Final Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Coastal zone management program

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

JEFFERSON PARISH, LOUISIANA

COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

FINAL PROGRAM
SEPTEMBER 1982
(Rev. 9/83)
(Rev. 11/84)

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Property of CSC Library

0 S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAP
ow COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON SC 29405-2413

FINAL
JEFFERSON PARISH, LOUISIANA
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
SEPTEMBER. 1982
REVISED SEPTEMBER, 1983 AND NOVEMBER, 1984

This study was prepared by
Jefferson Parish

Dr. Mary G. Curry
Environmental Impact officer for Jefferson Parish

Mr. Samuel W. Holder
Environmental Quality Specialist

Mr. Bruce D. Burglass
Director, Environmental & Development Control Department

This study was prepared with the assistance of the
Jefferson Parish Citizens Coastal Zone
Management Advisory Committee

Mr. John J. Uhl, Chairman
Ms. Gwen Adams Mr. William A. Kass
Mr. N. Buckner Barkley, Jr. Mr. Joseph J. Krebs
Mr. Roy Mike Cascio Mr. Frank Maggio
Mr. James Danner Mr. Sidney Rosenthal, Jr.
Mr. Jimmy L. Drachenberg Mr. Vincent Taravella
Mr. Rennan Duffour Mr. Ernest J. Tassin
Mr. Ron Dugas Mr. Donald Terranova
Mr. Frank Ehret, Jr. Capt. J. D. Ward
Mr. Lucien Gunter

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the
Department of Natural Resources in the interest of inform-
ation exchange. The State of Louisiana assumes no liabil-
ity for its contents or the use thereof. The preparation
of this document was financed in part through a grant from
the U. S. Department of Commerce under provisions of the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended.

This document should be referenced as Curry, M. G., S. W.
Holder and B. D. Burglass. 1984. Jefferson Parish,
Louisiana Coastal Zone Management Program. Jefferson
Parish Environmental and Development Control Department,
Metairie, Louisiana.

The Parish of Jefferson does hereby certify thet the
Local Coastal Resources Program adopted pursuant to La.
R. S. 49:213, its guidelines, rules and regulations, is
consistent with the Louisiana Coastal Resources Pro-
gram, its policies and objectives, and that the Parish
of Jefferson Local Coastal Resources Program shall be
interpreted and administered consistently with such
policies, objectives and guidelines."

Jefferson Parish Coastal Zone Management Ordinance's were adopted
4 May 1983 as follows:

No. 15529. Adoption of Program
No. 15530. Adoption of Administrator
No. 15528. Adoption of fees

ERRATA

All references to the "Coastal Management Section" should read
"Coastal Management Division."

All references to "Management Unit" should read "Envi ronmental
Management Unit."

The policy on the discharge of hydrocarbons should read "Hydrocarbons,
drilling mud and brine from oil and gas activities should not be
discharged into wetlands or water bodies.'I
The "Guidelines" on page 11-24 are "proposed" and, by adopting this
CZM Program, the Jefferson Parish Council does not adopt the proposed
guidelines.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION TITLE PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION
A. Purposes of State and Local Program 1-1
B. Scope of the Parish Program 1-2
C. Periodic Review of Local and State Programs 1-3

II. MANAGEMENT UNITS FOR JEFFERSON PARISH'S COASTAL
ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

A. Introduction

B. Avondale Management Unit 11-3
1. Boundary 11-3
2. Physical and Biological Description 11-3
3. Archaeological and Historical Resources 11-6
4. Primary Resource Users 11-6
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources 11-6
6. Policies for Uses in this Unit 11-6

C. Bayou Aux Carpes Management Unit 11-7
1. Boundary 11-7
2. Physical and Biological Description 11-7
3. Archaeological and Historical Resources 11-9
4. Primary Resource Users 11-9
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources 11-9
6. Policies for Uses in this Unit 11-9

D. Bayou La Fleur Management Unit II-10
1. Boundary II-10
2. Physical and Biological Description 11-12
3. Archaeological and Historical Resources 11-13
4. Primary Resource Users 11-13
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources 11-13
6. Policies for Uses in this Unit 11-13

E. Bayou Perot Management Unit 11-15
1. Boundary 11-15
2. Physical and Biological Description 11-15
3. Archaeological and Historical Resources 11-17
4. Primary Resource Users 11-18
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources 11-18
6. Policies for Uses in this Unit 11-18

SECTION TITLE PAGE

F. Bayou Segnette Management Unit 11-20
1. Boundary 11-20
2. Physical and Biological Description 11-22
3. Archaeological and Historical Resources 11-23
4. Primary Resource Users 11-23
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources. 11-24
6. Guidelines for Uses in the Jean Lafitte
National Historical Park and Park
Protection Zone 11-24
7. Policies for Uses in this Unit 11-25

G. Bay Management Unit 11-27
1. Boundary 11-27
2. Physical and Biological Description -11-27
3. Archaeological and Historical Resources 11-30
4. Primary Resource Users 11-30
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources 11-30
6. Policies for Uses in this Unit 11-30

H. Dupre Cut Management Unit 11-32
1. Boundary 11-32
2. Physical and Biological Description 11-32
3. Archaeological and Historical Resources 11-35
4. Primary Resource Users 11-35
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources 11-35
6. Policies for Uses in this Unit 11-35

I. East Bank Management Unit 11-37
1. Boundary 11-37
2. Physical and Biological Description 11-38
3. Archaeological and Historical Resources 11-40
4. Primary Resource Users 11-41
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources 11-41
6. Policies for Uses in this Unit 11-41

J. Grand Isle Management Unit 11-41
1. Boundary 11-41
2. Physical and Biological Description 11-41
3. Archaeological and Historical Resources 11-44
4. Primary Resource Users 11-45
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources 11-45
6. Grand Terre Natural Preservation District 11-45
7. Policies for Uses in this Unit 11-45

K. Lake Pontchartrain Management Unit 11-47
1. Boundary 11-47
2. Physical and Biological Description 11-47

SECTION TITLE PAGE

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources 11-49
4. Primary Resource Users 11-50
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources 11-50
6. Lake Pontchartrain Basin Special
Management Area 11-50
7. Policies for Uses in this Unit 11-50

L. Lower West Bank.Management Unit 11-51
1. Boundary 11-51
2. Physical and Biological Description 11-53
3. Archaeological and Historical Resources 11-54
4. Primary Resource Users 11-55
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources 11-55
6. Policies for Uses in this Unit iI-55

M. West Bank Management Unit 11-56
1. Boundary 11-56
2. Physical and Biological Description 11-56
3. Archaeological and'Historical Resources 11-59
4. Primary Resource Users 11-59
5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources 11-59
6. Policies for Uses in this Unit 11-60

III. DEVELOPMENTS OF PARISH-WIDE INTEREST AND CONCERN

A. New Mississippi River Bridges III-1

B. Waterfront Ports III-1
1. Mississippi River Port III-1
2. Lafitte-Barataria Port 111-2
3. Grand Isle Port 111-3
4. Louisiana Off-Shore Oil Port 111-3

C. Airports 111-4
1. New Orleans International Airport 111-4
2. Westwego Airport 111-4

D. Recreational Areas 111-4
1. Jean Lafitte National Historical Park 111-4
2. Bayou Segnette Park and Marina 111-4
3. Jefferson Linear Park 111-5
4. Bucktown Marina 111-5
5. Lafreniere Park 111-5
6. Grand Isle State Park 111-5

@vi

SECTION TITLE PAGE

E. Utility Expansions and Improvements 111-5
1. Waterford III Electrical Plant 111-5
2. Marrero-Lafitte Waterline 111-5
3. Wastewater Treatment Facilities Plan 111-6
4. Water Quality Management Plan 111-6
5. Drainage Improvements and Consolidation
Plan for the West Bank 111-6
6. U. S. Highway 90 Improvements 111-6
7. Solid Waste ManagemEnt Program 111-6

IV. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS), TRENDS AND NEEDS OF
JEFFERSON PARISH

A. Population Characteristic,,; IV-1

B. Economic Characteristics IV-3

C. Land Use Trends IV-5

D. Management Unit Populations and Land Use Trends IV-10

E. Pro*jected Plans of Local, State and Federal
Agencies which will affect Future Land Use
in Jefferson Parish IV-10

V. PROBLEMS AND ISSUES AFFECTING JEFFERSON'S
COASTAL RESOURCES

A. Diminishing Water Quality V-1

B. Land Loss V-2

C. Land Subsidence V-4

D. Saltwater Intrusion V-5

E. Dredge and Fill Activities V-7

F. Coastal Retreat and Inlet Changes V-10

VI. GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING COASTAL CONDITIONS
IN JEFFERSON PARISH

A. Introduction VI-1

B. Urban Pollution VI-1-

vii

SECTION TITLE PAGE

C. Saltwater Intrusion VI-2

D. Land Use in High Subsidence Areas VI-2

E. Barrier Islands and Tidal Passes VI-3

F. Dredge and Fill Activities VI-3

G. Wetland Restoration VI-3

H. Jean Lafitte National Historical Park VI-4

I. Areas of Preferred Residential Development VI-4

J. Areas of Preferred Industrial Development VI-5

K. Erosion VI-5

L - Priority Iss ues VI-5

M. Goals for Managing the Individual Management
Units VI-5

VII. PROCEDURES AND AUTHORITIES TO REGULATE USES OF
COASTAL CONCERN IN JEFFERSON PARISH

A. Introduction VII-1

B. Uses of Local Concern Listed in Act 361 VII-1

C. Uses of State Concern Listed in Act 361 VII-2

D. Uses of Local Concern that can become
Uses of State Concern VII-3
1. Introduction VII-3
2. Determination of State Versus Local Concern VII-4

E. Uses Not Requiring Permits VII-6
1. General Uses VII-6
2. Uses on Lands Five Feet or More Above Sea
Level or Within Fastlands VII-6
3. Emergency Uses VII-7
4. Normal Maintenance and Repair VII-7
5. Construction of a Residence or Camp VII-8
6. Navigational Aids VII-8
7. Agricultural, Forestry and Aquacultural Uses VII-8
8. Blanket Exemption VII-9

viii

SECTION TITLE PAGE

F. Jefferson Parish's Coastal Use Permitting Program VII-9
1. Information Required for Local Use Permit
Application VII-9
a. Dredging, Excavation and Pipeline Uses VII-10
b. Fill, Embankment and Road Building Uses VII-10
c. Shoreline Modifications VII-10
d. Levees VII-10
e. Discharges VII-11
2. Procedure for Obtaining Local Coastal
Use Permit VII-12
a. General Requirements VII-12
b. Content of Application VII-12
c. Fee Schedule VII-13
d. Processing the Application VII-13
e. Public Notice and Consideration of
Public Comment VII-14
f. Public Hearings on Permit Application VII-14
g. Additional Information VII-15
h. Decisions on Permits VII-15
i. Conditions on Permits VII-16
3. Modification, Suspension or Revocation
of Permits VII-16
a. Modifications VII-16
b. Suspensions VII-17
c. Revocation VII-17
d. Enforcement VII-17
4. General Permits VII-18
a. Introduction VII-18
b. Reporting VII-18
5. Appeals to the Louisiana Coastal Commission
for Determination of Whether Uses are of
State or Local Concern VII-18
6. Public Hearings VII-19
a. Scope VII-19
b. Public Notice VII-19
c. Time and Place VII-19
d. Presiding Officer VII-19
e. Representation VII-19
f. Conduct of Hearings VII-19
g. Filing of Transcript of the Public
Hearing VII-20
7. Coordination with Jefferson Parish,
Departments, Other Parishes, and State
and Federal Agencies VII-20

SECTION TITLE PAGE

VIII. Parish Ordinances Which Will Help to Accomplish
Goals and Objectives of Coastal Zone Management VIII-1

IX. Jefferson Parish Coastal Zone Management Program
Baseline Data Maps IX-1

X. Comments and Responses X-1

A. Introduction X-1

B. Public Hearing Attendees and Affiliations X-1

C. Public Hearing Comments and Responses x-3

D. Comments Submitted During Comment
Period - August 17-26, 1982 X-9

E. Comments Submitted After Close of
Comment Period X-31

XI. Glossary XI-1

XII. Bibliography XII-1

XIII. Appendix A-1

Wildlife Harvest Species of Jefferson Parish A-1

Limitations Affecting Various Soil Uses in the
LaFleur, Perot, Bay, Dupre Cut and Grand Isle
Study Units A-5

Limitations Affecting Various Soil Uses in the
Avondale, Bayou Aux Carpes, Bayou Segnette,
East Bank, Lake Pontchartrain, Lower West Bank
and West Bank Study Units A-7

LIST OF FIGURES

Number Title Page

II-1 Jefferson Parish's Coastal Zone Management Units 11-2

11-2 Avondale Management Unit 11-4

11-3 Bayou Aux Carpes Management Unit 11-8

11-4 Bayou La Fleur Management Unit II-11

11-5 Bayou Perot Management Unit 11-16

11-6 Bayou Segnette Management Unit 11-21

11-7 Bay Management Unit 11-28

11-8 Dupre Cut Management Unit 11-33

11-9 East Bank Management Unit 11-39

II-10 Grand Isle Management Unit 11-42

II-11 Lake Pontchartrain Management Unit 11-48

11-12 Lower West Bank Management Unit 11-52

11-13 West Bank Management Unit 11-57

IV-1 Prohibited Service Area IV-11

IV-2 Jean Lafitte National Historical Park IV-13

IV-3 West Bank Hurricane Protection Levee IV-14

LIST OF TABLES

Number Title Page

I-V-1 Population Characteristics of Jefferson Parish IV-2

IV-2 1977 Fisheries Landings for Jefferson Parish IV-4

Iv-3 Income Characteristics of Jefferson Parish IV-6

IV-4 Employment Characteristics for Jefferson Parish IV-7

IV-5 State Severance Tax Collections and Assessment
Data for Jefferson Parish IV-9

V-1 Rates of Deterioration by Marsh Types Within
the Barataria Basin V-3

V-2 Inventory of Dredge and Fill Activity by
Environmental Unit for the Barataria Basin to 1970 V-8

V-3 Canal Type Inventory for Jefferson Parish and
Habitat Type V-9

-xi i

INTRODUCTION

A. Purposes of State and Local Program

Jefferson Parish lies entirely within the Louisiana Coastal Zone
established by the State and Local Coastal Resources Management Act of
1978 (Act 361), whose purposes are

* to protect, develop, and restore or enhance coastal resources;

0 to assure that constitutional and statutory authorities af-
fecting uses of the coastal zone are included in the Louisiana Program
and that guidelines and regulations adopted pursuant thereto are not
interpreted to expand governmental author.ity beyond those laws;

to express certain regulatory and non-regulatory policies for
the program;

e to support and encourage multiple use of coastal resources
consistent with the maintenance and enhancement of renewable resource
management and productivity, the need to provide adequate economic growth
and development and the minimization of adverse effects of one resource
use upon another without imposing undue restriction on any user;

e to employ procedures and practices that resolve conflicts
among coastal uses in accordance with Act 361 and to simplify administra-
tive procedures;

to develop and implement a coastal resources management pro-
g*ram based on our resources and the needs of the people of the state and
the nation;

e to enhance the recreational values of the coastal zone; and

e to develop and implement an equitable management program with
sufficient expertise to dete-rmine future development and conservation of
the coastal zone and to ensure that state and local governments have the
primary authority for managing coastal resources.

Because Jefferson Parish lies entirely within the Louisiana
Coastal Zone, the impact of the State's Coastal Zone Management Program
is vitally imporant to the future of Jefferson Parish. In recognition of
that impact, the Jefferson Parish Council established the Jefferson
Parish Citizens Coastal Zone Management Advisory Committee. This 22-
member committee was selected in order to represent the multiple inter-
ests of the Jefferson Parish Coastal Zone in the development of a local
coastal management plan.

The committee's*purposes were

to act as a liaison between the general public and the parish
administration,

0 to inform the Parish Council of various coastal problems,

e to provide input for the parish's program,

a to determine changes to be made in the state's Coastal
Resources Program.

In order to more adeauately meet the coastaI and
environmental needs of the parish, the following goals have been set for
the local coastal management program:

0 to improve the ouality of the water discha-rged from the
parish's sanitary sewer system and drainage system

a to review and monitor permits for dredging, filling or drain-
ing activities in parish wetlands

9 to encourage compatible multiple use of the parish's coastal
resources.

B. Scope of the Parish Program

In late 1976, Jefferson Parish initiated the first steps toward
developing a coastal zone management program. During the next four
years, the various issues and problems characterizing the parish's coas-
tal resources were identified and discussed. For many of those issues,
there were no generally acceptable solutions, but for all issues there
were many opinions, the merits of which were considered in developing a
sound basis for coastal zone management in Jefferson Pari'sh. During the
fourth year, the insight and information gleaned from the activities of
the three previous years were used to compile a workable inventory of
Jefferson's coastal resources, issues, problems, possible solutions, and
program guidelines and implementation plans.

For the purpose of this study, the parish was divided into
twelve environmentally distinct Management Units, each having somewhat
uniform development potential based on previous development and land
usage, soil types, subsidence potential and vegetation. Included were
general inventories of the physical characteristics, natural resources,
natural resource users, present development, development plans, and spe-
cial problems of each Management Unit. Developments of special inter-
ests, problems of parish-wide importance and recommended solutions for
these problems were also explored. Present permitting and management
laws and regulations that affect construction, dredging, drilling, and
waste disposal in the coastal zone were also evaluated.

1-2

Where management unit policies refer to a use of State
concern, the policies are intended only as recommendations to the State
program managers and are not legally binding on the permit applicant
or the State program.

C. Periodic Review of Local and State Programs

Upon adoption of the Coastal Management Ordinance by the
Jefferson Parish Council, changes to this program can be made only by
passage of additional ordinances by the full Council for the purpose of
amending the Coastal Zone Management Ordinance. The Citizens Coastal
Zone Management Advisory Committee will continue to act in an advisory
capacity to the Council upon reauest of the Council.

Jefferson Parish shall submit an annual report on the activities
of the local program to the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources,
Coastal Management Section. The annual report shall include the follow-
ing information.

e The -number, type, and characteristics of applications for
coastal use permits.

e The number, type, and characteristics of coastal use permits
granted, conditioned, denied, and withdrawn.

0 The number, type, and characteristics of permits appealed
in accordance with Act 361, as amended.

o Results of any appeals.

o A record-of all variances granted.

e A record of any enforcement actions taken.

o A description of any problem areas within the state or local
program and proposed solutions to any such problems.

o Proposed changes in the state or local program.

The State Administrator shall from time to time, and at least
every two years, review this program to determine the extent to which its
implementation is consistent with and achieving the objectives of the
state and local programs.

Should the Secretary determine that any part of this program is
not consistent with the state program or is not achieving its stated
objectives or is not effective, he shall notify Jefferson Parish and
recommend changes and modifications which will assure consistency with,
and achievement of, the objectives of the overall coastal program or
improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the local program.

1-3

If Jefferson Parish fails to give official assurance within one
month after receipt of the Secretary's notice that it intends to modify
the local program in a timely manner to conform to those recommendations
or, thereafter, fails to make the necessary changes within three months,
the Secretary may, after public notice, revoke approval of the local pro-
gram. In such an event, Jefferson Parish shall no longer have the
authority to permit uses of local concern or otherwise carry out the
functions of an approved program and will lose eligibility to receive
management funds other than those funds appropriate and necessary to make
the necessary changes. If and when the Secretary determines that the
Jefferson Parish program has been appropriately modified to meet his
recommendations pursuant to Section III of the "Rules and Procedures for
the Development, Approval, Modification, and Periodic Review of Local
Coastal Management Programs" as appended to the "Louisiana Coastal
Resources Program Final Environmental Impact Statement" dated 1980, he
may, after public notice, reinstate approval.

1-4

MANAGEMENT UNITS FOR JEFFERSON PARISH'S
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

A. Introduction

In order to prepare a Coastal Zone Management Program to effec-
tively manage the coastal resources of Jefferson Parish, the parish was
divided into management units, whose resources are characterized by vary-
ing degrees of homogeneity. The 12 management units are as follows:

Avondale Management Unit
Bayou Aux Carpes Management Unit
Bayou La Fleur Management Unit
Bayou Perot Management Unit
Bayou Segnette Management Unit
Bay Management Unit
Dupre Cut Management Unit
East Bank Management Unit
Grand Isle Management Unit
Lake Pontchartrain Management Unit
Lower West Bank Management Unit
West Bank Management Unit

These units were adopted because the effective management of Jefferson
Parish's natural coastal resources depends on the utility of the units as
small -management areas. The units were delineated and evaluated by the
Jefferson Parish Citizens Coastal Zone Management Advisory Committee with
the assistance of the Jefferson Parish Environmental and Development
Control Department. They were determined to be environmentally distinct,
each having a somewhat uniform development potential based on previous
development and land usage, drainage patterns, soil types, subsidence
potential, vegetation, and levee systems.

A map showing the relative position of the units is given in
Figure II-1. A current aerial photograph showing the entire parish and
designated management units is on display in the Jefferson Parish Envi-
ronmental and Development Control Department in Metairie. U.S.G.S. maps
showing the management units are available for public use at the Coastal
Management Section Office of the Louisiana Department of Natural
Resources, Baton Rouge.

Detailed definitions and compositions of the vegetative, wild-
life and fisheries character of the units are given in the appendix (page
A-1). A discussion of the development potential of the soils is also ap-
pended (pages A-5 and A-7). In addition, detailed habitat maps developed
by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1980) for the Mississippi Deltaic
Plain Ecological Characterization are available for review at the Jeffer-
son Parish.Environmental and Development Control Department, Metairie.

II-1

le
onda
A;V

West Bank

Bayou Segnett Lake Pontchartrain
47-N Bayou Aux
Carpes

East Bank

Lower West Bank

Bayou Perot

Bayou La Fleur

Dupre Cut

F-s

Bay

Y..,. Grand Isle

fil
Jefferson Parish's
FIGURE 11-1
Coastal Zone Management Units

B. Avondale Management Unit

1. Boundary

The Avondale Management Unit is bounded on the north by the
Mississippi River, the south by'the Lake Cataouatche Levee, the east by
the corporate limits of Westwego and the west by St. Charles Parish
(Figure 11-2).

2. Physical and Biological Description

The entire 31,294 acres of this management unit are leveed.
Although the natural Mississippi River Levee is higher than 10 feet above
mean sea level, the remaining area grades to below mean sea level in the
south. Most drainage is via natural gravity flow south through drainage
canals. Most of the land bordering the Cataouatche levee canals is unde-
veloped modified wetlands below mean sea level and serves as a ponding
area for stormwater runoff. The Avondale Outfall Canal carries large
volumes of runoff from the central portion of the management unit to the.
back Cataouatche Levee Canal, where it is pumped over the levee. The
eastern end of the management unit is drained by gravity flow through
Main Canal, Whiskey Bayou and Railroad Canal to a pumping station located
on Bayou Segnette. The western end of the management unit is drained by
gravity flow through Sauls Canal, Desuaus Canal and the U. S. Highway 90,
Borrow Canal to the back Cataouatche Levee Canal, where the water is
pumped over the levee. Because this management unit is entirely leveed,
there is no tidal activity.

Four major vegetative associations are found within this manage-
ment unit. Modified forested wetlands is the principal vegetation asso-
ciation. Natural levee forests exist along the natural levee of the
Mississippi River. However, most of the hardwoods have been cleared and
replaced with cropland, and industrial and suburban development. Crop-
land occurs between River Road and U. S. Highway 90 and consists of pas-
tureland and, to a lesser extent, tilled fields.

All of the waterbodies in this management unit are characterized
by fresh water. Except for the eastern boundary of the management unit,,
Bayou Gaudin in the south, and the Mississippi River, the only other
waterbodies are maintained canals used to convey storm runoff to the
Cataouatche Levee, where it is pumped over the levee.

The three large leveed areas known as Churchill Farms, Willswood
Pond, and Waggaman Pond have greatly subsided. When their levees failed,
they formed large, shallow freshwater impoundments. However, in recent
years, these areas have been drained, and a portion of Churchill Farms is
currently used as a landfill. Immediately to the west of the drained
Waggaman Pond and adjacent to the St. Charles-Jefferson Parish line is an
unnamed area of heavy subsidence that has impounded a large, shallow
freshwater lake. This area is being used as a landfill. The modified
wetlands immediately north of the Cataouatche Levee provide habitat for a

11-3

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variety of aquatic and terrestrial species, which support sporting and
trapping activities. A listing of those commercially and recreationally
harvested species found in fields, fastlands, swamps and drainage canals
is appended.

The 1978 estimated population for the Avondale Management Unit
was not determined. However, the estimated population for the Avondale
Management Unit combined with the West Bank Management Unit was 193,422
persons and the projected year 2000 population for those two units is
300,000 persons.

In the Avondale Management Unit, there are still over 10,000
acres of undeveloped land. Development, however, is hampered by the lack
of sewerage and water capacity, poor transportation facilities and the
distance from employment centers. In this unit, soil conditions present
less of a problem. Soil conditions range from excellent to poor. Those
soils closer to the Mississippi River have lower organic content and are
better suited for construction. The organic content of the soils in-
creases with distance to the south, away from the Mississippi River.
Those soils with high organic content have higher subsidence potentials,
if drained, because of their greater compactibility and water content.
The 12 soils (Commerce silt loam, Commerce silty clay loam, Vacherie com-
plex, Sharkey silty clay loam, Sharkey clay, Sharkey variant clay, Ijam
variant clay, Barbary variant clay, Allemands variant muck, Barbary
soils, Allemands peat and Kenner muck) characterizing this management
unit and their development limitations (slight to very severe) are given
on page A-7. The exact locations of the 12 soil types are given in a re-
cent "Soil Survey of the West Bank of Jefferson Parish" (U. S. Department
of Agriculture, 1978).

The Mississippi River is the major water transportation corridor
for goods imported to and goods exported from the central United States.
The river attracts industries in need of large amounts of water or water-
based transportation. The Mississippi River is also the source of
drinking water for Jefferson Parish, as well as a conduit for wastes
disposal by numerous industries and communities located in Jefferson
Parish and other areas. Some fish and shrimp are harvested from the
river, A network of man-made canals has been constructed in this
management unit to drain storm water and treated industrial and municipal
wastes to the south. Bayou Segnette and Bayou Gaud-in are the natural
waterways in this unit.

The major resources of this management unit are good soils,
developable land, oil and gas and a limited amount of aquatic and ter-
restrial habitat.

11-5

The oil and gas fields in this management unit have been in pro-
duction for many years. The fields are the Avondale Oil and Gas Field,
the Waggaman Gas Field and the West Avondale Oil Field. Since this unit
is entirely leveed, the 'oil and gas activities have not exaserbated any
saltwater intrusion or erosion problems in the unit.

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

There is a broad diversity of archaeological and historical
sites in Jefferson Parish. The Louisiana Office of Culture, Recreation
and Tourism maintains the Louisiana Cultural Resources files in which
these sites are recorded. The Cultural Resources Section of the New
Orleans District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers maintains similar files.
In order to maintain the current integrity of the archaeological and
historical sites in this management unit, those sites are not identi-
fied in this report.

4. Primary Resource Users

The primary resource users in this management unit are residen-
tial, commercial and industrial interests. There are six residential
communities in this unit: Live Oak Manor, Avondale, Bridge City, Wag-
gaman, Willswood and South Kenner. Industrial users include Avondale
Shipyards, one of the nation's largest. The area is also used for recre-
ation and is traversed by several water and overland transportation cor-
ridors including River Road, Lapalco, the West Bank Expressway and the
Mississippi River.

5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources

Major goals for managing this unit include, but are not limited
to, planned residential, commercial and industrial development; improved
sewerage treatment facilities; increased water capacity; improved protec-
tion from flooding; improved ground transportation corridors to relieve
the traffic problems; and implementation of a freshwater diversion pro-
ject from the Mississippi River.

6. Policies for Uses in this Unit

The following policies should be employed, unless otherwise
determined by the State Administrator, to mitigate adverse environmental
impacts and to achieve the Public Policy declared in Section 213.2 of Act
361, as amended in 1979 and 1980.

e Stabilizing material should be used on areas of severe ero-
sion along the length of canals

a Hydroc.arbons from oil and gas activities should not be dis-
charged into wetlands or water bodies.

11-6

C. Bayou Aux Carpes Management Unit

1. Boundary

The Bayou Aux Carpes Management Unit is bounded on the north by
the Estelle Pumping Station Outfall Canal, the east by the PlaQuemines-
Jefferson Parish line, the south by Bayou Barataria to the junction of
the Commerce-Sharkey Soil Association, which lies north of the Bayou
Barataria-Bayou des Familles junction, the west by the Jean Lafitte
National Historical Park and the V-shaped levee north to the Estelle
Pumping Station (Figure 11-3).

2. Physical and Biological Description

Except for artificial levees, the elevation of these 3,835 acres
is less than five feet above mean sea level. Drainage in the area is
natural; however, because the Bayou Aux Carpes area has been dammed, the
principal drainage is through the Pipeline Canal into Bayou Barataria.
There are also shorter oil-well-access canals that serve to drain the
area. This management unit is affected by tides.

There are two major vegetative associations in this management
unit. Natural-levee forests are found along Bayou Barataria and wetlands
swamp and marsh) are found throughout the rest of the unit. This area
is primarily undeveloped and provides excellent habitat for a variety of
terrestrial and aouatic species. Commercially and recreationally impor-
tant species found in this management unit are listed in the appendix for
swamps, freshwater marsh and intermediate marsh.

Bayou Aux Carpes and Bayou Barataria are the only natural water
bodies in the Bayou Aux Carpes Management Unit; the other waterways are
pipeline and oil-well-access canals. The area is characterized by fresh-
water with only occasional, minimal salinity increases following storm
surges. Because the waterways are presently dammed or vegetated, they
are inaccessible to boat traffic and serve primarily for drainage and
wildlife habitat.

