, clapboard, vertical tongue and groove X5 W, shiplap or board and batten wood siding. Materials Wx @4' @@ Nel such as light gauge metal, brick, and diagonal wood .... . ........ . siding shall be avoided. ........... . . .. ...... ..... ..... b) Roofs shall be designed to shed water under high wind .. .... .... . conditions. Steep pitches are more appropriate than flatter roofs to minimize uplift forces. Wood shingles, heavy gauge metal, sloped built-up roofing with fully embedded heavy aggregate or adequately fastened Indigenous Architectural Style - Hammocks Beach State Park, Swansboro, North Carolina membrane roofing are all preferable to asphalt shingles or light gauge metal roofing. (39) c) Windows shall be chosen for their climate tempering effects and weathertightness, as well as their vision, e) Modular buildings shall have strong, lightweight ventilation and light functions. Wood sashes, structural systems with lightweight linkages that aluminum sashes with thermal breaks, insulating glass, facilitate building disassembly and relocation. multi-glazed windows are preferred features of window systems. Shutters, blinds, or removable panels 4. Climate Temptrjng and Moderation - The exposed may be desirable components in providing security and location and nature of beach areas allows the forces of added protection from the elements. the wind and sun to have a greater impact on human comfort than at inland areas. The design of recreation d)Structural systems shall be designed to withstand facilities at beach areas must respond to these forces. storm loading and the variable effects of storm-induced wind loads. ......... . %i ........... Q climate Tempering Building Design - Hammocks Beach, Swansboro, North Carolina 1Z a)Buildings and site activity areas shall be designed t 0 temper the climate for comfort. Summer breezes shall be channelled for their cooling effect and buffers situated to block winter winds. b)Coastal areas provide very little natural shade and often none is provided by recreation facilities. Because the greatest use of beaches is when the sun is Modular Bathhouse Construction - at its most intense, glare is greatest and temperatures Coquina Beach, Bodie Island, North Carolina are high, there is a real need for outdoor shaded (40) areas. Provision for shade shall be included in new ocean beach recreation development. Shade hall be either free standing and part of the tructures s s boardwalk system or incorporated into the design of buildings. c)Energy conservation features shall be incorporated IP, I into building designs where feasible. These features can include solar heat sinks, superinsulation and earth sheltered building design. .... ...... Shade Structure - Jones Beach, Long Island, New York M :Q ZzE ............... V, .... . .......... . . . ..... .. . . N5 NA . ........... 71 . ..... Hammonasset Beach, ... ...... . . . Madison, Connecticut .. . .. .... Bathhouse on Beach Z 5..Proximijy to the Beach - The most important building to be located in close proximity to the beach is the bathhouse. All other buildings can be situated at a more inland location; these would include the visitor center, ............... m aintenance buildings, storage, residences, and interpretive centers. a) Bathhouses must be located as close to the beach as Use of Solar Panels - Delaware Seashore State Park, Rehoboth Beach, Delaware possible to serve the greatest public need. It is (41) imperative to locate toilet facilities within 1500 feet of the majority of the user population (a greater distance will result in the use of the dune areas for toilet purposes). A 20-25 year erosion setback shall be considered, a time frame that is roughly the lifespan of bathhouses in a coastal environment. b)Other buildings at ocean beach recreation areas shall be located inland, outside of the 100 year flood zone AN and in compliance with Executive Order #181 On Barrier Beaches which governs stabilization and development of barrier beaches. An erosion setback of 50 to 100 years shall be considered in the location of these structures. Modular Boardwalk System - Island Beach, Seaside Park, New Jersey . ......... '.g @0 M." OPP W x'@' WWI Movable Concession Building - Gateway National Seashore, Sandy Hook, New Jersey 6. Concessions Concessions provide amenities that increase the enjoyment of the recreation experience. Facilities shall be designed to accomodate concession Shell Sculpture Play Structure - t Beach, Madison, Connecticut activities. (42) A 7. Efficienc - Proper design will reduce y of Maintenance maintenance costs and improve the overall quality of maintenance. Facilities shall be designed to allow for s simple, economical, labor-efficient management. They shall be designed to the constraints and limitations of the equipment that will be used to maintain them (i.e.: portable boardwalk sections of a size and weight that can be easily managed by maintenance crews and vehicles). 