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Hudson-"River New York's Coastal Program r77 0 NEW 'YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF S7TATE Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Significant -i laal Habitats:' A Guide to the Functions, Values and Protection of the River's Natural Resources COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER HC 107 Al 15 -@,H83 1990 Mario M. Cuomo, Governor Gail S. Shaffer, Secretary of State The New York State Department of State is a diverse agency which combines modern activities with historic responsibilities. Twelve different program areas reflect the growing role of the agency and its unique ability to act as liaison between state government and the public, and provide a variety of services to New Yorkers. New York's Coastal Program is housed in the Department of State. It oversees the state's 3,200 miles of coast, balancing protection of coastal resources with careful waterfront development. If you would like additional information on New York's Coastal Program, please write: Secretary of State Gail S. Shaffer NYS Department of State 162 Washington Avenue Albany, New York 12231 rA I HUDSON RIVER SIGNIFICANT TIDAL HABITATSy A Guide to the Functions, Values, and Protection of the River's Natural Resources Prepared By. New York State Department of State U . S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA Division of Coastal Resources and COASTAL SEROCEtS CENTER Waterfront Revitalization 2234 SOUTH HOE',@ON AVENUE CHARLESTON SC 29405-2413 and The Nature Conservancy property Of CSC Library March 1990 @,'@U, -A M 5177 'For a/1 of its pastoral beauty, however, the Hudson is. essentially an urban river, dominated by man, his history and his industry. Like all rivers, the Hudson constantly strives to purify itself, but its future destiny for good or ill depends entirely upon the good will of man...' William F. Gekle in The Lower Reaches of the Hudson River Wyvern House, Poughkeepsie, New York, 1982 Inside cover photograph: View to the south over Constitution Marsh (A. Lillyquist/DOS) ii FOREWORD This guide presents the results of a special study of the tidal portion of the Hudson River between New York City and Troy. The purpose of this guide is twofold. First, it is hoped that the information it contains will highlight the unique character of the Hudson River Estuary and increase the reader's awareness and understanding of the important natural resource values provided by the system. Secondly, it is hoped that those individuals and the various government agencies and private organizations concerned with future use and protection of the Hudson River's natural resources will take note of the guidelines and recommendations contained in the guide. These and other management actions will need to be taken to ensure the future protection of the Hudson River's natural values. This guide relies heavily on previously completed documents, studies and maps, as well as field observations based on a number of visits to the River's tidal habitats. The guide builds directly on information developed by the Department of Environmental Conservation for designation of significant coastal fish and wildlife habitats under the State's Coastal Management Program. Most importantly, it incorporates the insights of individuals familiar with the River's natural resources, as well as the problems that affect and are threatening these resources. The guide should be of practical use to public officials, the residents of the River Valley, public agencies, and private organizations in making tangible progress towards more enlightened use and protection of the River's natural resources. The Hudson River is trying to cleanse itself. Beginning with the colonial period, years of exploitation and abuse led to the loss of eagles from the Hudson Valley, a decline in fish stocks, widespread pollution and contamination of sediments, and the transformation of some parts of the River into an open cesspool during the dry summer months. One of the significant observations that emerged from this study Is that people seem to have forgotten that the River reached this low point in its natural history less than twenty years ago. Today, eagles are returning, fish stocks are rebounding, pollution, although still ubiquitous, has declined, and with it, most of the unpleasant summer cesspools have disappeared. Improvements in the River are, however, accompanied by new threats to its natural resources. Our growing population is once again drawn to the River: waterfront condominiums are claiming the Riverfront and driving real estate prices beyond the reach of public ownership, pleasure boats now fill many tidal creeks, and marina basins are being constructed in tidal shallows. Still, the Hudson River has not been subjected to the same level of frantic and intense development that typifies other sections of New York's coast. Opportunities remain to plan for a balance between use and protection of the River's resources. We already have substantial experience in using the River's resources; in another twenty years, we should be able to claim that we also have experience in protecting these resources. This guide is intended to help provide the initial steps that will eventually justify such a claim. This guide is the second in a series of natural resource studies initiated by the New York State Department of State through its Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization. As the agency responsible for administering the State's Coastal Management Program, the Department of State is actively involved in the protection of New York's coastal resources from the marine environment of Long Island Sound and Peconic Bay, to the freshwaters of Lakes Erie and Ontario. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This guide is the result of a joint effort by the New York State Department of State, Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization (DOS) and The Nature Conservancy (TNC). Preparation of the guide was funded in part by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, with a grant provided under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended. The Nature Conservancys field work for preparation of this guide was partially funded by the Zoos, Botanical Gardens and Aquariums Program, which is administered by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation for the Natural Heritage Trust. Additional funding was provided by the Conservancy's Lower Hudson and Eastern New York Chapters, New York Field Office, and the Rodney Johnson Stewardship Endowment. An early draft of this guide was prepared by Nick Salafsky (TNQ under the direction of project leaders Tom Hart (DOS) and Amy Lester (TNC). Nick was called upon to conduct literature reviews, interviews of people knowledgeable of the River, field investigations and photo-documentation of the River's tidal habitats, and to prepare maps, graphics, and initial drafts of this guide, all in an unreasonably short period of time. Few people could have done as well as he did at these tasks. The final guide was written and prepared by Tom Hart. Preparation of the Hudson River Habitat Maps was completed with the assistance of Nancy Nugent (DOS). Many versions of this guide were reviewed and edited by Kevin Cross (DOS). Computer support was provided by William Cross (DOS), who made printing this guide possible. Support and technical assistance were provided by the staff of The Nature Conservancy, NY Field Office. Special thanks are extended to Betsy Blair (Hudson River Estuarine Research Reserve), Bridget Barclay (Clearwater, Inc.), and Robert Zaremba (TNC) for providing extensive and comprehensive comments on draft materials. In addition, the following provided advice on writing the guide or commented on a draft of the document: Tom Rawinski (TNC), Carol Reschke (TNC/Natural Heritage), Nancy Beard (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, (DEC)), Bryan Swift (DEC), Bob Brandt (DEC), John Ozard (DEC), Paul Neth (DEC), Ken Wich (DEC), Michael Chezick (Fish and Wildlife Service), Mario Del Vicario (Environmental Protection Agency), Len Houston (Army Corps of Engineers), and Michael Ludwig (National Marine Fisheries Service). Original mapping and evaluation of the State's significant coastal fish and wildlife habitats was provided by the Department of Enviornmental Conservation's Significant Habitat Unit. The following are acknowledged for granting permission to use copyrighted materials: Boyce Thompson Institute for Figure 3 taken from An Atlas of the Biological Resources of the Hudson River Estuary (Ithaca: Boyce Thompson Institute, 1977). Clearwater, Inc. for Figure 22 taken from A Panoramic View of the Hudson (Poughkeepsie: Clearwater, Inc., 1979) E. Kiviat for Figure 24 taken from Exotic Plants with Identified Detrimental Impacts on Wildlife Habitats in New York State (Ithaca: The Wildlife Society, 1987) R. Malecki for Figure 26 taken from Exotic Plants with Identified Detrimental Impacts on Wildlife Habitats in New York State (Ithaca: The Wildlife Society, 1987) W. Odum, T. Smith, J. Hoover, and C. McIvor for Figure I I taken from The Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Marshes of the United States East Coast A Community Profile (Washington: USF&W, 1984) S. Rohmann and N. Lilienthal for Figures 17 and 28 taken from Tracing a River's Toxic Pollution: A Case Study of the Hudson, Phase 11 (New York: Inform, 1987). , R. Tiner for Figures 2 and 4 taken from A Field Guide to Coastal Welland Plants of the Northeastern United States (Amherst: U. of Mass. Press, 1987). Also acknowledged for their contributions are: Anne Williams, previously of The Nature Conservancy, Eastern New York Chapter, who provided the base map of the Hudson River that appears In the Introduction and Chapter 6; and, Kate Hubbs (TNC), Alan Lillyquist (DOS), Nancy Nugent (DOS), Harry Dodson (Dodson Associates) and Steven Stanne (Clearwater) who contributed photos as credited. IV CONTENTS Foreword ....................................................... iii Acknowledgements .............................................. IV Contents ....................................................... v List of Figures .................................................. vi Introduction .................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Ecological Community Descriptions .......................... 3 1.1 General Environmental Characteristics ............................ 4 1.2 Ecological Communities ....................................... 6 1.3 Deepwater ................................................. 6 1.4 Shallows, Mudflats, and Shore .................................. 8 1.5 Tidal Marsh ................................................ 12 1.6 Tidal Swamp ............................................... 16 1.7 Freshwater Creek and Upland Forest ............................. 17 FURTHER READING ............................................. 18 Chapter 2 Biology of Rare and Important Species ......................... 19 2.1 Rare Animal and Plant Species .................................. 20 2.2 Important Species ............................................ 25 FURTHER READING ............................................. 32 Chapter 3 The River as an Ecosystem ................................. 33 3.1 Community Interdependence .................................... 34 3.2 Ecosystem Cycles ............................................ 34 3.3 Seasonal Cycles ............................................. 36 3.4 Long-Term Ecological Processes ................................. 36 FURTHER READING ............................................. 37 Chapter 4 Human Interactions with the River Ecosystem .................... 39 4.1 Chronology of Hudson River Use ................................ 40 4.2 Water Use and Management .................................... 41 4.3 Pollutants and Water Quality .................................... 45 4.4 Transportation .... ........................................... 50 4.5 Shoreline Development ....................................... 54 4.6 Use of Living Resources ........................................ 61 Chapter 5 Existing Responsibilities for Resource Management ................ 65 5.1 Legislative Background ......................................... 66 5.2 Government Agencies ......................................... 70 5.3 Private Not-for-Profit Organizations ................................ 73 Chapter 6 Site Specific Information .................................... 75 KEY TO SITE SPECIFIC INFORMATION ............................... 77 Normans Kill ................................................... 79 Papscanee Marsh and Creek ....................................... 81 .Shad and Schermerhom Islands ..................................... 83 Schodack and Houghtaling Islands and Schodack Creek ................... 85 Coeymans Creek ................................................ 87 Hannacroix Creek ............................................... 89 v Mill Creek Wetlands .............................................. 91 Stuyvesant Marshes ...................... I........................ 93 Coxsackie Creek ................................................ 95 Coxsackie Island Backwater ........................................ 97 Stockport Creek and Flats ........................................ 99 Vosburgh Swamp and Middle Ground Flats ............................ 101 Roger's Island .................................................. 103 Catskill Creek .................................................. 105 Ramshorn Marsh ............................................... 107 Inbocht Bay and Duck Cove ....................................... 109 Roeliff-Jansen Kill ............................................... ill Smith's Landing Cementon ........................................ 113 Germantown/Clermont Flats ....................................... 115 Esopus Estuary ................................................ 117 North and South Tivoli Bays ....................................... 119 Mudder Kill ................................................... 121 The Flats ..................................................... 123 Rondout Creek ................................................. 125 Kingston Deepwater ............................................. 127 Vanderburgh Cove and Shallows .................................... 129 Esopus Meadows ............................................... 131 Poughkeepsie Deepwater ......................................... 133 Crum Elbow Marsh .............................................. 135 Wappinger Creek ............................................... 137 Fishkill Creek .................................................. 139 Moodna Creek ................................................. 141 Hudson River Miles 44-56 ......................................... 143 Constitution Marsh .............................................. 145 Iona Island Marsh ............................................... 147 Camp Smith Marsh and Annsville Creek .............................. 149 Haverstraw Bay ................................................ 151 Croton River and Bay ............................................ 153 Plermont Marsh ................................................ 155 Chapter 7 The Future of the River ................................... 157 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: PLANT SPECIES REFERENCED IN THE TEXT ............... 162 APPENDIX B: ANIMAL SPECIES REFERENCED IN THE TEXT .............. 165 APPENDIX C-. AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN PROTECTION OF THE HUDSON RIVER'S RESOURCES ....... 169 APPENDIX D: BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................... 177 A LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The Hudson, from Troy to New York City .......................................... 1 Figure 2: Generalized salinity and current patterns for the Hudson Estuary (from Tiner, 1987) ............ 4 Figure 3: The Hudson River's watershed (from Boyce Thompson, 1977) ............. ............. 5 Figure 4: Hydrological zonation in the estuary (from Tiner, 1987) ................................. 6 Figure 5: A deepwater area near Germantown (N. Salafsky/TNC) ............................... 8 Figure 6: Shallows at Esopus Estuary (N. Salafsky/TNC) ...................................... 9 Figure 7: Mudflats interspersed within lower marsh (N. Salafsky/TNC) ............................ 10 Figure 8: Rocky shore at Stuyvesant Marshes (N. Salafsky/TNC) ................................ . 10 Figure 9: Mudflat showing thick substrate and surface patterns created by flowing water (Salafsky/TNC) . . 11 Figure 10: Broad-leaved plants of the lower marsh at Roger's Island (N. Salafsky/TNC) ................ 12 Figure 11: Spatterdock, a common broad-leaved plant of the lower marsh (from Odum et al., 1984) ...... .13 Figure 12: Three-square bulrush stand at Stockport Middle Ground (N. Salafsky/TNC) ................. 14 Figure 13: Grassy upper marsh at Stockport (N. Salafsky/TNC) .................................. 14 Figure 14: Lower marsh extending along channel at West Flats (N. Salafsky/TNC) .................... 15 Figure 15: Swamp forest at Roger's Island (N. Salafsky) ....................................... 16 Figure 16: Tidal Creek with upland forest in the background (N. Salafsky/TNC) ..................... 17 Figure 17: Location of dischargers holding SPDES permits in the early 1980's (from Inform, 1985) ........ 46 Figure 18: Oil tank farms are often located adjacent to valuable habitat (N. Salafsky/TNC) .............. 49 Figure 19: Tugboat and barge near The Flats above Kingston (N. Salafsky/TNC) .................... 51 Figure 20. Dredge fill encroachment into wetlands at Roeliff-Jansen Kill (N. Salafsky/TNC) .............. 52 Figure 21: Bulkhead retaining dredge material at Shad and Schermerhorn Islands (N. Salafsky/TNC) ..... 55 Figure 22: The effects of diking and disposal on the Hudson River shoreline between Albany and New Baltimore (from Clearwater, 1979) ........................................ 55 Figure 23., Railroad tracks fronting cove at Stockport (N. Salafsky) ............................... 56 Figure 24: Water chestnut C[rapa natans) (from Kiviat, 1987) .................................... 59 Figure 25: Continuous cover of water chestnut over open water at Fishkill Creek (N. Salafsky) ........... 59 Figure 26: Purple loosestrife (LAhrum salicaria (from Malecki, 1987) .............................. 60 Figure 27: Common Reed stand below Rip Van Winkle Bridge (N. Salafsky/TNC) .................... 61 Figure 28: DEC water use classifications along the Hudson River (From Rohmann and Lilienthal, 1984) ... 68 Figure 29: Norman's Kill looking east from Route 32. Photo by Bryan Swift/DEC .................... 79 Figure 30: Wetland and shallows in backwater area at Papscanee Marsh .......................... 81 Figure 31: At the mouth of the Binnen Kill, looking north ...................................... 83 Figure 32: Looking across Schodack Creek at Schodack Island ................................ 85 Figure 33: Bulkhead across backwater north of marina near Coeymans Creek. Photo by Bryan Swift/DEC. 87 Figure 34: Hannacroix Creek below Route 144. Photo by Bryan Swift/DEC ........................ 89 Figure 35: Mill Creek and swamp forest above the railroad bridge. Photo by Bryan Swift/DEC ......... 91 Figure 36: Creek mouth at Stuyvesant Marshes ............................................. 93 Figure 37: Tidal portion of Coxsackie Creek, looking east ...................................... 95 Figure 38: Northern island shoreline showing sandy beach and upper marsh ........................ 97 Figure 39: Shallows and Stockport Middle Ground from a small tidal creek mouth ................... 99 Figure 40: High marsh and tidal channel in Vosburgh Swamp, looking east .......................... 101 Figure 41: Roger's Island backwater, looking north .......................................... 103 Figure 42: Catskill Creek, looking west ................................................... 105 Figure 43: Shore-parallel bands of low marsh, flats, and shallows at Ramshorn Marsh, looking northeast . . . 107 Figure 44: View across Inbocht Bay to the south ............................................ 109 Figure 45: Roeliff-Jansen Kill looking east from footbridge ...................................... 111 Figure 46: Tidal cove showing lower and upper marsh at Smith's Landing .......................... 113 Figure 47: Marsh area north of the Esopus Creek mouth ....................................... 117 vii Figure 48: Tivoli North Bay. Photo by Bryan Sw1ft/DEC ....................................... 119 Figure 49: View of The Flats looking north. Photo by Nancy Nugent/DOS ......................... 123 Figure 50: Near the mouth of Rondout Creek, looking west. Photo by Nancy Nugent/DOS ............ 125 Figure 51: The Kingston Deepwater area from Norrie Point. Photo by Nancy Nugent/DOS ............ 127 Figure 52: Aerial view of Vanderburg Cove looking east. Photo by Harry Dodson/Dodson Associates .... 129 Figure 53: Esopus Meadows looking south. Photo by Nancy Nugent/DOS ........................ 131 Figure 54: View to north of the Poughkeepsie Deepwater area. Photo by Steve Stanne/Clearwater ...... 133 Figure 55: Aerial view of Crum Elbow Marsh looking east. Photo by Harry Dodson/Dodson Associates . . . 135 Figure 56: Wappinger Creek looking east .................................................. 137 Figure 57: Fishkill Creek channel with water chestnut and adjacent low and high marsh . .............. 139 Figure 58: Shallows, low, and high marsh at Moodna Creek. Photo by Bryan Swift/DEC .............. 141 Figure 59: View to north from West Point. Photo by Steve Stanne/Clearwater ...................... 143 Figure 60: View to south over Constitution Marsh. Photo by Bryan Swift/DEC ...................... 145 Figure 61: High marsh and flats behind Iona Island viewed to the southwest ........................ 147 Figure 62: Aerial view of Camp Smith and Annsville Creek to the northeast. Photo by Harry Dodson/Dodson Associates ....................................... 149 Figure 63: Anchored gill nets in Haverstraw Bay. Photo by Steve Stanne/Clearwater .......... ....... 151 Figure 64: Croton River from Quaker Bridge. Photo by Bryan Swift/DEC .......................... 153 Figure 65: Northeast view over Piermont Marsh ............................................. 155 viii INTRODUCIRON Among tidal estuaries of the northeastern United States, the Hudson River is of great importance for both HUDSON RIV ecological and economic reasons. Although the River has FROM TROY TO RENSSELA undergone centuries of interaction with surrounding human populations, it has sustained less ecological NEW YORK CITY damage than many other rivers in the region, which have been dammed, diverted, and otherwise altered. Accordingly, the Hudson supports many tidally-dependent plant and animal communities that at one time were much more abundant in the Northeast and even the world. The Hudson is a major component of the ocean ecosystem G R E E N E along the Atlantic seaboard, supplying nutrients to and ...... COLUMBIA supporting a rich variety of estuarine life. As a spawning JI-Y and nursery ground for ocean fish in the rich Atlantic fishery, the Hudson River estuary is rivaled only by Chesapeake Bay, which, in recent years, has suffered severe declines in some of its fish populations. In economic terms, the Hudson has been among the most important commercial rivers in the United States. The prosperity of New York State and the nation has been linked to the Hudson principally as a means of D U T CE S S 01 transportation and for the natural resources of the River and its surrounding valley. Ultimately, the large human population that now depends upon the River will best be io able to maintain this prosperity by forming a new partnership with the River. S U ILL IVAN I CI-1 Purpose of Titis Natural Resources Guide U 0 R N E The purpose of this natural resources guide is to help facilitate this partnership with the River by providing information to illustrate values of the Hudson's natural resources and to propose measures that may be helpful in protecting these natural values. Much of what is W STCHESTER contained in this guide builds on efforts of the State's Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Program, which is R 0 C K L A N 0 e administered by the Department of State through th State's Coastal Management Program. Most of the natural areas described in Chapter 6 are State-designated significant coastal habitats. Additional information documenting recognized natural values of these areas is available in narrative form at the Departments of Environmental Conservation and State and at town and INDEX county clerks' offices. The New York Natural Heritage Program, a joint effort,of the Department of Environmental NASSAU Conservation and The Nature Conservancy, is an addi- tional source of ecological information on the Hudson NEW YORK CITY River. This guide describes the Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitats of the Hudson River from Troy to the New Figure 1: The Hudson, from Troy to New York City York City municipal boundary (see Figure 1), excluding the portion of the Hudson between New York and New 2 Hudson River Significant Tidal Habitats Jersey. The geographic coverage of this guide does not Stmeture of the Guide imply that habitats in the excluded portion of the Hudson and New York - New Jersey Harbor are any less important The guide has four parts, each of which presents a than those found in upper portions of the estuary. In fact, different perspective of the River. these lower estuary habitats are currently the subject of substantial attention. The value of the habitats in the New The Natural Ecosystem York City area, in conjunction with the variety of large- The first three chapters provide an overview of the River scale development proposals being considered for these as a natural ecosystem. Chapter 1: Ecological Community areas, presents an entirely different set of management DescrIptions, examines the ecology of tidal communities, issues and requirements. The value of these habitats, and looking at both biological and physical components of the the potential threats to their continued viability, more than system. For each community type, individual components justify the need for a separate guide to their values and are described and a summary of the community is management. provided. Chapter 2: Biology of Rare and Important Species, presents plant and animal species of interest This guide is an ecological primer containing general and from commercial or conservation perspectives and briefly site specific information about tidal habitats of the River, describes significant aspects of their life cycles, habitat which can be used by local authorities and others requirements, and Hudson River populations. Chapter 3: interested in planning for the future of "their' section of the The RIver as an Ecosystem, views the River from an River. Through its use, those who have limited scientific ecosystem perspective, synthesizing habitat and species backgrounds will be better able to understand the information from previous chapters into a larger picture. complex nature of the River ecosystem and actively participate in management decisions concerning the River. Human Impacts on the River The broad scope of this guide, coupled with the detailed The next two chapters present an overview of human habitat information it contains, also makes it a convenient activities along the River. Chapter 4: Human Interactions reference source for professionals in many fields who are with the River Ecosystem, examines effects of past and concerned with protection and management of the River's present human activities on River habitats. Chapter 5: resources. Existing Responsibilities for Resource Management, looks at public agencies and private organizations that are Efforts have been made to make the content of the guide concerned with human use of the River. both useful to the professional and interesting to the casual reader. While no attempt has ben made to avoid Significant Tidal Habitats presenting complex ecological information, most scientific Chapter 6: Site Specific Information, constitutes most of terms are explained upon their first use. English units of the guide and examines 39 significant habitat sites along measurement and common species names are used the River. Information provided for each site includes a throughout. More importantly, concepts and hypotheses description of important biological and cultural features that have not been scientifically validated are deliberately and a map identifying locations of examples of these presented in an effort to spur interest in alternative ways features. Ecological explanations for components of each of thinking about and protecting the River. site are not provided; the reader may refer to introductory explanations in Chapters 1-5 or use the Further Readings Historically, effective protection and management of the sections that appear in each chapter to locate more Hudson's natural resources has been difficult; few people detailed information. recognize its resource values and even fewer understand what protection can be provided. It is the rare individual The Future of the Hudson River who has both a sufficient grasp of underlying ecological A recurring concept encountered during the preparation relationships and the ability to explain convincingly the of this guide is the complexity of the River ecosystem; the need for specific habitat protection measures. Although interwoven character of its human and natural many important texts have been written about the Hudson components suggests that there are no easy solutions to River, this guide was designed specifically to fill the need the problems caused by their interactions that will satisfy for an ecologically-oriented approach to protecting the all involved parties. These issues are briefly discussed in natural resources of the River. As such, this guide Chapter 7, The Future of the River, where a philosophy for emphasizes functions of ecological components of the making progress toward the goal of ensuring the future habitats as they relate to the overall River system. value of the Hudson River's tidal habitats is presented. Chapter I ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY DESCRIMONS This chapter describes ecological community types found along tidal portions of the Hudson River. The first section summarizes general environmental characteristics of the River ecosystem. Subsequent sections describe plant composition, animals, physical environment, and identification of the tidal communities, including: � Deepwater � Shallows, Mudflats, and Shore � Tidal Marsh � Tidal Swamp � Freshwater Creek and Upland Forest 4 Chapter 1: Ecological Community Descriptions 1.1 General Environmental Characteristics SUMMER Areas along the atlantic coast of the U.S. that have freshwater tidal wetlands and littoral zones comparable to those in the Hudson River range from Massachusetts to Georgia. These sites have a major influx of freshwater and a daily tidal pattern that Is enhanced by constriction of upper portions of the estuary (Odurn et al., 1984). In the Hudson estuary, the dominant environmental feature 7-adal Estu is a four-foot-high tidal flow. The full cycle of this flow, Nonridal River River Oligohaline Mewhaline Polyhaline which occurs roughly twice a day, creates a complex <0.5 PPt 0-5-5ppt S-18ppt 19-30 ppt intermixing of water and nutrients from the River, its tributaries, and the ocean. Other important environmental factors affecting tidal habitats in the Hudson River are regional climatology and underlying geology. SPRING Hydrology Although energy of the tidal flow in the Hudson is derived from ocean tides, not all of the tidal portion of the River, which extends from the Battery in Manhattan to the federal dam at Troy, is saltwater. A salinity gradient exists within the estuary with salt levels ranging from greater than 30 parts per thousand (ppt) at Manhattan to less than 0.5 ppt Nomidal River Tidal Riv7 Estuary at Troy (Figure 2). As described in the Boyce Thompson Institute's Atlas of the Biolooical Resources of the Hudson EstugM (1977), water from the River and ocean mix in a Mixingzonc - Downstream current (ebbing ride and region known as the "salt front." Because of its lower Salt water nontidal river flow) density, freshwater floats above saltwater, creating an - Upstream current (rising ride) underlying salt wedge. Tides observed in freshwater Fmh w2Ter portions of the estuary are a result of oceanic tidal energy which forces this salt wedge upriver and reverses direction Figure 2: Generalized salinity and current patterns of the River's flow. Along with affecting the Rivers flow, for the Hudson Estuary (from Tiner, 1987). tides create friction between the layers of freshwater and saltwater, producing internal waves that result in an divided into three hydrological zones: a subtidal zone that oscillatory mixing of water. Turbulence created by these is inundated permanently; a regularly flooded zone that is movements, in combination with salinity gradients, creates submerged twice daily; and an irregularly flooded zone a "nutrient trap" which retains water-borne nutrients within that is under water only occasionally during the course of the estuary and greatly enhances the River's productivity. the year (Figure 4). These hydrological zones provide, in part, the physical basis for the ecological communities In addition to daily tidal movements, the salt front also described in this chapter. moves north and south with the seasons. During spring snowmelt, large volumes of freshwater may push the salt Climate front south as far as the Tappan Zee Bridge; during Climate in the estuarine portion of the River is the product summer low water flow, brackish water has been recorded of coastal and inland weather systems. The Hudson River as far north as Poughkeepsie. The volume of freshwater Valley has moderately cold winters and warm, humid entering the system depends on hydrological patterns of summers. Kiviat (1978) lists the average precipitation in the entire 13,030-square-mile Hudson Valley watershed Dutchess County (near the mid-point of the estuary) at (Figure 3), which are determined by precipitation, 40.1 inches annually, distributed fairly evenly throughout groundwater flow, and dams (Malcolm Pirnle, Inc., 1983). the year. The average growing season in Dutchess In comparison with the tidal flow observed in the River County is 155 days, and average air temperatures are 23 - (both upstream and downstream), freshwater flow (net 29 OF in January and 71 - 73 OF in July. In general, the downstream flow) accounts for less than 10% of the total River moderates the climate of adjacent shore areas, flow. The differences in tidal and freshwater flow volumes which are cooler in summer and warmer in winter than dramatically illustrate the dominance of tides in the surrounding uplands. Hudson estuary. Geology Seasonal variations in amounts of freshwater input and Productivity of the Hudson is related to the nature of rock heights of tides determine the degree of flooding of and soil formations in the surrounding watershed and on habitats in and along the River. The estuary may be the geologic forces that formed the estuary. Today's Overview of the River Ecosystem 5 .0 xxv%i MAINE F., E@ U ....... . . . . . . N.H. N N 0 i1j: MASS. 01V 'CONN. PA. NJ:* XIV, L F4 ON LLS UTI OY LBA R X M SACHUSE X,, CA Xx 71 KING 0 OUGHKE teTICUT x:@:!: .:Y, NEWBUR WEST INT 6 to 4 ..... .. ... :N Figure 3: The Hudson River's watershed (from Boyce Thompson, 1977) Hudson Estuary had its origins in the last glaciation, when waters to flood the deep valley. Rising sea level and the Wisconsin ice sheet deepened the River through erosion-based sedimentation have resulted in today's physical scouring (with the advance of ice) and by water Hudson Estuary (Boyce Thompson, 1977). flow from the combined Great Lakes and Champlain basins. The Lower Hudson Valley and Long Island Sound Bedrock exposed by glaciers consists of Ordovician became a freshwater lake, impounded by large glacial shales and sandstones (with minor amounts of moraines left behind by the waning ice age. The estuary conglomerate, mudstone, limestone, and slate) in upper was created when the morainal dam at Verrazano Narrows portions of the estuary; and Ordovician gnelsses, marbles, was breached nearly 13,000 years ago, allowing ocean schists, sandstones, and shales in more southern regions 6 Chapter 1: Ecological Community Descriptions Extreme high spring rides and storm tides .......................... ........ Mean high tide Upland . .. . ........... . ........... Mean low tide Irregularly Flooded Zone Regularly Flooded Zone Subtidal Zone Figure 4: Hydrological zonation in the estuary (from Tiner, 1987) (NYS Museum and Science Service, 1970; Malcolm Pirnie, inventory and classification efforts of the New York Natural Inc., 1983). These rocks are resistant to erosion and Heritage Program. Examples of important animals and provide little nutrient input to the River (Odum et al., 1984). plants that live in each community are discussed, followed However, many nutrients are provided from surrounding by a description of the environmental conditions charac- lands, which are covered with a variety of fertile soils teristic of the community. Each section concludes with a resulting from deposition of glacial till and outwash and summary to facilitate identification of the community on accumulated alluvial (river) and lacustrine (lake) the River. sediments. L3 Deepwater 1.2 Ecological Communities The deepwater community includes sections of the River In the following sections, a number of distinct ecological with water depths greater than six feet at low tide. communities are described, each with its own. particular Deepwater community is equivalent to the tidal river floral and faunal components, and environmental community recognized by the New York Natural Heritage characteristics. In this guide, the term "community" is Program (Reschke, 1988). defined as an assemblage of populations living in an environment and interacting with one another to form a Plants of the Deepwater Community distinctive living system (Whittaker, 1975; Reschke,1988), These living systems or communities occur repeatedly The only vegetation growing in deepwater community is throughout the River ecosystem and can be identified by phytoplankton in upper layers of the water column. Light characteristic plant or animal species or by the physical generally does not penetrate deep enough to support environment that they tend to occupy. photosynthesis of rooted plants in this community. The community is an. essential concept in the science of Animals of the Deepwater Community ecology; however, it also imposes an artificial structure on a complex natural system. Applying the concept of The deepwater community supports abundant animal life community to the real world is often thwarted by natural which is sustained by organic material originating in the, variability and the surprises that are always inherent in watershed and adjacent productive areas. The animals of dealing with living systems. For example, locating an the deepwater community can be grouped in three exact boundary between communities is often difficult different categories based on their roles in the ecosystem. because communities form a gradient from the bottom of the River to the upland shore. Plants that dominate one Benthic Invertebrates area are often found in a subsidiary role in adjacent areas, Bottom-dwelling or benthic animals, as their name implies, and animals readily travel back and forth between areas. live in or on the bottom of the River where they feed on Nonetheless, dividing the ecosystem into communities is organic detritus and other animals. The benthic a useful way to understand the functional relationships community can be subdivided based on sizes of among different parts of the Hudson River ecosystem. component organisms. Common microbenthic animals include hydras, amoebas, foraminifera, and bacteria Each of the following sections first describes a community (Odum et al., 1984). Macrobenthic animals can be further according to the physical environment that it tends to divided into three functional groups, based on their body occupy. Equivalent community names are provided to shapes and modes of living. One group is composed of correlate the information in this guide with the State-wide wormlike animals that burrow in the mud, including Deepwater 7 rhynchocoels, roundworms, bristleworms, water Fish-eating Predators earthworms, and leeches (Boyce Thompson Institute, The last group of animals included in the deepwater 1977). Another group is composed largely of hard- community are those that prey on fish living in the shelled mollusks that feed either on suspended materials deepwater community. These predators do not live in filtered from the water (clams and mussels) or on residue deepwater but depend on it as a source of food. Raptors scraped from exposed surfaces (snails). The third major (e.g. bald eagles and ospreys) capture fish near the group of macrobenthic invertebrates is comprised of water's surface; diving birds (cormorants, loons and fish- arthropods, which includes insect, barnacle, shrimp, eating ducks) descend after their prey; and humans isopod, amphi-pod, and crab species (Boyce Thompson employ a variety of techniques to land their catch. Institute, 1977). PtWcal EnWronment Characteristics Local distributions of these species reflect differing patterns of salinity, currents, oxygen levels, and A complex physical environment with many factors temperatures. Compared with marine and non-tidal areas, affecting animal distributions is associated with the there is a low diversity of microhabitats in freshwater tidal deepwater community. systems, which is accompanied by lower species diversity. Nonetheless, studies in various estuaries have found Hydrological Features between 49 and 69 macrobenthic species in tidal areas Water flow in deepwater is largely controlled by tides, (Koss et al., 1974, and Diaz, 1977 in Odum et al., 1984). although it is also affected by seasonal floods, storms, and Adult forms of most benthic species are indicators of winds. Factors that influence animal distributions in environmental conditions in the River, since their limited deepwater habitat are depth, light, turbidity, temperature, motility prevents them from moving away from pollutants. salinity, and oxygen, nutrient, and pollutant levels. If the environment changes beyond an animal's physio- logical tolerance, it dies. Turbidity refers to the amount of suspended sediment in water. Turbid water clogs gills and digestive organs of fish Fish and other aquatic organisms, discouraging their use of Fish communities within tidal waters of the Hudson can be these areas. Many animals are restricted to a certain subdivided into five groups based on utilization of different temperature range. Warm water contains less dissolved portions of the River for various parts of their lifecycles oxygen than cold water, preventing use by species with (Boyce Thompson Institute, 1977; Odum et al., 1984). higher oxygen demands. Salinity also affects which Resident freshwater fish (e.g. perch, catfish, shiners, bass, animals can be found in sections of the River. Many and sunfish) spend their entire lives In freshwater of the species are restricted to either the brackish or freshwater upper estuary, while resident estuarine species (e.g. portions of the River, and even anadromous fish, which hogchokers, banded killifish, mummichogs, and bay migrate from one environment to another, often have to anchovies) spend their lives in brackish waters of the wait at the salt front while adjusting to new salinity levels. lower estuary. Both types generally inhabit shallow areas Deep troughs contain pockets of higher salinity, denser of the River and its tributaries and are discussed further in water, which may account for the occasional presence of the "shallows, mudflats, and shore communities" section. marine species far north of the salt front. Anadromous fish are species that spend most of their Oxygen, nutrient, and pollutant levels also affect animals' adult lives in the ocean and return to fresh water only to use of deepwater. The amount of dissolved oxygen in spawn. After eggs hatch, larvae and juveniles feed and water is dependent on a number of factors, including grow in "nursery grounds" in the estuary before returning water temperature, and the degree to which water is to the ocean to complete their life cycles. Examples of mixed with the atmosphere. Nutrient loads can also affect anadromous fish that can be found in the Hudson oxygen content. When a limiting nutrient becomes deepwater community include American shad, blueback available, algae undergo a population explosion, resulting herring, alewife, striped bass, Atlantic tomcod, and in "blooms". Dead and dying algae provide the food Atlantic and shortnose sturgeons (see Chapter 2 for more source which drives a secondary population explosion of detailed information about individual species). "decomposer bacteria." During the decomposition Catadromous fish are species that live in freshwater and process, the bacteria consume dissolved oxygen in the migrate to the ocean to spawn; the only example from the water, killing many animals that are sensitive to low Hudson River is the American eel. Finally, marine fish are oxygen levels. Finally, concentrations of pollutants can ocean species that live primarily in saltwater but will, on affect water quality to the extent that reproductive occasion, use the estuary as a feeding or nursery ground. capabilities of some animals are hindered. The effects of Examples of marine fish found in the Hudson include pollutants are most notable on the fish-eating predators at menhaden, American goosefish, bluefish, weakfish, and the top of the food chain such as ospreys, eagles and sculpins (Boyce Thompson Institute, 1977). even humans. 8 Chapter 1: Ecological Community Descriptions Geological Features. Bottom sediments of deepwater areas vary from rocky or gravelly substrates to layers of sand, silt, and fine muck. Sources of sediment include runoff from tributary streams, riverbank erosion, airborne particles, and human activities. As the lowest level in the drainage basin, deepwater areas are subject to heavy accumulations of sediment, although this is limited in some places by the flushing action Of tidal currents. The type of substrate found at any given site is important in determining types of benthic animals that can live there, as well as its suitability as a spawning ground for various fish. Sedimentation processes are also important in limiting toxic chemical distribution and effects MOM by sequestering toxins in the Figure 5: A deepwater area near Germantown (N. Salafsky/TNC) bottom sediments. Deepwater Idenfification Plarft of the Shallows, Mmfflats, and Shore The deepwater community is located at or near the center Shallows of the River, wherever water is greater than 6 feet deep at Shallows support plants adapted to an aquatic environ- low tide (Figure 5). Because of the expense and difficulty ment either directly in the River, or in its tributary streams. of remote methods of investigation and measurement, Most vascular plants in this zone are rooted in the bottom relatively little is known about this portion of the River, and are exposed to air only during periods of low tide, if including bottom contours, sedimentation rates and at all (Figure 6). Representative freshwater species patterns, sediment flow, and salt front dynamics. Most of include waterweed, water celery (tapegrass), naiads, the animal use information is based on research sampling various pondweeds, and the exotic Eurasian water-milfoil programs associated with the utilities'. power plants or and water chestnut (Tiner, 1987; Reschke, 1988). These through commercial fishery statistics. plants characteristically have long narrow leaves that completely shade the bottom of the River or creek and 1.4 ShaHows, Mudflats, and Shore tend to move with the currents, so that they point in the Shallows, mudflats, and shore communities include direction of the water flow. In more brackish sections, sections of the River located near low tide mark. These common plants include widgeon grass, water celery, sago communities are roughly equivalent to the brackish and pondweed, and horned pondweed (Reschke, 1988). freshwater types of subtidal aquatic bed, intertidal mudflat, and intertidal shore communities recognized by the New In addition to vascular plants rooted in the bottom, York Natural Heritage Program (Reschke, 1988). numerous smaller plants are free-floating, either in the water column or on its surface. Surface plants are usually Shallows are always below low tide mark; mudfiats are duckweeds or waterchestnut. Plants in the water column barely exposed at low tide; and the shore is a zone largely are largely single-celled or multi-cellular colonies of exposed at low tide but inundated at high tide. These phytoplankton, including species of green and blue-green three communities are found not only along the River algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates (Odum et al., 1984). proper, but also extend along tidal portions of tributary These single-celled plants are usually not visible to the streams and marsh drainage channels. In general, each naked eye but are an important component of the of these areas supports distinct plant and animal ecosystem since their photosynthetic activity supports a populations. portion of the food web within the River. Shallows, Mudflats, and Shore 9 10 . . . . .... . .... .. . .. ... ..... . .. ... . ... . ... . .... 1W XW_ '7@ Figure 6: Shallows at Esopus Estuary (N. SalafskylTNC) Mudflats Mudflats support plants adapted to being submerged for Animals of the Shallows, Modfials, and Shore most of the day, then briefly exposed at low tide when they are typically found encrusted in mud. In general, Calm waters in shallows and mudflats support a wide these plants thrive on large, level, open areas, although range of feeding and breeding animals. The drier and less they can be found in narrow strips between shallows and protected shore supports fewer aquatic species, but it is lower marshes or interspersed among plants of lower an important area for terrestrial organisms. marshes (Figure 7). Common mudflats species form small rosettes a few inches high and include strap-leaf Feeding arrowhead, mud-plantain, grass-leaf arrowhead, and Abundant aquatic plants and phytoplankton in shallow goldenclub (Reschke, 1988). More brackish - mudflats waters form the basis of a complex food web linking many contain spongy arrowhead, strap-leaf arrowhead, animal species. Many animals that feed on phytoplankton mudwort, and tapegrass. In addition to vascular species, and detritus from vascular plants are microscopic animals, mudflats support significant numbers of periphyton collectively termed zooplankton. Numbers and species of (attached algae) and bacteria that grow on mud or zooplankton vary greatly with the seasons and include surfaces of vascular plants. One New Jersey study found many types of copepods, rotifers, cladocerans, amphi- 84 species of periphyton'(exclusive of diatoms) present in pods, and mysids (Odum et al., 1984). Larger animals the mudflats sediment (WhIgham et al., 1980 in Odum et that feed on aquatic plants include some duck, turtle, and al., 1984). Bacteria of the mudflats play an important mammalian species. ecological role by breaking down rich organic matter produced in adjacent marshes or the watershed. Zooplankton are the direct food source for many free- swimming fish and fish larvae, which, in turn, are Shore consumed by other species. Many adult fish in shallow Shore areas are found along rocky or,gravelly banks water are full4lme River residents, including shiners, carp, where extensive marshes or swamps are absent. white catfish, suckers, white and yellow perch, bass, Vegetation along the shore is sparse, and the substrate surifishes, and darters in freshwater regions; and bay is exposed to air for most of the tidal cycle (Figure 8). anchovies, killifish, silversides, winter flounder, and Plants in this community are adapted to an exposed, hogchokers in more brackish sections (Boyce Thompson, harsh environment that is subject to waves, ice-scour and 1977). Many anadromous fish described in the section on upland erosion. Common plants include water-hemp, the deepwater community feed extensively in shallows smartweed, cardinal flower, and Pennsylvania bittercress while preparing to return to the ocean. All three (Reschke, 1988). Various types of attached algae grow categories of benthic animals previously described for the on rocks along the shore. deepwater community also live and feed in shallows. 10 Chapter 1: Ecological Community Descriptions Figure 7: Mudflats interspersed within lower marsh (N. SalafskylTNC) V Figure 8: Rocky shore at Stuyvasant Marshes (N. SalafskWTNC) Shallows, Mudflats, and Shore Many bird species at the top of the food chain feed in shallows and mudflats. Great blue and green herons, great egrets, and least and American bitterns feed on small fish, frogs, crayfish, and even small mammals. Floating Z, and diving waterfowl that feed on aquatic plants or small fish and animals of mudflats and shallows include swans, cormorants, grebes, gannets, Canada geese, brant, dabbling and diving ducks, mergansers, and gallinules; king and Virginia rails-, kildeer; semi- palmated, lesser golden, and black-bellied plovers; and a host of different sandpipers which feed on seeds, insects, and aquatic F invertebrates inhabiting mudflats, shallows, and marshes (Odum et al., 1984; Peterson, 1980). Breeding Figure 9: Mudflat showing thick substrate and surface patterns created by Since mudflats and shore flowing water (N. SalafskylTNC). alternate between being wet and dry, and provide little cover, they are not used for water levels in shallows and alternately expose and breeding by many animals. Shallows, however, are a inundate mudflats and shore areas, depositing and primary spawning ground for many fish and aquatic removing nutrients. This tidal pattern extends to shallows species. Golden and spottail shiners, silvery minnows, and mudflats along tributary streams where each stream tessellated darters, tidewater silversides, and white and acts as a miniature of the River. Tidal ebb flow starts at yellow perch use shallows of the River and its tributary the tributary mouth and slowly moves upstream, resulting streams for spawning (Boyce Thompson Institute, 1977; in a lag of up to several hours between low tide at the Odum et al., 1984; Smith, 1985). These fish require clear River and low tide at the upstream limit of tidal flow in the waters and fast-moving currents to provide adequate tributary. The degree of influence of tidal flow in a stream oxygen levels for their eggs and larvae. Many also depends on the volume of water entering from the anadromous fish spawn in creeks and shallows. Shallows stream's watershed. As in the River itself, tidal waters also serve as nursery grounds for the majority of newly reach further upstream in summer than in spring, during hatched larvae and juveniles of both resident and snow melt. The dynamic nature of the River's hydrology anadromous fish. plays an important role in determining which plants and animals are able to survive in shallows and mudflats. Shallows are also important breeding areas for a wide range of invertebrate species. Many species of craneflies, Geological Features mosquitoes, midges, flies, dragonflies, caddisfiles, beetles, Substrates of shallows and mudflats generally consist of and bugs undergo a larval or nymph phase in the water. thick layers of mud containing many organic and mineral During this time, these species form a link in the aquatic nutrients (Figure 9). In parts of the River, muddy food chain, feeding on plankton and detritus and being substrates give way to sand, which appears to support preyed upon by adult and juvenile fish and birds (Boyce fewer plants and animals. Active erosion in a river or Thompson Institute, 1977; Odum et al., 1984). stream occurs at the "thalweg," the channel running parallel to the banks that contains the fastest moving P14mical EiMronment CharacterisUcs waters. The thalweg has a firmer substrate than the slower moving water in side areas where sediment Shallows, mudflats, and shore areas are dominated by deposition is taking place. Mudflats and shallows form in tides and composition of the substrate. these side areas, away from the fast-moving water. Substrate deposition is enhanced on broad and level Hydrological Features expanses of mudflats and shallows, which have significant Water flow in shallows, mudflats, and shore areas on the quantities of rooted vegetation that trap and catch River is largely controlled by tides, which raise and lower sediments by slowing current velocities. 12 Chapter 1: Ecological Community Descriptions Geology of the shore is quite different from that of shallows and mudflats. The rocky, gravelly or sandy nature of shores is the result of continuous tidal erosion of sediments, which gradually removes smaller particles and leaves larger rocks and pebbles exposed. Shore communities generally occur along parts of the River or its tributaries that are directly adjacent to elevated upland areas where mudflats or marshes have not formed. Artificial shore zones can be found along bulkheads and riprap. k In almost all cases, the shore K zone is a few yards wide at most, occurring in a strip between high and low tide along steeply sloping A shore banks. tit Vol z@ Shallows, Mmffials, and Shore Idenfification Figure 10: Broad-leaved plants of the lower marsh at Roger's Island (N. Salafsky/TNC) Tidal shallows, mudflats, and shore areas form along edges of the River and tributary and distinctions between the two depend more on creeks near low tide mark. Shallows are muddy or sandy community structure than physical location within the site. areas covered by a few inches to six feet of water, usually In comparison with upper marshes, lower marshes tend to containing large patches of rooted aquatic vegetation. have less complex community structure and contain fewer Mudflats are large open areas of thick, bare mud exposed plant- species. at low tide and often having colonies of small plants that resemble a mown lawn. Shore areas are narrow strips of Lower Marsh rocky, gravelly, or sandy beach between low and high tide Lower marshes typically contain plants adapted to large marks, where river or creek banks rise rapidly to uplands. daily fluctuations in water levels. In freshwater areas, Shallows, mudflats, and shores can be surveyed on foot dominant plants have broad leaves rising on long stalks at low tide or by canoe at high tide (consult tide tables for from the base of the plant (Figure 10). The most common daily tide times). broad-leaved plant is spatterdock, typically the first large plant encountered when moving from water toward land 1.5 Tidal Mairsh (Figure 11). Spatterdock forms homogeneous stands The tidal marsh community includes sections of the River nearest deep water. As distance from deep water where tidal waters inundate plants specifically adapted to increases, spatterdock stands become interspersed with daily flooding. A lower marsh is defined by species other species, including pickerelweed, big-leaved adapted to complete submersion daily, and an upper arrowhead, and arrow arum. In addition to these broad- marsh by plant species adapted to partial flooding. Taken leaved species, other plants of the lower marsh include together, these two communities comprise the freshwater wild rice, three-square bulrush, river bulrush, northern and brackish tidal marsh communities recognized by the water plantain, and mud plantain. In general, the broad- New York Natural Heritage Program (Reschke, 1988). leaved plants form a continuous low canopy one to three feet tall, with wild rice and rushes emerging above and Plants of Me 771da/ Marsh plantains growing below this low canopy., Within the tidal marsh community, lower marsh, which is On sandier substrates, three-square bulrush grows either partially to completely submerged during each tidal cycle, in homogeneous stands or mixed with water smartweeds and upper marsh, which is dry to partially submerged and bur-marigolds (Figure 12). Three-square bulrush, during the course of a day, correspond to their functional occupies sandy lower marshes in both fresh and brackish equivalents in tidal salt marshes, which contain 'low- and water, while In regions of higher salinity, smooth cordgrass "high" marsh areas (Odurn et al., 1984). The lower marsh becomes prevalent. extends into the upper marsh along drainage channels, Tidal Marsh 13 Although both purple loosestrife and common reed are very common, neither are native to Hudson River wetlands. Large homogeneous stands of common reed quickly become established in freshwater, brackish, and salt marshes where vegetation and soils have been physically altered by direct action or by upland erosion and subsequent sedimentation. Animals of the 771dal Marsh .... .. Tidal marshes provide critical feeding and breeding areas for many aquatic and terrestrial animals. Some are transients, using marshes for feeding or resting during seasonal migrations, while others spend their entire lives in the marsh. Feeding Tidal marshes are among the most ecologically productive areas in the world (Odum et al., 1984) and the numbers of animal species directly or indirectly dependent on tidal marshes for food supply are astounding. For example, in a study at six freshwater tidal marshes on the Hudson, Swift (1987) observed 69 bird species, while in New Jersey, Tiner (1986) found 120 bird species in a marsh. Foraging methods vary from large flocks of red-wing blackbirds feasting on stands of wild rice to solitary northern harriers (marsh hawks), which spend much of their time in the marsh hunting for small animals. Terrestrial animals that feed in the marsh include Sp4tter-dock raccoons, which forage for crustaceans and other invertebrates, snapping turtles, which lie in wait for fish, and herbivorous insects that graze on leaves of marsh Figure 11: Spatterdock, a common broad-leaved plant plants. Although fish are absent from most marshes at of the lower marsh (from Odum et al., 1984) low tide, marshes become important feeding areas at high tide. Fish found feeding among the plants of the lower marsh include banded killifish, tessellated darters, Upper Marsh mummichogs, sunfish, and carp. Invertebrates including Upper marshes contain plants that undergo partial cladocerans, copepods, ostracods, and chironomid larvae flooding during the tidal cycle so they are seldom or never are important prey for these fish (Richard and Schmidt, completely submerged. Whereas the lower marsh is 1986; Duryea and Schmidt, 1986). characterized by broad-leaved plants, the upper marsh has a grassy appearance due to the presence of many Breeding narrow-leaved, erect plants. The most common species Birds are the most visible (and audible) breeders in are narrow-leaved cattail and common reed, both of which marshes. Swift (1987) found 22 species that were form large stands in drier areas. As the ground becomes confirmed or likely to be nesting in tidal marshes at six wetter, cattails are joined by other grassy species, sites along the river. Common species included marsh including wild rice, rice cut grass, river bulrush, and sweet wrens, red-winged blackbirds, swamp sparrows, Virginia flag. Other characteristic plants are jewelweed, bur- rails, yellow warblers, song sparrows, willow flycatchers, marigold, common dodder, purple loosestrife, and water common yellowthroats, least bitterns, and American smartweed. In upper marshes, the canopy structure is goldfinches; less frequently encountered species Included difficult to describe, but In general, grassy plants form a mute swans, mallards, black ducks, wood ducks, green- distinct layer with occasional woody shrubs emerging backed herons, American bitterns, spotted sandpipers, above and smaller broad-leaved plants below. In brackish water, narrow4eaved cattail, common reed, salt marsh bulrush, and marsh fern vire the most common species. 