The Bayou Aux Carpes Management Unit currently lies outside the
proposed hurricane protection levee and within the "prohibited service"
area established by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and Jeffer-
son Parish and noted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. However, the
area is presently under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers' permitting system. The development of this unit for hunting,'
trapping, recreational and commercial fisheries, and mineral extraction
is the likely future use of this area. Conseauently, there are no 1978
population estimates or projected year 2000 population estimates for the
Bayou Aux Carpes Management Unit.

11-7

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11-8

In addition, the soils of the management unit place severe to
very severe development limitations on uses in the unit (see appendix).
The two soil types found in the unit are Allemands peat and Barbary
soils. Their exact locations and a full explanation are presented in a
recent "Soil Survey of the West Bank of Jefferson Parish" (U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, 1978).

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

There is a broad diversity of archaeological and historical
sites in Jefferson Parish. The Louisiana Office of Culture, Recreation
and Tourism maintains the Louisiana Cultural Resources files in which
these sites are recorded. The Cultural Resources Section of the New
Orleans District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers maintains similar files.
In order to maintain the current integrity of the archaeological and
historical sites, in this management unit, those sites are not identi-
fied in this study.

4. Primary Resource Users

The primary resource users of this unit are sports fishermen and
hunters. Oil and gas activities have also occurred in the unit, but on a
very limited scale.
5. Major Goals for ganaging the Resources

Major goals for managing this management unit include main-
tenance of the ecological and hydrological integrity; improved trapping,
fishing and hunting; and continued oil and gas exploration with, minimal
adverse impacts from dredging.

6. Policies for Uses' in this Unit

. * The method of spoil deposition shou ld be decided on a case-
by-case basis. Although a continuous levee is often recommended to pre-
vent saltwater intrusion, at times spoil should be placed in ponds to the
elevation of adjacent marsh to create areas conducive to the establish-
ment of marsh vegetation.

Mitigation or compensation at an off-site location should be
required for projects which would adversely impact wetland areas and
where adequate compensation cannot be conducted on site.

Disturbed areas should be revegetated with appropriate native
species

11-9

Existing canals and channels should be used to access new
drilling sites, thereby reducing dredging

0 Upon abandonment, canals should be plugged using earthen
plugs and riprap or other stabilizing material

0 Stabilizing material should be used on areas of severe
erosion along the length of canals

Riprap or vegetation stabilization should be used instead of
bulkheading

e Any land reclamation activities in areas not presently fast
lands should be discouraged due to poor soil conditions and the
propensity of those areas to flood

Hydrocarbons from oil and gas activities should not be dis-
charged into wetlands or water bodies

e The permittee should repair, as requested by the Administra-
tor, all dams and plugs on abandoned access and pipeline canals con-
structed or maintained by the applicant

All spoilbanks, dams, and backfilling specifically required
under these policies should be maintained by the permittee for dredging
the canal for as long as he operates in Jefferson Parish, unless it can
be proven that such maintenance cannot be accomplished due to conditions
beyond the permittee's control.

D. Bayou La Fleur Management Unit

1. Boundary

The eastern boundary of the Bayou La Fleur Management Unit
begins where the Plaquemines-Jefferson Parish line meets Bayou Bar-
ataria. It follows that parish line south to Bayou Dupont. The southern
boundary then turns northwest along Bayou Dupont and the western boundary
runs to the north along the western extreme of "The Pen" to its junction
with Bayou des. Oies (Goose Bayou).- From that point, the boundary lies
north along the Commerce-Sharkey Soil Association to its junction with
levees immediately to the east of Barataria. Those levees are followed
to the Fleming Canal and from that point, the boundary goes directly
northeast to levees south of Rosethorn Road. Those levees are followed
to a second Fleming Canal, which, in turn, is followed to Bayou Barataria
and the Plaquemines-Jefferson Parish line (Figure 11-4). The western and
northern boundaries of this management unit conform to that line adopted
by the Jefferson Parish Council in Ordinance No. 13795, which created a
growth-limit line south of Crown Point, and will conform to any amend-
ments to that ordinance.

II-10

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7.1
Scale 1:62,500
FIGURE 11-4 Bayou La Fleur Management Unit

H-11

2. Physical and Biological Description

This 26,692-acre management unit of unleveed wetlands is less
than five feet above mean sea level and is frequently flooded. Natural
drainage from both north and south of the unit flows into "The Pen" and
then into Bayou Barataria. From the north, drainage is through a series
of bayous to Goose Bayou. To the south, drainage is through Bayou Du-
pont. Man-made canals provide additional drainage throughout the manage-
ment unit. Normally, the area is affected by tidal activity.

Four major vegetative associations are found within this manage-
ment unit. Natural-levee forest is found along Cheniere Traverse Bayou.
Freshwater marsh is found in two areas, one along the northern boundary
of the management unit and another just to the north of and in associa-
tion with the natural-levee forest. Intermediate marsh is found through-
out the remainder of the management unit. Spoil banks are established
with vegetation such as composites, grasses and legumes, typical of dis-
turbed areas.

This area is principally undeveloped marsh. The northern and
eastern-most portions of the Bayou La Fleur Management Unit are fresh-
water marsh and intermediate marsh. "The Pen" was originally a marsh
that was leveed and drained for agricultural use; the area subsided and
is now under water because the levees failed. There are normal tidal
fluxes throughout the management unit, whose major natural waterways
include Bayou Barataria, Bayou La Fleur, Goose Bayou and Bayou Dupont.

The complex network of natural bayous and man-made canals in
this unit provides access to and from the Barataria Oil and Gas Field,
the Bayou La Fleur Oil and Gas Field and the no longer active Lafitte
Salt dome. qThe unit also provides valuable wildlife habitat for fresh-
water and brackish water species. For a listing of those commercially
and recreationally harvested species in this management unit, see the ap-
pendix for those species found in swamps, freshwater marsh, intermediate
marsh and brackish marsh.

In addition to the wetland character of this unit, soils also
play a major role in development limitations which are very severe in
this management unit. The unit is characterized by freshwater marsh,
saltwater marsh and swamp soils, all of which have a very high subsidence
potential. The locations and explanations of these three soil associa-
tions found in the Bayou La Fleur Management Unit are given on the Gener-
al Soil Map for Jefferson Parish (U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1971)
and are further explained in the appendix.

Consequently, there is no development potential nor are there
any 1978 population estimates or projected year 2000 population estimates
for the Bayou La Fleur Management Unit because of the soils and wetland

11-12

character of the unit, which also lies outside the proposed hurricane pro-
tection levee and falls under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers' 404 permitting system. T'his unit also lies entirely within
the "prohibited service" area jointly established by the U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency and Jefferson Parish and noted by the U. S. Army
Corps of Engineers.

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

There is a broad diversity of archaeological and historical
sites in Jefferson Parish. The Louisiana Office of Culture, Recreation
and Tourism maintains the Louisiana Cultural Resources files in which
these sites are recorded. The Cultural Resources Section of the New
Orleans District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers maintains similar files.
In order to maintain the current integrity of the archaeological and
historical sites in this unit, those sites are not identified in this
report.

4. Primary Resource Users

The primary resource users of this unit are the oil and gas in-
dustry; hunters, trappers and commercial and sport fishermen; and a few
recreational camp owners.

5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources

Major goals for managing the coastal resources in this manage-
ment unit include, but are not limited to, erosion control; flood protec-
tion; marsh restoration; freshwater diversion from the Mississippi River;
maintenance of the ecological and hydrological integrity; improved trap-
ping, fishing, hunting, and shellfishing resources; and continued oil and
gas exploration with minimal adverse impacts from dredging.

6. Policies for Uses in this Unit

0 The method of spoil deposition should be decided on a
case-by-case basis. Although a continuous levee is often recommended to
prevent saltwater intrusion, at times spoil should be placed in ponds to
the elevation of adjacent marsh to create areas conducive to the
establishment of marsh vegetation

Mitigation or compensation at an off-site location should be
required for projects which would adversely impact wetland areas and
where adequate compensation cannot be conducted on site

11-13

Dredged sites should be accessed by drilling barges and other
deep draft vessels during high tides
species * Disturbed areas s.hould be revegetated with appropriate native

e Flowlines within Bayou La Fleur and the Barataria Oil and Gas
Field should be laid across the marshland without dredging. At waterways
these flowlines should be buried not less than three feet below the
streambed or canal bottom

Upon abandonment, canals should be plugged using earthen
plugs and riprap or other stabilizing material

e Stabilizing material should be used on areas of severe ero-
sion along the length of canals

a Directional drilling should be used when appropriate to miti-
gate environmental impacts
possible Pipeline corridors and existing canals should be used when

Riprap or vegetation stabilization should be used instead of
bulkheading

e All camps should have-approved sanitary facilities

Any land reclamation activities in areas not presently fast
lands should be discouraged due to poor soil conditions and the
propensity of those areas to flood

e Hydrocarbons from oil and gas activities should not be dis-
charged into wetlands or water bodies

The permittee should repair, as requested by the Administra-
tor, all dams and plugs on abandoned access and pipeline canals con-
structed or maintained by the applicant

9 All spoilbanks, dams, and backfilling specifically required
under these policies should be maintained by the permittee for dredging
the canal for as long as he operates in Jefferson Parish, unless it'can
be proven that such maintenance cannot be accomplished due to conditions
beyond the permittee's control

Permits for dredging in The Pen or Goose Bayou within 200
feet of shore and where circumstances allow should require the dredged
materials be cast towards the shore line to reduce water depth appropri-

11-14

ately between the dredging site and the shore for the purpose of creating
marsh. Where the dredging site is not close enough to a suitable shore-
line, the dredged material should be spread without reducing the water
depth more than six inches

Permits for dredging in The Pen and Goose Bayou should re-
quire that all unearthed stumps, logs and other objects that could be
hazardous to boat traffic be removed from the waterbody and deposited at
some designated approved disposal site.

E. Bayou Perot Management Unit

1. Boundary

The eastern boundary of the Bayou Perot Management Unit begins
where Bayou Rigolettes joins Bayou Perot at the Lafourche-Jefferson
Parish line. The boundary follows Bayou Rigolettes north to Bayou Bara-
taria. The eastern boundary follows the existing natural levee and the
Commerce-Sharkey Soil Association boundary (U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, 1971). At the Pailet Canal, the boundary turns to the west and
follows the levee that skirts to the west of Barataria to Bayou Villars.
At Bayou Villars, the boundary turns west to the St. Char les-Jef f erson
Parish line and south to the Lafourche-Jefferson Parish line to where
Bayou Rigolettes meets Bayou Perot (Figure 11-5). That portion of the
boundary skirting to the west of Bayou Barataria conforms to that line
adopted by the Jefferson Parish Council in Ordinance No. 13795, which
creates a growth-limit line south of Crown Point, and will conform to any
amendments to that ordinance.

2. Physical and Biological Description

This management unit's 30,987 acres have an elevation of less
than five feet above mean sea level. Most drainage of these unleveed
wetlands is through the oil well access and pipeline canals to the Gulf
Intracoastal Waterway and to Bayou Rigolettes and Bayou Perot. The area
is affected by a normal tidal flux. Currently, the area is undergoing a
high rate of land loss, primarily through subsidence and bank erosion.

Four major plant associations characterize this management
unit. Forested wetlands are found in the northern portion along Bayou
Villars. Intermediate marsh is found just below and in association with
the forested wetlands. Brackish marsh is found throughout the remainder
of the-management unit and spoil banks are established with plants typi-
cal of disturbed areas.

Salinities in this management unit normally range from fresh in
the central cypress swamps west of Barataria to four ppt at the conflu-
ence of Bayou Perot and Bayou Rigolettes (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
1979). There are normal tidal fluxes in the management unit. Both

11-15

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11-16

Bayous Perot and Rigolettes are broad and shallow due to.high erosion and
subsidence rates in the area. Many canals crisscross throughout the man-
agement unit. Major. water bodies include Lake Salvador, Bayou Villars,
Bayou Perot, Bayou Rigolettes and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway.

The Bayou Perot Management Unit is principally undeveloped wet-
lands with recreational camps sparsely located throughout. The unit pro-
vides valuable habitat for many species of wildlife which, in turn, sup-
port a variety of hunting and commercial activities. For a listing of
those commercially and recreationally harvested species in this manage-
ment unit, see the appendix for species found in swamps, freshwater
marsh, intermediate marsh, and brackish marsh.

Because this management unit is principally wetlands, there is
no development potential for this area. The only major soil association
in the unit, saltwater marsh, characterizes the area as one of high sub-
sidence potential, severe wetness, very high shrink-swell potential of
mineral layers, low bearing strength, poor trafficability, an elevated
salt content, and very severe development limitations (U. S. Department
of Agriculture, 1971). Additional information is appended.

In addition, this unit lies entirely outside the proposed hurri-
cane levee alignment and the prohibited service area established jointly
by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and Jefferson Parish and
noted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.

The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway is a major coastal transportation
route. Other important routes are Bayou Perot and Bayou Rigolettes.
There is also a network of natural bayous and man-made canals that is
used for access to the oil and gas fields in this management unit.
Sports fishermen, hunters, trappers, and commercial fishermen also make
use of these waterways as transportation routes and habitats for fresh-
water to brackish water species.

The oil and gas activities in this management unit are centered
around the Barataria Oil Field, Bayou Perot Oil and Gas Field, Delta
Farms Oil and Gas Field, South Barataria Oil and Gas Field, and West
Barataria Oil and Gas Field.

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

There is a broad diversity of archaeological and historical:
sites in Jefferson Parish. The Louisiana Office of Culture, Recreation
and Tourism maintains the Louisiana Cultural Resources files in which
these sites are recorded. The Cultural Resources Section' of the New
Orleans District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers maintains similar files.
In order to maintain the current integrity of the archaeological and
historical sites in this unit, those sites are not identified in this
report.

11-17

4. Primary Resource Users

The primary resource users in this management unit are trappers,
crab fishermen, shrimpers, sport fishermen and hunters. Oil and gas
activities also occur in this unit.

5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources

Major goals for managing the resources in this unit include con-
trolling erosion; restoring wetlands; maintaining the ecological and
hydrological integrity of the unit; improving trapping, hunting, fishing
and shellfishing resources; continuing oil and gas activities with mini-
mal dredging impacts; developing optimal recreational potential of the
unit; preserving, conserving and restoring wildlife and fisheries habi-
tat; and diverting freshwater from the Mississippi River.

In addition, commercial shell dredging is environmentally damag-
ing and could seriously adversely affect the soft shell crab and fishing
industry in Lake Salvadore; therefore, shell dredging should not be
permitted.

6. Policies for Uses in this Unit

e Flow lines within Delta Farms, South Barataria, West Bar-
ataria and Bayou Perot Oil and Gas Fields should be laid across marshland
without dredging. Where these flowlines cross waterways, they should be
buried not less than three feet below the streambed or canal bottom

Permits for dredging in Lake Salvador, Bayou Perot, and Bayou
Rigolettes within 200 feet of shore and where circumstances allow should
require that the dredged materials be cast towards the shore line to
reduce water depth appropriately between the dredging site and the shore,
for the purpose of creating marsh. Where the dredged site is not close
enough to a suitable shoreline, the dredged material should be spread
without reducing the water depth more than six inches

* Permits for dredging in Lake Salvador, Bayou Perot, and Bayou
Rigolettes should require that all unearthed stumps, logs and other
objects that could be hazardous to boat traffic, be removed from the
waterbody and deposited at some designated, approved disposal site

0 Permits for dredging across islands, cheniers or shell
beaches should not be issued

11-18

Dredged material generated by maintenance dredging of the
Intracoastal Waterway between Bayou Perot and Bayou Villars should be
placed continuously along the northern bank to stabilize that deterio-
rating bank against wake erosion

e Permit applications for dredging canals into or through the
strip of brackish marsh that lies between Bayous Perot and Rigolettes
should be discouraged because of the high rate of land loss attributed
to erosion and subsidence. Permits for dredging which'is deemed unavoid-
able by the Administrator should require that the dredged material be
placed continuously along all banks of the dredged area and after activi-
ties. have ceased at the site, the canal should be dammed, and the dis-
turbed area should be returned to its natural elevation and revegetated

0 The method of spoil deposition should be deci ded on a
case-by-case basis. Although a continuous levee is often recommended to
prevent saltwater intrusion, at times spoil should be placed in ponds to
the elevation of adjacent marsh to create areas conducive to the
establishment of marsh vegetation

e Mitigation or compensation at an off-site location should be
required for projects which would adversely impact wetland areas and
where adequate compensation cannot be conducted on site.

* Dredged sites should be accessed by drilling barges and other
deep draft vessels during high tide

e Turbidity screens should be used if oyster beds are endangered
species * Disturbed areas should be revegetated with appropriate native

e Commercial clam shell dredging should not be permitted in
Lake Salvador

Upon abandonment, canals should be plugged using earthen
plugs and riprap or other stabilizing material

0 Stabilizing material should be used on areas of severe
erosion along the length of canals

0 Directional drilling should be used when appropriate to
mitigate environmental impacts

9 Pipeline corridors and existing canals should be used when
appropriate

Riprap or vegetation stabilization should be used instead of
bulkheading

11-19

* All camps should have approved sanitary facilities

e Any land reclamation activities in areas not presently fast
lands should he discouraged due to poor soil conditions and the
propensity of those areas to flood

e Hydrocarbons from oil and gas activities should not be dis-
charged into wetlands or water bodies

9 The permittee should repair, as requested by the Administra-
tor, all dams and plugs on abandoned access and pipeline canals con-
structed or maintained by the applicant

e All spoilbanks, dams, and backfilling specifically required
under these policies should be maintained by the permittee for dredging
the canal for as long as he operates in Jefferson Parish, unless it can
be proven that such maintenance cannot he accomplished due to conditions
beyond the permittee's control

F. Bayou Segnette Management Unit

1. Boundary

The northern boundary of the Bayou Segnette Management Unit
begins at the junction of U. S. Highway 90 and the St. Charles-Jefferson
Parish line. The boundary travels east along U. S. Highway 90 to the
Lake Cataouatche Levee easterly to its junction with Bayou Segnette and
the corporate limits of the City of Westwego. From this point, the line
goes south following the east bank of Bayou Segnette into the Bayou Seg-
nette Oil Field to the junction of Sharp Canal. From there, the line
turns east to the southern end of the Westwego Airport Canal continuing
east to the existing levee where the line turns south and then southeast
following the levee. The line turns south along an intersecting levee
which skirts immediately east of the end of an access canal crossing the
Millaudon Canal to the angle in a levee found immediately northeast of
the intersection of Nature Street and Tusa Street. The line at that
point turns to follow the Bayou des Familles development levee westerly,
then south and easterly to the levee's junction with Kenta Canal. The
Kenta Canal is followed south-southwest to the boundary of the Jean La-
fitte National Historical Park. The line follows the park boundary east-
erly along Louisiana Highway 45, to the "V-shaped" levee, south along the
Lafitte-Larose Highway and along the park boundary as it skirts to Bayou
Villars and into Lake Salvador to the St. Charles-Jefferson Parish bound-
ary which, in turn, is followed north to U. S. Highway 90 (Figure 11-6).
The boundaries of this management unit conform to that line adopted by
Jefferson Parish Council Resolution No. 42033.

The boundary will automatically conform to any amendment to that
resolution. The boundary will be firmly established only after a levee
is built. If the permit applications currently on file with the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers and the State Coastal Manaqement Section are
denied, the boundary will then conform to that shown on- page IV-II, until
or when a levee is built.

11-20

4 .,,1

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71.

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FIGURE 11-6 Bayou Segnette Management Uni't

1 1-2 1

2. Physical and Biological Description

This management unit is less than three feet above mean sea
level and natural gravity flow drainage occurs within 33,441 acres of
wetlands. Bayou Segnette and its connection with the Millaudon Canal are
the principal drainage routes to Bayou Bordeaux from the northern portion
of the unit.- The Bayou Segnette Waterway and the Kenta Canal control
drainage in the southern portion to Bayou Villars. Tarpaper Canal
appears to play a major role in the overall flow pattern between upper
Kenta Canal and Bayou Segnette. Even with the drainage, the area has a
potential for floods. The area is affected by normal tides.

Five major vegetative associations are found in the unit. Nat-
ural-levee forest is found along the Bayou des Familles-Bayou Barataria
Waterways. Forested wetlands are found along the eastern boundary of the
unit. Freshwater marsh is found within the Jean Lafitte National Histor-
ical Park and its buffer zone to the north and intermediate marsh is
found along Lake Salvador. Dredged material disposal areas with their
typical disturbed area flora are found scattered about this unit.

The area is principally undeveloped wetlands and forested wet-
lands, which support a variety of aauatic and terrestrial species. These
species, in turn, support a variety. of sporting and commercial activi-
ties. For a listing of those commercially and recreationally harvested
species in this unit, see the appendix for species found in swamps,
freshwater marsh, intermediate marsh and brackish marsh.

Salinities in the marshes and swamps of the unit range from
fresh in the northern and far eastern areas to an average of 2.0 ppt in
the Bayou Segnette Waterway (U. S '. Army Corps of Engineers, 1979).
Normal tidal fluxes exist in the unit.

Major natural waterbodies in the unit are Lake Cataouatche, Lake
Salvador, Bayou Segnette and Bayou Villars, which forms the southern
boundary of the unit and serves as a crossroad for water traffic from
Lake Salvador, the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, the Bayou Segnette Water-
way, and Bayou Barataria.

The unit is also traversed by several major canals including the
Bayou Segnette Waterway, Kenta Canal, Woods Place Canal, Millaudon and
the Outer Cataouatche Levee Canal.

Lake Salvador is a shallow estuary with a salinity of 1.5 to 2.0
ppt. Lake Cataouatche is a shallow estuary where salinities are lower
than those found in Lake Salvador.

11-22

The six soil types (Commerce silty clay loam, Sharkey clay,
Allemands variant muck, Barbary soils, Allemands peat, and Kenner muck)
in this management unit have development limitations ranging from slight
to very severe depending on locality and use. Those soils closer to
Bayou Barataria and Bayou des Familles have lower organic contents and
are better suited for construction. The organic contents in the soils
generally increase with distance to the west, away from these bayous.
Those soils with higher organic content have higher subsidence poten-
tials, if drained, because of their greater compactibility and water con-
tent. For the exact locations and full explanations of the soil types
found in the Bayou Segnette Management Unit see the "Soil Survey of the
West Bank of Jefferson Parish" (U. S.Department of Agriculture, 1978) and
the appendix.

There is no development potential predicted for the Bayou Seq-
nette Management Unit, other than its utilization as the site of the Jean
Lafitte National Historical Park and its protection zone and a portion of
the Bayou Segnette Park/Marina.

This unit lies entirely outside the proposed hurricane protec-
tion levee and entirely within the "prohibited service" area jointly
established by the U.' S. Environmental Protection Agency and Jefferson
Parish and noted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Recreational camps are sparsely located in the unit. Camps are
more densely located along Bayou Segnette and the Bayou Segnette Waterway.

Oil and gas fields in the management unit are the Bayou Segnette
Oil Field and the Crown Point Oil Field. The Barataria Salt Dome lies in
this unit. There is also a high voltage electrical powerline which runs
east-west immediately north of Lake Cataouatche and four crude oil pipe-
lines and four gas pipelines which traverse the unit.

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

There is a broad diversity of archaeological and historical
sites in Jefferson Parish. The Louisiana Office of Culture, Recreation,
and Tourism maintains the Louisiana Cultural Resources files in which
these sites are recorded. The Cultural Resources Section of the New
Orleans District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers maintains similar files.
In order to maintain the current integrity of the archaeological and
historical sites in this unit, those sites are not identified in this
report.

4. Primary Resource Users

The principal resource users of this unit are trappers, crab
fishermen, sports fishermen and hunters. This unit is also utilized by
shell dredging and the oil and gas industry.

11-23

5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources

Major goals for managing this unit include, but are not limited
to, freshwater diversion from the Mississippi River; development of the
optimal recreational potential of the area; maintenance of the natural
ecological and hydrological integrity of the management unit; continued
mineral exploration, extraction, transportation, and development with
minimal dredging impact; creation or restoration of marsh in areas of
heavy land subsidence; and erosion control along watercourses. Commer-
cial shell dredging in Lake Salvador and Lake Cataouatche is environmen-
tally damaging and could adversely affect the soft shell crab and fishing
industries. It should. not be permitted. The establishment of the Jean
Lafitte National Historical Park is also a goal for this unit.

6. Guidelines for Uses in the Jean Lafitte National
Historical Park and Park Protection Zone

# The alteration of existing drainage patterns or natural water
movement, which will have an adverse impact on the drainage integrity of
the core area or the park protection zone, is not permitted.

9 The introduction of any pollutant from any new source or the
increased concentration of any pollutant from any source in existence
prior to October, 1980, is not permitted. This includes, but is not
limited to, effluent from sewerage treatment plants, industrial efflu-
ents, leachates from land fill or disposal of refuse generated by recrea-
tional, commercial or industrial activities in, or within the park pro-
tection zone or the core area.

9 The direct discharge of storm run-off in concentra tions ex-
ceeding those of October, 1980, into either the park protection zone or
the core area of the park is not permitted.

e Duri ng the construction or operation of any development oc-
curring within the park protection zone, no sediment or chemicals from
any source will be permitted to escape into the aquatic ecosystem.

0 Anti-litter ordinances will be reviewed, strengthened as
appropriate and enforced by State, Jefferson Parish, and National Park
Service officials throughout the core area and the park protection zone.

Owners of the existing camps are not allowed to store refuse
in the park protection zone and are responsible for hauling their own
refuse from the park protection zone.

e The exploration for and development of oil and gas resources
within the park are envisioned by Public Law 95-625 and subject to the
guidelines.

11-24

The removal of native plants from and the introduction of
non-native plant's to the park are not permitted in the park protection
zone and the core area.

7. Policies for Uses in this Unit

@ Mitigation or compensation at an off-site location should be
required for projects which would adversely impact wetland areas and
where adequate compensation cannot be conducted on site.

e Dredged sites should be accessed by drilling barges and other
deep draft vessels during high tides

@ Turbidity screens should be used if oyster beds are endangered

e Disturbed areas should be revegetated with appropriate native
species

Upon abandonment, canals should be plugged using earthen
plugs and riprap or other stabilizing material

Commercial clam shell dredging should not be permitted in
Lake Salvador and Lake Cataouache

Stabilizing material should be used on areas of severe ero-
sion along the lengths of canals

a Directional drilling should be used when appropriate to miti-
gate environmental impacts

Pipeline corridors and existing canals should be used when
appropriate

Riprap or vegetation stabilization should be used instead of
bulkheading

All camps should have approved sanitary facilities

11-25

Permits for dredging across islands, cheniers or shell
beaches should not be issued

Flow lines.. within the Bayou Segnette Oi I and Gas Field should
be laid across the swamp without dredging. Where these flowlines cross
waterways, they should be buried not less than three feet below the
streambed or canal bottom

Permits for dredging in Lakes Cataouache and Salvador within
200 feet of shore and where circumstances allow should require that the
dredged material be cast towards the shore line to reduce water depth ap-
propriately between the dredging site and the shore, for the purpose of
creating marsh. . Where the dredging site is not close enough to a suit-
able shoreline, the dredged material should be spread without reducing
the water depth more than six inches

Permits for dredging in Lakes Cataouache and Salvador should
require that all unearthed stumps, logs and other objects that could be
hazardous to boat traffic be removed from the water body and deposited at
some designated approved disposal site

e Permit applications for dredging in the narrow strip of marsh
that lies between Lake Salvador and the Bayou Segnette Waterway should be
discouraged because of the high rate of erosion along this lake shore and
to inhibit the further joining of these two waterbodies. Permits for
dredging which is deemed unavoidable by the Administrator, should require
that after activities cease, the disturbed area be returned to its previ-
ous elevation and revegetated

'I Any land reclamation activities in areas not presently fast
lands should be discouraged due to poor soil conditions and the
propensity of those areas to flood

Hydrocarbons from oil and gas activities should not be dis-
charged into wetlands or water bodies

The permittee should repair, as requested by the Administra-
tor, all dams and plugs on abandoned access and pipeline canals construc-
ted or maintained by the applicant

11-26

G. Bay Management Unit

I Boundary

The southern boundary of the Bay Management Unit begins where
Bayou Thunder von Tranc enters Bay St. Honore. Moving east, the southern
boundary skirts north of Chenier Caminada and follows Bayou Rigaud north
of Grand Isle. The line continues immediatel north of West Grand Terre
Island and through Grand Bank Bayou into Cat Bay to the Plaquemines-Jef-
ferson Parish line. The eastern boundary follows the Jefferson Parish
line to the mouth of Bayou St.Denis. The eastern boundary continues
north with Bayou St. Denis and ends in Mud Lake. The northern boundary
f6llows the northern shore of Mud Lake and moves west following Bayou
Dosgris to its confluence with Old Grand Bayou. The western boundary
follows Old Grand Bayou south to the Lafourche-Jefferson Parish line,
which is followed until the Parish line enters Bayou Thunder von Tranc
(Figure 11-7).

2. Physical and Biological Description

This 67,802-acre area consists of numerous, unnamed marsh is-
lands in Barataria and Caminada Bays. Elevations are less than three
feet above mean sea level; consequently, the area is flood-prone and is
affected by tidal fluctuations of about one foot, excluding storm tides.
These islands' water tables lie just below the land's surface.

The Bay Management Unit is a vast,.shallow estuary interspersed
with numerous, low marsh islands and cheniers:

Beauregard Island Milligan Point
Fifi Island Saturday Island
Queen Bess Island Margigan Point
Independence Island Panama Point
Shell Island Pelican Island
Pelican Point Mendicant Island
Bassa Bassa Island

There are three vegetative associations within this unit. Sa-
line marsh is the dominant association on the numerous marsh islands.
Mangrove swamps are found in the southern half of the management unit,
and spoil banks, with their typical flora, are found along the numerous
canals in the unit.