8. Childrens Play Areas Playground equipment is an important component of the recreation experience for young children. Facilities shall be designed to include a safe play area for children. Play equipment shall be sited in a location that allows for vigorous activity without damage to the environment. Shade and seating shall be provided for parents. Lightweight, Maneuverable Maintenance Vehicle - Fire Island National Seashore, Long Island, New York (43) 00 cn E-4 Ln w 1-1 V) C40p) :!t I 4* i 0 9 0 @ a 4) 0 u-O*---WWN= 4. 0 -1 W 4@ '" 4@ (OMW>504-ME U @. cc .0 cc :0 'o, o r- to +.1 0 tb- .- = co 4) co .0 W) (L) 6. 0- m = co 0 4) 0- 4) E (u J-. u @: (L) (L) co to0 c o (WU 0), ri) E 0 Z "a a CU 4@ 0 (U $4 0 W C 0 0.- M.- v 4@ > co 4- M +4 CU bo 0 pq 1. >1 K; 41 e --- +4.- 0 CA U m (a = .- W 0 M,o +.. 4@ 4. EA 4. +4-0 Q +.a +., C:o 9 m Ln r. CO cc (U 0.0 (L) bQ (1) +4 r. (L) co 0 co 0 (U W) ..0 In. cu co (A 0 .0 co g. tj 4. :3 W a .. .. ............. JR 1. Decentralization - Reliance on a single, centrally located large scale facility will be avoided. Main bathhouses will be downsized and supplemented or replaced by smaller satellite facilities. There are two approaches to providing bathhouse services, a combination of the two is probably the most desirable. @w' ......................... Portable Bathhouses - Coast Guard Beach, Eastham ...... ..... . b)Portable-type or modular bathhouses will be located Elevated Bathhouse - "teague Island, Maryland directly behind the primary dune at grade. Simpler than elevated bathhouses, they will include only toilets and a changing area, with open air showers. Buildings a) Elevated bathhouses will be built on pilings to the can be constructed on a trailer chassis or sled which flood zone elevation required by coastal regulation. can be towed, or modular in construction and easily They will be constructed behind the primary dune and broken down and moved in pieces. Concession designed to resist the force of a hurricane. The buildings will be constructed in the same manner. structures will be architecturally compatible with Plastic piping with quick disconnect couplings will be buildings in the area, fully handicapped accessible, and run underground for water, electric and sewer lines. will include all components normally associated with a These buildings will be readily movable away from the bathhouse complex; i.e. showers, changing area, beach at the threat of a major storm or onset of bathrooms, shaded gathering area, concessions. An winter. Buildings will be situated at the exact elevated boardwalk to the top of the primary dune for locations needed and can be relocated if demand a handicapped accessible beach overlook will be changes. An inland location will be provided for included where feasible and desirable. off-season and storm storage. The use of portable-type bathhouses to supplement a main bathhouse on pilings provides two major benefits. It (48) decreases the demand on a main bathhouse, allowing reduce the risk of injury. Hot water showers are the for a smaller structure, and it effectively spreads source of many maintenance problems and increased people out on the beach, reducing the concentration of management costs, therefore they will be avoided. Solar sunbathers clustered near the main bathhouse. hot water systems are compatible with ocean sites and can be incorporated where appropriate. 3. Changing Areas - The development of fast drying bathing suits has reduced the need for changing rooms in recent years. The design of new bathhouses shall include provisions for changing areas, however they shall be greatly reduced in scale. They can contain a few stalls or one enclosure per sex and shall be open to the elements without a roof. 4.Plumbing - To withstand seasonal heavy use and infrequent maintenance, piping shall be corrosion resistant commercial grade material with heavy duty fixtures. Drain lines shall be designed to facilitate sand and debris removal, Le.: oversized drain lines, numerous cleanouts. 5. Waste Treatmen - Sewage systems shall be designed to meet applicable codes. Special care shall be taken in siting leach fields to avoid contamination of ground water and sensitive areas caused by migration of R., effluent through sandy soils. Simple, Inexpensive Outdoor Shower, Coast Guard Beach. Fastham 2. Showers Open air, cold water showers of a simple design and construction will be provided for people to rinse off salt water. Outdoor showers shall be well drained and ventilated, with non-skid floor surfaces to (49) f Vil MANAGEMENT/MAINTENANCE (OPERATIONS) (51) ww@ -0 Popular Town Operated Beach - Davis Beach, Dennis MANAGEMENTIMAINTENANCE (OPERATLQNS j The success and survival of a recreation area ultimately depends on the management and maintenance(operation) of the facility. The popularity of an area will be reflective of its appearance and indirectly, the quality of the maintenance it receives. (53) suitable for truck transport). By the same token, equipment shall be purchased that is suitable for maintaining new facilities. ... ... ..... . 