14 Chapter 1: Ecological Community Descriptions -@@AW --ol w X f ! !f f Figure 12: Three-square bulrush stand on sandflats at Stockport Middle Ground (N. SalafskylTNC) A Maui It Figure 13: Grassy upper marsh at Stockport (N. SalafskVrNQ Tidal Marsh 15 common snipes, belted kingfishers, eastern kingbirds, grey and low levels of dissolved oxygen, especially during catbirds, and common grackles. A similar study in New summer months (Odurn et al., 1984). Aquatic animals Jersey found 48 species of nesting birds in the tidal marsh found in the marsh are limited to species that can tolerate zone (Hawkins and Leck, 1977). these conditions. Hudson River tidal marshes also support large populations Geological Features of nesting birds (as opposed to numbers of species); the High productivity of marshes is largely due to the rich average density of breeding birds was about 410 pairs per physical substrate upon which they occur. Marshes are 100 acres, among the highest densities of breeding marsh often found adjacent to tributary mouths or in slow birds worldwide (Swift, 1987). backwaters of the River where sedimentation rates are high. The sediment load that can be carried depends on Several fish species, including banded killifish, water velocity and sediment particle size. When fast- mummichogs, bluegills, pumpkinseed, carp, and black moving water, heavily laden with sediments, enters near- bass, use lower marshes as spawning or nursery grounds. shore and shallow areas, the water velocity decreases and Many amphibians, reptiles, and mammals depend on the sediment load is deposited in layers of fine particles. marshes for iood for themselves and for their young, ranging from foraging tadpoles to unweaned muskrats. As a result of this continuous sediment deposition, marsh substrates (particularly in the lower marsh) consist of thick Physical Environment Characteristics layers of rich, dark, "oozy" muck with high concentrations of sift, clay, and organic detritus. As a rule, sediments of Complex interactions of tides and sediments at the lower marshes include less than 50% organic material, and shoreline provide a unique marsh environment that those of upper marshes contain greater than 50% organic supports characteristic marsh plant and animal material (Odum et al., 1984). Cattail -dominated upper communities. marshes can include large amounts of peat derived from annual accumulations of dead marsh vegetation. Hydrological Features Water flow in marshes is affected by tidal patterns in the Freshwater tidal marsh soils have high organic content, River and tributary streams. Marshes themselves, slightly acidic pH (6.0-6.5), moderate to strong reducing however, have their own unique hydrological features. conditions, high cation exchange capacity, and are From above, open water areas in a tidal marsh can be generally anaerobic except at the soil surface. These seen as branching patterns of channels similar to the conditions lead to high concentrations of ammonium in outline of a tree. Channels are generally broadest where contrast to the more familiar nitrates and nitrites of they intersect the River (or, in many cases, flow under railroad tracks) and divide into smaller and smaller branches toward land. Lower marsh plants line open water channels well into the upper marsh (Figure 14). The branching channels complicate the marsh's topography since, at low tide, raised hummocks of the upper marsh may be up to three feet higher than mucky substrates of the lower marsh associated with the. channels. The network of channels provides a large area in which water and land overlap and drains the marsh during low tide, allowing semi-terrestrial plants to g4, colonize the upper marsh (Frey and Bassan, 1978). -ell - Although many gaps in knowledge exist concerning marsh hydrology, water in marshes is generally eutrophic (nutrient4aden) with high Figure 14: Lower marsh extending along channel at West Flats (N. levels of suspended sediments SalatskylTNQ) 16 Chapter 1: Ecological Community Descriptions terrestrial soils (Odum et W., 1984; Mitsch and Gosselink, muddy, although some areas are sandy. Marshes may be 1987). Marsh plants can tolerate these harsh conditions surveyed with some difficulty on foot at low tide or by or have adapted to avoid specific unsuitable conditions. canoeing through channels at high tide (consult tide tables For example, adventitious roots of many marsh species for times). (e.g. beggar-ticks) may enable them to avoid anaerobic sediment layers while still competing for water-borne 1.6 71dal Swamp nutrients carried into the marsh (Whigham et al., 1980 in The tidal swamp community includes land adjacent to the Odurn et al., 1984). River which is regularly flooded by tidal waters. Tidal swamp is the least common tidal community along the Marshes at mouths of tributaries serve as catch basins for Hudson River and is equivalent to the freshwater tidal sediments (and pollutants) that flow down tributaries. swamp community recognized by the New York Natural Sediment loads and deposition rates are indicators of land Heritage Program (Reschke, 1988). use in surrounding upland areas. Evidence now suggests that sediment levels in tidal marshes have been rising very Plants of the Tidal Swamp rapidly (in excess of 10.8 inches/century) over the past three centuries as a result of increased soil runoff Tidal swamps (or swamp forests) are dominated by a associated with human activities (Froomer, 1980 in Odum closed canopy of trees (Figure 15). Common species et al., 1984). This.linkage between marsh and the include green and black ash, red maple, and slippery elm. contiguous upland has important management impli- Beneath the trees is a layer of shrubs and vines including cations; any attempt to preserve marsh must take into spicebush, arrowwood, silky dogwood, Virginia creeper, account actions occurring within the upland watershed. and poison ivy. At ground level, there is a layer of herbs, including rice cutgrass, sensitive fern, spotted jewelweed, Tidal Marsh Identificatfon common monkeyflower, knotweeds, skunk cabbage, hog peanut, groundnut, and swamp milkweed (Reschke, 1988). Tidal marsh forms along the Hudson River where creeks A gradual transition from tidal marsh to tidal swamp and streams enter the River and in sheltered coves and occurs in many places. Small trees and shrubs of tidal backwaters. Marshes can be identified by the presence of swamps grow in clusters in sections of marsh. Tidal non-woody plants one to ten feet high growing in areas swamps occur exclusively in freshwater, either near where there is standing water for at least part of each day. freshwater tributaries in brackish portions of the estuary or Lower marshes are dominated by broad-leaved plants; in upstream freshwater sections of the River. vegetation of upper marshes consists primarily of tall grasses and grasslike plants. Substrates are usually Animals of the Tidal Swamp Although irregular flooding precludes regular use of tidal swamps by aquatic species, many terrestrial species use swamps Tt (along with marshes) for feeding and breeding. Feeding 4' Many insects and other invertebrates feed on plants, seeds, and other organic materials found in the tidal swamp. Vertebrate herbivores (leaf-eaters) and granivores (seed-eaters) include pheasants, rabbits, grey s uIrrels, chipmunks, woodchucks, q mice, muskrats, beaver, and deer. Predators of these invertebrates and vertebrates include newts, salamanders, toads, frogs, a diverse group of turtles (including stinkpot, musk, painted, spotted, m ap, wood, and box turtles), Figure 15: Swamp forest at Roger's Island (N. Salalsky) snakes, shrews, moles, foxes, Tidal Swamp 17 raccoons, weasels, mink, skunks, and (in theory) bobcats and bears (Conant, 1975; Burt and Grossenheider, 1976; Odum et al., 1984). Breeding Many of the above-listed animals also use drier portions of the swamp forest for nesting, although even there, use is limited by the saturated soils. Muskrats, which either build nests in the marsh itself or burrow in the nearby forest, are of particular importance. Kiviat (1978) found that many reptiles, including northern water snakes and snapping, musk, mud, spotted, wood, pond, and painted turtles, overwinter in abandoned muskrat burrows. Z4- Figure 16: Tidal Creek with upland forest in the background (N. SalafskylTNC) Physical Environment Characterisfics Tidal Swamp Identification Tidal swamps share many physical features with marsh Tidal swamps on the Hudson form landward of marshes and shore communilties, but also have unique features. and mudflats. This community can be identified by its Tidal swamps have not been studied extensively and characteristic tree species, which often grow on elevated much remains to be discovered about physical conditions hummocks between pools of standing water. Presence of undedying formation of this community. flood debris is a good indication that the forest receives at least occasional inundation. Tidal swamp is best surveyed Hydrological Features on f9ot, although dense underbrush can make walking The irregular water flow in tidal swamps is one of their quite difficult. most interesting characteristics. Some areas (especially parts adjacent to tributary creeks) receive regular daily 1.7 Freshwater Creek and Upland Forest tidal flooding; others are flooded only during severe storms or spring flood-driven tidal surges (the latter Although not tidally-influenced, freshwater creek and communities are technically not tidal swamps, but upland forest. communfties (Figure 16) play critical roles in floodplain forests). High water lines marked by natural determining where other communities occur in the River. and man-made debds left by receding waters are usually visible in floodplain forests. Because of their distance Freshwater Creek from the River, waters in regularly flooded swamps may have different nutrient and chemical composiltions from the The freshwater creek community consists of portions of River. As a result, tidal swamps support specialized plants tributary streams which are beyond the influence of tides, and animals adapted to a waterlogged environment. yet still accessible to fish from the River. On tributaries of the Hudson, this extends from the first significant Geological Features elevation in creek beds to dams or waterfalls that block Little is known about specific soils and sediments in tidal upstream passage of fish. Freshwater creeks are vital to swamps, although they probably receive heavy sediment many anadromous fish species whose eggs require fast- inputs from tides and floodwaters that inundate them. moving, well-oxygenated, and sediment-free water to Forested wetland areas probably function as effective hatch successfully. nutrient sinks (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1987). 18 Chapter 1: Ecological Community Descriptions Upland Forest The upland forest community includes the wooded hills and bluffs along banks of the River and its tributary streams. Upland forests are important for many terrestrial birds and animals that alternate between it and marsh and swamp. Upland forests are crucial in the hydrological cycle by serving as watershed buffering systems. These forests have absorbent soils and extensive root systems, which retain stormwater runoff, particularly when trees are in leaf and can absorb large volumes of water. This sponge-like retentive capacity allows surface waters to run off gradually over time. Gradually released runoff is less erosive than the rapid runoff associated with impermeable soils and developed areas. When upland forests in buffer zones adjacent to the River are removed, large-scale flooding and erosion can occur, which is detrimental to the value of tidal habitats. FURTHER READING The single most useful source on generalized atlantic coast freshwater tidal communities is Odum et al., (1984) , which focuses primarily on marshes but also provides a detailed overview of the entire tidal ecosystem, from physical factors to plant and animal communities. Mitsch and Gosselink, (1986) provides a short summary of physical and biological processes in freshwater tidal wetlands, as a part of their general text on wetlands. For field identifications of tidal wetland plants in the Northeast, as well as a brief summary of plant communities Tiner, (1987) is an excellent reference. For animals, standard field guides such as Peterson, (1980), Conant, (1975), and Burt and Grossenheider, (1976) are useful. The New York State Breeding Bird Atlas (Andrie and Carroll, 1988 ) provides information on all birds breeding in the state. Sources more specific to the Hudson include An Atlas of the Biolooical Resources of the Hudson Estuary (Boyce Thompson Institute, 1977) which provides an overview of plant and aquatic fauna in the River south of Poughkeepsie with particular emphasis on microscopic fauna and flora; and, Kiviat, (1978 and 1979) , which examine different ecological components of the River. Detailed descriptions of natural communities defined by the New York Natural Heritage Program can be found in Reschke,, (1988) . Finally, for an understanding of basic ecological and physical concepts introduced in this chapter, good general ecology and geology textbooks are available. Chapter 2: BIOLOGY OF RARE AND IMPORTANT SPECIES This chapter contains brief descriptions of the biology of rare and important animal and plant species found in the Hudson River tidal habitats. The species considered here do not constitute a complete list of animals and plants occurring along the River but are examples of species that are either endangered or are important for other reasons. Interesting aspects of each species are presented including background information, habitat requirements, and the status of the species in the Hudson River ecosystem. Species descriptions are presented according to the following categories: � Mammals � Birds � Reptiles and Amphibians � Fish � Invertebrates � Plants 20 Chapter 2: Species Biology 2.1 Rare Animal and Plant Species Under federal law there are two categories of rare animals 1986). During the breeding period, eagles are especially and plants: "endangered" and "threatened." New York - sensitive to human disturbance. State also maintains a list of animals that are endangered or threatened plus a third category for animal species of Habitat Requirements ..special concern." The State has also compiled a list of Based on their dependence on fish as a food source, bald endangered and threatened plants. These Federal and eagles breed and overwinter near large open bodies of State categories reflect the level of concern regarding water. For non-breeding and migrating eagles, important extinction of the species. Endangered species are faced habitat requirements include open water in winter, high with imminent extinction. Threatened species are in less prey densities, and sheltered timber stands for protection danger, but require special protection in order to maintain from severe weather. For breeding pairs, lakes with their populations. Species which are of special concern surface areas of at least 3.7 square miles are the optimal have no legal protection but are listed because stability of size for successful nesting and (where available) are the population is unknown. All species known to inhabit preferred over rivers. Although eagles rarely nest along the tidal portion of the Hudson that are listed under these the shoreline itself, nests are seldom found more than one classifications are discussed in this section. mile from the watedine. Nests are situated mainly in large old-growth trees or on occasion, on cliffs or on the Mammals surface of large treeless islands. Nesting eagles are No endangered or threatened mammals are known to extremely sensitive to human disturbance and populations inhabit the Hudson River tidal habitats. Adjacent upland tend to be densest in areas with little or no human activity forest may provide habitat for the endangered eastern (Peterson, 1986). woodrat. The eastern woodrat has not been observed in the area in recent years. Although not inhabitants of the Eagles are extremely sensitive to pollutants including lead Hudson, many endangered marine whales and porpoises shot ingested from wounded waterbirds, poisoned bait may depend on productive estuaries like the Hudson to set out to kill raptors and other predators, and pesticides contribute to the marine food web for their survival. which severely weaken eagle eggshells and limit reproductive success (Grier, 1983). Pesticide effects are Mirds severe, since contaminants accumulate in fatty portions of Species of birds which are endangered, threatened, or of many fish, the eagle's primary food source. This can lead special concern along tidal portions of the estuary include to a high level of contaminants in eagles, even when raptors (birds of prey) and shorebird& concentrations in the environment are relatively low. Bald Eagle Hudson River Population The bald eagle is a Federal and State-listed endangered In New York State, both breeding and overwintering species found breeding during the summers along coasts, populations of bald eagles have undergone a drastic rivers, and large lakes in the northern U.S., Canada, and decline over the past century that has only recently been Alaska and wintering in the southerri U.S. Bald eagles are reversed with increased management efforts. Reports considered non-breeding seasonal migrants to the lower from the 19th century document dozens of eagles aloft at part of New York State, using the Hudson River as a one moment along the southern part of the Hudson River winter feeding ground. during the spring migration, whereas in the 1970's, only one or two were seen during the entire migration period Background Information (Bird, 1985). Nesting sites along the Hudson in Orange Mature bald eagles feed primarily on fish, various water and Westchester Counties have been abandoned since birds, and carrion (Peterson, 1986). Depending on the 1890's (Bird, 1985). availability, fish constitutes the main food source for In the last decade, however, with stringent protection and eagles and under most circumstances comprises between a decline in pesticide use, bald eagles have been returning 50 and 90% of their diet. Bald eagles are primarily to the Hudson. As many as twelve eagles have been scavengers, obtaining much of their food from fish kills counted overwintering near Iona Island, feeding near the and other available dead animals. River surface. Adult and @ immature eagles have been While migrating, eagles follow mountain ranges to take observed in both summer and winter at Moodna Creek advantage of associated thermal updrafts, and rivers and on adjacent Sloop Hill although nesting is not which provide fish. Breeding pairs of eagles tend to return occurring (DEC, 1987; Mildner, pers. comm.). repeatedly to the same nest she. In New York, eggs are The Hudson River could once again function as an produced between mid-March and mid-May (Bull, 1985). important resource for migrating, overwintering, and The eggs are incubated for 35 days and the birds are breeding bald eagles. If bald eagles are to continue to fledged, 72 to 74 days after hatching (DeGraaf and Rudis, Rare Species 21 return to the area, it is essential that key habitat breeding sites along the Hudson including those at Hyde requirements are met. Park, West Point, Croton Point, and Yonkers have all been Osprey inactive since the late 1 800's, well before the development The osprey is a State-recognized threatened species of synthetic pesticides (Bull, 1985). Breeding osprey found along large bodies of open water. Osprey breed persisted, on the other hand, at less disturbed sites such during the summer in the northern U.S. and Canada, and as at Tivoli Bay until well into the 1950's when pesticides overwinter in the southern U.S., the Caribbean, and Latin presumably became a factor (DEC, 1987). Currently, there America (R. Peterson, 1980). In New York, osprey migrate are no known osprey breeding sites along the River but seasonally to most parts of'the State and nest in the numerous sites including Schodack Island, North Tivoli northern Adirondacks and on Long Island. Bay, Esopus Estuary, Moodna Creek, Wappinger Creek, and Fishkill Creek provide important osprey feeding Background Information grounds during the spring and fall migration periods (DEC, Mature osprey feed exclusively on live fish. Osprey hunt 1987; Mildner, pers. comm.). The lack of osprey breeding by hovering above the water and then plunging, talons may indicate that existing levels of contaminants are first, into the water to catch its prey. Osprey will take interfering with establishment of this species on the River. most fish species, but tend to concentrate on those that form large schools. Osprey breeding may be timed to The Hudson River could become an important area for take advantage of concentrations of anadromous fish osprey breeding. If osprey are to return in their former during spawning runs (Greene et al., 1983). numbers, key habitat requirements must be met. These requirements include a pesticide and pollutant-free Breeding osprey pairs return year after year to the same environment with abundant fish populations, shallow open nest, which consists of a bulky stick structure situated water feeding sites, and suitable breeding platforms that high up in a tree or on poles or other artificial platforms are protected from predators. Although two platforms (DeGraaf and Rudis, 1986). Osprey can be colonial erected in Tivoli Bay in 1985 have not been colonized, breeders; sites on the east end of Long Island such as similar structures on Long Island and at other locations Gardiner's Island and Plum Island had over 250 active have been successful in attracting breeding pairs. nests in the 1800's. In New York, eggs are produced between April 27 and June 21 (Bull, 1985). Eggs are Nor#pem Harrier incubated for 28 days and the birds are fledged after an The northern harrier or marsh hawk is a State-recognized additional 8 to 10 weeks (DeGraaf and Rudis, 1986). threatened species found in freshwater wetlands throughout northern North America in summer and in the Habitat Requirements southern U.S. and Latin America during winter. It breeds The primary habitat requirement for osprey is a plentiful throughout New York but has been undergoing decline in and constant supply of fish. Consequently, osprey are recent years (Andde and Carroll, 1988). found only near large lakes, rivers, and estuaries. Within these locations, areas of shallow water are preferred Background Information where fish swim close to the surface (DeGraaf and Rudis, Mature harriers feed primarily on small mammals and 1986). Despite lengthy annual migrations, osprey do not birds, reptiles, insects, and carrion (DeGraaf and Rudis, disperse readily from their natal breeding sites and are 1986). The harrier hunts almost exclusively over marsh slow to colonize new breeding areas. This tendency may areas and meadows, flying at low altitudes and diving on explain why osprey do not readily return to inactive its prey. nesting areas (Henny, 1983). Osprey are fairly tolerant of human activities and can breed quite close to areas of Harriers are -thought to mate for life; occasionally a male human activity, even using telephone poles, duck blinds, may be paired with two females. Unlike most other and other structures as nesting platforms (Henny, 1983). hawks, harriers build their nests on the ground where they Breeding ospreys, however, are extremely sensitive to are prone to high predation rates (Bull, 1985). In New organochlorine pesticide residues that interfere with York, eggs are produced between April 20 and June 25. eggshell formation (e.g. DDT), resulting in shells that are The eggs are incubated for about 24 days and the birds too thin to survive incubation. The presence of are fledged 5 to 6 weeks after hatching (DeGraaf and successfully breeding osprey indicates a pesticide-free Rudis, 1986). local environment (Henny, 1983). Habitat Requirements Hudson River Population The primary habitat requirement for the harrier is large The osprey population along the Hudson declined over expanses of open marsh and meadow for both feeding most of the twentieth century, but has been increasing and nesting. Although the harrier will hunt over pastures over the past decade. Afthough pesticides have no doubt and agricultural lands, it is more prevalent in natural open had a significant impact, habitat destruction seems to have areas (Bull, 1985). Nestlings are best able to hide from also played an important role. Most of the known potential predators when they are well concealed among 22 Chapter 2: Species Biology herbaceous or low woody vegetation (DeGraaf and Rudis, pollution, and pesticides (DeGraaf and Rudis, 1986). In 1986) which is most commonly found in cattail marshes addition, the specific location of the nesting site near the and other wetland areas (Bull, 1985). The effects of boundary between upper and lower marsh makes the human disturbance on harrier populations is not discussed bittern vulnerable to changes in the marsh composition in the literature but it seems likely that the decline of the (Swift, 1987). species in New York is related to an overall loss of marshes. Hudson River Population The tidal marshes along the 'Hudson River are currently an Hudson River Population important breeding habitat for least bittern. In one study Although no specific census of the Hudson harrier of six marsh areas, Swift (1986) conservatively estimated populations has been conducted, it is likely that the 2-3 breeding pairs at West Flats, 2 pairs at Stockport species occurs in most suitable upper marsh areas along Marsh, 4-6 pairs in Hudson North Bay, 2 pairs at Tivoli the River. It seems likely that population levels would North Bay, 3-4 pairs at Constitution Marsh, 1 pair at Iona benefit if these key nesting and feeding wetlands were Island, and comparable populations at other upper marsh protected from human disturbance. sites. Least Bittem Population levels of the least bittern along the Hudson The least bittern is a State-recognized species of special River could potentially benefit by protecting upper nesting concern found in wetland areas of eastern North America and feeding marshes from human disturbance. The during the summer and in the southern U.S., Caribbean, availability of suitable nesting sites in dense marsh plants and Latin America during the winter (Hancock and located near open water and protected from predators is Kushlan, 1984). It is found throughout New York in of special importance. In addition, it may be beneficial to suitable habitats, although it is very secretive and often create or maintain lower marsh to keep pace with naturally extremely difficult to spot. occurring marsh succession (Swift, 1987). Background Inrormation Reptiles and Amphibians The least bittern's diet consists of small fishes Only two reptile or amphibian species which are supplemented with crustaceans, amphibians, small considered rare in New York occur in the tidal habitats, mammals, and insects (Hancock and Kushlan, 1984). both of which are turtles. Bittern hunt by wading slowly in shallow water with neck extended so that a rapid downward strike can be Spotted and Wood Turtles launched at a target, or at times by standing and waiting Spotted and wood turtles are State-recognized species of for prey to come by (Hancock and Kushlan, 1984). special concern found primarily along the atlantic coast states and in isolated locations in the Midwest. Bittern are generally solitary nesters and undergo an extensive courtship ritual based largely on vocal cues. Background Information Nest sites are chosen by the male and located in the Adult spotted turtles are primarily aquatic, feeding only in upper marsh near open water in extensive stands of reeds, water on crustaceans, mollusks, spiders, earthworms, cattails, sedges, or other dense vegetation. In New York, aquatic insects, frogs, tadpoles, small fish, turtles, and eggs are produced between May 15 and July 10. Eggs vegetable matter. Wood turtles are more terrestrial and are incubated for 17 to 18 days and chicks remain as feed either in water or on land on young vegetation, grass, nestl ings for 10 to 14 days during which time they are fed moss, mushrooms, insects, worms, slugs, snails, tadpoles, foods regurgitated by the parents (DeGraaf and Rudis, and fish (DeGraaf and Rudis, 1986). In summer, both 1986). In some regions, secondary or replacement species are active during the day and can be found clutches have been observed, extending the likely nesting basking in the sun, especially during the morning hours. period. During winter, the turtles hibernate in muddy banks, marshes, stream bottoms, and abandoned muskrat Habitat Requirements burrows, spending most of the time in a deep torpor. The primary habitat requirement for least bittern is large expanses of open marsh for both feeding and nesting, Spotted turtles mate between March and June and eggs Least bittern are very secretive and do not tolerate human are deposited from June to July. Eggs incubate for 70 to disturbance. Least bittern rely primarily on concealment 83 days, hatching in late August or September. The newly for avoidance of predators. A suitable nesting site hatched turtles may overwinter in their natal nests. Wood requires extensive stands of dense marsh plants with turtles breed between March and May when stream water that is between one and three feet deep at all times, temperatures reach 59 OF. Eggs are deposited from May Nests are built in the plants, one to two feet above the to June and hatch between August and November surface of the water (Swift, 1987). Important factors (DeGraaf and Rudis, 1986). limiting least bittern populations are marsh drainage, Rare Species 23 Habitat Requirements (Crance, 1986). In a given reproductive year females Spotted turtles live in shallow, unpolluted bodies of water produce between 40,000 and 200,000 eggs. including ponds, marshes, swamps, and tidal creeks. They prefer areas with aquatic vegetation and tend to hide Habitat Requirements in the mud. Spotted turtles lay their eggs in well drained The shortnose sturgeon, unlike its larger cousin the upper marsh areas or in tussocks. Wood turtles are found Atlantic sturgeon, spends most of its life in the riverine or in slow-moving meandering streams from which they estuarine environment. The extent to which the fish enters disperse to surrounding woods and fields in summer. In marine waters is unknown. In the northern part of its winter they return to stream areas to hibernate in muddy range (including the Hudson), shortnose sturgeon moves banks. Wood turtles lay their eggs in depressions up and down rivers with the seasons, feeding in shallow prepared in sandy or gravelly soils (DeGraaf and Rudis, brackish or freshwater sections during the summer and 1986). overwintering in the lower portion of the estuary or in deep freshwater areas (Crance, 1986). In the southern portion Hudson River Populations of the range, however, there is some evidence that the fish Little is known about turtle populations along the Hudson is more anadromous, entering the river only to spawn and River. Although considerable research still needs to be spending the rest of its time in coastal waters (Smith, done on turtle biology, existing turtle populations may 1985). In general, shortnose sturgeon may forage in benefit by preserving suitable unpolluted marshes. Turtle relatively slow moving water over gravel and silt or shallow populations would be enhanced by protecting summer muddy bottoms at a depth of about 10 feet, although in nesting grounds from disturbance by hikers, recreational winter they occupy deeper areas that range from 10 to vehicles, and even reptile collectors. It is also important more than 30 feet (Crance, 1986). to protect winter hibernation areas from disturbance from dredging, filling and grading. Shortnose sturgeon reproductive activity occurs in freshwater portions of rivers and is generally associated Fish with moderately deep areas (6-36 feet) that have a gravel The shortnose sturgeon is the only Federally and State- to rubble substrate, water velocities between 1.2 and 4.1 recognized endangered Hudson River fish species. ft/s, and a temperature between 54 and 59 OF (Crance, 1986). There is evidence that spawning may occur only Shortnose Sturgeon within a narrow 3-6 day "window" in which the Shortnose sturgeon are distributed along the atlantic coast environmental conditions are suitable for successful egg from the St. John River in New Brunswick to the St. Johns deposition (Crance, 1986). River in Florida. It is estimated that from 13,000 to 30,000 mature individuals live in the Hudson River, comprising the Hudson River Population largest known population of the species. The shortnose Shortnose sturgeon follow a complex migration in the sturgeon lives and breeds almost exclusively in riverine Hudson (Dovel, 1981). Before the spring spawning and associated estuarine environments; its survival season, most breeding shortnose sturgeon congregate in depends on maintenance of habitat in rivers such as the the shallow areas of Esopus Meadows below Kingston, Hudson. while other non-reproductive individuals remain in the deepwater areas of Haverstraw Bay. By about March, Background Information along with ice breakup, adult fish begin moving upriver at Fertilized shortnose sturgeon eggs are found upriver from a rate of 2 to 3 miles per day reaching the spawning areas saline waters between mid-April and mid-May. Eggs are between Coxsackie and Troy during late April and early adhesive and attach to hard substrate in deeper portions May. After spawning, adults return to the lower portions of the River where they hatch after an average of 13 days of the estuary while newly hatched larvae and juvenile fish at a temperature of 50 OF (Dovel, 1981; Smith, 1985). slowly migrate downriver throughout the summer. While Newly hatched larvae and juveniles are benthic (found at adult fish tend to feed in the shallow areas of the River, the river bottom) and remain in the freshwater portions of juveniles are found at the bottom of the channel in regions the River, feeding first on zooplankton and later on of strong currents with water depths greater than 30 feet crustaceans, insect larvae, and cladocerans. Adults (Dovel, 1981; MPI, 1983). apparently move down river into brackish waters after spawning. Adult shortnose sturgeon are largely bottom The Hudson River shortnose sturgeon population has feeders, consuming mollusks and other benthic animals been identified as suffering from several stresses that with their protrusile tube mouths (Crance, 1986). could potentially be linked to pollutants in the water of the River. Seventy-six percent of 585 shortnose sturgeon Shortnose sturgeon males are capable of reproduction at observed during the 1980 spawning season showed signs age 2 to 3 and thereafter reproduce every other year, of fin rot which has been linked in other fish species to the whereas females first spawn between ages 6 and 11 with chemical deterioration of the epithelial mucus coating. In a 3 to 11 year hiatus between reproductive efforts the Hudson, PCBs may be linked to this condition. As a 24 Chapter 2: Species Biology bottom feeder, shortnose sturgeon tend to accumulate Background Information toxins rapidly. Extremely high levels of PCBs have been The heart leaf plantain, whose biology is detailed in found in shortnose sturgeon tissue ranging from 22 ppm Bender (1986), grows either individually or in loose in muscle to 997 ppm in brain tissue. Presumably the clusters. Heart leaf plantains produce different-shaped shortnose sturgeon population suffered from the polluted leaves depending on the season; in winter the distinctive conditions in the "Albany Pool" spawning grounds large heart-shaped leaves of the summer are replaced with between 1960 and 1980 and may only now be recovering. small lanceolate leaves. In spring and fall, the plant can Thermal pollution may also affect this species. Temp- have intermediately sized and shaped leaves. Leaf eratures over 77 OF can cause distress or even mortality production can be affected by drought or temperature among young individuals, suggesting that thermal stress and is controlled by length of day. discharges should be evaluated for impacts on the shonnose sturgeon population (Dovel, 1981). Heart leaf plantains initiate flower production in the fall and the new buds overwinter under protective leaf bases. In Protection of the Hudson River population is important for the spring, a large spike grows rapidly, holding up to 130 the survival of this endangered species, since the Hudson individual flowers. The flowers are wind-pollinated and, River contains one of the largest populations of shortnose once fertilized, the plants form mature fruits one to three sturgeon. The loss of suitable spring spawning and weeks later. Each fruit capsule contains two seeds which nursery grounds upriver, shallow adult summer foraging dehisce (open up) when the fruit is ripe. When a seed grounds midriver, and deepwater overwintering areas falls into the water, the seed coat swells into a downriver are of particular concern. Protection of the mucilaginous mass that gives the seed buoyancy and Hudson River shortnose sturgeon population requires causes it to stick to any object that it touches. Seeds scheduling of human activities to minimize impacts during germinate in 6 to 14 days with the majority of seedlings reproductive periods. Activities of concern include ending up in close proximity to their parent. Established dredging, water intake by power plants and other large seedlings can take up to 2 years to mature. users, commercial fishing for Atlantic sturgeon and other fish which may result in incidental catch of shortnose Heart leaf plantains have the lowest reproductive output of sturgeon, and discharge of pollutants. all plantain species, which may in part be due to the fact that much of their energy is used to produce big leaves Invertebrates and fleshy roots. This low reproductive effort means that No legally-recognized endangered invertebrate species they produce very few seedlings and are vulnerable to currently live in the Hudson River. Further study is disturbances that disrupt seedling germination and needed to determine which species might be experiencing establishment. unstable or declining population levels which may warrant protection under existing law. Habitat Requirements Heart leaf plantain is a semi-aquatic plant that grows in Plants gravelly or rocky beds of shallow, clear streams and their The Hudson's tidal habitats support a number of rare plant adjacent floodplains in the Midwest and the Southeast. It species. Many of these species are recognized by the is also found in a mud-bottomed woodland stream in Ohio State as "protected native plants" which are listed as either and in moist depressions in a deciduous woods in endangered, threatened, exploitatively vulnerable or rare Ontario. Along the Hudson, the heart leaf plantain occurs (Article 9, Section 15 of the Environmental Conservation largely on rocky shores just below the high tide mark. Law). A list of recognized plant species was adopted on The plant is generally found at the mouth of a tributary June 23, 1989, and includes two species which are good stream or in a cove or backwater area along the River. examples of plants that depend on the Hudson's tidal Heart leaf plantain is often partially obscured from full view habitats. These and other listed plant species are by other upland woods plants that hang over the narrow protected from removal or damage by requiring the strip in which the plantain grows. In general, the heart leaf consent of the landowner. Effective protection can result plantain is not very tolerant of excessive pollution and in from this law since many species live in the intertidal area New York, may depend on the flushing action of the tides which is mostly under State ownership. Removal or for survival. damage of plants carries a $25.00 fine per plant or stem. Hudson River Population Heart Leaf Plantain Heart leaf plantain is currently found at twelve sites along Heart leaf plantain is a State-recognized threatened the Hudson. While some of these sites contain several perennial plant that exists only in tidal waters in New York, thousand mature plants, others have only a few dozen. although it also occurs in freshwater streams in several The Hudson River population is thought to be in decline, states in the Midwest and the Southeast. since many sites in which the species was found in the 1930's no longer support the plant. This decline is attributed to both habitat alteration and to declining water Rare Species 25 quality. Major threats to the heart leaf plantain include (Carex hormathodes), winged monkeyflower, lousewort, clear cutting of surrounding woods, trampling, alteration spongy arrowhead, bur-marigold, beggar-ticks (Bidens of stream flow, exposure to erosive forces, and industrial hyperborea), mud-plantain, and pigmyweed (see Appendix and domestic pollution. Particular problems are A for additional scientific names). Threats to the Hudson associated with increased stream flow washing seedlings River populations of these plants are linked to loss of away, nutrient overloading causing extensive algal growth habitat or to the direct destruction of localized that traps and kills seeds, and trampling of plants by populations. Additional information on rare plants can be people, animals, and vehicles on the shore. obtained through the New York Natural Heritage Program. EsUkW Beggar-ficks 2.2 Important Species The estuary beggar-ticks is a State-recognized threatened Important animal and plant species are those which satisfy annual plant found in estuaries between Maryland and food, recreation, and other human needs. New York. The species is one of many congeners (closely related plants) found in tidal habitats (Gleason, Mammals 1952). A wide variety of mammals use the tidal habitats for some Background Information portion of their life cycle. Many of the mammals that are The estuary beggar-ticks grows individually or in small most dependent on the River are important as furbearers. groups. Seeds from the previous year germinate in spring Muskrat and sprout leaves. Flowering occurs in late August and The muskrat is a small rodent found throughout the United September with the plants being pollinated by insects. States and Canada. Seeds ripen in late September and October and have tiny hooks that latch onto passing animals and humans for Background Information dispersal. Most seeds, however, probably fall near the Muskrats are omnivorous, feeding primarily on cattails, parent plant. reeds, pondweeds, bulrushes, water lilies, clams, and Habitat Requirements other small aquatic animals (DeGraaf and Rudis, 1986). Along the Hudson River, estuary beggar-ticks is found in Muskrats will on occasion build small, roofed feeding two different habitat types. The most common occurrence platforms and dome-shaped nest chambers of weeds over is in the sandy beach habitat, near the high tide mark. In the water. Other individuals nest in dens dug in banks of this habitat the plant is occasionally found among three- streams or ditches. Muskrats breed between March and square bullrush plants on the actual "beach," but it is more August and have a gestation period of about 30 days. commonly found on a small eroding ledge that is located Since the average litter size is five or six, a female may between 4 and 12 inches above the beach. Estua have up to three litters per year; and since the age to ry maturity is as short as 4 months, muskrats have an beggar-ticks grows-only on the very lip of this edge and enormous population growth potential which can take .no further inland; it seems to be able to establish itself advantage of productive habitat. only in a very transitory environment. The plant in this habitat is generally very short and squat. The estuary Habitat Requirements beggar-ticks is also found ina much taller form that grows Muskrats live in marshes, shallow lakes, ponds, swamps, on rocky shores. Here the plant is found more in the sluggish streams, and even drainage ditches. They open and in generally lower densities, require wetland areas with dense emergent .vegetation and Hudson River Population more or less stable water levels. They are most common The estuary beggar-ticks is found at ten known sites along when abundant supplies of cattails, the muskrat's the River. While a few of these sites contain several preferred food, are present. hundred plants, others have only a very small population. Hudson River Population Major threats to the estuary beggar-ticks are linked to Muskrats are found throughout suitable habitats along the habitat loss and elimination of local populations. Hudson River. As in other environments, the size of the Maintenance of existing populations requires protection Hudson's muskrat population fluctuates widely, which may from shoreline development and disturbance. Research be based on the availability of suitable overwintering should be undertaken to determine the extent to which the burrows and water level. Muskrat populations along the plant is aided by.erosion or,if this process is detrimental River may benefit by preserving and enhancing marsh. to its existence. Preventing exotic plants such as purple loosestrife and Other Rare Plants common reed from displacing cattails and other preferred Other plants found in the Hudson River tidal environments foods may also be important for muskrat populations. that are being monitored by the New York Natural Heritage Program include the saltmarsh bulrush, sedge 26 Chapter 2: Species Biology Mink Background Information The mink is a small carnivore found throughout the U.S. Marsh ducks feed on aquatic plants, seeds, grass, insects, and Canada. and small aquatic life. A marsh duck feeds in water by "dabbling", le., in a position where its body is tilted with its Background Information head underwater and tail pointed up in the air. Certain Mink feed primarily on small aquatic and terrestrial species such as wood ducks also forage on land for animals. Primary foods include muskrats, voles, rabbits, seeds, nuts, waste grains, and insects. Diving and sea fish, frogs, crayfish, salamanders, clams, and insects ducks feed underwater on small aquatic animals and (DeGraaf and Rudis, 1986). The animals are largely plants. Mergansers are diving ducks with saw-toothed nocturnal and are active throughout the year. bills that are adapted for capturing small fish. Mink build their dens below ground under fallen trees or Many ducks embark on lengthy migrations in the spring stumps or in hollow logs. Mink breed in the early spring and fall between summer breeding areas and winter and have a gestation period of about 50 days but delay feeding grounds. Most duck species found on the implantation of the embryos in order to give birth in April Hudson are present only during migration to the breeding or May. A litter contains an average of 3 or 4 kits. grounds in northern or central Canada and are seldom found during the summer months. Species that do breed Habitat Requirements on the Hudson include black duck, mallard, wood duck, Mink are found in streambanks, lakeshores, and marshes. blue-winged teal, and hooded merganser. Additional They tend to prefer areas where there is extensive cover information on these and other species breeding in New and they defend large territories. In general, mink prefer York can be found in the New York Staie Breeding Bird wetlands with irregular and diverse shorelines. Mink are Atlas (Andde and Carroll, 1988). reasonably tolerant of human disturbance but are sensitive to prey levels which may drop in conjunction with human Habitat Requirements development (Allen, 1986). Mink may also be limited by The primary habitat requirement for overwintering ducks the availability of suitable den sites. is access to open bodies of water where they can feed and rest secure from predators. An adequate supply of Hudson River Population food is important and is generally available in marshes and In general, mink population sizes depend on the shallow water. availability of wetlands that are surrounded by dense woods and shrubs to provide adequate cover. Mink Breeding black and mallard ducks build their nests in the populations may also be affected by pollutants in the marshy borders of ponds, lakes, rivers, and swamps and estuary, particularly PCB's. The Hudson River populations adjacent uplands. Black ducks will settle in salt and may benefit by protecting marshes and adjacent swamp brackish water areas, while mallards avoid salt water. and woodland in order to maintain the small animal Both require shallow water where they can reach bottom populations that serve as food sources. or submerged plants while dabbling from the surface. Wood ducks and hooded mergansers nest in cavities in Birds large trees (or nest boxes) adjacent to freshwater wetland Hundreds of bird species are found along the Hudson, all feeding areas (DeGraaf and Rudis, 1986). of which have great value to bird-watchers and other nature lovers. Species discussed here are limited to Hudson River Populations examples of waterfowl and wetland-dependent wading Ducks use the Hudson River Valley as a major migration birds associated with the Hudson. corridor as they travel between northern breeding grounds and southern overwintering areas. During migration, Ducks ducks stop along the River in large numbers to feed and The term "ducks" encompasses a large group of migratory rest. In addition, thousands of ducks overwinter along the waterfowl that live throughout the world. Ducks inhabiting southern portion of the estuary where the water remains the Hudson can be divided into four categories: marsh or ice-free for the winter. Both hunters and bird-watchers dabbling ducks (black, mallard, gadwall, wood, pintall, come to the Hudson River from throughout the green-winged teal, blue-winged teal, and northern surrounding area during fall migration. Duck populations shoveler); diving ducks (redhead, ring-necked, receive a great deal of management attention and canvasback, greater and lesser scaups, goideneye, protection through international, Federal, and State efforts. bufflehead, and ruddy); sea ducks (oldsquaw and surf, The Hudson's duck populations may benefit by white-winged, and black scoter); and mergansers maintaining open water in specific wetland areas, limiting (hooded, common, and red-breasted) (R. @Peterson, 1980). pollutants, preserving wetland quality and associated food Many of these duck species can be found in many areas value, and by providing refuges free from human of New York during spring and fall migrations and are the disturbance during migration. most frequent quarry of waterfowl hunters. Important Species 27 Canada Goose and Brant Populations of Canada geese and brant receive substantial The Canada goose and its close relative the brant are management attention and protection at the international, large migratory waterfowl that traditionally bred in the Federal, and State levels. These species will continue to arctic and overwintered in the coastal and midwestern depend on the Hudson Valley in their migrations and for portions of the United States. The Canada goose is found overwintering and should be protected from potential throughout New York during the spring and fall migrations disasters including oil spills from barge traffic and storage and on Long Island and the Hudson during the winter facilities, and pesticide poisonings which are frequently (Bull, 1984). Canada geese are now also found breeding associated with golf course and lawn maintenance. throughout southern New York (Andrle and Carroll, 1988). Herons Background Information Herons are large wading birds found throughout the world Canada geese and brant are herbivores and granivores near water. Species found along the Hudson estuary (plant and seed eaters) feeding primarily on tender grass include great blue, black-crowned night, and green- shoots, sedges and other marsh plants, submerged backed herons, great egrets, and American and least vegetation, wild seeds and fruit, and cultivated grains. bittern. These heron species are distributed throughout Canada geese are well-adapted to using human crop the United States and southern Canada during the foods and geese populations may have increased with summer and migrate in winter to the southern U.S., the increased food supplies associated with conversion of Caribbean, and Latin America. Some individual great blue woodlands to farmland (Bellrose, 1976). Canada geese herons do remain in the north for the entire winter near feed primarily on land and in marsh areas, whereas brant open water. In New York, all of the listed herons are prefer feeding in shallows and flats on aquatic vegetation. breeding species, with some breeding only on Long Island Brant drastically altered its feeding habits in the mid- and others throughout the State (Bull, 1985). Although the 1930's when eelgrass, a primary food source, succumbed herons (in particular the great egret and great blue) were to a blight and almost completely disappeared. With the hunted extensively in the early 1900's for their feathers loss of eelgrass beds, brant changed to a secondary which were used in the millinery trade (Bull, 1985), they source, sea lettuce. In recent years, eelgrass has become are now valued for their grace and aesthetic contribution more common and is once again available to brant. to the landscape. Geese migrate to and from their wintering grounds in large flocks that form at certain "staging areas." In flight, the Background Information geese are often seen in characteristic V formations which Herons feed primarily on small fishes and to a lesser are brought to our attention by their almost continuous extent on amphibian, snake, lizard, rodent, small bird, honking. insect, and aquatic invertebrate species (Hancock and Kushlan, 1984; Short and Cooper, 1985). Colonial heron Habitat Requirements populations have been known to feed in large flocks but Primary habitat requirements for overwintering geese and the birds generally forage alone or in small groups (Short brant are access to large open water areas where the and Cooper, 1985). geese can rest secure from predators, and snow-free feeding sites. Migratory herons return from the south in spring to begin the breeding season. With the exception of green-backed Hudson River Populations herons and bittern, herons tend to be colonial. Dozens Canada geese use the Hudson Valley as a migration of pairs crowd into established "heronries" that can include corridor, concentrating on the east shore of the River and several different heron species. Herons can also be uplands as they travel to wintering grounds along the solitary breeders, however, with great blue herons nesting atlantic coast and breeding grounds in New York and in tall trees, green and black-crowned herons in smaller Canada. In addition, geese from the maritime provinces trees or on hummocks in cattail marshes, egrets in dense of Canada migrate along the atlantic coast to overwinter scrub thickets, and bittern in wetter portions of the upper near Long Island and perhaps the lower Hudson Valley marsh. General biology of herons breeding in New York (Bellrose, 1976). In recent years, as many as 20,000 can be found in the New York State Breeding Bird Atlas geese have remained in the upper Hudson Valley in mid- (Andde and Carroll, 1988). winter, along with large numbers concentrated in urban or suburban flocks around New York City. Part of the Habitat Requirements increase in overwintering geese in New York appears to Primary habitat requirements for herons are large be due to a northward shift in the winter range of geese, expanses of open shallow water for feeding, and which traditionally had been concentrated in the appropriate nesting sites. The two bittern species are Chesapeake area. The Hudson Valley is also a major both very secretive, feeding and breeding in the wetter brant migration corridor between a staging area in James portions of the upper marsh and relying primarily on Bay in the Province of Ontario and wintering grounds concealment for escaping nest predators. Both of these along the atlantic coast. species are very intolerant of disturbance and will 28 Chapter 2: Species Biology abandon an area if it is even slightly disturbed (DeGraaf Fish and Rudis, 1986). Several fish species are commercially valuable and several Other herons feed primarily on mudflats and shallows near others support recreational fisheries along the River. marshes. Great blue herons often build nests in large Arnefican Shad swamp forest trees which may be located far from their American shad, an anadromous which is native to North main feeding grounds. While great blue herons can America, is found along the atlantic coast from Labrador tolerate human disturbance, a Minnesota study found that to Florida. The species was introduced to the Pacific in all major heronries are located at least two miles from 1871 and is now also found from Mexico to Alaska (Stier human residences and are generally occupied year after and Crance, 1985). Historically, American shad has been year until disrupted by logging or other human activities one of the most important commercial fish on the Hudson (Short and Cooper, 1985). Green-backed and black- and is now the mainstay of the River's fishing industry. crowned herons are more tolerant of human activities and have less demanding nesting site requirements than great Background Information blue herons. In addition to loss of foraging and nesting Fertilized American shad eggs are slightly heavier than sites, there is evidence that heron populations have been water and are initially mildly adhesive, causing them to be reduced by heavy metal and organochlorine pesticide transported slowly with the currents in the channel during contaminants that can contribute to eggshell thinning and their two day incubation period (Smith, 1985). After hence increased hatching mortality (Short and Cooperi hatching, larvae spend 4 to 5 weeks drifting from the 1985). spawning grounds. Juvenile shad form schools and move gradually downstream, feeding opportunistically on aquatic Hudson River Populations insects and zooplankton in the water column. It is not The Hudson River supports breeding populations of least known whether juveniles spend their entire first year in the bittern and green-backed herons. Great blue herons use estuary or if they migrate to the ocean. Adults spend late the River for feeding although no active heronries are summer and early fall between the Gulf of Maine and known to exist on the River. Great egret, American Nantucket, and winter off Long Island. Adult shad are bittern, and black-crowned night heron also forage at primarily plankton feeders, swimming with mouths open to many sites along the River during the summer, but no strain the water for copepods, mysids, crustaceans, and nesting has been reported. Herons that may depend on some small fishes (Stier and Crance, 1985). the River as a source of food may establish heronries some distance away from the River in wooded uplands. Adult shad remain in the ocean for 2 to 6 years before Great blue herons are the only species that overwinter spawning. Shad spawn once and die in the southern part and can occasionally be found in the southern portions of of the species' range whereas fish from northern the estuary (Andde and Carroll, 1988). populations are able to spawn more than once (Stier and Crance, 1985). In northern populations such as the Although herons have little economic value, in the words Hudson's, spawning occurs in spring and early summer of Peterson (in Hancock and Kushlan, 1984) they enjoy an with individual fish returning to their natal tributaries to immensely high public relations rating among wildlife spawn at night in clear, fresh water. Female shad can observers and conservationists. The Audubon movement produce between 58,500 and 659,000 eggs in a given was sparked by the near extinction of great egrets caused reproductive season, indicating low juvenile survival rates by the demand for feathers in the early 1900's for the (Stier and Crance, 1985). millinery industry. Since that time, herons have been used as a symbol of the conservation and environmental Habitat Requirements movements. Eggs, larvae, and juvenile American shad require fresh, well-oxygenated water (greater than 5.0 ppm of oxygen) Heron populations along the Hudson River can be that is at least 60 OF, although they can tolerate water as maintained and enhanced through the preservation of cold as 40 OF. Suspended sediments greater than 100 marshes. The availability of densely vegetated nesting ppm have a lethal effect on shad larvae (Stier and Crance, sites in deepwater marsh areas for bittern, and large trees 1985). Adult shad occur in offshore areas of the ocean at in undisturbed areas for great blue herons are of special intermediate depths where water temperatures range from importance. 