The land in this unit supports a variety of aquatic and terres-
trial species which support a variety of sporting and commercial activi-
ties. For a listing of those commercially and recreationally harvested
species in this unit, see the appendix for those species that are found
in brackish marsh and saline marsh.

11-27

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11-28

Average salinities in the Bay Management Unit range from 11.0
ppt at Light 37, Mile 15.01 on the Barataria Waterway to 20.7 ppt at Bar-
ataria Pass. There are numerous bays, bayous and canals throughout this
unit.

Because open water constitutes a major portion of this unit,
many of those water bodies are listed below:

Barataria Bay Bayou Rigaud
Cat Bay Bayou Beauregard
Bay des Ilettes Grand Bank Bayou
Caminada Bay Bayou St. Denis
Creole Bay Bayou Dosgris
Hackberry Bay Old Grand Bayou
West Champagne Bay Grand Bayou
East Champagne Bay Bayou Cholas
Bay Ronquille Bayou Defond
Bassa Bassa Bay Creole Pass
Blind Bay Daniels Cut
Mud Lake Barataria Waterway
Bayou Fifi

The Barata@ria Waterway, which connects to the Gulf Intracoastal
Waterway, is a major waterway in the basin. There is a network of natu-
ral bays, bayous and lakes, as well as manmade canals, that are used for
access to oil and gas fields in this and other areas. Sports fishermen,
hunters and commercial fishermen make use of these waterways as transpor-
tation routes. These waterbodies serve as aquatic habitats and nursery
grounds for many finfish and shellfish species.

The oil and gas fields in this unit include Bayou de Chene Oil
and Gas Field, Bassa Bassa Bay Gas Field, Queen Bess Island Oil and Gas
Field, and Saturday Island Oil and Gas Field. The Bay de Chene Salt Dome
is also located in this unit as are eleven gas pipelines and six crude
oil pipelines.

Recreational camps are sparsely located throughout this unit.

There is no development potential for this unit. The entire
unit is characterized by the saltwater marsh soil association which
places very severe limitations on development. This association exhibits
high subsidence potential, severe wetness, high shrink-swell potential of
mineral levels, low bearing strength, poor trafficability and severe fire
hazard.

11-29

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

4. Primary Resource Users

The principal resource users of this unit are trappers, oyster
fishermen, crab fishermen, clam fishermen, sports fishermen and hunters.
There is also a significant amount of oil and gas activities in this unit.

5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources

Major goals for managing the coastal resources in the Bay Man-
agement Unit include, but are not limited to, erosion control; marsh res-
toration; maintenance of the ecological and hydrological integrity; im-
proved resources for hunting, trapping, fishing and shellfishing; contin-
ued oil and gas exploration, with reduced dredging impacts; and fresh-
water diversion from the Mississippi River.

6. Policies for Uses in this Unit

Mitigation or compensation at an off-site location should be
required efor projects which would adversely impact wetland areas and
where adequate compensation cannot be conducted on site.

e Dredged sites should be accessed by drilling barges and other
deep draft vessels during high tides

* Turbidity screens should be used if oyster beds are endangered
species e Disturbed areas should be revegetated with appropriate native

11-30

Flowlines within Queen Bess Island, Bassa Bassa Bay, Bayou de
Chene, and Saturday Island Oil and Gas Fields should be laid across the
marshland without dredging. Where these flowlines cross waterways, they
should be buried no less than three feet below the streambed or canal
bottom

Permits for dredging in Mud Lake, Bayou St. Denis and Bays
Barataria, Caminada, Des Ilettes, Melville, Cat, Bassa Bassa Blind, East
Champagne, West Champagne, St. Honore, Creole, and Ronquille within 200
feet of shore where circumstances allow, should require that the dredged
materials be cast on the land or towards the shore line to reduce water
depth appropriately between the dredging site and the shore, for the pur-
pose of creating marsh. Where the dredging site is not close enough to a
suitable shoreline, the dredged material should be spread without reduc-
ing the water depth more than six inches. The dredged material should
never be spread on shellfish areas.

Permits for dredging in Mud Lake, Bayou St. Denis and Bays
Barataria, Caminada, Des Ilettes, Melville, Cat, Bassa Bassa Blind, East
Champagne, West Champagne, St. Honore, Creole and Ronquille should re-
quire that all unearthed stumps, logs and.other objects that could be
hazardous to boat traffic be removed from the water body and deposited at
some designated approved disposal site

0 Permit applications to dredge through or clear mangrove
stands should be discouraged. Where such activities are deemed unavoida-
ble by the Administrator, the permit should require that after other
activities have ceased, the area is to be restored to its original eleva-
tion and revegetated with mangrove and other appropriate species

0 Permits for dredging across islan ds, cheniers or shell
beaches should not be issued because those natural features serve to
break wave action and winds, reduce wave fetch, and slow tidal flows

e Any land reclamation activities in areas not presently fast
lands should be discouraged due to poor soil conditions and the
propensity of those areas to flood

Hydrocarbons from oil and gas activities should not be dis-
charged into wetlands or water bodies

The permittee should repair, as requested by the Administra-
tor, all dams and plugs on abandoned access and pipeline canals construc-
ted or maintained by the applicant

11-31

Upon abandonment, canals should be plugged using earthen
plugs and riprap or other stabilizing material

Stabilizing material should be used on areas of severe ero-
sion aloneg the length of canals

* Directional drilling should be used when appropriate to miti-
gate environmental impacts.

Pipeline corridors arid existing canals should be used when
appropriate

Riprap or vegetation stabilization should be used instead of
bulkheading

e All camps should have approved sanitary facilities.

H. Dupre Cut Management Unit

1. Boundary

The western end of the southern boundary of the Dupre Cut Man-
agement Unit begins where Old Grand Bayou meets the Lafourche-Jefferson
Parish line. The southern boundary follows Old Grand Bayou north to
Bayou Dosgris. The boundary continues east following Bayou Dosgris and
the north shore of Mud Lake. The boundary turns south to follow Bayou
St. Denis to its mouth where it joins the Plaquemines-Jefferson Parish
line, then north to Bayou Dupont. The northern boundary follows Bayou
Dupont northwest to its confluence with the Barataria Waterway where it
turns north to Bayou Rigolettes. The western boundary follows Bayou
Rigolettes south to the Lafourche-Jefferson Parish line, which is fol-
lowed to Old Grand Bayou (Figure 11-8).

2. Physical and Biological Description

The majority of the 94,494 acres of this unit is less than three
feet above mean sea level. Although the levee ridges may be somewhat
higher, the area is flood-prone and affected by a normal tidal flux of
six to eight inches. The transportation pipeline and oil-well-access
canals and their dredged material banks along the canals have produced a
maze that has altered drainage and flow patterns throughout' the area.
The major routes for tidal flow and drainage are the Barataria Waterway,
Bayou St. Denis and Grand Bayou.

There are four major veget ative associations within this unit.
Natural-levee forests are found along the Bayou Barataria Ridge. Inter-
mediate marsh is found in the northern portion of the unit. Salt marsh
is found in the southern portion and covers the largest area. Dredged
material banks are established with flora typical of disturbed areas.

11-32

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11-33

Average salinities in the Dupre Cut Management Unit range from
2.2 ppt at the confluence of Bayous Perot and Rigolettes to 11.08 ppt at
Light 37, Mile 15.01, on the Barataria Waterway.

The Dupre Cut Management Unit is principally undeveloped wet-
lands with recreational camps sparsely located throughout this unit.
There is also a small community of camps on Bayou Cutler between the
Barataria Waterway and Spoonbill Bay.

There is basically no development potential in the Dupre Cut
Management Unit because it lies outside the proposed hurricane protection
levee and is extremely flood prone. The entire unit falls under the
jurisdiction of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers' 404 permitting system.
The projected uses for this unit, therefore, are hunting, trapping,
recreational and commercial fishing, and mineral activities. Consequent-
ly, there are no 1978 population estimates or projected year 2000 popula-
tion estimates for this management unit. The Dupre Cut, Management Unit
is also part of the "prohibitea service" area established by the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency and Jefferson Parish and noted by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers.

Another factor limiting development in the Dupre Cut Management
Unit is the soil associations. The two soil types found in this area,
salt water marsh and swamp, are characteristically high in subsidence,
with high shrink/swell potential. These soils pose severe limitations
for any type of development, The exact locations and explanations of the
soil associations are found on the "General Soil Map for Jefferson Parish"
(U. S. Department of Agricultural, 1971). For additional information see
the appendix (page A-5).

The major corridors for transportation in the Dupre Cut Manage-
ment Unit are bayous and canals. The Barataria Waterway, the major
waterway corridor in the unit, connects the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway,
the Port of New Orleans, and the Gulf of Mexico. There is also a network
of natural bayous, lakes and manmade canals which are used by sports
fishermen, hunters and commercial fishermen as transportation routes.
These waterbodies serve as aquatic habitat and nursery grounds for many
finfish and shellfish species.

The most prominent water corridors are the Barataria Waterway,
Bayou Dupont, Bayou Perot, Bayou Rigolettes, and Bayou St. Denis.

The major resources of this management unit are oil and gas, and
aquatic and terrestial habitat for commercial and recreational species.

There are seven major oil and gas fields in this management unit.
These are the Lafitte Oil and Gas Field, the Little Lake Oil and Gas-
Field, the Little Temple Oil and Gas Field, the Manila Village Oil and
Gas Field, the McCalls Island Oil Field, the South Little Lake Gas Field,
and the Three Bayou Bay Oil and Gas Field. These fields are old and have

11-34

been in production for many years. Most have passed their peak produc-
tion and are on the decline. These fields have been extensively devel-
oped. The numerous pipeline canals dredged through these fields are in-
creasing saltwater intrusion and accelerating erosion of this area.

The undeveloped wetlands of the Dupre Cut Management Unit sup-
port a large variety of aquatic and terrestrial species and a variety of
sporting and commercial -activities which are dependent on those species.
The main commercial hunting and fishing resources of this unit are
shrimp, blue crabs, oysters and nutria. The waterbodies and marshes of
this unit also serve as important aquatic habitat and nursery grounds for
many finfish and shellfish which are landed both commercially and recrea-
tionally in the Gulf of Mexico. See the appendix for a more complete
listing of commercial and recreational species found in this unit.

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

The major archaeological and historical features of this unit
are indian shell middens. The Louisiana Office of Culture, Recreation,
and Tourism maintains the Louisiana Cultural Resources files in which
these sites are recorded. The Cultural Resources Section of the New
Orleans District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers maintains similar files.
In order to maintain the current integrity of the archaeological and
historical sites in this unit, those sites are not identified in this
report.

4. Primary Resource Users

The main resource users of this unit are the oil and gas indus-
try, crab fishermen, shrimp fishermen, sport fishermen, hunters and some
oyster fishermen.

5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources

Major goals for managing the coastal resources in the Dupre Cut
Management Unit include controlling erosion; restoring wetlands; divert-
ing freshwater from the Mississippi River; maintaining the ecological and
hydrological integrity of the unit; improving trapping, fishing, hunting
and shellfishing resources; continuing oil and gas activities with mini-
mal dredging impacts; and flood protection.

6. Policies for Uses in this Unit

11-35

The method of spoil deposition should be decided on a
case-by-case basis. Although a continuous levee is often recommended to
prevent saitwater intrusion, at times spoil should be placed in ponds to
the elevation of adjacent marsh to create areas conducive to the
establishment of marsh vegetation

9 Mitigation or compensation at an off-site location should be
required for projects which would adversely impact wetland areas and
where adequate compensation cannot be conducted on site

e Dredged sites should be accessed by drilling barges and other
deep draft vessels during high tide

6 Turbidity screens should be used if oyster beds are endangered

e Disturbed areas should be revegetated with appropriate native
species

e Dredged material should be deposited in open water areas
adjacent to marshes in non-vegetated areas at elevations conducive to the
creation of new marsh

Upon abandonment, canals should be plugged using earthern
plugs and riprap or other stabilizing material

e Stabilization material should be used on areas of severe
erosion along canal lengths

0 Directional drilling should be used when appropriate to
mitigate environmental impacts

a Existing pipeline corridors should be used when appropriate

* Riprap or vegetation stabilization should be used instead of
bulkheading

All camps should have approved sanitary facilities

Dredged material from -the Barataria Bay Waterway should be
used to stabilize and repair the banks of that waterway, thereby retard-
ing erosion and saltwater intrusion. If those banks are in good condi-
tion, the dredged material should be spread hydraulically into subsided
areas that flank the waterway to restore those areas to marshlands or
into the plugged or abandoned pipeline or access canals that are conve-
niently close to the areas to be dredged

Flow lines within Lafitte, Little Lake, Manila Village,
McCalls Island and Three Bayou Bay Oil and Gas Fields are to be laid
across the marshland without dredging. Where these flowlines cross
waterways they are to be buried not less than three feet below the stream
bed or canal bottom

11-36

0 Permits for dredging in Bayou Rigolettes, Little Lake, Mud
Lake, Turtle Bay, Grand Bayou and Bayou St. Denis, within 200 feet of
shore and where circumstances allow should require that the dredged mate-
rials be cast towards the shore line to reduce water depth appropriately
between the dredging site and the shore, for the purpose of creating
marsh. Where the dredging site is not close enough to a suitable shore-
line, the dredged material should be spread without reducing the water
depth more than six inches

Permits for dredging in Bayou Rigolettes, Little Lake, Mud
Lake, Turtle Bay, Grand Bayou and Bay St. Denis should require that all
unearthed stumps, logs and other objects that could be hazardous to boat
traffic be removed from the waterbody and deposited at some designated,
approved site

Permit applications for dredging into or across the narrow
strip of marsh that separates Little Lake from Turtle Bay or the original
Bayou Barataria ridges will be discouraged due to significant erosion and
subsidence of these marshes and ridges. Permits for dredging which is
deemed unavoidable by the Administrator should require that once activi-
ties have ceased or pipelines have been laid, the disturbed areas should
be dammed, filled and graded to their original elevation and revegetated

@ Permits for dredging across islands, cheniers, or shell
beaches should not be issued

Any land reclamation activities in areas not presently fast
lands should be discouraged due to poor soil conditions and the
propensity of those areas to flood

Hydrocarbons from oil and gas activities should not be dis-
charged into wetlands or water bodies

e The permittee should repair, as requested by the Administra-
tor, all dams and plugs on abandoned access and pipeline canals construc-
ted or maintained by the applicant

I. East Bank Management Unit

1. Boundary

The East Bank Management Unit is bounded on the north by the
Lake Pontchartrain Levee, the south by the Mississippi River, the east by
Orleans Parish and the west by St. Charles Parish.

11-37

2. Physical and Biological Description

The highest ridges in the East Bank Management Unit are the nat-
ural levees along the Mississippi River (10 to 11 feet) and the Metairie
Ridge (six feet). The elevation decreases toward the north from the
river towards Lake Pontchartrain to more than five feet below mean sea
level. The 41,725 acres of this unit are completely leveed, and drainage
is almost completely controlled by the use of four pumping stations posi-
tioned along the Lake Pontchartrain Levee. These stations are fed by a
network of interconnecting storm drainage canals. A small portion of the
unit in the southeastern corner drains naturally to the Seventeenth
Street Canal, which separates Jefferson and Orleans Parishes (Figure
11-9).

There are two major vegetative associations within this unit.
Disturbed area vegetation and suburban lawn vegetation are dominant
throughout this very developed unit. Modified forested wetlands are
found in isolated areas that are rapidly being encroached upon by devel-
opment. No wildlife or fisheries species are harvested in any signifi-
cant quantities because of the highly developed nature of the unit.

Because the East Bank of Jefferson Parish is an area of drained
wetlands, which are completely leveed, all rain water received on the
East Bank must be removed by pumps via drainage canals to Lake Pontchar-
train. If the pumps or levees were to fail, low lying areas of the East
Bank would flood.

In this management unit is the Mississippi River, a major trans-
portation corridor for goods imported to and exported from the central
United States. The river attracts industries in need of water or water-
dependent transportation. The Mississippi River is the drinking water
source of Jefferson Parish, as well as a conduit for wastes disposal by
numerous industries and communities in Jefferson Parish and other areas.
Some fish and shrimp are harvested from the river.

Except for the Mississippi River on the southern boundary, all
waterbodies in the East Bank Management Unit are manmade canals used to
transport stormwater runoff and sewage treatment plant effluents to Lake
Pontchartrain. There are eight north-south oriented canals and nine
oriented east-west.

The East Bank Management Unit has been under heavy development
for many years, and most areas for future development have been carefully
delineated. Approximately 80 percent of the available land on the East
Bank is currently developed. The East Bank is expected to reach full
development by the year 2000, at which time, the population is estimated
to be 350,000 persons. The 1978 estimated population was 291,703 persons.
This unit is principally occupied by low density residential areas. The

11-38

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incorporated areas are the cities of Kenner and Harah an. Unincorporated
areas include Metairie, River Ridge and Jefferson. Future residential
development will take place in the northwest portion of the unit within
the limits of the City of Kenner.

Industrial development, for the most part, lies south of Airline
Highway and in an area immediately north of the New Orleans International
Airport in the City of Kenner. Future industrial expansion has been
planned in the Elmwood Industrial Park (an area just north of an existing
industrial park between South Clearview Parkway and Hickory Avenue).
This unit also has two oil abd gas fields: the East Good Hope Oil Field
and the Kenner Gas Field.

Commercial development is scattered throughout the unit, but it
primarily lies along Veterans Memorial Boulevard, Airline Highway and
Jefferson Highway. Future development will probably continue along those
corridors and also in the northwest, following expanded residential
development in that area.

Recreational development includes of the Linear Park which runs
the entire length of the Parish along Lake Pontchartrain. Lafreniere
Park, located near the center of the unit, is currently under develop-
ment, and Jefferson Downs Race Track is a well-established horse racing
enterprise. In addition, there are 12 playgrounds in this management
unit.

Development limitations for the nine soils (Commerce silt loam;
Commerce silty clay loam; Sharkey clay; Sharkey variant clay; Ijam vari-
ant clay; Allemands muck, drained; Barbary variant clay, drained; Alle-
mands variant muck and Kenner muck) characterizing the management unit
are given on page A-7. They range from slight to very severe depending
on the locality and use. The exact locations and full explanations of
the soil types found in this unit are presented in a recent "Soil Survey
of the East Bank of Jefferson Parish" (U. S. Department of Agricultural,
1977). Those soils in the northwestern section of the unit have the most
severe development limitations and, conseauently, characterize the areas
of the unit which are still undeveloped.

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

11-40

4. Primary Resource Users

Most of this management unit is used for residential, commercial
and industrial uses. The area is approximately 80 percent developed.

5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources

Major goals for managing the East Bank Management Unit include,
but are not limited to, continued planned developments; improved trans-
portation corridors; improved drainage and sewage treatment facilities;
pollution abatement;. and the completion of various recreational areas
such as the Lake Pontchartrain Linear Park and Lafreniere Park.

6. Policies for Uses in this Unit

Stabilizing material should be used on areas of severe ero-
sion along the length of canals

9 Pipeline corridors and existing canals should be used when
appropriate

o Riprap or vegetation stabilization should be used instead of
bulkheading

J. Grand Isle Management Unit

1. Boundary

The southern bou ndary for the Grand Isle Management Unit is the
mean low water mark on the southern shores of the barrier islands of Jef-
ferson Parish. The western boundary is the Lafourche-Jefferson Parish
line. The eastern boundary is the PlaQuemines-Jefferson Parish line and
the northern boundary begins where Bayou Thunder von Tranc enters Bay St.
Honore at the Lafourche-Jefferson Parish line. The northern boundary
extends immediately north of Chenier Caminada and immediately north of
Grand Isle through Bayou Rigaud. The line continues immediately north of
West Grand Terre Island and through Grand Bank Bayou into Cat Bay to the
Plaquemines-Jefferson Parish line, excluding the marsh islands in the
area (Figure II-10).

2. Physical and Biological Description

The islands included in this unit are from west to east, Chenier
Caminada, Elmers Island, Grand Isle, West Grand Terre Island, Central
Grand Terre Island and East Grand Terre Island. Between the islands are

11-41

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11-42

deep tidal passes. The islands' elevations range from sea level to three
feet above mean sea level The islands have very high water tables. The
waters around the islands are affected by a normal tidal flux of approxi-
mately one foot. There are 54,917 acres in this unit.

The vegetative associations found on the barrier islands (Bahr
and Hebrard, 1976) of this unit include saline marsh and mangrove swamp
which are found on the islands. Approaching the higher ground on the
islands is a narrow zone of high marsh (transition marsh). Plants in
this zone include marsh-elder, saltmarsh fimbristylis, three cornered
grass, leafy three-square, wiregrass, and seaoxeye.

On the highest ground down the center of the island is a wooded
area, with trees including live oak, hackberry, Hercules-club, wax
Tyrtle, and St. Augustine grass. The wooded zone may be reduced or lack-
ing on islands of lower elevation.

Toward the Gulf from the wooded area is a broad zone of meadow
habitat. Plants encountered include beard grass, finger grass, saltmarsh
fimbristylis, frogbit, fleabane, pennywort, black rush, three-cornered
'grass, softstem bulrush, widgeongrass, sandspur, morning glory, heter-
otheca, sabbatia, wiregrass, dog tooth grass, and Bermuda grass.

The dune habitat is the closest to the Gulf and supports rooted
vegetation. Plants include dog tooth grass, beach morning glory, morning
glory, frogbit, heterotheca, evening primrose, sandspur and sea rocket.

There are many tidal passes, bayous and bays among the barrier
islands. Excluding the Gulf of Mexico, the open water areas are Bara-
taria Pass, Caminada Pass, Pass Abel, Quatre Bayou Pass, Bay Dispute, Bay
Melville, Bay Ronquille, Bay St. Honore, Caminada Bay, Cat Bay, Barataria
Bay Waterway, Bayou Rigaud, Bayou Thunder von Tranc and Grand Bank Bayou.

The Barataria Waterway is a major waterway in the basin and con-
nects the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, the Port of New Orleans and the
Gulf of Mexico. There is also a network of natural bays, bayous, tidal
passes and man-made canals that are used for access between the Gulf of
Mexico and the Barataria Basin. These waterbodies serve as aquatic habi-
tats and nursery grounds for fish and shellfish. For a listing of those
commercially and recreationally harvested species in this unit, see the
appendix for those species that are found in brackish marsh and saline
marsh. The principal resource users being supported by the species of
this unit are crab fishermen, oyster fishermen, shrimpers, menhaden fish-
ermen, sport fishermen, clam fishermen and hunters. Although the central
ridges of Chenier Caminada and Grand Isle are developed, their bayside
and gulf fringes remain productive wildlife habitat.

The residential area of this unit consists primarily of strip
settlements of temporary and permanent residences along Louisiana Highway
One, the principal transportation artery on Grand Isle and Chenier
Caminada.

11-43

Grand Isle is principally known as a recreational area. The
southern shore consists of sandy beaches and the eastern and western end
of the island comprise the Grand Isle State Park. Many houses along and
north of Louisiana Highway One are rented as recreational camps during
the warmer months. The 1978 estimated population was 2,502. In the year
2000, the population is estimated to become 3,500.

The Town of Grand Isle controls development by a comprehensive
zoning ordinance for Grand Isle and Chenier Caminada. Virtually all new
construction in the unit must be above the 100-year base flood level.
Little development is expected on the Grand Terre Islands, which are out-
side the limits of the Town of Grand Isle and which are inaccessible by
automobile. Any further development in the unit on islands not acces-
sible by land vehicles would depend upon improved and expanded transpor-
tation and drainage systems among the islands.

Commercial development has been principally limited to the strip
community along Louisiana Highway One. A commercial fishing fleet con-
sisting of trawlers, oyster dredges and sport charter boats use the lin-
ear port facilities along the north shore of Grand Isle and Chenier
Caminada as their operations base.

Industries within the area include a shipyard for repair of
shrimp and oyster fishing vessels and other work boats, an ice plant,
seafood unloading facilities, and oil storage and barge loading facili-
ties. Extensive facilities for oil field servicing and for operation of
an offshore sulphur mine are located on the eastern end of Grand Isle.
There are no oil or gas fields located in this unit, however, the area is
traversed by two gas pipelines, four crude oil pipelines and one high
voltage electrical transmission line.

Soils of the islands present limitations to further develop-
ment. Although the sandy beaches have a low organic content and low sub-
sidence potential, they also have a high salt content and are subjected
to severe wave action. The remainder of the islands is characterized by
saltwater marsh which exhibits high subsidence potential, severe wetness,
very high shrink-swell potention of mineral layers, low bearing strength,
poor trafficability, and elevated salt content, all of which present very
severe limitations to development for most urban uses. For the locations
and further explanations of the soil associa.tions found in the unit, see
the "General Soil Map, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana" (U. S. Department of
Agriculture, 1971) and the appendi'x.

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

11-44

New Orleans District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers maintains similar
files. In order to maintain the-current integrity of the archaeological
and historical sites in this unit, those sites are not identified in this
report.

4. Primary Resource Users

The islands are primarily used for recreational and residential
use and for recreational and residential support. There is a limited
amount of industrial and commercial use.

5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources

Major goals for managing the Grand Isle Management Unit inclu *de,
but are not limited to, marsh restoration; beach stabilization; flood
control and erosion control on the islands; maintenance of the natural
ecological and hydrological integrity; limited dredging and channeliza-
tion; planned development in the Town of Grand Isle; improved freshwater
supply; improved sewage treatment facilities; freshwater diversion from
the Mississippi River and designation of the Grand Terre Islands as a
Natural Preservation District.

6. Grand Terre Natural Preservation District

The Jefferson Parish Coastal Zone Advisory Committee designated
the Grand Terre Islands as a natural preservation area to be developed as
an estuarine conservation district. The designation prohibits all chan-
nelization and reauires that all developments receive approval of the
appropriate authority.

The Grand Terre Islands consist of the barrier and marsh islands
located between Barataria Pass and Quatre Bayou Pass. The far western
end of West Grand Terre is the location of the only developments on the
islands. These developments consist of Fort Livingston, a national his-
toric site, the Barataria Beacon and the Louisiana Department of Wildlife
and Fisheries Environmental Station. West Grand Terre is also used for
cattle grazing. Dredging operations have cut a number of pipeline canals
through the islands.

The natural features of the islands include saline marshes, bar-
rier island beaches, black mangrove swamps, shore-bird colonies, wading-
bird rookeries, brown pelicans, commercial and natural oyster reefs, and
other shellfish grounds.

7. Policies for Uses in this Unit

The following policies should be employed, unless otherwise
determined by the State Administrator, to mitigate adverse environmental
impacts and to achieve the Public Policy declared'in Section 213.2 of Act
361, as amended in 1979 and 1980.

11-45

6 The method of spoil deposition should be decided on a
case-by-case basis. Although a continuous levee is often recommended to
prevent saltwater intrusion, at times spoil should be placed in ponds to
the elevation of adjacent marsh to create areas conducive to the
establishment of marsh vegetation

a Mitigation or compensation at an off-site location should be
required for projects which would adversely impact wetland areas and
where adequate compensation cannot be conducted on site

e Dredged sites should be accessed during high tide

* Turbidity screens should be used if oyster beds are endangered

* Disturbed areas should be revegetated with appropriate native
species

0 Permits for dredging Bays Caminada, Barataria, Melville,
Dispute, and Ronquille within 200 feet of shore and where circumstances
allow should require that the dredged material be cast towards the
shoreline to reduce water depth appropriately between the dredging site
and the shore, for the purpose of creating marsh. Where the dredging
site is not close enough to a suitable shoreline, the dredged material
should be spread without reducing the water depth more than six inches.

Permits for dredging in Bays Caminada, Barataria, Melville,
Dispute, and Ronquille, should require that all unearthed stumps, logs
and other objects that could be hazardous to boat traffic be removed from
the waterbody and deposited at some designated, approved disposal site

e Permits for dredging new canals on barrier islands should not
be issued

0 Permit applications to dredge through or clear mangrove
stands should be discouraged. Where such activities are deemed unavoid-
able by the Administrator, the permit should require that after activi-
ties have ceased, the area is to be restored to its original elevation
and revegetated with mangrove and other appropriate species

* Any land reclamation activities in areas not presently fast
lands will be discouraged due to poor soil conditions and the propensity
of those areas to flood

Hydrocarbons from oil and gas activities should not be dis-
charged into wetlands or water bodies

e The permittee should repair, as requested by the Administra-
tor, all dams and plugs on abandoned access and pipeline canals construc-
ted or maintained by the applicant

11-46

e All spoilbanks, dams, and backfilling specifically required
under these policies should be maintained by the permittee for dredging
the canal for as long as he operates in Jefferson Parish, unless it can
be proven that such maintenance cannot be accomplished due to conditions
beyond the permittee's control
Upon abandonment, canal's should be plugged using earthen
plugs and riprap or other stabilizing material

Stabilizing material should be used on areas. of severe ero-
sion along the length of canals

a Directional drilling should be used when appropriate to miti-
gate environmental impacts

Pipeline corridors and existing canals should be used when
appropriate

Riprap or vegetation stabilization should be used instead of
bulkheading

s All camps should have approved sanitary facilities

K. Lake Pontchartrain Management Unit

1. Boundary

This unit is bounded on the west by St. Charles Parish, on the
east by Orleans Parish, on the north by St. Tammany Parish, and on the
south by a line running along the crest of the Lake Pontchartrain Levee
from St. Charles to Orleans Parish (Figure II-11).

2. Physical and Biological Descript ion

This northern-most unit is principally open water. The only
land that exists here is the narrow strip of lake shore north of the 11-
foot crest of the levee. At the lake's edge, there is a very broad area
of riprap for erosion control. Drainage occurs naturally toward the lake
in the north. The area is often flooded by storms, although normal tidal
variation is only six to ten inches.

Lake Pontchartrain dominates this unit, whose land area consists
entirely of modified wetlands. The mouths of five outfall canals also
occur in this unit: Duncan Canal, Elmwood Canal, Suburban Canal, Bon-
nabel Canal and the Seventeenth Street Canal. Lake Pontchartrain salini-
ties range from 1 ppt in the west to as high as 17 ppt in the east
(Cardwell et al., 1967). Tides are controlled by the Gulf of Mexico and
by prevail-i-ng-winds (Saucier, 1963).