4. Realistic Maintenance Funding - Adequate monies must be made available to maintain the recreation areas in a proper manner. Inadequate maintenance leads to an unattractive appearance which leads to increased vandalism and abuse. Numerous studies have shown adequate, immediate attention to maintenance has greatly decreased long term total cost. 5. Regional RMair and Overhaul Facili - Regulatory constraints restrict the development of storage/repair facilities at beach areas, therefore the Department must utilize offsite locations. A garage workyard to store, service and maintain beach equipment, supplies and furniture will be contructed at an inland location that Attractive Well-Designed Contact Station - Hammonasset Beach, Madison, Connecticut can service several ocean beach recreation facilities. a) Centralized maintenance will result in less duplication of repair equipment and labor cost. This cost saving 1. Maintenance Intensi - A system of priorities will be will be put toward more sophisticated equipment and established with regard to the level of maintenance advanced training for personnel. based on public visibility. Areas of high visibility such as park entrances, contact stations, parking lots, and b) A centralized facility can provide for the increasingly bathhouses will receive the highest degree and frequency complex maintenance and overhaul operations required of maintenance. Areas of a lower degree of visibility on park equipment. Advanced electronic, diagnostic will require less frequent and less intense maintenance. equipment requires a clean, climate-controlled environment. A single properly designed facility will 2. Maintenance Bm=ms - Preventative maintenance allow for the greater precision now needed in repair schedules for both structures and equipment shall be and overhaul operations. created with overhaul, rehabilitation and replacement programmed in. Schedules shall be mapped out several c) Maintenance activities will be greatly downscaled at seasons ahead allowing for necessary budget requests to beach areas. A small, secure, enclosed area such as a be made in advance of the need. pole barn is all that is needed at each beach for temporary storage and protection from the elements. 3. CompatibiliV of Maintenance Equipment and Facilities - Facilities will be designed to the constraints and d) Location of a single inland regional facility will reduce limitations of the equipment that will be used to the building maintenance costs and decrease winter maintain them (i.e. portable bathhouse of dimensions damage caused by the harsh coastal climate. It (54) removes the visually unattractive aspects of sheds, 6. Emp 19yee Awareness/Training Program - It is important garages, stored equipment and materials from the that people working at beaches understand why certain beach. An inland site can be fully screened by activities are no longer allowed and the reasons certain vegetation to keep the operations from public view. procedures must be followed. Their increased knowledge Vandalism will be reduced by year round use and the of coastal processes will improve their ability to protect provision of a secure enclosed area. The use of less the site. Management and maintenance personnel at expensive materials that would not be durable at a Depart ment-operated ocean beaches will participate in seaside location can reduce the construction costs. seminars held between the Department and coastal regulatory agencies. The seminars will allow the regulatory agencies to present the regulations, the need ZZ., for regulations and how the regulations protect the beach resources. 7. Staffing and Qperations - The Department shall set realistic staffing requirements and seek adequate funding to hire the personnel to operate beach facilities. IT, T@ N ............... Example of Pole Barn Under Construction Myles Standish State Forest, South Carver e) Reduction of maintenance operations at beach areas will bring the Department closer to compliance with current environmental regulations. The small "blow down" pole barn maintenance structure at the beach -01 will have a much smaller negative environmental impact on the fragile beach ecosystem. Four Wheel All Terr;fin Vehicle - Marconi Beach, Wellfleet (55) Vill APPENDICES (57) Hatteras Light - Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Buxton, North Carolina