380 to 60 OF. Reptiles and Amphibians Shad spawning runs depend on water temperature; peak No commercially valuable reptile or amphibian species migrations coincide with a temperature of 65 OF in inhabit the Hudson other than the snapping turtle which is estuaries and rivers. Spawning can occur in all parts of occasionally hunted (although it can contain high levels of the River, but is concentrated in shallow, well-oxygenated, toxic chemicals). In addition, rare turtles native to the and swiftly moving (0.3-4.3 ft/s) water over a sand and Hudson are unfortunately hunted by collectors. gravel substrate (Stier and Crance, 1985). Shad tend to Important Species 29 spawn in the shallows at the mouth of tributary streams insects, and small fish found in or on the bottom and in broad, shallow portions of the River that meet the sediments. above requirements. Atlantic sturgeon spawn just upriver from the salt front. Hudson River Population Males are at least 12 years old when they first spawn while In the Hudson, spawning occurs from Croton Bay north to females mature at age 18 or 19. ln@a single reproductive Castleton with greatest densities near Catskill (Smith, cycle, a female can produce several million eggs 1985). Prior to completion of the federal dam at Troy, (providing the basis for the caviar industry). American shad were reported as far upriver as the, Batten Kill. Currently, American shad is one of the major fish Habitat Requirements species taken commercially in the Hudson River. Atlantic sturgeon are found in deep water while in the Commercial fishing operations take advantage of the shad estuary. They generally move with the tides, remaining in spawning runs by using staked, anchored, or drifted gill waters that are about 55 'F. Temperature also controls nets. Commercial fishing is prohibited from Friday night the movements of juveniles which begin migrating to Sunday morning, which protects the spawning stock by downstream in fall. allowing fish to pass upstream to spawn (Smith, 1985). Historically the annual shad catch has ranged from 38,300 Hudson River Population to 2,091,300 pounds with an average annual catch of Juvenile Atlantic sturgeon overwinter in the deepwater 638,200 between 1913 and 1964,107,700 pounds between portions of the Hudson River estuary between Cornwall 1965 and 1974, and over 1 million pounds in recent years and the George Washington Bridge. In spring the (MPI, 1983; Paul Neth, pers. comm.). juveniles can be found as far north as Port Ewen. Adults generally are not found in the River during the winter but The American shad population in the Hudson River can be migrate from the sea in spring to reproduce. Spawning maintained by protecting important shallow, mid-river occurs just north of the salt front which is usually located spawning grounds, and feeding and nursery grounds of in Haverstraw Bay in spring. After spawning, females larval and juvenile fish. The shad population will be least leave the River for the ocean, but males may remain until affected if human activities are scheduled to avoid cold weather returns. interference with critical life periods of the fish. The need to avoid dredging during periods when the resulting Atlantic sturgeon was the backbone of the nineteenth increase in suspended sediment load might interfere with century Hudson River fishery. The fish were so plentiful shad larvae is particularly important. Likewise, any action that they were called "Albany beef." Atlantic sturgeon was that might after water temperature, reduce dissolved heavily -overfished, however, and the population was oxygen levels or increase sedimentation should be decimated. In 1978 it was estimated that there were scheduled to avoid interference with adult migration to and 100,000 juvenile Atlantic sturgeon in the estuary but only use of spawning grounds and use of feeding and nursery several dozen adults were being taken annually by grounds by young fish. The American shad commercial commercial fishermen. fishery management activities of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation should As with other fish species, Atlantic sturgeon population continue to be supported in order to maintain the levels can be maintained by limiting harvest to sustainable spawning stock for this species. yields. This is particularly difficult to manage for long- lived species such as the Atlantic sturgeon where it takes AdarVic Sturgeon almost 20 years for females to reach maturity. Given the The Atlantic sturgeon is a large anadromous fish found historic abundance of Atlantic sturgeon on the Hudson, along the east coast of North America between Labrador the opportunity may exist to encourage an increase in the and northern Florida. It has long been an important pppulation by protecting the spawning stock from commercial fish in the Hudson River. exploitation until a higher sustainable yield can be achieved in the future. Successful spawning may also be Background Information related to the location of the saftfront in relationship to Newly hatched Atlantic sturgeon remain in the estuarine Haverstraw Bay in the spring; currently proposed water environment between 1 and 6 years, feeding first on withdrawals have the potential to move the salt front's plankton and detritus and later on larger food items on the location which may affect the survival of this species. River bottom (Dovel, 1978; Smith, 1985). During their time in the estuary, Atlantic sturgeon movements are correlated Striped Bass with water temperature, heading upstream in spring and Striped bass is an anadromous fish species found in the downstream in late summer. Eventually, the fish migrate Atlantic between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and northern to the ocean where they move south along the coast in Florida. This species also occurs in the Gulf of Mexico fall and north in early spring. Adult Atlantic sturgeon are and has been introduced to the Pacific. Striped bass is bottom feeders and subsist on worms, amphipods, one of the most important commercial and sport fish in 30 Chapter 2: Species Biology the U.S. In addition to the Roanoke River and commercial striped bass fishery was closed in the Hudson Chesapeake Bay, the Hudson is a major spawning area in 1976 because of PCB contamination. In 1981, based for Atlantic striped bass. on severe decline in the striped bass population, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Background Information recommended that member states' striped bass fishing Striped bass eggs are semi-buoyant and remain regulations be made more restrictive. In 1983, New York suspended in the water column when a current is present passed a law increasing the size limit on bass that could (Bain and Bain, 1983; Crance, 1984; Smith, 1985). be taken commercially in the marine district. New York's Juveniles spend the summer and fall in the estuarine law, however, was more restrictive than the Commission's environment, feeding on rotifers and copepods recommendations, placing New York's fishermen at a (Chesapeake Bay Program, 1987). With the arrival of competitive disadvantage with fishermen from other states colder weather, some juveniles re 'main in marshes and (Striped Bass Task Force, 1984). shallows while others apparently move to brackish, deeper portions of the estuary. Juvenile striped bass spend two In 1985, the size limit issue became moot when or three years in the estuary and adjacent marine areas commercial striped bass fishing was banned from all New before migrating to the open ocean (Striped Bass Task York marine waters due to PCB contamination except for Force, 1984). Adult fish feed on silversides, menhaden, eastern Long Island (Dullea, 1985). This exception, along shrimp, herrings, killifish, squid, and invertebrates. with continued recreational fishing, made enforcement of the ban on selling fish from the Hudson River difficult. The Striped bass remain in the ocean for 4 to 7 years before inability to enforce this ban led to new legislation in 1986 returning to the estuary to spawn. Spawning is fairly making the sale and possession of striped bass illegal in violent and involves rolling and splashing at the surface in New York State (Dieffenbacher-Krall, 1986). The complete what are termed "rock fights" (Smith, 1985). Spawning ban on striped bass fishing caused great outcry among generally occurs in fresh water near the salt front and is sport fishermen, however, and the law was amended in triggered by the presence of suitable temperature and 1987 to permit recreational fishing for striped bass 33 current. inches or greater in marine waters and 18 inches or greater in the Hudson River. The New York State Habitat Requirements Department of Health also issued an advisory against the Spawning occurs in deep waters that have strong consumption of striped bass caught in New York waters. currents, extensive freshwater flows, and a rocky substrate that is not subjected to sedimentation. Spawning starts Alewife and Blueback Herring when the temperature reaches 58 OF, reaches its maximum Alewife and blueback herring, collectively termed "river when the temperature is between 61 and 66 OF, and herring," are small anadromous fish distributed along the ceases at 72 OF (Striped Bass Task Force, 1984). Other atlantic coast. Although they are commercially harvested, favorable factors are sufficient oxygen levels and a large their chief importance is as an ecological link between freshwater input to the estuary (Bain and Bain, 1983). zooplankton and other fish-eating animals. Striped bass has been the subject of numerous toxicity tests. Eggs and larvae can be significantly affected by Background Information small concentrations of heavy metals and other toxic Fertilized herring eggs are demersal (sink to the bottom) chemical compounds including PCB's. and slightly adhesive during the first 24 hours, causing them to stick to rocks and other underwater substrates Hudson River Population (Fay et al., 1983; Pardue, 1983). After the first day, the Striped bass move into the River in April and remain until eggs harden and float with the water currents. Larvae and mid-June (Smith, 1985). Spawning occurs between Iona juveniles remain in the river for the summer, feeding on Island and Kingston, mainly between Storm King and Bear plankton. In autumn, young-of-the-year migrate from Mountain where there is an extensive section of suitable nursery areas to the sea where they feed on zooplankton, deep water. Juveniles remain throughout lower portions fish eggs, and small fishes. of the estuary for the summer and move further downriver to overwinter. Between thirty and sixty percent of the Herring remain in the ocean for several years before Hudson River juvenile striped bass population may returning to estuaries to spawn. Female herring are very overwinter near Manhattan's west side inter-pier area. fecund, each individual producing between 60,000 and Based in part on the decline in Chesapeake Bay striped 350,000 eggs annually. Although mortality associated with bass stocks, over fifty percent of the north atlantic striped spawning is high for these species, a spawning run can be bass stock may originate from the. Hudson (DEC, 1986). comprised of up to 50% repeat spawners. In New York and New England marine waters, "stripers" Habitat Requirements were the prime catch for both commercial and sport Alewife and blueback herring are generally found at fishermen and also the subject of much controversy. The shallow ocean depths with water temperatures between 37 Important Species 31 and 63 OF. In contrast to American shad which spawn in Hudson River Population the River, alewife and blueback herring prefer the Little is known about the specific Hudson River black bass tributaries for spawning. As a group, river herring are populations. Largemouth bass have been the subject of generally tolerant of a wide range of environments and recent research which has located overwintering areas. spawn in both fast flowing streams with sand or gravel Largemouth bass tend to school in winter and remain substrates and slower portions of streams with detritus or relatively inactive in deeper water near tributary mouths. vegetated substrates. Spawning generally occurs when Smallmouth bass may be particularly. limited by suitable water temperatures reach 51 OF for alewife and 57 OF for spawning habitat due to the daily tidal fluctuations in water blueback herring. Both species show a fairly high level, which may alternately expose or deepen potential tolerance of suspended sediments but can be adversely nesting sites. This may increase the importance of nesting affected by pollution and low oxygen levels. sites in the Hudson's tributaries. Maintaining or enhancing the black bass population depends on protecting and Hudson River Population providing adequate nesting sites. Spawning occurs in tributaries throughout the upper portions of the Hudson estuary. Herring also pass Although black bass are not native to the Hudson, they through navigation locks which has resulted in inland are now a major sport fish and an important component populations in lakes, rivers and canals. The herring of the estuary. These species are sought by many populations can be maintained by protecting suitable fishermen and support many annual black bass tour- spawning and nursery areas within the tributaries. It is naments. The New York State Department of Health vital to keep freshwater spawning streams accessible to currently advises against consumption of largemouth bass. river fish without physical or chemical barriers, maintain adequate tributary water flow, and minimize sedimentation Inveirtebrates and erosion to protect substrate and water quality. Although the Hudson estuary once supported enormous oyster and other shellfish beds, these resources were Black Bass destroyed in the nineteenth century through over- In addition to numerous anadromous fish species, the exploitation and water pollution. Today, only the blue crab Hudson estuary also supports many freshwater resident is harvested in large numbers. fish species. Good examples of freshwater resident fishes in the Hudson are small and largemouth bass which Blue Crab together are known as black bass. The black bass, which Blue crabs are found in estuaries along the Atlantic and were introduced into the Hudson in the 1800's, provide an Gulf Coasts. Crabs are esteemed as a food source and important recreational resource. are caught both commercially and recreationally. Background Information Background Information Black bass spawn in spring when the male constructs a Blue crab eggs are carried by the female on the underside nest in shallow water on the lake, river or creek bottom of her body until they hatch (Boyce Thompson Institute, (Smith, 1985). Smallmouth bass nests are located in 1977). The larvae are free-swimming plankton that areas with rocky or gravelly substrate, while largemouth undergo several molts over the course of six weeks and bass construct nests in muddy or silty areas. Up to three feed on zooplankton. During this period, larvae are found females enter the nest and deposit eggs which are both in the lower Hudson estuary and nearby coastal fertilized, guarded and fanned by the male. Hatching waters. Eventually, the larva molts into a "megalopa" form occurs 1 to 3 weeks later depending on temperature. that crawls along the bottom of the estuary but retains its Newly hatched larvae are guarded by the male for a short swimming ability. The megalopa feeds on zooplankton as period. Young fish feed primarily on plankton and small well as small pieces of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants. invertebrates, switching to bigger prey as they grow. The young move upriver, molting again to become Mature bass are opportunistic predators which feed on miniature crabs. Both the young and mature crabs are tadpoles, frogs, fish, crayfish, and insects. omnivores, feeding on benthic macroinvertebrates, small fish, aquatic vegetation, and dead organisms (Chesapeake Habitat Requirements Bay Program, 1987). The growth of young crabs is Smallmouth bass live in standing water near rocky influenced by temperature and is accompanied by a shorelines and over rocky substrates. Largemouth bass molting process in which the outer shell is shed and a live in warm, vegetated portions of ponds and new one is grown. During peak growth periods, crabs embayments, and streams with silty bottoms. Both fish can molt every 7 to 10 days. During the molting period, tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, the absence of a hard shell and an increase in metabolism although lower oxygen levels are better tolerated by make the crab most vulnerable to environmental stress largemouth bass. and predation. 32 Chapter 2: Species Biology Adult crabs are spatially separated according to sex, with Program (1987) which discusses many estuarine species males living further upriver than females. In summer, and provides detailed habitat matrices illustrating the females move upriver for the breeding season and in fall, effects of different natural and artificial environmental return downriver. Although some females may mate in conditions on both the target species and its significant spring and hatch eggs in July, most mate in late summer food sources. Information specific to New York State can with hatching delayed until the following spring be found in: Andrie and Carroll (1988) and Bull (1985) (Chesapeake Bay Program, 1987). Crabs hibernate during which provide detailed taxonomic and distribution winter in moderate to low salinity waters. The crab's information about birds in the State (but little or no normal life span is three years. Wide-scale fluctuations ecological information); and Smith (1985) which contains occur in population levels of crabs, but it Is not known extensive distribution and ecological information for inland whether this is a natural phenomenon or if it is linked to fish In the State. Finally, current information on the status pollution-induced stress. of these species and current management efforts can be obtained through the New York State Department of Habitat Requirements Environmental Conservation, Division of Fish and During the summer months, male blue crabs are found in Wildliie. brackish waters with a salt concentration between 3 and 15 ppt. Females prefer more saline waters ranging between 10 ppt to ocean salinity levels. Both male and female crabs are constrained by temperature and grow only in waters that are above 59 OF. When air temperatures drop below 50 OF, crabs move from shallow to deep water and bury themselves in mud to hibernate. Hudson River Population Blue crabs are found throughout the brackish water portions of the Hudson estuary and less frequently, in fresh water habitats as far north as Catskill Creek. Blue crab abundance appears to have increased substantially throughout the River in 1989, perhaps in response to continued water quality improvement or favorable salinity and weather patterns. Blue crab fishing provides many hours of recreation and the crabs are considered a delicacy. The New York State Department of Health advises against eating more than six crabs per week and suggests discarding the liver and other portions of the crab where toxins accumulate. Plants Although many potentially valuable plants are found in the Hudson River's tidal communities, to date there has'been only minimal use of plants other than by fish and wildlife. One exception is rice, which was cultivated in the late nineteenth century. These efforts focused on creating tidal impoundments in which rice could be commercially harvested as an agricultural crop. Today, these impoundments, such as the one near Constitution Island, have reverted to natural marsh. Wild rice is found in many of these habitats, but it is now important only for its wildlife values. FURTHER READING For each of the individual species, the best guides are the references listed within that section including the appropriate Habitat Suitability Index Models published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (where available). Other important references include: Degraaf and Rudis (1986) which has brief descriptions of all major vertebrates in New England; and a report from the Chesapeake Bay Chapter 3: THE RIVER AS AN ECOSYSTEM In the preceding chapters, ecological commun.itles and species components of the Hudson River ecosystem are briefly presented. It is also important to look at the ecosystem from the perspective of large-scale and long-term effects and processes. Successful protection and management of the Hudson River tidal habitats must recognize the, effects of. � Community Interdependence � Ecosystem Cycles � Seasonal Cycles � Long-Term Ecological Processes 34 3.1 Community Interdependence Primary Productivity and Energy Flow Although distinct ecological communities are described in An important factor that determines how an ecosystem Chapter 1, it is essential to realize that any classification functions is the source and amount of available energy. system is arbitrary. No matter how different communities The organic materials produced through photosynthesis, within an ecosystem are defined, these communities are which captures energy from the sun, provides the energy not able to function independently. It is the that supports most ecosystems. Energy is measured by interdependent relationships of communities within an net primaty productivity which is defined as the organic ecosystem which provide it with both natural resiliency material stored by producers in excess of their own and fragility; one of the first responses to stress in an metabolic needs. ecosystem is a change in community composition and interaction (Woodwell, 1970). The origin of this organic material can either be autochthonous (produced within the ecosystem) or Species often do not subscribe very well to community allochthonous (produced outside the ecosystem). In classifications. Individual animals and plants are not terrestrial ecosystems and lakes, production of organic restricted to one community type but often move to, or material within the ecosystem tends to dominate the flow are found in, different communities seeking different of energy. In rivers, however, the role of organic material resources or occupying different roles. Herons, for that is not produced within the ecosystem can be example, may find nesting sites within upland forest or dominant (Hynes, 1970). tidal swamp, yet their food source is found in shallows, mudflats and tidal marsh. In similar fashion, eagles In the Hudson Estuary, terrestrial input of organic matter require roosts in large trees of the upland forest dominates the system. In fact, respiration of producers community, but feed in shallows and deepwater and decomposers exceeds the autochthonous production communities. The anadromous fishes of the Hudson by plankton in the River (Howarth, 1989). Terrestrial further illustrate the dependence of species on separate sources of organic matter in order of importance include communities for spawning, nursery, and feeding needs. agricultural runoff, urban runoff, and sewage. Although the estuary is dominated by terrestrial input of organic The concept of the interdependence of communities also matter, local conditions are strongly affected by extends to interdependence among species of different autochthonous production associated with plankton, communities. Although speculative, this is exemplified wetlands (marshes), and submerged vegetation. through a possible relationship between muskrats, cattails, purple loosestrife, and turtles. Muskrats live primarily in Plankton, the minute plants found floating in the water the upper marsh where they eat cattails; however, they dig column, are the dominant primary producers in many their burrows in nearby tidal swamp and upland forest. ecosystems including the open ocean, coastal waters, and These burrows are often used by overwintering turtles many lakes. . On the Hudson River, however, it appears (Kiviat, 1978). If cattails are replaced by purple loosestrife that net productivity of plankton is relatively low, probably in the upper marsh, the muskrat population may decline, due to a combination of turbidity and turbulence which and the turtle population may suffer due to a shortage of reduces the amount of photosynthesis to levels that are burrows. only slightly above the amount necessary to support the metabolic needs of the plankton (Hynes, 1970; Cole et al., In considering the management of an ecosystem such as 1989). the tidal portion of the Hudson River, it must be understood that communities and ecosystems are Marshes, the second source of primary productivity, are irrevocably interdependent. Protection of the River among the most productive habitats in the world. ecosystem must depend on protection of its component Marshes may have a productivity of over 2000 g/M2 /yr in communities and habitats. comparison with other temperate ecosystem productivity values of approximately 1000 g/M2 /yr for forests; 750 3.2 Ecosystem Cycles g/m'/yr for cultivated lands; and 200 g/M2 /yr for deserts Another way in which communities are intedinked is (Odum et al., 1984; Tiner, 1985a). Although these manifested through the physical and biological processes numbers may not apply directly to the Hudson River, they which cycle energy and nutrients through ecosystems. illustrate the importance of marshes, especially since Energy is produced either within the system through much of the biomass produced is exported as an energy photosynthesis or brought to the system in the form of source to adjacent shallows, mudflats, and deepwater organic matter. Limiting nutrients are scarce elements or communities. compounds which determine the level of primary The last source of primary productivity is associated with productivity that can be supported by the ecosystem. mudflats and shallows of the River that are densely covered with submerged vegetation throughout the warmer months of the year. Although the productivity of Chapter 3: The River as an Ecosystem 35 submerged aquatic plants is generally lower deposited as sediments (forming peat, fossil fuels, and (approximately 600 g/m2/yr) than either lower or upper carbonate rock). Most carbon, approximately ninety-nine marsh communities, undoubtedly these beds of aquatic percent, is contained in sediments. Living organisms are plants contribute large amounts of organic matter to the the source of this sedimentary carbon reservoir; for ecosystem (Westlake in Wetzel, 1975). The extent of example, most of the world's limestone probably submerged aquatic vegetation beds and their productivity originates from biological processes (Kormondy, 1976). on the Hudson are not known. Recent research suggests that the amount of prod uctivity associated with submerged In the Hudson River, carbon is mostly incorporated in the vegetation in the Hudson is extremely low (Garrit, 1989). ecosystem through the vegetation of marshes, shallows, Although evaluating productivity of submerged plants is and mudflats, and the forested uplands of the watershed. a difficult task for a variety of reasons, high rates of These plants, as well as the River's plankton and the production are often found for submerged aquatic external sources of carbon, provide the foundation for the vegetation in rivers (see Hynes, 1970). Further research ecological importance of the Hudson River. should be conducted with respect to the role of submerged vegetation on primary productivity on the Nitrogen is cycled through the ecosystem quite differently Hudson, since these plants may play a large role in the than carbon. Where carbon is relatively scarce in the productivity of the estuary. atmosphere (0.03 to 0.04 percent), nitrogen is abundant (79 percent). The gaseous form of nitrogen, however, is In addition to primary productivity in the ecosystem, not usable to most organisms. Gaseous nitrogen must be another important consideration is the transfer of energy transformed or fixed in an inorganic form such as nitrate between different levels of the food web. Energy is or ammonia before it can be used in biological processes. transfered in the form of plants that are consumed directly Most nitrogen fixation is accomplished by the biochemical by herbivores, or indirectly in the form of dead organic action of bacteria and fungi, mostly in symbiotic material or detritus, which is consumed by zooplankton, relationships with higher plants. Nitrogen fixation requires benthic organisms, bacteria, and other consumers and energy from carbon compounds; the symbiotic decomposers. These consumers support the next level of relationship between plants and nitrogen-fixing organisms animals, which support the first level of predators, which is based on plants exchanging carbon compounds for may in turn be eaten by other predators. biologically usable nitrogen. Energy transfer also differs within each community. Plants In addition to biochemical nitrogen fixation, industrial of the lower marsh and shallows tend to decompose nitrogen fixation for the production of fertilizers almost much more rapidly than plants of the upper marsh (Odum equals the total amount of nitrogen fixed by all natural et al., 1984). Because of these different decomposition sources. The global nitrogen cycle is out of balance, with rates, energy tends to flow out of lower marsh for most of the amount of nitrogen taken from the atmosphere the year, whereas upper marsh serves as a nutrient sink exceeding the amount being returned. The resulting with a net inward energy flow for most of the year. The excess in biologically available nitrogen is contributing to capacity of upper marsh to absorb excess nutrients an increase in nitrogen compounds in ground water, enables the marsh to serve as a natural sewage treatment rivers, lakes, and the ocean (Kormondy, 1976). plant and to moderate excess productivity in the ecosystem (Odum et al., 1984). Sources of nitrogen supplied to the Hudson estuary include direct fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, Nutrient Cycles decomposition of organic matter in sediments and in the In addition to energy, plants and animals require nutrients watershed, and runoff of fertilizers. The maximum input of including carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. biologically usable nitrogen occurs in the spring and early summer, corresponding to the period of highest demand The carbon cycle is similar to the ecosystem's energy for plant growth. Aquatic plants of the marshes, shallows, cycle since plants convert carbon dioxide from the and mudflats remove nitrogen from the river during the atmosphere into organic molecules that are the basis of growing season and release nitrogen during the fall and the food web. In addition to carbon being assimilated into winter months, serving as effective regulatory reservoirs the ecosystem through primary productivity, carbon also (Odum et al., 1984). In addition to this regulatory function, enters the ecosystem from allochthanous sources nitrogen is removed from the cycle through sedimentation (produced in another ecosystem) including dead organic of decomposition-resistant organic matter, particularly matter carried by tides or watershed runoff, and live from the emergent plants of the upper marsh. organic matter such as eggs from anadromous fish returning from the ocean. In comparison with the other major nutrients, phosphorus is least abundant, and the most likely to limit biological Carbon that enters the food web is eventually released to productivity. Natural sources of phosphate are produced the atmosphere (as methane or carbon dioxide) or by weathering of phos phate-bea ring rocks and 36 Chapter 3: The River as an Ecosystem decomposition of organic matter. Additional sources of of many of the fish species may migrate to the warmer phosphorus include fertilizers, domestic sewage, waters of the lower estuary or the ocean, leaving only stormwater runoff, and detergents; all originating from resident fish species to remain beneath the ice of the human activities. Land use and management practices in upper River over winter. forestry, agriculture, and in urban areas are all directly related to both nitrogen and phosphorous loading to the Recognition of the seasonal cycles of nutrients, aquatic environment (Wetzel, 1975). Urbanization productivity, and species presence and abundance is increases phosphorous discharges to surface waters in essential for effective management of tidal habitats. For approximately direct proportion to increases in population example, dredging has much less impact on some fish densities (Weibel, 1969). populations if it is conducted during the late summer and fall to avoid sensitive spawning periods. Likewise, factors The availability of carbon and nitrogen generally far that determine the distribution of a rare plant may not be exceeds that of phosphorus in aquatic environments. evident in summer, when the plant is growing, but instead Given enough light and other favorable conditions, the might reflect winter scouring of the substrate by ice floes availability of phosphorus will be the first limiting nutrient or perhaps autumn flooding by high tides or runoff that to biological productivity. When phosphorus is introduced wash away seeds before they can germinate. Although to an aquatic system, this limitation is removed and the much of the information provided in this report focuses on level of photosynthesis can increase dramatically resulting the most productive stages in the ecosystem, it is crucial in increased productivity or eutrophication of the system. to recognize that the ecosystem continues to function Excess productivity can be detrimental, eventually throughout the year and that its species must survive the resulting in algal blooms and oxygen depletion. Extreme changes that occur with the seasons. examples of cultural eutrophication include the "death" of Lake Erie and the annual formation of the anoxic "Albany 3A Long-Term Ecological Processes pool" in the Hudson estuary in the 1970's. Another important consideration for management and protection of the Hudson's tidal habitats is the effect of As in the nitrogen cycle, the phosphorus cycle is regulated long-term processes on the ecosystem. One such by aquatic plants with an uptake of phosphorus in spring process is natural succession. In the classic freshwater and a release of phosphorus accompanying the non-tidal system, a marsh is a transition stage between decomposition of plants in fall. Phosphorus is released open water and land that occurs after a lake or pond has from decaying plants within a matter of days, and is begun to fill in with sediments and organic materials. The quickly used by bacteria and algae or lost to the marsh subsequently gives way to either a meadow and sediments (Wetzel, 1975). Inputs of phosphorus can be different types of forest or to a bog system (Wetzel, 1975; controlled by reducing use of fertilizers, advanced sewage Mitsch -and Gosselink, 1987). Similarly, saltwater tidal treatment, maintaining natural vegetation cover, limiting marshes may also represent a stage in ecological erosion and controlling surface water runoff. succession, with the low marsh gradually becoming high marsh (Frey and Basan, 1978). In the case of tidal 3.3 Seasonal C@ycles freshwater and brackish marshes, a similar process may The seasonal changes in appearance, structure and occur with lower marsh gradually evolving to upper marsh ecology of communities are important factors to consider and upper marsh gradually becoming swamp forest. in an examination of the Hudson River ecosystem. For Although this process of succession has not been example, at the beginning of spring, the substrate in the demonstrated for the unique conditions found in the tidal marsh is mostly bare muck containing only roots of Hudson's freshwater tidal marshes, preservation of perennial plants and seeds of annuals. During summer, a marshes in their current state may not be desirable or series of different plants dominates the canopy structure, practical if these same marshes are undergoing a natural dramatically changing the appearance of the marsh. In process of succession. If, however, succession is linked autumn, plants begin to die and by the onset of winter, to human actions, such as erosion and subsequent only the dead stems remain to be broken up slowly by siltation due to development@ then it would be correct to snow and ice, providing the detritus that is so important in seek restoration of the area and to establish protective cycling carbon in the estuary (Odum et al., 1984). measures to allow the community to evolve naturally, or remain the same, as appropriate. It is likely that an Significant seasonal changes also occur in creeks, investigation of succession on the Hudson would show shallows, and deepwater. In spring, huge populations of that relatively sheltered areas may be undergoing fishes enter the River from the ocean, seeking spawning succession that has been accelerated'by human actions, grounds and, in the form of eggs and their own bodies, while the succession process may not be evident in bringing a concentrated abundance of nutrients gathered marshes, mudflats and shallows that are more exposed to from the ocean. After spawning, the adults either return River currents, tides and ice: floes. to the ocean, or die, leaving their offspring to forage and grow in the River's nursery areas. During fall, the young Chapter 3: The River as an Ecosystem 37 Another aspect of succession on the Hudson is the formation of marshes, mudflats, and shallows through shoreline erosion. As easily eroded land recedes, flats FURTHER READING and shallows are formed which may evolve to marshes. The most useful source on the general ecology of the Examples of this process exist in the Stockport Creek and freshwater tidal ecosystem is Odum et al. (1984) . Flats habitat. A similar succession process that involves Introductory ecology texts such as Whittaker (1970) or shifts in the physical locations of communities would most Kormondy (1976), or a limnology text such as Wetzel likely occur with shifting of River channels. Newly formed (1975) provide add itional detail regarding the topics briefly backwaters would be rapidly colonized and may then presented in this chapter. For ecological information undergo the process of succession from shallows to about the Hudson River, works by Viviat (1978 and 1979) mudflats or marsh (see Figure 22 for an illustration of this are valuable sources. phenomenon over the last century). Similarly, new areas of deepwater can also be formed at the expense of shallows and mudflats, a process that would be accompanied by corresponding changes in community composition in the opposite process of succession known as retrogression. The location of communities also depends on an even longer time scale that reflects changes in the ocean. As sea level slowly declined during the last ice age, tidal communities moved with the shore. Evidence of these communities can be found on the ocean bottom several hundred miles seaward of today's shoreline. Conversely, at the end of the last ice age, river mouths were drowned and the tidal communities retreated in front of rising sea levels. Although the current marsh communities have occupied their present positions for less than 15,000 years, this community type has been in existence for muchlonger. Fossil evidence indicates that the functional equivalents of modern freshwater tidal marshes have existed for several hundred million years and have been constantly moving with tidal rivers (Frey and Basan, 1978; Odum et al., 1984). The effect of these long-term processes on the ecological communities has profound ramifications for conservation efforts. In addition to preserving the ecosystem from acute threats due to human action, it is also important to provide space and resources necessary for communities to respond to changes in the environment. A marsh that is threatened by rising water level and the attendant increases in currents and erosion, cannot retreat if it is thwarted by a bulkhead that prevents the adjacent upland from flooding. If all land adjacent to existing marsh is developed, there will be no suitable substrate to support survival of the marshes, if sea level should rise as Is expected to occur over the next century due to the greenhouse effect. Ironically, while it is human-induced change to the environment that currently threatens the Hudson's tidal communities, it may well be human resistance to change in the environment, through shoreline fortification against rising sea level, that constitutes the greater threat. 38 Chapter 4: HUMAN INTERACTIONS WITH THE RIVER ECOSYSTEM Human activities along the Hudson River that affect the Hudson River tidal habitats are examined in this chapter. The first section presents an historical overview of the interaction between humans and the River. Subsequent sections review human activities affecting the River, focusing on issues, practices, and impacts concerning the River habitats, and ways in which adverse impacts can be minimized in the future. Human activities and impacts covered include: � Chronology of Hudson River Use � Water Use and Management � Pollutant Discharges � Transportation � Shoreline Development � Use of Living Resources 40 4.1 Chronology of Hudson River Use of Manhattan Island. In 1626, Manhattan was purchased Knowledge of the history of human activities that have from its original occupants for the fabled $24 price. worked to shape the River is central to understanding During this time, Fort Orange was established at what is human interactions with today's Hudson River ecosystem. now Albany to serve as a military outpost and trade For hundreds of years, the Hudson River and the center, focusing on the lucrative fur trade. In 1630, to surrounding valley have had an enormous physical, stimulate settlement, the patroon system was established strategic, economic, and cultural impact on its inhabitants in which a massive land grant was given to anyone who and the nation (Mylod, 1969; Boyle, 1979). would finance a settlement of fifty or more people. Beginning with Kilaen van Rensselaer, much of the valley Pre-European Period (?-1609) became incorporated into large estates. In the mid 1650's Archaeological evidence indicates that the Hudson Valley the British became jealous of the power held by the Dutch was settled several thousand years ago by tribal peoples and in 1664, New Amsterdam was seized in a bloodless collectively called the Algonquin. Legend has it that the coup and renamed New York. At this time, the population Algonquin came from the west and fulfilled an ancient of the colony was a scant 8,000 settlers. A century later, prophecy by ending their nomadic journey at a great at the start of the revolution, the population was 168,000. stream with "water that flows two ways." Algonquin tribes With the growth in population came settlement of the wild ranged from the Mohicans near Albany to the Wappingers lands which were first logged and then farmed. and Manhattans along the east shore of the River and the The Military Period (1776-1812) Wawarsings, Haverstraws, Tappans, and Raritans along the west shore. Throughout the Revolution and the War of 1812, the Hudson River was of strategic importance in the military Living standards in Algonquin villages seemed to be campaigns that formed the nation. In the Revolutionary relatively high compared to surrounding native tribes due War, the Hudson River served as a main artery for trade, to the resources of the Hudson Valley, including abundant information, and military supplies. At the outset of the food plants, game animals, and fish and shellfish. In war, the British designed a strategy to sever the colonies addition, villagers grew corn and other crops in small by sending General Clinton north from New York City to clearings, conducted extensive trade, and used mineral meet General Burgoyne coming south from Canada. resources to produce copper beads and other art works. Although Clinton was able to march as far north as The Algonquin lifestyie had its negative aspects such as Clermont, Burgoyne was stopped in a decisive battle at losses to slave-taking raids by the more warlike tribes of Saratoga that marked the turning point of the war. the western Iroquois federation. Nonetheless, most accounts of these earliest inhabitants of the Hudson valley Upon Clinton's retreat, the Americans regained control of describe a prosperous people who had little effect on their the River and built fortifications at West Point including a natural surroundings. great chain that was stretched across the River to impede naval attacks. In the last years of the Revolution, West The Colonial Period (1609-1776) Point became the command centerforthe American army. Exploitation of the Hudson River ecosystem began with In the War of 1812, Americans vigorously defended the the activities of european settlers. The mouth of the mouth of the Hudson, preventing attack from blockading Hudson was discovered in 1524 by Giovanni da British ships. In support of these wars, the ship building Verrazzano but the first documented European exploration industry along the River flourished, with the construction of the River was in 1609, led by Henry Hudson sailing for of numerous privateers and other boats. During the entire the Dutch on the Half Moon. Afthough Hudson failed to military period, the munitions industry was also thriving in find a northwest passage, he brought back reports of a the Valley, along with fur trade, agriculture, and even a land "as pleasant as one can tread upon" that "is the finest whaling fleet based at the City of Hudson. for cultivation that I ever in my life set foot upon, and it also abounds in trees of every description" (Hudson, 1609 Commerce and Industry (1807-1888) in Van Zandt, 1971). In similar fashion, Hudson's second With Fulton's steamboat journey to Albany in 1807 and the mate, Robert Juet, described the surroundings as being completion of the Erie Canal in 1823, the Hudson River "full of great and tall Oakes," having excellent fishing so and New York State became more important to the that they could take "foure or five and twentle Mullets, nation's economy, serving as the conduit between the Breames, Bases, and Barbils and return in an hour," and resources of the western frontier and the cities of the containing mineral wealth in a "cliffe that looked of the eastern seaboard. This transportation system became colour of a white greene, as though it were either Copper, even more important in the 1840's with the construction of or Silver" (Juet, 1609 in Van Zandt 1971). rail lines along the Hudson River's shores. The wealth that flowed down the Hudson from other regions was In 1613, plans were made to establish a colony which supplemented with considerable resources originating culminated in the creation of the Dutch West India from the River Valley. In the first pan of the 19th century, Company in 1621 and colonization of the southern portion the Hudson became a center for brick making, hide Historical Synopsis 41 tanning, cement production, ice cutting, fishing, and began to fade, symbolized by the slow breakup and final agriculture. As a result of this commercial activity, waves burning of the Catskill Mountain House in 1963. of new immigrants came to the Hudson Valley. Burgeoning commerce and population levels began to Awareness of the Natural Ecosystem (1963 to present) place significant stress on the River's tidal habitats. In the past quarter century, an awareness of the environment has evolved in the Hudson valley. This Over time, many of the industries along the Hudson movement began in 1963 with organized opposition to a declined. Resource-dependent industries were doomed power facility proposed at Storm King Mountain. by their own success which led to overexploitation of natural resources (e.g. the hemlock bark needed for Since 1965, when plans for the power plant were halted tanning). In other cases, the demand for the product and the Storm King controversy ended, the environmental collapsed (e.g. the invention of refrigeration eliminated the movement has grown stronger in its efforts to protect the need for ice-cutting). As a result, many factories and natural heritage of the River. Notable milestones include towns along the River were unable to survive the 1965 decision of the Hudson River Fisherman's economically. In addition, water-based transportation was Association to aid in enforcing restrictions on pollutant replaced by the railroad (and later by highways). In 1888, discharges in the River, construction of the Hudson River the first rail bridge was completed over the Hudson at Sloop Clearwater in 1969, passage of the Federal Water Poughkeepsie, allowing direct shipment of goods through Pollution Control Act in 1972, cessation of PCB disposal the region, and marking the end of the glory days of in the River by General Electric in 1977, and the Hudson River commerce. agreement between utilities and environmental groups that established the Hudson River Foundation in 1981. Art and Recreation (1823-1963) Even while industry and.commerce of the Hudson valley FURTHER READING was at its height in the 19th century, the Hudson valley The information contained in this section is adapted from and the nearby Catskill mountains also became host to Mylod (1969) and Boyle (1979), two excellent and vacation homes and resorts for upper class residents of entertaining histories of the Hudson River. Additional New York and other cities. A burgeoning tourist industry information was also taken from a short history by Dyson was led by the Catskill Mountain House which began as (1968). A brief history of the Hudson River Valley a small cottage in 1823 and developed into a world class supplemented with many outstanding photographs of the resort for the rich and famous. The numerous visitors to region can also be found in Scheller (1988). and residents of the Valley included artists of the Hudson River School who attempted to capture in their paintings 4.2 Water Use and Management the essence of the landscapes they saw. The River and The Hudson River's water is its most important resource. mountains also inspired authors such as Washington Water from the Hudson is used in all facets of human life Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. including drinking, bathing, swimming, boating, food processing, industry, fire fighting, commercial and In the latter part of the 19th and early 20th centuries, institutional uses, irrigation, power generation, navigation, recreational use of the River valley extended to the middle recreation, waste transportation and dilution, and class. Numerous summer camps were established in the maintenance of fish and wildlife resources. River valley and in the Catskills. An important annual I event in the early part of the twentieth century was the Recent growth in the region's human population has been Intercollegiate Rowing Association Regatta held at accompanied by a corresponding increase in competition Poughkeepsie. Hundreds of spectators viewed the regatta between different users of the water resource, a problem from the banks of the River, other boats, and even a that is expected to increase in the future. In 1976 there specially built railcar. was an estimated freshwater demand of over 745 million gallons a day (mgd) in the Hudson River Watershed. Although dominance of the Hudson River valley had Demand was projected to increase to 907 mgd by the declined in American industry, agriculture, and military year 2000 (Hudson River Basin Study Group, 1979a). importance, it continued to make important contributions Sewage effluent discharge has been increasing with its many cement plants, extensive fruit orchards, proportionately. Given the magnitude of the demand for military use at Iona Island, and the Air Force headquarters water, existing and future water consumption must be at Stewart Field. In addition, the River became host to carefully planned to meet both human needs and the new industries including oil and nuclear power plants, a River's tidal habitat requirements. shipping industry centered on petroleum products, and electronics manufacturing plants. Overall, however, the region had become a bucolic backwater removed from the hustle of the modern world. And eventually, even the cultured aura surrounding the Hudson and the Catskills 42 Chapter 4: Human Interactions Water Withdrawals These plants operate on fossil fuels with the exception of Water use can be divided into two main types: out-of- the nuclear plants at Indian Point. There are a total of 21 stream uses that divert the water from the river or tributary generating units, all of which have once-through cooling channel and in-stream uses that keep water in the system. systems with a combined maximum cooling water intake Within the category of out-of-stream uses, water of 6199 mgd. This is more than two-thirds of the 8919 withdrawals can be further subdivided into consumptive mgd average annual freshwater flow into the estuary. and non-consumptive uses. Non-consumptive uses are During summer, when the freshwater flow is significantly those in which the water is withdrawn and then returned less, water withdrawals can exceed the net freshwater to the system, such as in the generation of hydroelectric flow. In addition, 88 percent of water withdrawal occurs power. Consumptive uses are those in which the water is within the 28 mile stretch of the River Immediately upriver removed from the system, such as in crop irrigation. The from Haverstraw Bay, concentrating the effects of water significance of impacts from consumptive and non- withdrawals (McDowell, 1985). consumptive water withdrawals depend on the amount of water removed, the mechanism by which the water is Impact of Water INI-Wrawals removed, and pollutants returned to the system. Entrainment and Impingement Issues and Practices Removal of water from the River is most damaging to fish and other swimming or floating animals and plants. At Municipal Water Supplies large water intakes for power plant and municipal systems, Eight communities depend on the Hudson for their public the force of water rushing into the intakes sucks small water supply. These communities are located in the organisms such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish middle section of the River where water has been the eggs and larvae into the system in a process termed cleanest and most potable. The largest user is the City of entrainment. Larger organisms such as fish are trapped Poughkeepsie which takes about 10 mgd (compared to against filter screens in a process known as impingement. an 8919 mgd average flow of freshwater into the River). In both processes, the organisms can be either killed or Municipal water systems along the River are about 90% suffer damaging chemical and physical stresses that lead non-consumptive, returning most of the water to the River to subsequent increased mortality rates (McDowell, 1985). through sewage systems (Barclay, 1988). Direct removal of water by these communities does not result in large Entrainment effects are critical with regard to survival of losses of water, although water quality is diminished. anadromous fish eggs, larvae, and juveniles. The entrainment effects are exacerbated by the 'two steps Direct removal of water from the River is a major issue forward, one step backwards" nature of the River's tidal with respect to water supply plans for New York City. flow which means that organisms are vulnerable to New York City has applied for a permit to take 100 mgd entrainment several times as they are washed back and during drought from an intake near Chelsea, Dutchess forth near an intake structure (Barclay, 1988). Impinge- County, and ultimately to obtain between 300 and 1200 ment can lead to reductions in fish populations directly by mgd from this and other withdrawal points on the River. killing spawning fish or indirectly by tiring them as they Unlike local water system usage, water use by New York escape from the intake so that they cannot complete their City is primarily consumptive (Barclay, 1988). Water is upstream migration. The effects of impingement can be taken from the freshwater portion of the estuary, and after partially mitigated with specially designed screens that being used, is discharged through sewage outlets in the guide the fish to a bypass around the system or by other saltwater section of the estuary. The effect of removing devices that collect fish from the system (Fletcher, 1984). such a large volume of freshwater from the system is largely unknown, but it would likely result in salinity Salt Front Movement alterations and changes in habitat use and value. The loss of water from consumptive uses at any location along the Hudson can change the ecosystem. Reducing Power Generation and other Industrial Uses the amount of fresh water in the freshwater portion of the Although some industrial plants and factories draw their River will cause the location of the salt front, the water from public systems, the majority of industrial users intermixing zone between salt and fresh water, to move take their water directly from the River. Foremost among farther north. The United States Geological Survey these industrial consumers are power plants that require (USGS), in cooperation with the DEC and New York City, huge volumes of water for cooling. The amount of water is undertaking a four year study of the salt front that is required depends largely on the power output and movements. Although the mechanisms of salt front the type of cooling system. Closed-cycle power plants movement and its importance to the River ecosystem are include a complex cooling tower and use much less water not well understood, altering the physical environment than once-through systems that use a continuous supply created by the salt front holds great potential for adverse of water (Hudson River Basin Study Group, 1979b). impacts on the ecosystem. Negative impacts would be Seven large power plants operate on the Hudson Estuary. especially acute during droughts when withdrawals would Water Use and Management 43 move the salt front further upriver than would occur under warm discharges are quickly stopped between late fall and natural conditions. early spring when ambient water temperatures are low. Fish are cold-blooded organisms that cannot rapidly The existing seasonal changes in salinity that accompany adjust to radically different temperatures. When a plant the natural movement of the salt front may be important causes temperature to rise abruptly, fish acclimated to the factors in the function of the ecosystem. Problems are colder water can be killed. Conversely, when temperature likely to occur when artificial change does not correspond drops suddenly, fish acclimated to warm water from the to the changing season or if the change exceeds natural plant discharge may die or be immobilized while their geographic limits. Anadromous fish, particularly those that systems attempt to adjust. Thermal pollution can have spawn near the salt front, may depend on the existing beneficial effects including providing open water areas for combination of salinity and substrate which may not be overwintering waterfowl, concentrating game fish, or available if the salt front location were changed. raising the productivity of certain organisms. Freshwater areas would also be inundated by brackish water, resulting in the death of freshwater plants and Habitat Protection Measures animals and a radical change in community structure. Adverse impacts of water withdrawal on habitats are best mimimized by reducing the amount of water withdrawn. Movement of the salt front might drastically change New York State law requires short and long term water productivity in the ecosystem. For most of the year the conservation programs as a condition for all new water salt front, and its associated nutrients, is located in the supply permits. In addition, the NYS Water Resource Tappan Zee/Haverstraw Bay area where broad, shallow Management Strategy for the Delaware/Lower Hudson waters allow sufficient sunlight for plankton and extensive region states that water conservation should be of primary beds of submerged plants. If the salt front were to move concern in planning for the future. Water conservation north to the narrower and deeper region of the Highlands, measures can include the use of low flow plumbing no corresponding productive shallow area would exist and fixtures, universal metering, a price structure that the habitat values associated with the Tappan Zee and encourages conservation, leak detection and control Haverstraw Bay area would not be replaced. programs, limitations on lawn watering, public education programs, reuse of waste water, and reuse and recycling The ecosystem of the Hudson River at New York City by industry (Barclay, 1989). Increased water conservation would also be affected by the proposed water withdrawals. has the additional benefit of reducing the volume of water Fresh water discharge into the brackish water via the city flowing into sewage systems and improving municipal sewage sytern could easily have detrimental effects as treatment programs. Large industrial users, especially salt-tolerant species are exposed to fresh water. power plants, can also reduce water withdrawals by employing closed-cycle cooling systems. Water Thermal Pollution containing waste heat, which has traditionally been Returning water to the River after it is used is desirable in pumped back into the River, could be used to heat that it maintains flow. Problems arise when the water industrial complexes and nearby offices and residences. contains pollutants such as excess heat in power plant cooling water. Power plants operating along the Hudson Large users can reduce impacts of their intake structures each discharge water that has been heated between 6.7 by locating them away from productive fish spawning and and 17.8 'F, with most discharging in the upper end of nursery grounds, development of effective intake barriers, that range (McDowell, 1985). and scheduling water withdrawals to avoid sensitive spawning and migration periods. Multiple use intakes Excess heat can alter the natural conditions of the river could also be developed that would reduce both the environment, resulting in pronounced effects on thermally number of intakes and the cost for mitigating impingement sensitive organisms such as fish that only spawn within a and entrainment impacts. narrow temperature range. Thermal poillution can also delay normal freezing, throwing off cycles of overwintering Demands for water for the NYC metropolitan area pose a plants and animals. Atlantic tomcod, which spawn in significant challenge. New York City's existing proposal winter and generally thrive in colder waters, may be the for Hudson River water withdrawals calls for taking an organism that is most affected by thermal pollution. The unprecedented amount of water during drought to' Hudson is the tomcod's southernmost breeding ground. supplement reservoir supplies. Emergency withdrawals Increasing water temperature alters the River so that it during periods of drought would remove water from the resembles the more southern environments that tomcod River at a time when tidal communities are undergoing cannot tolerate and may seriously affect the tomcod stress due to naturally low seasonal flows. Seasonal population (Fikslin and Golumbek, 1979). effects of low water flow are already compounded by existing diversions from Hudson River tributaries to the Adverse impacts from thermal pollution become severe New York City reservoir system. A second water when temperature levels fluctuate widely, usually when withdrawal proposal would expand the role of the Hudson 44 Chapter 4: Human Interactions from a seasonal supplement to a continuous, large-scale are located on the lower portion of the Hudson Valley supply. Negative environmental impacts must be carefully (including parts of the Delaware watershed). Largest evaluated before large-scale withdrawal projects are among these are the New York City and Jamaica water approved. Results of the USGS salt front study may help supply districts (Hazen and Sawyer, 1987). As early as determine likely changes that would occur in. the the nineteenth century, New York City planned for its environment. This information will then have to be used future water demands, acquiring land and water rights in in additional ecological research on the River's tidal upstate counties. Under the 1905 Water Supply Act, New communities and populations before decisions regarding York City was permitted to expand its water supply large-scale withdrawals should be made. system, subject to the condition that water would be supplied at cost to county water districts. This condition Proposals to withdraw significant quantities of water for led to New York City's role in regional water supply. consumptive uses must factor in the major impacts on the ecology of the estuary that are likely to occur. The water supply system is comprised of a network of Implementation of these proposals may very easilydestroy aqueducts and reservoirs that bring water to the southern ecological relationships, such as the timing of fish portion of the State, bypassing normal tributary flow and spawning with the movement of the salt front over unique reducing input into the Hudson River. Although a small substrates, that have been evolving since the passage of amount of water is brought into the Hudson watershed via the last ice-age. Given the uncertainty of the magnitude inter-basin transfer points, overall, the water supply system of impacts resulting from water withdrawals, any additional reduces the net flow of freshwater in the tidal habitats and withdrawal should be permitted only after strict dampens fluctuations in water level. conservation measures have failed to meet water demand. Hydroelectric Power FURTHER READING As of 1979, over 38 hydroelectric plants were in operation An older discussion of water resource issues in the on tributary streams in the Hudson River Basin, producing Hudson Valley can be found in the two reports produced an annual average of 4.8 million kilowatt-hours of power. by the Hudson River Basin Study Group (1979a,b) . Hydroelectricity is also produced at the main dam on the More recent information on water issues coin be found in Hudson River at Troy and many other potential sites have recent studies by the DEC Division of Water such as been identified for hydropower generation. Hazen and Sawyer (1987). For a complete history of the controversy over power plants along the River, see Hydroelectric power uses the force of water flowing in the McDowell (1985). A technical review of mechanisms to river or from higher elevations to turn turbines in a prevent impingement of fish on large intake systems can magnetic field to generate electricity. The least disruptive be found in Fletcher (1984). method of power generation is run-of-river generation. Power is generated when precipitation and runoff in the Dams and Water Impoundments watershed produces overspilling in reservoirs or increases Direct removal of water from the River is only part of water the flow rate in rivers and streams. Since power is use in the Hudson Valley. Much of the water that would generated when water flow increases, discharges simulate normally flow to the Hudson River is diverted from natural fluctuations in downstream watercourses. tributary streams for municipal use, hydroelectric power generation, the barge canal system, flood control, and Water Level and Flood Control crop irrigation. The water supply system is based on a Dams are also used to control flow of water in the River network of dams, reservoirs, canals, and aqueducts. by storing water from snow melt and heavy rains and releasing it during drier periods. In the Hudson River Issues and Pracaces system, the most important flood control dam is at Sacandaga Reservoir. Prior to construction of dams, Water Supply spring snowmelt created high water flow and flooding in Water supplies are primarily managed using reservoirs to the River basin while late summer droughts caused severe store runoff until it is needed. As of 1979, there were 37 reductions in fresh water flow. The Sacandaga dam, the reservoirs in the Hudson River watershed with a capacity Federal dam at Troy, and other water impoundments have of 1 billion gallons or more, and many more smaller ones dramatically reduced the severity of spring flooding, and (Hudson River Basin Study Group, 1979b). Reservoir led to increased flow and improved water quality during capacities are measured in acre-feet of water with one dry summer months. billion gallons of water equalling 3060 acre-feet. The largest reservoirs along the Hudson include Sacandaga Despite these control measures, flooding still occurs in the Lake at 880,000 acre-feet and Ashokan reservoir at Hudson Valley. Localized floods can be caused by ice 390,000 acre-feet. jams in early spring that form temporary dams which raise water levels above the River and stream banks. Through- Three hundred ninety two municipal water supply systems out the Hudson's watershed, general flooding is caused by Pollutants and.Water Quality 45 deforestation and development, which reduces the ability Habhat Protecdon Measures of the watershed to retain water and results in rapid water It is unlikely that new dams will be built on the Hudson level rise in tributaries. Damage to structures frequently River or its major tributaries. If such proposals are made, occurs when development is allowed in flood-plains which the impacts described above should be carefully are subject to inundation at 10 year and 100 year flood considered. The need to increase reservoir capacities, levels. and thus further divert basin runoff from the River, can generally be reduced by employing water conservation Impacts of Dams and Impoundments measures. New hydroelectric generation facilities should be limited to run-of-river operations. The critical factor for Reduced River Flow protection of habitat values is maintaining adequate fresh The primary impact of water control systems on the River water flow in the tributaries and the River that meets the is reduced water flow, causing a shift in the location of the needs of plants and animals, particularly anadromous fish. salt front in the same way that direct removal of water from the River does. It is likely that the normal range of Flood control values are provided by vegetation and movement of the salt front has been reduced by the water permeable soils. The Hudson's marshes undoubtedly control systems in the Hudson watershed. Dams provide flood protection and should be preserved for decrease water velocity in the River and the associated these values. Wetlands intercept and store storm water scouring effect of floods on the River bed. Water entering runoff for gradual release, mitigating the effects of heavy a reservoir loses velocity, and when water is released from floods (Ogawa and Male, 1983). Although most research the dam, its sediment load is left behind, reducing has focused on upland as opposed to tidal river wetlands, transport of sediment to the estuary. Of the above-listed a frequently cited example is a study in which 8400 acres impacts, it is difficult to determine whether they are of wetland along the Charles River in Massachusetts was positive or negative, particularly since the watershed has estimated to provide $17 million in flood protection been altered by deforestation and development and the benefits per year (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1972). reulting sediment loads have increased due to runoff and As a result, the study concluded that it was less expensive erosion. A clearly negative impact associated with to preserve the wetland areas than to remove them and impoundments is reduced water quality. Water released then have to build flood control structures to compensate from impoundments is generally warmer, containsless for lost flood control benefits. dissolved oxygen, and may have higher nutrient levels when compared to natural runoff. In addition, impermeable surfaces of developed areas and runoff from deforested watersheds should be reduced Tributary Impacts through active stormwater management programs that Although the Hudson estuary is not dammed for most of reintroduce permeable surfaces, protect vegetated areas, its length, there are many dams on its tributary streams. and limit runoff from new development. When dams store or divert tributary waters, their valuable freshwater input is lost. Indeed, many of the River's FURTHER READING significant coastal fish and wildlife habitats are located The best source of information on water use in the near the mouth of tributaries where environmental Hudson are the findings of the Hudson River Basin conditions associated with freshwater inflow has led in pan Study Group (1979a,b) . A more recent discussion of to the ecological value of the areas. water resources and local water supply systems can be found in DEC studies on State water resources such as Dams also block access to anadromous fish spawning Hazen and Sawyer (1987). For a discussion of wetland grounds in the tributaries, Although the area of freshwater flood control mechanisms, see Ogawa and Male (1983). creeks accessible to fish is only a small fraction of the estuary, this habitat is the most important for many 4.3 Pollutants and Water Quality anadromous fish species that require clear, fast-moving The effect of pollutants in the River ecosystem has water with adequate substrates for successful spawning. received a great deal of attention. Pollutants can be Tributaries are also important to anadromous fish such as divided into two categories: point source pollutants that American shad that spawn in the River, since suitable enter the River from a specific discharge area (usually a spawning conditions exist near the mouths of tributaries. drain pipe) and non-point source pollutants that enter the When a tributary is dammed, the flow of water is reduced River over a broad area. in important downstream areas and upstream habitat is not available for spawning. Depending on the amount of Issues and Practices water diverted, the tributary can be transformed into silty river bottom with little value for fish spawning. 