11-47

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Although Jefferson's lakeshore is completely altered from its
natural state, the area still supports a variety of wildlife. The lake
is a low salinity estuary (0.5-8.0 ppt) that supports a variety of
aquatic life and serves as aquatic habitat and nursery grounds for many
shellfish species. For a list of those commercially and recreationally
harvested species in this unit, see the appendix for those species found
in intermediate marsh and brackish marsh.

Lake Pontchartrain has always been a popular recreation site for
the greater New Orleans area. In Jefferson Parish, there is a public
boat launch at the mouth of Bonnabel Canal and at the foot of Williams
Boulevard. A marina is planned for construction adjacent to Bucktown.
The levee, its batture and the strip of land immediately south of the
levee have been designated as the Linear Park. The U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers is currently preparing an environmental impact statement
supplement to evaluate the impacts of reinforcing this levee on the
lakeward side to aid in hurricane protection. If this levee project is
implemented, the recreational areas will be temporarily eliminated.

The Lake Pontchartrain Management Unit has, for the most part,
reached its full development potential. Further development in the still
underdeveloped areas of the Lake Pontchartrain Unit, which lie.primarily
in the area of the City of Kenner, will be restricted by poor soil condi-
tions and the impact of a major airport, which is currently preparing to
expand its facilities into St. Charles Parish by extending the east-west
runway.

The two types of soils (Ijam variant clay and Kenner muck) in
this unit are characterized by severe to very severe development limita-
tions for most urban uses because they exhibit a very severe to severe
shrink-swell potential, a high to very high subsidence potential, severe
wetness, severe fire hazard, low bearing strength and poor trafficabil-
ity. The locations and explanations of these soil types are presented in
a "Soil Survey of the East Bank of Jefferson parish" (U. S. Department of
Agriculture, 1977) and in the appendix.

Consequently, because of the poor soils, the only residential
area in this unit is that portion of Bucktown located at the mouth of the
Seventeenth Street Canal. The community consists of about 25 residential
structures, some of which are vacant or abandoned.

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

There is a broad diversity of archaeological and historical
sites in Jefferson Parish. The Louisiana Office of Culture, Recreation,
and Tourism maintains the Louisiana Cultural Resources files in which
these sites are recorded. The Cultural Resources Section of the New
Orleans District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, maintains similar
files. In order to maintain the current integrity of the archaeological
and historical sites in this unit, those sites are not identified in this
report.

11-49

4. Primary Resource Users

This management unit is used primarily by shrimpers, crabbers,
and sports fishermen and persons enjoying various water oriented sports.
The unit is also actively used by oil and gas interests which are pres-
ently expanding in Lake Pontchartrain (East Block 41 Oil Field and Block
37 Oil and Gas Field). In addition, clam shell dredging is actively pur-
sued in the Lake.

5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources

Major goals for managing the coastal resources in the Lake Pont-
chartrain Management Unit include, but are not limited to, continued
water-oriented recreation such as boating, skiing and sport fishing; com-
pletion of the Lake Pontchartrain Linear Park. and the Bucktown Marina;
pumping station improvements; and freshwater diversion via the Bonne
Carre Spillway.

6. Lake Pontchartrain Basin Special Management Area

In mid 1981, a Lake Pontchartrain Basin Ad Hoc Committee com-
prised of councilmen and jurymen from the parishes suFr-o-unding the Pont-
chartrain-Maurepas Estuarine Complex began studying the feasibility of
designating the area as a special management area and compiling informa-
tion relative to the existing conditions and resources of the lakes and
the local, state and federal jurisdictions operating therein.

If Lake Pontchartrain is designated as a special management area
and if guidelines are adopted for that purpose, they will be incorporated
into the Jefferson Parish Coastal Zone Management Program by a separate
ordinance of the Jefferson Parish Council.

7. Policies for Uses in this unit

* Pipeline corridors should be established

* Disturbed areas should be revegetated with appropriate native
species

0 The .method of spoil deposition should be decided on a
case-by-case basis. Although a continuous levee is often recommended to
prevent saltwater intrusion, at times spoil should be placed in ponds to
the elevation of adjacent marsh to create. areas conducive to the
establishment of marsh vegetation

11-50

e Mitigation or compensation at an off-site location should be
required for projects which adversely impact wetland areas and where
adequate compensation cannot be conducted on site

@ All marinas and recreational areas should have approved san-
itary facilities

* Directional drilling should be used when appropriate to miti-
gate environmental impacts

Riprap or vegetation stabilization s hould be used instead of
bulkheading

e Permits for flowlines in Lake Pontchartrain should require
that those flowlines be buried no less than three feet below the lake
bottom e Any land reclamation activities in areas not presently fast-
lands will be discouraged due to poor soil conditions and the propensity
of those areas to flood

e Hydrocarbons, from oil and gas activities should not be dis-
charged into wetlands or water bodies

* Permits for dredging should require that all dredged material
which is not used for backfill be spread without reducing the water depth
more than six inches

Seismic surveys within five miles from the Lake Pontchartrain
shoreline should not be allowed

L. Lower West Bank Management Unit

1. Boundary

Beginning at the mouth of the Fleming Canal, northeast of the
Rosethorn School, the boundary of the Lower West Bank Management Unit
follows the levees south of Rosethorn Road. The boundary turns southeast
to the junction of a second Fleming Canal with the levees to the east of
Barataria. These levees are followed south to their junction with the
Commerce-Sharkey Soil Association (U. S. Department of Agriculture,
1971), which is followed southeastwardly to Bayou des Oies (Goose Bayou),
skirting to the east of those buildings at Goose Bayou. Crossing the
bayou, the boundary follows- the levee to the east of Lafitte and skirts
the western edge of The Pen to just south of a pipeline canal that enters
The Pen north of Bayou Dupont. The boundary moves northwest to follow
Bayou Barataria to Bayou Rigolettes. The boundary moves north along the
existing levee along the western edge of the oak ridge to the west of

11-51

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11-52

Bayou Barataria to Bayou Villars. Crossing Bayou Villars, the boundary
follows the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park boundary north, cross-
ing Bayou des Familles to trace east along the Commerce-Sharkey Soil
Association and following Bayou Barataria southwest to the mouth of the
Fleming Canal (Figure 11-12). The boundaries of this unit conform to the
line adopted by the Jefferson Parish Council 'in Ordinance No. 13795,
which creates a growth-limit line south of Crown Point, and will conform
to any amendments to that ordinance. The distance of this boundary from
either side of Louisiana Highway 45 ranges from 30 feet from the edge of
the road to approximately 2000 feet in some areas of the northern segment.

2. Physical and Biological Description

This 11,758-acre unit follows the natural levee ridges of Bayou
Barataria and Bayou des Familles. This land is less than five feet above
sea level, but it is higher than the surrounding areas. Drainage is by
gravity flow both east and west from the ridge and south through Bayou
Barataria. Bayou Barataria is affected by a tidal flux of six to eight
inches.

The Lower West Bank Management Unit salinites range from season-
ally fresh in Bayou des Familles to average salinites of 1.8 ppt at Bayou
Villars and 4.6 ppt at Lafitte. The depths of the Barataria and Gulf
Intracoastal Waterways are maintained by the U. S. Army Corps of Engi-
neers at 12 feet below mean low gulf. Normal tidal flux ranges from four
inches in Bayou des Familles to more than six inches at Lafitte. There
are a number of natural bayous and pipeline and oil-.well-access canals in
this unit. Major waterways include Bayou Barataria, Bayou Dauphine,
Bayou des Familles, Goose Bayou, Bayou Rigolettes, Bayou Villars, Pailet
Canal and Fleming Canal.

Three vegetative associations are found in this unit. Natural-
levee forests once dominated the area. Suburban lawns and disturbed area
vegetation have expanded as the strip settlements of Barataria, Crown
Point and Lafitte have expanded. Modified forested wetlands have re-
placed forested wetlands where areas have been leveed and drained.

This management unit consists of a narrow corridor of land south
of' the V-shaped levee along both sides of Bayou des Familles and Bayou
Barataria. Strip settlements have developed along Louisiana Highway 45
on the east bank of Bayou Barataria and along Louisiana Highway 301. The
three centers of development are at Crown Point, Barataria and Lafitte.
The 1978 estimated population for the unit was 7,000. In the year 2000,
the population is estimated to be 12,000 persons.

Commercial development has been limited to the strip communities
described above. Facilities exist for launching, mooring, and storage of
a variety of shallow draft vessels. Many commercial fishermen have taken
advantage of the convenient waterways and port facilities by basing their
operations in this unit. Plans include Lafitte as a site for increased
shallow draft port facilities.

11-53

Industries in the area are principally fisheries and other mari-
time-supported industries such as shipyards, ice plants and docking
facilities. There are also oil and gas producing and storage facili-
ties. The Barataria Oil and Gas Field is the only one in the management
unit.

This unit is also a major access point to the Barataria Basin
for the purposes of recreational hunting and fishing. The northwestern-
most boundary of this unit is common to the southeastern and southern
boundaries of the core area of the Jean Lafitte National Historical
Park. The Rosethorn Park is in this unit.

The Barataria Waterway is a -major waterway in the basin. It
connects the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, the Port of New Orleans, and the
Gulf of Mexico. This segment of the waterway also acts as the principal
route of access to the rest of the Barataria Basin. Because the Lower
West Bank Management Unit consists of a narrow corridor around the major
transportation route, Bayou Barataria, few species are harvested in the
unit.

Ground transportation routes include the Lafitte-LaRose Highway,
Louisiana Highway 45, and Louisiana Highway 301. Waterways in the area
include the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (Bayou Villars and Bayou Bara-
taria), Goose Bayou, and Bayou Rigolettes. There are two crude oil pipe-
lines and three gas pipelines and Louisiana Power and Light Company has
two 115 KV lines which traverse the unit.

Development limitations range from slight to very severe depend-
ing on use and locality. Those soils nearest to Bayous Barataria and des
Familles are better suited for construction. The organic contents of the
soils generally increase with distance to the east or west away from
these waterways. Those soils with higher organic contents have higher
subsidence potential if drained, bec.ause of their greater compatibility
and water content. The exact locations and further explanations of the
soil types (Commerce silt loam, Commerce silty clay loam, Sharkey silty
clay loam, Sharkey clay, Sharkey variant clay, Barbary soils, and Alle-
mands peat) in this unit are presented in a recent "Soil Survey of the
West Bank of Jefferson Parish" (U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1978)
and in the appendix.

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

There is a broad diversity of archaeological and historical
sites in Jefferson Parish. The Louisiana Office of Culture, Recreation
and Tourism maintains the Louisiana Cultural Resources files in which
these sites are recorded. The Cultural Resources Section of the New
Orleans District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, maintains similar
files. In order to maintain the current integrity of the archaeological
and historical sites in this unit, those sites are not given in this
report.

11-54

4. Primary Resource Users

Uses in this unit are primarily residential, industrial and
commercial.

5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources

Major goals for managing the coastal resources in the Lower West
Bank Management Unit include, but are not limited to, continued planned
commercial, residential and industrial development; improved fishing sup-
port and docking facilities; improved freshwater supply and sewage treat-
ment facilities; improved pollution abatement; improved hurricane and
flood protection; and improved recreational access to surrounding
wetlands.

6. Policies for Uses in this Unit

0 The method of* spoil deposition should be decided on a
case-by-case basis. Although a continuous levee is often recommended to
prevent saltwater intrusion, at times spoil should be placed in ponds to
the elevation of adjacent marsh to create areas conducive to the
establishment of marsh vegetation

e Mitigation or compensation at an off-site location should be
required for projects which would adversely impact wetland areas and
where adequate compensation cannot be conducted on site

e Dredged sites should be accessed by drilling barges and other
deep draft vessels during high tide

e Flow lines within Barataria and West Barataria Oil and Gas
Fields should be laid across the marshland without dredging. Where these
flowlines cross waterways, they should be buried no less than three feet
below the stream bed or canal bottom

e Upon abandonment, canals should be plugged using earthen
plugs and riprap or other stabilizing material

e Stabilizing material should be used on areas of severe ero-
sion along the length of canals

a Directional drilling should be used when appropriate to miti-
gate environmental impacts'

11-55

Pipeline corridors and existing canals should be used when
appropriate

9 Riprap or vegetation stabil ization should be used instead of
bulkheading

9 All camps should have approved sanitary facilities

M. West Bank Management Unit

1. Boundary

The boundary of the West Bank Management Unit follows the Mis-
sissippi River from its junction with the western corporate limits of the
City of Westwego to the Jefferson-Orleans Parish line. The boundary then
lies to the southeast along the Jeff erson-Orl eans Parish line to the
Jefferson-Plaquemines Parish line, and on to the Estelle pumping station
canal. The boundary then lies west along the southern levee of this
canal to the Pipeline Canal, where the line turns south along the
V-shaped levee to the boundary of the Jean Lafitte National Historical
Park. The line then follows the boundary of the Bayou Segnette Manage-
ment Unit to its junction with Bayou Segnette. The line then lies north
along the western boundary of the City of Westwego to the Mississippi
River (Figure 11-13). The boundaries of this management unit conform to
the proposed and existing levee alignments and will conform to any future
changes of those alignments. See page 11-22 for further explanation.

2. Physical and Biological Description

The natural Mississippi River levee is more than ten feet above
mean sea level. The remaining areas grade to below sea level in the
south. This 40,344-acre management unit is completely leveed, and most
runoff must be pumped over levees. The area east of the Harvey Canal
drains to Bayou Barataria. West of the Harvey Canal, runoff is pumped
into the Harvey Canal, Bayou Barataria, Bayou des Familles and Bayou Seg-
nette. There is tidal activity in this unit via Bayou Barataria, Harvey
Canal, Kenta Canal, Tar Paper Canal and Bayou Boeuf.

Four major vegetative associations occur in this unit. The nat-
Ural-levee forest still exists along Bayou des Familles and Bayou Bara-
taria. Modified wetlands are found primarily north of the Estelle Drain-
age Canal, the Pipeline Canal, the V-shaped levee and Bayou des Familles.
Suburban lawns and disturbed area vegetation occur in the developed areas
of the unit.

Projections for growth in the West Bank Management Unit include
those for the Avondale Management Unit. The 1978 estimated population
was 193,422 and the projected estimate for the year 2000 is 300,000.

11-56

7-
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47 *1

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F[GURE 11-13 West Bank Management Unit

IJ-57

Population projections indicate that by the year 2000, at an avera ge
population density of 20 persons per acre, the parish will need 15,125
additional acres of developable land to house its projected year 2000
population. There are, however, 33,000 acres of potentially developable
land left on the West Bank. This includes modified and drained wetlands
within existing levees and prime land on the alluvial ridges and natural
levees.

Two incorporated communiti es, the City of Westwego and the City
of Gretna, are found in this unit. Other communities include Marrero,
Walkertown, Harvey, and Estelle. The northern two-thirds of this unit is
still undergoing heavy development and further development is predicted
especially to the south of the unit.

With the development of this unit, wildlife harvesting has
declined in the area. However, in areas around Bayou Fatma, the Estelle
Pump Station and the V-shaped levee, there are thick stands of naturally
occurring vegetation which support a large variety of wildlife.

Other than Bayou Barataria and Bayou des Familles, all water-
bodies in the West Bank Management Unit are characterized by fresh water.
All of these waterways have been altered by dredging or they are man-made
canals. These waterbodies include:

Bayou Barataria Marrone Canal
Bayou des Familles Murphy Canal
Bayou Fatma Railroad Canal
Cousins Canal Verret Canal
Dugue Canal Westwego Airport Canal
Estelle Canal Westwego Drainage Canal
Gardere Canal Whisky Bayou

The Mississippi River is used as a major transportation corridor
for goods imported to and exported from the central United States. The
river also attracts industries in need of water or water dependant trans-
portation. The Mississippi River is also the drinking water source of
Jefferson Parish, as well as a conduit for wastes disposal by numerous
industries and communities in Jefferson Parish and other areas. Some
fish and shrimp are harvested from the river. In addition, a network of
man-made canals has been constructed to drain stormwater and treated
municipal and industrial wastes to the south. There are many commercial
areas which are located primarily along the major transportation arteries.
The 'Westwego General Aviation Airport is located immediately east of the
Bayou Segnette head waters.

Industrial areas are found along major transportation routes
listed above. Designated industrial areas include Belle Terre Industrial
Park, Rathborne Industrial Park, Marrero Industrial Park, Lapalco Indus-
trial Park and Stedman Industrial Park.

11-58

Recreational areas in the management unit include Martin Luther
King, Belle Terre, Terrytown, Bunche Village and King's Grant Playgrounds.
Recreational areas also include the Gretna City Park and the Plantation
Country Club.

Limited lumber harvesting may occur in the southern most areas
being cleared for housing developments and limited farming continues in
the Bayou Fatma area.

The management unit is traversed by ten gas pipelines, nine high
voltage transmission lines and has three oil and gas fields: the Crown
Point Oil Field, the Marrero Gas Field, and the Walkertown Gas Field.

Soils are a definite limiting factor for development in this
unit. Development limitations' are given on page A-7 and range from mod-
erate to very severe depending on locality and use. Those soils nearer
to the Mississippi River and Bayou des F,amilles have lower organic con-
tent and are better suited for construction. The organic content of the
soils generally increases with distance to the south from the Mississippi
River and to the east from Bayou des Familles. Soils with high organic
content have higher subsidence potentials, if drained, because of their
greater compatibility and water content. The locations and further ex-
planations of the soil types found in the West Bank Management Unit
(Commerce silt loam, Commerce silty clay loam, Vacherie complex gently
undulating, Sharkey silty clay loam, Sharkey clay, Sharkey variant clay,
Ijam variant clay, Barbary variant clay drained, Barbary soils, Allemands
muck drained and Allemands peat) are presented in a "Soil Survey of the
West Bank of Jefferson Parish" (U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1978).

3. Archaeological and Historical Resources

. There is a broad diversity of archaeological and historical
sites in Jefferson Parish. The Louisiana Office of Culture, Recreation,
and Tourism maintains the Louisiana Cultural Resources files in which
these sites are recorded. Also, the Cultural Resources Planning Section
-
of the New Orleans District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, maintains
similar files. In order to maintain the current integrity of the archae-
ological and historical sites in this unit, those sites are not given in
this report.

4. Primary Resource Users

Most of this management unit is used for residential, commercial
and industrial uses.

5. Major Goals for Managing the Resources

Major goals for managing the coastal resources in the West Bank
Management Unit include, but are not limited to, planned residential,
commercial and industrial development; improved transportation corridors;

11-59

improved dra inage and flood protection; improved sewage treatment
facilities and pollution abatement; increased water capacity for the
area; freshwater diversion from the Mississippi River; and improved
recreational facilities. With the exception of that parcel known as the
Bayou des Familles property, this management unit lies entirely outside
the "prohibited service" area jointly established by the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency and Jefferson Palrish and noted by the U.
S. Army Corps of Engineers. Therefore, the appropriate local or state
coastal use permit will be reouired for all activities proposed for lands
below five feet MSL and within the "prohibited service" area, unless the
activity is otherwise exempted from permitting pursuant to State or
Federal law or by final decision of State or Federal courts.

6. Policies for Uses in this Unit

e Mitigation or compensation at an off-site location should he
reauired for projects which would adversely impact wetland areas and
where adeQuate compensation cannot be conducted on site

Upon abandonment, canals should be plugged using earthen
plugs and riprap or other stabilizing material

e Stabilizing material should be used on areas of severe ero-
sion along the length of canals

9 Directional drilling should be used when appropriate to miti-
gate environmental impacts

a Pipeline corridors and existing canals should be used when
appropriate

e Riprap or vegetation stabilization should be used instead of
bulkheading

e All camps should have approved sanitary facilities.

11-60

DEVELOPMENTS OF PARISH-WIDE INTEREST AND CONCERN

A. New Mississippi River Bridges

Today, there are two Mississippi River bridges in the Greater New
Orleans area. These existing bridges have been the major influence on in-
creased residential and commercial development on the Mississippi River's
West Bank in Jefferson Parish and are now congested during the morning and
evening rush hours. A third Mississippi River bridge is under construc-
tion in St. Charles Parish near the western Jefferson Parish line. A
fourth bridge is under construction in 0 rleans Parish near the eastern
Jefferson Parish line. These two new bridges will more than double the
mass transit and individual transportation capacities of river-crossing
traffic and will spur increased residential and commercial development of
Jefferson Parish's West Bank. A fifth bridge is currently being planned
for the area of the existing Huey P. Long Bridge. This bridge will link
east Jefferson with west Jefferson Parish.

B. Waterfront Ports

1. Mississippi River Port

Jefferson Parish includes part of the deepwater port of New
Orleans on the Mississippi River which is under the authority of the
Board of Commissioners of the Port of New Orleans. This Board's juris-
diction includes the river and the lands bordering it to the land side
toe of the levees.

The New Orleans port is among the five largest ports in the world
and is the largest port in the United States. Cargo coming into the port
results in $100 million a year in U. S. Customs revenues, $25 million a
year in Louisiana taxes, $7 million a year in city taxes, and $700
million a year in payrolls. Over 72,000 persons are employed directly
for cargo movement. Other-port related industries in the area such as
supplies, shipbuilding and ship repair are also large employers.
Consequently, the port is a major source of economic stability for the
area.

With the development of Centroport, the New Orleans Port will be
expanding into the "Tidewater Area" of Orleans Parish, and it will pro-
vide jobs and greater economic development for the entire Greater New
Orleans area. The Board has also authorized $200 million of port indus-
trial revenue bonds for the construction of the Westwego Wharf and Agri-
complex in Jefferson Parish. There will also be further expansion of the
port upriver into Jefferson Parish thereby stimulating economic and popu-
lation growth.

2. Lafitte-Barataria Port

At present, the port facilities of the Lafitte-Barataria area
consist of docking, loading and ice house facilities along the banks of
Bayou Barataria and its associated canals and bayous. There are private
and public mooring facilities for vessels ranging from flat boats to gulf
trawlers to barges.

State Act 182, House Bill 643 of 1976, established the Greater
Jefferson Port Commission, a state entity to administer navigable water-
ways that do not exceed 15 feet in depth at mean low gulf within the
limits of Jefferson Parish. This commission has no authority over pub-
licly or privately-owned harbor or industrial facilities constructed on
or adjacent to any navigable waterway that may have existed prior to the
creation of the Port Commission. The Commission may regulate commerce
and traffic within its jurisdiction, as well as construct or acquire and
administer public wharves, docks, sheds, warehouses, elevators, landings,
basins, locks, canals, rail facilities and other structures useful to
commerce in the port area. The Commission is also to provide light,
water, police protection and other services for its facilities as it may
deem advisable. The state legislature may confer additional powers upon
the Commission.

In accordance with State Act 561, House Bill 1541, the Greater
Jefferson Port Commission has prepared a planning study for determining
and developing needed shal'low draft port facilities. The resulting re-
port, "Preliminary Analysis of Port Facility Needs in Grand Isle, Lafitte
and Barataria, Louisiana" states that the Lafitte-Barataria area needs
docking facilities for large trawlers. Facilities along Bayou Barataria
in the Lafitte-Barataria area are currently being considered.

According to the interim report, "Planning of Shallow Draft Port
Facilities, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana", it is estimated that approxi-
mately 100 large trawlers are presently domiciled in the area and that
many others need docking facilities for which their owners are willing to
pay. Industry observers expect that the number of large trawlers will
increase in the future, because the larger boats are more efficient and
better able to exploit the 200-mile fishing limit.

Assuming an irregular increase of new trawlers based on variation
in yearly shrimp catch and ultimate saturation of the area, and assuming
75 percent of the new trawlers delivered after 1980 will need docking,
the following prediction was made.

111-2

New Total Trawlers Needing
Year Trawlers Trawlers Docking

1981 15 129 74
1982 10 139 82
1983 20 - 159 97
1984 20 179 112
1985 10 189 120

*Growth averages approximately 10 percent per year

3. Grand Isle Port

At present, the port facilities of Grand Isle consist of docking
and loading facilities along the north shores of Chenier Caminada and
Grand Isle.

The Greater Jefferson Port Commission (GJPC), as explained
above, administers to the navigable waterways in Jefferson Parish that do
not exceed 15 feet in depth at mean low gulf. In accordance with State
Act 561, House Bill 1541, the GJPC prepared a planning study for deter-
mining and developing needed shallow draft port facilities. The report
stated that Grand Isle needs docking facilities for transient vessels and
petroleum support bases. An estimated 70 to 80 yachts also need long-
term reserved docking space. As with the Lafitte-Barataria area, the
number of large trawlers in the area is expected to increase.

4. Louisiana Off-Shore Oil Port

A group of major oil companies have formed the Louisiana Off-
Shore Oil Port, Inc. (LOOP) which is constructing a deepwater oil termi-
nal in the Gulf of Mexico on Grand Isle Block 59, about 19 miles south of
the mouth of Bayou Lafourche. The facility will consist of a central
40 operations platform and three mooring bouys, which will be equipped to
transfer the tankers' crude oil cargo to a pipeline. The pipeline will
go ashore in Lafourche Parish, where the crude oil will be stored in the
Clovelly Salt Dome.

LOOP is under the regulatory authority of the U. S. Coast Guard,
U. S. Department of Transportation and Louisiana's Offshore Terminal
Authority and is designated as a Special Area by Act 361. The Louisiana
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries has been given the task of monitor-
ing the port area and pipeline right-of-way for one year prior to opera-
tion and to continually monitor the area after the port is in operation
or until it can be shown t-hat the port has no effect on the surrounding
environment. Pollution control and oil spill clean-up equipment will be
maintained at the fac'ility. Occasional minor oil spills are expected to
occur which will be adequately cleaned using the equipment on site. If a
severe oil spill would be associated with the superport,' it would have
severe impacts on the Gulf Coast, Caminada Bay and Barataria Bay.
Arrangements must be made by LOOP, Inc. for the control of major oil
spills.

111-3

This petroleum port is expected to greatly increase supplies of
crude oil for processing by the refineries of Jefferson Parish, as well
as the rest of Louisiana. Existing refineries and support industries can
be expected to expand, creating new jobs and accelerating growth in the
parish.

C. Airports

1. New Orleans International Airport

Between 1950 and 1970, there was a 1,000-percent increase in
enplaned passengers serviced at the New Orleans International Airport.
To meet these ever increasing needs, expansion plans for the New Orleans
International Airport include an extension of the east-west r "nway into
St. Charles Parish. This extension will also allow for fully-loaded
take-offs for long haul transport.

2. Westwego Airport

Because of increased activity at Westwego Airport, the Federal.
Aviation Administration and the Louisiana Department of Transportation
and Development, Office of Aviation, determined that the facility should
be improved, however, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency have not agreed to sanction this
improvement.

1. lecreational Areas

1. Jean Lafitte National Historical Park

The 8,600-acre Jean Lafitte National Historical Park is wholly
located in the southern half of the Bayou Segnette Management Unit. A
12,000-acre "park protection zone", immediately north of the park, encom-
passes most of the remainder of the management unit. Although the
national park will obviously overshadow all future development in the
unit, it does not automatically assure the future environmental integ-
rity of this area.' The facilities for the park are currently being
built.

2. Bayou Segnettte Park and Marina

This park is located at the headwaters of Bayou Segnette a t
Lapalco Boulevard. Facilities are expected to include a golf course,
riding stables, picnic areas, a pavillion, a skeet range, nature areas,
tennis courts, a football field, a baseball diamond, a cultural center,
and a marina.

111-4

3. Jefferson Li near Park

Jefferson Parish has developed a linear park along the Lake
Pontchartrain levee. The park includes bicycle, pedestrian and bridal
pathways; picnic areas; fishing piers and boat launches.

4. Bucktown Marina

This marina will be located on Lake Pontchartrain at the Metairie
Relief Outfall (17th Street) Canal. Plans include a breakwater, dock
and piers to moor recreational and fishing vessels, dry boat storage
areas, and a fishing pier/observatio.n area.

5. Lafreniere Park

This park consists of 155 acres located near the intersection
of David Drive and West Napoleon Avenue, at the site of the'Old Jefferson
Downs Race Track. The park provides facilities for boating, cycling,
tennis, football, baseball, picnicing and other recreational activities.

6. Grand Isle State Park

The state park consists of 140 acres on the east end of Grand
Isle and additional acreage on the west end. Facilities are included
for seashore recreational opportunities such as swimming, boating,
fishing, picnicing, and camping.

ML- E. Utility Expansions and Improvements
W
1. Waterford III Electrical Plant

Although the Waterford Plant is located in St. Charles Parish,
a 500 KV and a 230 KV aerial electrical transmission line will be
installed and maintained across Cousins Canal, Bayou Verret and an unnamed
waterway. The levees will extend primarily through wetlands. from the
Waterford Substation in the Town of Taft, St. Charles Parish, to the
Churchill Switching Station near the City of Westwego, Jefferson Parish.

2. Marrero-Lafitte Waterline

1W
The Marrero-Lafitte Waterline extends south from.Lapalco Boulevard
in Marrero to Lafitte, decreasing in diameter from 36 inches to 12 inches.
The new waterline will provide adequate water supply for existing and
commercial water use and adequate water flow for fire protection.

111-5

3. Wastewater Treatment Facilities Plan

Studies to improve the wastewater treatment facilities on the
east and west banks have been prepared according to U. S.. Environmental
Protection Agency guidelines for facilities plans and their corresponding
environmental impact statements under the 201 planning process. Improved
sewerage treatment facilities,will provide a higher quality of effluent
which will retard further degradation of the. wetlands and Lake
Pontchartrain.

4. Water Quality Management Plan.

A 208 Water Quality Management Plan has been completed for
Louisiana. Jefferson Parish lies partly within the Pontchartrain Basin
and partly within the Barataria Basin. Detailed plans for both basins
have also been completed.