APPENDDC I - SITES VISITED DURING RESEARCH A key element in the creation of a development/ redevelopment policy is the evaluation of components of existing beach recreation areas. An extensive inventory has been taken of Massachusetts ocean beaches and important public beaches along the east coast. At many sites, planning and operations personnel were consulted to help determine the factors which contributed to the sites' success or failure. The best features of these beaches have been, when appropriate, incorporated in the ocean beach policy. (59) Chapin Memorial Beach - Dennis Davis Beach - Dennis Haigis Beach - Dennisport Sea Street Beach - Dennisport Chatham Town Beaches - Chatham Nauset Beach - Orleans Wings Island - Brewster Brewster Town Beaches - Brewster .... .. .... . . . . . . ............ Brewster State Beach - Brewster Coast Guard Beach, Cape Cod National Seashore - Eastham First Encounter Beach - Eastham Pauline B. Hatch Beach - Eastham Kingsbury Beach - Eastham N OR Nauset Light Beach, Cape Cod National Seashore - Eastham ... ... . .... Thumpertown Beach - North Eastham LeCount Hollow Beach - Wellfleet _., ...... . ............ Marconi Beach, Cape Cod National Seashore - Wellneet ig .p: R, Wellfleet Cahoons Hollow Beach Nauset Light Beach - E Newcomb Hollow Beach - Wellfleet Head of the Meadow Beach, Cape Cod National Seashore - Wellfleet Ballston Beach - Truro SITES VISITED - MASSACHUSETTS Race Point Beach, Cape Cod National Seashore - Salisbury Beach State Reservation - Salisbury Provincetown North Plum Island Beach - Newburyport Herring Cove Beach - Cape Cod National Seashore - Parker River Wildlife Refuge - Newbury Provincetown Plum Island State Reservation - Ipswich Horseneck Beach State Reservation - Westport Cranes Beach - Ipswich Gooseberry Island - Westport White Horse Beach - Plymouth Fort Phoenix State Reservation - Fairhaven Mayflower Beach - Plymouth Demarest Lloyd State Park - Dartmouth Sandwich Town Beach - Sandwich Planting Island Town Beach - Marion Scusset Beach - Sandwich South Beach - Edgartown Falmouth Town Beach - Falmouth Joseph Silvia State Beach - Edgartown Menauhant Beach - Falmouth Tom Nevers Beach - Nantucket Bristol Beach - Falmouth Coatue Beach - Nantucket Falmouth Heights Beach - Falmouth Miacomet Beach - Nantucket Surf Beach - Falmouth Madaket Beach - Nantucket Quisset Beach - Falmouth Siasconset Beach - Nantucket Old Silver Beach - Falmouth Surfside Beach - Nantucket Washburn Island - Falmouth South Cape Beach State Park - Mashpee Mashpee Town Beach - Mashpee (60) RHODE ISLAND Southshore Beach - Little Compton Goosewing Beach - Little Compton . . .... ..... Block Island State Park - Block Island Easton's Beach - Newport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goddard State Park - Warwick Warwick City Park - Warwick Scarborough State Beach - Narragansett Olivo's State Beach - Narragansett Misquamicut State Beach - Misquamicut South Kingstown Roy Carpenter's Beach Moonstone Beach - South Kingstown Westerly Town Beach - Westerly Ocean House Beach - Watch Hill East Matunuck State Beach - Matunuck .......... Block Island State Park, Block Island, PJwde Island CONNECTICUT Rocky Neck State Park - East Lyme Hammonasset State Park - Madison Sherwood Island - Westport i� K2 Rocky Neck State Park, East Lyme, Connecticut (61) NEW YORK Jacob Riis Park, Gateway National Seashore Breezy Point Jones Beach State Park - Wantaugh Lido Beach Town Park - Hempstead Atlantic Beach Town Park - Atlantic Beach Smith Point County Beach - Shirley ....... ...... Sailors Haven, Fire Island National Seashore Sayville Smith Point, Fire Island National Seashore Shirley Fire Island Robert Moses State Park Captree State Park - Captree Heckscher State Park - East Islip Wildwood State Park - Wading River Westhampton Town Beach - Westhampton Orient Point Orient Beach State Park %S@% tate Park, Long Island, New York NEW JERSEY Sandy Hook, Gateway National Seashore - Highlands Island Beach State Park - Seaside Park Brick Beach Three - Brick 62- Island Beach. Seaside Park, New Jersey (62) MARYLAND Assateague Island National Seashore - Ocean . .. ... . . . City Assateague Island State Park - Ocean City Sandy Point State Park - Annapolis . . . . . . . .. .. Campground - Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland DELAWARE Cape Henlopen State Park - Lewes Rehoboth Beach - Rehoboth Towers Road, Delaware Seashore State Park Rehoboth Beach Fenwick Island State Park - Bethany Beach . . . . . . . . . . Cape Henlopen State Park, Lewes, Delaware (63) A@ Fort Macon State Park, Morehead City, North Carolina NORTH CAROLINA Coquina Beach, Cape Hatteras National Seashore - Bodie Island Cape Hatteras Lighthouse Beach, Cape Hatteras National Seashore - Buxton Ocracoke Beaches, Cape Hatteras National Seashore - Ocracoke