'As an Point Source Pollution example, the Croton River now has limited value as a fish Point source pollution includes municipal sewage which is spawning area since most flow is diverted. composed largely of organic materials and industrial wastes which can contain organic material and toxic 46 Chapter 4: Human Interactions chemicals. Municipal sewage can also contain toxic are distributed throughout the Hudson River Basin (Figure chemicals originating from industrial sources, domestic 17). Many permits included more than one of the target use, and the water supply system. All point sources of chemicals and other substances that were not inventoried. pollution in NYS are regulated under the State Pollution Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) permit program. In another study of toxic chemical discharges, information derived from toxic chemical release reporting requirements Over the period 1979-1981 there were 455 permitted under the Superfund Amendments of 1986 indicated that dischargers releasing pollutants into the surface waters of 74 companies discharged an annual combined total of the Hudson River Basin (Johnson and Schmidt, 1983). over 50,000,000 pounds of toxic chemicals into the Included in this total number were 165 municipal sewage Hudson River drainage basin. The reporting requirements plants, 266 industrial plants, 12 commercial facilities, 6 included only corporate facilities that had ten or more institutions, and 6 private residences. Most permits were employees and that manufactured, imported, or processed held in the lower portion of the Hudson (including more than 75,000 pounds of any of the 308 hazardous tributaries) with smaller numbers in the upper Hudson and chemicals listed by the EPA within a calendar year Mohawk valley. Several years later, the number of (Barclay, 1989). Since both the federal and State dischargers in the Hudson Basin was 550, although the regulations include self-reporting requirements where the difference may reflect the inclusion of Hudson River basin discharger documents how much of a toxic chemical is discharges originating in other states (Rohmann, 1985). released, estimates of the total release of these chemicals are likely to understate the actual amount released. Sewage must be processed through at least two levels of In addition to the continuing problem of controlling today's treatment. Primary treatment includes removing all material that either floats or settles. Secondary treatment involves using bacteria to Map showing the locations of the 185 ---------- dischargers in the Hudson Basin: --- --- breakdown up to 85% of the organic matter Each dot indicates one discharger (Johnson and Schmidt, 1983). Although all sewage treatment plants were to have secondary treatment by 1984, a number still do not meet I)NEIDA 7 this standard, primarily due to the high capital lens Falls 0 cost required to build and upgrade treatment Rome HERKIMER @RATOI;A 1JENNING1 (IN facilities. Even in upgraded facilities, treatment of Ttit. VT municipal sewage is hampered since sewage and stormwater are combined in the same system. In Sd@n_ c,ady periods of heavy rain or snow melt, sewage treatment plants do not have the capacity to -CH 1@1@ retain the volume of incoming effluent and are Albany ICKOHARIE forced to let torrents of stormwater and raw L13ANN sewage flow directly into the River, an event BERKSHIRE called a combined sewer overflow (CSO). In MA addition, sewage treatment plants do not alter DELA-RE NY RE @E@FN toxins received from industrial dischargers, roadway runoff, or from paint and solvents that ------- may be poured down a home-owner's drain. ULSTER Industrial discharges that may interfere with the Kingston ITCHESS CT function of sewage treatment plants are prohibited under a State and federal industrial Poughk" si. pretreatment program where communities must Newburgh adopt standards to protect the sensitive ------- FL TNAM secondary treatment process. IRANGE Although enormous gains have been made in SUSSEX M E,1T( HEs-rE 00 sewage treatment and improvement in water R KLAND quality, this success has been tempered by the % greater threat that toxic chemical pollution BERGEN I Yonkers presents. In an inventory of 26 toxic chemicals, NJ 185 institutions in the Hudson River Basin held HU.S6N - @Aml discharge permits for at least one of these compounds between 1978 and 1983 (Rohmann Figure 17: Location of dischargers holding SPDES permits in the 1985, Rohmann and Lilienthal, 1987). Discharges early 1980's (from Inform, 1985). Pollutants and Water Quality 47 discharges, yesterday's disposal practices also present capacity and lead to large volumes of pollutant-laden problems in the Hudson River. Foundry Cove, an EPA runoff entering the River. Since most municipalities have Superfund site, is contaminated with levels of nickel and combined sanitary and stormwater systems, the volume of cadmium that present an immediate health hazard. Plans urban runoff during storms can also exceed the capacity are well underway to reduce this contamination which of their sewage treatment plant, flushing raw sewage resulted from a battery manufacturing plant. Another directly into the River. example is the large landfill on Croton Point which is leaking toxic chemicals directly into the River. Herbicides applied to railroad and highway rights of way enter the River as nonpoint pollution. Kiviat (1978) Nonpoint Source Pollution describes the railroad's herbicide application procedure of Nonpoint source pollution does not result from a specific the early 1970's which involved two men on a tank car source or discrete discharge, but originates from using hoses to spray the railroad embankment, creating pollutants carried into the River over broad areas. clouds of herbicide that drifted into adjacent marshes. Nonpoint sources of pollution include agricultural runoff, Even if herbicides are carefully applied, the proximity of urban runoff, atmospheric deposition, and groundwater the railroad to the water and the porous embankment leachate. Nonpoint source pollution is more difficult to gravels guarantee the entry of herbicides into the River. measure or control than pollution entering from a discrete Significant insecticide and herbicide concentrations can point. Nonpoint source pollution is also ubiquitous, also enter the River ecosystem from attempts to control entering the Hudson along the entire length of the estuary. undesirable species. In the past, control of the spread of exotic water chestnut plants was attempted using 2-4,D Agricultural runoff includes water-soluble pollutants and and other chemicals. pollutants associated with soil erosion. Soils contain heavy metals including lead, chromium, and arsenic which Atmospheric pollution also enters the River through are naturally present at low concentrations. Soil erosion precipitation and fallout, although the contribution from also directly degrades water quality in the River by raising these sources requires further study. Groundwater that turbidity, decreasing dissolved oxygen, and elevating enters the River through springs and upwellings is another nutrient levels; increases sedimentation rates in marshes, potential source of pollutants if it has been contaminated shallows, flats, and deepwater communities; and by landfills, chemical spills, and agricultural practices. And eliminates spawning grounds in tributary streams. In finally, pollutants buried in River sediment may be reintro- addition to pollution that can result from soil erosion duced into other physical and biological components of alone, agricultural runoff includes fertilizers, pesticides and the ecosystem when disturbed by dredging and shipping herbicides. Fertilizers include nitrogen and phosphorus or scouring by currents. compounds which percolate through the soil into groundwater or wash directly into the River. Persistent Impacts of Pollutants pesticides are resistant to breakdown in the environment and include DDT, chlorodane, dieldrin, and endrin. These Sewage chemicals adhere tightly to soil and still enter the River Untreated sewage is a rich source of nutrients, including ecosystem through agricultural runoff, even though their nitrogen and phosphorus, and organic matter. Under use has been banned in the United States for a number of natural conditions, the productivity of plants is limited by years. Pesticides and herbicides in current use are less the nutrients that are in short supply in the ecosystem. persistent in the environment, degrading through exposure When sewage is added to the natural system, plant to sunlight or bacterial decomposition. These chemicals productivity sharply increases and organic matter is tend to be water soluble and high concentrations can rapidly produced, usually through algal blooms. As algae appear in agricultural runoff soon after their application. and other plants die, the organic matter they produced, as well as the organic matter contained in sewage, under- Urban runoff includes pollutants associated with urban and goes bacterial decomposition. The dissolved oxygen suburban development that enter the River through direct- content of the water can be completely depleted, resulting discharge storm sewers and direct runoff that occurs at in the death of additional organisms. In severe cases, all street ends for example. Pollutants in urban runoff that the animals in the water can be killed and the once' are associated with roadways and paved areas include healthy tidal community becomes a dead system, with a heavy metals (e.g. lead, cadmium, and chromium), layer of foul mud resembling black mayonnaise. inorganic chemicals (e.g. cyanide, asbestos), gasoline, and oils. Pollutants associated with residential Nutrient enrichment results in a condition called development include fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, eutrophication. The effects of eutrophication are which are largely used for lawn maintenance. Urban particularly pronounced in summer; warmer water holds runoff results directly from perrmeable surface areas in less dissolved oxygen, and both plant productivity and developed areas. Streets, parking lots, roofs, and bacterial decomposition rates increase. Before sewage compacted soils all reduce the land's water retention treatment plants were introduced, the "Albany Pool" was 48 Chapter 4: Human Interactions a festering cesspool for most of the summer, with little or the metals tend to remain bound to the sediment and do no fish life. Primary treatment reduces the amount of not necessarily enter the food chain. In the long run, the nutrients and organic matter that enter the waterway by benefits of having contaminated sediments removed from removing coarse matter, floating scum, and settleable the River outweigh the short term costs of dredging. particles from raw sewage. Secondary treatment further reduces organic matter using an accelerated bacterial Chemical Pollutants decomposition process which reduces the amount of Chemical pollutants include benzene, chloroform, toluene, oxygen depletion occurring in the natural system. The PCBs, and many herbicides and pesticides. These process results in a treated, disinfected liquid or effluent pollutants have numerous negative effects ranging from which is released into the River, while leftover sludge is producing cancer in fish, to thinning raptor eggshells so buried in landfills or dumped in the ocean (Congress has that they break during incubation. As with heavy metals, banned ocean dumping of sludge after 1991). chemical pollutants bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the food chain. Predators at the top of the food chain make In addition to organic matter and nutrients, municipal good indicators of the amounts of these substances in the sewage may contain heavy metals in the effluent stream; environment. Osprey, for example, will only breed one study by the National Resource Defense Council successfully where DDT levels are low. While some of the estimated that over 4000 lbs of heavy metals pass through organic compounds are relatively unstable and breakdown New York City sewage plants every day. The effluent rapidly, others (including chlorinated hydrocarbon stream can also contain harmful bacteria that escape insecticides and PCBs) are very stable and persist in the disinfection; disinfectants which depress natural bacteria environment for years. populations in the River; and, plastics that present physical hazards to fish and wildlife. Use of pesticides in the control of plant and animal pest species creates unique ecological problems, including the Heavy Metals evolution of resistant strains of pest species. With Heavy metals are acutely toxic to animals and to a lesser repeated use, surviving pesticide-resistant individuals degree, plants. In humans, cadmium affects lungs and make up the entire population, and increasing amounts of kidneys, lead affects kidneys and the nervous system, and chemicals are required to control the pest. Pesticides also mercury harms the nervous system, skin, lungs, and kill beneficial species. Since beneficial species include kidneys (Rohmann and Lilienthal, 1987). Heavy metals predators that play a role in controlling pest populations, have similar harmful effects on animals, and can reduce indiscriminate loss of these predators can actually lead to plant growth and respiration rates (Daiber, 1986). an increase in the population of the pest species. Under normal conditions, heavy metals are not water- In addition to contamination by pesticides, the Hudson soluble and either accumulate in sediments or concentrate River has extensive chemical pollution, most notably by a in living organisms through bio-accumulation and bio- group of chemicals called polychlorinated hydrocarbons magnification. Bio-accumulation results from the chemical (PCBs), which are found in the Hudson in high concen- affinity of metals and other contaminants for fatty body trations. PCBs are stable compounds that resist heat and tissues. Since heavy metals are not metabolized, the fat fire, qualities that have led to the use of PCBs since the soluble metals accumulate at higher and higher concen- 1920's in electrical capacitators, plastics, flame retardants, trations in the animal with the consumption of each and adhesives. PCBs are fat-soluble, tending to accu- contaminated meal. Bio-magnification occurs as toxins mulate in sediments and animal tissues. PCBs are also bio-accumulated at one level of the food chain are passed suspected carcinogens. on to the next level through predation. Since the predators consume prey that have already accumulated Most of the PCBs in the Hudson came from two General toxins from the environment, the concentration of toxins Electric capacitator plants at Fort Edward and Hudson in the predators' diet is relatively higher than in their preys' Falls, which released over 500,000 lbs of PCBs to the diet, resulting in higher toxin concentrations in predator River between 1946 and 1977. Although most PCBs were tissues. The level of contamination is magnified with each contained in sediments of the upper portion of the River, step up the food chain. the removal of a dam at Fort Edward in 1973 released PCB-contaminated sediments resulting in contamination of Heavy metals persist in the environment, and do not break the entire River (Limburgh, 1985). down or decompose into benign compounds. Once a metal enters the food chain it is rarely lost, but cycles General Electric agreed to stop releasing PCBs in 1977 continuously through different trophic levels. Removal of and provided $3 million for monitoring and cleanup contaminated sediments is one of the few ways to remove activities. Over the past 10 years, however, there has heavy metals from the ecosystem and can generally only been extensive debate over what to do about PCB be achieved through dredging. Although dredging ran contamination and little action. One approach calls for resuspend up to 5% of the sediments in the water column, dredging the upper portion of the River to remove highly Pollutants and Water Quality 49 contaminated sediments that contribute to PCB levels in lower parts of the River. Another approach would allow PCBs to remain in the River to be naturally buried or even slowly degraded and that the dredging would only disturb this process. Two administrative hearings (by DEC Administrative Law Judges and Hazardous Waste Facility Siting Boards) regarding the proposed clean-up project concluded that there is a compelling public need for the dredging project and that leaving the PCBs in place was not acceptable. More recently, DEC and EPA have reconsidered the possibility of designating a substantial portion of the River as a superfund site. Meanwhile, the entire upper portion of the River between Troy and Fort Edward is closed to fishing and within the Figure 18: Oil tank farms are often located adjacent to valuable habitat (N. estuary, the Department of Health Salatsky/7"NC). has recommended severe restrictions on fish consumption., Estimates indicate that example is lead pollution that results from paint flakes that fishing restrictions resulting from PC13 contamination cost fall into the River during bridge maintenance. The solid the State between $17 and $25 million annually in waste disposal crisis has led to reports of waste disposal recreational fishing income and $2 million annually in in the River, including demolition debris, tires and food commercial fishing revenue (Barclay, 1989). containers. Litter can also directly impact wildlife, an example is the plastic 6-pack ring that can choke birds Oil and other Petroleum Products and other animals. Radioactive contamination from Oil, grease, and other petroleum products are among the atmospheric fallout and nuclear power plants must also be most ubiquitous pollutants found in the River, coming from considered. Radioactivity can disrupt many aspects of the industrial discharges, leaking storage tanks, oil spills, and ecosystem and should be carefully controlled. highway and urban runoff (Figure 18). Oil affects the biotic community by inhibiting germination of plant Wetlands -as Natural Sewage Treatment Systems seedlings, destroying plant leaves and shoots, and killing Since wetlands can act as sinks for nutrients and birds and fish (Daiber, 1986). The tendency of oil to float chemicals, they could also be managed to remove wastes on water makes it particularly disruptive to the mudflat and added to the River system by humans (Hammer and shore habitats, where most of the sensitive biological Kaldec, 1983; U.S. EPA, 1983). Managed wetlands are activity is concentrated on the surface of the sediment. envisioned as solar powered sewage plants (Odum, 1978). Oil is also toxic to insect larvae and zooplankton that use The properties of wetlands supporting this view include the water surface; before the development of synthetic anoxic sediments that retain chemicals, sedimentation pesticides, oil was often directly applied to marsh areas to rates that bury pollutants, and plant and bacterial control mosquito populations. processes that can remove nutrients (Daiber, 1986). Studies conducted on waste treatment by wetlands have Other Pollutants (Salt, Paint, Debris, Radioactivity) concluded that freshwater marshes can assimilate limited In addition to the toxic pollutants discussed above, there amounts of nitrogen from sewage while increasing the are many other pollutants that adversely impact the River. oxygen content, although these benefits are seasonal in A large amount of sait is added to the River from highway nature and do not work well for toxic wastes (WhIgham and urban runoff and snow disposal. Salt could have an and Simpson, 1976; Kaldec, 1978; Daiber, 1986). effect on spawning fish and their larvae which may be sensitive to fluxes in salinity. Salt stored In piles for use in de-icing also contain anti-caking compounds that often contain arsenic. Toxic compounds can also enter the River from construction and maintenance activities. An 50 Chapter 4: Human Interactions Habitat Protection Measures 4.4 Transportation The only effective way to reduce impacts of pollution on The Hudson River serves as an important transportation River habitats is to eliminate or minimize introduction of corridor for the movement of goods and people in one of these substances into the system. The SPDES program the most densely populated regions of the country. is designed to control and monitor all major point sources Transportation has significantly impacted the tidal habitats. of pollution. Compliance with this program is largely the responsibility of the permittee who must monitor and Freight and Passenger Trafric report the amounts and types of substances being Transportation routes using the Hudson Valley are both released into the water. DEC staff make periodic waterborne and land based; currently most of the freight inspections of facilities and take water quality readings, traffic is waterborne while passenger traffic is land based. but they do not have the resources to monitor compliance with permit restrictions systematically, so that many Issues and Practices violations may go undetected and unreported. The detrimental effects of point source pollution can also be Freight Traffic reduced by ensuring that treated effluent and industrial Since the middle of this century, Albany has served as a wastes are not released in the most biologically valuable deep-water port, handling freight traffic from ocean-going portions of the River. Containment structures designed to ships, barges, and a variety of smaller craft. Access to the prevent leakage or spills from oil and gas storage tanks port by larger vessels is facilitated by maintenance should also be regularly inspected and maintained. dredging in the River channel. Waterborne traffic along There is no single program analogous to SPDES that the River consists largely of petroleum products, raw addresses nonpoint source pollution. Numerous steps materials, and some finished goods. Although the overall can be taken to reduce the effects of urban and tonnage shipped had declined since the mid 20th century, agricultural runoff on the Hudson River habitats. there was a resurgence of shipping in the 1980's based on Municipalities which are upgrading their existing water the regional distribution of bananas and Volkswagons. delivery and treatment facilities can enhance the efficiency More recently, the Port of Albany has lost a significant and effectiveness of' both by constructing separate portion of its business to modernized ports. Freight is systems for collection and treatment of sewage waste and also hauled in the Hudson Valley on the railroads that stormwater runoff. Municipalities can also expand current flank the River shore and on the nearby Thruway. programs that collect and safely dispose of or recycle Passenger Traffic household chemicals, paints, automotive oil, and batteries In the early nineteenth century almost all travellers in the that otherwise may lead to contamination. Local soil Hudson Valley boarded sloops and steamships. Since the conservation offices and other agencies can recommend mid-nineteenth century, passenger traffic has been largely best management practices to minimize runoff and soil land based, and continues today with extensive ridership erosion. Application of insecticides and herbicides can be on the Amtrak lines along the Hudson and the Thruway replaced with biological control methods or their use can between New York and Albany. Reminders of older be limited to selective applications timed to coincide with means of travel do exist; the Day Line still operates limited pest outbreaks rather than routinely scheduled spraying. ferry service from New York City to points along the River, and the Clearwater, a replica of the Hudson River sloops, Salt storage runoff impacts can be reduced by using plies the waters of the estuary. covered storage facilities. Highway and railroad rights- of-way can be maintained through mechanical removal of Impact of Transportation vegetation in sensitive areas instead of herbicides. It may be cost effective to plant shrubs or perennial ground- Waterborne Traffic covers that would eliminate the need for vegetation Since the Half Moon first ran aground on a mudflat in maintenance (Kiviat, 1978). Highway and bridge repair 1609, the different kinds of transportation used over the work should avoid introducing lead-containing paint years have had an enormous impact on the River eco- scrapings and other pollutants into the River ecosystem. system. While earlier use of canoes and sailboats had FURTHER READING only affected the riverbank at docking areas, the advent of The best source on toxic pollutants in the Hudson is the steam power coincided with a greater ability to pollute the Inform study published in two volumes: Rohmann (1985) River. Initially pollutants were largely limited to ash and and Rohmann and Lilienthal (1987). These contain cinders that can still be seen in sediments along the detailed maps and information . for 26 major toxic shore. More recently, petroleum products have polluted pollutants. Johnson and Schmidt (1983) explains the the River, from both engines and cargoes of ships. For SPDES system and also describes specific dischargers. example, over 420,000 gallons of oil spilled into the River For a history and technical discussion of PCBs in the in 1977 when the barge Ethel H struck Con Hook Rock, River, see Limburg (1985). resulting in an oil slick reaching Long Island (Hall, 1978). Transportation 51 Large cargo ships also impact shallow water and shore communities (Figure 19). Large ships create a drawdown in water levels as they displace water from the shipping channel, alternately flooding and exposing shore and flats through wildly oscillating water levels and large wakes which scour sediments and cause local rises in turbidity. Wakes may have their greatest impact in early spring when vegetation has not mA established a protective cover, newly-sprouted plants are 0 vulnerable to being washed away, and young fish are more susceptible to water elevation fluctuations and increased turbidity. GKO Large ships also impact deepwater communities, although this may be limited to the channels where the Figure 19: Tugboat and barge near 77te Flats above )Gngston (N. SalafskylTNQ vessel propellers resuspend sediments as they pass several feet above the River Habitat Protection Measures bottom. Large ships also discharge ballast water that The River's water quality will continue to improve as comes from the port of origin. Although not documented maintenance protocols designed to prevent hydrocarbon for the Hudson River, ships of the same class as those leaks from both engines and cargoes are strictly used on the Hudson have introduced exotic species that implemented and enforced. Contingency plans for have become pests in the Great Lakes. Overall, the cleaning up major oil spills exist; it may be appropriate to combination of dredging required to facilitate ship passage review and update these plans so that they include the and the use of large cargo ships in the River has had latest information regarding sensitive habitats and adverse impacts on the River ecosystem. organisms. Without reducing river traffic, there is no obvious solution to the impacts of large boat wakes on the Landbased Traffic tidal habitats; however, barge-based shipping would have Land based transportation modes have had as much of an less impact both in decreasing the amount of water level impact on the River as did waterbased modes. Foremost fluctuation and in reducing the need for maintenance among these impacts was construction of the railroad dredging. Port marketing efforts should be directed at lines along both banks of the River which, at the expense barge traffic rather than large vessel shipping to lessen the of much shore community, created many coves where impact of shipping on the River's habitats. marsh and shallows are now found. Currently, a significant impact results from herbicides applied along the FURTHER READING railroad right-ot-way which, In addition to having localized Historical information concerning transportation along the effects on sensitive plant species, introduces toxic River can be found in Myllod (1969). Impacts of the chemicals into the environment. Other effects of the railroad and potential solutions are more fully explored in railroad Include disturbance of wildlife by trains rushing Kiviat (1978). Recent information on commercial shipping through the habitats, possible sewage discharges along activities on the River is available in annual reports the tracks, and the potential for spills from a derailment. prepared by the Port of Albany. Highways in the Hudson Valley also can have significant Dredging and Dredge Material Disposal impacts on the River. Pollutants including lead, oil, and Dredging Involves sediment removal from the River bottom salt, drain Into the River in significant quantities from and excavation of contiguous upland areas. The resulting highway runoff. Paint and other materials used to material is transferred to another location by barge, truck, maintain bridges over the River and its tributaries are a or pipeline depending on the method of dredging used. potential source of toxic contamination. Dredging can be done to facilitate deep draft shipping but can also be used to remove pollutant-contaminated sediments, create marinas and docking facilities, or as a 52 Chapter 4, Human Interactions source of raw materials in construction projects. Dredging Historically, several dredge material disposal methods has had a profound impact in shaping the Hudson as it have been used. Before the mid-1 970's, economic factors exists today and is necessary for the continued use of the dictated which disposal method was used with little or no River as an economic resource. regard for the ecological impacts. Spoil was used to fill wetlands to create developable land, create new islands or Issues and Practices enlarge existing islands in shallow areas of the River (Figure 20), or was placed In non-channel or deep channel History of Dredging on theHudson areas of the River (MPI, 1983). Since the 1970's, natural The Hudson River's navigation channel is maintained by resource protection has been a requirement in planning the Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers New York dredging operations. This is clearly reflected in Corps District (Corps). The Corps is authorized by Congress documents; early dredging plans (e.g. U.S Army Corps of under the Rivers and Harbors Act to "provide waterborne Engineers 1965) were concerned with cost efficiency and access to the Port of Albany, and to the New York State economic development, current plans (e.g. US Army Barge Canal System to the north and west of Albany" Corps 1988) assess environmental impacts and attempt to (most information in this section is based on MPI, 1983; select the least damaging alternative. and US Army Corps, 1988). Techniques for Dredging and Dredge Spoil Deposition Dredging the Hudson River began in 1900 in New York Dredging is conducted either by hydraulic pump or City, south of the present day location of the George mechanical removal by several diffferent techniques, each Washington bridge, and was extended 11 miles upriver having advantages and disadvantages (MPI, 1983). The between 1917 and 1937 (MPI, 1983). Between 1926 and preferred dredging technique depends on the disposal 1930, a 27 foot deep channel was dredged between method used, the nature of the sediments being dredged, Hudson and Albany, and from 1931 to 1954 the channel the potential ecological impacts on the surrounding areas south of Hudson was also dredged to a depth of 27 feet. and the types of equipment available. Between 1954 and 1966, the entire channel from Manhattan to Albany was dredged to its present depth of Several methods of dredge material disposal are available, 32 feet. In addition to the main channel, six auxiliary each having associated costs and benefits. Factors in channels were dredged including Catskill Creek, selecting a disposal method are the high economic cost Saugerties Harbor, Rondout Harbor, Wappinger Creek, of transporting dredged materials to a disposal site and Peekskill Harbor, and Tarrytown Harbor. The Corps is the local ecological impacts. Adjacent upland disposal currently conducting a study to evaluate providing access has relatively low transportation cost, but suitable sites for larger vessels on the Hudson, either by deepening the located near a dredging operation are difficult to obtain. entire channel or by creating deepwater areas in which ships could anchor during low tide. Maintenance dredging is required toremove sediment accumulations in the channel; the most recent maintenance was performed in 1988. In addition to channel dredging, the Corps has also conducted snagging and clearing rem operations to ove downed X4 trees and other debris that W-41 A, impedes navigation. Due to the variation in depth and sedimen- is tation rates, more dredging required in some parts of the Hudson than others. Most maintenance dredging has occurred in two sections of the River: between Nyack and Peekskill; and, from Kingston to the dam at Troy. The River's natural depth precludes the need for dredging between these areas. Figum 20: Dredge fill encroachment Into wetlands at Roefiff-Jansen 1911 (N. Salafsky@TNC). Transportation 53 The cost of a recent dredging operation was increased by Dredging can create a local turbidity plume which adds to over a million dollars solely due to dredge material the suspended sediment load. Suspended sediment can disposal costs; lacking a suitable upland site, the dredged reduce the oxygen content of the water, interfere with fish material had to be barged to the ocean. A study of respiration, and limit photosynthesis. This effect is dredging the Hudson concluded that upland disposal, pronounced with sediments that have a high organic beach nourishment, and wetland creation are the preferred content, while turbidity plume impacts are negligible with disposal alternatives for clean material and that contained sandy sediments. In general, suspended sediments from upland disposal is the best method for sediment a typical dredge plume are tolerated by fish (MPI, 1983). contaminated by PCBs and other toxic pollutants (MPI, In practice, fish can also swim away from most localized 1983). More recently, the use of subaqueous borrow pits dredging. When contaminated sediments are involved, for the disposal of contaminated sediments has been however, damage to fish populations ran result if considered, although these sediments are relatively rare in contaminants are reintroduced to the food chain. Special the River's navigation channel (US Army Corps, 1988). dredging techniques that reduce the turbidity plume may be necessary to avoid this impact. Dredging should be conducted in a manner that minimizes the need for repeated maintenance and to prevent re- Dredge Material Disposal entry of materials to the River channel. Most Hudson The practice of disposing material without regard to the River dredging is subcontracted by the Corps to private ecological value of the River communities had the greatest firms. The Corps conducts inspections to ensure that impact on the River due to dredging. Today, it is not likely dredging and disposal activities are carried out properly; that material will be disposed of within the River. Several careless work can lead to more frequent dredging and potential beneficial uses of dredge spoil are exceptions to results in needless environmental damage and cost this generalization. Sandy dredge material can be used (Darnell, 1978). for beach nourishment which provides one of the few effective means of counteracting the effects of shoreline Impacts of Dredging erosion. Sandy sediments can also be used as con- struction material with a market value that warrants the Direct Impacts establishment of reusable disposal sites where the material Dredging can eliminate tidal communities through direct is trucked away for beneficial use at no public cost. removal of the site. Direct adverse impacts from dredging involve the loss of the uppermost sediment layer in which The use of dredge material for the creation of wetlands most benthic organisms live and many swimming has also generated considerable interest. The Corps has organisms feed. Maintenance dredging of the main identified at least 22 sites on the Hudson that may be navigation channel would probably not eliminate suitable wetland creation sites. Wetland or marsh creation ecological values that could not be regenerated since the on the Hudson is a practical alternative and is not as channel has previously been dredged. Direct adverse complicated as creating non-tidal freshwater wetlands impacts are associated with proposals that would deepen where artificial control of water levels is usually required. the channel or create deep anchoring areas through Any wetland creation scheme would likely involve sacri- removal of deepwater, shallows, or mudflat communities. ficing an existing ecological community (such as flats or Dredging in the six auxiliary channels may have adverse shallows where material would be deposited) and may impacts depending on the changes in these areas that not be desirable until mitigation techniques have been have occurred since the last dredging operation and the proven to work effectively under local conditions and only likely development pressures on adjacent ecological after conducting an evaluation which concludes that the communities that would result due to improved value of the new wetland community would be greater navigability. Waterfront development may result in than the displaced community. This conclusion could be removal of ecologically valuable areas through private reached in areas of the River where wetlands are not dredging operations conducted on smaller tributaries or already abundant. Since the restoration of Foundry Cove, backwater areas of the River. Dredging proposals an EPA superfund site, includes replanting a native marsh involving adverse impacts have increased along with the after the contaminated sediments are removed, the demand for recreational boat facilities. techniques for marsh creation on the Hudson River should be well-documented and tested in the near future. Indirect Impacts The impact of maintenance dredging on adjacent areas A further potential adverse impact of dredge material may be of greater concern than direct impact on the disposal is associated with transportion to suitable dredged area. Indirect impacts fall into three categories: disposal sites, usually when hydraulic pipe systems are immediate impacts associated with dredging; impacts used. Damage can result from pipe leaks in ecologically from disposal of dredge material, and long term impacts important areas and from building access roads needed on the River ecosystem. for laying pipe between dredging and disposal sites. Under current plans, temporary roads will be employed if 54 Chapter 4: Human Interactions necessary, using low quality wetlands that are dominated contribution to the regional economy. The amount of by common reed or loosestrife when possible (MPI, 1983). maintenance dredging and impacts on the River would be Although temporary roads that can be removed after work reduced if the channel depth could be maintained at less is completed have significantly reduced impacts when than the current 32 foot depth. Calculating the true compared to the past practice of permanent road economic costs of dredging and its associated construction, even wetlands that have been designated environmental impacts might prove expansion of the low quality do provide important values and will require channel or even maintenance at current levels to be restoration or enhancement. financially unsound, particularly if an economic niche relying on shallow draft coastal vessels could be Long-Term Effects of Dredging developed for the Port of Albany. Long-term effects of dredging on the River ecosystem are difficult to assess. The Hudson has undergone more than FURTHER READING 350 years of human development and many if not all of Most of the information on dredging is derived from an the existing significant habitats have been affected. environmental impact statement on dredging in the Nonetheless, it is desirable to avoid adverse impacts on Hudson River produced for the Corps by MPI (1983). existing habitats whenever possible. The largest impacts Additional details can be found in subsequent reports such of dredging are probably altered hydrology, sedimentation, as U.S. Army Corps (1988). and geography of the River. Effects on the River's ,geography have persisted long after the dredging has 4.5 Shoreline Development been conducted; this is particularly evident in the number of islands in the River that are now connected to and Much of the shoreline along the Hudson River and its indiscernible from upland, curiously keeping their island tributaries has been altered through the construction of names. Many of these islands and disposal sites were bulkheads, revetments, and dikes. These structures have bulkheaded to contain sediments and prevent their re- had a profound impact on the distribution and entry to the River; these bulkheads are failing in many composition of the River's significant tidal habitats. areas (Figure 21). Dredging has undoubtably altered the River's hydrology by increasing tidai flow with the Diking and Development elimination of constriction points in the natural River Tidal areas have historically been destroyed directly channel. The effects of this change in hydrology on tidal through diking and filling for agricultural, industrial, and amplitude, currents, and salt front movement have not residential development and indirectly by embankments been investigated. Sedimentation in the River has for railroad lines or for containing dredged materials. increased with the deforestation and development of the Direct bulkheading and diking tends to convert an area watershed. Since dredging is normally required in areas permanently to upland, whereas indirect destruction that naturally accumulate sediments, dredging may have retains elements of the original wetland (Daiber, 1986). beneficial effects through the removal of this excess material. Issues and Practrces Habitat Protection Measures Creation of Fast Land Adverse impacts on fish and other aquatic species from Fast land, or upland, is created when an area is diked and dredging can be minimized by conducting dredging then filled. A great deal of the River has been filled near during the late summer and fall when the sensitive period urban areas where the demand for waterfront land has of reproductive activity is largely completed. been the greatest. Filled land has been used for parks, housing, and industries. Land creation can also occur On the Hudson River, significant adverse impacts on the through passive processes. Maps of the upper portion of tidal habitats are not likely to occur under current plans for the estuary from the 1800's and the present, reveal that maintenance dredging of the Federal shipping channel. much of what is now mainland shore was once shallow Deepening the channel to increase commercial shipping backwater or naturally occurring islands (Figure 22). by providing access for larger draft vessels, as called for Although land was directly created using dredge material, in a proposed plan, has the potential to severely affect sedimentation has appparently also accounted for land significant habitats in the River and its tributaries which creation, particularly behind bulkheads that may have probably could not be avoided or mitigated. Rather than been built as breakwaters. These newly created lands pursuing a deeper channel to attract larger vessels to the were often used for agricultural purposes. Port of Albany, an alternative approach would focus marketing efforts and facility design on shallower draft Railroad Coves vessels. Since less than three percent of commercial Many coves along the Hudson's shoreline were diked River traffic in 1977 had a draft of greater than 18 feet, it when the railroads were constructed. Other coves were may be worth comparing the economic and environmental diked to grow rice and for waterfowl management. costs of dredging required for deep draft vessels with their Shoreline Development 55 Although the railroad tracks generally followed the River's shoreline, tracks were laid directly across coves on fill embankments in order to provide the straightest track alignment (Figure 23). In coves where a tributary stream flowed into the diked area, culverts were placed under the tracks to reduce hydrostatic pressure by . . . . . . . . allowing flow to the River. Tidal flow was also facilitated through culverts. Depending on the size of the cove, the amount of freshwater inflow, and the tidal amplitude, connections ranged from small 17@ culverts to large open channels, which were bridged by the railroad. Impacts of Dikes and Shoreline Development i Habitat Destruction and Buffer Figure 21: Bulkhead retaining dredge material at Shad and Schermerhom Islands Zone Development (N. SalafskylITNC) Diking and fast land creation directly destroys valuable tidal habitat. Human activity on examples are heart leaf plantain which is subjected to the Hudson River has permanently destroyed large trampling, and bald eagles that require undisturbed areas amounts of marsh, flats, and shallows. Shoreline for roosting and nesting. development also threatens tidal habitats indirectly. For example, adjacent upland areas are ecologically linked to Bulkheads also compound the effect of wakes and waves. the tidal habitats by proximity, watershed, and soil Natural shoreline absorbs wave energy as waves run up characteristics. Development of these buffer zones can a beach or rocky shore, or in the case of larger waves, change the amount and nature of freshwater inflow, water through erosion, which dissipates energy through removal quality, sedimentation rates, water level fluctuation, and of shore material. Rather than losing their energy, waves species composition. Development in the buffer zone can rebound off hard bulkhead surfaces and scour the area in also alter the suitability of adjacent habitat for plants and front of the bulkhead, eliminating beach, marsh, and animals that are unable to tolerate human disturbance; mudflat. Bulkheading also prevents ecological zz -s c- Jl@'4 t@ SCIODACK -1,97,9- Figure 22: The effects of diking and disposal on the Hudson River shoreline between Albany and New Baltimore (from Clearwater, 1.979). 56 Chapter 4: Human Interactions River, with the railroad often dividing those on the east shore. South of Saugerties, where there is little natural indentation in the River's shoreline, marshes tend to be located in rail road-sheltered coves. Although not conclusive, the railroad may have resulted in the creation of a significant amount of marsh in the southern portion of the estuary, and a decrease in quality of marshes in the northern part of the estuary. From a different perspective, the impact of the railroad is unques- tionably positive. Without the railroad and its restriction of access to the shore, many of the marshes would have been destroyed through riverfront development and associated fill. Future management efforts should reflect the unique environmental Figure 23: Railroad tracks fronting cove at Stockport (N, Salatsky). conditions created by the railroad coves. Reduced circulation and communities from evolving through natural succession or increased sedimentation rates caused by the railroad are in response to events such as sea level rise (section 3.4). likely to lead to increased senescence of marsh communities. Many of the cove marshes could be Reduced Water Circulation transformed into swamp forest over time without the The impacts that resulted from the creation of the railroad formation of new marsh to replace ft. Marsh that has coves are difficult to evaluate. Railroad embankments formed behind bulkheads at other points along the River have generally reduced water circulation. Although water shore may also be subject to a similar process. levels still rise and fall, the flushing action of the tides is reduced and sediments tend to accumulate. Furthermore, Habitat Protection Measures the linkage between cove marshes and the main body of Direct destruction of the River's ecological communities the River is impaired, with reduced exchange of detritus has been significantly reduced through recognition of their and nutrients. Marshes that are landward of the railroad values and legislation. Proposals to fill in portions of the tracks are also more prone to invasion by species such as River continue to be made for various purposes, and these purple loosestrife and common reed (Bob Zaremba, pers. proposals should be rejected. Under current law, it is comm.). Impounded areas are generally less productive difficult to obtain permits to place fill in the River for any and have lower species diversity than naturally occurring purpose. Passive filling of the River currently requires areas, although certain species may be found in greater study and management directed at sources of sedimen- densities in the enclosed areas (Daiber, 1986). tation and former breakwaters and man-made structures. Despite the negative impacts associated with railroad In addition to limiting direct impacts, maintaining embankments, the net impact may be positive. Many of undisturbed upland buffer zones may be essential to the cove marshes may exist because of the shelter protection of tidal habitats. Different types of development provided by the railroad embankment from River currents, can have various impacts on adjacent areas and should waves, and scouring by ice floes. Without the railroad, be evaluated for impacts that may affect adjacent, yet marsh areas in these coves might have been much ecologically-linked areas. Current wetland protection laws smaller or even non-existent. do not include adequate buffer zones that are necessary for protection of the River's tidal habitats. Undeveloped The impact of the coves can be explored to some extent areas of the River that do not currently support significant by comparing the east (with railroad) and west (without habitats may be required for future habitat sites, since railroad) shores of the River. Between Albany and today's significant areas are not static and will require Saugerties where there are few coves and many sheltered space to accommodate their dynamic nature. Loss of points and backwaters, the distribution of marshes these Important areas can be reduced If shoreline appears to be roughly equal between both sides of the developments are clustered In or near existing population Shoreline Development 57 centers or previously disturbed sites, and If adequate exclusive. Of the 82 boat launch and marina sites located setbacks from the River are used. on the Hudson, only 17 are publicly owned while an additional 44 commercial sites are open to the public on Railroad cove marshes may be improved with enhanced a limited basis (Hudson River Access Forum, 1988). flow resulting from construction of larger replacement culverts or bridges and improving flow in existing Swimming, Hiking, and Bicycling channels. Increased flow may reduce-sedimentation rates, There has been a renewed demand in recent years for slow community succession, and delay the transformation access to the River for swimming and hiking or biking of marsh to a swamp community (Kiviat, 1978). along the shore, largely as a result of water quality improvements. Although there are only a few beaches FURTHER READING along the tidal portion of the River where swimming is See Kiviat, (1978) for an excellent discussion of permitted, the potential demand for the use of these sites management steps that can be taken in the coves and is enormous; surveys of American recreation activities along the shore. indicate that over 50% of all Americans annually engage in swimming (Hudson River Access Forum, 1988). Recreational Access Likewise, there is extensive demand for hiking and biking Public access to the Hudson River shoreline for different trails that follow scenic paths along the River. types of recreation activities is one of the most important management issues. This problem is especially acute on As with recreational boating, a major problem is finding the Hudson River since approximately 3/4 of the shoreline suitable access sites for these activities. Similar problems is blocked to most recreational access by the railroad. are encountered with the need for grade-separated railroad crossings and publicly-owned sites. Issues and Practices Impacts of Recreation Marinas and Boat Launches Boating access to the River is available either at launch POwerbOats sites where the boat is carried to the River on a car top or Powerboats have numerous detrimental impacts on tidal trailer, or at marinas where the boat is kept for the season. habitats, including discharge of pollutants that degrade The current high demand for both marina slips and boat water quality. Toxic hydrocarbon emissions, including launches is expected to outstrip available supply over the olefins, aromatics, and paraffins, are ten times higher on next few decades. In general, a boat launch site is fairly average in a two-cycle engine (used by many pleasure simple involving a boat ramp, a parking lot and access boats) than In a comparably sized four-cycle engine (U.S. road for cars, and sufficient water depth near the ramp- EPA, 1974 in Gorski, 1988). Many motor boats also use A marina is much more elaborate, and can involve many leaded fuel which introduces significant amounts of lead slips for mooring boats, a septic pump-out station, large into the River. dock facilities, hoists for removing or launching boats, a fuel station, a boat repair area, on-land winter storage Use of powerboats is also associated with fecal areas for boats, a restaurant and sales facility, locker and contamination of the water. Several scientific studies (e.g. rest rooms, and a peripheral security fence. Many Fisher et,al., 1987) have demonstrated that increased marinas are designed to accommodate large, deep draft power boat use is accompanied by increased fecal boats which cannot be launched by trailer and typically colfform bacteria counts that are associated with the include dredging and bulkheading. presence of pathogenic bacteria. This problem can become severe in marinas with heavy boat traffic and Both marinas and boat launch ramps are best located in bilge pumping combined with restricted water circulation sheltered areas of the River that are protected from in marina basins. The lack of pumpout facilities and the storms, waves, and winds. For this reason, many facilities general failure to use existing facilities to properly dispose are located at the mouth of or on a tributary. Siting of on board sewage further exacerbates the problem. additional marinas or boat,launches is restricted by limited Litter is also a problem associated with recreational access to both tributaries and the River. The main boating; one study of pleasure boat users found that on restriction is caused by the railroad which can only be average, each boat trip produced one pound of litter safely crossed by grade-separated crossings in which the thrown overboard per passenger in the boat (National roadway either goes under or is elevated above the Academy of Sciences in Barclay, 1989). Powerboats can railroad track. The railroad further limits access to the also create excessive noise and large wakes that disturb River by limiting the size of boats that can pass under the various species, resuspend bottom sediments, and bridges at the mouths of tributary streams. Access contribute to shoreline erosion. Minimum vessel speeds restrictions are also created by the extent of private designed to minimize wakes are not particularly helpful ownership of land bordering the River which includes since maximum wakes tend to form at only six to seven many large estates. Finally, many existing facilities are mph (Zabawa and Ostrum, 1980). Finally, powerboats 58 Chapter 4: Human Interactions cruising over shallows and flats, and even through bottom, areas that would result in boating traffic impacts marshes, directly reduce the habitat value of these areas on shallows, flats, and marshes, and areas that do not by churning bottom sediments, increasing turbidity, have sufficient upland to support marina activities. Boat damaging vegetation, and disturbing the nursery grounds launch impacts can be reduced by following similar siting of young fish and the feeding grounds of waterfowl. guidelines and using designs that include runoff controls. Marinas and Launch Ramps The least disruptive way in which humans can enjoy the Marinas and, to a lesser degree, boat launch ramps can River and its tidal habitats is through the use of small also impact the tidal habitats. Marinas and boat launch boats (trailer or car top carried boats) and by hiking or ramps require protected areas of the River. In many bicycling along the River. Low impact uses would be instances, the protected nature of an area is the same facilitated by the development of a greenway corridor. An feature that has led to the formation of ecologically understanding of the value of the tidal habitats would be valuable communities. Siting requirements for marinas greatly increased by educational signage in appropriate frequently lead to direct conflict with resource protection. places along riverside trails. This conflict is exacerbated when marina development requires extensive dredging and bulkheading that can FURTHER READING reduce or destroy the ecological value of an area. Even Current information on recreational access along the under circumstances that allow for a sensitive marina Hudson can be found in the report issued by the Hudson design that preserves the value of an area, operation of River Access Forum (1998). Earlier estimates of the marina may degrade the habitat values. Boat traffic recreational demand are in the report by the Hudson going to and from launch and marina areas can create an River Basin Study Group (1979a,b) . Extensive technical impact zone that fans away from the marina or launch. information on marina design and ways of reducing The magnitude of adverse impact within this zone is a environmental impacts can be found in the handbook direct function of vessel traffic volume and water depth. produced by the U.S. EPA (1985). Fisher et al. (1987) Construction of upland parking and service areas for both also examines the impact of marinas. Finally, Ross marinas and boat ramps can also reduce the value of (1986) presents information on marina construction and buffer zones that may provide protection for the habitat. environmental impacts from a marina owner's perspective. Marinas and boat launch ramps can also facilitate the Exotic or Invasive Plants entry of toxic substances into the River. Fueling facilities Exotic plants are those that are not native to the Hudson can lead to spills during refueling or from storage tank River and have been introduced from other parts of the leaks. Boat cleaning can result in oil, grease, bilge world (usually overseas) either intentionally or accidentally. contents, and solvent discharges. Boat launch ramps Some of these foreign plants have proven to be extremely rarely include designs to control stormwater runoff and well-suited to their new environment. A lack of natural frequently provide a direct entry point for runoff from long predators and diseases enables these species to spread stretches of roadway with all of its attendant non-point aggressively. Invasive plants are native species that tend source pollutants. to be opportunists, spreading rapidly once a foothold is established. Both exotic and invasive plants can threaten Habitat Prolecdon Measures valuable communities by replacing species and by altering Launched boats are smaller on average and less impact the physical environment. Furthermore, the deleterious results from their operation than from larger boats which effects of these plants are often due to or enhanced by operate from marinas. In addition, marinas require the human disturbance of the environment. Although the same sheltered environment which can also support problem of exotic and invasive plants are biological, this significant tidal habitats. Resulting impacts can be subject is presented under shoreline development based minimized by clustering marinas at previously developed on the role that humans play in establishment of these sites and near existing marinas. Ideal spots for marina species. Three of the most problematic exotic species are and boat ramp construction include abandoned industrial discussed below along with suggested measures of sites and previously bulkheaded shoreline with adjacent combatting their proliferation. deep water. Protected marina basins can be constructed through excavation of adjacent upland at appropriate sites Water Chestnut to reduce impacts and construction costs by using land- Water chestnut is native to southern Europe and Asia based equipment. (Kiviat, 1987b). It was first brought to Massachusetts about 1875 as an ornamental plant. Water chestnut soon Sites that are inappropriate for marina development escaped from garden ponds and pools and spread include areas with previously undisturbed shoreline, creeks throughout the Northeast. It is a violation of New York law with significant spawning or nursery grounds for to plant or otherwise enhance the spread of this species. anadromous fish, areas without adequate natural water depth that would require extensive dredging of the River Shoreline Development 59 Biology Water chestnut is an annual that grows in full sunlight on the water surface over depths ranging from less than an inch to 16 feet. The plant has an anchor, a long flexible stem, and one to five or more floating leaf rosettes on the water surface (Figure 24). Water chestnut produces large spiny nuts that mature in late August and can survive over five years before germinating. Plant dispersal also occurs when rosettes break free from the stem, float away, and produce mature seeds. Water chestnut can form very large colonies that cover the water surface (Figure 25). Value to Wildlife and Humans Although water chestnut in the Hudson is not the Chinese vegetable of the same name, the nuts produced are consumed by muskrats and other rodents. In addition water chestnut provides shelter for cluckweeds and other small floating plants eaten by waterfowl. There is some evidence that they provide nursery ground for young fish. Despite these positive aspects, water chestnut is undesirable for a number of reasons: it often overcomes other more valuable waterfowl food plants; it limits swimming, boating, and fishing; it may lead to sedimentation by reducing current flow; it can lead to reduced oxygen levels; and its large biomass reduces water quality upon decomposition (Kiviat, 1987). Habitat Protection Measures Several chemical herbicides are effective against the plant; 2,4-D was used by the DEC until 1976 when the permitted Figure 24: Water chestnut Traga natans) (from Kiviat, application concentrations of the chemical fell beneath effective control levels. Herbicide application has the 1987). significant drawback of removing desirable plant species and is not ecologically wise. Water chestnut control through natural biological methods has been explored, including use of a fungus and a beetle. Methods for effective use of these organisms have yet to be @'t developed and more research is needed before the practicality of A" this approach can be determined. 4@ A ""Z* The only available method for controlling the spread of water chestnut Is to remove the plants either mechanically or by hand (Seeger, 1988). Given the long viability of seeds, it Is doubtful that even rigorous harvesting efforts would eliminate water chestnut from an area. Nevertheless, periodic harvesting could prove to be useful, particularly if an economic use could be found for the plant material. Potential uses Fig.. 25: Continuous cover of water chestnut over open water at Fishkill Creek for water chestnut include (N. Salafsky). 60 Chapter 4: Human Interactions livestock fodder, methane production, or as a mulch or green fertilizer. Unless effective biological control agents are developed, commercial use of water chestnut represents the only possible means for its safe and effective control. Purple Loosestrffe Purple loosestrife is native to Europe (Malecki, 1987). It was first brought to the east coast in the early 1800's, possibly as seeds carried In ship's ballast or as an ornamental plant. It has spread throughout the continent, often being planted by gardeners or aplarists. Biology Purple loosestrife Is a perennial herb that grows in moist soils associated with wetlands and floodplains. In tidal wetlands, it is generally associated with drier regions of the upper marsh and along the marsh and upland border where it can occur in dense stands. Purple loosestrife is a tall plant (2-8 feet) with squarish stems, opposite lance- shaped leaves, and large panicles of bright purple flowers (Figure 26). Its tiny seeds are dispersed by animals, wind, and water and remain viable for two or more years. Reproduction also occurs by adventitious roots. Plant establishment is often associated with physical distur- bance of the existing community. Value to Wildlife and Humans Purple loosestrife tends to invade throughout a community, reducing or eliminating other plants that are Figure 26: Purple loosestrife ythrum salicaria (from more valuable to wildlife species. Purple loosestrife may Malecki, 1987). create drier marshes, leading to conditions that favor its own proliferation, Although introduction of the plant such, it is an invasive species in the tidal wetland areas. reduces nesting by some birds that require cattails and other native marsh plants, other birds that traditionally Biology were found less frequently in the marsh nest in loosestrife Common reed is a perennial grass that grows in moist soil (Swift, 1988). For humans, the plant has value in honey and shallow intermittent surface water. Along the Hudson, production and for its appearance. common reed thrives in brackish areas such as Piermont marsh, and throughout freshwater sections of the River. Habitat Protection Measures Common reed has an underground stem (rhizome) from Currently, there are no effective means of controlling which annual shoots (culms) grow. The culms have a purple loosestrife, although limited success has been high concentration of silica which allows the plant to grow achieved with applications of the chemical herbicide between six and thirteen feet tall and support a plumelike Roundup to individual plants. It Is unlikely that wetland inflorescence at its top. Reproduction occurs through areas infested with purple loosestrife can be rid of the both seeds and rhizomes. Common reed often grows in plant. Accordingly, efforts must be focused on preventing large, dense stands that choke out most other plants the spread of the plant (Rawinski, 1988). Loosestrife-free (Figure 27). Common reed colonizes areas in response to areas need to be identified and protected from distur- both natural and human disturbances including changes bance. It may be valuable to systematically inspect in drainage, impoundment of marshes, clearing vegetation loosestrife-free areas on an annual basis so that any and exposing soil, dredge spoil deposition, and saline invasion could be eradicated before more than a few runoff. Shopping malls, residential developments, and plants become established. roadways are also areas where examples of common reed stands can be found. Common Reed Common reed, while native to the northeast, had been a Value to WIldfife and Humans minor plant found along the coast but has become a As with purple loosestrife, common reed can take over an highly aggressive weed that takes over communities that area, eliminating plants that are more valuable to wildlife suffer any form of human disturbance (Kiviat, 1987a). As species. Unlike loosestrife, however, common reed has Shoreline Development 61 Common reed control efforts may also lead to promotion of purple loosestrife. To control common reed, efforts must be focused on preventing the spread of the plant to new areas (Rawinski, 1988). As is the case with purple loosestrife, common reed free areas should be identified and protected from disturbance. In addition, marketable uses for common reed should be explored. FURTHER READING V Descriptions of the biology and control of exotic plants in New York is included in Decker and Enck (1987) from which almost all of the above information is taken. 