5. Drainage Improvements and Consolidation Plan for the West Bank

Jefferson Parish has a "Comprehensive Sewerage and Drainage Ordi-
nance (No. 13127)" which meets all U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
standards regarding federally funded sewerage treatment facilities. The
ordinance regulates by restricting quantity and quality of all discharges
into the sewerage and drainage systems of Jefferson Parish. This ordi-
nance is enforced by the Environmental and Development Control.Department
and the Department of Public Utilities.

6. 1 S. Highway 90 Improvements.

U. S. Highway 90 on the West Bank is currently undergoing exten-
sive improvements. Because this east-west artery already serves as a
major transportation corridor on the West Bank, improvements to it will
not increase the already maximum usage of the artery.

7@ Solid Waste Management Program

Extensive efforts and cooperation are being exercised towards
developing and maintaining an effective and efficient Solid Waste Manage-
ment Program for Jefferson Parish. Landfills currently operating. in
Jefferson Parish and their permit status are as follows:

Kelvin Tract Landfill, a fully permitted public facility
located north of U. S. 90 near the St. Char les-Jef f erson Parish line in
the Avondale Management Unit

0 Jefferson Disposal Landfill, a private facility with an
interim permit. It is located north of U. S. 90 and West of the Kelvin
Tract Landfill in the Avondale Management Unit.

111-6

SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, TRENDS AND NEEDS
OF JEFFERSON PARISH

A. Population Characteristics

The population of Jefferson Parish has shown a steady increase
over the last 100 years from a mere 12,166 persons in 1880 to about
454,592 persons in 1980. In the last ten years, the population of the
parish has increased by 34.4 percent (U.*S. Department of Commerce, 1981).
The parish has six incorporated areas: the cities of Gretna and
Westwego and the Towns of Jean Lafitte and Grand Isle on the west bank;
the cities of Kenner and Harahan on the east bank. All six areas have
shown population increases and are expected to continue to grow in popu-
lation throughoilt the 1980s.

The Bureau of the Census populations for the cities and towns in
Jefferson Parish9 as of 1980 (U. S. Department of Commerce, 1981), are as
follows:

Avondale, 6,699; Barataria, 1,123; Estelle, 12,724;
Grand Isle, 1,982; Gretna, 20,615; Harahan, 11,384;
Harvey, 22,709; Jean Lafitte, 936; Jefferson, 15,550;
Kenner, 66,382; Lafitte, 1,312; Marrero, 36548; River
Ridge, 17,140; Terrytown, 23,548; Timberlane, 11,579;
Waggaman, 9,004 and Westwego, 12,663.

Additional detailed population characteristics for Jefferson
Parish are given in Table IV-1.

A majority of the people in Jefferson Parish live on the East
Bank in Harahan, Jefferson, Kenner, Metairie and River Ridge. The parish
seat, Gretna, is located on the West Bank, as are the localities of Avon-
dale, Barataria, Bridge City, Crown Point, Estelle, Grand Isle, Harvey,
Lafitte, Marrero, Terrytown, Timberlane, Waggaman, Nine Mile Point and
Westwego.

Much of West Jefferson is under water and the parish, as a
whole, has a land area of only 347 square miles of a total of nearly 700
square miles. Using the 1980 census figures, this represents about
1,310.1 persons per square mile of land area.

IV-1

Table IV-1
Population Characteristics of Jefferson Parish

Population and Area 1950 -1960 1970 1980

Total Population 103,873 208,769 338,229 454,592
Rank among 64 parishes 4 4 2 -
Land area (square miles) 409 409 369 347
Population per square
mile 254.0 510.4 916.6 1,310.1

Population by Ward 1950 1960 1970 1980

Ward 1 6,455 9,900 24,732 32,013
Ward 2 3,090 4,582 8,013 16,675
Ward 3 8,292 14,540 21,044 27,075
Ward 4 26,940 38,799 51,064 73,844
Ward 5 1,161 1,700 14,297 23,890
Ward 6 3,938 4,216 4,403 4,480
Ward 7 16,209 19,488 17,347 15,550
Ward 8 27,067 55,172 87,453 72,079
Ward 9 10,721 51,399 78,339 114,258
Ward 10 - 6,891 29,293 72,735
Ward 11 21,082 2,244 11,993

Urban-Rural Total Rural Population Urban % %
Population Population Farm Nonfarm Population Rural Urban

1950
Parish 103,873 951 10,707 92,215 11.2 88.8
State 2,683,516 567,455 644,365 1,471,696 45.2 54.8
1960
Parish 208,769 268 12,043 196,458 5.9 94.1
State 3,257,022 233,138 963,278 2,060,606 36.7 63.3
1970*
Parish 338,229 43 13,793 323,507 4.2 95.8
State** 3,643,180 113,757 1,118,627 2,406,150 33.9 66.1

*Ionfarm and farm totals based on sampling only; may not add to total
population.
**Corrected total of +1,874 persons not broken down by urban-rural.

Source: Public Affairs Research Council of Louisiana, Inc., 1973 and
U. S. Department of Commerce, 1981.

IV-2

B. Economic Characteristics

Jefferson's inclusion in the port of New Orleans, the Harvey
Canal Industrial Complex, an abundance of natural resources, and a great
diversity in economic activity have all contributed to the income in Jef-
ferson Parish, which is comparable to that of other areas with similar
living costs. As a result, the parish not only ranked first in per
capita income among Louisiana parishes in 1975, but it was also the only
parish to exceed the national average per capita income of $5,902.00 for
that year. In 1977, Jefferson's per capita income increased to $6,960.00.
Current trends in income and employment reflect the continuing growth and
growing complexity of the area's economy.

The diversity of economic activity in Jefferson Parish reflects
the variety of resources in the area, a variety conducive not only to
economic development, but also to economic-environmental conflict. The
diverse economic activities of the region include commercial fishing and
trapping, recreational hunting and fishing, manufacturing, and oil and
gas production and processing, as well as the usual retailing of goods
and services found in urban and suburban centers.

Throughout its history, Louisiana's pre-eminance in the fishing
industry is directly attributable to Louisiana having the most extensive
marsh and estuarine region in the world, including one-fourth of the
total estuarine acreage in the United States. Four of the top six com-
mercial fishing ports in the United States, in terms of total fish
weight, are located along the Louisiana coast. Commercial landings in
Louisiana in 1978 totaled nearly 1.68 billion pounds that year. In 1981,
although the catch was lower, it also amounted to almost one-fourth of
all fish caught by U. S. fishermen (Thompson, 1982).

Today, fishing continues to be a vital factor in Jefferson
Parish's economy and culture. In 1977, fisheries landings for Jefferson
Parish amounted to over $1.75 million (Table IV-2). In 1981, the commer-
cial fishery landing in Jefferson Parish for the Lafitte-Barataria and
Grand Isle areas alone was 21.8 million pounds valued at $28.6 million
(Thompson, 1982). If, however, Jefferson Parish continues to lose
wetlands vital as nursery and fishing grounds, the parish will soon begin
to experience a serious decline in commercial and recreational fisheries.

Louisiana trappers enjoyed a productive season in 1976-77, tak-
ing a record of 3.25-million pelts worth over $24 million. Economically,
the most important furbearers in Louisiana are nutria and muskrat. Over
1.5 million nutria pelts were taken in 1976-77 and 740,000 muskrat pelts
were sold. In addition, the meat of those two animals was sold to supply
pet food and fertilizer producers. The future of the fur industry, how-
ever, is now threatened by urbanization from the north and saltwater
intrusion from the south. Unless Various programs are implemented to
mitigate the rapid destruction of freshwater habitats, the fur industry
will suffer a serious decline.

IV-3

Table IV-2
1977 Fisheries Landings for
Jefferson Parish

Species* Pounds Dollar Value**

Catfish 49,417 17,864
Croaker 108,160 16,103
Drum, Black 40,040 5,190
Drum,'Red 7431770 25,688
Flounder 39,840 13,360
King Whiting 17,933 2,166
Catfish (Saltwater) 13,226 1,707
Trout, Speckled 573,982 29,390
Trout, White 12V840 1,618
Sheepshead (Saltwater) 10,989 1,074-
Spanish Mackerel 1,679 724
Shrimp 19,961,230 15,901,339
Oysters (Private, Spring) 391v353 391,204
Oysters (Private, Fall) 139,863 186v797
Sawfish 9,009 450
Snapper, Red 1,299 784
Mullet 1,387 136
Crabs (Hard) 2,329v491 521v980
Crabs (Soft) 152v985 382v559
Sharks 200 12
Tripletail 454 45
Pompano 136 127
Total 23v414,233 $17,,5-0-0-,3-17

Note: *Menhaden landings were not available.

**Lafitte-Barataria landings accounted for $13 million.

Source: Computed from National Marine Fisheries Service's Raw
Data Sheets.

IV-4

Manufacturing has become a vital part of the parish's economy
with ship building constituting a major portion of the area's manufactur
ing industry. This activity ranges from small fishing boats built along
the Barataria Waterway to the large ocean-going vessels constructed at
Avondale Shipyards.

The oil and gas industry has grown rapidly in recent years due
to increased offshore activity. Recent statistics from the Louisiana
Department of Employment Security show that the oil and gas industry has
had an -average annual 2.0 percent increase in the number of total jobs
generated since 1970. Oil and gas activities have substantially increased
population and employment within the parish. Between 1967 and 1974,
Outer Continental Shelf employment almost quadrupled and the relative
population nearly tripled.

Detailed income and employment characteristics for Jefferson
Parish are given in Tables IV-3 and IV-4, respectively. Information on
state severance tax collections for Jefferson Parish and assessment data
are given in Table IV-5.

C. Land Use Trends

According to projected expansions of major land developments,
Jefferson Parish may expect a very substantial growth through 1985.
Residential growth is expected to consume the greatest portion of the
estimated acreage needed. The West Bank of the parish is the most likely
area for this development. There are approximately 7,000 acres of land
in this vicinity. Most of this land is in the upper portion of the
parish near the St. Charles boundary. The remainder is scattered
throughout the southern portion of the parish. Commercial and service
activities are expected to require 1,400 acres for expansion by 1985.
Approximately 500 acres of development can conservatively be projected
for the West Bank. On the East Bank, most of the commercial and service
activities will probably locate in the recently opened area between Air-
line and Jefferson Highways known as the Elmwood Development. Although
no specific projections have been made on industrial growth, it is likely
that it would occur along the corridors on both sides of the river.
Transportation, communications and utilities will consume additional
acreage in order to accommodate the residential expansions.

The East Bank of Jefferson Parish is mostly developed and essen-
tially unable to absorb large population increases * By 1985, prime
developable land on the West Bank will be scarce. Consequently, all
these expanding uses of the coastal zone for industrial and commercial
development, water resources development, recreation, tourism, urbaniza-
tion and transportation will create conflicts among the many different
uses of the parish's wetlands. It is the purpose of coastal zone manage-
ment to establish the guidelines to resolve these conflicts and to assure
the compatibility of multiple uses in the coastal zone.

IV-5

Table IV- 3
Income Characteristics of Jefferson Parish

Families at Vari ous 1959 1969
Income Levels Number % of Total Number % of Total
All families 50,966 100.0 84,099 100.0
Under $1,000 1,575 3.1 1,951 2.3
$1,000-$1,999 2,779 5.5 1,978 2.4
$2,000-$2,999 3,539 7.0 2,515 3.0
$3,000-$3,999 4,804 9.4 2,825 3.4
$4,000-$4,999 5,620 11.0 3,332 4.0
$5,000-$5,999 6,795 13.3 4,002 4.7
$6,000-$6,999 6,082 11.9 4,661 5.5
$7,000-$9,999 11,938 23.4 19,249 22.9
$10,000 and over 7,834 15.4 43,586 51.8
Income not reported -- - -- -
Below poverty level Not Available 7,176 8.5

*The U. S. Bureau of the Census established the poverty level for all families at $3,388 annually.

Percent of Families With Percent of Total Percent of Total
Incomes Under $3,000 Under $3,000 $10,000 and Over
and $10,000 and Over 1959 1969 1959 1969
Parish 15.5 7.7 15.4 51.8
Louisiana 35.6 18.9 9.9 33.6
United States 21.4 10.3 15.1 47.3

Median Income 1959 1969
Amount Rank** Amount Rank**

Families
Parish $ 6,061 1 $10,235 1
Louisiana 4,272 41 7,530 43
United States 5,660 9,590

"Parish-ranked among other parishes; Louisiana ranked among the other states.

Median Earnings of Selected
Occupation Groups 1959 1969
Male, total with earnings $5,083 $8,259
Prof., mgrs., & kindred 7,052 11,041
Craftsmen, foremen & kindred 5,389 8,479
Operatives & kindred 4,314 6,990
Laborers, except farm 2,465 4,347
Female, total with earnings $2,063 $3,658
Clerical & kindred 2,847 4,156
Operatives, including transport 11675 3,116

Source: Public Affairs Research Council of Louisiana, Inc., 1973.

IV-6

Table IV- 4
Employmen t Characteristics for Jefferson Parish,

Employed by 1950 1960 1970
major Industry Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total 35,528 100.0 69,322 100.0 122,345 100.0
Agriculture, forestry
& fisheries 1,001 2.8 850 1.2 1,129 0.9
Mining 1,017 2.9 2,956 4.3 4,810 3.9
Construction 3,054 8.6 6,322 9.1 10,608 8.7
Manufacturing 8,765 24.7 14,587 21.0 19,323 15.8
Furni ture * 732 395 325
Primary and fab-
ricated metal 706 1,605 2,830
Machinery 199 666 870
Elec. machinery 45 267 299
Motor vehicles 27 52 0
Transport equip. 709 1,667 4,841
Other durables 257 1,243 1,995
Food & kindred 1,742 2,904 2,606
Textile mill and
apparel 574 452 684
Printing, publishing 335 671 1,033
Chemical 565 1,367 1,546
Other nondurable 2,841 3,298 2,294
Railroad 1,310 3.7 1,572 2.3 1,587 1.3
Trucking service 442 1.2 1,113 1.6 1,695 1.4
Other transport. 2,187 6.2 3,438 5.0 5,667 4.6
Communications 523 1.5 1,170 1.7 2,321 1.9
Utilities & sanitary 678 1. 9 1,219 1.8 2,961 2.4
Wholesale trade 1,995 5.6 3,896 5.6 9,270 7.6
Food & dairy 1,332 3.7 2,075 3.0 3,719 3.0
Eating & drinking 1,439 4.1 2,141 3.1 3,530 2.9
Other retail 3,181 8.9 7,188 10.4 6,339 5.2
Finance, ins. & real est. 1,096 3.1 3,556 5.1 4,957 4.1
Business and repair
service 924 2.6 2,111 3.1 4,819 3.9
Private households 951 2.7 1,953 2.8 1,139 0.9
Other personal service 860 2.4 1,805 2.6 3,745 3.1
Entertainment 745 2.1 569 0.8 1,206 1.0
Hospitals 983 2.8 1,723 2.5 4,012 3.3
Education 829 2.3 2,810 4.0 7,528 6.2
Other prof. service 412 1.2 2,165 3.1 3,528 2.9
Public administration 1,399 3.9 3,011 4.3 5,797 4.7
Other 405 1.1 1,092 1.6 12,655 10.3

-includes lumber wid wood products.

Class of Employed Worker 1960 1970
In Labor Force Number Percent Number Percent
Employed in agriculture: 346 100.0 787 100.0
Wage & salary workers 122 35.3 517 65.7
Government workers 0 0
Self-employed workers 208 60.1 266 33.8
Unpaid family workers 16 4.6 4 0.5
Employed in nonagri-
cultural industries: 68,976 100.0 121,558 100.0
Wage & salary workers 55,227 80.1 97,874 80.5
Government workers 6,909 10.0 15,828 13.0
Self-employed workers 6,582 9.5 7,454 6.1
Unpaid family workers 258 0.4 402 0.4

IV-7 . . . Continued

Table IV-4 (continued)
Employment Characteristics for Jefferson Parish

Employment Status 1960 1970
Male Female Male Female
Total pop. (all ages) 103,519 105,250 165,499 172,069
Persons 16 and over* 63,925 67,742 103,923 112,766
In labor force" 52,764 19,894 .85,201 41,847
Employed 50,402 18,920 82,441 39,904
Unemployed 2,362 974 2,760 1,943
Not in labor force 11,161 47,848 17,970 70,899
In school 5,520 5,822 7,042 8,002
Inmates of institutions 135 66 336 221
65 and over 2,589 4,508 4,930 8,896
Other 2,917 37,452 5,662 53,780
*1960 census reported on persons 14 and over.
**Excludes military personnel.

Major Occupation Group 1950 1960 1970
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Total 27,225 8,303 50,402 18,920 82,441 39,904
Prof., tech. & kindred 1,971 959 5,374 2,569 12,210 6,997
Farmers & farm mgrs. 179 10 114 8 135 10
Mgrs., officials & props. 3,828 488 8,204 955 11,856 1,773
Clerical & kindred 2,312 2,517 4,376 6,760 7,617 17,354
Sales workers 1,736 788 3,943 1,977 7,584 3,580
Craftsmen, foremen &
kindred 5,704 80 11,044 140 19,454 534
Operatives & kindred 5,440 1,257 9,236 1,492 8,649 1,704
Private household. 36 828 56 1,780 49 1,248
Service workers except
private household 1,474 1,091 2,414 2,560 4,887 6,146
Farm laborers 155 18 54 16 163 39
Laborers 4,142 143 4,517 128 5,110 423
Other 248 124 1,070 535 4,727 96

Source: Public Affairs Research Council of Louisiana, Inc., 1973.

I V- 81

Table IV-5
State Severance Tax Collections and Assessment
Data for Jefferson Parish

STATE SEVERANCE TAX COLLECTIONS WITHIN PARISH

Fiscal Year Total Amount Percent Oil Percent Gas Percent Other

1966-67 $4,743,409 80.2 17.0 2.8
1967-68 5,597,972 82.5 14.8 2.7
1968-69 5,677,135 82.1 15.9 2.0
1969-70 5,370,402 80.4 17.6 2.0
1970-71 5,546,160 77.4 20.0 2.6

ASSESSMENT DATA

Year Total Assessed Value of Parish Percent Increase Over Previous Year
1961 $155,674,331 6.1
1962 164,314,724 5.6
1963 173,815,645 5.8
1964 188,776,97 5 8.6
1965 212,024,960 12.3
1966 248,362,163 17.1
1967 288,651,693 16.2
1968 289,246,636 0.2
1969 296,114,657 2.4
1970 319,732,683 8.0
1971 341,126,732 6.7
Overall increase 1961-71: S 185,452,401 119.1

Source: Public Affairs Research Council of Louisiana, Inc., 1973.

IV-9

D. Management Unit Populations and Land Use Trends

Population and land use' trends for each management unit are
given in Section II.

E. Projected Plans of Local, State and Federal Agencies
which will affect Future Land Use in Jeffers'on Parish.

The projected plans of local, state and federal agencies which
are likely to have the greatest impact on the future land use of Jeffer-
son Parish include various pumping stations, levee alignments and a
national park as shown in Figure IV-1.

Prohibited Service Area. By the passage of Resolution No.
37936 dated 24 October 1979, J son Parish agreed that it would not
provide water service from the Marrero-Lafitte Waterline to an EPA -
established "prohibited service area" (Figure IV-1) without prior
approval of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency in order to control development in adjacent wetlands.

The prohibited service area is that area west of the West Bank
Hurricane Protection Levee line as proposed by the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers to Jefferson Parish by letter of 17 September 1979. The levee
runs from the intersection of the West Bank Expressway and Bayou
Segnette, then approximately meandering south and east, outside the
Westwego Airport, easterly to and along the Millaudon Canal, westerly to
the proposed Jefferson Parish Ames pump station, around the Oak Cove
subdivision, then southeasterly paralleling and west of Louisiana Highway
45, to that highway's intersection with the V-levee, along the V-levee
southeasterly to a point approximately 0.3 miles above the point of the
V-levee, then southerly to the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (Bayou
Barataria) along the right-of-way of the Jean Lafitte National Park, all
as more specifically described in the 17 September 1979 Corps proposal to
Jefferson Parish.

The prohibited service area also includes that area north and
east of a line beginning at the intersection of Bayou des Familles and
Bayou Barataria east of Crown Point, then following Bayou des Familles
north and west to the right-of-way of the new Louisiana Highway 45, then
north to the V-levee, then east and north around and along the V-levee to
the Estelle Pump Station, then east along a canal to Bayou Barataria.

This prohibited service area is contingent upon the final
location of the proposed hurricane protection levee, the final decisions
concerning the blockage of Bayou des Familles and Bayou Aux Carpes at or
above their intersection with Bayou Barataria, and the installation of a
pump station at Bayou Ba@ataria. In the event that the hurricane protec-
tion levee, which is finally implemented, is different from that des-
MW cribed herein (Figure IV-3) Jefferson Parish should renegotiate the pro-
hibited service area with the Corps and EPA.

NEW

IV-10

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FIGURE IV-1
Prohibi'ted Service Area
Scale 1:62,500
&.d.L. -A'

I V- I I

Jean Laf i tte National Historical Park. Provisions for
implementing the development of this park are provided in Public Law
95-625. The park consists of an 8,600-acre "core area" and is buffered
on the north by a 12,000-acre "park protection zone" (Figure IV-2).

Jeffe-rson Parish and the National Park Service are developing
"Guidelines for Development and Use of Properties in the Park Protection
Zone of the Barataria Unit - Jean Lafitte National Historical Park".
Once those guidelines are adopted by the Jefferson Parish Council, they
will provide an important management tool for that area.

9 West Bank Hurricane Protection Levee. This project was
authorized by Jefferson Parish Resolution No. 39601. A Section 10 and
Section 404 permit application to construct a hurricane protection levee
(Figure IV-3) was filed with the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers in
October, 1980. A Coastal Use Permit application was also filed with
the Coastal Management Section of' the Louisiana Department of Natural
Resources. Several alternative alignments were proposed. In July,
1981, the intent to prepare a draft environmental impact statement (EIS)
for the levee was published in the Federal Register.

According to the EIS Scoping Document dated 13 August 1981,
the Jefferson Parish Council proposed to construct a hurricane protection
levee which would extend from the intersection of Bayou Segnette and
the West Bank Expressway, variously south and eastward to the Ames Pumping
Station which is now being relocated at the southern end of the Outfall
Canal. On the other side of the Millaudon Canal, it would connect with
the existing partially-completed levee surrounding the site owned by
the Bayou des Familles Development Corporation. The proposed levee
would follow this alignment southwest, southeast, and then southward
to its intersection with the boundaries of the Jean Lafitte National
Historical Park. At this point, it would follow the northeastern edge
of that boundary southeastward to join with the existing V-shaped levee
system at a point slightly to the east of Louisiana Highway 45. Its
purpose is to provide protection from hurricane storm surges for the
communi ties of Westwego, Marrero, and Harvey.

The proposed levee would be approximately 62,060 feet long
and 60 feet wide. All materials would be dredged from a cut made within
the right-of-way outside of the leveed area. The right-of-way would
be cleared to allow access for levee maintenance and repair.

Control structures or floodgates would be used to allow
interchange of water between the wetlands on both sides of the levee
within the segment surrounding the Bayou des Familles Development site.

The levee would protect approximately 170,000 residents
of the West Bank of Jefferson Parish from hurricanes. The levee system
would also determine the limits of future development on the West Bank.

In 1984, the Corps offered Jefferson Parish a permit for
Alternative E (modified). The Parish did not accept the permit.

IV-12

NEW OR ANS

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PPZ Park.Protection Zone

FIGURE IV-2 Jean Lafitte Nati'onal Hi'stortcal Park

IV-13

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Figure IV-3 West Bank Hurricane Protection Levee
Scale 1:62,500

iv-i4

Growth Limit Line. On 7 March 1979, Jefferson Parish adopted
Ordinance No. 13795, which created a growth limit line south of Crown
Point. This ordinance, which became effective on 19 March 1979, was
adopted primarily as a mitigative measure to lessen the possible pertur-
bations associated with the final implementation of the Marrero-Lafitte
Waterline.

Outside the Growth Limit Line, only the following uses are
allowed (contingent upon acquisition of all appropriate federal, state
and local permits): trapping, hunting, fishing, agriculture, aquacul-
ture, animal grazing, recreational structures and oil, gas and other
mineral activities.

The Growth Limit Line begins at the intersection of the levee
south of Rosethorn Park on the west side of Fleming Canal and the south
side of Bayou Barataria, then follows southerly along the existing levee
a distance of approximately 2,405 feet, then southwesterly along the
existing levee a distance of approximately 2,695 feet, then westerly
along the existing levee a distance of approximately 1,660 feet, then
northwesterly along the existing levee a distance of approximately 1,850
feet, then southwesterly along the existing levee a distance of approxi-
mately 2,770 feet, then northwesterly along the existing levee a distance
of approximately 4,800 feet and approximately 925 feet south of Louisiana
Highway 303, then southwesterly approximately 4,430 feet and approxi-
mately 1,845 feet south of Louisiana Highway 45, then southwesterly to
the junction of the Fisher School levee at the Fleming Canal 1,014 feet
east of Louisiana Highway 45, then southeasterly along this levee a dis-
tance of 4,985 feet and approximately 1,100 feet east of Louisiana High-
way 45, then southerly approximately 1,100 feet east of Louisiana Highway
45, a distance of approximately 735 feet, then southwesterly approxi-
mately 1,290 feet and approximately 360 feet east of Louisiana Highway
45, then southeasterly along the edge of the oak ridge, which ridge is
approximately 360 feet east of Louisiana Highway 45 a distance of approx-
imately 15,510 feet to a point just' north of Goose Bayou which point is
360 feet east of Louisiana Highway 45, then easterly a distance of ap-
proximately 1,775 feet, then southerly along the existing levee which
levee varies a distance of between 2,500 feet and 4,000 feet east of the
east shore line of Bayou Barataria a distance of approximately 19,950
feet, then westerly and northerly along the existing levee on the east
side of Barataria Bay Waterway a distance of approximately 10,895 feet to
a point near the Marrero pumping station, then from a point on the west
side of Barataria Bay Waterway and the north side of Bayou Rigolettes
northerly along the existing levee which levee varies a distance of
approximately between 300 feet and 3,300 feet west of the west shore line
of Bayou Barataria, a distance of approximately 11,265 feet, then along
the existing levee around the end of a pipe line canal a distance of
approximately 1,850 feet, then northerly along the existing levee, which
levee is a distance of approximately 2,025 feet west of the west shore
line of Bayou Barataria a' distance of approximately 1,850 feet, then
easterly along the existing levee, a distance of approximately 550 feet.-

IV-15

then northerly along the existing levee, a distance of approximately
1,100'feet, then westerly along the existing levee a distance of approxi-
mately 500 feet, then northeasterly along the existing levee, which levee
varies a distance of approximately between 2,215 feet and-550 feet west
of the west shore line of Bayou Barataria, a distance of approximately
8,500 feet, then in a westerly direction along the existing levee a dis-
tance of approximately 1,850 feet, near the Pailet Canal pump, then along
the existing levee around a branch canal on the north side of the Pailet
canal a distance of approximately 2,585 feet, then northwesterly along
the existing levee, which levee is approximately 3,325 feet west of the
west shore line of Bayou Barataria, a distance of approximately 6,650
feet, then northwesterly along the existing levee a distance of approxi-
mately 2,770 feet, then northeasterly along the existing levee a distance
of approximately 2,950 feet to the end of the boundary of the Barataria-
Lafitte area.

IV-16

PROBLEMS AND ISSUES AFFECTING
JEFFERSON'S COASTAL RESOURCES

A. Diminishing Water Quality

Diminishing water quality is a widespread problem throughout the
coastal zone. It leads to the development of nuisance algal blooms, the
decline of desirable commercial and sports fishery species, and dimin-
ished recreational usefulness of water bodies. The major sources of
diminished water quality are urban runoff, domestic sewerage, and agri-
cultural runoff. Urban runoff, mixed with industrial wastes, is a sig-
nificant source of pollution from our urban areas. Impermeable paved
surfaces increase the surface runoff, allowing quicker, more direct in-
troduction of wastes from streets into the surrounding wetlands. Domes-
tic wastes are becoming an increasing problem due to inadequate treatment
and population growth. Agricultural runoff results in large quantities
of sediment erosion, chemical fertilizers, and animal wastes entering the
lakes and estuaries.

Over the past 50 years, the population in Lake Pontchartrain's
drainage basin has tripled. Consequently, many of the natural streams
and drainage canals which bring freshwater into the lake also serve as
conduits for domestic wastes and fertilizer residues rich in nutrients.
The worst area of pollutiorn is along the south shore adjacent to the
metropolitan areas. The south shore waters are characterized by high
nutrient and coliform content. Jefferson Parish once contributed approx-
imately 32% of the total nutrient load entering Lake Pontchartrain from
the greater New Orleans area (Craig and Day, 1977).

When Jefferson Parish was initially developing, wastes were
treated by individual septic tanks. In an area where the water table is
almost at the surface, canals dug to drain the growing suburban areas
became, during dr%y summer months, little more than raw sewerage conduits,
and, even during the cooler months, the condition of the canals was
deplorable. Today, most domestic wastes in the parish are collected and
treated in 21 sewerage treatment plants: 14 are on the West Bank and 7
are on the East Bank. These plants have not, however, solved the sewer-
age disposal problems in Jefferson Parish. Because of the subsidence
problems in the Parish, some-sewer lines have been broken and, thus, dis-
charge their untreated contents into the storm drainage system. Also,
because of the population growth in the parish, the sewerage treatment
plants can no longer handle the volume of sewerage produced during peak
flow periods, leaving the plant operators with no alternative, but to
release the sewerage with minimal or no treatment into the storm drainage
system.

V-1

Water Quality can be controlled, and the trend toward poorer
quality is reversible. One step towards this goal is the parish's plan-
ned treatment of domestic wastes. With grants available under Section
201 of Public Law 92-500, the parish is consolidating its wastewater
treatment facilities on both the East Bank and the West Bank. These new
facilities will solve the capacity problems faced by the present plants.
The new plants will discharge into the Mississippi River and will relieve
the current waste loads going to Lake Pontchartrain and the Barataria Bay
@Estuary. The plan also calls for the repair of broken sewer lines, which
will further improve water quality in the drainage canals.