Fort Macon State Park - Morehead City Bear Island, Hammocks Beach State Park - Swansboro (64) M ..... .... ....... . Shaded Picnic Tables - Coquina Beach, Bodie Island, Nonh Carolina APPENDUC 2 - ADDITIONAL AGENCIES CONTACTED DURING RESEARCH Numerous federal, state and local agencies have been contacted for their specific input on coastal issues. From this correspondence it has been possible to derive a general overview of environmental regulations, ecological concerns, recreational needs and the current approaches to beach recreation development. This overview has been used as a base from which to formulate the Department's ocean beach policy. (65) Massachusetts Other States(cont.) The Trustees of Reservations New York State Department of Parks and Recreation Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, Coastal Zone Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Management Office Environmental Control Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, Department of Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Planning Environmental Quality Engineering Department Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Forest, Park New Jerse and Wildlife Service Department of Environmental Protection, Division of North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Coastal Resources Community Development, Division of Parks and Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Parks Recreation and Forestry Florida Department of Natural Resources, Division of Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Green Recreation and Parks Acres Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Parks Division Monmouth County Parks Department Virginia Department of Conservation and Historic Resources, Division of Parks and Recreation California California Coastal Commission California Department of Parks and Recreation, Planning Division California Department of Parks and Recreation, Development Division Federal Government Federal Emergency Management Agency, Boston Office National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Park Service, Denver Service Center National Park Service, Central Region National Park Service Office of Operations, Philadelphia National Park Service, Boston Office National Park Service, Fire Island National Seashore National Park Service, Padre Island National Seashore U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service W Other States Maine State Planning Office Maine Department of Environmental Conservation, Bureau of Parks and Recreation Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, -.2' Division of Parks and Recreation Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Conservation and Protection Shoreline Stabilization and Development - New Jersey Coast (66) . . . . . . . . . . . Plum Island State Reservation - Ipswich APPENDIX 3 MASSACHUSETTS D.E.M. OWNED ANDIOR OPERATED OCEAN PROPERTIES LENGTH OF SIZE OF BEACHES LOCATION BEACH PARK Salisbury Beach State Reservation Salisbury 21,000 If 521 a Plum Island State Reservation North End Newburyport 1200 If 52 a South End Ipswich 5800 If 72 a Scusset Beach State Reservation Sandwich 2800 If 380 a Cape Cod Bay Properties (Nickerson State Park) Brewster 4200 If 95 a South Cape Beach State Park Mashpee 8000 If 432 a Washburn Island (South Cape Beach) Falmouth 6000 If 330 a Fort Phoenix State Reservation Fairhaven 1100 if 21 a Demarest Lloyd State Park Dartmouth 1800 If 220 a Horseneck Beach State Reservation Westport 9300 If 594 a Sylvia Beach, Martha's Vineyard Edgartown 6900 If 77 a South Beach, Martha's Vineyard Edgartown 5100 If 67 a 14 miles 2861 acres ADDITIONAL D.E.M. OWNED COASTAL PARKS Halibut Point State Park Rockport 54 a Boston Harbor Islands State Park Boston Harbor 196 a Webb State Park Hingham 30 a Dighton Rock State Park Berkley 85 a Swift Estate (Waquoit Bay Research Reserve) Falmouth 22 a (67) APPENDIX 4 - REFERENCES AND SELECTED -SOURCES ....... . . . . . . Plum Island, Newbury Photo - Gene Peach Ackerman, Jerry. Plan would protect beaches, marshland along Mass. Coast. Boston Globe. April 15, 1987. at p. 73, Col. 1. Associated Press. Horseneck chosen to lead way in overhaul of state beaches.. AP, Dartmouth. July 23, 1987. (69) Associated Press. Panel: Plans must be made for rising Cooperative Extension Service. "Stablization of Barrier seas. AP, Washington. September 19, 1987. Dunes by Vegetation." University of Massachusetts Cooperative Extension Service in Marine and Coastal Associated Press. Sea level rise could be devastating, say Facts Newsletter June 1977. researchers. AP, Philadelphia, n.d. Cordell. H. Ken & John C. Hendee. Renewable Resources Bigford, Thomas E. "The Implications of Relative Sea Recreation in the United States: Supply, Demand, and Level Change on Coastal Decision-making". Renewable Critical Policy Issues. American Forestry Association. n.d. Resources Journal v.5, no.3, Summer 1987, pp.5-7. 