4.6 Use of Living Resources An unusual characteristic of the Hudson Estuary is the diversity of living things that can be found in the water and its shores. Living resources are becoming more threatened by population growth in the Hudson's watershed and should be rigorously protected now. Fishing Fishing includes both commercial and recreational activities. Although the two types of fishermen can ete for the same resource, they share many oLIN comp @7 Al k"A concerns for the viability and protection of the resource. Issues and Practices 3- v Commercial Fishing M tt@ Commercial fishing has been a major industry for much of the history of the Hudson River. The mainstay of the fishing industry has been the huge spawning runs of Figure 27: Common Reed stand below Rip Van Winkle American shad, Atlantic sturgeon, and striped bass. A Bridge (N. SalafskylTNC) hundred years ago, Albany was known for its sturgeon value for both wildlife and humans. Common reed and caviar exports. The fish was so plentiful that it was provides food for muskrats and geese. In addition, several known as "Albany beef"and laws were passed forbidding bird species and muskrat use common reed for cover and its being given to servants more than once a day for building materials. Most of the docum ented ecological (Chhabra, 1988). Likewise, caviar, which was exported value of common reed comes from European com- as far as Russia, was given away in waterfront saloons in munities. Although common reed is not commercially hopes that its saltiness would spur drink sales. Oysters important on the the Hudson, it is used in Europe and and other shellfish harvested from the lower portions of Asia as construction material, fuel, livestock feed, pulp, the estuary were also an important source of revenue. and ornamental flowers. Starting in the twentieth century, however, commercial Habitat Protection Measures fishing along the Hudson declined due to water pollution, Methods which have been used for control of common habitat loss, and stock depletion. Urban pollution reed include herbicides, burning, water level alterations, eliminated the oyster beds as early as 1925, and and mowing. Effective procedures include flooding with subsequently, other species declined dramatically. Since ten to twelve inches of water in early June after the Korean War, fishing has become unprofitable for most establishment of the young plants, sudden flooding with professionals; the number of regular commercial fishermen sea water, mowing shoots before mid-June, or a going out each spring has dwindled from 71 In 1935 to a combination of these methods. Burning is most effective low of 31 in 1974. Finally, commercial fishing almost in early summer just after the shoots emerge or just completely halted In 1976 with the discovery that many before the coldest part of winter (Daiber, 1986). In fish in the River had PCB contamination levels that far general, however, it Is doubtful that these methods would exceeded Federal allowances for food consumption. control common reed populations In sensitive tidal marsh communities without causing extensive damage. 62 Chapter 4: Human Interactions As a result of PCB contamination, the River north of the crappie, rainbow smelt, Atlantic needlefish, northern pike, Troy dam was closed to fishing. The commercial fishery tiger muskellunge, and bluefish (DEC, 1988). Other in the southern portion of the River was limited to sources of controversy are centered on River access. American shad and Atlantic sturgeon, two species which primarily feed in the open ocean and return to the River to Impacts of Fishing spawn. In 1983, the commercial fish harvest from the Hudson River totalled 554,000 pounds with a value of Species Depletion $162,900 (Horn and Skinner, 1985). In recent years At the peak of the Hudson's commercial fishing industry, however, the shad catch alone has been over a million it is likely that overfishing contributed significantly to the pounds annually. Marketing the catch is hampered by an decline in many fish populations. Current bans on fishing undeserved reputation of Hudson River fish among for most species, however, may provide protection for the consumers and severely depressed prices due to the large fish stocks. If the industry revives, intensive fishing could volume of fish on the market caught in earlier spawning reduce the populations of many species. This potential runs from more southern waters. problem would be especially acute for anadromous fish since it is relatively easy to catch these fish during the Commercial fisheries are linked to the health of the River. spawning runs. Determining how many fish must be Since PCB discharges in the River were curtailed in 1977, allowed to spawn is not a simple task. Although most fish PCB levels in many species have been falling. With have the capacity to produce hundreds or thousands of cleaner waters and less fishing pressure, fish populations eggs per female, the eggs and larvae suffer a high may have increased. Attempts are even being made to mortality rate. Large numbers of eggs may be necessary revive the caviar export industry and sales of smoked to ensure that enough individuals survive to reproduce Atlantic sturgeon are rapidly rising (Chhabra, 1988). The and sustain the population. Many fish are also lost fishing industry may continue to improve with improve- through impingement and entrainment in water intakes. ment in the River's environmental quality and adequate Both natural and human causes of mortality must be management of the resource. considered in setting limits on a sustainable harvest. Recreational Fishing Ecosystem Effects Over the last century, recreational fishing surpassed Both recreational and commercial fishing have little impact commercial fishing in economic importance in the Hudson on tidal habitats, provided that depletion of species does River. In 1976 it was estimated that over 50,000 angler not occur. Adverse ecosystem effects that may be related days were spent on the River and that an additional to fishing or fishery management include: loss of nutrient 1,417,000 angler days were spent on the coastal striped input that anadromous fish carry into the ecosystem in the bass fishery, which is supported in part by the Hudson form of eggs; loss of higher level predators that regulate Estuary (Sheppard, 1976 in MPI, 1983). Recreational other populations; and, introduction of exotic fish species fishing is an important part of the State economy. In 1978 into the River for recreational fishery development. Over it was estimated that freshwater fishing in New York State the last few decades, it is quite likely that the tidal habitats generated between 385-448 million dollars in economic have benefited more from the efforts of fishermen activity, while marine fishing added an additional 625-M (especially the Hudson River Fisherman's Association) in million dollars (Skinner, 1979 in Horn and Skinner, 1985). the control of River pollution than they have been Economic activity is directly related to environmental adversely impacted by fishing practices. quality: estimates indicate that PCB contamination costs the State between $17 and 25 million annually in lost Habitat aW Fish Populatron Protection Measures fishing revenues (Barclay, 1989). Fishing is also important The greatest threat to both fish populations and the fishing as a recreational pastime. A survey of a large sample of industry is the loss of suitable habitat. Accordingly, licensed anglers in 1977 revealed that most people fish to fishermen and conservationists must work together to be outdoors and for the fun, sport, and skill challenges it preserve as much habitat in the River as is possible. Both provides (Horn and Skinner, 1985). recreational and commercial fishing would be greatly improved If all fish in the River were safe to eat. Local Most of the issues facing recreational fishing today on the fishermen can play an important role in working to Hudson are related to toxic substances in water and fish. eliminate toxic discharges in their towns and counties. Fishing is completely prohibited between Troy and Effective management of the fishery resource requires Hudson Falls due to PCB contamination. In the estuarine close cooperation between fishermen and the DEC. portion of the River (including tidal portions of tributary streams), where fishing is permitted, it is recommended FURTHER READING that American eel, white perch, carp, goldfish, brown Information on commercial and recreational fishing along bullhead, largemouth bass, pumpkinseed, white catfish, the Hudson can be found in reports of the DEC Hudson striped bass, and walleye should not be eaten at all, and River Estuary Fishery Management Program such as no more than one meal a month should be eaten of black Dunwell (1984). Problems with toxic pollution and fish Living Resources 63 are reviewed in Horn and Skinner (1985) . Current fishing Impact of Recreational Use of Resources regulations can be found in guides produced by the DEC. Consumptive Activities Other Natural Resource Uses Impacts from hunting and trapping include intentional or Other recreational use of natural resources includes accidental killings of protected animal species, disturbance consumptive activities such as hunting and passive of animal populations, minor disruption through the activities such as bird-watching and scientific study. construction of deer stands and duck blinds, and pollution of the habitats with lead shot (recently banned in New Issues and Practfces York for waterfowl hunting). Positive impacts of hunting include the regulation of overabundant animal populations Hunting and Trapping and habitat conservation efforts conducted by hunting Hunting, as a consumptive use, has been practiced in the clubs and financially supported by hunting fees. forests and wetlands of the Hudson since humans first inhabited the Valley. Accounts of the Algonquian and Non-consumptive Activities early colonial days describe a land full of game animals Passive observations of the natural environment have little and waterfowl that were easily taken. In subsequent or no impact on the habitats save disturbance of a few years, the animals dwindled in numbers and species and species (e.g. bald eagle or least bittern) caused by human are no longer a primary food source for most people. presence, and whatever alterations that are needed to Nonetheless, wetlands and forests of the Hudson today enable human access to the area. Hikers and hunters still support hunting and trapping. By far the most popular can also trample valuable plant species and leave litter game are ducks and geese that stop briefly in wetlands to behind. Passive scientific studies generally do not have feed and rest during fall migrations. Trappers focus on negative impacts. Studies involving active habitat muskrats, minks, and other furbearing animals of the manipulation, however, may create adverse impacts that marsh and swamp communities. have to be evaluated against the benefit of potential knowledge to be gained. Non-consumptive Nature Experiences Nature experiences are difficult to quantify or evaluate Habitat PrOtectfOn Measures since they occur in so many varied forms. In our As is the case with fishing, the greatest threat to hunting increasingly urbanized environment, the River provides an is the loss of suitable animal habitat. Accordingly, hunters opportunity to escape from the crowds, noise, and sights and other conservationists must work together to preserve of the cities and their suburbs. Activities that satisfy this habitat in the River as much as possible. Local hunters passive recreational need include birdwatching, can play an important role in working to preserve suitable photography, painting, walking, hiking, biking, sailing habitats in their towns and counties. Effective manage- swimming, sitting, and many others. Importani ment of the wildlife resource requires close cooperation considerations that affect the quality of nature experiences between hunters and the DEC. are safe, readily available access to sites, limits on outside noises and pollutants, limits an the number of people Passive uses of the habitats should be strongly present, and the physical condition of the sites. In order encouraged. The River ecosystem will only be preserved to provide high quality experiences, it is necessary to to the extent that people appreciate its beauty and value. actively manage for this use. Unfortunately, there is a In providing access to the River, care should be taken to presumption that these uses can normally be accommo- educate all users to the sensitive nature of the habitats dated as an ancillary activity to some other economically and how their presence may affect the system. Scientific attractive use. research on our basic understanding of the ecosystem, its component communities and species, the impact of Scientific Research human actions, and the management of the resource are The proximity of the Hudson River to many universities also vital and should be promoted. At the same time, and other scientific institutions makes it an excellent however, it must be realized that research is not always resource or laboratory for research on physical and biotic linked to conservation efforts and overzealous habitat aspects of the estuarine environment. Research is vital to manipulations can destroy far more habitat value than the further our understanding and future management of the knowledge gained can save. Scientists, universities, and ecosystem. Scientific work conducted on the Hudson funding agencies should ensure that research observes benefits management of the region directly and increases protection of the resources as a primary concern and is the level of knowledge that is necessary to protect our conducted in an appropriate manner. environment effectively. FURTHER READING For information on access to the habitats, see the report by the Hudson River Access Forum (19N). DEC's hunting and trapping regulations are published annually. 64 I Chapter 5: EXISTING RESPONSIBILITIES FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT This chapter examines the legal and political framework that governs human activity along the tidal portion of the Hudson River. The first section briefly reviews the major legislation that applies to the River habitats. The next section identifies government agencies that implement and enforce .these laws. The final section looks at a few of the private organizations that actively promote protection of the Hudson River's resources. A list of these agencies and groups together with their addresses is given in Appendix D. The information in each section is presented at three levels: national, state, and local. 66 5.1 Legislative Background Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) Legislative efforts impacting natural resources have tended The 1972 Coastal Zone Management Act encourages to facilitate resource exploitation for economic reasons. states to work in cooperation with federal and local For example, the Swamp Lands Act of 1849 gave states governments to develop land and water use programs for title to their wetland areas so they could *reclaim" them for coastal waters and adjacent shorelands. Amendments to productive uses. Increasing public awareness of the Act in 1976 and 1980 require funding recipients to environmental issues over the last two decades has led to focus on shorefront access and the preservation of areas the adoption of a wide range of environmental legislation of unique ecological, historical, and scenic importance. at Federal, State, and local levels. A complex framework The act is administered by the National Oceanic and. of laws and regulations now governs the use of the Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Hudson River and the protection of its habitats. Marine Protection, Research, and Sancandes Act Federal Legislation The 1972 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act establishes the National Estuarine Sanctuary Rivers and Harbors ARYopriatrons: Act (Refuse and Program which provides matching grants to states to Navigation Acts) acquire, develop, and manage estuarine areas to be The 1899 Rivers and Harbors Appropriations Act is one of used for scientific research and education. The Hudson the earliest federal laws regulating water pollution. Section River National Estuarine Sanctuary System was 10 of this law empowers the U.S. Army Corps of established in 1982 under the guidelines of this Engineers to regulate all dredging and filling in navigable program. The Act is administered by NOAA. waters through a permit system. Section 13 prohibits Endangered Species Act disposal of refuse from any vessel or shore facility in The 1973 Endangered Species Act is designed to protect navigable waters; this section of law has not been species of fish, wildlife, and. plants which are listed as interpreted as empowering the federal government to either in danger of extinction (endangered) or are likely to impose regulations regarding hazardouswaste discharges. become an endangered species in the future (threatened). Navigable waters include all tidal waters and adjacent Under this Act, it is illegal to import or export any federally lands up to the unobstructed natural high water mark. listed species. In addition, federal agencies must ensure The Rivers and Harbors Acts of 1925, 1930, 1938, and that their actions will not jeopardize the continued 1954 authorize the Corps to dredge the Hudson River to existence of endangered and threatened species and that legislatively prescribed dimensions to providewaterborne such actions do not destroy or impair habitats that are access to the Port of Albany. determined by the Secretary of the Interior to be "critical" Fish and WildIffe Coordination Act (FWCA) to the survival of listed species. The 1965 FWCA requires that federal agencies coordinate Clean Water Act (CWA) their activities to meet federal conservation goals. The 1977 CWA incorporates several earlier water pollution Specifically, the Act requires each federal agency to control measures including the 1972 Federal Water consult with the Fish and Wildlife Service concerning Pollution Control Act. Enforcement mechanisms and potential impacts of proposed activities on endangered regulatory procedures of the CWA were amended by the and threatened species. 1987 Water Quality Act. The CWA was enacted to "restore National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological The NEPA, which became effective in 1970, was the first integrity of the Nation's waters" (Freedman, 1987). The major attempt to establish a national policy for the CWA established the National Pollution Discharge protection of the quality and condition of the environment Elimination System (NPDES) that requires the EPA to (Freedman, 1987). NEPA was enacted to ensure that administer a permit system limiting the amounts of listed proposed Federal agency actions are carefully evaluated pollutants that can be discharged into the waters of the before they are undertaken to avoid potential damage to nation (see the description of SPDES under NYS laws for the nation's air, land, and water resources. Under Title 1 a more detailed account of the NPDES process). In the of NEPA, a proposed agency action that could adversely 1987 Water Quality Act, the EPA is given additional affect the human environment must have its implications authority to establish a program controlling nonpoint fully detailed in an environmental impact statement (EIS). source pollution. Section 404 of the CWA requires a Copies of the EIS must be made available to the public federal permit to be issued by the Army Corps of and submitted to the Council on Environmental Quality Engineers for discharge of dredged or fill material into (CEO), an executive advisory board created under Title 2 navigable waters. The 1987 Water Quality Act also has a of NEPA. NEPA does not require that potential adverse provision directly addressing water pollution problems in impacts be avoided, but only that they be identified and the nation's estuaries. alternatives to the proposed action be evaluated. Legislative Background 67 Other Federal Acts and the Verrazano Narrows. The program is administered The 1968 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act establishes a by the DEC through an advisory committee and a program to designate certain rivers as being of wild, coordinator within the DEC. The committee is charged scenic, or recreational importance, and prohibits dams with recommending a DEC management strategy that and other structures from being placed on designated provides for the preservation, protection, restoration, and rivers. Three segments of the lower Hudson River have enhancement of the Estuarine District. This section also been identified for inclusion in the program: from addresses the State's participation in the Federal Hudson Barrytown to Maiden; Hudson to Coxsackie; and River National Estuarine Research Reserve. Coxsackie to New Baltimore. Title 5, Sec. 35: Endangered Species The 1974 Deepwater Port Act provides for"the protection This section provides for the designation of endangered of the marine and coastal environment to prevent or and threatened species by the DEC and prohibits the minimize any adverse impact which might occur as a taking or sale of any of these species. consequence of the development of such ports." Article 15: Water Resources The 1980 Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships restricts Water Resources regulations address a wide range of ships of U.S. registry, wherever located, and ships of water management activities including reservoirs and foreign registry in the navigable waters of the U.S. from reservoir releases, water resources planning and discharging oil, oily mixtures, or noxious liquids into the development, water supply, hydroelectric power, and river water except under certain defined conditions. use and improvement. The 1980 Superfund Act requires that the public be Title 5: Protection of Water notified of the release into the environment of any This program requires a permit to be issued by the DEC substances that may present a substantial danger to for activities in streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes including public health or the environment. The Act also establishes disturbance to stream beds or banks, construction or two funds financed by taxes on oil and hazardous repair of certain dams, and excavation or fill in navigable materials to be used to clean up hazardous compounds waters. Under the program, for "protected" streams (those and compensate the public for damages caused by the classified for certain purposes such as drinking or release of these substances. swimming), permits are required for activities that will disturb or change the stream bed or its banks within 50 State Legislation feet of the edge of the stream. Construction and repair of dams also require permits within certain thresholds Erwironmental Conservation Law (ECL) regardless of the navigability or classification of the water The ECL contains the general authorization for the body. In navigable waters (those on which a canoe or activities of the Department of Environmental Conservation larger craft can be operated), permits are required for any (DEC) and many specific laws addressing a variety of dredging and filling in the water and in adjacent wetlands. environmental issues. Title 27. Wild, Scenic, and Recreational Rivers System Article 8: State Environmental Quality RevlewAct (SEQRA) Under this program, stretches of rivers in New York can Under this Act, which is New York State's version of the be designated as important "wild," "scenic," or NEPA, State agencies and local governments are required "recreational" resources. This law authorizes the DEC to to prepare an environmental impact statement (EIS) for protect the outstanding natural, scenic, historic, any action which may have a significant effect on the ecological, and recreational resources of these rivers. environment. In accordance with Article 42 of the Executive Law, the SEORA regulations were amended to Article 17., Water Pollution Control Act require state agency actions to be consistent with coastal The Water Pollution Control Act regulates the discharge of policies. pollutants and sewage into the waters of New York and controls the bulk storage of petroleum. Articles 11 and 13: Fish and Wildlife Law Article 11: Fish and Wildlife and Article 13: Marine and Title 8: State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Coastal Resources comprise the parts of the ECL which Pursuant to the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act, regulate hunting, trapping, and fishing in the lands and all direct dischargers into the nation's surface waters are waters of New York State. required to obtain permits that regulate the amount of certain substances that they release. Under this act, the Title 3, Sec. 6. Hudson River Estuary Management National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), This program establishes the Hudson River Estuarine the EPA was authorized to set up national water quality District which encompasses the tidal waters of the River standards for the maximum in-stream concentrations of and its tributaries and wetlands between the dam at Troy various pollutants allowable that would still protect the 68 Chapter 5: Management Responsibilities health of humans and aquatic organisms. In the to govern their use. A permit for development in a tidal provisions of the legislation, all states are required to wetland can be issued only if it can be demonstrated that establish their own water quality control programs using proposed activities will not adversely affect water quality, either the EPA standards or their own standards which flood and storm control, marine food production, wildlife had to be at least as stringent as the EPA's. In New York habitats, open space, and aesthetically significant areas. State, the DEC chose to develop its own standards for the On the Hudson, the Tidal Wetlands Act applies from the amounts of pollutants that are allowable. As of 1987, the ocean to the Tappan Zee Bridge. Regulation of mapped DEC had established "standards" (legally binding) for 95 tidal wetlands includes a buffer area that extends 300 feet hazardous substances and "guidelines" (challengeable in from the landward boundary of the wetland or to an court) for 100 additional substances. elevation of 10 feet above mean sea level (whichever is closer). Unlike the Freshwater Wetlands Act, this Act does The standards established by the DEC are used to limit not have a regulated wetland size limitation. The Act is amounts of various pollutants that a given manufacturer or enforced by the DEC and its administration cannot be sewage plant can discharge into the River under a SPDES delegated to local governments. (pronounced "speedeez") permit. The limits for any given water body are determined using scientific information Article 34: Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas Act concerning the effects of different concentrations of these The Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas Act provides the substances on humans and animals and the usage class- authority to regulate and control certain activities and ification of the given body of water. A SPDES permit development in coastal erosion hazard areas within the contains the specific effluent limits for each substance that State's coastal area, including the estuarine portion of the is to be, released, self-monitoring requirements, a Hudson River. Within coastal erosion hazard areas, compliance schedule for construction of treatment construction or placement of a structure, or any action or systems, and any special regulations. SPDES permits are valid for five years and are divided into several categories depending on the size and type of the discharging plant. Compliance with the SPDES permit is largely based on information supplied by the discharger. Although the DEC .4, ........... . has the power to fine violators or to suspend or revoke a permit, the DEC has had a general policy of seeking t.- A voluntary compliance in order to gain the greatest reduction in pollution without the delays that are inherent with litigation. Article 24: Freshwater Wetlands Act I ti- Aol@, The Freshwater Wetlands Act of 1975 recognizes the valu e of freshwater wetlands in providing flood protection, wildlife habitats, open space, and water resources. The .......... program established under this Act regulates activities Alh2n . . . . . . . . . . . ........ potentially detrimental to wetlands such as draining, dredging, and filling. It is administered by the State or local governments pursuant to State guidelines following@ official filing of wetland inventory maps by the State. The L DEC regulates freshwater wetlands through an interim Ai P-ghkerpsic permit program in communities where maps have not yet been filed. Before granting or denying a permit, the municipality or the DEC must determine whether the Newburilh activity will have an adverse impact on the value of the tn .1-ificati.. of H.4-n -4 Knh-k araters by N- York. Department of E-vire-M.tal Co-mti= wetland. The Act covers wetlands that are greater than 12.4 acres in size although smaller tracts can be included A El F., drinking (.he. treated and disinfected), swirnn@inii,fiah ngsadbosting .................. . if they are of special importance. Regulations apply to the B j ini For swimming, fishing and basting C ...... mapped wetland and to a buffer zone extending 100 feet Fr fishi ng and bwti ng ".Y D For b-t::: ::d ffilithi ag Wt n.t fish p-1,affetion in all directions from the border of the wetland. For boat d shing.-ceptsheilfighLog for the market S8 Salty watera usable forawinaming, hosting and fishing eacco shellfishinir for the --rket ............... .... .............. Anicle 25. Tidal Wetlands Act M The Tidal Wetlands Act of 1973 serves to preserve and protect tidal wetlands from despoliation and destruction. Under the terms of the Act, the DEC inventoried and Figure 28: DEC water use classifications along the mapped all tidal wetlands and developed a permit system Hudson River (From Rohmann and Lilienthal, 1984). Legislative Background 69 use of the land which would materially alter the condition revitalization plans are of special importance to the future of the land requires a permit from the DEC, or county or of the tidal habitats in the Hudson. local government, whichever has assumed jurisdiction. Coastal erosion hazard areas include: "structural hazard Planning and Land Use Reguladon areas" which are receding at an average rate of one foot Land use regulation by local government is derived from or more per year; and "natural protective feature areas' the police power that local governments have to provide which include beaches, dunes, sandbars, spits, shoals, for public order, peace, health, safety, morals, and general barrier bays, barrier islands, bluffs, and wetlands. welfare. In the early 1900's, local governments began to use this power to plan and control their development. Execudve Law (EL) Municipal governments have the authority to create The EL contains the legal authority for the State's coastal planning boards that advise local governments concerning management program which is administered by the appropriate and inappropriate uses of lands in their Department of State. municipalities. The recommended uses are then codified in the form of zoning ordinances which regulate the types Article 42: Waterfront Revitalization and of land use that are permissible in each zone. Variances Coastal Resources Act can be issued to permit the use of land in a manner for Article 42 declares in part that it is the public policy of the which it is not zoned, provided certain conditions are met. State within its coastal area to: conserve and protect fish and wildlife and their habitats; achieve a balance between Local Waterfront ReviWizatron Programs (LWRPs) economic development and preservation needs that Under provisions of the Federal and State coastal permits the beneficial use of coastal resources while management programs, funding and technical assistance preventing permanent adverse changes to ecological are available to coastal municipalities to prepare and systems; and to minimize damage to natural resources implement local LWRPs. Through local programs, and property from flooding and erosion. The Act's municipalities may refine and supplement state coastal policies also call for the assurance of consistency of State policies to reflect local conditions and needs. Preparation actions and Federal actions with policies within the coastal of a LWRP includes an inventory of waterfront resources area and cooperation and coordination with other states, and conditions, identification of problems and the Federal government, and Canada to attain a consistent opportunities and development of local policies which are policy towards coastal management. Consistency is consistent with state policies, preparation of specific accomplished by requiring that all activities in the coastal waterfront proposals, and enactment of local laws and area involving a federal permit be reviewed by the DOS regulations to implement policies. Once a municipality's to ensure that the action is consistent with the State's LWRP has been approved by the Secretary of State, the policies. Section 919 of Article 42 also requires that State local program may be substituted for the state program in agencies' actions Including funding, planning, and land that community. State and federal actions must then be transactions, as well as direct development activities, must consistent with the approved LWRP. The State program be consistent with the policies of the Act. Coordination of makes funds available to help implement specific this provision is achieved in part through SEQRA. waterfront projects proposed in the local program. Local Legislation FURTHER READING Those interested in learning more about environmental Local governments in New York State are comprised of legislation and related implementing regulations should counties, cities, towns, and villages. These units of begin with commentaries on and summaries of the government provide most local government services. statutes which present both the intent of the law and its Local governments are based on the State Constitution interpretation by the courts. Direct reading of the law and statutes for the basic law which provides for their often does not provide an adequate context for structure, powers, and operational procedures. important understanding how the law addresses a particular issue. State Constitutional provisions relevant to local Useful sources on Federal environmental legislation governments are found in Article IX (home rule) which include Freedman (1987) and Firestone and Reed gives local governments the power to adopt local laws (1984). No complete summary of New York State and Article VI I I (finance) which provides for tax collections. environmental law is currently available; information in this Provisions pertaining to the specific powers and duties of section was taken primarily and directly from the text of local governments are also found in various State statutes. the Environmental Conservation Law of the State of New York as reprinted (Looseleaf Law Publishing, 1988) . A Under the principle of home rule, local governments may summary of local government law can be found in The pass a variety of laws, ordinances, and resolutions. Local Government Handbook, DOS (1987). Specific details of these laws vary from municipality to municipality but they tend to share general features. Zoning ordinances and the development of waterfront 70 Chapter 5: Management Responsibilities 5.2 Government Agencies with the protection and enhancement of fishery resources Numerous agencies have jurisdiction over different and their habitats. Responsibilities include review and aspects of the Hudson River. This section is adapted from analysis of all development activities waterward of the high New York's Eastern Lake Ontario Sand Dunes@ Resources, tide line of the Hudson up to the Troy dam, and special Problems. and Management Guidelines (DOS, 1989). projects to the headwaters. NMFS is also responsible for management of the Endangered Species Act, with the Federal Agencies Shortnose Sturgeon being a major concern in the Hudson. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) Department of the Werlor (DOI) The Hudson River is within the jurisdiction of the New The Department of the Interior contains the National Park York District of the Corps of Engineers, with headquarters Service which administers several historic sites located located in New York City. along the Hudson, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) which makes maps and conducts surveys and The Corps regulates structures in, or affecting, navigable hydrodynamics research in the estuary, and the Fish and waters of the U.S., as well as excavation of or deposition Wildlife Service (FWS). of materials in navigable waters. The Corps is also The FWS monitors endangered species, migratory birds, responsible for evaluating applications for Department of and contaminants in fish and wildlife resources. The FWS the Army permits to deposit dredged and/or fill material is also involved in reviewing permit applications for into the waters of the U.S. Including adjacent wetlands. In navigation, flood control, power, and highway projects. general a permit must be obtained from the Corps for: The FWS's Cortland, New York field office considers and filling of wetlands and navigable waters; placement of comments on impacts on wildlife and marine resources structures in navigable waters; dredging; and disposal of resulting from proposed development projects requiring dredged materials. Corps permits. If the FWS determines that a proposed The Corps is also responsible for Federal navigation development action will cause a habitat loss, the Service projects (e.g. channels, jetties, anchorages) specifically can recommend mitigation measures to avoid, or minimize authorized by Acts of Congress. In the Hudson, this and compensate for, such loss. includes the shipping channel up to Albany and auxiliary channels in six tributary streams which the Corps State Agencies constructed and is responsible for maintaining. Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The DEC has both resource management and regulatory The EPA is the primary federal agency for administering responsibilities for the tidal habitats of the Hudson River. and enforcing federal environmental laws such as the DEC's central office in Albany establishes statewide Clean Water Act and NEPA. The Hudson River estuary is policies and regulations and provides technical assistance under the jurisdiction of the Region 11 office of the EPA in to the regional DEC offices. Three regional offices have NYC which works to maintain water quality values in the jurisdiction over the estuarine portion of the Hudson River: River and comments on applications for dredging and Region 2, headquartered in New York City, has jurisdiction filling submitted to the Corps of Engineers. Under Section over the River in New York City; Region 3, headquartered 404 of the CWA, Corps permit decisions are made under in New Paltz, has jurisdiction over the Hudson in EPA guidelines and the EPA has the authority to veto Rockland, Westchester, Orange, Putnam, Ulster, and issuance of a permit during the review process. The EPA Dutchess counties; while Region 4, headquartered in can also take enforcement actions against unauthorized Schenectady, has jurisdiction over the Hudson in Greene, activities, impose civil fines, and seek criminal penalties. Columbia, Albany, and Rensselaer counties. The EPA has also worked to identify important wetland areas in the U.S. Many of the specific habitats presented Management Responsibilities in this guide are also identified under the EPA program. The DEC's management responsibilities are directed towards fish and wildlife resources and focus on the National Oceanic ancif Atmospheric various wildlife management areas established within the Acfaiihistradon (NOAA) estuary. Responsibility for managing these areas rests NOAA is the branch of the Commerce Department that with the DEC Division of Fish and Wildlife in each regional administers the Federal Coastal Zone Management office. DEC conservation officers responsible for enforcing Program under which the New York State Coastal management rules and regulations are within the Division Management Program is authorized and under which the of Law Enforcement. General wildlife management rules Estuarine Sanctuary Program operates. In addition, NOAA and regulations are established by the DEC to apply to all contains the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) wildlife management areas. In addition, special rules and which is a research and applied science agency charged regulations have been established for, some areas, particularly those with significant waterfowl habitat and Government Agencies 71 wetland areas. The DEC-managed areas along the tidal Special Area Designations portion of the Hudson include Roger's Island and Tivoli The DOS is responsible for ensuring the protection of Bays. The DEC also has jurisdiction over rivers in the coastal fish and wildlife habitats, scenic areas, and State outside the Adirondack Park through the New York agricultural lands of statewide significance. Once areas State Wild, Scenic, and Recreational Rivers System Act are designated, the coastal management consistency which includes three stretches of the lower Hudson River. requirements can be used to protect these resources. Regulatory Responsibilities Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitats may be The DEC has the major responsibility for protecting natural designated by the State if the DEC determines that the resources in the coastal area of New York State and habitat is: essential to the survival of a large portion of a exercises this authority through permit, review, and particular fish or wildlife population; supports populations management programs. For example, DEC reviews of species which are endangered, threatened, or of special proposed development activities with the potential for concern; supports populations having significant significant environmental impact.in accordance with the commercial, recreational, or educational value; or requirements of the State Environmental Quality Review exemplifies a habitat type which is hot commonly found in Act (SEQRA), the Freshwater and Tidal Wetlands Acts, the State or in a coastal region. The significance of Protection of Water, the State Pollutant Discharge certain habitats increases to the extent they could not be Elimination System (SPDES), and the Coastal Erosion replaced if destroyed. The tidal portions of the Hudson Hazard Areas Act. The DEC also implements the currently include 34 sites designated as Significant Coastal Environmental Quality Bond Act and is empowered to Fish and Wildlife Habitats. In addition to the Significant acquire property. Coastal Habitat Program, the DOS has recently begun a program to identify, evaluate, and recommend areas for Hudson River Estuary Management Plan designation as Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance. Under Article 11 of the ECL, the DEC is developing a 15- year policy setting plan to manage the Hudson Estuary. Special Interest in the Hudson River Tidal Habitats This plan provides a long-term focus for actions that affect The unique values of the Hudson Estuary became the River ecosystem. particularly evident during the identification phase of the Significant Coastal Habitat Program. The River contains Department of Stale (DOS) one of the highest concentrations of designated habitats, The DOS, through its Division of Coastal Resources and as well as some of the highest valued habitats in the State. Waterfront Revitalization, administers the New York State Because of this uniqueness and the DOS's concern that Coastal Management Program (CMP) and coordinates the habitats are being adversely impacted by human activities essential to its. implementation. Authority for the activities along the River, the DOS initiated and funded a CMP was established by the State Waterfront special study (presented in this report) of the tidal portion Revitalization and Coastal Resources Act of 1981. The of the Hudson River. CMP covers the shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario, the Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers, the tidal portions of the Office of Parks, Recreation, and Hudson River, New York City, and Long Island. Hislodc Preservatfon (OPRHP) The main responsibility of the OPRHP is to operate and Protection of Coastal Resources through maintain a statewide system of parks and historic sites to Consistency Review meet the recreational needs of the people of the State. Actions proposed in the coastal area of New York State by The State Parks 'and Recreation Law authorizes the federal agencies or by applicants for federal permits (e.g. OPRHP to acquire, establish, operate, and maintain state from the Corps of Engineers) must be consistent with the parks, parkways, historic sites, and state recreational policies established by the CMP. If a proposed action is facilities. The Parks and Recreation Bond Act provides a determined to be inconsistent by the DOS, a federal source of funds for acquisition. Within the framework of permit can not be issued. The DOS also evaluates the the OPRHP, the Palisades Interstate Park Commission consistency of federal direct actions such as dredging and (PIPC) operates as a semi-autonomous entity that funding with respect to coastal policies. In addition to administers the Interstate Park System along the lower federal activities, state agency activities are also required western shore of the Hudson. to be consistent with the coastal policies. Each state agency that proposes to fund or undertake an action in OPRHP establishes rules and regulations for state park the coastal area must determine the consistency of its use. OPRHP administered parks in the tidal portion of the action with the policies and purposes of the CMP. State Hudson include the undeveloped Castleton Island State agency permit decisions must also comply with the Park (on Schodack and Houghtaling Islands) and the coastal policies when the proposed permit action is the Hudson River Islands State Park (on Gay's Point and subject of an environmental impact statement or when Stockport Middle Ground). The Iona Island and Piermont there is an approved local waterfront program. Marsh sites are managed in part by the PIPC. 72 Chapter 5: Management Responsibilities OPRHP is also responsible for administration of the State's Department of HeaM (DON Navigation Law. The OPRHP's Bureau of Marine and The DOH enforces the Public Health Laws and the State Recreational Vehicles has general responsibility for boating Sanitary Code by which it regulates restaurants, motels, safety in New York State and provides funding and campgrounds, and other specific activities. The training for marine law enforcement as well as boating Department of Health must also approve water and education programs. Also, under the Navigation Law and sewage provisions for commercial uses and realty Town Law, no local law or ordinance pertaining to the subdivisions. DOH also issues advisories regarding regulation of vessels and establishment of vessel consumption of fish caught in the River. regulation zones can take effect until it has been submitted to and approved by OPRHP. Local Agencies Hudson RAw National Estuarine Counties bordering on the estuarine portion of the Hudson Research Reserve (HR-NERR) River include Albany, Rensselaer, Greene, Columbia, The HR-NERR program Is authorized under the Federal Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Westchester, Coastal Zone Management Act and is administered by and Bronx, Kings, and Richmond within New York City. State government. The DEC has primary responsibility for Most of these counties have agencies similar to those the program but works in cooperation with the Department described below. of State, OPRHP, and the Office of General. Services. The HR-NERR is headquartered at the Bard College Field County Planning Departments Station and operates in conjunction with DEC Region 3 The primary function of these departments is to provide offices in New Paltz. technical assistance on planning and development matters to local governments. For example, county planning The HR-NERR consists of four reserve sites along the departments offer assistance, upon request, to other local Hudson River at Stockport Creek, Tivoli Bays, Iona Island, governments relative to the formulation and enactment of and Plermont Marsh. The estuarine research reserves are local land-use controls, such as zoning ordinances, sub- used for scientif ic research and environmental education. division regulations, and special ordinances. The planning Currently, 4,130 acres of habitat are included in the four departments also provide assistance to local governments estuarine sites. Much of the land was already owned by with regard to State and Federal regulatory programs. the State when the program began, while additional lands County land-use plans have been developed for all were purchased through a grant from NOAA and matching counties along the Hudson River. These plans examine State funds. socio-economic conditions, land-use and land-capability characteristics, and present land use goals, objectives, New York Natural Heritage Program policies, and implementation strategies. The Natural Heritage Program was established with funding provided by The Nature Conservancy and is now County Soil and Water Conservation Districts (SWCDs) jointly funded by The Nature Conservancy and the DEC. SWCDs have been established in several counties along Major purposes of the Heritage Program include the Hudson Estuary. The primary objective of the SWCD inventorying rare plant and animal species and natural is the protection of natural resources in each county, communities in the State, compiling information on the specifically the protection of soil and water resources and occurrences of these species and communities, and the agricultural resources dependent on soil and water. providing these data to interested parties. In conducting The principal involvement of many of these SWCD districts the statewide inventory, the Heritage Program applies a has been the provision of technical assistance to standardized methodology developed by The Nature concerned landowners regarding the establishment of Conservancy for ranking species and communities on the appropriate erosion control measures. basis of their rarity both in the State and globally. Sites in the Hudson River Estuary have been identified that County Environmental Management Councils (EMCs) support many rare species and communities. These bodies, established by the County and Regional Environmental Management Councils Act, are county- Office of General Services (OGS) authorized citizen advisory boards. The primary The OGS administers state-owned lands including all land responsibility of the EMC is to advise citizens and local that is below the high tide mark along the coast. Under government officials on matters affecting the management the Public Lands Law, most private uses of submerged of the county's natural resources. The EMC provides land within the public domain require a grant, easement, resource information and technical assistance to local or lease from OGS. In the past, the State has sold or officials and county residents, conducts educational granted significant portions of the Hudson River shoreline programs and special environmental projects and studies, and underwater lands for various commercial uses. and also helps local governments understand and comply with the requirements of state and federal environmental legislation. The EMC participates in the review of Government Agencies 73 development activities proposed within the county and Greene, and Columbia counties; and the Lower Hudson provides comments on potential environmental impacts. Chapter including Orange, Dutchess, Putnam, Rockland, The EMC at the request of county, town, or village officials Ulster and Westchester counties. TNC also works with the reviews subdivision and development proposals to identify NY Natural Heritage Program to identify sites containing fragile natural resources and potential environmental rare plants, animals, and communities on the Hudson. impacts. National Audubon Sociefy County Health Departments The National Audubon Society is a national conservation The County Health Departments inspect sewage facilities group that provides leadership in scientific research, to see that they conform with standards established by the wildlife protection, conservation education, and State Department of Health in towns which have no local environmental action. Audubon receives its funding from enforcement officer. membership contributions, grants, and corporate sources. Funds are used to manage wildlife sanctuaries, maintain Town Board liaison with government agencies, prepare educational The Town Board is a local legislative and executive body. materials, and conduct scientific studies. National Town Boards are responsible for the general management Audubon is headquartered in New York City, has a State and control of town finances and have the power to office in Albany, and chapters throughout the state. acquire land for any public purpose. The Town Boards Audubon currently manages two wildlife preserves along may also enact, amend, and repeal various ordinances, the Hudson River Estuary, at Ramshorn Marsh and at rules, and regulations, including a building code, vessel Constitution Island. regulations, zoning ordinances, and subdivision regulations. City and village governments have executive State and Local Organizations bodies with functions similar to those of Town Boards. Scenic Hudson Planning and Zoning Boards Scenic Hudson is a community and environmental Many towns have Planning and Zoning Boards which are organization committed to preserving and restoring the advisory to the Town Board. These boards develop and ecological, scenic, historic, and recreational resources of administer zoning ordinances. Similar advisory entities the Hudson River and the Hudson Valley. Scenic Hudson exist in city and village governments. rec.elves its funding largely from foundations and individual donors with additional monies coming from corporate and 5.3 Private Not-for-Prorit Organizations government sources. Funds are used for land acquisition, In addition to the various Federal, State, and local monitoring development activities, restoring historic sites, agencies which have roles and responsibilities affecting environmental lobbying, and public education. Scenic resource protection and management in the Hudson River Hudson is also involved in the Hudson River Greenway Estuary, many private, non-profit organizations participate which is concerned with preserving the natural corridor in management of the ecosystem. In consideration of the from New York City to Troy. Scenic Hudson is located in scope of this document, only the most prominent groups Poughkeepsie and is active along the entire length of the are described here, but many other resource-oriented Hudson River. groups are active in the Hudson River Valley. Clearwater International and National Organizations The Hudson River Sloop Clearwater Inc., is an environmental education and advocacy organization The Nature Conservancy (TNQ committed to the protection and enhancement of the The Nature Conservancy is an international conservation Hudson River and other waterways throughout the State. organization committed to the preservation of natural Clearwater is largely supported by membership contri- diversity by protecting lands and waters supporting the butions and grants. Funds are used to operate the best examples of rare and endangered elements (plant sailboat Clearwater, a 106 foot replica of the early Hudson and animal species or natural communities). TNC River sloops, that is used primarily for environmental receives its funding from membership contributions, education purposes. Clearwater is also active in lobbying, donations of land, grants, and corporate sources. Funds and reviews and monitors issues connected with the are used to protect and manage land where elements environmental health of the River. In addition, Clearwater have been identified. Lands may be managed by TNC or sponsors and promotes numerous activities along the transferred to an appropriate government agency. In New riverfront to encourage its use by the public. Clearwater's York, TNC has seven regional chapters, each of which main headquarters are in Poughkeepsie. There are several administers local preserves and land acquisitions. The local branches of Clearwater along the River. estuarine portion of the Hudson is contained in the Eastern New York Chapter including Albany, Rensselaer, 74 Chapter 5: Management Responsibilities The Hudson River Foundation University Programs The Hudson River Foundation supports scientific and Many local colleges and universities, including Bard public policy research, environmental education programs, College, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, State University and physical improvement programs on the Hudson River. of New York (several campuses), Cornell, Columbia, The Foundation was established in 1981 as the result of Farleigh-Dickenson, University of Delaware, Fordham, and an agreement between environmental groups, government Pace, sponsor research along the estuary or have faculty agencies, and utility companies which resolved a long members researching various aspects of the Hudson. series of legal battles over the environmental impacts of power plants along the River. The settlement with the FURTHER READING utility companies included the provision of a $12 million Additional information on the groups and agencies endowment for the Foundation which is used for the described above can be obtained by contacting the offices Hudson River Fund to sponsor scientific and educational listed in Appendix D. programs. In addition, $1.5 million was given to the Foundation by the State for the Hudson River Improvement Fund which provides grants for projects stressing the public use and enjoyment of the River. The Hudson River Foundation also provides grants for graduate student fellowships studying the River and sponsors the Polgar Fellowship Program which provides summer research scholarships to graduate and undergraduate students studying wetlands along the River. Hudson Riverkeeper Fund/Hudson River Fisherman's Association (HRFA) The HRFA is a community group, which was initially formed in 1965, and is dedicated to protecting the public interest on the Hudson River. In 1983, the HRFA began the Hudson Riverkeeper Fund which sponsors a full time Riverkeeper to serve as the eyes and ears of the public on the River and in court. The Riverkeeper receives funding from membership donations and legal settlement awards, the most notable resulting from a settlement with Exxon Corporation for transporting and selling the public's Hudson River water to the Caribbean island of Aruba. Funds support a Riverkeeper position and are used to enforce and promote environmental laws and ecologically sound practices to protect the River's resources. Research Organizations Hudsonia Hudsonia is an organization which conducts biological and ecological research on different aspects of the Hudson River Valley. Recent studies include an evaluation of the contribution of the Hudson River's tributaries to the larval production of anadromous fish and a study of the life history of grass shrimp. Hudsonia is headquartered at the Bard College Field Station in Annandale-on-Hudson. Institute of Ecosystem Studies (IES) The IES is a research division of the New York Botanical Gardens and is located in Millbrook, NY. IES sponsors biological and ecological research on many different aspects of the Hudson River. Recent studies include an examination of zooplankton populations in the River and the development of a model for phytoplankton production in the River. Chapter 6: SITE SPECIFIC INFORMATION In the preceding chapters, the natural and human components of the River ecosystem were examined as they apply to the tidal habitats as a whole. In this chapter, this general information is applied to 39 specific sites located along the River between Albany and New York City (see the Hudson River overview map). All portions of the River have value as habitat for plants and animals. The sites in this chapter, however, have been identified as having special importance and include 34 sites designated as Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitats under the State's Coastal Management Program and five additional sites recognized by the New York Natural Heritage Program as containing important plant and animal communities. As noted in the introduction to the guide, site-specific coverage is limited to the portion of the Hudson estuary north of the NYC municipal boundary. Each site description consists of. � Geographic information � A description of significant biological features � A description of human activities at the site � Suggested habitat protection measures � A map showing the boundaries of the site and important biological and cultural features 76 Haverstraw Be W E S T C H Haverstraw 0 Croton River and Bay Ossining 4'j R 0 C K L A N Nyack 4tj@ IN, Tarrytown Is" Piermont Marsh IN, Yonkers INDEX Unique Natural Area Sites Fresh Water Brackish Water Salt Water N NEW YORK CITY 8 4 0 8 Scale in Miles N Albany Rensselaer SL amans KI RENSSELA HUDSON RIVER Hudson Castleton-on- ScIlIermlomisland SIGNIFICANT ind Cogymans Crook Schodacki di- Hannacrollf C ieek TIDAL HABITATS ................ .................. Mill Creek W lands ............ Coxsackkie C ............ ree sant tu 9 Conackie Marsh ........ Island Backwate e Coxsacki VasbUrgh Stockpad Crook and Flats 00 Swill' i IN Athens G R E E N E An Hudson Catskill Cre 0 Guam C 0 L U M B I A Catskill Island Ramshorn Mamb, In ocht Bay Rooliff-Jansen ! M101 Kill Smith1anding ........... Garmantown-,". Fla Eso Clermont Fla ......................................... Saugerties lb Z c", Ti@oli. Esopus Estuary, ------- Tivoli Bays ..... ........... Mudder Kill Th Flats reek 41 c Kingston Kingston Deepwater Habitat Vanderburgh Cove Z! E 90 sSys me ows 4 U L S T E R iff Ir D U T C E S S it psie 01 Poughkee Deepwater Habitat t dou 0 m Elbo Vaursh Poughkeepsie C4 44 iz Ac iz -rM ap inger Cree ........... .. ........ ........ S U L L I V A N appingers Falls ishkill Beaco Newburgh .............. 0 .......... ............ ... ......... .... ........................... . ..... Fishkill Creek Moodna Cre Cornwall c Cold Spring P U T N)A M /e k Constitution 0 R A N E Marsh Highland Fall Hudson River .......... Miles 44-56 Con Hook 0 ................. Marsh .... ............ . ............... at Camp Smith Iona Island Marsh Marsh, Peekskill 77 KEY TO SITE SPECIFIC INFORMATION Information about each site is presented using a standardized format and map that identifies the locations of examples of natural and cultural features. The content of the standardized descriptions and the mapping symbols used to represent important features are explained in the following sections. The information regarding each site is not complete. Additional field work and evaluation is essential in assessing the potential impacts of any activities proposed at the sites. Much of the information presented in this chapter is adapted from the Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat narratives (DOS 1987). These original habitat narratives constitute the findings of the Secretary of State regarding the designation of each site and contain useful and more complete information regarding habitat value. These narratives are available through the Departments of State and Environmental Conservation, and local communities. Additional information comes from the New York State Natural Heritage Program's data files, the New York Field Office files of The Nature Conservancy, staff of the Coastal Management Program and local site-specific sources. Initial and subsequent field verifications were carried out for each site. All unattributed photgraphs in this chapter are by Nick Salafsky (TNC). GEOGRAPHI[C INFORMATION Site Name: The name used is the Coastal Management Program Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat (CMP) name, unless otherwise noted. Town(s): Lists towns containing or adjacent to the site. County(ies): Identifies counties containing the site. 7.5' Quad(s): Name of the NYS DOT topographical map quadrangles in which the site appears. All maps shown are the latest in the DOT series, as of January 1989. Information shown on the base maps is not necessarily accurate since the base maps used to prepare the DOT maps may be several decades old and may no longer reflect current landforms and topography. The map accompanying each site narrative depicts the site boundaries, approximate locations of examples of significant biological and man-made features, and surrounding land use patterns. The maps are not complete. Evaluations of environmental impacts will require on site investigations. BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Lists the major communities found within the site (see Chapter I definitions). Single letter codes indicate where examples of each community type may be found. Refer to the code definition list for community types. Rare Species: Lists endangered species known to use the area (see section 2.11). Animal habitat is not indicated on the map; use by a particular species should be presumed whenever suitable habitat exists. Valuable Species: Lists the useful or commercially valuable fish and wildlife species using the habitat (refer to section 2.2). Size: Gives the relative size (small, medium, large, vast) of the Code Community Type overall site as well as the size of each of the community types. Quality- Gives a brief assessment of the relative quality of the D deepwater site based on its diversity (high, moderate, low, uniform), quality 8 shallows (excellent, good, fair, poor), and degree of disturbance F mud and sand flats (extensive, moderate, limited, none). B sandy beach Exotics : Describes the degree to which exotic plants have R rocky shore invaded the site (see section 4.3). Large colonies of exotic L lower marsh plants are indicated on the site map with two letter codes. U upper marsh Refer to the list for code definitions. If a plant is listed without W tidal swamp forest a map code, it can be presumed to be found in low C freshwater creek concentrations throughout appropriate habitats. General Description: A narrative describing the site, including photgraphs where available. COMMUNITY CODES 78 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Exotic Plants Major Features: Lists the major man-made features present at the site (see Chapter 4). On the site map, two WC water chestnut letter codes indicate the general location of the feature. CR common reed Code definitions are provided in the list. Dredge reaches PL purple loosestrife and dredge disposal sites also include numbered codes as listed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. major Features Site Histoiy. Describes the processes and actions that AR abandoned ruins potentially influenced the current ecological system. BH bulkhead Eidsting Use: Describes the present use of the site. BL boat launch ramp Institutions holding a SPDES permit (see section 4.3) in the BR bridge early 1980's are also listed (Rohmann and Lilienthal, 1987). DA dam or barrier Surrounding Use: Describes the current use of lands DB duck blind adjacent to the site. On the map, general land uses are DR dredged reach indicated with a two letter code. DS dredge disposal site Status: Identifies the current protection available for the EL electric lines site as well as known ownership. State-mapped wetiand FJ flotsam and jetsam codes are provided for general information only; concerns IN industrial building regarding regulated wetlands should be directed to the LF landfill or junkyard Department of Environmental Conservation. NY Natural MA marina Heritage Program sites included in the Significant Coastal PI pier or causeway Habitat area are also given. PK parking lot PP power plant HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES RB RR bridge or culvert Site Boundary- Indicates the relationship between the RS radio antenna or tower Significant Coastal Habitat boundary and the boundary RV recreational vehicle trail depicted on the site map. Significant Coastal Habitat SC shipping channel boundaries are shown as solid lines; other areas described SP sewage plant are indicated by a dashed line. A description of the TF tank farm appropriate buffer zone is also given. TH seasonal residences WI water intake Recommended Actions: Describes actions needed to protect, restore or enhance the tidal habitats. Land Uses Incompatible Use: Describes potential future site and land AG agriculture uses that would be incompatible with maintaining the CP county park habitat values at present levels. IN industry Recommended Use: Describes potential future site and MR military reservation land uses that would be compatible with or even beneficial NA natural area to the tidal habitats. PA picnic or camping area NH National Historic Site Knowledgeable Contacts: Lists individuals knowledgeable QU quarries about the specific site (see Appendix C for information an RH residential housing how to contact these individuals). TP town park SK state park FEATURE CODES 79 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Normans Kill REFER TO MAP NUMBER 1 Town(s): Albany, Bethlehem County(ies): Albany 7.51 Quad(s): Albany, Delmar BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Freshwater creek (C) with shallows (S) associated with the creek mouth. Rare Species: None known. Valuable Species: Important spawning area for anadromous fish including alewife, white perch and blueback herring. Large resident smallmouth bass population. Size: Two miles of unobstructed creek extending to just downstream of the Thruway bridge. The lower mile is tidally-influenced. The creek drains over 170 square miles of land. Qualit.r. A uniform habitat of fair quality that has experienced extensive disturbance. Exotics: The River banks near the mouth are covered with common reed (CR). General Description: The lower tidally-influenced part of the site is referred to as "Island Creek" and is relatively deep with silt and clay substrate and muddy banks lined with common reed. The upper mile of the stream is fairly shallow with a gravelly substrate and steep wooded banks, largely in a natural condition. @J A P4, 977`1 4A Figure 29: Norman's Kill looking east from Route 32. Photo by Styan SwiftlDEC 80 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: Large tank farms (TF), many road and railroad crossings, bulkheading (131-1), sewage plants (SP), power plant (PP), shipping channel (SC), dredging reaches (DR) 2 and 3, and a dredge disposal site (DS) U-25. Site History. The River channel was first dredged be tween 1926 and 1930. Subsequent maintenance dredging occurred repeatedly. There are signs that the creek itself was also dredged at sometime in the past. Existing Use: Bass fishing, water withdrawals from the upstream areas. SPDES waste discharge permits were held in the early 1980's by Mobil Oil, Pyramid Crossgates Shopping Center, Air Products and Chemicals, Exxon, Niagara Mohawk's AJbany Steam Plant, Sears Petroleum Storage Terminal, and the Albany County and Albany City sewage districts. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), many industrial activities (IN), natural areas (NA), roads and railroads. Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Upstream lands under private ownership. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife area. The buffer zone should include the woodlands surrounding the creek and its tributaries at least to the crest of the adjacent bluffs. Recommended Actions: Limit existing and additional upstream water withdrawals, especially during times of low water flow and during fish spawning, incubation and nursery periods (spring and summer). Monitor and control drainage to limit highway, tank farm, and industrial area runoff flowing into the creek. Maintain vegetation as a natural buffer. Incompatible Uses: Discharge of sewage and other waste products Into the stream, development of the creek bank and watershed leading to increased runoff, construction of dams and other barriers to fish movements. Clearing vegetation with subsequent erosion and soil slumping. Any activity resulting in introduction of sediment. Water withdrawals, particularly during low flow periods. Recommended Use: Increased access for recreation fishing. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DO$; DEC Region 4, Fisheries Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 81 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Papscanee Marsh and Creek REFER TO MAP NUMBER 1 Town(s): East Greenbush, Rensselaer County(ies): Rensselaer 7.51 Quad(s): Delmar, East Greenbush BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Largely comprised of upper marsh (U) with lesser amounts of shallows (S), mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), and freshwater creek (C). Rare Species: Least bittern nesting area, reported map turtle population. Valuable Species: Waterfowl use during migrations. Many breeding birds including green-backed heron, Virginia rail, several duck species, marsh wren, swamp sparrow, and others. Spawning and nursery grounds for anadromous and resident fish including American shad, blueback herring, alewife, white catfish, black bass and white perch. Size: Small sections of shallows in Papscanee Creek and Moordener Kill. Small sections of lower marsh and mudflat in the creek. Large tract of upper marsh surrounding the creek. Quality: A moderately diverse habitat of fair quality that has experienced extensive disturbance. Exotics: Invasion of the upper marsh by common reed (CR) and purple loosestrife (PL). General Description: The tidal portions of the site are along Papscanee Creek between the RR on the west and Route 9J on the east and along the first mile of Moordener Kill. Papscanee Creek is largely filled with lower marsh plants and is surrounded by large fields of reed-dominated upper marsh. Moordener Kill is a medium gradient warmwater stream with a gravelly substrate and some lower marsh vegetation. West of the RR is all non-tidal scrub forest. Figure 30: Wetland and shallows in backwater area at Papscanee Marsh 82 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: Large industrial complexes (IN), recreational vehicle trails (RV), bulkheading along the River (BH), RR and highway rights of way surrounding the area, permanent residences (RH), radio antenna or towers (RS), dam (DA), power plant (PP), tank farms (TF), sewage plant (SP), shipping channel (SC), dredging reaches (DR) 9 and 11, dredge disposal sites (DS) U-1, U-2, U-8, U-10, and U-10A. Site History- Bulkheading and fill in the 1800's connected Campbell Island. to the mainland (see section 4.5). The River channel was first dredged between 1926 and 1930 with subsequent maintenance dredging and disposal. Direct agricultural use of the upper marsh including filling and draining. Existing Use: Waterfowl hunting, trapping, fishing, and bird watching. SPDES waste discharge permits were held in the early 1980's by the Fort Orange Paper Company, and the Castleton-on-Hudson and Bethlehem sewage districts. Surrounding Use: Residential houses (RH), industrial (IN), agricultural (AG), and natural areas (NA), Castleton and Rensselaer urban areas. Status & Ownership: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area wholly or partially includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (D-102, EG-1). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary: Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. Buffer zones should include the wooded areas along Papscanee Creek and the banks and bluffs along Moordener Kill. Recommended Actions: Institute non-point pollution controls to reduce highway and industrial runoff. Manage agricultural uses to enhance wildlife uses. Restoration of upper marsh may be warranted, especially for waterfowl use. Incompatible Use: Discharge of chemicals and other waste products into the stream, development of the watersheds surrounding the site that would result in increased runoff. Dredging either of the two creeks. Constructing additional bulkheads. Recommended Use: Give h the already disturbed nature of most of the upper marsh, the site may be suitable for use as a managed area for waterfowl and other birds by enhancing food sources and by providing protected open water areas. The site may also be suitable for providing recreational access to the main River channel and resource- related access to the wetlands from Campbell Island. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. x Vv L1. xj@ flin Ph r 11 b t k1b 94 rosp, eig@ All -:j"_j TF :Gas H I "a solo U - ------------ D deepwater She wood Paik X4 P4 S 0, 13 x@CA@ffie L3; pol 41 Exotic Plants PL purple loosestrite ja n I r W Coope U - IN, Fill % VA darn or Darner Nill A% V 'CR- tj flotsam and jetsam IN 11-101.115triall DIJIMing East Greenbush \7 o. PK parking lot KS ra io antenna or tower 1,aI- 1P R SIC shipping channel J-@ TF tank farm TH seasonal residences 2 1 '@o LhL %-r 6UUIlLy POIK (n [IN Inaustry h (L 2'A R: al Historic Site Dear -196 QU quarries Is 0 CO 190 ifIra 44 N@' NA 0 F.K., 13M M P, so denin-li V S urni.j Pot M DS e o 'RN C, E" A o Brookview lp, 10. 0 C 4 Sur OT lot H LU) C t1 0 N HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 1 Miles Normans Kill Papscanee Marsh and Creek 0 1/2 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky December 1989 83 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Shad and Schermerhorn Islands REFER TO MAP NUMBER 2 Town(s): Bethlehem, Coeymans County(ies): Albany 7.5' Quad(s): Delmar BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Largely comprised of shallows (S) and mudflats (F), with lesser amounts of lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U) and freshwater creek (C). Rare Species: Heart leaf plantain historical record, estuary beggar-ticks. Valuable Species: Large feeding areas for herons and other wading birds, furbearers, deer and other upland game, limited waterfowl usage, important spawning and nursery grounds for American shad, blueback herring, alewife, white perch, striped bass and resident fish species. Size: Large shallows and mudflats zone, medium sized marsh areas, several miles of tidal creek along Binnen and Vloman Kills draining 30 square miles. The entire area constitutes a large, undeveloped flood plain ecosystem. Quallit.r. A moderately diverse habitat of good quality that has experienced limited disturbance.. Exotics: Limited patches of purple loosestrife (PL) alongthe fringes of Binnen Kill. General Description: The tidal portions of this site are dominated by shallows and mudflats between the islands and the River. A grassy marsh and sand/mud flats are located at a break in the bulkheads along the east side of the island. A shallows, mudflat, and lower marsh area is associated with the mouth of Binnen Kill, and very limited mudflats areas are located along Vloman Kill. The center of the island is largely upland forest and open agricultural areas. P", MEEM113 NO I W@' @ Figure 31: At the mouth of the Binnen Kill, looking north 84 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: Bulkheads (131-1) on the River side, hunting cabins (TH), recreational vehicle and dirt roads (RV), Thruway and railroad bridges (1113), agricultural fields (AG), sewage treatment plant (SP), gravel pit (QU), marina (MA), shipping channel (SC), dredging reaches (DR) 11, 12, and 14, dredge disposal (DS) site U-7. Site History- Bulkheading and fill in the 1800's connected Shad Island to the mainland (see section 4.5). The River channel was first dredged between 1926 and 1930 with subsequent maintenance dredging and disposal occurring on the islands. Existing Use: Significant deer and waterfowl hunting, fishing, boating, and agricultural use. SPDES waste discharge permits were held in the early 1980's by the Castleton-on-Hudson and Bethlehem sewage districts. Surrounding Use: The island is fairly isolated by steep bluffs. Limited residential housing (131-1), agricultural (AG), and natural areas (NA) border the site. Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Much of the island is privately owned. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Shad and Schermerhorn Islands site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundarr. Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the upland woods on the west side to the crest of the bluff, the watershed of Vloman Kill, and upland portions of the islands. Recommended Actions: Study effects of removing bulkheads to enhance water flow along the east shore of the island in order to promote wetland expansion. Monitor drainage patterns to determine if runoff from the Thruway overpass and agricultural lands is entering the habitat. Remove unsightly abandoned cabins from the east side of the island. Institute soil conservation practices in agricultural areas. Explore use of conservation easements with private landowners to protect natural condition of islands. Incompatible use: Dredging or bulkheading shallows and mudflats. Construction of barriers to fish movements in both Vloman and Binnen Kills. Development that would result in increased sedimentation, particularly clearing vegetation and expanding agricultural areas without using soil conservation practices. Channelization or other means of reducing flooding in wetland areas. Recommended Use: Managed game area, continued low-intensity recreation. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 85 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Schodack and Houghtaling Islands and Schodack Creek REFER TO MAP NUMBER 2 Town(s): Schodack, Stuyvesant, New Baltimore County(les): Rensselaer, Columbia, Greene 7.5' Quad(s): Delmar, Ravena BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Predominantly shallows (S), mudflats (F), and sandy beach (B), with lesser amounts of lower marsh (L) and upper marsh (U). Rare Species: Osprey roosting and feeding areas on lower Schodack Island, heart leaf plantain historical record, possible use by shortnose sturgeon. Valuable Species: Waterfowl use during migrations and limited nesting activity, nesting by other bird species. Furbearers present. Schodack Creek provides important spawning and nursery grounds for American shad, white perch, alewife, and blueback herring; black bass and other freshwater fish species. Northernmost concentration of shad spawning on the Hudson. Size: Large total area of shallows and mudflats,. medium sized lower and upper marsh, long stretches of sandy beach shore. Quality. A high diversity habitat of excellent quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: Moderate to severe invasion of purple loosestrife (PL) and common reed (CR) In the upper marsh areas in the north part of the site. General Description: The tidal portions of this site are centered on a large area of shallows and mudflats running the length of Schodack Creek. The creek is a relic side channel of the Hudson that now functions as a backwater area with generally higher biological productivity than the River. The creek is flanked on both sides by lower marsh that is broader in several locations Including the Rensselaer- Columbia county line, Hell Gate, and just north of the Thruway bridge. Thin strips of bulrush- dominated, sandy shore are found along the southern-most -7 es of the creek and an area of sid upper marsh is located between the creek and Route 9J at the northern part of the site. The center of the island is largely scrubby upland forest and open agricultural areas. Figure 32: Looking across Schodack Creek at Schodack Island 86 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIO Major Features: Bulkheads on the River side (BH), recreational vehicle trails (RV), Thruway and railroad overpasses (RB), RR track forms east boundary of the site, shipping channel (SC), marina (MA), dredging reaches (DR) 14, 17, 18, and 22, dredge disposal (DS) sites U-3A, 6, 18, 20, and 21. Site History- Site of Mohican Indian council fires and main village. Bulkheading and fill in the 1800's connected Upper and Lower Schodack and Houghtaling Islands to the mainland (see section 4.5). The River channel was first dredged between 1926 and 1930 with subsequent maintenance dredging and disposal. Existing Use: Deer and waterfowl hunting, bird watching, trapping, and commercial shad fishing. Surrounding Use: The islands are relatively isolated by the creek and the railroad. Agricultural areas (AG), residential houses (RH), and the Villages of Castleton and Schodack Landing occur on the eastern shore of the River. Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Much of the Island is within the Castleton Island State Park, an undeveloped State-owned property administered by the NYS Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation. The area includes or partially includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (R-201, R-202). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The area includes the Natural Heritage Program's Hellgate Marsh and Houghtaling Island Marsh sites. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary. Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the watershed surrounding Muitzes Kill, extending to the bluff crest east of Route 9J. Recommended Actions: Monitor and cont 'rol drainage from the Thruway overpass and from Route 9J to limit runoff into the habitat. Contain waste resulting from bridge maintenance such as from paint and scrapings. Develop a park plan which will actively protect Schodack Creek and most of the southern sections of the islands. Evaluate re- establishment of channels between Houghtaling, Lower Schodack and Upper Schodack Islands to increase flows in Schodack Creek in order to halt succession in the backwater at its currently productive state and to isolate the .Islands from existing human use impacts. Incompatible Use: Wetland creation in existing productive shallows areas, development of the uplands in the southern part of the island near the osprey sites, dredging, development or construction activity in or along Schodack Creek that is not specifically designed for habitat enhancement. Clearing vegetation from islands and adjacent bluffs. Dredge disposal at designated sites is compatible provided that entry of sediment into adjacent waters is minimized. Recommended Use: Development of the northern island as a camping site or day use park. Boating facilities along bulkheaded shoreline of Upper Schodack Island. Either eliminate or formalize existing recreational vehicle use to minimize environmental damage. Construction of nature and hiking trails. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 87 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Coeymans Creek REFER TO MAP NUMBER 2 Town(s): Coeymans County(ies): Albany 7.5' Quad(s): Ravena BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Predominantly shallows (S) with smaller amounts of mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U), and swamp forest (W). Rare Species: None known. Valuable Species: Important spawning area for anadromous fishes including alewife, blueback herring, white perch, and American shad. Limited waterfowl use during migrations. Size: One-quarter of a mile of creek extending up to the large falls below Route 144. A large shallows area near the creek mouth in the River, small patches of marsh along the shore, and a very small piece of swamp forest. Quality- A low diversity habitat of fair quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Invasion by purple loosestrife (PL) into the upper marsh areas. General Description: The site consists of a tidal cove at the mouth of Coeymans Creek, shallows along the shoreline, and a small marsh area south of the creek that has restricted tidal flow due to bulkheading. --T 7-- !7@ ? f 7,@ Figure 33: Bulkhead across backwater north of marina near Coeymans Creek. Photo by Bryan Swift/DEC as Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: Bulkheading and diking (BH), a town park (TP), a large marina (MA), sewage treatment plant (SP)', residential housing (RH), dam (DA), shipping channel (SC), dredging reaches (DR) 17 and 18. Site Historr. The bulkheads were constructed in the mid-19th century. Existing Use: Limited waterfowl hunting and fishing, recreational boating. SPDES waste discharge permits were held In the early 1980's by Atlantic Cement, Callanan Industries, Consolidated Rail Corporation, and the local sewage treatment district. Surrounding Use: Village of Coeymans, residential housing (RH), and natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area includes or partially includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (R-16). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary: Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should contain the fields and woods west of the site to Route 144 as well as the immediate areas bordering the creek. Recommended Actions: Evaluate selective removal of bulkhead along the edge of the marsh in order to enhance tidal flow and possibly promote marsh expansion and inhibit purple loosestrife growth. Monitor and control runoff entering from the marina and the surrounding roads. Incompatible Use: Construction of dams and other barriers to fish movements, dredging shallow areas, development of the watersheds near the marsh and the creek that would result in increased runoff and soil erosion. Elimination of natural vegetative buffer. Recommended Use: Town riverside park, boat launch near the marina. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 89 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Hannacroix Creek REFER TO MAP NUMBER 2 Town(s): Coeymans, New Baltimore County(ies): Albany, Greene 7.5' Quad(s): Ravena BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Predominantly freshwater creek (C) with shallows (S), mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U), and swamp forest (W) associated with the creek mouth. Rare Species: None known. Valuable Species: Important spawning area for alewife, blueback herring, white perch, American shad, and other fishes. Resting and feeding areas for migratory waterfowl. Feeding areas for herons,,varlous birds, and furbearing mammals. Size: Medium sized shallows and mudflats areas, medium sized marsh areas, medium sized tidal swamp forest. Tidal zone of the creek extends to Route 144, with about 1.5 miles of unobstructed fish habitat. QualiW. A moderate diversity habitat of excellent quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: Limited invasion of the upper marsh and creek banks by purple loosestrife (PL) and common reed (CR). General Description: The site consists of shallows and mudflats along the River shore and in the tidal portion of the creek. Hannacroix Creek is a medium gradient, perennially warmwater stream with a gravel and rock substrate which drains an area in excess of 60 square miles. There is a small area of lower and upper marsh along the River in front of a tidal swamp forest that extends back to Route 144. 47 Vl- I4i* 17 ? Figure 34: Hannacrolk Creek below Route 144. Photo by Bryan Swiftlt)EC j 90 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTI Major Features: Sewage plant (SP) discharging effluent into the creek, bulkheads (BH), vehicle trails (RV) mowed through vegetation, shipping channel (SC), dredging reach (DR) 18. Site History- The River channel was first dredged between 1926 and 1930 with subsequent maintenance dredging. Current Use: Limited waterfowl hunting and fishing. A SPDES waste discharge permit was held in the early 1980's by the local municipal sewage district. Surrounding Use: Natural areas (NA), residential housing (RH). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Parts of the swamp forest are privately owned and were for sale as of September 1988. The area wholly or partially Includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (R-16). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Hannacroix Creek Mouth site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlffe Habitat area, plus the area identified as swamp forest extending back to Route 144 (dashed line). The buffer zone should include the wooded uplands surrounding Hannacroix Creek and extending to the crest of the steep banks. Recommended Actions: Monitor and control runoff entering the habitat from Route 144. Implement a watershed management program to maintain forested creek corridor, and limit agricultural runoff. Incompatible Use: Development or dredging of the shallows and mudflats, development of the Hannacroix Creek watershed area resulting in increased runoff. Bulkheading or dredging in the creek. Marina development. Clearing vegetation on adjacent bluffs. Recommended Use: Increased fishing access. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 91 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Mill Creek Wetlands REFER TO MAP NUMBER 2 Town(s): Stuyvesant County(ies): Columbia 7.51 Quad(s): Ravena BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Predominantly swamp forest (W) with smaller amounts of shallows (S), mudflats (F), sandy beach (13), lower marsh (L), and upper marsh (U). Rare Species: Estuary beggar-ticks. Valuable Species: Limited waterfowl use during migrations. Populations of- breeding birds Including green-backed herons, various ducks, and many passerine birds. Size: Medium to large swamp forest (the smallest of four sizeable tidal swamps on the Hudson). Small upper and lower marsh areas, small to medium sandy beach, mudflats, and shallows. Quality. A high diversity habitat of good quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Limited invasion of purple loosestrife (PIL) and common reed (CR) in the upper marsh and along the sandy beach. General Description: Most of the site is a large tidal swamp forest located between Route 9J and the railroad. The swamp is fed by streams flowing from the uplands to the east and two channels under the RR to the River on the west. The land directly between the RR and the River is non-tidal upland with a stretch of tidal sandy beach along the front. The northern part of the site includes a small lower marsh at the mouth of a small stream, which is backed by a small upper marsh area. T Zle Figure 35: Mill Creek and swamp forest above the railroad bridge. Photo by Bryan SwiftlDEC 92 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: RR tracks with several bridges (RB) over tributary streams, small marina (MA) and picnic area (PA), high bluff with erosion possibly induced by boat wakes, shipping channel (SC), bulkheads (131-11), dredging reaches (DR) 23 and 24. Site History- Development of the swamp forest was possibly enhanced by the construction of the RR in the.1850's which limited tidal inflow and may have allowed succession to reach the current stage. The River channel was first dredged between 1926 and 1930 with subsequent maintenance dredging and disposal. Existing Use: Limited hunting, fishing, trapping, and bird watching. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), railroad and highway corridors, natural areas (NA). Status & Ownership: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Site is privately owned with portions recently acquired by The Nature Conservancy. The area includes or partially includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (R-202). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Mill Creek Marsh site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary: Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the upland forest to the east and bluffs to approximately the 100 foot contour. Recommended Actions: Monitor effects of boat wakes on the eroding bluff area (erosion may actually be beneficial to the estuary beggar-ticks population). Maximize protective ownership to preserve swamp habitat. Enhance tidal flow into the upper marsh area to inhibit further spread of loosestrife and reed. Monitor and minimize herbicides applied along the RR rights of way to limit their entry into the habitat. Institute a watershed management plan for Mill Greek. Monitor and control runoff from Route 9J. Incompatible Use: Activities that would subdivide, destroy, or alter the tidal swamp forest habitat. Activities that would threaten the sandy beach area where the beggar-ticks grows. Construction of barriers to water flow and fish movement in Mill Creek and the creek to the north. Clearing vegetation within the immediate watershed. Recommended Use: The upland between the River and the RR track could be developed for use as a picnic site if adverse impacts on the beach could be averted. Managed access to the swamp forest for education could be provided with boardwalks. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. Robert Zaremba, The Nature Conservancy. JJ@ BL boat launch ramp Pat BR bridge DA dam or barrier DB duck blind t D R dredged reach )oho DS dredge disposal site EL electric lines D@: 3 S/ FJ flotsam and jetsam IN industrial building DS, LF landfill or junkyard at1heA MA marina t P1 pier or causeway lot PP power plant ac If Q RB RR bridge or culvert RS radio antenna or tower RV recreational vehicle trail SC shipping channel SP sewage plant TF tank farm :2 DA TH seasonal residences water intake WI a Land Uses AG agriculture county park IN industry MR military reservation NA natural area PA picnic or camping area NH National Historic Site QU quarries P RH residential housing M TP town park SK state park @i (A "Y V 4 ght Dk.04 U HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 2 Miles Shad and Schermerhorn Islands / Schodack and Houghtaling Islands and Schodack Creek / Coeymans 0 V2 Creek / Hannacroix Creek / Mill Creek Wetlands New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky Dec v D Radio X Y1 -1 .7 X'75 Tre ment. J 'N@ U ID X X" ti -C 4. -C QU F I ?W 2@ N'V X 159 @J 0 10 1k4 E N-HI; 0 I/T k R 0 X1 A -C VT DS UIPT/ I X"' Z). IN; b 9W d P 173 ter bot 2 :it 'A ou )7i a We X 1/9 31 n S B % th? W- :@' P@ DS S AV' it -X25 I Lighl JR 011 17 Lq..titA X 01 -t 10 f A.3' Ugh MAP LEGEND Kro -Aj Community Type I D deepwater S shallows F mud and sand flats B sandy beach P; rocky shore R L lower marsh U upper marsn W tidal swamp forest /@Ut9" "@ hS C freshwater creek V Exotic Plants WC water chestnut CR common reed PL purple loosestrife 5 K 10 ahandonAd ruins Major Features I AR .1 . I % It . I i . W *@ i . 214. 93 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: - Stuyvesant Marshes REFER TO MAP NUMBER 3 Town(s): Stuyvesant County(ies): Columbia 7.51 Quad(s): Ravena BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Roughly equal amounts of shallows (S), mudflats (F), sandy beach (13), rocky shore (R), lower marsh (L), and upper marsh (U). Rare Species: Heart leaf plantain, kidney leaf mud7plantain. Valuable Species: Limited use by migrating waterfowl, probable heavy use by various nesting bird species. Size: Small to medium sized shallows, mudflats, and marsh areas, long stretch of sandy beach and rocky shore. Quality- A moderate diversity habitat of good quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Moderate to heavy invasion by common reed (CR), purple loosestrife (PL), and water chestnut (WC). General Description: Although this site is fairly small, it contains many habitat types including a mix of upper and lower marsh west of the RR tracks, sand and mudflats at the mouth of a small stream, and a long stretch of sandy beach south of the stream, and a stretch of rocky shore along the River at the northern end of the site. Figure 36: Creek mouth at Stuyvesant Marshes 94 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIO Major Features: RR track forms east boundary of site, small summer house on site (rH), limited bulkheading along the shore (131-1), shipping channel (SC), dredging reaches (DR) 25, 26, and 27, dredge disposal (DS) areas U-23 and 24. Site Historr. The River channel was first dredged between 1926 and 1930 with subsequent maintenance dredging and on site disposal. Urnited disturbance from construction of RR. Existing Use: Possible limited fishing and bird watching. Surrounding Use: RR track, residential housing (RH), Village of Stuyvesant. Status & Ownership: Not a designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Recognized by the NY Natural Heritage program as containing tidal communities of moderate significance. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundarr. Site boundaries shown on the map are from NY Natural Heritage Program. The buffer zone should include the upland watershed to the east including the bluffs extending to the 150 foot contour. Recommended Actions: Monitor and control runoff entering the habitat from Route 9J and the RR. Monitor the heart leaf plantain for evidence of trampling or degradation; use protective fencing as appropriate. Incompatible Use: Development, dredging, and filling of the wetland areas. Construction of new bulkheads along the shore. Clearing vegetation in the immediate watershed. Use of herbicides near rare plants. Recommended Use: Educational opportunities are facilitated by the site's small size, accessibility, and large numbers of community types. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. Carol Reschke, Robert Zaremba, Caryl DeVrIles and Kate Hubbs (rhe Nature Conservancy). 95 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Coxsackie Creek REFER TO MAP NUMBER 3 Town(s): New Baltimore County(ies): Greene 7.51 Quad(s): Ravena BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Principally freshwater creek (C) with lesser amounts of shallows (S), mudflats (F), sandy beach (B), lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U), freshwater creek (C). Rare Species: Estuary beggar-ticks. Valuable Species: Spawning habitat for alewife, blueback herring, white perch, and American shad. Feeding grounds for herons and other wading birds. Small mammal and furbearer foraging. Size: Medium sized marsh, mudflats, and shallow littoral areas. One and a half miles of unobstructed stream accessible to migratory fish. Quality- A moderate diversity habitat of good quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: Limited purple loosestrife (PL) around the fringes of the marsh. I General Description: The mouth of the creek contains upper and lower marsh as well as mudflats. North of the creek mouth along the River is a spit of sandy shore (probably dredge material). The first half mile of creek is tidally influenced with a mud substrate while the next mile is non-tidal with a gravel and rock substrate. The marsh and creek are bordered by steep, wooded hills. Generally an undeveloped habitat. Figure 37. Tidal portion of Coxsackie Creek, looking east 96 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: Residential housing (RH), highway, shipping channel (SC), dredging reach (DR) 25, dredge disposal (DS) site U-3. Site Historr. The River channel was first dredged between 1926 and 1930 with subsequent maintenance dredging and disposal. Existing Use: Limited fishing and hunting in the area. Local dip-net blueback herring fishery in the spring. Surrounding Use: Agricultural lands (AG), natural areas (NA). Status & Ownership: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The site Includes the Natural Heritage Program's Coxsackie Creek. Mouth site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary. Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the woodlands west of the site and along the creek, including steep banks up to the 100 foot contour. Recommended Actions: Monitor impact of runoff from the highway and surrounding agricultural areas. The creek has a very low concentration of water chestnut; it may be practical to use mechanical means to control the spread of this exotic here. Incompatible Use: Future dredge disposal in or directly adjacent to the habitats. Dredging or construction in the stream. Clearing vegetation. Expanding agricultural use without adequate runoff control. Alterations to the current natural state of the creek corridor. Activities that would increase turbidity or temperature. Recommended Use: The site is generally inaccessible from land. Fishing opportunities could be developed from River access points. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 97 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name. Coxsackie Island Backwater REFER TO MAP NUMBER 3 Town(s): Coxsackie, New Baltimore County(ies): Greene 7.5' Quad(s): Hudson North, Ravena BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Predominantly shallows (S) with peripheral mud and sand flats (F), rocky shore (R), lower marsh (L), and upper marsh (U). Rare Species: Heart leaf plantain, kidney leaf mud-plantain. Valuable Species: As a large vegetated backwater, the site is an important spawning and nursery ground for a diverse number of resident fish including brown bullhead, largemouth bass, yellow perch, and redfin pickerel. Also feeding grounds for anadromous fish and wintering areas for largemouth bass. Size: Large shallows area, several small to medium sized marsh, shore; and mud flat areas. Quality. A low diversity habitat of good quality that has experienced extensive disturbance. Exotics: Limited invasion by purple loosestrife (PL) along the fringes of the marsh and by water chestnut (WC) in the northern portion of the backwater. General Description: The shallow littoral area is a vegetated backwater located largely behind Rattlesnake and Coxsackie Islands. Underwater shelter for fish is provided by the many sunken barges in the area. The site's northern shore is mostly sandy beach and unvegetated mudflats while the southern portion exhibits a wetland sequence starting with mudflats and grading into lower and upper marsh areas towards land. Figure 38: Northern island shoreline area showing sandy beach and upper marsh. 98 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: Several marinas (MA), a town park (TP), boat launch (BL), sewage plants (SP), sunken barge hulls, shipping channel (SC), dredging reaches (DR) 26, 27, and 28, dredge disposal (DS) sites 23 and 24S. Site Historr. The River channel was first dredged between 1926 and 1930 with subsequent maintenance dredging and disposal. Historic shipping activity resulted in the many sunken barges. Existing Use: Extensive fishing and boating activities. A SPDES waste discharge permit was held in the early 1980's by the Coxsackie sewage district. Surface oil films observed in marshes, perhaps originating from marina activities. I Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), roads, the Village of Coxsackie, natural areas (NA). Status & Ownership: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area includes or partially includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (HN-102). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Coxsackie Marsh site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary. The designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife area should be extended to cover the wetland area north of the town park (dashed line). The buffer zone should include the wooded hillside directly fronting the backwater up to Riverside Avenue along the northern portion of the site, and extending to the 150 foot contour along the southern portion. Recommended Actions: Locate and eliminate source of surface oil in the marsh. Monitor and control any harmful substances associated with outfalls in the south part of the site. Protect the heart leaf plantain from trampling, with fencing, if needed. Clean up trash dumped at the north part of the site near Rattlesnake Island. Incompatible Use: Construction of breakwaters and bulkheads that would alter water flow patterns or eliminate shallows and flats. Dredging the productive shallows and flats. Construction on adjacent lands resulting in erosion and runoff. Winter activities which would affect use by largemouth bass. Expanded marina development or other development that would result in boating traffic largely through shallows and flats. Recommended' Use: Increased fishing access. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 99 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Stockport Creek and Flats REFER TO MAP NUMBER 3 Town(s): Stuyvesant, Stockport, Greenport County(ies): Columbia 7.5' Quad(s): Hudson North, Stottville BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Habitat largely comprised of shallows (S) and muciflats (F). Substantial amounts of lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U), and woody swamp (W). Three miles of tidal and freshwater creek (C). Smaller amounts of deepwater (D) and sandy beach (B) associated with the navigation channel and islands respectively. Rare Species: Heart leaf plantain, estuary beggar-ticks, goldenclub. Substantial map turtle population. Valuable Species: Very important spawning and/or nursery grounds for anadromous and freshwater fish species including alewife, blueback herring, smelt, American shad, striped bass, and smallmouth bass. Very important feeding and resting habitat for migrating and overwintering waterfowl. Use by wading, shore, and passerine birds for feeding and breeding. Bank swallows nest in the vertical sand banks on the southwest shore of Stockport Middle Ground. Extensive stands of wild rice. Size: Vast expanses of shallows and flats. Second largest unobstructed tidal and freshwater stream on the Hudson. Quality. A high diversity habitat of excellent quality that has experienced limitecl disturbance. Exotics: Limited to moderate invasions of purple loosestrife (PL), common reed (CR), and water chestnut (WC). General Description: Lower and upper marsh areas are located along the eastern shore of Nutten Hook. Rocky shoreline is found facing the River on Nutten Hook. North of Little Nutten Hook are marsh, mudflats, and shallow littoral areas. The tidal cove formed by Gay's Point is mostly shallow littoral areas with patches of lower marsh. Areas from Judson Point south to Stockport Creek include shallow and deep water with beaches around Stockport Middle Ground. Stockport Creek is a large tributary with deep water and shallow areas, and unobstructed tidal and freshwater creek extending three miles upstream, including portions of Claverack and Kinderhook Creeks. South of Stockport Creek is a small upland spit and large marsh and mudflats between the RR track and the River; this area is cut by tidal channels leading to a small arm of Stockpon Creek and a culvert under the RR tracks. South of this area is a long stretch of sandy beach and shallow water down to Priming Hook. South of Priming . . . . . Hook is a large tidal marsh and shallow water area in the cove to the east of the RR tracks. Finally, shallow and deep water areas in the River occur along the entire length of the site. Figure 39: Shallows and Stockport Middle Ground from a small Wal creek mouth 100 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: Residential housing (RH), old abandoned ruins and brick piles (AR), old ferry dock (AR), hunting/squatters shacks (TH), RR bridges and culverts (RB), the railroad track itself, bulkheads (BH), sewage plant (SP), shipping channel (SC), dredging reaches (DR) 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, dredge disposal (DS) sites U-9, 14, 24. Site Historr. Stockport Middle Ground and extensions to Gay's Point resulted from dredge disposal from original dredging between 1926 and 1930 and subsequent maintenance dredging. Nutten Hook was an industrial site, including ice-houses, brickyards, and a ferry dock. Fifty years ago the forest on Nutten Hook was a field. Eidsting Use: As part of the Hudson River Islands State Park, the area is a destination point for recreational boaters. The area supports waterfowl hunting during the fall migration, fishing in Stockport Creek and in the River. Used for teaching and research as part of the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve. Nutten Hook is the only site on the River with continuous study of vegetation development on dredge disposal. SPDES waste discharge permits were held in the early 1980's by Lion Brand and Columbia Corporations on tributaries of Stockpon Creek. Public lands receive intense and destructive use by campers and boaters. Bank swallow nesting bluffs are threatened by zealous campers clearing vegetation for campsites. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), urban areas, quarries (QU), and natural areas (NA). Status: Designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. One of four Federally designated Hudson River National Estuary Research Reserves. Stockport Middle Ground and part of Gay's Point are part of the Hudson River Islands State Park. Includes or partially includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3). Refer to official welland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Nutten Hook South Bay, Gay's Point Marsh, and Stockport Creek Marsh sites. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- The designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area should be extended to the north to include the wetland areas near Nutten Hook (dashed lines). Protection of the site depends on protecting a buffer zone that includes the upland wooded slopes immediately to the east of the site as well as upland areas within the site. The designated significant habitat extends further along the creek than is shown on the map. Recommended Actions: Regulate or, control current public uses by providing supervision by on-site personnel and by excluding public use in sensitive areas. Limit use of herbicides along the RR right of way. Increasing tidal circulation in the coves behind the RR may reduce sedimentation and maintain wetland values. Establish active planning and management for recreational use of the islands. Protect rush stands on the flats along the River side of the islands from destruction associated with boat beaching and trampling; evaluate possible solutions. Evaluate River hydrology affecting islands and channels to determine if dominance of flow in the navigation channel has led to increased island erosion and shoaling in the side channels. Evaluate erosion problem at the north end of Stockport Middle Ground and possibly repair the failed bulkhead through placement of surplus dredge material. Alternatively, the Island may be allowed to erode. Incompatible Use: Activities that would subdivide this large habitat or substantially change water flow patterns in the area. Bulkheading and dredging. Subaqueous or littoral dredge disposal except as may be required to provide erosion protection. Discharge of sewage or other pollutants that would concentrate on exposed mudflats. Substantial water withdrawals from Stockport Creek. Marina development within the habitat. Possible long-term degradation from potential waste facility siting in geologically-unstable clay deposit areas. Recommended Use: Low intensity access from old brickyard areas of Nutten Hook, Gay's Point, and Priming Hook. Adequate management controls for existing camping and day uses with boat access should be instituted. Boat access requires walkovers to protect flats from erosion. Additional research and education opportunities. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; Betsy Blair (National Estuarine Research Reserve), Fran Dunwell (DEC Hudson River Coordinator), DEC Region 4, Fisheries, Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. Harold Hagemann (Hudson River Islands State Park) 101 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Vosburgh Swamp and Middle Ground Flats REFER TO MAP NUMBER 3 Town(s): Coxsackie, Athens County(ies): Greene 7.5' Quad(s): Hudson North BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Largely comprised of creek (C), deepwater (D), shallows (S), and mudflats (F) with lesser amounts of sandy beach (13), lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U), and freshwater swamp (W). Rare Species: Possible least bittern and mud turtle site, heart leaf plantain, subulate arrowhead, estuary beggar- ticks. Valuable Species: Important feeding and resting grounds for migrating waterfowl. Wintering ground for waterfowl when open water is available. One of the few known Hudson River bank swallow colonies is located on Middle Ground Flats. Heavy use of the shallows for American shad spawning and extensive spawning, nursery, and feeding areas for striped bass, alewife, blueback herring, and white perch as well as resident fish species. Extensive nesting for ducks, green-backed herons, and other bird species. Size: Large expanses of all the community types. Extends one-half mile up Murderer's Creek. Qualitr. A highly diverse habitat of excellent quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Moderate invasion of purple loosestrife (PL), mainly in Vosburgh Swamp. General Description: The north part of the site includes sandy beach and rocky shore along the River. Vosburgh Swamp is a large wetland area cut off from tidal circulation by a low dam across the mouth. West Flats contains an extensive expanse of upper and lower marsh cut by a large channel system and also contains several dredge spoil islands. The River to the west of Middle Ground Flats contains shallow and deep water. Murderer's Creek is accessible to fish up to a dam at Sleepy Hollow Lake. East of Middle Ground Flats is mainly deepwater. V, N, _U141 Figure 40: High marsh and tidal channel in Vosburgh Swamp, looking east. 102 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: Residential housing (RH), sewage plant (SP), DEC boat launch (BL), marina (MA), tank farm (TF), town park (TP), orchards (AG), bulkhead (13H), small causeway (PI), dam (DA), shipping channel (SC), dredging reaches (DR) 31, 32, 33, and 36, dredge spoil (DS) sites U-9 and several unnumbered small disposal islands. Site Historr. The River channel was first dredged between 1926 and 1930 with maintenance dredging and spoil deposition occurring subsequently, especially on Middle Ground Flats which were originally constructed out of dredge spoil. Vosburgh swamp has been artificially impounded. Eidsting Use: Significant waterfowl hunting, fishing, public boat launch area, commercial shad fishing. Surrounding Use: Agricultural areas (AG), residential housing (RH), the Village of Athens, natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area wholly or partially includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (HN-1 09, HN-1 13, HN-1 14). Refer to the official wetland maps available at the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's West Flats site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary: Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. Buffer zone should include the upland wooded community to the west of the site extending to the crest of the bluffs (The 150 foot contour north of Murderer's Creek and approximately the 50 foot contour south of the creek). Recommended Actions: Research the effects on maintaining wetland values that may result from additional tidal flow into Vosburgh Swamp. Research effects of the release of water from the dam at Sleepy Hollow Lake on the fish use of the creek and optimize flows for fish spawning. Identify and control sources of sediment such as deteriorated bulkheads and storm drains. Determine where dredging is needed in specific instances where siltation from upland sources is degrading habitat values; take preventive measures to control sediment sources and reduce the need for localized dredging. Incompatible Use: Any activity that would interfere with the habitat functions of the site. Dredging, new bulkheading, and development in the habitats. Marina development that would result in boating traffic within shallows and flats. Clearing vegetation to the extent that erosion of adjacent land would occur. Recommended Use: Enhanced fishing opportunities. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. m A2 Jill J Cl, ,0 .1 7 :0 do. 1:0t I #DR:25 iR SrUYVX 11AI 15 130 c C E'll i DS RD' 1A t R3 0 ce-",o J Ce ark DMS F4 IWL,e W z I Lio S MAPLEGEND kle-AtheT. t chin \1 cz@ )so Community Type tral be , 9 ,@ Lit %e--- idI D deepwater S shallows pF ltrati F mud and sand flats i Plant sandy beach t% XSaCK e.. B R rocky shore L lower marsh U upper marsh W tidal swamp forest C freshwater creek Exotic Plants k WC water chestnut h ke IN o 2 CR common reed urple loosestrife Major Features AR abandoned ruins BH bulkhead silm R BL boat launch ramp B R bridge DA dam or barrier DB duck blind DR dredged reach I D isposal site DS dredge d EL electric lines Liohl FJ flotsam and jetsam IN industrial building YCtkl 89@ LF landfill or junkyard MA marina P1 pier or causeway ISO PK parking lot Ay PP power plant C M RB RR bridge or culver tseil RS radio antenna or to, RV recreational vehicle trail T! SC shipping channel le plant -arm TH seasonal residences WI water intake 0 0 GD Land Uses a rker agriculture C P county park IN industry MR military reservation NA natural area PA picnic or camping are National Historic quarries St2Fk .... residential housing D TP town park SK state park U _'An U P/1 ___1 _N119 S VR f L S 6 Ligh t P\J low 44 F D D Hook ff S oUght VIA, D em S' a L k J7 ... . ..... Swallow Rock tation Filtration 0 Plant > D Dock ------------ Tral oat D thouse Ligh Z a am,( HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 3 N Miles Coxsackie Creek / Coxsackie Island Backwater Stuyvesant Marshes / Stockport Creek and Flats Vosburgh Swamp and Middle Ground Flats 0 1/2 1 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky December 1989 103 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Roger's Island REFER TO MAP NUMBER.4 Town(s): Greenport County(ies): Columbia 7.5' Quad(s): Hudson South BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Comprised of roughly equal amounts of shallows (S) and mudflats (F) with lesser amounts of sandy beach (B), lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U), and swamp forest (W). Rare Species: Estuary beggar-ticks, two stands of larger-sized goldenclub. Valuable Species: Extensive waterfowl use during migrations and overwintering, nesting sites for many birds, extensive spawning areas for anadromous fish including especially American shad. Sizes: Extensive shallows and mudflats concentrated at the south and north ends of Roger's Island, large lower marshes and rice-dominated upper marshes, one of the largest tidal swamp forests on the Hudson and in NYS. Quality- A highly diverse habitat of excellent quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: Limited invasion by purple loosestrife and common reed along marsh edges. General Description: Productive wetland areas of the island occur in and along Hallenbeck Creek, in and along the creek at the south end of the island, in the swamp forest in the southeast part of the island, in the two marsh areas along the west shore, and in the extensive flats at the north and south ends of the islands. The western portion of the island is not tidally influenced and is covered with secondary coniferous forest and scrubby undergrowth. ,T7 7,7V 0 F 1;?M Figure 4 1: Roger's Island backwater, looking north 104 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: Limited bulkheads along west side (13H), Rip Van Winkle Bridge (BR), iryformal picnic/camping areas (PA), RR track forms the eastern border, extensive flood flotsam (FJ), shipping channel (SC), dredging reach (DR) 39. Site Historr. The Island was formed naturally, although dredged material has been placed on the northern end. The River channel was first dredged in the 1930's with maintenance dredging occurring subsequently. The Rip Van Winkle Bridge was built in 1934. Eidsting Use: Extensive waterfowl hunting, Informal camping, extensive commercial shad fishing. Surrounding Use: The island itself is separated from the upland by the RR right of way and Hallenbeck Creek. One small farm field (AG) nearby, orchards, limited residential housing (RH), and extensive natural areas (NA) in the uplands to the east. Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Roger's Island proper Is owned by the State and administered by the Department of Environmental Conservation as a Wildlife Management Area. The area wholly or partially includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (HS-1). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Roger's Island site, HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundarr. Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the upland areas to the east, as far as Mt. Marino Road to the north and Route 9J to the south. Recommended Actions: Clean up flood flotsam, ensure that herbicides from the RR are not entering the creek. Establish bridge maintenance practices to control entry of runoff from the bridge and associated interchanges and to limit entry of maintenance debris such as paint and sand-blasting materials. Incompatible Use: Marinas or other development that would disturb the area or result in boating traffic within the shallows and flats. Any permanent building or structure (such as a bridge to the island) that would increase uncontrolled public access. Dredge disposal on or near the tidally-influenced portions of the Island. Direct loss of habitat associated with bridge maintenance or expansion. Recommended Use: Managed waterfowl area, picnic area, controlled access from the River. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 105 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Catskill Creek REFER TO MAP NUMBER 4 Town(s): Catskill County(ies): Greene 7.5' Quad(s): Hudson South, Cementon BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Predominantly creek with small amounts of shallows (S), mudflats (F), and lower marsh (L). Rare Species: Wood turtle reported in the area, probably in association with adjacent buffer area. Valuable Species: Important spawning and nursery grounds for anadromous and resident fishes including American shad, alewife, blueback herring, white perch, and smallmouth and largemouth bass. Sizes: Five miles of the creek of which the lower 1.5 miles are tidally influenced. Narrow strips of mudflats and lower marsh along the creek banks. The Catskill creek watershed covers over 270 square miles. Quality: A low diversity habitat of good quality that has experienced extensive disturbance. Exotics: None noted. General Description: The tidal portions of this site contain both shallows and deepwater areas as well as thin strips of mudflats along the sides of the channel. The upper portions of the site accessible to fish include several miles of Catskill Creek and part of Kaaterskill Creek which are both fast moving cold water streams. Figure 42: Carskill Creek, looking west 106 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIO Mgjor Features: A large marina (MA), tank farm (TF), bulkheading along the north side (BH), highway and railroad crossings, extensive village development, dredging of the creek bottom (DR), sewage plant (SP), town park (rP). Site Historr. The creek was dredged in the early part of the twentieth century. Existing Use: Extensive recreational fishing and boating, large marina, commercial shad fishing. A SIDDES waste discharge permit was held in the early 1980's by the Catskill Sewage District. Surrounding Use: The lower portions of the creek are surrounded by the Village of Catskill. Upper portions are adjacent to quarries (QU) and scattered residential housing (RH) and natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary. Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should contain the upland watershed on both sides of Catskill and Kaaterskill Creeks to the crest of the associated bluffs. Recommended Actions: Monitor and prevent spillage into the habitat from the fuel tanks north of the Creek. Enforce existing regulations prohibiting discharges from boats at the marina. Avoid contamination of the Creek from wastes resulting from bridge maintenance activities. Avoid dredging in the Creek during fish spawning periods. Institute stormwater and non-point pollution control programs in the Village. Incompatible Use: Direct or indirect discharge of chemicals and other pollutantst extensive development of the creek bank and watershed resulting in increased runoff, construction of dams and other barriers to fish. Extensive expansion of marinas which would degrade spawning habitat. Recommended Use: Increased access for recreational fishing within the creek. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 107 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Ramshom Marsh REFER TO MAP NUMBER 4 Town(s): Catskill County(ies): Greene 7.51 Quad(s): Hudson South, Cementon BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Largely shallows (S), mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U), and swamp forest (W) with lesser amounts of sandy beach (B) and rocky shore (R). Rare Species: Least bittern nesting, estuary beggar-ticks, heart leaf plantain. Valuable Species: Waterfowl use during migrations and overwintering, important heron feeding grounds, furbearer habitat, spawning and nursery grounds for American shad and black bass. Sizes: Large shallows and mudflats along River, a long strip of sandy beach, large tract of upper marsh, one of the largest tidal swamp forests along the Hudson. Quality- A highly diverse habitat of excellent quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: Very limited patches of purple loosestrife and common reed (CR). General Description: Starting from the River, there is a wide shallows area covered with aquatic plants. Moving inland, there is a narrow portion of lower marsh followed by a narrow sand and mud flat. The upper marsh is elevated 1-2 feet above the lower marsh and. extends to the west for 200-300 feet. This upper marsh is cut by several small drainage channels and Ramshom Creek. West of the upper marsh Is an extensive swamp area that has alternate sections of shrubby and forested areas as well as several small streams including Mineral Spring Brook. There is also a medium sized area of shallows, mudflat, and lower marsh along the small creek joining Catskill Creek in the north of the site and an extensive rocky shore area along the south portion of the site. . ........ ......... A.- 4 Al' A@ j jv@ Figure 43: Shore-parallel bands of low marsh, flats, and shallows at Ramshorn Marsh, looking northeast 108 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: Duck blinds (DB), residential housing (RH), marina (MA), tank farm (7), sewage plant (SP), town, park (TP), shipping channel (SC), dredging reach (DR) 47. Site History: The River channel was first dredged in the 1930's with maintenance dredging and spoil deposition occurring subsequently. Several causeways and road extensions traverse the swamp. Existing Use: Extensive waterfowl hunting, bird watching, nature sanctuary, bass and shad fishing. A SPDES waste discharge permit was held in the early 1980's by the Catskill sewage district. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), the Village of Catskill, natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary: Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the upland forests to the west of the site and the Burger, Ramshorn and Dubois Creek watersheds. Recommended Actions: Monitor fuel tanks to the north for spills entering the significant habitat. Monitor erosion of the upper marsh edge along the River, particularly for effects of sediment entering the marsh. Survey common reed at the north part of the site that may be spreading in association with eroding soils. Stop mowing heart leaf plantain plants along the southern shore through education and fencing if needed. Much of the upland to the west is agricultural land under threat of residential development; preserve these areas in their current use through appropriate easements. Incompatible Use: Any activity that would subdivide the overall site into smaller units, such as additional road construction. Any construction activities in the shallows and marshes. Activities that would disturb the swamp forest areas and their existing hydrology. Bulkheading of any of the streams in the area or the River shore itself. Recommended Use: An ideal education and research site since it contains virtually all the different community types found along the River. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; Betsy Blair, National Estuarine Research Reserve. DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 109 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Inbocht Bay and Duck Cove REFER TO MAP NUMBER 4 Town(s): Catskill County(ies): Greene 7.51 Quad(s): Cementon BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Principally shallows (S) and mudflats; (F), with some lower marsh (L). Rare Species: Estuary beggar-ticks. Valuable Species: Very extensive waterfowl concentrations during spring and fall migrations, some waterfowl overwintering, large muskrat and snapping turtle populations. Sizes: A huge expanse of shallow littoral zones and mudflats with a narrow fringe of lower marsh along the shoreline. Quality: A moderately diverse habitat of good quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Limited invasion of purple loosestrife (PL) along the shore. General Description: Inbocht Bay and Duck Cove form a very large, shallow backwater area of the River. There is extensive coverage of the area with aquatic plants and, a narrow, long band of lower marsh along the shore. Figure 44: View across Inbocht Bay to the south Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: Hunting cabins (TH), cement plants and loading facilities (IN), pasture areas (AG), cement loading piers (PI), an old stone dike extending north from Silver Point to the dredge spoil island, shipping channels (SC), dredging reaches (DR) 47 and 48, dredge spoil (DS) sites U-16 and 17. Site Historr. The River channel was first dredged in the 1930's with extensive maintenance dredging and spoil deposition occurring subsequently. The Islands in the bay were artificially created from dredge spoil. Industrial development has modified the shoreline and shallows, including construction of piers and use of deep draft vessels. Eidsting Use: Extensive waterfowl hunting, cement manufacture and transport. A SPDES waste discharge permit was held In the early 1980's by Lehigh Portland Cement Co. Surrounding Use: Agricultural pasture (AG), cement factories (IN), cement quarries (01J), natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area wholly or partially includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (HS-101). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Inbocht Bay site. HABITAT PROTECrION MEASURES Site Boundary: Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. Buffer zone should include the watershed of Mineral Springs Creek and the immediately adjacent upland slopes and industrial areas. Recommended Actions: Monitor and control any pollutants entering the site from the cement plants, loading facilities and agricultural areas. Incompatible Use: Dredging that would disrupt the productive shallows including aqueous dredge spoil disposal. Development of marinas. Additional large-scale development of the bay and the surrounding watershed that would result in increased runoff or sedimentation. Discharge of agricultural and industrial pollutants. Recommended Use: Managed waterfowl area. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Roeliff-Jansen Kill REFER TO MAP NUMBER 4 Town(s): Germantown, Livingston, Clermont County(ies): Columbia 7.5' Quad(s): Hudson South, Clermont BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Predominantly freshwater creek (C) with limited shallows (S), mudflats (F), and lower, marsh (Q. Rare Species: None currently identified. Valuable Species: Extensive use as a spawning and/or nursery ground for anadromous,fishes including American shad, blueback herring, white perch and striped bass. American shad spawning near the Kill mouth. The Kill provides spawning and nursery grounds for River-resident smallmouthbass that move upstream in spring. Upper reaches include resident brown trout. Sizes: Six miles along the stream of which the first half mile is tidal. :Small marsh and mudfiats areas at the stream mouth. Quality- A low diversity habitat of fair quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Moderate invasion of purple loosestrife along the fringes of the lower marsh. General Description: Roeliff-Jansen Kill Is a large, medium gradient, cool-water stream draining a large, predominantly agricultural watershed. The tidal wetland areas are concentrated in two locations near the mouth of the creek. West of the RR bridge is a small area of shallow water and mudflats behind a small, sandy, dredge spoil island. East of the bridge the stream mouth divides into several channels between which are islands covered with scrub and weedy marsh plants. The banks of the creek are very steep, precluding marsh formation except in small pockets. ct 'V@ w.W 0 a oe, 'Mr Re- Figure 45: Roeliff-Jansen Kill looking east from footbridge. 112 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: Highway and railroad bridges over the stream (RB), RR track forms border to shallow zones in the River, dredge spoil island (DS), boat launch ramp (BL), residential housing (RH), shipping channel (SC). Site Historr. The River channel was first dredged in the 1930's with subsequent maintenance dredging and spoil disposal. Eidsting Use: Significant recreational fishing, small recreational boat launching. Significant commercial American shad fishing and boat access. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), natural areas (NA), agriculture (AG) along. the upstream portions of the creek. Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area wholly or partially includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (HS-1 1). Refer to the official wetland maps available at the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- The Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat boundary should be extended to include the portions of the site located west of the railroad tracks that were not included in the original designation (dashed line). The buffer zone should include the watershed along the creek to the crest of the steep bluffs or to other sources of runoff. The designated significant habitat boundary extends further up the creek than is shown on the map. Recommended Actions: Monitor and limit upstream agricultural runoff. Protect the adjacent bluffs from deforestation and any other activities resulting in erosion. Establish protection through a watershed management program focusing on agricultural soil conservation practices. Evaluate the effects of the Washburn Dock on sedimentation at the mouth of the Kill. Limit the need for dredging at the Kill mouth increasing water flow through the deteriorating dock. I-imit channel dredging scope and restrict dredging to late summer or fall. Incompatible Use: Dredging the creek or the wetlands and shallows near its mouth for expanded boat access. Physical or chemical barriers to fish movements. Clearing vegetation or other activities that would introduce sediment, increase turbidity or increase water temperatures Within the Kill. Recommended Use: Increased fishing access. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. ffi,7@- At V, 3X r 50 57 aht S urg @J- 11 FIA CkL amb g Rog s 's, -V DR@W IJIVI 'A Oight 4 Se.age S 59 EGEND Community TYW uar D deepwater S shallows % F mud and sand flats F4 B sandy beach J R rocky shore L lower marsh U upper marsh W tidal swamp forest Jr ater crook watev chestnut CR common read PL purple loosestrife Airfield 29 Major Features C AR abandoned ruins Li BH bulkhead III, boat launch ramp TIT BR bridge DA dam or barrier DB duck blind 0 DR dredged reach f, DS dredge disposal site EL electric lines FJ flotsam arto jetsam 2 IN industriaJi building LF landfill or Junkyard MA marina @J PI pier or causeway W PK parking lot INN NA PP power plant RB RR bridge or culv( 53 GREEN ?rt- PO 7, RS radio antenna or tower RV recreational vehicle trall L im rimi SC shipping channel SP sewage plant L TF tank farm 35 NA TH seasonal residences 00 %7 water intake 0 -n Land Uses 3- QL AG agriculture V CP county park ht IN industry MR military rewrvatlon Jlq. NA natural area Q@@ rries F PA picnic or camping area rP01 / It NH National Historic Site U.i, _9 QU quarries int /24 RH residential housing TP town park *,-b/F@47 state park S A@Vl -\J 21@ IV f vZo 7 Af 16 J@x 13 10 --r Pt t 00 % Z -J 30 t I/Light*/ - 2ur N HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 4 Miles Roger's Island / Catskill Creek / Ramshorn Marsh Roeliff-Jansen Kill / Inbocht Bay and Duck Cove 0 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky December 1989 113 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Smith's Landing Cementon REFER TO MAP NUMBER 5 Town(s): Catskill, Saugerties County(ies): Greene, Ulster 7.51 Quad(s): Cementon BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Limited mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), and upper marsh (U). Rare Species: Heart leaf plantain, kidney leaf mud-plantain. Valuable Species: None identified. sizes: Small mudIflats and marsh areas. Qualit.r. A low diversity habitat of good quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: Limited invasion by purple loosestrife (PL). General Description: A small tidal cove that exhibits a progression starting with mudflats and moving through lower and upper marsh areas. Figure 46: Tidal cove showing lower and upper marsh at Smith's Landing. 114 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIO Major Features: Residential housing (RH), bulkheads (BH), boat docks (MA), town park (TP), shipping channel (SC). Site History: None Identified. Existing Use: Boat launches. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), the Village of Cementon. Status: Recognized by the NY Natural Heritage Program as containing moderately significant interlidal mudflats. The area wholly or partially includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (C-25). Refer to the official wetland maps available at the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary: The site boundary shown Is from the NY Natural Heritage Program. The buffer zone should include the immediate upland to the west, including the small tributary creek. Recommended Actions: Monitor and control runoff entering the habitat and contributing sediments or pollutants from the surrounding roads. Establish watershed management practices such as maintenance of natural vegetation buffers. Incompatible Use: Dredging or development that would alter or destroy the habitat. Any activity that would reduce flow of the tributary stream or increase its sediment load. Recommended Use: None identified, based on the need to protect rare plants. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. Carol Reschke and Caryl Devries, The Nature Conservancy. 115 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Germantown/Clermont Flats REFER TO MAP NUMBER 5 Town(s): Germantown, Clermont County(ies): Columbia 7.51 Quad(s): Cementon, Saugerties BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Deepwater (D), shallows (S), mudflats (F) and limited lower marsh (L). Rare Species: None identified. Valuable Species: Extremely important American shad spawning area, nursery areas for shad, striped bass, white perch, resident fishes. Extensive waterfowl feeding grounds during spring and fall migration periods. Some waterfowl overwintering use. Sizes: Very large expanses of shallow littoral areas and mudflats. Quality- A low diversity habitat of good quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: None known. General Description: One of the largest continuous areas of shallows and mudflats on the Hudson with abundant aquatic plant growth including water celery and eelgrass. HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: Adjacent to the shipping channel (SC) and dredging reach (DR) 48. Extensive commercial shad fishing. Site History The River channel was first dredged in the 1930's with subsequent maintenance dredging and disposal. Existing Use: Extensive commercial shad fishing, recreational fishing. A SPDES waste discharge permit was held in the early 1980's by the Lehigh Portland Cement Company. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (131-1), natural areas (NA), agricultural lands (AG), villages, Clermont State Park (SK). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary. Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the upland along the eastern shore of the River as far as Woods Road. Watersheds of small streams discharging in the area may also affect the area. Adjacent sections within the River itself should be included in a buffer since the area's value depends on overall water quality. Recommended Actions: Undertake dredging of the channel only in late summer or mid to late winter to avoid disrupting the fish and bird uses of the area. Restrict recreational boat use over the shallows and direct boat traffic over deeper waters, especially during fish spawning and waterfowl feeding times. Continue efforts to improve the overall water quality of the River. Protect the area as a research reserve and as a sanctuary with limited non- resource related recreational use. 116 Site Specific Information Incompatible Use. Any new navigation channels cut through the area, dredge spoil disposal, marinas along the shore bordering the site and other development that would result in boating traffic through the area. Recommended Use: Increased small boat fishing, research on shallow water spawning fishes. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 4, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 117 GEOGRAPHIC INFL)IRMATION Site Name: Esopus Estuary REFER TO MAP NUMBER 5 Town(s): Saugerties, Red Hook County(ies): Ulster, Dutchess 7.5' Quad(s): Saugerties BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Comprised of freshwater creek (C), deepwater (D), shallows (S), mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U), and a small amount of tidal swamp forest (W). Rare Species: Shortnose sturgeon spawning and wintering area in the deepwater portion of the River, migrating osprey feeding grounds, heart leaf plantain, goldenclub. Valuable Species: Important spawning and nursery grounds for striped bass, white perch, American shad, alewife, blueback herring, rainbow smelt, and resident fish. Feeding and resting grounds for migrating waterfowl. Sizes: Large areas of mudflat, marsh, shallows, and deepwater habitat. Small area of tidal swamp. Esopus creek is accessible to River fish for 1.3 miles up to a large waterfall. Quality- A moderately diverse habitat of good quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Limited invasions of exotics overall with moderate to severe invasions of purple loosestrife (PL) and water chestnut (WC) in small areas. General Description: The site includes two coves with a marsh/mudflat/shallows series north of the creek mouth, a large mudflats just south of the creek mouth, a large upper marsh area along the south side of the creek channel, a cove with mudflats and lower marsh just north of the long causeway, a small section of shrubby tidal swamp on either side of the causeway, a large cove with mudflats and lower marsh south of the causeway, a deepwater section of the River in the east, and a small tidal portion of Esopus Creek. Figure 47. Marsh area north of the Esopus Creek mouth. 118 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: Extensive bulkheading (BH), residential housing (RH), a long causeway (PI), dredged channel areas (DR), marina (MA), duck blinds (DB), sewage plant (SP), Coast Guard station, shipping channel (SQ. Site Historr. The natural sedimentation patterns of the site have been radically altered by the construction of the causeway and bulkheads extending the creek channel. The creek channel was first dredged in 1929 with subsequent maintenance dredging in 1935 and 1968. Eidsting Use: Black and striped bass fishing including several tournaments, limited duck hunting. A SPDES waste discharge permit was held in the early 1980's by Ferroxcube Co. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), the Village of Saugerties, natural areas (NA), small villages. Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area wholly or partially includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (S-2, S-3). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Saugerties Marsh and Esopus Estuary sites. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary. Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the undeveloped upland woods within the Creek's watershed and the immediate banks and slopes within the Village. Recommended Actions: Minimize human activities in the area during osprey migration times in mid-April and early May. Examine the potential of increasing tidal flow or otherwise reducing sedimentation in the large upper marsh area to possibly reduce spread of purple loosestrife. Implement stormwater runoff and other non-point pollution control programs in the Village. Incompatible Use: Activities that would decrease stream flow from Esopus Creek. Dredging or filling. Intensive marina development in the Creek. Marina development that would result in boating traffic within the shallows and flats. Recommended Use: Fishing from the jetty, access through construction of boardwalks associated with the lighthouse. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 119 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: North and South Tivoli Bays REFER TO MAP NUMBER 5 Town(s): Red Hook County(ies): Dutchess 7.5' Quad(s): Saugerties BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Comprised of shallows (S), lower marsh (L) and upper marsh (U), followed by tidal swamp forest (W), rocky shore (R) and creeks (C). Rare Species: Migrating osprey feeding and resting, map turtle use, least bittern nesting, king rail, heart leaf plantain, estuary beggar-ticks, goldenclub, other rare plants. Valuable Species: Feeding, spawning, and/or nursery areas for striped bass, alewife, blueback herring, largemouth and smallmouth bass, and other fishes. A large snapping turtle population. Extensive waterfowl use for feeding and resting during migrations. Many other breeding bird populations. Furbearer habitat. Size: Large expanses of all community types except tidal swamp forest which is found in a medium sized patch on the lowland separating North and South bays and in a small patch at Stony Creek. Quality. A highly diverse habitat of good quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: North Bay has limited invasion of water chestnut (WC) and purple loosestrife (PL), South Bay has severe invasion of water chestnut (WC). General Description: South Bay is largely comprised of tidal shallows and mudflats that are covered with water chestnut plants from mid-June through early October. North Bay has a complex network of shallow water channels that are lined with lower marsh, deeply penetrating areas of upper marsh. West of the RR track is a large area of shallow water covered with aquatic vegetation and including two islands that have marsh and/or shore associated with them. Two freshwater streams enter the bays: Saw Kill into South Bay and Stony Creek into North Bay. Figure 48: Tivoli North Bay. Photo by Bryan SwiftlDEC 120 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Mgjor Features: The railroad forms the west boundary of the bays which are connected to the River by five bridges (RB). Other features Include college buildings (RH), sewage plant (SP), water intake (WI), and shipping channel (SC). Site History. Hydrological and sedimentation patterns in the site were greatly altered when the railroad was built in the 1850's. A swamp region near Cruger Island was diked in the 1800's to form an ornamental garden that has since reverted to swamp. Existing Use: Waterfowl hunting, bass fishing, limited muskrat and snapping turtle trapping, extensive bird watching, scientific research, and nature study. Active interpretive programs. Surrounding Use: Bard College, villages, residential housing (RH), agriculture (AG), natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. One of four designated Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve sites. Upland areas state-owned and administered by the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation as a State Wildlife Management Area. The area wholly or partially includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (SG-3). Refer to the official wetland maps available at the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes many Natural Heritage Program sites: North Tivoli Bay Stony Creek, North Tivoli Bay, South Tivoli Bay, Tivoli Bays, North Bay Big Bend, Tivoli Bays Cruger Island, South Tivoli Bay Cruger Island, Tivoli Bays Cruger Island Neck, South Tivoli Bay Saw Kill. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. Buffer zone should include most of the upland forest up to the crest of the bluff to the east. Recommended Actions: Monitor and control RR herbicides entering the habitat. Investigate protecting North Bay from water chestnut colonization by maintaining flows in channels through mechanical removal of invading water chestnut plants and controlling upland sediment sources. Facilitate access for research by maintaining small boating channels which should be maintained by mechanically clearing paths through the water chestnut. Protect both bays from oil spills by having booms available at each of the RR bridges. Ensure that runoff is not entering the habitats from the road to Cruger Island by maintaining grading and water bars. Consider allowing the Cruger Island causeway to revert from vehicle use to a pedestrian path for education and research uses. Maintain all buffer vegetation through appropriate landscape management (selective cutting and pruning). Include best management practices for all adjacent upland development to the extent that no increase in stormwater runoff will occur. Implement active erosion control through non-structural approaches (drainage and plantings) in areas prone to soil slumping. Ensure good management practices through land acquisition and conservation easements directed at protection of the immediate watershed. Institute watershed management programs for both creeks. Incompatible Use: General motor boat traffic would disrupt wildlife and nature-oriented activities. (Small shallow draft boats are traditionally used in relatively low numbers to gain access for waterfowl hunting in the bays during fall months). Development or alterations in the site, including shoreline development along either bay to the top of the bluff. Any activity that would interfere with the habitat values of either of the two bays. Clearing buffer vegetation would increase non-point pollution and induce erosion and bank slumping. Recommended Use: Increased use as an educational and research reserve. Facilitate access through construction of boardwalks and upgraded canoe launch sites as appropriate. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; Betsy Blair and Dennis Mildner (National Estuarine Research Reserve), Erik Kiviat (Hudsonia), DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 77 '20 D's 2, is //";"7/ 13 11 Pt/ r- If _/J t 4 If 5t ;F x- Light US It V S -nm All T, Asb Z@_ @J 5 rM k BH S ing 'o 7? Is @IN Mil ,on L a, Je All R A:'. GE Area Ilh tsbwl@ e.age Disp _3 @c 17' 1\ _U D 36 30 t I Ir _J 25 on 01 1013 a [alden- J IM I '2 -Hudson Golf V I r MAPLEGEND 2 10 Ligh Community Type D D deepwater Cantire S S shallows Field 177 IT mud and sand flats 4F B sandy beach High R rocky shore CLE@il()NT 6 )STAT9'PAkK @4-@J D L lower marsh u upper marsh W tidal swamp forest 2 6' C; @@TATE -PA'kK C freshwater creek 3 94 Exotic Plants Al WC water chestnut common reed "A i 2 C R PL purple loosestrife Major Features @22 \5R AR abandoned ruins BH bulkhead W BL boat launch ramp BR bridge Light DA dam or barrier DB duck blind IV// V//@J J Light DR dredged reach ON dredge disposal site DB EL electric lines D FJ flotsam and jetsam '11 2 W I., IN industrial building J-1 66 LF landfill or junkyard MA marina 0) f )S@ P1 pier or causeway PK parking lot PP power plant RB RR bridge or culvert t Fathers 6 RS radio antenna or tower )1 4/ RV recreational vehicle trail C SC shipping channel sp sewage plant si.t.. TF tank farm Rock, 12 11171. seasonal residences W1 water intake 32 Land Uses S AG agriculture CP. county park IN industry MR military res, arvation NA natural area PA picnic or camping area 61, NH National Historic Site QU quarries RH residential housing 6. 160 Magdalen 10 32 Island TP town parK 0 ,late park If 2 13 S 53 0 Z it 6 Li 61t 2, w - nj 29 '9 S 25 Di a'l,j @&@h Ch A i@ S p - e@ QA6 wc ), rz 50 4 S 35 Skillpot V IS1 @d0 wrKey roint 1 0 wc 48 61 10/10 Hook Ifigh kh a N HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 5 Miles Smith's Landing Cementon / Germ antown-C lerm ont Flats Esopus Estuary / North and South Tivoli Bays 0 '/2 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky December 1989 121 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Muddler Kill REFER TO MAP NUMBER 6 Town(s): Red Hook County(ies): Dutchess 7.51 Quad(s): Kingston East BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Equal amounts of mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U), and tidal swamp forest (W). Rare Species: Goldenclub, hirsute sedge, Davis sedge, heavy sedge, kidney leaf mud-plantain, spongy arrowhead. Valuable Species: None known. Sizes: Small tracts of all habitats. Quality- A low diversity habitat of fair quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: Limited invasion of purple loosestrife. General Description: A very small tidal cove west of the RR and a small swamp area east of the RR surrounded by steep upland areas and associated with the mouth of Mudder Kill. HUMAN INTERACTION NlEkjor Features: Picnic area (PA), RR splits site in half. Site History- Hydrological and sedimentation patterns in the site were greatly altered when the railroad was built in the 1850's. Existing Use: Limited recreational day use of adjacent uplands. Surrounding Use: Agricultural (AG), residential housing (RH). Status & Ownership: Not a designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Recognized by the NY Natural Heritage Program as containing rare tidal communities. Owned by Sylvania and by Rokeby Farms. The area wholly or partially includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (KE-33). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary: The site boundary shown is from the NY Natural Heritage Program records. Buffer zone should include the steep bluffs surrounding Mudder Kill. Recommended Actions: Conduct detailed surveys and monitor stability of rare communities. The tidal cove may benefit from increased tidal circulation. Limit herbicide use in association with the RR to avoid impacts on rare plants. Incompatible Use: Any direct use of the site would destroy the rare communities. Boating access. Dredging, filling or increasing sedimentation. Recommended Use: None identified. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DO$; DEC Region 3,. Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. Erik Kiviat, Hudsonia, Inc. Carol Reschke and Caryl Devries, The Nature Conservancy 122 Site Specific Information I 123 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name. The Flats REFER TO MAP NUMBER. 6 Town(s): Ulster, Kingston, Red Hook, Rhinebeck County(s): Ulster, Dutchess 7.5' Quad(s): Kingston East BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Comprised entirely of shallows (S). Rare Species: Potential shortnose sturgeon feeding and resting area. Valuable Species: Primary spawning grounds for American shad. Spawning and nursery grounds for striped bass, white perch, resident fishes. Significant feeding areas during migration periods for diving ducks and resting areas for all duck species. Size: A very large expanse of shallows stretching for 4.5 miles along the middle of the River. Quality- A uniform habitat of excellent quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: None identified. General Description: A large underwater ridge system, most of which is shallow River bottom covered with aquatic plants. Occasional deeper water areas. Z@" - Figure 49: View of The Flats looking north. Photo by Nancy NugentlDOS 124 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIO Major Features: Shipping channel (SC), Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge (BR). Site History: The River channel was first dredged In the 1930's with maintenance dredging occurring subsequently. The Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge was constructed in 1957. Eidsting Use: Recreational boat traffic, recreational fishing. Commercial shad fishing is prohibited -based on.the importance of the site for maintaining shad stocks. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), agriculture (AG), villages, quarries (QU), natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's The Flats,site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundarr. Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone is unique in that it includes all adjacent sections of the River itself, since the area's value depends on overall water quality. Recommended Actions: Restrict dredging of the channel to late summer or mid to late winter to avoid disrupting the fish and bird uses of the area. Recreational boat use over the shallow water areas should ideally be restricted and directed over deeper waters, especially during fish spawning and waterfowl feeding times. Continue efforts to improve the overall water quality of the River. The area should be used as a research reserve and as a sanctuary with limited non-resource related recreational use. Establish bridge maintenance practices to control entry of runoff from the bridge and associated interchanges and to limit entry of maintenance debris such as paint and sand- blasting materials. Incompatible Use: Dredging activity during the spring and fall waterfowl migration periods or during the spring or early summer fish spawning times. New navigation channels or dredge disposal. Marinas and other development that would result In boating traffic patterns in the shallows. Loss of habitat due to bridge maintenance or construction. Recommended Use: Increased recreational fishing. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; William Dovel; Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologists in DEC Region 3. Picnic Po Astor Poin ff 40 Lis 0 3 ae\ ;o@,j' e 3 AIR ?T@ MAP LEGEND J9 22 Community Type D deepwater S shallows F mud and sand flats B sandy beach 01NJXGra' _@7 R rocky shore L lower marsh S U upper marsh W tidal swamp forest t C freshwater creek Park Exotic Plants WC water chestnut Mills Poin CR common reed ".1. (0/ PL purple loosestrife _7 J JI(I arl Major Features AR abandoned ruins .1.2 BH bulkhead BL boat launch ramp Z RR bridge V -bo DA dam or barrier DB duck blind X/' DR dredged reach DS dredge disposal site N EL electric lines FJ flotsam and jetsam S 3.? t. (U s IN industrial building + LF landfill or junkyard MA marina 45 >/ r causeway 0 irr. parking lot 27 PP power plant ast ngston RR RR bridge or culvert RS radio antenna or tower X RV recreational vehicle trail. Linj 0 SC shipping channel 3 clpi.4.0. SP sewage plant TF tank farm 1@p TH seasonal residences K@NGSl6 BAN AREA WI water intake IOPNDARY IS DEFINED AS r -L?AING E SHORELIN 'Trail( Land Uses if rarK V AG agriculture CP county park bs@ IN industry MR military reservation NA natural area -r 'ni PA picnic or camping area NH Nation al Historic Site r QU quarries RH residential housing TP town park SK state park. 30 HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 6 Mudder Kill / The Flats Miles 0 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salatsky December 1989 125 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Rondout Creek REFER TO MAP. NUMBER 7 Town(s): Kingston, Esopus, Ulster County(ies): Ulster 7.5' Quad(s): Kingston East, Kingston West BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Predominantly creek (C) with shallows (S), mudflats (F), rocky shore (R), lower marsh (L), and limited amounts of upper marsh (U) in association with the creek mouth. Rare Species: Heart leaf plantain. Osprey during spring migration. Valuable Species: Important spawning areas for anadromous fish including alewife, rainbow smelt, blueback herring, white perch, tomcod, striped bass, and American shad. Important for resident fish including brown bullhead, yellow perch, sunfish, and black basses. Limited use by migrating waterfowl for resting and feeding. Extensive feeding on the mudflats by herons and other wading birds. Size: Large mudflats, medium to large areas of marsh and shallow water, four miles of unobstructed creek that drains over 1100 square miles in Ulster County. Quality- A moderately diverse habitat of fair quality that has experienced extensive disturbance. Exotics: Moderate to heavy invasions of water chestnut (WC), common reed (CR), and purple loosestrife (PL). General Description: A large site that has undergone considerable alteration as a result of human activities. Rondout Creek is a large, medium gradient, warmwater stream with a deep silt and clay bottom that is tidally influenced for most of the four mile unobstructed reach. South of the creek mouth is a large mudflats and marsh area known as Sleightsburg Marsh. 0 Figure 50: Near the mouth of Rondout Creek, looking west. Photo by Nancy NugentlDOS 126 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: The City of Kingston, extensive bulkheading (BH), marinas (MA), town parks and beach (TP), tank farm (7), dredging in the creek (DR), dredge spoil islands (DS), sewage plant (SP), landfill area and junkyard (LF), small tourist RR, dam on the creek (DA). Significant water withdrawal from the creek further upstream. Site History: The creek was dredged In 1935 and 1968. The harbor has been the site of much commercial activity over the past two centuries. Creek flow is regulated at the dam in Eddyville near Route 213. Existing Use- Area of concentrated recreational boating. Moderate fishing and waterfowl hunting. Intake of over 200 cubic feet per second of water from upper portions of Rondout Creek. Tourist railroad and picnic area at the end of the small causeway. SPDES waste discharge permits were held in the early 1980's by Hercules Inc., Kingston Oil Supply Corp. (3 terminals), Motzbro Corp., and the Kingston Sewage District. Barge traffic within the Creek. Surrounding Use: Kingston urban area, residential housing (RH), industry (IN), quarries (QU). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area wholly or partially includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (KE-4, KE-1 1). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Roundout Creek Mouth site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary: Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the remaining wooded uplands along the banks of the Creek above Kingston and the developed lands immediately adjacent to the Creek within Kingston. The boundary of the designated significant habitat extends up the creek beyond what is shown on the map. Recommended Actions: Monitor and protect against spills and leakage of pollutants from surrounding industry and landfill areas. Potential spillage from the fuel tanks to the north should receive particular attention. Preclude picnic area users from trampling heart leaf plantain along the shore with exclosures. Develop wetlands education displays to enhance visits to the site and provide needed education in this densely populated area. Study effects of increasing circulation in the shallows and flats by allowing controlled flow through the channel bulkheads. Establish advanced stormwater and non-point pollution control programs in the City, Eliminate existing direct discharges of sewage into the Creek from adjacent residences. Introduce vegetated and permeable buffers in conjunction with paved and developed areas adjacent to the Creek to reduce direct runoff. Incompatible Use: Dredging or development that would alter or destroy shallows, flats or marsh. Further restriction of tidal flow. Substantial reduction of freshwater flow in the creek. Dredging Activities during spring and early summer when most fish are spawning and in December and January when tomcod are active. Hydroelectric development at the Eddyville dam with the exception of run-of-the-river power generation. Construction, clearing or other activities that would increase runoff to and sediment in the Creek. Recommended Use: Environmental education concerning tidal wetlands, increased fishing, bird watching. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Han, DOS; DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 127 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Kingston Deepwater REFER TO MAP NUMBER 7 Town(s): Rhinebeck, Hyde Park, Esopus County(s): Dutchess, Ulster 7.5' Quad(s): Hyde Park, Kingston East BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Deepwater (D). Rare Species: Shortnose sturgeon wintering area and possible spawning grounds. Valuable Species: Atlantic sturgeon wintering area, the northern extent of many marine fishes in the Hudson. Size: Very large deepwater area extending over six miles of the River. Quality- A uniform habitat of excellent quality that has experienced limited disturbance. General Description: A nearly continuous deepwater section of the River with bottom depths between 30 and 100 feet. Dense saline waters introduced by the tidal salt wedge lie in this deep trough and provide a unique environment for many estuarine and marine species that would not tolerate the overlying freshwater. Figure 51: The Kingston Deepwater area from Norrie Point Photo by Nancy NugentlDOS 128 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: Shipping channel (SC). Site Historr. None recorded. Existing Use: Shipping traffic In overlying waters. Treated sewage discharge near upper depth limit of habitat. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), the City of Kingston, villages, agricultural areas (AG), Norrie State Park (SK), natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The site Includes the Natural Heritage Program's Kingston Deepwater site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundarr. Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The boundary parallels the River shore along the 30 foot depth contour. The buffer zone is the overlying water column and adjacent portions of the River itself. Recommended Actions: River-wide water quality improvements Including reducing sedimentation in the area should continue. Large scale hydrodynamic studies including salt wedge dynamics are essential in understanding the function and Importance of this habitat. Incompatible Use: Dredge spoil disposal. Large scale water withdrawals that would alter the chemical characteristics and the seasonal patterns associated with this habitat. Discharges directly into the deep water trough. Recommended Use: None identified. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 3, Fisheries Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 129 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Vanderburgh Cove and Shallows REFER TO MAP NUMBER 7 Town(s): Rhinebeck, Hyde Park County(ies): Dutchess 7.5' Quad(s): Kingston East, Hyde Park BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Largely shallows (S) with smaller amounts of mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U), tidal swamp (W), and freshwater creek (C). Rare Species: Possible shortnose sturgeon feeding grounds, osprey feeding ground during migration, sharp- winged monkey flower. Valuable Species: Extensive waterfowl feeding and resting grounds during spring and fall migrations. Important spawning, nursery, and feeding grounds for anadromous fish (striped bass, American shad, white perch, rainbow smelt, alewife, blueback herring) and resident fish (largemouth bass, yellow perch, brown bullhead). Size: Medium to large sized wetland. Large shallows area. Access for river fish extends up Landsman Kill and Fallsburg Creek. Quality- A moderately diverse habitat of good quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Extensive invasion of the cove by water chestnut (WC), limited invasion of the fringes by purple loosestrife. General Description: Vanderburgh Cove is a large shallow water area with some lower and upper marsh area near the mouths of the two tributary streams that are tidal for at least one-half mile upstream. There is a small area of some swamp forest along Fallsburg Creek. The site also includes Suckley Cove, a smaller version of Vanderburgh Cove located to the north which is an excellent quality lower marsh that has experienced limited disturbance. A large expanse of shallows exists to the west of the RR track with a silt substrate and beds of aquatic vegetation. Ap'l- j WX A P, Figure 52: Aerial view of Vanderburg Cove looking east. Photo by Harry DodsonlDodson Associates 130 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: The RR with two bridges (RB) in Vanderburgh cove and one in Suckley Cove, residential housing (RH), nearby roads and bridges over the creeks, sewage discharge (SP) on Landsman Kill. Site History- Hydrological and sedimentation patterns in the site were greatly altered when the railroad was built in the 1850's. One of the two RR bridges was reconstructed in 1980 and further restricted water flow with a smaller channel width; this may have been detrimental to the overall value of the cove. Eidsting Use: Extensive waterfowl hunting and recreational fishing. A SPDES waste discharge permit was held in the early 1980's by Orchard Hill Farms of Red Hook which discharged into Landsman Kill. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area wholly or partially includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (KE-29, HP-31). Refer to the official wetland maps available at the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Vanderburgh Cove site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundarr. Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The site boundary should be expanded to include the small unobstructed portion of Landsman Kill and its associated swamp. The buffer zone should include the wooded slopes on the eastern shore extending to the top of the banks along the two streams. Recommended Actions: Eliminate herbicide runoff associated with the RR right of way. Maintain the vegetation cover surrounding the site. Institute watershed management programs for the two Creeks. Reduce boating traffic over the shallows and flats. Incompatible Use: Dredging or development that would result in the loss of habitat. Further reduction in the tidal flushing of the coves. Marinas or other development that would result in boating traffic through the shallows and flats. Any disturbance of shoreline or vegetation in or adjacent to Suckley Cove that may result in the introduction of exotics in this high quality area. Recommended Use: Increased fishing. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; William Dovel. DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. Erik Kiviat, Hudsonia, Inc. Substi tion't > -JA @ing on n t@t 4, 1/11Y., Ouse 8M aml e b Rhine @7 _7 0 Ce-ten, Etl D kINGSTON URBAN A LLOWING T REL INO, 36 n 'A '50 23 % D J St V urgeon f-11 87 41%W@ D 0 g Rock Point .111- 51 6-,- XP SIC :@16 -T )p emlock P to. Ivy; S U BM -rEs,,,p S% U MAP LEGEND 0 R F 9 a wc-@, C., L Community Type D D deepwater so 01' S Shallows -F mud and sand flats RB m4 3 B sandy beach 0 R rocky shore L lower marsh S W tidal swamp forest D 6, U upper marsh S C freshwater creek Esopus Me" s Lighthouse Exotic Plants L WC water chestnut CR common reed 47 -`u PL purple loosestrife Esopus N' INS Major Features 5 AR abandoned ruins A BH bulkhead BL boat launch ramp 56 BR D/ bridge DA dam or barrier S DB duck blind CP :'i, r-, D R dredged reach l6ter (P110 DS dredge disposal site '17/do :- /00 C EL electric lines e,!'V 4 FJ flotsam and jetsam SC building ;andfill or junkyard MA marina A PI pier or causeway .95 )arking u PP power plant RB RR. bridge or culvert Sax RS radio antenna or tower 0 recreational vehicle trail SC shipping channel SP sewage plant TF tank farm -T411--seasonal-resickmees- WI water intake arn 3 Land Uses AG agriculture CP county park IN Industry MR mlittary reservation NA natural area PA picnic or camping area NH National Historic Site htso QU quarries C C RH residential housing U U. TP town park Indiks D t SK state park orrie Point 0 N HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 7 Miles Rondout Creek / Kingston Deepwater / Vanderburg Cove and Shallows / Esopus Meadows 0 1/2 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky December 1989 131 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Esopus Meadows REFER TO MAP NUMBERS BA & 8B Town(s): Esopus County(ies): Ulster 7.51 Quad(s): Kingston East, Hyde Park BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Shallows (S) Rare Species: Important feeding area for shortnose sturgeon, especially in the spring, Valuable Species: Spawning, nursery, and feeding for anadromous fishes including striped bass, American shad, and white perch. Important feeding areas for resident fishes including largemouth 15ass, yellow perch, brown bullhead, and shiners. Use as a feeding and resting area by waterfowl during spring and fall migrations. Size: A large expanse of shallow water. Quality- A uniform habitat of good quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: None noted. General Description: A large shoal area in the River with shallow water beds dominated by aquatic vegetation. W 01 ; W0,-: N P71 Figure 53: Esopus Meadows looking south. Photo by Nancy NugentIDOS 132 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Mgjor Features: Shipping channel (SC). Site Historr. None identified. Existing Use: Extensive recreational fishing, waterfowl hunting, and bird watching. Intense local recreational use of the Riverbank adjacent to Route 81. Surrounding Use. Residential housing (RH), natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Esopus Meadows site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include wooded upland up to the crest of the steep banks to the south and the banks along Route 81 to the north. Recommended Actions: Restrict recreational motorboat traffic in the area during spring and fall when fish and wildlife use of this habitat is vulnerable to human activity. Re-establish vegetation in selected high use areas along Route 81. Incompatible Use: Cutting any navigation channels. Extensive non-resource related motorboat traffic especially during waterfowl migration and fish spawning periods. Marina development. Recommended Use: Increased fishing. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; William Dovel. DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 133 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Poughkeepsie Deepwater REFER TO MAP NUMBERS 8A & 8B Town(s): Hyde Park, Poughkeepsie, Wappinger, Esopus, Uoyd, Marlboro County(les): Dutchess, Ulster 7.5' Quad(s): Hyde Park, Poughkeepsie, Wappingers Falls. BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Deepwater (D). Rare Species: Shortnose sturgeon wintering area and possible nursery grounds. Valuable Species: Estuarine and marine fish including bay anchovies, silversides, bluefish, weakfish, and hogchokers. Size: A vast site containing 14 miles of the River. Quality- A uniform habitat of excellent quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: None noted. General Description: A nearly continuous deepwater section of the River with bottom depths between 30 and 100 feet. Dense saline waters introduced by the tidal salt wedge lie In this deep trough and provide a unique environment for many estuarine and marine species that would not tolerate the overlying freshwater. ZVI .......... 4@41 Figure 54: View to north of the Poughkeepsie Deepwater area. Photo by Steve StannelClearwater 134 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: Shipping channel (SC), Mid-Hudson Bridge (BR), sewage plants (SP)., water intakes (WI), tank farms (TF). Site History: The site has been used for deepwater dredge disposal. Existing Use: Shipping traffic In overlying waters. Treated sewage discharge near upper depth limit of habitat. SPDES waste discharge permits were held In the early 1980's by Alfa Laval Inc., J.R. Sousa and Sons, Love Oil Corp., Tau Laboratories, Western Publishing Co., Agway Petroleum Corp., Hudson Valley Apple Prod. Inc., and the City of Poughkeepsie Sewage District. Surrounding Use: Poughkeepsie urban area , villages, industry (IN), residential housing (RH), quarries (01J), FDR National Historic Site (NH), natural areas (NA). Status & Ownership: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Poughkeepsie Deepwater site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary. Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife@Habftat area. The boundary parallels the River shore along the 30 foot depth contour. The buffer zone is the overlying water column and adjacent portions of the River itself. Recommended Actions: Improve River-wide water quality including reducing sedimentation in the area. Study large scale River hydrodynamics, including,salt wedge dynamics, to further an understanding of the function and importance of this habitat. Incompatible Use: Dredge disposal. Large scale water withdrawals that would alter the chemical characteristics and the seasonal patterns associated with this habitat. Discharges directly into,the deep water, trough. Recommended Use: None identified. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 3, Fisheries Manager or Environmental' Protection Biologist. 135 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Crum Elbow Marsh REFER TO MAP NUMBER 8A Town(s): Hyde Park County(ies): Dutchess 7.5' Quad(s): Hyde Park BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Small amount of shallows (S), lower marsh (L), upper marsh (U), tidal swamp forest (W). Rare Species: Map turtle population. Valuable Species: Waterfowl migration use but value is limited by size of the marsh. Size: Small areas of marsh and shallows. Quality. A moderately diverse habitat of good quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: None noted. General Description: A small tidal cove fronted by the RR with shallows grading into lower marsh and a small area of swamp forest extending along the tributary creek. Figure 55: Aerial view of Crum Elbow Marsh looking east. Photo by Harty DodsonlDodson Associates 136 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIO Major Features: The railroad with one bridge (RB). Site Is also known as Roosevelt Cove. Site Historr. Hydrological and sedimentation patterns in the site were greatly altered when the railroad was built in the 1850's. Existing Use: None noted. Surrounding Use: FDR National Historic Site (NH), natural areas (NA). Status: Not a designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Recognized by the NY Natural Heritage Program as containing rare tidal communities. The Federal government owns the FDR National Historic Site which contains most of the habitat. The area wholly or partially includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (HP-36). Refer to the official wetland maps available at the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- Boundaries shown on the map are from the NY Heritage Program site. Buffer zone should include the adjacent vegetated slopes and the FDR National Historic Site. Recommended Actions: Investigate possibilities of increasing tidal flow into the cove. Limit RR herbicides entering the tidal environment. Promote the use of this site as a scientific research model since the majority of the habitat's watershed Is protected. Incompatible Site Uses: Any activity that would reduce tidal flow into the area. Introduction of sediment and pollutants through clearing and grounds maintenance. Recommended Use: Access to site and the River via a hiking trail. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; David Hayes, FDR National Historic Site. DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. Erik Kiviat, Hudsonia, Inc. Robert Zaremba, The Nature Conservancy. 137 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Wappinger Creek REFER TO MAP NUMBER 8B Town(s): Poughkeepsie, Wappinger County(ies): Dutchess 7.51 Quad(s): Wappingers Falls BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Predominantly creek (C) with smaller amounts of shallows (S), mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), and upper marsh (U). Rare Species: Osprey feeding during spring migrations. Grassleaf arrowhead, subulate arrowhead, kidney leaf mud plantain and Maryland bur-marigold. Valuable Species: Important spawning areas for anadromous fishes including alewife, blueback herring, white perch, tomcod, and striped bass. Many resident fish species including largemouth bass, bluegill, brown bullhead, and red-breasted sunfish. Productive feeding area for herons, waterfowl, and turtles. Size: Medium sized shallows, marsh, and mudflat. Tidal influence extends two miles up. the creek. Quality- A low diversity habitat of fair quality that has experienced extensive disturbance. Exotics: Extensive invasion by water chestnut (WC). General Description: The creek itself is a large, perennial, warmwater stream containing mudflats, sandbars, and shallow water within the tidal portion. There are small areas of marsh near the mouth of the creek and west of the RR tracks there is an area of shallow water in the River itself. The creek and its mouth are heavily covered with water chestnut. 77,0- Figure 56: Wappinger Creek looking east. 138 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: Road and railroad crossings (RB), dredged channel in the creek (DR), residential boat launches (BL), marina (MA), fishing pier (PI), dam (DA), sewage plant (SP), tank farm (TF), power plant (PP), water intake (WI). Site History: Hydrological and sedimentation patterns In the site were greatly altered when the railroad was built in the 1850's. The creek was dredged in 1922, 1930, and 1939. Extensive commercial and industrial use along creek in Wappingers Falls. Water flow In the Creek Is controlled by the dam In Wappingers Falls. Eyristing Use: Limited boating access, fishing, crabbing, water Intake upstream. Boat use of the creek is currently limited by the 6 months' advance notice required for rail drawbridge operation. SPDES waste discharge permits were held in the early 1980's by institutions along Wappingers Creek as far upstream as Millbrook including P.J. Haight and Co., Dutchess Quarry and Supply Co., IBM Corp., Fairchild Corp., New York Trap Rock Corp., and the Wappingers Falls Sewage District. Surrounding Use: Wappingers Falls urban area, villages, residential housing (RH), natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The site includes the NY Natural Heritage Program's Wappinger's Creek Mouth site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the steep wooded uplands on both sides of the creek. Recommended Actions: Monitor and control runoff from nearby highways. Maintain bank vegetation. Institute advanced stormwater and non-point source pollution control programs In the urban and residential areas. Incompatible Use: Dredging the channel during fish reproductive periods including spring and early summer (most species) and December and January (tomcod). Excessive noise and activity during the osprey migration in mid- April to May. Significant water withdrawal that will reduce flow in the creek, especially during critical breeding times. Marina development. Recommended Use: Increased fishing. Knowled1jeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. v v 39 am a a 43 5a D CV, 0 oil 1 v4z P� 01ch M I A 0 L Cho L I Roge --- Oi 28" Cmrn E I f ttt D D' 0 24 Vw -14 NA 3 10 9 C6 Ilk L YEI A. -.0 SC .0 38 rai 7 D C7, am 43 foe cisa ater Pum @ @ME; '13' "a U Vi et A .@I%Zhf .'4 id @'Schl e 58 reme c D 3 fit 'XI 59 am V, so 220 ana .g SC BR! Oil & n 5d Subst D 0 i Gasoll J Jo Rn IE DARY IS h LOWING (0 @11 ME % al @Qlows 30 LIP U upper marsh 0 W tidal swamp forest 0 Gi C freshwater creek 32 12@p 0 Oil and Va to Gasoline S ETE' R R bridge DA dam or barrier so DS -dred6e disposal site r, 11 electric lines FJ flotsam and jetsam IN industrial build ng LIT landfill or junkyard MA marina P1 pier or causeway 3'0t PK parking lot PP power plant /Sal RB RR bridge or culvert SC RS radio antenna or tower y V RV recreational vehicle trail SC shipping channel SP sewage plant TIT tank farm /I r 0 TH seasonal residences red N WI water intake Land Uses AG agriculture CP county park D IN industry MR military reservation NA natural area 106 PA picnic or camping area NH National Historic Site d Gas QU quarries H residential housing TP town park SK state park IfI MATCH LINE MAP 8B U L) B S, HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 8A Miles Poughkeepsie Deepwater / Crum Elbow Marsh 0 1h New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky, December 1989 oU MATCH LINE MAP 8A I#: r- \N\1@0 -M rn 27 J, ob. U /'4 G X, rb Se@ AG 42 Landing 0 FAR 5C 2 ra\ L' 62 U 1:J D A@ 4C f-b !,R Clinlio n' k P. Aa EK V 0 A Y. S MAPLEGEND -,X" Community Type D deepwater S shallows 44 F mud and sand flats B sandy beach R rocky shore L lower marsh V upper marsh W tidal swamp forest Harbor,, C freshwater creek 31 4J M Exotic Plants WC water chestnut CR common reed PL purpie ioosestrife 0 Major Features AR abandoned ruins 111f bulkhead Ill, boat launch ramp BR bridge D dam or barrier 3 DB duck blind DR dredged reach 0 DS dredge disposal site V= r'll, electric lines 3 02 D 3tsam and jetsam NA idustrial building , "4; IN I _J ful LF landfill or junky... -Sch@, k G TF MA marina 0111 W rn rk PI pier or causeway Cedar Cliff TidalB FK parking lot PP power plant abiamon % RB RR bridge or culvertA edar Bluff Reef MA T, pile.6) RS radio antenna or tower T RV recreational vehicle trail ;,o) SC shipping channel SP sewage plant @50 WC, B TF tank farm Z-1 3 TH seasonal residences W1 water intake 1114 AQ Land Uses AG agriculture CP county park S S@b 82 3 UN industry Danskammer military reservation roin NA natural area )n,,eyor I B PA picnic or camping area NH National Historic She QU quarries 50 6 RH residential housing Mother TP town park Counsel SK 53 state park 7 0 -J 60 Bt 7!@) _4 J Delaware W t S r 1046 55 bstaVon Par _7 dt'e I isci 37 1-J, n 641", 50 k 38 BM J V Lo Pt t -It- '0 C9., 37 'D -7 b r 0 MtHOUKUM UMAN AREA BOUNDARY N HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 8B Miles Poughkeepsie Deepwater Wappinger Creek 0 1/2 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky December 1989 139 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Fishkill Creek REFER TO MAP NUMBER 9N Town(s): Fishkill, Beacon County(ics): Dutchess 7.5' Quad(s): West Point BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Mostly shallows (S) and wooded upland with smaller amounts of mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), and upper marsh (U). Rare Species: Important feeding site for migrating osprey and a potential osprey nesting site. Least bittern breeding. Estuary beggar-ticks, subulate arrowhead, kidney leaf mud-plantain. Valuable Species: Important spawning area for anadromous fishes including alewife, blueback herring, white perch, striped bass, and tomcod. Extensive resident fish community including largemouth bass, bluegill, and brown bullhead. Also blue claw crabs, herons, and turtles. Size: Medium sized marsh, mudflat, and shallows areas. Quality- A low diversity habitat of fair quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Extensive invasion by water chestnut (WC), limited to moderate invasions of common reed (PR) and purple loosestrife (PL). General Description: The creek is a tidally-influenced, perennially warmwater stream with shallows, mudflats, and marsh components. At the creek mouth, east of the RR track, is an area with upper and lower marsh and west of the RR is a large shallow water area dominated by water chestnut. The site also includes Denning Point, an upland osprey roosting area. t WN NI Figure 57. Fishkffl Creek channel with water chestnut and adjacent low and high marsh. 140 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: Railroad embankment with bridges (RB), old ruins (AR), sewage plants (SP), industry (IN). Site Historr. Hydrological and sedimentation patterns In the site were greatly altered when the railroad was built in the 1850's. Water flow is controlled at a dam located one-half mile upstream. Current Use: Very limited fishing, upstream water withdrawals, scientific studies of the osprey. In the 1980's, an experimental osprey nest platform was erected on Denning Point. SPDES waste discharge permits were held in the early 1980's by Package Pavement Co., IBM Corp., Merritt Brooklands Inc., Texaco Research Center., Three Star Anodizing of Beacon., Tuck Industries., Inc. Surrounding Use: Industry (IN), residential housing (RH), natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area wholly or partially Includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (WT-1). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the NY Natural Heritage Program's Fishkill Creek Mouth site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundarr. Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the wooded areas bordering the site up to the Penn Central line to the north and the slopes above the RR to the south. Recommended Actions: Investigate potential benefits of increasing water circulation in the marsh behind the RR track. Monitor and control upstream inflows to limit pollutants. Maintain Denning Point in its natural condition as much as possible. Incompatible Use: Dredging or development within the tidal habitat. Disruptive activity during the osprey migration periods and during the summer breeding season If birds are successfully established at Denning Point. Intensive development of Denning Point. Recommended Use: Increased small-scale recreational fishing. River access from the northern section of Denning Point. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; Dennis Mildner (Hudson River National Estuarine Sanctuary), DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 141 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Moodna. Creek REFER TO MAP NUMBER 9@ Town(s): Cornwall, New Windsor County(ies): Orange 7.5' Quad(s): Cornwall BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Predominantly freshwater creek (C) with shallows (S), mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), and upper marsh (U) associated with the creek mouth. Rare Species: Major feeding and resting ground for migrating bald eagles and osprey. Limited summer feeding ground for bald eagles. Least bittern breeding area. Valuable Species: Important spawning area for anadromous fishes Including alewife, blueback herring, smelt, white perch, striped bass, and tomcod. Resident fish include largemouth bass, bluegill, pumpkin seed, brown builhead, and various estuarine fish. Also many herons, snapping turtles, raccoons and muskrats. Size: Medium to large marsh area, large mudflats, 3.5 miles of the creek of which the lower mile is tidally influenced. Quality: A moderate diversity habitat of good quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Limited invasion by water chestnut and purple loosestrife (PL). General Description: The 2.5 mile long, non-tidal, upper part of Moodna Creek is a medium-gradient, perennially warmwater stream with a rocky substrate. The mile long tidal portion is deeper with a silt and clay substrate. A marsh exists at the mouth of the creek, west of the RR, and a large mudflat is located east of the RR. 7- VPI@ JIL 5 fit* Figure 58: Shallows, low, and high marsh at Moodna Creek. Photo by Bryan SwiftlDEC 142 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIO Major Features: Sewage plants (SP), the RR with one bridge (RB), recreational vehicle use (RV), dam (DA), tank farm (7). Site History- Hydrological and sedimentation patterns In the site were greatly altered when the railroad was built in the 1850's. Water flow is controlled at a dam located 3.5 miles upstream. 'Eidsting Use: Limited fishing, upstream water intake, RV use on mudflats. SPDES waste discharge permits were held in the early 1980's by Yellow Freight Systems, Star Expansion Company, Cornwall Paper Mills Inc., and various local sewage districts. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), Industry (IN), natural areas (NA), quarries (OU). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area, wholly or partially includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (CO-1 0). Refer to the official wetland maps available at the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. Sloop Hill is State-owned and under the jurisdiction of the Department of Environmental Conservation. Sloop Hill is also listed as a State unique area, which is a preliminary listing for eligibility as a State Natural Area and Historic Preserve. Much of the surrounding land is privately owned. The site includes the NY Natural Heritage Program's Moodna Creek Mouth site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary: Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the wooded banks bordering the Creek, the large natural area to the south of the Creek, and Sloop Hill. Recommended Actions: Eliminate RV use of the mudflats. Monitor and limit herbicides entering the habitat from the RR. Avoid disturbance in the creek mouth area in the spring and summer when osprey and eagles are present. Incompatible Use: Restriction of water flows. Physical and chemical barriers to fish migration during periods in early spring and summer and in December and January for tomcod. Marinas or other development resulting in boating traffic through shallows or flats. Clearing vegetation, introducing sediments, or removing large roosting trees for eagles and osprey. Recommended Use: Provide direct access to the creek for increased fishing, bird watching. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 143 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Hudson River Miles 44-56 REFER TO MAP NUMBER 9k & 9B Town(s): Cornwall, Highlands, Stony Point, Philipstown, Cortlandt County(ies): Orange, Rockland, Putnam, Westchester 7.5' Quad(s): West Point, Peekskill BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Deepwater (D), shallows (S) and forested uplands. Rare Species: Bald eagle winter feeding grounds. Possible nursery area for shortnose sturgeon. Valuable Species: The major spawning area along the Hudson for striped bass and white perch (an estimated 50% of Northeast Atlantic striped bass stocks come from the Hudson). Narrow migration corridor for all anadromous fish spawning upriver Including Atlantic sturgeon, blueback herring, American shad, alewife and rainbow smelt. Marine species such as bluefish, bay anchovy, silversides, hogchocker and blue claw crab reside in this area during periods of low freshwater flow (generally July through February) Size: Twelve miles of deepwater along the River. Quality- A uniform habitat of excellent quality that has experienced limited disturbance. Exotics: None noted. General ]Description: The site contains a narrow portion of the River between mean low water and the River bottom (up to 200 feet deep in places) with strong currents and a rocky bottom. The area is characterized by higher water flows than occur upriver (based on local tributary freshwater inflow) and seasonal changes in salinity. The area is generally the southern limit of freshwater spawning in the River. Three wetland areas (Con Hook, Manitou and Roa Hook Marshes) are adjacent to this deepwater site. Figure 59: View to north from West Point. Photo by Steve StannelClearwater 144 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIO Mgjor Features: Railroads on both sides of the River (RR), Bear Mountain Bridge (BR), Foundry Cove superfund site (see Constitution Island), sewage plants (SP),. marinas (MA), shipping channel (SC). Site History. The area Is largely unaltered. Existing Use: Extensive recreational fishing. Surrounding Land Use: Villages, residential housing (RH), industry (IN), parking lot (PK), natural areas (NA), West Point and Camp Smith military reservations (MR), state parks (SK), quarries (QU). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The site includes the NY Natural Heritage Program's Hudson River Mile 44-56 site. The adjacent wetland areas are not included in this site sue to substantially different resource values that are associated with these wetlands. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone for this large area includes adjacent upriver and downriver sections of the River, the upriver major tributary streams, adjacent shores and marshes, and upland slopes along both sides of the River. Recommended Actions: Minimize disturbance and noise in winter when the bald eagles are present. Undertake research on the dynamics of salt front movement. Protect the seasonal aspect of salinity changes by limiting water withdrawals, particularly during low flow conditions. Maintain existing natural areas adjacent to the River. Institute advanced stormwater runoff and non-point pollution sources in developed areas such as West Point. Control turbidity and sedimentation associated with restoration of Foundry Cove EPA superfund site to limit the introduction of heavy metal pollutants. Incompatible Use: Any activities that would disrupt striped bass spawning Including dredging and other construction activities during the period from May to July. Installation of water intakes that would cause impingement and/or entrainment of fish. Activities that would disrupt use of the area by eagles. Intensive development of Iona Island. Alteration of salinity concentrations or seasonal patterns. Recommended Use: Increased fishing. Boating would tend to have less of an impact in this area than in other areas of the River. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; Betsy Blair and Dennis Mildner (National Estuarine Research Reserve). Jack Focht (Bear Mountain State Park). DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 145 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Constitution Marsh REFER TO MAP NUMBER 9B Town(s): Philipstown County(ies): Putnam 7.51 Quad(s): West Point BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Approximately equal amounts of shallows (S), mudflats (F), lower marsh (L), and upper marsh (U). Rare Species: Least bittern nesting site. Osprey use during migrations. Valuable Species: Very important nesting habitat for a variety of bird species including green-backed heron, various waterfowl, and passerine birds. Important feeding grounds for herons, and other wetland and shore birds. Significant spawning and feeding grounds for anadromous and resident fishes including alewife, blueback herring, white perch, striped bass, and largemouth bass. Muskrat population. Size: Large tracts of all community types. Quality- A moderately diverse habitat of good quality that has experienced extensive disturbance. Exotics: Limited invasion by purple loosestrife (PL) and water chestnut (WC). General Description: East of Constitution Island, the site contains a large marsh area cut by a grid of water channels. South of the island near the mouth of Indian Brook is a small area of marsh and a large shallows and mudflats area. North of the island are shallows, deepwater and limited segments of marsh that comprise Foundry Cove. --- - --------- --------------- f A@ j,@ @-@k,5r-o @'N Figure 60. View to south over Constitution Marsh. Photo by Biyan SwiftlDEC 146 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: The RR embankment with 2 bridges (RB), EPA Superfund site, bulkheads (BH), parking lot (PK). Site Historr. Hydrological and sedimentation patterns in the site were greatly altered when the railroad was built in the 1850's. The area was also diked in the 1800's to grow rice. In the 1900's, a battery factory released large amounts of heavy metals Including nickel, cobalt and cadmium Into Foundry Cove leading to its designation as an EPA superfund site. Current plans call for dredging the contaminated sediments from the site and replanting the marsh. Fodsting Use: Wildlife Sanctuary managed by the National Audubon Society. Fishing and crabbing In Foundry Cove and other pans of the site despite severe contamination and substantial health risks. Surrounding Use: Residential housing (RH), the Village of Cold Spring, Industry (IN), natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Most of the site is owned by NYS and managed by the National Audubon Society as a wildlife sanctuary; the remaining area is privately owned. The area wholly or partially includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (WP-7). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Constitution Marsh site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the upland woods to the east as far as Route 9D, and watersheds of the three tributary streams: Foundry Brook, Indian Brook and Philipse Brook. Recommended Actions: Clean up heavy metal contamination. Conduct dredging in a manner that will avoid secondary contamination of other areas by suspended sediment. Minimize interference with animal populations by concentrating cleanup efforts in fall and winter as much as possible. The isolation that is afforded by the RR embankment with its limited connection to the River provides an opportunity to limit transport of heavy metals out of the cove. Evaluate the use of clean dredge material from the shipping channel as cover and replacement marsh substrate. Carefully plan and monitor replacement marsh; site restoration provides an excellent opportunity to test marsh creation practices along the Hudson. Place warning signs immediately to deter fishing. Allow artificial drainage channels in the marsh to revert to natural marsh to increase flooding of wetland vegetation. Incompatible Use: Fishing and other consumptive uses in the area. Dredging or filling of non-contaminated portions of the site. Clearing vegetation and introducing sources of sedimentation. Recommended Use: Increased nature observation, test site for marsh reconstruction. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; Jim Rod, National Audubon Society. DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildiffe Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. 147 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Iona Island Marsh REFER TO MAP NUMBER 9B Town(s): Stony Point County(ies): Rockland 7.5' Quad(s): Peekskill BIOLOGICAL ffiATURES Community Types: Predominantly upper marsh (U), followed by shallows (S) and flats (F), with lesser amounts of woody tidal swamp (W) and non-tidal freshwater marsh. Rare Species: Least bittern nesting, adjacent bald eagle winter roosting. Walking fern and prickly pear cactus. Valuable Species: Extensive breeding for many bird species. Muskrat and possibly other furbearers, amphibians (mostly limited to non-tidal freshwater marsh areas), snapping turtle, and blue claw crab. Heron and shorebird feeding. Spawning and/or nursery for anadromous and resident fishes including alewife, blueback herring, white perch, and striped bass. Size: Following Constitution and Piermont Marshes, the largest expanse of wetland along the lower partof the estuary. Limited patches of freshwater marsh and woody swamp forest. Quality. A highly diverse habitat of excellent quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Limited invasion by common reed (CR) and purple loosestrife (PL). General Description: Large open expanses of barely brackish marshes (0-6 ppt salinity) behind Iona Island, bisected by a causeway. North of the road are marsh, mudflat, and shallow littoral areas along Doodletown Brook, while south of the road are the same communities plus limited areas of shrubby swamp near a small tributary stream. Patches of freshwater marsh are associated with tributaries such as the area Immediately behind Iona Island. The tidal creeks roughly define two sections of marsh: Salisbury Meadow to the west, and Ring Meadow to the east. @ 7-774 Figure 61: High marsh and flats behind Iona Island viewed to the southwest. 148 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION Major Features: The railroad with two bridges (RB), an elevated causeway to Iona Island (PI), sewage plant (SP), shipping channel (SC). Site History: Hydrological and sedimentation patterns In the site were greatly altered when the railroad was built in the 1850's. During both World Wars I and 11, Iona Island was used as a storage site and munitions works by the military. After WW 11, naval ships were mothballed in the River near the site. Old causeways and dikes are located within the marshes. Existing Use: Iona Island and its associated marshes are managed by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission as a natural area and bird sanctuary. Active interpretive programs and scientific research. Surrounding Use: State parks (SK), natural areas (NA), military reservation (MR). Iona Island is used as a "pioneer camping" area for large-group experiences sponsored by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission. Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The site is administered by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission as part of Bear Mountain State Park. One of four sites comprising the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve and registered as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service. The area wholly or partially includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (PK-1). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Iona Island site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer zone should include the watersheds of Doodletown Brook, Snake Hole Creek, and Iona Island. Recommended Actions: Ensure that herbicides from the RR and runoff from the highways do not enter the tidal environment. Establish watershed management programs on the tributary streams. Incompatible Use: Any activity that would further restrict tidal flow. Dredging or construction within the habitat. Destabilization of adjacent bluffs. Intense use of Iona Island. Recommended Use: Iona Island could be developed as a natural park If such use were compatible with the bald eagle winter use. Park development should center on the unique ecological resource associated with Iona Island including resources of the island, marshes and River. Excellent site for education concerning the tidal marshes with opportunities to expand research and education programs which would be facilitated by the unique access provided by the causeway. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; Betsy Blair and Dennis Mildner (Hudson River National Estuarine Sanctuary), DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. Jack Focht (Bear Mountain State Park). 149 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Camp Smith Marsh and Annsville Creek REFER TO MAP NUMBER 9B Town(s): Cortlandt, Peekskill County(ies): Westchester 7.5' Quad(s): Peekskill BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Largely shallows (S) and creek (C) with smaller amounts of mudflats (F) and upper marsh (U). Rare Species: Spongy arrowhead. Valuable Species: Not known. Size: Small marsh, medium to large shallows. Quality- A low diversity habitat of fair quality that has experienced moderate disturbance. Exotics: Moderate to heavy invasion by common reed (CR). General Description: A small marsh area near a small tributary stream at Camp Smith, and a large shallows and creek area associated with Annsville Creek. 3"@, Figure 62: Aerial view of Camp Smith and Annsville Creek to the northeast Photo by Harry DodsonlDodson Associates 150 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIO Major Features: Extensive road system, RR with one tidal outlet (RB), tank farm (TF), Camp Smith military reservation (MR), residential housing (RH), dredged area (DR), sewage plants (SP), power plants (PP). Site Historr. Hydrological and sedimentation patterns In the site were greatly altered when the railroad was built in the 1850's. Peekskill Harbor was dredged In 1922, 1928, 1937, and 1938. Existing Use: A SPDES waste discharge permit was held in the early 1980's by the Peekskill Sewage District. Surrounding Use: Highways, military reservation (MR), Industry (IN), Indian Point Power Plant,(PP), urban areas , residential housing (RH). Status: Recognized by the NY Natural Heritage Program as containing rare communities. The area wholly or partially Includes State-regulated freshwater wetlands (P-4). Refer to the official wetland maps available at the Department of Environmental Conservation Regional Office. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- Site boundaries are taken from the NY$ Heritage Program. Buffer areas include the immediate upland and watercourses for Sprout Brook, Peekskill Creek, and Annsville Creek. Recommended Actions: Monitor and protect against leakage or spills from the tank farm. Control runoff from the highways and limit railroad herbicides entering the water. Additional evaluation of this area is needed to document potential resource values. Incompatible Use: Dredging, fill and construction in the habitat. Any activity that might restrict water flow. Clearing buffer vegetation and uncontrolled grading. Recommended Use: None identified. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. Carol Reschke and Caryl DeVrIes, The, Nature Conservancy. M', 11 . I z V i R iles Avf I St 44 35 1 N age Disposal 33 A AREA BEACON URB- I BOUNDARY IS DE NED IN a43 G ., I SHORELINE 40 S 42 31 0 ww4;r ir S F1 '11 V 39 m 2'6 12 43 .V 42 DL Oil .@iles 42 Ito oi 37 22 Hammond 21 NEWBURGH URBAN AREA BOUNDARY Is DEFINED AS 31 4 FOLLOWING THE SHORELINE to Ile 40 0 5 am 0 urn 48 32 2 37 46 Tramp 36 MOODNA CREEK 43 to Z M n Pollepel !I" Z2 Island olve 4:@ Polyous No Lighto 30 13 S 2 5 a 2 0 57 3 Z3 A@t cni 0 42 .0 5 NEWBURGH URBAN AREA BOUNDARY IS D@FIHNED AS FOLLOWING T E 2 SHOREL14E wall is Pumpin k Breakne' ndink, )ard 2 19 0 @,G immin Pool hone D 64 Ic 4 in r 34 -/A- MATCH LINE MAP 913 W, Wig," Co munity Type MAP LEGEND D deepwater Y" S shallows Major Features 73 AR abandoned ruins F mud and sand flats BH bulkhead B sandy beach III, boat launch ramp R rocky shore ck 61 L lower marsh BR bridge I-A DA dam or barrier U upper marsh 3 IY-4- W tidal swamp forest DR duck blind C freshwater creek cor 'N DR dredged reach DS dredge disposal site Exotic Plants 0 EL electric lines 6. WC water chestnut Fi flotsam and jetsam ladusidal-bai ding- common reed CR purp e (L @zb V MA -narina an PI pier or causeway Land Uses AG agriculture PK parking lot cP county park PP power plant IN Industry RB RR bridge or culvert MR military reservation RH permanent residences NA natural area RS radio antenna or tower RV recreational vehicle trail PA picnic or camping area SC shipping channel NH National Historic Site SP sewage plant QU quarries TF tank farm RH residential housing TH seasonal residences TP town park WI water intake SK state park Auys N ff HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 9A Miles Fishkill Creek Moodna Creek Hudson River Miles 44-56 0 1/2 1 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky December 1989 MATCH LINE MAP 9A 7-@ Pt D A, ff 3 ck D it R OV 61 Nt an t D\ L ight 74 10$ S Gees t iii F S D T,d.. IN Flal -SPOS-1 Philli 68 A Pei ;Olf V, Dock khouse E F7' 10 D 0 Sta s4l@A Ard-- 'A' son 4 7 )u Corn ,J//;/ :01 8Z:31 B duntry ful@ W011 I Yeliff apr KA ege "A MAP LEGEND ly 1P 0 Ig EVig COMMUnity Type D deepwater d e nv S shallows 'z YY' IT mud and sand flats age 114 B sandy beach Sal R rocky shore r J( 76 L lower marsh U upper marsh J El I "*r Y Drk W tidal swamp forest C freshwater creek D Exotic Plants WC water chestnut CR common reed hik purple loosestrffe PL 66 Major Features d AR abandone BH bulkhead BL boat laund BR bridge ight DA dam or barrier @J B duck blind Hodk DR dredged reach DS dredge disposal site 72 EL electriclines FJ flotsam and jetsam IN industrial b-.--- Q HO, LF landfill or junkyard MA marina PI pier or causeway PK parking lot D pp power plant RB RR bridge or culvert RS radio antenna or tower 4,' RV recreational vehicle trail SC shipping channel sp sewage plant 6; tank farm T Ceba TH seasonal residences I FoE W1 water intake X. Land Uses AG agriculture CP county park IN industry MR military reservation iPP 77 NA natural area 11 ery' picnic or camping area 0 0 NH National Historic Site QU quarries chi CluW R Hresidential housing TP town park 6@' SK state park U V un A@f yffw Re- e ..age. Dan L letown L au, t 1@na Island Hole t43 ound Fish Islan sland D S 68 Roa ook S S f Mid 2 Peekskill" one@ Pt DR Bay 0 d, Point as 30 4%, Mt st 4 Liot Travis Pt 3Z so X- Charles was t, 0-1 Tres m It N HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 9B Miles Hudson River Miles 44-56 /'Constitution Marsh / Iona Island Marsh / Camp Smith Marsh and Annsville Creek 0 Y2 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky December 1989 151 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Haverstraw Bay REFER TO MAP NUMBER 10 Town(s): Clarkstown, Haverstraw, Stony Point, Conlandt County(ies): Rockland, Westchester 7.5' Quad(s): Haverstraw BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Deepwater (D) and shallows (S). Rare Species: Shortnose sturgeon wintering area. Valuable Species: Extensive nursery for anadromous fish species including striped bass, American shad, white perch, tomcod, and Atlantic sturgeon. Nursery and feeding area for many marine species including bay anchovy, Atlantic menhaden, and blue claw crab. Spawning and wintering grounds for Atlantic sturgeon. Waterfowl feeding and resting during migration. Size: Vast areas of deep and shallow water over a six mile reach of River. Quality- A low diversity habitat of good quality that has experienced extensive disturbance. Exotics: None identified. General Description: A vast open area of the River containing extensive shallows and deeper water along the western side of the area. Over this relatively shallow bay, freshwater and saltwater mix to produce brackish waters varying from 0 to 10 ppt salinity. Nursery values in the habitat are probably greatest in spring, summer and fall but depend on the salinity found in the area. T 7-7 -A@ Figure 63. Anchored gffl nets in Haverstraw Bay. Photo by Steve StannelClearwater 152 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIO Major Features: Sewage plants (SP), power plants (PP), landfill (LF), marinas (MA), surrounding roads and railroads, shipping channel (SC), dredging reach B (DR). Site History. The River channel was first dredged in the 1920's with subsequent maintenance dredging and disposal. Existing Use: Moderate to heavy fishing. SPDES waste discharge permits were held In the early 1980's by Consolidated Edison's Indian Point Generating Station, Georgia Pacific Corp., Kay-Fries Chemicals, Inc., Orange and Rockland Utilities Bowline Pt. Generating Station, Tilcon Quarries, Inc., United States Gypsum Co., and local sewage districts. Surrounding Use: Industry (IN), highways and railroad (RR), urban areas, villages, residential housing (RH), county parks (CP), state park (SK), natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area wholly or partially includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (HS-2, HS-1 1). Refer to the official wetland maps available at the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary: Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer area includes adjacent portions of the River itself and the immediate watershed along both sides of the River. Along the western shore this extends to the crest of the steep slopes and, on the eastern shore, includes upland slopes extending to approximately the 100 foot contour. Recommended Actions: Monitor and limit existing runoff from the roads, railroad, and industrial and landfill areas along both shores. Limit non-resource related (recreational) boating over the shallows throughout the entire eastern portion of the bay. Pursue active restoration of industrial and otherwise de-vegetated sites immediately adjacent to the River: this would Include establishing vegetated and permeable buffer areas to limit direct runoff and erosion. Incompatible Use: Dredging of the shallows and construction or filling in the habitat. Large scale removal of freshwater that may alter the variation in salinity over this shallow area. If mixing of salt and freshwater occurred further upriver over deep water as a result of water withdrawals, many of the habitat values associated with the bay would be lost and not replaced elsewhere in the River. Navigation channel dredging during sensitive nursery use of the area. Marina development along the eastern shore which would result in boating traffic patterns entirely through shallows during the critical summer months. Boating along the western shore would tend to have less adverse effects. Introduction of sediments, clearing buffer vegetation. Recommended Use: Increased fishing. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. Verp a Pal STION POINT SITE Poi se 3 D A@l "N 0" I Poi Man 45 George Stony Point SC N- Bell,, R7 .7 Bay 4 3 D 30 S 9 D S@ anna, Islan Oscawan 37 10 COUNTY PARK Grassy Point "Q( T" B 26 D a Marin 27 28 C, S S9.a e Dispo'sat Sp D B 26 13 Jur a 25 21 A 7 line Park int S P D SC S i..ingP-1 BM s 2@ 6 H \,4 V E R S T R A W 9 7Cro WS D S 26 25 7 a Se.age B A y 4k 2 -k- -To 8 ar,ry, t 10 V4 62 26 0 Landfill D '6 'a, , I S .,rY PAR \DR:B \s art, 0, 10 6 8 215'5 AVERSTRAW BEACH CRO T01) LIE PARK BAY i UU 37 Light L S 10 4 AT I' D MAP LEGEND Community Type Ddeepwater X 5 7',\ 44 Major Features Sshallows .4 39 ellers AR abandoned ruins Fmud and sand flats Bsandy beach BH bulkhead Poigt- S III, boat launch ramp Rrocky shore @x Llower marsh S BR bridge Uupper marsh DA dam or barrier D8 duck blind Wtidal swamp forest DR dredged reach Cfreshwater creek 37 SC41 41A DS dredge disposal site EL electric lines Exotic Plants FJ flotsam and jetsam WC water chestnut IN Industrial building CR common reed -EF ---- rple-loosesUffe-- pu MA marina CROTON RIVER AN6 BAY PI pier or causeway Land Uses 7 PK parldng lot AG agriculture PP power plant CP county park 38 RB RR bridge or culvert IN Industry "t, RH permanent residences MR military reservation A RS radio antenna or tower NA natural area RV recreational vehicle trail PA picnic or camping area DR:A OSSININC SC shipping channel NH National Historic Site Uolr SP sewage plant @e, 8 QU quarries RH residential housing TF tank farm TH seasonal residences TP town park 's, W] water Intake SK state park so Ah- 1, 29 0 01-ight I %W, 4) 0 HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 10 N Miles Haverstraw Bay 0 '/2 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky December 1989 153 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Site Name: Croton River and Bay REFER TO MAP NUMBER 11 Town(s): Cortlandt, Ossining County(ies): Westchester 7.5' Quad(s): Haverstraw, Ossining BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Mostly shallows (S) with lesser amounts of mudflats (F) and brackish upper marsh (U). Rare Species: Possible osprey feeding grounds during spring and fall migrations. Valuable Species: Productive nursery, foraging and resting area for anadromous and resident fish species. Size: Large areas of shallow water, limited marsh and mudfiats areas. Quality. A low diversity habitat of poor quality that has experienced extensive disturbance. Exotics: Extensive invasion by common reed (CR). General Description: A large open bay area sheltered by Croton Point. There are limited marsh areas along the point, a large area of shallow water, and the tidal portion of the Croton River. Most of the freshwater flow is diverted to municipal water supplies except for overflows and minimum flow requirements. -V7 "A Figure 64: Croton River from Quaker Bridge. Photo by Bryan SwiftlDEC 154 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTIONS Major Features: County park (CP), the RR with one tidal flow opening (RB), large landfill (LF), sewage plant (SP), parking lot (PK), dam (DA), shipping channel (SC), dredging reach A (DR). Site Historr. Hydrological and sedimentation patterns In the site were greatly altered when the railroad was built in the 1850's. The River channel was first dredged In the 1920's with subsequent maintenance dredging and deposition. Encroachment by the landfill into the upper marsh. Eidsting Use: Entire flow from the Croton River used for municipal water supplies. Moderate to heavy fishing use. SPDES waste discharge permits were held in the early 1980's by Sunmark Industries, Consolidated Rail Corp., Mobil Oil Corp, and the Ossining Sewage District. Scientific research (Hudsonia, Inc.). Surrounding Use: Industry (IN), highways and railroad (RR), urban areas. Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The area wholly or partially includes State- regulated freshwater wetlands (H-3, H-4, H-5). Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site Includes the Natural Heritage Program's Croton River and Bay site. HABffAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary: Includes the entire designated Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat area. The buffer area includes Croton Point to the north, upland to Route 9J and up to and including the roadways paralleling the Croton River corridor. Recommended Actions: Restore continuous freshwater flow to the Croton River to improve the habitat value of the site (currently freshwater flow releases can be reduced to zero during draught conditions). Monitor and control runoff from the roads, railroad, industry, and landfill areas around the site through stormwater and non-point sources of pollution control programs. Incompatible Use: Dredging, filling and construction in the habitat. Clearing adjacent vegetated uplands and banks. Marina development or other developments resulting in boating traffic largely through the shallows or flats. Further decreases in tidal flow within the Croton River. Introduction of waste materials in association with.bridge maintenance (Route 9J and RR bridges). Recommended Use: None identified. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. J 7S tamo nt <7,@, I H@11 a S udwl BM S Jr L9 C? 6 Cill C,o R A W 7 P Community Type D deepwater S e io 9 .9 e ervm S shallows F mud and send flats y Sewage B sandy beach Wat R rocky shore a L lower marsh U upper marsh W tidal swamp forest C freshwater creek 10 1,4 Exotic Plants 26 WC water chestnut J CR common reed LaM!fi,11, W S PL purple loosestrife 0 NTY A Major Features Z A R abandoned ruins cr 111-1 bulkhead CROTON 111, boat launch ramp S 37 \114 BAY BR bridge OSSIN G' 4. DA dam or barrier DB duck blind Crawbuckie S Point DR dredged reach D 20 4 -1 -- DS dredge disposal site 10 daie I EL electric lines -kaid, 3 FJ flotsam and jetsam c IN industrial building 2 44 LF landfill or junkyard 39 ellers S MA marina Poi9j, PI pier or causeway 3 2 PIK parking lot PP power plant S RB RR bridge or culvert RS radio antenna or tower T 37 Sic RV recreational vehicle trail MV L SC shipping channel 7SewaR SP sewage plant 41 6 S TF tank farm TH seasonal residences M W1 water intake CROTON RnTX AN6 BAY Land Uses 7 AG agriculture CP county park 38 IN industry MR military reservation '4 Ossining NA natural area Correctior PA picnic or camping area ILAN A OSSINING Facilit Sewage NH National Historic Site us M I QU quarries 8 RH residential housing 28 vy - TP town park 14 SK state park 29 9 G id I iaht TA P PA C" 05A Al HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 11 N Miles Croton River and Bay 0 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky December 1989 155 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATIO Site Name: Piermont Marsh REFER TO MAP NUMBER 12 Town(s): Orangetown County(ies): Rockland 7.5' Quad(s): Nyack BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Community Types: Predominantly shallows (S) and brackish upper marsh (U), with a broad transition area of mudflats (F). Rare Species: Least bittern and sedge wren reported nesting, diamondback terrapin use, osprey feeding during migration. Valuable Species: Extensive use of the mudflats by herons and egrets. Large numbers of resident and breeding bird species, blue claw crabs, resident fishes and lesser numbers of furbearers. Waterfowl, wading bird and shorebird feeding during migration. Size; Large marsh and shallows areas. Largest brackish water marsh within River. Quality. A low diversity habitat of fair quality that has experienced m0cferate disturbance. Exotics: Extensive invasion by common reed (CR) throughout most of the marsh, particularly concentrated at the north end. General Description: A large common reed dominated marsh area that extends south of the Piermont Pier. East of this marsh Is a large shallows and mudfiats area. Many of the plants found here illustrate the transition to a more saline environment and include saltmarsh cordgrass, saltmeadow cordgrass, and salt grass. '"Mob'- Figure 65: Northeast view over PiermontMarsh. 156 Site Specific Information HUMAN INTERACTION NlEkjor Features: A long pier (PI), town park (TP), residential housing (RH), sewage outlet (SP). Site Historr. The marsh formed behind the pier which was constructed in 1839 as the eastern terminus of the Erie Railroad. Prior to construction of the pier, the area was open water. Existing Use: Bird watching and nature study as pan of Tallman Mountain State Park. Active research and education programs. Surrounding Use: Tallman Mountain State Park (SK), factories (IN), the Village of Plermont, natural areas (NA). Status: Designated as a Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat. The north end of the park is State-owned and administered by the NYS DEC, the remainder is under the jurisdiction of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission. The area is one of four designated sites comprising the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve. The area includes State-regulated tidal wetlands. Refer to the official wetland maps available in the Department of Environmental Conservation regional office. The site includes the Natural Heritage Program's Piermont Marsh site. HABITAT PROTECTION MEASURES Site Boundary- Includes the entire Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat boundary. The buffer zone should include the upland forests to the west within Tallman State Park, portions of the Sparkill Creek watershed and the Piermont Pier. Recommended Actions: Evaluate selective restoration of the marsh through common reed control; high sedimentation rates, however, may require extensive dredging for restoration efforts to be successful and may result in creating negative impacts that would exceed potential benefits. Monitor recurring problem of sewage loading due to breaks in the sewage outfall pipe,that passes through the marsh, flats, and shallows. Control sedimentation in the area through watershed management programs. Incompatible Use: Any action that would subdivide the overall site. Adjacent development that would increase runoff. Alteration of tidal channels resulting in hydrological changes. Marina development that would result in boating traffic within the shallows and flats, or increase direct impacts from boat beaching in the marsh and flats. Recommended Use: Bird watching center and expanded opportunities for research and education. Knowledgeable Contacts: Tom Hart, DOS; Betsy Blair and Dennis Mildner (National Estuarine Research Reserve), DEC Region 3, Fisheries or Wildlife Manager or Environmental Protection Biologist. IUk 6 3: 0-@ Z @J -T@w Sigh Mh' A. @,A F\1 K 5 t 40 F IAIZ St C.. Sub .16 G 0 '2 if KNI 43 MAP LEGEND lit1 3 -Jb' it Ji Community Type h 21 Ddeepwater @;T I sshallows It Fmud and sand flats "'I- -- @/ @i Ul Bsandy beach Rrocky shore 4 #6 lower marsh L -@"@ROCKLAN6. 9 uupper marsh C@' E-TERY@ 45 Light Wtidal swamp forest Cfreshwater creek J 13 St Thb in" iermont Wo rj Exotic Plants wc water chestnut 6,M) :.y CR common reed ARo PL e loosestrife I VT@. 49 purpl )P) F Major Features IN, S ?7 AR abandoned ruins -- --------- u 5 Ill bulkhead buih D ri e ------- @R BL boat launch ramp 49 Ill bridge IJA dain or barrier A DB duck blind 2 IRVINGT9 DR dredged reach '6@ A \N) N F DS dredge disposal site EL electric lines FJ flotsam and jetsam Water0 C./ TALLMAN,. -on-Huds IN industrial building Purno;'g Sbaridu4_1 Ardsley LF landfill or junkyard 3 B@10 tc, S MA marina T STATE 49 PI pier or causeway PK parking lot ^e i, on PP power plant A SK- RB RR bridge or culvert b@ 7- RS radio antenna o. RV recreational vehicle trail 3, s cshipping channel sp sewage plant 7 TF tank farm TH seasonal residences 303 wi water intake C S Land Uses 'J@ 17 41 AG agriculture 42 cp county park DOBBS FERR IN industry alisades P. MR military reservation 0, Landing 'Tir-4, 46 17 14 NA natural area PA picnic or camping area T 2 NH National Historic Site Smd R. QU quarries RH residential housing 'S AKIL em TP town park SK state park 'St sep- age Larnoni, dSel@ tory 4ilit L e n4 HASTINGS-ON-JiU 4 41X0/- /I X Golf Course 1pi. STATE PARK '/# PALISADES 0 ig 4. V'@@8 51 ck .11IR N HUDSON RIVER TIDAL HABITATS MAP NUMBER 12 Miles Piermont Marsh 0 New York State Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization Prepared by T. Hart and N. Salafsky December 1989 157 THE FUTURE OFTHE RIVER Unique Values of Hudson River,Habitats Borrowing from our Children One might question the rationale 'in any endeavor to We do not inherit the earth, we borrow it from our conserve natural areas. One answer with regard to children. protection of the Hudson River's tidal habitats in New York is that it is the law. Virtually all the habitats described in --Arnish Saying this guide are protected under the provisions of federal and state laws dealing with water quality, endangered Over time, the natural resources of the Hudson have been species, coastal management, wetland protection and regarded in several different ways. The first European significant habitats. Lawsare only effective, however, if settlers saw the valley as an untamed wilderness that people understand and respect them and work to represented a challenge and opportuntity for them to implement and enforce them. Ultimately, only public transform. Soon after, however, the large trading understanding of the unique values of the habitats along companies sought to extract as much wealth as possible the Hudson River will ensure their continued survival. This for both personal and national profit. For several natural resources guide has attempted to present enough , centuries, the River valley continued to serve as a information about these habitats so that it will be easier for wellspring of natural resources with its supply of fish, interested groups and citizens to develop the water, building materials, and other commodities limited understanding and sense of partnership necessary for only by human technology and demand. effective protection of the Rivet's resources. As the Hudson Valley's population increased, its natural In attempting to summarize 'the ideas and information resources began to dwindle. In the eighteenth century, contained in the preceding 'chapters, there is an the beavers and other furbearing animals became locally' overwhelming temptation to try to anticipate which scarce or extinct. The hemlocks that provided the basis information will be the most important or useful. Initially for the leather tanning industry disappeared in the it seems likely that specific site information may be us@@ nineteenth century as did the once thriving shellfish beds most often because of local interests reflecting local in Haverstraw Bay. In the first half of the twentieth government boundaries, or perhaps because of the site century, commercial fishing declined rapidly as fish stocks specific nature of proposals which may threaten the dwindled. More recently, contaminants have reduced the ecological value of specific habitats. But many questions value of the River's resources. Today, even water supply must be answered for each specific site before one can may become scarce with many different demands being evaluate the relative significance of a proposed project or placed upon it. activity in terms of its impacts.upon the characteristics and quality of a specific habitat. In some instances, A basic economic principle is that as resources become understanding the biology of an endangered or otherwise scarcer, their value increases unless substitutes are found. valuable species;will be more important than site specific With regard to beaver pelts, hemlock bark, or even fish, information and will override all other concerns. In other substitutes can be found or the need for the use of the instances, the more subtle nature of the interaction among resource eliminated. But today, the scarcity ofresources ecological zones and the animals and plants that becomes more pressing. Imagine, for example, the City participate in and depend on:these interactions will be the of Poughkeepsie having to find an alternative water supply most valuable aspect of the habitat. Ultimately, no and the cost associated with such an undertaking. particular part of this guide will prevail over the others for Clearly, if we are to be successful in preserving the River one simple reason: the subject of this guide, the Hudson ecosystem for its plants, animals,, and people, we can no River, is an ecosystem. Each component of that longer view the Hudson River as a boundless resource. ecosystem described in this guide is an integral part of the Instead, it is necessary to adopt policies that recognize River as an entity. resource limitations, even among resources that are now considered renewable. In accordance with economic In considering the River as an ecosystem, two themes practice, it is logical to ask consumers of these limited emerged during the preparation of this guide that resources to pay for them. pervaded all aspects of human use and conservation of the 'Hudson. It seems fitting to close with a discussion of Disposal of toxic wastes provides a good illustration of 'these two ideas. this principle. Until the 1970's, producers of toxic wastes were allowed to pollute air, water, and land as a right of ownership. The environmental movement started with the realization that pollution often dramatically 158 Epilogue affected the lives of people who were close to and even distant from the source of pollution. Beginning with air, and later, water and land resources, government Because They Could Do Only a Little responded with laws that acknowledge these as public resources that must be protected and preserved in the Nobody makes a greater mistake than he who did nothing public interest. It is no longer an assumed right to pollute because he could do only a little. these resources. --Edmund Burke There has been a tremendous change in the protection of the Hudson River's resources over the past twenty years. In considering the complex nature of the Hudson River The anoxic, open cesspools of summer are gone from the ecosystem, it is apparent that a wide range of upper River, fishery resources are at healthy levels, environmental protection and management actions must wetland filling has been reduced, and birds of prey have be taken If the ecosystem's natural resource values are to returned to the River. Much more needs to be done. This be preserved. The magnitude of problems and challenges requires further public recognition that the right to alter a involved requires solutions at many different levels. habitat or to discharge pollutants is granted by the public Examples of actions that could be taken by various who must be compensated for the use of the resource. In agencies, concerned individuals and organizations, are effect, this policy captures the full cost of developing land outlined below. or producing a given product, including the expense of safely disposing of waste products. Legislators can work to protect tidal habitats by improving existing laws and regulations and promulgating For example, the SPIDES program limits the quantity of new measures at both Federal and State levels. One toxic compounds that can be discharged into the River important action would be to extend the coverage of the basin. It is not difficult to imagine moving from the Tidal Wetlands Act from its present limit at the Tappan Zee present structure of the SPIDES program, which is based Bridge farther upstream to cover all tidal portions of the on voluntary or self-regulated compliance, to more Hudson River and its tributaries up to the dam at Troy. stringent regulation and enforcement. Funds for stricter This extension would increase the buffer zone surrounding enforcement could come from fees levied on dischargers wetlands from 100 to 300 feet (or the 10 foot elevation who utilize the public resource of the River water for contour) and also provide for more comprehensive private profit. Precedents exist for having private users treatment of wetlands. Another step would be to amend pay for use of public resources. The best known example the Reservoir Release Law (Art. 15, Title 8) so that on the Hudson is Exxon Corporation's payment, under sufficient water Is released into the River not only to threat of suit by the Hudson Riverkeeper of two million support drinking water and recreational needs, but also to dollars to the Riverkeeper Fund and New York State, for meet instrearn needs for plants and animals in tidal using tankers to transport fresh water from the River to the habitats. Laws could also be enacted to create a system Caribbean island of Aruba. to compensate the public for the use of the River's public resources. Beginning with estsablished precedents, and based on the principle that the River's resources belong to the public, it Existing and new laws protecting habitats are useless is possible to effectively protect all the resources of the without effective enforcement by government agencies River. Permission for municipalities to withdraw water can which need adequate support, funding, and commitment be linked to effective conservation measures. Permission to carry out their responsibilities. In enforcing laws, it is for shipping companies to use the River for transportation critical that a distinction be made between the theory and can be linked to fees covering the true costs of dredging practice of environmental protection. For example, the channel and environmental impacts of using the River. although measures to reduce impacts from dredging may And permission to discharge toxic contaminants can only be written into a work contract, the value of these be allowed when the true cost to the resource and public measures ultimately depends on the dredging contractor's health is compensated. When the resources of the River compliance with conditions designed to protect the are seen as public domain, they can be effectively used environment. Compliance with conditions depends on for the plants, animals, and people of both today--and of clear explanations which provide sound reasoning for tomorrow. each condition and an effective inspection and enforcement procedure, which could include financial incentives that favor compliance with conditions. Conservation organizations also play an important role in protection and management of the River's public resources. These organizations can often improve government decision-making, particularly in the case of . Because They Could Only Do a Little 159 permit approvals, by providing valuable resource information and commentary, usually through existing public notice procedures. Indeed, the level of expertise available through these organizations, in combination with their commitment to protection of resources, is an essential component of the River's resource protection network. These organizations can also effectively lobby legislators to pass new laws and to appropriate sufficient funds for implementation of existing laws. Furthermore, conservation organizations are in the best position to monitor whether the public policy expressed in law is being adequately implemented by the responsible agency. In similar fashion, local governments are invaluable in the protection of their sections of the River. Local governments can and do rely on higher levels of government for natural resource protection. All too often however, the first-hand knowledge and views of local governments are not sufficiently factored into resource protection decisions by State and Federal authorities. The ability of local government to protect valuable natural resources under its jurisdiction may be even more important. Local governments have the ability and the obligation to protect their citizens and the public resources that are valuable to the community, including natural resources. Through use of police powers, such as zoning and subdivision approval, and through the implementation of special laws such as the State Environmental Quality Review Act and the Waterfront Revitalization and Coastal Resources Act, many communities are in the strongest position of any level of government to protect valuable natural resources. And last, but most importantly, concerned citizens are the key to the entire process. It is they who can lobby legislators to pass crucial laws and who can demand that government officials and private organizations they support serve as protectors of the public interest. Give light and the people will find their own way. Dante The intent in preparing this guide to natural resource protection is to shed stronger light to help concerned people become more involved in protection of the Rivees tidal habitats. This guide cannot be an endpoint; it only represents a small step forward in a journey that must be taken if the resources of the River are to be protected and preserved, not only for our children, but for everyone's benefit and enjoyment, today and tomorrow. 160 APPENDICES -Appendix A: Plant Species Referenced in the Text -Appendix B: Animal Species Referenced in the Text -Appendix C. Agencies and Organizations Involved in Protection of the Hudson's Natural Resources -Appendix D: Bibliography 162 APPENDIX A.- PLANT SPECIES REFERENCED IN THE TEXT This is not a complete list of plants found in and around the estuarine portion of the Hudson River. This list provides scientific names for plants referenced In the text in order to avoid confusion from the use of common names. Scientific and common names follow Mitchell (1986). COMMONNAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Spleenwort Family Aspleniaceae Sensitive fern Onoclea sensibifis Marsh fern Thelypteris palustris Laurel Family Lauraceae Spicebush Lindera benzoin Waterlily Family Nymphaeaceae Spatterdock Nuphar luteum Amaranth Family Amaranthaceae Water-hemp Amaranthus cannabinus Elm Family Ulmaceae Slippery elm Ulmus rubra Buckwheat Family Polygonaceae Knotweeds Polygonum sp. Smartweeds Polygonum sp. Mustard Family Brassicaceae Pennsylvania bittercress Cardamine pennsylvanica Sedum Family Crassulaceae Pigmyweed Tillaea aquatica Water milfoil Family Haloragaceae Eurasian water milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum Bean Family Fabaceae Hog-peanut Amphicarpea bracteata Loosestrife Family Lythraceae Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Water-chestnut Family Trapaceae Water-chestnut Trapa natans Dogwood Family Comaceae Silky dogwood Cornus amomum Grape Family Vitaceae Virginia creeper Parthenocissus inserta Maple Family Aceraceae Red maple Acer rubrum Sumac Family Anacardiaceae Poison sumac Toxicodendron vemix 163 Touch-me-not Family Balsaminaceae Spotted jewelweed Impatiens capensis Milkweed Family Asclepiadaceae Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata Morning-glory Family Convolvulaceae Common dodder Cuscuta gronovii Plantain Family Plantaginaceae Heart leaf plantain Plantago cordata Olive Family Oleaceae Black ash Fraxinus nigra Green ash F. pennsylvanica Figwort Family Scrophulariaceae Mudwort Limosella australis False-pimperneil Lindernia dubia Micranthemum Micranthemum micranthemoldes Common monkeyflower Mimulus ringens Winged monkeyflower M. alatus Lousewort Pedicularis lanceolata Bluebell Family Campanulaceae Cardinal-flower Lobelia cardinalis Honeysuckle Family Caprifoliaceae Arrowwood Viburnum recognitum Aster Family Asteraceae Estuary beggar-ticks Bidens bidentoides Bur marigold Bidens sp. (cemua,laevis, etc.) Spotted Joe-pyeweed Eupatorium maculatum Sneezeweed Helenium autumnale Water-plantain Family Afismataceae Water-plantain Alisma plantago-aquatica Spongy arrowhead Sagittaria calycina var: spongiosa Grass-leaf arrowhead S. graminea Strap-leaf arrowhead S. subulata Big-leaved arrowhead S. latifolla Frog's-bit Family hydrocharitaceae Waterweed Elodea canadensis Wild celery (tapegrass) Vallisneria americana Pondweed Family Potamogetonaceae Sago pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus Pondweed P. perfoliatus Ditchgrass Family Ruppiaceae Widgeon-grass (ditch grass) Ruppia maritima Naiad Family Najadaceae Naiad Najas guadalupensis var. muencheri Naiad N. minor 164 Appendix A Horned pondweed Family Zannichelliaceae Horned pondweed Zannichellia palustris Eelgrass Family Zosteracese Eelgrass Zostera marina Arum Family Araceae Sweetflag Acorus americanus Golden club Orontium aquaticum Arrow arurn (arrowleaf) Peltandra virginica Skunk cabbage Symplocapus foetidus Duckweed Family Lemnaceae Duckweed Lemna minor Hatpin Family Eriocaulaceae, Estuary hatpins Eriocaulon parked Sedge Family Cyperaceae, Sedge Carex hormathodes River bulrush Scirpus fluviatills Three-square S. americanus Saltmarsh bulrush S. cylindricus Grass Family Poaceae Rice cutgrass Leersia oryzoides Common reed Phragmites australis Cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Wild rice Zizania aquatica Cat-tail Family Typhaceae Narrow-leaf cat-tail Typha angustifolia Broad-leaf cat-tail Typha latifolia Pickerel-weed Family Pontederiaceae, Pickerel-weed Pontederia cordata Mud-plantain Heteranthera reniformis 165 APPENDIX B: ANIMAL SPECIES REFERENCED IN THE TEXT This is not a complete list of the animals found in and around the estuarine portion of the Hudson River. This list provides scientific names for animals referenced in the text in order to avoid confusion from the use of common names. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Invertebrates Bluecrab Callinectes sapidus Fish (after Smith, 1985) Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum Atlantic sturgeon A oxyrhynchus American eel Anguilla rostrata Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis Hickory shad A. medlocris Alewife A. pseudoharengus American shad A. sapidissima Atlantic menhaden Brevoortla tyrannus Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli White catfish Ictalurus catus Brown bullhead L nebulosus American goosefish Lophius americanus Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod Goldfish Carassius auratus Carp Cyprinus carplo Silvery minnow Hybognathus regius Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas Common shiner Notropis cornutus Spottail shiner N. hudsonius Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax Banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus Mummichog F heteroclitus Inland silverside Menidia beryllina White perch Morone americana Striped bass* M. saxatilis Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus Bluegill L. macrochirus Smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui Largemouth bass M. salmoides Tesselated darter Etheostoma olmstedi Yellow perch Perca flavescens Bluefish Pomatomus saltatfix Silver perch Sairdiella chrysoura Weakfish Cynosclon regalls Longhorn sculpin Myoxocephalus: octodecemspinosus Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus Reptiles and Amphibians (after Conant, 1975) Common snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina Stinkpot Sternotherus odoratus Eastern mud turtle Kinostemon subrubrum Spotted turtle Clemmys guttata Bog turtle C. muhlenbergi Wood turtle C. insculpta Diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin Map turtle Graptemys geographica Painted turtle Chryserays picta 166 Appendix B Eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina Northern water snake Nerodia sipedon Birds (after Bull, 1974) Great blue heron Ardea herodias Great egret Casmerodius albus Green heron Butorides striatus Black-crowned night heron Nycticorax nycticorax American bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Least bittern lxobrychus exilis Mute swan Cygnus olor Canada goose Branta canadensis Brant Branta bernicla Wood duck Aix sponsa Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Black duck A. rubripes Gadwall A. strepera Common pintall A. acuta Green-winged teal A. crecca Bluewinged teal A. discors Northern shoveler A. clypeata Canvasback Aythya valisineria Redhead A. americana Ring-necked duck A. collaris Greater scaup A. marila Lesser scauP A. affinis Common goldeneye Bucephala clangula Bufflehead B. albeola Oldsquaw Clangrula hyemalis White-winged scoter Melanitta deglandi Surf scoter M. perpiscillata Black scoter Melanitta nigra Hooded merganser Laphodyts cucullatus Common merganser M. merganser Red-breasted merganser M. serrator Ruddy duck oxyura jamaicensis Osprey Pandion haliaetus Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Northern harrier Circus cyaneus Common bobwhite Colinus: virginianus Gray partridge Perdix perdix Virginia rail Rallus limicola King rail R. elegans Common gallinule Gallinula chloropus: Lesser golden plover pluvialis dominica Piping plover Charadrius melodus Semipalmated plover C. semipalmatus Killdeer C. vociferous Common snipe Capella gallinago Spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia Belted kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon Long-billed marsh wren cistothorus palustris Red-winged blackbird Agelalus phoeniceus Swamp sparrow melospiza georgiana Song sparrow P. melodia Yellow warbler Dendroica petechia Willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii Common yellowthroat Geothylpis trichas American goldfinch Carduelis tristis 167 Eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus Gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis Common grackle Quiscalus quiscula Mammals (after Burt and Grossenheider, 1976) Racoon Procyon lotor Black bear Ursus americanus Longtall weasel Mustela frenata Mink M. vison Common striped skunk Mephitis mephitis Red fox Vulpes: fulva Bobcat Lynx rufus Woodchuck Marmota monax Chipmunk Tamias striatus Eastern grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Muskrat Ondatra zibethica Beaver Castor canadensis Cottontail Syivilagus floridanus Whitetail deer Odocoileus virginianus 168 I 169 APPENDIX C: AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN PROTECTION OF THE IIUDSON` RIVER'S RESOURCES In this Appendix, addresses and phone numbers for the groups listed in Chapter 5 are given. Federal Agencies U.S. Army Corps of Engineers New York District 26 Federal Plaza New York, NY 10278 (212) 264-4662 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Northeast Region One Gateway Center, Suite 700 Newton Corner, MA 02158 (P17) 965-5100 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters 401 M Street, SW WH-556F Washington, DC 20460 (202) 382-7166 Region 11 26 Federal Plaza New York, NY 10278 (212) 264-5170 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 1825 Connecticut Ave. NW Washington, DC 20235 (202) 673-5152 National Park Service North Atlantic Regional Office 15 State St, 8th Fl. Boston, MA 02109-3572 (617) 565-8800 United States Geological Survey New York State District PO Box 1397 Albany, NY 12201 (518) 472-3107 USDA Soil Conservation Service 100 S. Clinton St. Rm. 771 James M. Hanley Building Syracuse, NY 13260 170 Appendix C New York State Government New York Senate Committee on Environmental Conservation State Capitol Albany, NY 12224 (518) 455-2181 New York Assembly Committee on Environmental Conservation State Capitol Legislative Office Bldg. Albany, NY 12224 (518) 455-4436 Department of Environmental Conservation Main Office 50 Wolf Road Albany, NY 12233 (518) 457-6674 Hudson River Unit 21 South Putt Corners Road New Paltz, NY 12561 (914) 255-5453 Region 3 Main office 21 South Putt Corners Road New Paltz, NY 12561 (914) 255-5453 Region 3 Sub-office 202 Mamaroneck Ave. White Plains, NY 10601 (914) 761-66M Region 4 Main office 2176 Guilderland Ave. Schenectady, NY 12306 (518) 382-0680 Region 4 Sub-office Route 10, Jefferson Road Stamford, NY 12167 (607) 652-7364 Department of State Division of Coastal Resources and Waterfront Revitalization 162 Washington Ave. Albany, NY 12231 (518) 474-6000 171 Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation Palisades Interstate Parks Commission 122 E. 42nd St. New York, NY 10019 (914) 786-2701 Saratoga/Capital District Reg. PO Box W Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 (518) 584-2000 Taconic Region Staatsburg, NY 12580 (914) 889-4100 Hudson River National Estuarine Sanctuary Program Bard College Field Station Annandale, NY 12504 (914) 758-5193 New York Natural Heritage Program Wildlife Resource Center Delmar, NY 12054-9767 (518) 439-7488 County Aaencles New York State Association of Environmental Management Councils 65 Broad Street, Rm. 203 Rochester, NY 14614 New York State Association of Conservation Commissions 131 Big Island Road Warwick, NY 10990 Albany County Planning Board I Lodge St. Albany, NY 12207 (518) 445-7964 Environmental Management Council 1 Lodge St. Albany, NY 12207 (518) 445-7757 172 Appendix C Soil and Water Conservation RD 2, Martin Rd. Voorheesville, NY 12186 (518) 765-2813 Columbia County Development and Planning Dept. 414 Union Street Hudson, NY 12534 (518) 828-3375 Environmental Management Council 414 Union Street Hudson, NY 12534 (518) 828-3375 Soil and Water Conservation 813 Warren St. Hudson, NY 12534 (518) 758-9265 Dutchess County Planning Department 47 Cannon St. Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 (914) 431-2480 Environmental Management Council PO Box 259 Farm and Home Center Rt 44 Millbrook, NY 12545 (914) 677-3488 Soil and Water Conservation PO Box 37 Farm and Home Center Rt 44 Millbrook, NY 12545 (914) 677-8011 Greene County Planning Department Rt. 3, Box 909 Cairo 'NY 12413 (518) 622-3251 Environmental Management Council Rt. 3, Box 909 Cairo, NY 12413 (518) 622-3251 173 Soil and Water Conservation Route 23B, PO Box 104 So. Cairo, NY 12482 (518) 622-8587 Orange County Department of Planning 124 Main Street Goshen, NY 10924 (914) 294-5151 Environmental Control Commission Dunderberg Road Central Valley, NY 10917 (914) 928-9441 Soil and Water Conservation 33 Fulton St. Middletown, NY 10940 (914) 343-1873 Putnam County Planning Board RD 9, Box 331 Fair Street Carmel, NY 10512 (914) 878-3480 Environmental Management Council RD 9, Box 331 Fair Street 'Carmel, NY 10512 (914) 878-34W Rentselaer County Planning Board 1600 7th Ave. Troy, NY 12180 (518) 270-2920 Environmental Management Council 1600 7th Ave. Troy, NY 12180 (518) 270-5386 Soil and Water Conservation County Office Bldg. Troy, NY 12180 (518) 270-2797 174 Appendix C Rockland County Planning Board 18 New Hempstead Road New City, NY 10956 (914) 425-5472 Environmental Management Council Building D, Rm. 147 Health Complex, Sanitarium Rd. Pomona, NY 10970 (914) 354-0200 Ext. 2468 Soil and Water Conservation 23 Hempstead Road New City, NY 10956 (914) 425-5084 Ulster County Planning Board 244 Fair St. Kingston, NY 12401 (914) 331-9300 Environmental Management Council 244 Fair St. Kingston, NY 12401 (914) 331-9300 Soil and Water Conservation 380 Washington Ave UPO Box 97 Kingston, NY 12401 (914) 338-4764 Westchester County Planning Department 148 Martine Ave. County Office Bldg. White Plains, NY 10601 (914) 682-2502 Environmental Management Council 412 County Office Bldg. White Plains, NY 10601 (914) 682-7610 Soil and Water Conservation 216 Central Ave. White Plains, NY 10606 (914) 683-6772 175 Municipal Auencies Consult town, village or city offices Private Ornanizations The Nature Conservancy New York Field Office 1736 Western Ave. Albany, NY 12203 (518) 869-6959 Eastern New York Chapter 1736 Western Ave. Albany, NY 12203 (518) 869-0453 Lower Hudson Chapter 223 Katonah Avenue Katonah, NY 10536 (914) 232-9431 National Audubon Society Northeast Regional Office 1789 Western Ave. Albany, NY 12203 (518) 869-9731 Constitution Marsh Sanctuary RFD 2, Route 9D Garrison, NY 10524 (914) 265-3119 Natural Resources Defense Council 122 E 42nd St. New York, NY 10168 (212) 949-0049 The Sierra Club Atlantic Chapter 234 Hudson Ave PO Box 2112 E SP Station Albany, NY 12220 (518) 472-1534 Scenic Hudson 9 Vassar Street Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 (914) 473 444 Clearwater 112 Market Street Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 (914) 454-7673 176 Appendix C Audubon Society of New York 8 Wade Rd. Latham, NY 12110 (518) 783-8587 Ducks Unlimited River Rd. RD 2, Box 225 Hamilton, NY 13346 (315) 691-3167 Hudson River Foundation 122 East 42 Street, Suite 1901 New York, NY 10168 (212) 949-0028 Hudson Riverkeeper Fund P.O. Box 130 Garrison, NY 10524 (914) 424-4149 Hudsonia Bard College Field Station Annandale, NY 12504 (914) 758-1881 Institute for Ecosystem Studies Cary Arboretum Box AB Millbrook, NY 12545 (914) 677-5343 Ecosystems Research Center Cornell University Corson Hall Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-4348 Museum of the Hudson Highlands PO Box 181 The Boulevard Cornwall, NY 12520 (914) 534-7781 APPENDIX D: BIBLIOGRAPHY 177 Allen, A. 1986 Habitat Suitability Index Models: Mink. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report. FWS/OBS 82/10.127. 23 pp. Bain, M. and J. Bain 1982 Habitat Suitability Index Models: Coastal Stocks of Striped Bass. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report. FWS/OBS-82/10.1. 29 pp. Barclay, B. 1988 Competing Demands: Instrearn and Out of Stream Needs. Presented at"Water Resources in New York State: Supplies, Demands, and Expenses." Clearwater, Poughkeepsie, NY. 1989 Comments on draft of this manuscript. Bellrose, F. 1976 Ducks, Geese, and Swans of North America. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, DC. 540 pp. Bender, J. 1986 Element Stewardship Abstract: Heartleaf Plantain. The Nature Conservancy, Midwest flegional Office, Minneapolis, MN. 15 pp. Boyce Thomp son Institute 1977 An Atlas of the Biological Resources of the Hudson River Estuary. Estuarine Study Group, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY. 104 pp. Boyle, R. 1979 The Hudson River: A Natural and Unnatural History. W.W. Norton, New York, NY. 325 pp. Bull, J. 1985 Birds of New York State. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 7.03 pp. Burt, W. and R. Grossenheider 1976 A Field Guide to the Mammals, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA. 289 pp. Chabbra, V. 1988 Hudson's Edible Jewels. Albany Times Union, Aug. 23, p. C-1. Chesapeake Bay Program 1987 Habitat Requirements for Chesapeake Bay Living Resources. Chesapeake Bay Living,Resources Task Force, Annapolis, MD. 86 pp. Clearwater 1979 A Panoramic View of the Hudson. Clearwater, Inc., Poughkeepsie, NY. Cole, J. 1989 Nutrient Dynamics and Phytoplankton Production in the Lower Estuary. Presentation at the annual Hudson River Foundation Symposium Conant, R. 1975 A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastem/Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. 429 pp. Cowardin, L., V. Carter, F. Golot, and E. Laroe 1979 Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Service Report. FWS/OBS-79/31. 103 pp. 178 Appendix D Crance, J. 1984 Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instrearn Flow Suitability Curves: Inland Stocks of Striped Bass. 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