B. Land Loss

Land loss in some parts of Jefferson Parish has been shown by
Gagliano et al. (1981) to be over one-half percent per year. Land loss
in Jeffer7s-ori--Parish and throughout the lower Barataria Basin is attri-
buted largely to natural processes associated with a deteriorating delta
mass. The problem has been further complicated by man's activities,
primarily through the modification of natural drainage patterns. By
1900, artificial flood control levees were constructed along the Missis-
sippi River and Bayou Lafourche and, in 1904, Bayou Lafourche was artifi-
cially dammed. These practices stopped virtually all riverborne sedi-
ments and freshwater from entering the Basin, where they were critically
needed for maintenance. Thus, the land building processes in this area
have stopped, while natural processes of land loss have been increased by
man's activities.

The problem of land loss in the parish can be divided into four
major categories: subsidence, saltwater intrusion, dredge and fill oper-
ations, and coastal retreat. While it is impossible to assign values to
all these components, some quantification can clarify historical trends
in land loss and yield some insights into probable causes.

A study was performed to determine the rates of land loss at 14
sample areas throughout the Barataria Basin (Adams et al., 1976). The
study showed that man's activities have affected aTT ireas within the
basin and the sample areas were classified as lightly, moderately or
heavily influenced by man. The results showed a wide range of marsh
deterioration or gain rates. Variability within and among marsh types
and the three time periods (1959-60, 1970, and 1973-74) was high. Annual
rates by percentages for each of the test sites are presented in Table
V-1.

Since there was considerable variation of land loss rates for
test sites within the same vegetation zone, the highest and lowest annual
values are presented below (percentages were converted to acres):

salt marsh, 1,262.4 to 959.3 acres/year lost;

brackish marsh, 3,872.0 to 1,299.2 acres/year lost;

44 fresh marsh, 1,376.0 to 876.8 acres/year lost;
total combined marshes, 6,510.4 to 4,135.3 acres/year lost.

V-2

TABLE V-1

Rates of Deterioration by Marsh Types within the Barataria Basin

% Annual Total Acres
Land Acres/Annual Loss or Gain
Sample Areas Loss/Gain Loss or Gain Sample Period Period

Saline Marsh

Eastern Barataria
(lightly/moderately) -0.58 -53.5 -749 1960-74
Central Barataria
(lightly/moderately) -0.31 -27.9 -391 1960-74
Western Barataria
lightly/moderately) -1.72 -12.8 -218 1960-73
Central Barataria
(heavily) 0.58 -34.7 -487 1960-74

Brackish Marsh

Eastern-Barataria
(lightly/moderately) -0.78 -75.32 -979 1961-74
Central Barataria
(lightly/moderately) -1.86 -128.00 -1,664 1961-74
Western Barataria
(lightly/moderately) -1.89 -77.16 -1,389 1956-74
Eastern Barataria
(heavily) -1.09 -44.40 -710 1958-74
Central Barataria
(heavily) -0.63 -60.10 -781 1961-74

Intermediate Marsh

Eastern Barataria
(lightly/moderately) -0.56 -89.2 -1,043 1961-74
Western Barataria
(lightly/moderately) -0.57 -41.6 -499 1962-74
Central Barataria
(heavily) -0.45 -48.2 -627 1961-74

Fresh Marsh

Western Barataria
(lightly/moderately) -1.01 -85.9 -1,031 1961-74
Central Barataria
(heavily) +0.19 +10.0 +90 1965-74

Note: These rates apply only to those years for which data were analyzed.

Source: Adams et al., 1976.

V-3

The. long term land loss computations (1890-1960) presented by
Gag I i ano and van Beek (1970) were digitized by vegetation and management
unit for comparison with the short-term rates presented above. They
indicated changes as fo,llows:

salt marsh, 818 acres/year lost;
brackish marsh, 901 acres/year lost;
fresh marsh, 188 acres/year lost; and
total combined marsh, 1,907 acres/year.

These figures indicated an increasing erosion rate ranging from
150 percent to over 300 percent, depending on whether the conservative or
highest figures from the short-term study are used. This increased ero-
sion rate is expected because of the geologic processes associated with
deterioration of the delta mass that forms the framework for this basin.

Although the Mississippi River plays an indirect role in the
conditions existing within the Barataria Basin, the river's disassocia-
tion is the dominant factor affecting the basin's marshes. Leveeing the
river contained the freshwater and stopped the natural silt build-up
which historically replenished the marshes. It is now essential that the
impacts of various natural processes and man's activities be understood,
in order, to effectively formulate management practices that will allow
for the multiple use of our wetland resources while minimizing adverse
impacts.

C. Land Subsidence

Subsidence is one of the most critical problems in the coastal
zone. Combined with wave attack and loss of river-borne sediment supply,
it constitutes the primary cause of severe land loss in the marshlands
and landward retreat of the coastline. With the exception of mud lump
emergence near major passes to the mouth of the Mississippi River and
some possible salt-dome displacement, all natural vertical movement in
the region is associated with subsidence processes. The causes of sub-
sidence are highly complex; some of the factors that contribute to the
lowering of the land surface relative to sea level follow:

Global sea level has generally risen throughout the present
geologic period. The present estimate is 0.32 feet per century.

e Down warping of the coast has been caused by sedimentary
loading. The greatest down warping along Louisiana's coast has occurred
beneath the present birdfoot delta of the Mississippi, where as much as
1,000 feet of sediment have accumulated.

* There are several dewatering processes that cause soil con-
sumption including the following:

V-4

0 Consolidation of underlying sediments can be caused by
the weight of surface features such as natural levees, beaches, artifi-
cial levees (particularly when they are built over weak compressible
foundations), buildings, land fills, and other similar structures.

Artificial lowering of the water table through "reclama-
tion" practices that employ diking, water control structures, and drain-
age of lands for agriculture and flood protection have resulted in
subsidence.

Although extraction of minerals, hydrocarbons and water
from salt domes and other subterranean reservoirs is known to have re-
sulted in subsidence, there has been little research in coastal Louisiana
relating extractive processes to subsidence. It is noteworthy that the
Lafitte and Perot Oil and Gas Fields, two of the largest in the Basin,
are centered over one of the worst subsidence areas that forms a distinct
band between the two fields. Such observations indicate that a better
understanding of the relationships between extraction and subsidence in
southeast Louisiana is necessary.

0 Inadequate construction techniques in areas with high
subsidence potential have caused severe problems locally. Homes have
exploded after foundation subsidence ruptured gas lines and allowed
pockets of natural gas to collect under slabs.

@ Other phenomena and activities that contribute to subsi-
dence through dewatering include extended drought periods, oxidation and
hydration, wind erosion, marsh burning, and marsh buggies, which compact
underlying material leaving permanent scars.

The interrelated complexity of the subsidence problem makes
estimating rates of subsidence extremely difficult. In Jefferson Parish,
in any given locality, all of the above subsidence processes may occur
simultaneously or in various combinations. In addition, sediment texture
and composition vary greatly from place to place and each type responds
differently to loading. Because of the complexity and severity of the
problem, subsidence potential should be considered with any management
plans.

D. Saltwater Intrusion

The following account is based on Adams et al. (1976) and Van.
Sickle et al. (1976). The rapid intrusion of saltw-ater-into estuaries of
the Bai-ataria Basin is one of man's greatest environmental impacts. By
leveeing the Mississippi River and damming Bayou Lafourche,- the Basin's
two major sources of freshwater were removed, leaving precipitation as
the only major source of freshwater for the area. Without these two
major suppliers of freshwater, saltwater from the Gulf of Mexico began to
intrude into freshwater marshes and swamps.

V-5

Another major contributor to saltwater intrusion has been the
dredging of large transportation waterways such as the Gulf Intracoastal
Waterway, the Barataria Bay Waterway, and numerous oil and gas-well-
access and pipeline canals. These canals allow a faster, deeper penetra-
tion of the saltwater into previously freshwater habitats. Natural
forces such as hurricanes, storms and tidal surges also contribute to
saltwater intrusion by increasing erosion thereby widening and deepening
the passes between the barrier islands.

Although the Gulf of Mexico is the main source of saltwater,
high salinity brines, which are discharged in the production of gas and
oil and which sometimes represent 58 to 99 percent of the well products,
contribute large amounts of salt per day to our marshes.

Over the years, the advance of saltwater into freshwater areas
has been demonstrated by the inland movement of oyster beds. The optimum
salinity range for oyster production is 5 to 15 parts per thousand salt.
In the early 1900's, only the southern half of the Barataria Bay provided
this environment; salinities in the northern half of the bay were too low.
By 1947, the northern half of the bay was a reliable area for finding
young oysters and, by 1950, the northern bay oyster leases had become the
most valuable. Crabs, shrimp and other saltwater species moved further
and further inland following the advancing salinities.

The problems that occur with saltwater intrusion are complex,
causing a number of environmental chain reactions. As the freshwater
marshes and swamps are permeated with brackish water, plants that cannot
tolerate the higher salinities die. Cypress trees are a good example of
plants that have a very low salt tolerance. After freshwater plants die,
there is a lag period before the establishment of brackish water plants.
During this lag period, the rate of erosion increases, because there are
no plant roots to hold the soil together. The erosion may become so
severe that natural re-establishment by any type of plant is impossible.

The conversion from a fresh to a salt marsh can be felt not only
environmentally, but economically as well. A good example is the basin's
declining fur industry. Most of the fur-bearing species depend upon
freshwater habitats and must leave the area as the habitat becomes brack-
ish. Sports hunting and fishing have also been hurt by a decline in
freshwater fish and waterfowl. Commercial fishing may be hurt in the
future because the oyster, shrimp and blue crab populations are being
pushed farther north into the urban polluted areas of the basin and
because the nursery areas in the fresh and intermediate marshes are being
lost due to saltwater intrusion.

Studies are underway to determine possible methods to retard
saltwater intrusion. Various routes are being considered for diverting
freshwater from the Mississippi into the Barataria Basin through Lake
Cataouatche to supplement freshwater flows into the Basin. The plan,
depending on the volume of water diverted, should increase the freshwater
head into the Basin,west of the Barataria Waterway and push the northern
penetration of brackish water one-half to one mile further south.
Oysters, shrimp and blue crabs will follow the shift south.

V-6

The increased freshwater head created by freshwater diversion
projects and projects such as weirs or other structures designed to
retard saltwater intrusion, should result in a reduction of the volume of
tidally affected water in the Basin. This reduction should decrease the
volume of water that flushes in and out the bayous, dredged canals, and
barrier island passes, thereby decreasing erosion. The increase in
freshwater should also return areas to their former conditions, revital-
izing freshwater habitat and allowing the resurgence of- freshwater
species such as fur-bearing mammals and waterfowl.

E. Dredge and Fill Activities

The following account is based on Admas et al. (1976). Calcula-
tions were made of the total land loss in the Baraf-a-ria Basin resulting
from dredge and fill operations. These include canals, embankments, and
drainage projects within the Basin. Computations were also made for the
portions of Jefferson Parish outside the large urban areas. Many small
canals were excluded from the calculations due to the estimation tech-
niques used. This places the resulting figures on the conservative side.

Results of land loss for the entire Basin from canals and im-
poundment activity type are cited in Table V-2. The total land loss in
the Basin for dredge and fill activities by 1970 amounted to about 44,800
acres. The breakdown by canal type and habitat type was calculated for
Jefferson Parish and is included in Table V-3. In general, the category
including agricultural impoundments is responsible for the majority of
this impact.

Dredged material banks are by-products of most dredged canals
and can influence the deterioration/growth rates of surrounding marsh in
quite opposite ways. Dredged material banks act essentially as man-made
levees and can alter natural flow patterns. The banks may be subject to
localized subsidence, resulting in a loss of marsh on its periphery,
forming localized levee flank depressions. On the other hand, the banks
may act as stabilizing agents in an otherwise unstable marsh. These
banks can serve as barriers to flow, buffers against waves and sediment
traps.

In the brackish and saline marshes, construction of extensive
rig access canals contributes the greatest percentage of the total dredg-
ing impact. Pipeline and navigation canals represent a considerable per-
centage of the total, and, although they can show relatively low values
in areas compared to other categories, they do produce maximum impact.
If not properly planned, p*ipeline and transportation canals interrupt the
natural drainage system by more quickly, draining freshwater from the up-
per basin and directly introducing 'salt water into freshwater habitats.
These canals also cause the destruction of wetlands with the erosion of
their banks. Such canals may widen as much as two to 14 percent annual-
ly, depending on their widths; the wider the canals, the greater the rate

V-7

Table V-2

Inventory of Dredge and Fill Activity by
Habitat Type for the Barataria Basin to 1970

Habitat Type
(square miTe-s*)

CL
EF

V) co Ln

Rig Access Canals 5.29 11.68 5.20 1.08 23.24
Pipeline Canals 2.52 1.71 0.63 0.20 5.07
Oil Field Navigation
Canals 0.01 0.19 0.19 0.0 0.40
Navigation Canals 0.86 1.98 0.50 1.18 4.52
Transportation
Embankments 0.0 0.43 0.51 0.48 1.42
Agr. Drainage Canals 0.0 0.91 0.82 0.98 2.71
Agr. Impoundments 0.0 3.55 21.39 6.07 31.01
Industrial Impoundments 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.07 0.13
Urban Drainage Canals 0.0 0.39 0.11 0.07 0.56
Agr. Commodity Trnans-
portation Canals 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.02 0.04
Oil Field Embankments 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.22 0.22
Mineral Extraction
Navigation Canals 0.61 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.62
Other 0.03 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.03

Total for Habitat Type 9.38 20.87 29.35 10.37 69.97

*one square mile equals 640 acres

Source: Adams et al., 1976.

V-8

so "0 am No M so OW OW No

C) :9 C) )--. C= :I-- > C) -0 -0 ;:0
0 0 Ct to -1 U3 U3
C M =r z ::3 "1 Cr CL -5 0) -1 M 0) < C 4:31 'a (M
CD (D 0) (D -1 0) a - U3 B =3 -.0, W CD Ln (D
-1 < -5 -n 0) 0 = -0 (A -0 (-) rD 0Cr V) tO M -n C)
U) ". 0) @. = C: 0 C-f1 0 C C 0) "a 0) 0) - -.,)
LO - (D (A - a:) C -5 C - C-) - :3 0 r+ - (D = C.* 0
0) -'0 c+ -1 :3 @. = c+ 0, r+ X' I @- W - C+ (D . CD CD
C-+ M 0- 0 C 0 Cn_ 0 0- a = C a & 0 CL . (A
-5 -. X -5 -1 - ER - =-3 -1 0) -5 rD 0) C-) :E C--) (n
CL CD 0 c+ M r+ 0) = (D rD 0) - 0) :3 C+ .z :E Cl) ". 0)
tD = -S B Cu -0) = = - (A r+ 0) - = In- = C-)
E3 a 0) Cr C+ to C+ C+ (A < a- 0) C+ 0) 0)
LA 0 0) -. n (D V) V) C+ - =r - =
0) Ct :3 00 -S 0) LO -a- (n LA 0)
(D CD :3 -. 7;r M C-) 0) - 0) -
C+ 0) 0 B 0) - Ln C+ I I
(D -':3 CD C-) 0 = :3
.0 = 0) ca. 0) 1 0
C C-+ = -. @ :3
0) 0) C+ (A

M CD CD ID
c) cD cD (D c) c) c) cD cD cD cD saline
C) r") 00 W CO 0)

Brackish
C) C) C) CD C:) CD C, CD C) 00 C> CD
CO 00 kD

C:) rmediate
C:> CD CD CD CD CD CD Cn C:, CD CD @O Inte

CD
cD cD c:> cD cD r,.) c:> c:> cD cD m @P@ Fresh
C) ul W N) CD Ln

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N) CO Ln W

F- @O P P P Cn
110 CD CD C) CD N3 C:) N) cD co c:> w 4@::. @> Total
C) N) 4z- M -4 Cn W Cn CO 00

of bank erosion. Energy imparted to canal banks by boat waves leads to
significant erosion. A dredged canal can serve as an artery for water
flow and allow saline water to penetrate much more easily into marsh only
previously penetrated via overland flow at high tides or after rainfall.
The result of any dredged canal in closed marsh lands is the establish-
ment of a new erosion and dispersion system.

F. Coastal Retreat and Inlet Changes

The following account is based on Adams et al. (1976). Coastal
erosion along the front of the entire basin constft-ufe-s an additional and
severe land loss problem. Historically, a balance existed between the
natural processes of erosion and land building along the parish's coast-
line; however, with the leveeing of the Mississippi River and the result-
ing loss of river-borne sediments, the balance no longer exists. Without
this balance, several erosional processes, both natural and manmade, take
their toll.

Individual storms have caused dramatic changes in inlets, clos-
ing some completely and forming new ones by breaching existing beaches.
Improper placement of pipelines parallel to the shoreline has resulted in
accelerated coastal erosion in some localities. Groins placed along the
coast, where littoral drift constitutes an important process, interrupts
sediments destined for downdrift sections of the coast. In some cases,
this can result in local building or'at least retarding coastal erosion,
but it will also accelerate erosion in down drift areas.

Between 1932 and 1969, there was a loss of 4,515 acres due to
coastal erosion for the entire Gulf front on the Barataria Basin. The
relatively low coastal retreat rate of two feet per year between 1954 and
1969 for Grand Isle is in sharp contrast to the 17 feet per year between
1954 and 1969 for the remaining coast of Jefferson Parish, east of this
island.

Changes in the size of inlets along the parish coastline between
1932 and 1969 resulted in a total widening of more than one mile. This
increase nearly doubled the size of the passes and resulted from increased
tidal flows into the Basin which, in turn, resulted from increased vol-
umes of tidal ly-affected water in the Basin. The increased volume was
created by subsidence and canal dredging. Conseauently, the velocities
of the water flushing through the passes increased, thereby increasing
the erosion of the passes.

V-10

GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING COASTAL CONDITIONS
IN JEFFERSON PARISH
771

A. Introduction

Jefferson Parish lies in an area rich in both renewable and non-
NOW renewable resources. The Barataria Estuary is the nursery for one of the
country's most productive fisheries. The oil and gas industry continues
to play an important role in the local economy, while providing energy
for the nation. The utilization of all these resources has resulted in
the rapid growth of Jefferson Parish and has benefited the people that
live and work here. However, increased urban pressure has begun to im-
pact the wetlands.

The wetlands of Jefferson Parish are rapidly being lost. The
discharge of municipal sewerage treatment plant effluent, industrial
wastes, and urban runoff into adjacent wetlands at a rate of hundreds of
millions of gallons per day has begun to seriously effect their vital-
ity. Soil and beach erosion, subsidence and saltwater intrusion account
for the disappearance of'additional wetlands. If pollution discharge and
productive habitat loss are not soon corrected, the Barataria Estuary,
one of the largest and most productive fisheries and nurseries in North
America, will be seriously impacted.

The Parish's problems in the wetlands are all complexly inter-
related. A program designed to curb subsidence will also help curb salt-
water intrusion, erosion, and coastal retreat. Consequently, any program
to correct a particular problem in the wetlands should be designed to
enhance correction of other problems as well.

The final goal of Coastal Zone Management is to balance man's
use of the environment with the maintenance of natural ecosystems. This
goal will maintain healthy ecosystems that will support man's use of the
estuaries' renewable resources. The guidelines set forth herein should
I be followed throughout the parish in all management units, wherever rea-
sonable and practicable.

B. Urban Pollution

All areas contributing to reduced water quality such as urban
and agricultural runoff, sewerage and domestic and industrial wastes
should be investigated, and methods should be found to mitigate the
problems.

0 The implementation of Jefferson Parish's Comprehensive Sewer-
A, age and Drainage Ordinance (No. 13127) should continue with emphasis on
compliance.
M)
All solid waste dumps should be closed or upgraded according
to appropriate Louisiana Department of Natural Resources rules and
regulations.

vi-I

a The sewerage collection system should be upgraded and
repaired, where necessary, to prevent this source of pollution from
entering the drainage system.

e The sewerage treatment plants should be upgraded, consol-
idated or replaced in order to meet the future needs of our growing
parish.

9 Industrial wastes discharged into the storm drainage sys-
tem should be reduced to meet the limits that have been set on the quan-
tity and quality of the discharge. Pretreatment should be required for
all industries whose wastes are not in compliance with Parish Ordinance
No. 13127, as amended..

e Aeration systems should be introduced to improve
conditions in drainage canals.

C. Saltwater Intrusion

Various methods should be studied and programs chosen and imple-
mented to increase the volume of freshwater to our wetlands and to con-
trol saltwater intrusion into the wetlands.

Freshwater diversion from the Mississippi River into the
Barataria Basin through Lake Cataouatche should be studied as a possible
solution.

a East of the Barataria Waterway, a freshwater retention
plan should be developed to increase the freshwater head by using weirs
and other structures that would act as barriers to saltwater. intrusion
and slow the drainage of freshwater from the northern end of the Basin.

The effects of discharging into the wetlands brine wastes
produced from mineral and hydrocarbon extraction should be investigated
to determine their impact on the freshwater marshes and their inhabitants.

D. Land Use in High Subsidence Areas

There is an urgent need to develop land use policies, guide-
lines, and techniques designed to minimize man's influence upon
subsidence.

Drainage in areas with high soil subsidence potential
should be carefully considered and discouraged, because such activity can
accentua'te the subsidence problem.

Construction methods, designs and materials should be
modified to lower the subsidence potential of an area.

@ The relationship betwe en subsidence and mineral, hydro-
carbon and water extraction should be studied to determine if a
significant relationship exists.

VI-2

E. Barrier Islands and Tidal Passes

Alternate methods should be studied and programs chosen and
implemented to protect the barrier islands from erosion and to retard the
enlargement of the tidal passes.

* The hurricane protection plan developed by the U. S. Army
Corps of Engineers for the residents of Grand Isle should be implemented.

0 Stringent restrictions 'should be placed on dredging
activities on all the barrier islands.

As the volumes of tidal water that flush through the
passes decrease, as a result of the programs developed to stop saltwater
intrusion, the passes should be carefully reconstructed to reclaim the
ends of the islands that have been eroded away.

F. Dredge and Fill Activities

All future dredge and fill operations should continue to be
evaluated to determine if they can be modified in order to mitigate their
environmental damage.

The Parish Council should be notified of all proposed
dredge and fill activities within the wetlands of Jefferson Parish.

e All permit applications should continue to be reviewed by
the Jefferson Parish Environmental and Development Control Department.

9 Wherever possible, existing canals should be used as
pipeline and well access canals.

* Directional drilling should be seriously considered as an
alternative to the creation of new well access canals.

A bank stabilization program should be initiated to
develop and implement methods to arrest bank erosion along the major
transportation waterways.

a All islands, natural beaches, archaeological sites, and
chenier ridges should be protected from dredging operations.

G. Wetland Restoration

Wetland revegetation and restoration programs are needed in many
wetland areas where natural revegetation is inhibited due to rapid ero-
J& sion and subsidence.

1W The dredged material from dredging activities throughout
the parish should be considered for use as fill to restore wetlands.

VI-3

0 Areas should be selected as sites for wetland restoration.
These areas should include abandoned oil-well-access canals, heavily sub-
sided areas, and freshwater marsh areas, where saltwater has killed the
natural vegetation. *-

0 The diversion of freshwater and sediment from the
Mississippi River should be seriously considered as a possible solution
for wetland restoration.

* All filled areas should be accompanied by revegetation.

* The flow of saltwater northward into the passes should be
controlled.

H. Jean Lafitte National Historical Park

Policies and guidelines should be developed to provide
multi-use compatibility in the area of the park and to protect the area's
ecology, Development in the 12,000-acre "park protection zone"
should include only those uses which are compatible with the continued
existence of the zone as a buffer for the 8,600-acre "core area" of the
park.

Oil and gas activities in the park should be modified to
minimize environmental disturbances.

1. Areas of Preferred Residential Development

Wetlands, which are already leveed and modified, should be
developed in accordance with an overall comprehensive plan of priorities.

The modified wetlands, which have been leveed and drained for a
number of years, should be given priority for development after that land
has had sufficient time to subside and settle and is suitable for devel-
opment. Any program of priority should necessarily include close working
relationships among the Parish, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, landowners and residential developers.

Residential subdivisions, which inherently have unique mainten-
ance problems, should be carefully reviewed by the appropriate Parish
departments prior to approval. These problems include subsidence, sewer-
age, and the discharge of wastewater from any sewerage treatment plants
and drainage canals.

VI-4

J. Areas' of Preferred Industrial Development

Any program of preferred land development for industrial uses
should include close working relationships among Jefferson Parish, the
municipalities, the Coastal Management Section of the Louisiana
Department of Natural Resources, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, landowners and developers.
Further industrial development should be concentrated within similar
existing industrial areas and within already modified wetlands allowing
for the special reouirements and locations needed by certain industries,
rather than allowing the modification of existing wetlands for this
purpose.

K. Erosion

Funds should be sought to study prime areas of erosion and the
feasibility of using various dressing prevention technioues including
riprap to alleviate the erosion problems along the major waterways.

Priority Issues

All the items or issues listed in this section are considered to
be of major importance in the management practices recommended for the
protection and enhancement of Jefferson Parish's coastal resources. How-
ever, some items or issues which present a more urgent problem or which
impact a greater geographical area or a greater number of people are
given higher priority. A listing of those issues follows:

* Urban pollution

* Saltwater intrusion

4 Erosion of barrier islands, tidal passes and the
Barataria Bay shoreline

e Expeditious implementation of all Federal programs

M. Goals for Managing the Individual Management Units

See Section II for a discussion of goals for managing the
coastal resources of the individual management units.

VI-5

PROCEDURES AND AUTHORITIES TO REGULATE
USES OF COASTAL CONCERN IN JEFFERSON PARISH

A. Introduction

The State and Local Coastal Resources Management Act of 1978
(Act 361) established the Louisiana Coastal Zone Management Program,
which allowed for a coastal use permitting system to be created at both
the state and the parish levels of government. The uses within the
coastal zone, which will be subject to the coastal use permitting pro-
gram, shall be either uses of state concern or uses of local concern.

B. Uses of Local Concern Listed in Act 361

Uses of local concern are those uses which directly and signif-
icantly affect coastal waters and are in need of coastal management, but
are not uses of state concern and which should be regulated primarily at
local levels, if the local government has an approved program. Uses of
local concern include, but are not limited to:

Privately funded uses which are not uses of state concern.

Publicly funded projects which are not uses of state
concern. * Maintenance of uses of local concern.

s Jetties or breakwaters.

* Dredge or fill projects not intersecting more than one
water body. 9 Bulkheads.

e Piers.

* Camps and cattlewalks.

* Maintenance dredging.

Pri vate water control structures of less than $15,000 in
cost.

a Uses on cheniers, salt domes, or similar land forms.

VII-1

Uses which will not reauire a local coastal use permit include:

9 Uses occurring wholly on lands five feet above mean sea
level, except when it is found that the particular use would have direct
and significant impacts on coastal waters.

* Uses occurring within fast lands, except when it is found
that the particular use would have direct and significant impacts on
coastal waters.

a Agriculture, forestry and aouaculture uses on lands con-
sistently used in the past for such uses.

0 Hunting, fishing, trapping and the preservation of
scenic, historic and scientific areas and wildlife preserves.

9 Normal maintenance or repair of legally existing struc-
tures including emergency repairs of damage caused by accident, fire or
elements.

Uses within the special area established in Section
213.10(C) of Act 361 which have been permitted by the Offshore Terminal
Authority in keeping with its environmental protection plan.

9 Construction of a residence or camp. .

a Construction and modification of navigational aids such
as channel markers and anchor buoys.

Construction, maintenance,. repair or normal use of any
dwelling,, apartment complex, hotel, motel, restaurant, service station,
garage, repair shop, school, hospital, church, office building, store,
amusement park, sign, driveway, sidewalk, parking lot, fence, or utility
pole or line, when these uses occur wholly on lands five feet or more
above mean sea level or on fast lands except when it is found that the
particular activity would have direct and significant impacts on coastal
waters.

9 Uses which do not have a direct and significant impact on
coastal waters.

C. Uses of State Concern Listed in Act 361

Uses of state concern are uses which directly and significantly
affect coastal waters, which are in need of coastal management, and which
have impacts of greater than local significance or which significantly
affect interests. of regional, state or national concern. Uses of state
concern include, but are not limited to:

Ah.
VII-2

Any dredge or fill activity which intersects with more
than one water body.
bottoms. e Projects involving use of state owned lands or water

9 State publicly funded projects.

e National interest projects.

9 Projects occurring in more than one parish

9 All mineral activities, including exploration for and
production of oil, gas, and other minerals, all dredge and fill uses
associated therewith, and all other associated uses.

* All pipelines for the gathering, transportation or trans-
mission of oil, gas and other minerals.

Energy facility siting and development.

Uses of local concern which may significantly affect
interests of regional, state or national concern.

* Energy development activities, including any siting, con-
struction, or operation of generating, processing and transmission facil-
ities, pipeline facilities, and exploration for and production of oil,
natural gas and geothermal energy.

e Mining activities including surface, subsurface, and
underground mining, sand or gravel mining and shell dredging.

e Shoreline modification projects and harbor structures.

D. Uses of Local Concern That Can Become Uses of State Concern-

1. Introduction.

Whether a use of local concern becomes a use of state concern
depends upon the type of the use, the magnitude of the use and the loca-
tion of the use. Primary considerations should be given to the location
of the use, then to the type and magnitude of the use. If the parish
determines that the use, because of the type or magnitude, will result in
a significant impact of greater than local concern, then the use should
become a state concern.