88 p. Black, John A. "Barrier Beach Management, The Long Dennis, William A. "Protection of Cape Hatteras Island Experience". Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Lighthouse" Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. May 26, 1987. Seattle. pp. Coastal and Ocean Management. May 26, 1987. Seattle. pp. 3209-3220. 4044-4058. Bukro, Casey. Erosion's 'dominoes' play a ruthless game. Disaster Recovery Team, Office of Lieutenant Governor Providence Journal. March 2, 1987 Thomas P. O'Neill, III. "A Coastal Homeowners Guide to Floodproofing". U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Carlozzi, Carl, King, Kathryn & Newbold, William F. Jr. Development Community Development Block Grant Ecosystems and Resources of the Massachusetts Coast. Program. n.d. 22 p. Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Program. 1975. 70 p. Dolan, Robert & Harry Lins. Beaches and Barrier Islands. Natural History. August 1987. pp.68-77. Carls, E. Glenn. Recreational Use of the Coastal Zone: Effects of Crowding and Development. Proceedings of the Eckholm, Erik. Scientists start to fight next century's New York State Sea Grant Conference, Syracuse, 1976. pp. catastrophe. Providence Journal. June 1, 1986. at p. B1, 43-48. Col. 1. Cobb, Charles E. Jr. "North Carolina's Outer Banks: Awash Egense, Anders & Choule J. Sonu. "Assessment of Beach in Change". National Geographic Magazine vol. 172, no. 4, Nourishment Methodologies". Proceedings of the Fifth October 1987. pp.484 - 513. Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. May 26, 1987. Seattle. pp. 4421-4433. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Executive Order No. 181 - Barrier Beaches. Office of the Governor. 1980. Fire Island National Seashore. Assessment of Alternatives: Smith Point West Nature Trail For the Handicapped. Converse, Hugh. "Sea Level Change: A Corps of Engineers Department of the Interior. 1979. 48 p. Perspective". Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. May 26, 1987. Seattle. pp. Fire Island National Seashore. Land Protection Plan. U.S. 4647-4651. Department of the Interior. 1984. 54 p. (70) Florida Cooperative Extension Service. "Beach Dune Gunyakti, Ali. "Beach Preservation by Means of Offshore Walkover Structures." in Marine Advisory Program Submerged Mound of Dredged Material". Proceedings of Newsletter. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. the Fifth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. May 26, 1983. Seattle. pp. 2461-2471. Fuchsberg, Gilbert. Robin Lewis Makes His Living Creating Marshes and Swamps. Wall Street Journal, Hanafin, Teresa M. Access to shoreline discussed on Cape; September 2, 1987 at p. 1, Col. 4 Bill would expand public's rights by allowing foot passage. Boston Globe. n.d. at p. 33. Geise, G.S., D.G.Aubrey & P.Zeeb. Passive Retreat of Massachusetts Coastal Upland due to Relative Sea-level Hankin, Alan L., Constantine, Lucille & Bliven, Steve. Rise. Massachusetts Coastal Submergence Program. Mass. Barrier beaches, salt marshes, and tidal flats; an inventory Coastal Zone Management Office. 1987. 172 p. of the coastal resources of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Lloyd Center for Environmental Studies & Geise, Graham & Rachel Geise. How and Erodes the Back, The Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Program. Why We Can't Stop Erosion, Man's Attempts to Forestall 1985. 27 p. the Ocean's Erosion(three part series). Provincetown Advocate. August 2, 9, 16, 1973 Harris, Lee E. "Evaluation of Sand-filled Containers for Beach Erosion Control, an Update of the Technology". Godfrey, Paul J. Barrier Beaches of the East Coast. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Oceanus v.19, no.5, 1976, pp. 27-40. Management. May 26, 1987. Seattle. pp. 2479-2487. Godfrey, Paul J. "Management guidelines for parks on Healey, Ann M. 'Mother Nature Has Done an Unbelievable barrier beaches." Parks: international journal of national Thing Here'. Providence Journal. August 23, 1987, at p. 1, parks, historic sites and other protected areas., v.2, no.4, Col. I Jan.-Mar., 1978. pp. S-10. Holmes, Richard. Expert says coastal decline continues, Godfrey , Paul J. and Reinhardt, Juergen. "Geological and urges more action. Cape Cod Times. September 8, 1987 Ecological Variations as Factors in Human Use And Development of Coastal Barriers" Proceedings of the Imbrie, Katharine. Enjoy R.I. beaches - while they last. Third Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. June Providence Journal. August 24, 1986. at p. E6, Col. 1. 1, 1983. San Diego. 25p. Jagschitz, J.A. & Wakefield, R.C. 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