VII-3

Jefferson Parish shall make the initial determination of whether
the use is of state or local concern on all applications filed with the
Parish. This determination shall be based on the criteria set forth in
this Section. The determination and a brief explanation of the rationale
behind the determination shall be forwarded to the Administrator of the
Louisiana Coastal Resources Program within two working days of receipt of
the application. The Administrator shall review the decision and ratio-
nale and concur or reverse it. If the Administrator reverses the local
decision, notice shall be given to the local government. The appropriate
permitting body for the use, as determined by the Administrator, shall
thereafter be responsible for the permit review process. The
Administrator's determination is binding unless and until reversed.

If Jefferson Parish chooses to appeal the Administrator's
reversal of the initial determination, the appeal must be filed within
fifteen (15) days of the notice of the reversal to the Parish. The
appeal shall be heard in accordance with the appeal regulations of the
Louisiana Coastal Resources Program.
Upon the filing of such an appeal, processing of the application
shall be suspended pending the decision and the thirty (30) day period
for issuance of the draft permit shall be interrupted. Jefferson Parish
shall give notice of the appeal to the applicant immediately upon filing
said appeal.

The determination shall be based on the criteria set forth
in the state's guidelines. This decision, if not appealed to the courts,
becomes binding on all parties.

Jefferson Parish will retain comment authority on all uses and
any decision must be consistent with the state program and shall repre-
sent an appropriate balance of social, environmental and economic factors.

2. Determination of State versus Local Concern.

The following shall be uses of state or local concern, unless
previously indicated otherwise in Section VII.

Dredging or filling and discharges of dredged or fill
material.

* Levee siting, construction, operation and maintenance.

* Hurricane and flood protection facilities, including the
siting, construction, operation and maintenance of such facilities.

* Urban developments, including the siting, construction or
operation of residential, commercial, industrial, and governmental struc-
tures and transportation facilities.

VII-4

0 Surface water control or consumption including marsh
management projects.

Recreational developments including siting, construction
and operation of public and private recreational facilities and marinas.

Industrial development including siting, construction, or
operation of such facilities.

Any other activities or uses that would require a permit
or other form of consent or authorization from the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency or the Louisiana
Department of Natural Resources.
and beaches. * Uses which impact barrier islands, salt domes, cheniers'

e Drainage projects.

The following factors shall be used in making a determination of
whether a use is of state or local concern.

e The specific terms of the uses as classified in Act 361.

The relationship of a proposed use to a particular use
classified in Act 361.

If a use is not predominately classified as either state
or local by the Act or the use overlaps the two classifications, it shall
be of local concern unless it:

Is being carried out with state or federal funds;

Involves the use of or has significant impacts on
state or federal lands, water bottoms or works;

Is mineral or energy production and transportation
related;

Involves the use of, or has significant impacts, on
barrier islands or beaches or any other shoreline
which forms part of the baseline for Louisiana's
offshore jurisdiction;

Will result in majo r changes in the quantity or
quality of water flow and circulation or in
salinity or sediment transport regimes; and/or

Has significant interparish or interstate impacts.

VII-5

E Uses Not Requiring Permits

Only the State Administrator, after receipt of a request and review
of a completed permit application, shall determine if a coastal use
permit is required for uses of state and local concern and a copy of
the decision shall be sent to Jefferson Parish within two days of the
date of the decision.

1. General Uses.

The following activities normally do not have direct and signif-
icant impacts on coastal waters; hence, a coastal use permit is not re-
quired, except as set forth as:

e Agricultural, forestry, and aquacultural activities on
lands consistently used in the past for such activities -

0 Hunting, fishing, trapping, and the preservation of
scenic, historic, and scientific areas and wildlife preserves

0 Normal maintenance or repair of existing structures
including emergency repairs of damage caused by accident, fire, or the
elements

# Construction of a residence or camp

e Construction and modificiation of navigational aids such
as channel markers and anchor buoys

a Uses which do not have a direct and significant impact
on coastal waters.

2. Uses on Lands Five Feet or More Above Sea Level
or Within Fastlands.

Uses occurring wholly on lands five feet or more above sea level
or within fastlands do not normally have direct and significant impacts
on coastal waters. Consequently, a coastal use permit for such uses gen-
erally need not be applied for. However, if a proposed use will result
in discharges into coastal waters, or significantly change existing water
flow into coastal waters, then the person proposing the use shall notify
the Secretary of the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources and pro-
vide such information regarding the proposed use as may be required by
the Secretary in deciding whether the use is subject to a coastal use
permit.

The Secretary shall determine whether a coastal use permit is
required for a particular use. A coastal use permit will be required
only for those elements of the activity which have direct and significant
impacts on coastal waters.

VII-6

The Secretary's decision on whether a use should require a
coastal use permit shall be appealable' pursuant to the provisions of
Act 361 ,as amended, and the regulati.ons adopted pursuant thereto.
Provided, however, that in the event of an appeal by the person conducting
or proposing to conduct the use, the burden of proof shall be on the
Secretary. In the event of an appeal by any other person, the burden
of proof shall be on the appellant.

The exemption described herein shall not refer to activities
occurring on cheniers, salt domes, barrier islands, beaches and similar
isolated, raised land forms in the coastal zone. It does refer to natu-
ral ridges and levees.

3. Emergency Uses.

Coastal use permits are not reauired in advance for conducting
uses necessary to correct emergency situations such as those brought
about by natural or man-made causes, such as storms, floods, fires,
wrecks, explosions and spills, i@hich would result in hazard to life, loss
of property, or damage to the environment, if immediate corrective action
were not taken. This exemption applies only to those corrective actions,
which are immediately reauired for the protection of lives, property or
the environment necessitated by the emergency situation.

Prior to undertaking such emergency uses, or as soon as possible
thereafter, the person carrying out the use shall notify the State
Administrator and Jefferson Parish and give a brief description of the
emergency use and the necessity for carrying it out without a coastal use
permit. As soon as possible after the emergency situation arises, any
perso 'n who has conducted an emergency use shall report on the emergency
use to Jefferson Parish or to the State Administrator. A determination
shall be made as to whether the emergency use will continue to have
direct and significant impacts on coastal waters. If so, the user shall
apply for an after-the-fact permit. The removal of any structure or
works occasioned by the emergency use may be ordered, if the permit is
denied in whole or in part.

4. Normal Maintenance and Repair.

Normal repairs and the rehabilitation, replacement or mainte-
nan.ce of legally existing structures shall not reauire a coastal use
permit provided that:

e The structure or work was lawfully in existence, cur-
rently serviceable, and in active use during the year preceding the re-
pair, replacement or maintenance;

9 The repair or maintenance does not result in an en-
croachment into a wetland area greater than that of the previous struc-
ture or work;

The repair or maintenance does not involve dredge or
fill activities; and

VII-7

The repair or maintenance does not result in a structure
or facility that is significantly different in magnitude or function from
the original.

This exemption shall not apply to the repair or maintenance of
any structure or facility built or maintained in violation of the coastal
management program. Coastal use permits will normally authorize periodic
maintenance including -maintenance dredging. All maintenance activities
authorized by coastal use permits shall be conducted pursuant to the con-
ditions established for that permit. Where maintenance is performed,
which is not described in an applicable coastal use permit, it shall con-
form to this section.

5. Construction of a Residence or Camp.

The construction of a residence or camp shall not reauire a
coastal use permit provided that the terms refer solely to structures
used for noncommercial and non-profit purposes and which are commonly
referred to as "single family" and not multiple family dwellings. The
terms shall refer solely to the construction of one such structure by or
for the owner of the land for the owner's use and not to practices
involving the building of more than one such structure as in subdividing,
tract development, speculative building, or recreational community
development.

The exemption shall apply only to the construction of the struc-
ture and appurtenances such as septic fields, out buildings, walkways,
gazebos, small wharves, landings, boathouses, private driveways, and
similar works, but not to any bulkheading or any dredging or filling
activity, except for small amounts of fill necessary for the structure
itself and for the installation and maintenance of septic or sewerage
facilities.

6. Navigational Aids.

The construction and modification of navigational aids shall not
reauire a coastal use permit. The term shall include channel markers,
buoys, marker piles, dolphins, piling, pile clusters, etc.; provided that
the exemption does not apply to associated dredge or fill uses or the
construction of mooring structures, advertising signs, platforms, or
similar structures associated with such facilities. All navigational
aids constructed pursuant to this section shall conform to the U. S.
Coast Guard Standards and reauirements.

7. Agricultural, Forestry and Aouacultural Uses.

Agricultural, forestry and aouacultural uses on lands consis-
tently used in the past for such uses shall not reauire a coastal use
permit provided that: the use is located on lands or in waters which
have been used on an ongoing basis for such purposes, consistent with
normal practices, prior to the effective date of Act 361. The use must
also be consistent with good management practices for the particular

VII-8

agricultural, forestry or aouacultural use and it must be conducted to
minimize- adverse impacts on the coastal environment. The use is not
intended to change, nor will it result in changing the agricultural,
silvicultural, or aouacultural use for which the land has been consis-
tently used.

Included in the exemption are normal agricultural, forestry and
aouacultural uses such as plowing; seeding; grazing; cultivating; insect
controlling; fence building and repairing; thinning; harvesting for the
production of food, fiber and forest products; maintaining and draining
of existing farm, stock or fish ponds; digging of small drainage ditches;
or maintaining existing drainage ditches and farm or forest roads in
accordance with good management practices.

8. Blanket Exemption.

No use shall reauire a coastal use permit if thff use was law-
fully commenced or established prior to the implementation of the coastal
use permit process; or if the State Administrator determines that it does
not have a direct or significant impact.

F. Jefferson Parish's Coastal Use Permitting Program

Jefferson Parish will permit only uses of local concern.
Permit applications for uses of either State or local concern may be
sent to the Coastal Management Division, P. 0. Box 44396, Baton Rouge,
LA 70804 or to the Jefferson Parish Clerk of Council , P. 0. Box 9,
Gretna, LA 70054. All such applications received by the State, however,
must be forwarded by the State to Jefferson Parish within two working
days of receipt by the State. The Parish reserves the right to appeal
the State Administrator's decision (whether the application is of state
or local concern) in accordance with Act 361, as amended. The parish
will comment on uses of state and national concern, when those uses
occur within or affect the parish. Permit applications for uses of
local concern will be evaluated by knowledgeable and experienced coastal
scientists of the Jefferson Parish Environmental and Development Control
Department. Their recommendations to issue or deny a permit will be
based on the compatibility of those uses with the guidelines set forth
in Section VI and the goals, guidelines and policies herein set forth
in Section II, and in the Louisiana Coastal Resources Program. In
every case, the parish shall reiain its authority as provided in this
Section. Whenever a local use permit is required, a "one window system"
will be ' established among all local and state permitting agencies in
order to reduce duplications of effort throughout the permitting system.

1. Information Required for Local Use Permit Application.

A U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 404 permit application will be
accepted in lieu of the information reauired below or until a state
coastal zone management permit form is developed. Otherwise, all appli-
cants must supply the following information: company name, mailing ad-
dress, phone number, agent responsible for maintaining contact with the
permitting body, time of year use will occur, and a detailed map indicat-
ing the location of the proposed use.

VII-9

a. Dredging, Excavation and Pipeline Uses.

In' the case of dredging, excavation and pipeline uses, the
following information is required along with drawings where necessary:

e Existing condition of site and expected condition upon
completion of the use with regard to length, width, depth and shape;

0 For dredging oil well access canals and channels,
describe canal depth and dredging depth from mean high tide;

* Total volume of the materials being displaced;

* Disposal site(s) of displaced material.

b. Fill, Embankment and Road Building Uses.

In the case of fill, embankment and road building uses,
drawings and explanations must include the following:

Existing condition of use site and expected condition
upon completion of the project with regard to length, width, elevation,
slope, etc. of project;

* Total volume of material to be displaced;

* Disposal site(s) of displaced material;

* Type and source of fill material.

C. Shoreline Modifications.

In the case of shoreline modifications, drawings and ex-
planations must include:

e Existing co ndition of site with regard to shape of ad-
jacent waterbodies and shoreline, and expected condition upon completion
of the project;

* Dimensions of bulkheading;

0 Volume, source, and type of fill.

d. Levees.

In the case of levees, drawings and explanations must
include:

6 Existing condition of site and p roposed dimensions of
levee (lengths, widths, elevations, slopes);
source; Total volume of fill material to be used, type and

VII-10

i.s intended; * Description of drainage system if drainage of back . levee

e Provisions for maintenance of levee.

e. Discharges.

In the case of discharges, the applicant must meet all re-
quirements of the . Louisiana Department of Natural Resources and the
Jefferson Parish Ordinance 13127, as amended, which is incorporated
herein by reference as if written here in extenso and which is on file in
the Clerk's Office of the Jefferson Parish Council.

In all instances, including those cases where the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers 404 Permit applications are used in lieu of the
above, the applicant shall set forth methods and/or modified techniques,
which will be implemented to mitigate any adverse impacts, or which will
replenish or replace those resources destroyed by the project.

Additional information may be requested of an applicant
upon written request of the Parish of Jefferson setting forth the reasons
for the request of the aforesaid information. That information may
include: # type, nature and location of use

* elevation, soil and water conditions and flood and storm
hazard characteristics of site

techniques and materials used in construction, operation
and maintenance use

e existing drainage patterns and water regimes of sur-
rounding area including flow, circulation, quality, quantity and salin-
ity; and impacts on them

e availability of feasible alternative sites or methods
for implementing the use

designation of the area for certain uses as part of a
local program

economic need for use and extent of impacts of use on
economy of locality

a extent of resulting public and private benefits

* extent of coastal water dependency of the use

a existence of necessary infrastructure to support the use
and public costs resulting from use

VII-11

extent of impacts on existing and traditional uses of
the area and on future uses for which the area is suited

a proximity -to and extent of impacts on important natural
features such as beaches, barrier islands, tidal passes, and wildlife and
aquatic habitats, and forestlands

9 the extent to which regional, 'state and national inter-
ests are served including the national interest in 'resources and the sit-
ing of facilities in the coastal zone as identified in the coastal re-
sources program

proximity to and extent of impacts on special areas or
other areas of particular concern in the state or local programs

likelihood of and of extent resulting secondary impacts
and cummulative im pacts

proximity to and extent of impacts on public lands or
works, or historic, recreational or culture resources

* extent of impacts on navigation, fishing, public access,
and recreational opportunities

a extent of compatibil-ity with natural and cultural setting

@ extent of long term benefits or adverse impacts.

2. Procedure for Obtaining Local Coastal Use Permit.

a. General Requirements.
Applications for coastal use permits for uses of local
concern can be submitted with the appropriate fees to either the Coastal
Management Division, P. 0. Box 44396, Baton Rouge, LA 70804 or to the
Jefferson Parish Clerk of Council, P. 0. Box 9, Gretna, LA 70054.
See also page VII-9. Jefferson Parish will provide application forms,
instructions, examples and interpretive assistance. The application
will be processed by the Jefferson Parish Environmental and Development
Control Department, whose staff shall be available for consultation
prior to submission of an application. Consultation is strongly
recommended.
Separate applications shall be made for unrelated projects
or projects involving noncontiguous parcels of property. Joint applica-
tions may be made in cases of related construction involving contiguous
parcels of property.

b. Content of Application.
The application shall contain the same information reauired
for a Section 10 or Section 404 permit from the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers and such additional information determined to be reasonably
necessary for proper evaluation of an application.

VII-12

C. Fee Schedule.

No fees will be charged for the issuance of coastal use
permits by the State Coastal Management Section. However, a fee schedule
may be established when joint permitting systems are established with
other state agencies and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, provided-that
such fees shall be no more than the total of the fees established for the
other permits. A fee for Jefferson Parish uses was established in a
separate Ordinance (No. 15528) by the Jefferson Parish Council.

d. Processing the Application.

e When an apparently complete application for a permit is
received5 Jefferson Parish shall immediately assign it an identification
number and advise the applicant of that number

Application processing will begin when an *application
that is apparently complete is accepted by Jefferson Parish.

Within two working days of receipt of an apparently com-
plete application by Jefferson Parish, a copy of the application and all
attachments and the Parish's decision as to whether the use is one of
state or local concern shall be sent to the State.

a Public Notice, as described below,, will be iss ued by
Jefferson Parish within ten days of receipt of an apparently complete
application by the Parish

a Jefferson Parish shall evaluate the proposed application
pursuant to Subsection f. below, to determine the need for a public
hearing

9 Jefferson Parish, pursuant to Subsection h, shall either
send a draft permit to the applicant for acceptance and signature or send
notice of denial to the applicant within thirty (30) days of giving
public notice or within fifteen (15) days after the closing of the record
of a public hearing, if held, whichever is later

e Public notice of permit decisions shall be given pur-
suant to Subsection e

0 The applicant, the Secretary of the Department of
Natural Resources, any affected local government or affected federal,
state, or local agency, any aggrieved person, or any other person
adversely affected by a coastal use permit decision may appeal the
coastal use permit decision. An appeal must be filed in writing within
thirty (30) days following public notice of the final decision and shall
be in accordance with Act 361, as amended.

VII-13

e. Public Notice and Consideration of Public Comment.

Public notice of the receipt of all apparently complete
applications for local coastal use permits shall be given by:

e Posting or causing to be posted a copy of the permit
application at the location of the proposed use,

0 The joint public notice of the Coastal Management
Section of the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources and the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers shall serve as the Parish's public notice on
permits of local concern.

A copy of the permit application will be sent to any person
requesting it upon payment of a reasonable fee to cover costs of copying,
handling, and mailing, except that information of a confidential or pro-
prietary nature shall be withheld. In the event that attachments to the
application are not readily reproducible, they shall be available for
inspection at the parish permitting office.

Jefferson Parish shall consider comments received in
response to the public notice in its subsequent actions on the permit
application. Comments received will be made a part of the official file
on the application. If comments received relate to matters within the
special expertise of another governmental -body, the parish permitting
body may seek advice of that agency. If necessary, the applicant will be
given the opportunity to furnish a proposed resolution or rebuttal to all
objections from governmental agencies and other substantive adverse com-
ments before a final decision is made on the application.

f. Public Hearings on Permit Application.

A public hearing may be held in connection with the consid-
eration of an application for a new permit or when it is proposed that an
existing permit be modified or revoked.

Any person may request in writing within the comment period
specified in the public notice that a public hearing be held to consider
material matters at issue in a permit application. Upon receipt of any
such request, Jefferson Parish shall determine whether the issues raised
are substantial and if there is a valid public interest to be served by
holding a public hearing.

VII-14

Public hearings are appropriate when there is significant
public opposition to a proposed use, or if there have been requests from
legislators or local authorities, or in controversial cases involving
significant economic, social, or environmental issues. Jefferson Parish
has the discretion to require hearings in any particular case. Fai 1 ure
of the parish to hold a hearing on an application may not be appealed to
the Louisiana Coastal Commission.

If the determination is made to hold a public hearing,
Jefferson Parish shall promptly notify the applicant, set a time and
place for the hearing, and give public notice.

If a request for a public hearing has been received and the
decision is made that no hearing. will be held, public notice of the deci-
sion shall be given.

g. Additional Information.

If an application is found to be incomplete or inaccurate
after processing has begun or if it is determined that additional infor-
mation from the applicant is necessary to assess the application ade-
quately, processing will be stopped pending receipt of the.necessary
changes or information from the applicant and the processing periods will
be interrupted. Upon receipt of the required changes or information, the
processing period will continue.

If the applicant fails to respond within thirty (30) days
to any request or inquiry of Jefferson Parish, the parish may advise the
applicant that his application will be considered as having been with-
drawn unless and until the applicant responds within fifteen (15) days of
the date of the letter.

h. Decisions on Permits.

The Jefferson Parish Coastal Zone Management Administrator
shall determine whether or not the permit should be issued. Permits
shall be issued only for those uses which are consistent with the guide-
lines, policies and goals of the state program and the parish program.
Permit decisions will be made only after a full and fair consideration of
all information before the permitting body, and shall represent an appro-
priate balancing of social, environmental and economic factors. The
parish shall prepare a short and plain statement explaining the basis for
its decision on all applications. This statement shall include the
parish's conclusions on the conformity of the proposed use with the
guidelines, policies and goals of the state program and the parish pro-
gram. The statement shall be dated, signed, and included in the record.

If the final decision is to issue the permit, the parish
will forward two copies of the draft permit to the applicant for his
signature accepting the conditions on the permit, along with its findings
on the application. The applicant will return both signed copies to the

VII-15

parish for signature and dating by the issuing official. If the final
decision is to deny the permit, the applicant 'shall be sent a copy of the
statement setting forth the reason(s) for denial.

Final action on the permit application is the signature of
the issuing official on the permit or the mailing of the letter notifying
the applicant of the denial.

i. Conditions on Permits.

By accepting the permit and undertaking any use pursuant to
said permit, the applicant agrees to:

Carry out or perform the use in accordance with the
plans and specifications approved by the parish.

9 Comply with any permit conditions imposed by the
parish.

e Adjust, alter, or remove any structure or other physi-
cal evidence of the permitted use if, in the opinion of the parish, im-
plementation proves to be beyond the scope of the use as approved or is
abandoned.

Provide, if required by the parish, an acceptable
surety bond in an appropriate amount to ensure adjustment, alteration, or
removal should the parish determine it necessary within a given period of
time.

e Hold and save the State of Louisiana, Jefferson
Parish, and their officers and employees harmless from any damage to per-
sons or property which might result from the work, activity, or structure
permitted.

e Certify that any permitted construction has been com-
pleted in an acceptable and satisfactory manner and in accordance with
the plans and specifications approved by the parish. The parish may,
when appropriate, require such certification be given by a registered
professional engineer within ten (10) days after completion.

The parish shall place such other conditions on the permit
as are appropriate to ensure compliance with the state coastal.. management
program.

3. Modification, Suspension or Revocation of-Permits.

a. Modifications.

The terms and conditions of a permit may be modified to
allow changes in the permitted use, in the plans and specifications for
that use, in the methods by which the use is being implemented, or to

VII-16

assure that the permitted use will be in conformity with the coastal man-
agement program. Changes which would significantly increa@e the' impacts
of a permitted activity shall be processed as new applications for per-
mits, not as a modification.

A permit may be modified upon request of the permittee:

9 if mutual agreement can be reached on a modification,
written notice of the modification will be given to the permittee.

a if mutual agreement cannot be reached, a permittee's
request for a modification shall be considered denied.

b. Suspensions.

Jefferson Parish may suspend a permit upon finding that:

9 the permittee has failed or refuses to comply with the
terms and conditions of the permit or any modification thereof, or

9 the permittee has submitted false or incomplete infor-
mation in his application or otherwise, or

* the permittee has failed or refused to comply with any
lawful order or request of the parish or the state or violates any law of
the State of Louisiana or ordinance of the parish.

The parish shall notify the permittee in writing that the
permit has been suspended and the reasons therefor and order the permit-
tee to cease immediately a.11 or any portion of the activities. The
notice shall also advise the permittee that he will be given, upon re-
quest made within ten (10) days of receipt of the notice, an opportunity
to respond either in writing or at an administrative hearing to the
reasons given for the suspension.

After consideration of the permittee's response, or, if
none, within thirty (30) days after issuance of the notice, the parish
shall take action to reinstate, modify or revoke the permit and shall
notify the permittee of the action taken.

C. Revocation.

If, after the suspension procedure, the parish determines
that revocation or modification of the permit is warranted for one or
more of the reasons causing suspension, written notice of the revocation
or modification shall be given to the permittee.

d. Enforcement.

If the permittee fails to comply with a cease and desist
order or the suspension or revocation of a permit, the parish shall seek
appropriate civil and criminal relief as provided by Act 361.

VII-17

4. General Permits.

a. Introduction.
'Jefferson Parish may, after compliance with the st'ated pro-
cedures, issue general permits for certain clearly described categories
of uses requiring coastal use permits. After a general permit has been
.issued, individual uses falling within those categories will not require
full individual permit processing unless the parish determines, on a
case-by-case basis, that the public interest requires full review.

General permits may be issued only for those uses that are
subsiantially similar in nature, that cause only minimal adverse impacts
when performed separately, that will have only minimal adverse cumulative
impacts and that otherwise do not impair the fulfillment of the objec-
tives and policies of the coastal management program.

b. Reporting.

Each person desiring to commence work on a use subject to a
general permit must give notice to the parish and receive written autho-
rization prior to commencing work. Such authorization shall be issued
with five (5) working days of receipt of the notice.

Such notice shall include:

* The name and address of the person conducting the use.

e Such descriptive material, maps and plans as may be
required by the parish for that general permit.

5. Appeals for Determination of Whether Uses are of State
or Local Concern.

Jefferson Parish's appeal of the reversal of its initial
determination must be filed within fifteen (15) days of the notice to
the parish. The appeal shall be heard in accordance with the regulations
of the Louisiana Coastal Resources Program.

Upon the filing of such an appeal, processing of the
application shall be suspended pending the decision and the processing
period for issuance of the draft permit shall be interrupted. The parish
@hall give notice. of the appeal to the applicant immediately upon filing
it. The burden of proof of this appeal shall be on the State.

VII-18

6'. Public Hearings.

a. Scope.

This regulation is applicable to all public hearings held
pursuant to Act 361, as amended. All such public hearings shall be
nonadjudicatory public proceedings conducted for the purpose of acquiring
information or evidence which will be considered in evaluating a proposed
action and to give the public the opportunity to present' their views
and opinions on such action.

b. Public Notice.

Public notice shall be given at least thirty (30) days in
advance of any public hearings. Notice shall be sent to all persons
requesting notices of public hearings and shall be posted in all govern-
mental bodies having an interest in the subject matter of the hearing.
Such notice may be limited in area consistent with the nature of the
hearing.

The notice shall contain the time, place and nature of
hearing, and the location of materials available for public inspection.

C. Time and Place.

In fixing the time and place for a hearing, due regard
shall be had for the convenience and necessity of the interested public.

d. Presiding Officer.

The Jefferson Parish Council shall designate a Presiding
Officer, who shall establish a hearing file consisting of such material
as may be relevant or pertinent to the subject matter of the hearing.
The hearing file shall be available for public inspection.

e. Representation.

At' the public hearing, any person may appear on his own
behalf, or may be represented by counsel or by other representatives.

f. Conduct of Hearings.

Hearings shall be conducted by the Presiding Officer in an
orderly but expeditious manner. Any person shall be permitted to submit
oral or written statements concerning the subject matter of the appro-
priate decision. Written statements may be presented any time prior to
the time the hearing file is closed. The Presiding Officer may afford
participants an opportunity for rebuttal.

VII-19

The Presiding Officer shall have discretion to establish
reasonable limits upon the time allowed for statements of witnesses, for
arguments of parties or their counsel or representatives, and upon the
number of rebuttals. Cross-examinations of witnesses shall not be
permitted.

All-public hearings shall be recorded verbatim. Copies of
the transcript shall be available for public inspection and purchase.
All written statements, charts, tabulations, and similar data offered in
evidence at the hearing shall, subject to exclusion for reasons of redun-
dancy, be received in evidence and shall constitute a part of the hearing
file.

The hearing file shall remain open for a period of ten (10)
days after the close of the public hearing for submission of written com-
ments or other materials. This time period may be extended for good
cause.

In appropriate cases, joint public hearings may be held
with state, federal or other local agencies, provided the procedures of
those hearings are generally consistent with the requirements of this
regulation.

The procedures in this Section may be waived by the Presid-
ing Officer in appropriate cases.

g. Filing of Transcript of the Public Hearj@a.

The testimony and all evidence received at the public hear-
ing shall be made part of the administrative record of the action. All
matters discussed at the public hearing shall be fully considered in mak-
ing the decision or recommendation.

7. Coordination With Jefferson Parish Departments,
Other Paris es, and State and Federal Agencies.

The administrative means by which Jefferson Parish will
coordinate its Coastal Zone Management Program with other governmental
bodies have been employed for several years. In 1977, the Jefferson
Parish Council created the Environmental and Development Control Depart-
ment (EDCD) to serve all environmental needs of the parish. This depart-
ment is staffed by persons educated and trained as environmental profes-
sionals and scientists, who work closely with all interfacing departments
of the parish, as well as with other parishes and state and federal agen-
cies involved in environmental quality management.

The EDCD evaluates all Department of the Army permit appli-
cations for coastal uses requiring permits under Section 10 of the River
and Harbor Act of 1899 and Section 404 of the Clear Water Act. The
recommendations of the EDCD are sent to the Parish Council only after

VII-20

coordination with other appropriate parish departments such as Public
Utilities (Drainage, Sewerage and Water), Planning, and Inspection and
Code Enforcement; state agencies such as the Louisiana Department of
Health and Human Resources (Office of Health Services and Environmental
Quality), the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources (Louisiana Wild-
life and Fisheries, the Division of State Lands' Coastal Management Sec-
tion and the Office of Environmental Affairs' Water Pollution Control
Division) and the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development
(Office of Public Works); and federal agencies such as the U. S. Army
Corps of Engineers, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U. S. Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency, National Marine Fisheries Service and the
National Park Service.

By working closely with all permit applicants and all
agencies whose jurisdictions are affected by a proposed use, the EDCD
staff is able to place a high priority on determining appropriate mitiga-
tive measures which will continue to allow the successful multiple use of
the parish's coastal area. Such coordination will continue upon imple-
mentation of the parish's Coastal Zone Management program described
herein.

Periodic review of the state and local programs is outlined
on page 1-3.

VII-21

PARISH ORDINANCES WHICH WILL HELP
TO ACCOMPLISH GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

Jefferson Parish ordinances which will help to accomplish the
goals and objectives of the parish's Coastal Zone Management Program in-
clude Ordinance No. 13127, as amended, and all parish ordinances which
relate directly to this program and which are adopted subsequently to the
adoption of the program described herein. Those ordinances specifically
include, but are not limited to,

0 An ordinance establishing local coastal use permitting fees
for implementing the Coastal Zone Management Program in and for the
Parish of Jefferson pursuant to the authority of LSA-R.S. 49:213 et seq.,
and

0 An ordinance designating the Administrator and in his/her
absence an Acting Administrator of the Jefferson Parish Coastal Zone
Management Program.

Because of the broad expanse of wetlands in Jefferson
Parish and the ever increasing and often competing multiple uses in the
wetlands, the Jefferson Parish Council passed the following ordinance to
more adequately meet the coastal and environmental needs of the parish.

0 An ordinance (No. 13127, as amended) establishing prohibi-
tions and limitations on discharges into the public storm drainage system
and the sanitary sewerage system. Discharges into the storm drainage
system, other than storm water runoff, are permitted only following
treatment to render the wastewater acceptable by the levels set by the
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Louisiana Department of
Natural Resources. In addition, wastewater discharged into the sanitary
sewerage system is prohibited when it contains any material that will

(1) Not be susceptible to or compatible with treatment by the
system or interfere with or damage the system or the
efficient operation thereof.

(2) Constitute a hazard to human life, or to the stream
or water course receiving the effluent of the system.

A VIII-1

(3) Violate any pretreatment standard or effluent
limitation as defined therein.

(4) Cause the system to violate any applicable NPDES
permit or any applicable receiving water quality
standard.

(5) Violate any of the specific prohibitions or
limitations established therein.

Ordinance 13127 has been successfully administered in Jefferson
Parish for several years in an effort to balance competing uses in the
wetlands. The ordinance has also provided and will continue to provide a
valuable vehicle for negotiating mitigative measures, which have helped
to prevent or modify otherwise serious adverse environmental impacts and,
at the same time, has allowed implementation of the project without
costly or time prohibitive provisions.

Ordinance 13127, therefore, when applied to uses, such as dis-
charges into the public storm drainage system and the sanitary sewer sys-
tem, which are not ordinarily subject to the local coastal use permit
program, would result in compliance with the goals and provisions of Act
361, the objectives of the Louisiana Coastal Resource Program and the
policies of the state and local coastal use guidelines.

VIII-2

JEFFERSON PARISH
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
BASELINE DATA MAPS

Geological Features (beaches, barrier islands, shell deposits, salt
domes, oyster reefs, mineral formations, etc.)

Map Name: Mineral Resources (excludes oil and gas;
includes sand and gravel deposits, barrier
islands, sand ridges, cheniers and shell
deposits).

Date: March, 1975

Scale: one inch equals ten miles

Preparer: Engineer Agency for Resources Inventories,
U. S. Army Engineer, Topographic Laboratories,
Washington, D. C.

0 Map Name: Subsurface Faults and Salt Domes of Jefferson
Parish

Date: October, 1975

Scale: unknown

Preparer: VTN Louisiana, Inc., Metairie, LA

Reference: Prepared from Halbouty, M. T. 1967.
Salt Domes Gulf Region, United States
and Mexico. Houston, TX.

Map Name: Jefferson Parish, Louisiana (depicts
oil and gas fields)

Date: January 1, 1978

Scale: one inch equals two miles

Preparers: Louisiana Department of Transportation
and Development, Office of Highways,
Traffic and Planning Section in
cooperation with the U. S. Depart-
ment of Transportation

e There is no map(s) which adequately depicts the other
geological features of Jefferson Parish.

IX-1

Historical and Archaeological Sites

Map Name: Louisiana Coastal Resources Atlas,
Jefferson Parish:. Historical,
Cultural and Archaeological Sites

Date: 1978

Scale: 1:125,000

Preparer: Burk & Associates, Inc.,
New Orleans, LA

Corridors for Transportation, Industry and Urbanization

Map Name: Jefferson Parish, Louisiana (depicts
transportation corridors)
Date: January), 1978

Scale: one inch equals two miles

Preparers: Louisiana Department of Transportation
and Development, Office of Highways,
Traffic and Planning Section in
cooperation with the U. S. Department
of Transportation.

There is no map(s) which adequately depicts corridors for
industry and urbanization.

Areas Subject to Flooding, Subsidence, and Salt Water Intrusion

e Map Name: Louisiana Coastal Resources Atlas,
Jefferson Parish Flood Prone Areas.

Date: 1978

Scale: 1:125,000

Preparer: Burk & Associates, Inc.,
New Orleans, LA

0 Map Name: Louisiana Coastal Resources Atlas,
Jefferson Parish: Soil Subsidence
and Land Loss Potential

Date: 1978

IX-2

Scale: 1:125,000

Preparer: Burk & Associates, Inc.,
New Orleans, LA

0 Unique, Scarce, Fragile, Vulnerable or Highly Productive
or Essential Habitat

Map Name: Mississippi Deltaic Plain Region
Habitat Maps

Date: May, 1980

Scale: 1:24,000

Preparer: Coastal Environments, Inc.,
Baton Rouge, LA

Map Name: Fish and Shellfish

Date: March, 1975

Scale: one inch equals ten miles

Preparer Engineer Agency for Resources Inventories,
U. S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories,
Washington, D. C.

a There is no map(s) which depicts unique, scarce, fragile,
vulnerable or highly productive or essential habitat.

0 Ports or other Developments or Facilities Dependent on Access
to Water

0 There,is no map(s) which adequately depicts the ports or
other developments or facilities which depend on water
access in Jefferson Parish.
A
0 Recreational Areas

9 Map Name: Louisiana Coastal Resources Atlas,
Jefferson Parish: Existing and
Potential Recreational Areas.

Date: 1978

Scale: 1:125,000

Preparer: Burk & Associates, Inc.,
New Orleans, LA

IX-3

Freshwater Storage Areas

a Map Name: Ground Water Resources

Date: March, 1975

Scale: one inch eauals ten miles

Preparer: Engineer Agenc'y for Resources Inventories,
U. S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories,
Washington, 0. C.

a soils

e Map Name: Soil Survey, East Bank Jefferson Parish,
Louisiana.

Date: September, 1977

Scale: 1:20,000

Preparers: U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Con-
servation Service and the Louisiana Agri-
cultural Experiment Station in cooperation
with the Jefferson Parish Council.

* Map Name: Soil Survey, West Bank, Jefferson
Parish, Louisiana.

Date: September, 1978

Scale: 3.5 inches eauals 2.0 miles

Preparers: U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Con-
servation Service and the Louisiana
Agricultural Experiment Station in coop-
eration with the Jefferson Parish Council.

Map Name: Soil Survey of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana.
Date: January, 198'3

Scale: 1:20,000

Preparers: U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Con-
servation Service in cooperation with the
Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station
and the Louisiana Soil and Water Conserva-
tion Committee.

IX-4

COM14ENTS AND RESPONSES

A. Introduction

A Public Hearing on the draft document herein bound was held on
16 August 1982 at 7:30 p.m. in the West Bank Council Chambers, Second
Floor, Courthouse, Second and Derbigny Streets, Gretna. Oral comments
were received that night. The public record remained open until 26
August 1982 to receive written comments. Page numbers listed in the
comments refer to the draft program dated June, 1982; numbers listed in
the responses refer to the final program dated September, 1982.

B. Public Hearing Attendees and Affiliations

Bilski, Mr. E. J. - Petty-Ray Geophysical Geosource, Inc.

Blanda, Mr. Lou - Administrative Assistant, Jefferson Parish
President's Office

Burglass, Mr. Bruce 0. - Director, Jefferson Parish Environmental
and Development Control Department-

Curry, Dr. Mary G. - Environmental Impact Officer for Jefferson
Parish

Ehret, Mr. Frank J., Jr. - Barataria Civic Association, West Bank
Conservation and Sportsman Association, and
Member of Jefferson Parish's Citizens Coastal
Zone Management Advisory Committee

Figures, Mr. M. A. - International Association of Geophysical
Contractors

Frazer, Mr. Tom - West Bank Bureau The Times Picayune/The States-
00 Item

- Fremaux, Ms. Charlotte League of Women Voters of Jefferson
Parish

Fremaux, Mr. Emmett H. No affiliation.

Gafford, Mr. William T. No affiliation

Gilbert, Mr. Gerald R. No affiliation

Green, Mr. Larry L. - Geophysical Service, Inc.

Henkhaus, Mr. 0. A. - Exxon Company, USA

X-1

Holder, Mr. Samuel - Jefferson Parish Environmental and Develop-
ment Control Department

Jemison, Ms. Lydia M. - Jefferson Parish Planning Department

Kass, Mr. William A., IV - Member of Jefferson Parish's Citizens
Coastal Zone Management Advisory Committee

Kennedy, Mr. Sam Delta Sierra Club

Kohl, Dr. Barry Orleans Audubon Society

Loden, Dr. Michael S. - Jefferson Parish Environmental and
Development Control Department

Lyons, Mr. R. M. - Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association

Matthew, Mr. Millard E., Jr. - No affiliation

Mayeaux, Mr. Russell - Southland Seismic, Inc.

Mills, Mr. John T. - No affiliation

Muth, Mr. David P. - No affiliation

Neusaenger, Mr. George - National Park Service

Planche, Mr. A. J., Jr. - No affiliation

Pittman, Mr. Phil - Louisiana Department of Natural Resources,
Coastal Management Section Administrator

Rives, Mr. Jim - Louisiana Department of Natural Resources,
Coastal Management Section

Rosenthal, Mr. Sidney, Jr. - Fund for Animals, Inc. and Member
of Jefferson Parish's Citizens Coastal Zone
Management Advisory Committee

Swilley, Ms. Laura J. - U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Regula-
tory Assessment Section

Uhl, Mr. John J. - Chairperson of Jefferson Parish's Citizens
Coastal Zone Management Advisory Committee and
44 Presiding Officer of Public Hearing

Vincent, Mr. Joseph I. - No affiliation

Ward, Capt. J. 0. - Greater Jefferson Port Commission and Member
of Jefferson Parish's Coastal Zone Management
Advisory Committee

Weldon, Mr. David G. - No affiliation

X-2

C. Public Hearing Comments and Responses (Listed in order of submittal)

1. Mr. D. A. Henkhaus

Comment (Page 11-50, sixth policy): The 5-mile restric-
Clon is too severe for seismic surveys.

Response: Comment noted.

2. Mr. Frank J. Ehret, Jr.

Comment (Page 11-26): Objected to having the western
boundary include the Bayou Des Familles property because
that area is wetland.

Response: As noted on page 11-56, para. M.1, the western
boundary for the West Bank Management Unit conforms to the
Jefferson Parish Council's Proposed Hurricane Protection
Levee alignment in the vicinity of the Bayou des Familles
Property. The Western boundary will be firmly established
only after a levee is built.,
0 Comment (page 11-55, para. 2): There is tidal action in
the West Bank Management Unit because Bayou Boeuf and
Kenta Canal are open, as well as Tar Paper Canal. All
three experience tidal action.
A
Response: Concur. Changes made on page 11-56, para 2.

e Comment (page 11-55, par 'a. 4): The 33,000 acres referred
to are non-wetland acres and do not include areas such as
the CIT Tract and the Bayou des Familles property which
would increase that figure by approximately 2,500 acres.

Response: Concur.

a Comment (page 11-58, para. 5): The last sentence of para.
10 7 is incorrect. There are areas within the West Bank
Management Unit which are within the "prohibited service
area".
Response: Concur. Cha'nges made on page 11-60.

e Comment (page 11-59): The policies treat all of the area
in-YFF-West Bank Management Unit as developable land.

Response: Comment noted. However, policies do not sug-
gest that all land within the unit is developable.

X-3

Comment: Act 361 and the references for the ordinances
referenced. in the program 'should be appended to the
document.

Response: Copies of all ordinances and resolutions are
available upon request from Ms. Dolores Gonzales, Clerk of
Council, P. 0. Box 9, Gretna, LA 70054. Copies of Act 361
are available upon request from Secretary of State,
Attention: Publications, P. 0. Box 44125, Baton Rouge, LA
70804.

e Comment (page V-1): This section does not mention the
adverse effects of brine discharge.

Response: The effects of brine discharge are treated on
page V-6 (para. 2) and page VI-2.

* Comment (page 11-51): What are the distances of the
-6-oundaries from the highway in the Lower West Bank Manage-
ment Unit.

Response: Information given on page 11-53.

* Comment: Much of the Bayou des Familles property is
@;@ithin the protection zone for the Jean Lafitte National
Historical Park and should be in the Bayou Segnette
Management Unit. To include that property in the West
Bank Management Unit would be a violation of Public Law
95-625, 10 November 1978.

Response: Comment noted. The Bayou des Familles property
was included in the West Bank Management Unit because it
was included in the area to be protected by the Council's
proposed Hurricane Protection Levee alignment.

3. Mr. A. J. Planche, Jr.

Comment: The Bayou des Familles property should not be
inclu in the West Bank Management Unit.

Response: Comment noted.

4. Mr. Joseph I. Vincent

Comment (page I-1): Why is it important to ensure that
state and local governments have the primary authority for
managing coastal resources.

Response: That item is a purpose listed in Act 361 and
not the subject of the Public Hearing.

X-4

0 Comment (page 11-2): The common boundary between the
'@ayou Segnette Management Unit and West Bank Management
Unit is not consistent with those shown on pages 11-21 and
11-56.

Response: Concur. Boundary was changed on page 11-2.

0 Comment (page 11-6): Are the archaeological sites not
7dentified in order to protect them from vandalism?

Response: Yes.

0 Comment (page 11-20): The Bayou des. Familles property
i-hould be in the Bayou Segnette Management Unit along with
the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and its protec-
tion zone and other similar wetlands.

Response: Comment noted.

* Comment: The horses presently on Grand Terre should be
@e_moved because of the damage that they do to the beach.

Response: Comment noted.

9 Comment (page 11-49): What effects will the proposed
Bucktow Marina have on Lake Pontchartrain?

Response: The Bucktown Marina was the subject of an Envi-
ronmental Impact Assessment prepared in March, 1979. A
Department of the Army Permit to implement that project
was issued by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers on 23 May
1980.

0 Comment (page 11-50): Are there any unmodified wetlands
in the Lower West Bank Management Unit?

Response: There is a minimal amount of wetlands in this
unit in the Barataria area north of Pailet Canal to the
West, and in the southernmost tip of the unit.

* Comment (page 11-56, pages IV-11 and IV-14): Alignments
are no! consistent with each other or with the alignment
of the permit application for a Hurricane Protection Levee
Alignment submitted to the Corps.

Response: All alignments are now consistent with each
other and the alignment submitted to the Corps.

X-5

a Comment (page 11-58): The West Bank Management Unit is
objected to because it encompasses wetland.

Response: Comment noted.

e Comment (page 11-58): The entire West Bank Management
Un_i@tdoes not'lie outside the "prohibited service area".

Response: Concur. Change made on page 11-60.

0 Comment (page 111-6, para. 3): The sewerage treatment
does no meet all EPA standards.

Response: Comment noted.

* Comment (page IV-1, para. 1): The last statement "This
rapTd-rise in the population. is estimated to be over
702,706 persons" is confusing.

Response: Comment noted. Sentence deleted.

* Comment (page IV-3, para. 3): The last sentence contra-
Ti'cts utilizing the currently proposed West Bank Hurricane
Protection Levee alignment.

Response: Comment noted.

a Comment (page IV-12): West Bank Hurricane Protection
7evee alignment does not conform to the alignment noted in
the "prohibited service area" agreement. In addition bor-
row canals should be within the levee system so all pump-
ing stations could be interconnected. This would also
provide for only limited access to the levee.

Response: Comment noted.

@ Comment (page IV-14): Levee alignment does not conform
_@ithapplication sent to Corps.

Response: Levee alignment corrected to conform to that
submitted to Corps.

* Comment (Section V): The West Bank Hurricane Levee Align-
ment should be listed as a problem and issue affecting
Jefferson's coastal resources.

Response: Comment noted.

X-6
A

e Comment (page VI-4, H) The currently proposed West Bank
"Rurricane Levee Alignment will interfere with the Jean
Lafitte National Historical Park.

Response: Concur.

* Comment (page VI-4, 1): First sentence should read "Wet-
Tinds, which are already leveed and could be easily modi-
fied..." Suggested change underlinedT.

Response: Comment noted.

* Comment (page VII-2): Fifth item should read "Normal
maintenance or repair of legally existing structures...
Suggested change underlineF.-

Response: The word "legally" was inserted before
11existin ".

* Comment (page VII-3): The wetlands of the Bayou des
ra-milles property and the CIT Tracts should be considered
uses of state concern because they have a direct effect on
the Barataria Estuary.

Response: Concur.

e Comment (page VII-6): Fastlands should be defined.

Response: A definition of fastlands is given on page XI-3
as defined by the U. S. Department of Commerce and
Louisiana Department of Natural Resources (1980).

0 Comment (page VII-7, para. 1): In the event of an appeal
to the Louisiana Coastal Commission by the person conduct-
ing or proposing to conduct the use, the burden of proof
should be on the applicant and not on the Secretary of the
Louisiana Department of Natural Resources.

Response: Comment noted. Act 361 mandates the procedure
on page VII-7, paragraph 1.

0 Comment (page VII-7, para. 6): The first item under
"Normal Maintenance and Repair" would exclude the Bayou
des Familles property's levee and the CIT Tract.

Response: Comment noted.

9 Comment (page VII-16): The fourth item under "Condition
on Permits" is a very good condition.

Response: Concur.

X-7

* Comment (page VII-20): Are the environmental needs of the
parish determined on a political or a scientific basis?

Response: Some needs are determined scientifically,
others are determined politically. Many environmental
needs are determined scientifically and politically.

e Comment (page VII-21): What kinds of mitigative measures
ire-used, especially in the Barataria Estuary.

Response: The kinds of mitigative measures negotiated
with an applicant depend on the kind of project and its
location.

a Comment (page VIII-1): The Comprehensive Sewerage and
Trainage Ordinance No. 13127 is good, but should be better
enforced.

Response: Comment noted

* Comment (page VIII-2): There has been no evidence of the
_@u_ccessful administration of the Compr'ehensive Sewerage
and Drainage Ordinance No. 13127.

Response: Comment noted.

5. Mr. William A. Kass, IV

Comment: It is important that local government have a
voice in regulating coastal activities because our wet-
lands are unlike other wetlands in other states and other
parts of Louisiana.

Response: Concur.

Comment: The plan/program should be implemented
immedia ely.

Response:. Comment noted.

a Comment (page 11-30): The second policy relative to the
Tpread of dredged material should be re-evaluated because
of shellfish areas. Dredged material should be put
ashore, whenever possible, especially on islands.

Response: Concur. Changes made on page.II-31.

6. Dr. Barry Kohl

Comment (page II-7,para. 5): The Bayou Aux Carpes Manage-
ment Unit currently lies outside the proposed hurricane
-protection levee and within the "prohibited service area".

x-8

Response: Concur. Changes made on page 11-7.

9 Comment: The Orleans Audubon Society is opposed to the
inc usion of the Bayou des Familles property in the West
Bank Management Unit and within the proposed West Bank
Hurricane Levee system. The CIT Tract should also be out-
side the levee system.

Response: Comment noted.

7. Mr. Millard Matthew

9 Comment (page 11-50): There should not be a five-mile
limit On seismic surveys for Lake Pontchartrain, as it is
an area of state concern.

Response: Comment noted.

8. Mr. Sidney Rosenthal, Jr.

* Comment: Bayou Aux Carpes Swamp should be within' the
"prohibited service area" and outside the hurricane pro-
tection system.

Response: Concur. Changes made on page 11-7.

* Comment: All of the Jean Lafitte Park and its protection
io--neshould be in the Bayou Segnette Management Unit.

Response: Comment noted. The proposed hurricane levee
aT-ignment was used as the boundary between the Bayou
Segnette and West Bank Management Units.

D. Comments Submitted During Comment Period - August 17-26, 1982 (Listed
in order of submittal).

1. Ms. Lydia Jemison, Jefferson Parish Planning Department
(written comments received 18 August 1982).

0 Comment (page IV-1, para. 1) : The figure 455,600 should
Te changed to 454,592. The last sentence of the paragraph
is unclear and should be referenced.

Response: The figure was changed and the last sentence
was de eted.

0 Comment (page IV-1, para. 3). The population figures for
a-IT-towns should be updated.

Response: All figures in paragraph 3 were updated.

X-9

0 Comment (page IV-2): The total population figure should
'Ee 454,892.

Response: The figure was corrected.

* Comment (page IV-5, para. 4): The total developable
icreage on the West Bank is approximately 40,000 acres.

Response: Comment noted.

0 Comment (page IV-5, para 5): Developable land on the West
Yank will not be scarce in 1985.

Response: Comment noted.
2. Mr. Richard 0. BeiQhtol, Private Individual (written comment
received 23 August 1982).

Comment (page 11-50): The policy concerning the five-mile
seismic limit on Lake Pontchartrain should be deleted.

Response: Comment noted.

3. Mr. C. M. Miller, Teledyne Exploration (written comment
received 24 August 1982).

Comment: The policy which states that "Seismic surveys
within five miles from the Lake Pontchartrain Shoreline
should not be allowed" should be eliminated.

Response: Comment noted.

4. Mr. Charles F. Darden, International Association of
Geophysical Contractors (written comment received 24 August
1982).

a Comment: The provision which states "Seismic surveys
iW@ithin five miles from the Lake Pontchartrain shoreline
should not be allowed" is both unreasonable and
unnecessary.

Response: Comment noted.

5. Mr. Paul Yakupzack, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (tele-
phone communication, 24 August 1982).

Comment: The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service has no
problems with the plan and no recommended changes.

Response: Comments noted.

X-10

6. Mr. F. G. Fowler, Petty-Ray Geophysical Division Geosource,
Inc. (written comment received 25 August 19-8-2T.-

Comment: The proposed exclusion of Seismic Surgeys within
five miles of the Lake Pontchartrain shoreline unfairly
singles out the oil industry for restriction and is unwar-
ranted by the facts of the oil industry's operations. As
practiced in Louisiana, seismic activity has no lasting
destructive impact upon the environment.

Response: Comment noted.

7. Mr.. James L. Isenogle, National Park Service (written com-
ments received 25 August 1982).

* Comment: We strongly object to the exclusion of the Bayou
d-esFamilles property from the Bayou Segnette Management
Unit because the wetlands portion of that property is an
important part of the "park protection zone" (PPZ).

Response: Comment noted. The proposed hurricane levee
alignment was used to determine the boundary between the
Bayou Segnette and the West Bank Management Units.

a Comment (page 1-2): The report states "the parish was
divided into 12 environmentally distinct Management Units,
each having somewhat uniform development potential based
on previous development and land use... 11 By any and all
of those parameters, the Bayou des Familles property
should be in the Bayou Segnette Management Unit. The CIT
Tract, based on the same parameters, also belongs in the
Bayou Segnette Management Unit.

Response: Comment noted.

0 Comment (page 11-20): It is stated that the intent of the
Bayou Segnette Management Unit's boundary is to encompass
the park core area and PPZ, however, a significant propor-
tion of the PPZ, as well as a section of the core area,
are excluded from the Bayou Segnette Management Unit.

Response: Comment noted.

Comment (page 11-55): There is tidal activity in the West
ff-ankManagement Unit.

Response: Concur. Changes made on page 11-56.

X-11

Comment (page 11-58): The West Bank Management Unit is
Fo-tcompletely outside the "prohibited service area"..

Response: Concur. Changes made on page 11-60.

Comment: It is recommended that the boundary between the
Bayou Segnette and West Bank Management Units be redrawn
to conform with the boundaries of the core area of the
Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and its Park Protec-
tion Zone and to more nearly conform to the actual wetland
nonwetland interface by placing the CIT Tract and the
Bayou des Familles property in the Bayou Segnette Manage-
ment Unit. The changes would better satisfy the legal and
ecological requirements of the Jean Lafitte National
Historical Park.

Response: Comment noted.

8. Ms. Charlotte H. Fremaux, League of Women Voters of Jefferson
Larish (written comments received 25 August 1982).

* Comment: The maps should show wetlands, soil types,
waterways, etc. to agree with and represent graphically
the geographical and biological features of the management
units and the whole parish. Frequent reference can be
made to pages IX-1 through IX-4. Maps showing the "pro-
hibited service area" and the West Bank Hurricane Protec-
tion Levee should be coordinated.

Response: It is not possible to provide in this document
maps showing the various resources and features of the
parish at a scale that would be useful for the purpose of
Coastal Zone Management. Maps other than those listed in
Section IX are not available. Figure IV-3 has been
changed to correspond to the Council's Department of the
Army permit application.

a Comment: It is difficult to understand how present wet-
lands an be preserved and protected when the proposed
West Bank Levee will incorporate present wetlands and when
construction details do not address how further incursion
(on both sides of the levee) and further desolation will
be avoided.

Response: Comment noted.

* Comment: The "prohibited service area" includes certain
wetTa-nds under litigation which should be pointed out more
clearly.

X-12

Response: The "prohibited service area" is clearly shown
in Figure IV-1 on page IV-11.

* Comment: Reference is made to the EIS Scoping Document of
August 13, 1981 and the proposed hurricane protection
levee--clarification as to its status should be made as to
whether scoping input has been used, results made public
and its relation to the Jefferson Parish Council's
proposal.

Response: The EIS for the West Bank Hurricane Protection
vee is currently being prepared for the Jefferson Parish
Council by Gregory C. Rigamer & Associates. Upon comple-
tion, it will be made available for public review and com-
ment. Presently, there is no projected completion date
for the draft document.

e Comment: It is also not clear how the "growth limit line"
south of Crown Point will be "a mitigative measure lessen-
ing possible perturbations associated with the final
implementation of the Marrero-Lafitte Waterline--an
exposition of this would make these relationships under-
standable and make valid the goal of wetland protection.

Response: Development should, ideally, not be allowed
outside of the "growth limit line" south of Crown Point,
therefore, the waterline should not encourage development
in that area.

* Comment: Enforcement procedures should be explained and
oversight strategies should be planned.

Response: Comment noted. See page VII-17 of this program
and @e_c_tion 213.17 of Act 361, appended, "Enforcement;
injunction; penalties and fines".

9. Mr. Will Forrest, Litton Western GeophXsical (written comment
received 26 August 1982).

0 Comment (page 11-50): We feel that the five-mile restric-
tion to seismic exploration is not in the best interest of
Jefferson Parish for the following reasons:

1 'Seismic data acquisition is essential to the oil and
gas effort to evaluate and locate drillable prospects.

2. Modern seismic acquisition techniques have proved to
have negligible impact to the wetland environment,
particularly in shallow water operations.

Response: Comment noted.

X-13

10. Mr. E. L. Fennell, Exxon__Company, USA (written comments
received 26 August 1982).

e Comment: This letter is to reemphasize our belief that
there is no reasonable environmental argument to support a
complete ban on all types of seismic surveys within five
miles of the shoreline in Lake Pontchartrain.

Response: Comment noted.

e Comment: We also want to point out that all of the pro-
To-sed Parish policies that are clearly directed at regula-
tion of oil and gas activities beyond the guidelines pro-
vided in the Louisiana Coastal Resources Plan should be
deleted from the CZMP. These activities are "uses of
state concern" to be regulated and permitted only at State
level. An attempt by the Parish to regulate these uses
when that authority has been reserved by the State under-
mines the legality of the plan. Moreover, such an attempt
is unnecessary due to the parish's influence through its
comments in the State's permitting process. Limiting CZMP
to uses of local concern would avoid the argument that the
Parish is attempting to amend the guidelines in the State
@lan without following the amendment procedures prescribed
in S213.8B of the State and Local Coastal Resources
Management Act of 1978, as amended.

Response: Comment noted. It is a state recommendation
tFa-tthe parish provide the state with policies concerning
issues of state concern occurring in Jefferson Parish.

11. Mr. Sam Kennedy, Sierra Club, Delta Chapter (written comments
ved 26 August 1982).

e Comment: We are concerned with the apparent uncertainty
within the draft regarding the boundaries of the West Bank
Management Unit. Figure 11-13 (page 11-56) illustrates
the western boundary of the West Bank Management Unit as
conforming to the hurricane protection levee alignment
currently proposed by Jefferson Parish. Such an alignment
would include within the unit wetlands which are currently
subject to litigation designed to prevent their conversion
into non-wetlands. Since the goals for management of the
West Bank Unit (page 11-58, #5) promote development-
A related activities within the unit, we are concerned about
the implied acceptance by Jefferson Parish officials of
the ultimate conversion of these wetlands to non-wetlands
use*,

Response: Comment noted.

X-14

e Comment: Previous residential and commercial development
on the West Bank of Jefferson Parish within the area of
the West Bank Management Unit have sometimes resulted in
personal gain for the developers to the long-term detri-
ment of individual citizens and local government. We
believe the Coastal Zone Management Program should recog-
nize past inconsistencies where immediate economic gain
was emphasized over long-term responsibility of government
to the citizens. The western boundary of the West Bank
Management Unit as defined in this document represents a
failure of the drafting committee and parish officials
reviewing the draft document to accept the unpleasant
realities which result when wetlands are converted into
residential and commercial developments. If the Coastal
Zone Management Program for Jefferson Parish is to serve
as a guide for future development in the parish, the draft
document should reflect those realities so well understood
by many of the citizens of our area.

Response: Comment noted.

12. Mr. R. Michael Lyons, Mid-Continental Oil and Gas Association
(written comments received 26 August 1982).

e Comment: We are pleased to note the recognition in the
Ta-rish plan of the Louisiana Coastal Resources Management
Act of 1978 (Act 361). Of particular note are those uses
of state concern listed on pages VII-2 and VII-3 of the
Draft Program (June, 1982). On page VII-3, the following
items are listed:

All mineral activities, including exploration for and
production of oil, gas, and other minerals, all dredge
and fill uses associated therewith, and all other
associated uses.

All pipelines for the gathering, transportation or
transmission of oil, gas and other minerals.

Energy facility siting and development.

Uses of local concern which may significantly affect
interests of regional, state or national concern.

Energy development activities, including any siting,
construction, or operation of generating, processing
and transmission facilities, pipeline facilities, and
exploration for and production of oil, natural qas and
geothermal energy.

X-15

It is also noted on page VII-9, paragraph F, that
"Jefferson Parish will permit-only 'uses of local concern.
The Parish will comment on uses of state and national con-
cern, when those uses occur within or affect the parish."

In light of the above, we are very concerned about several
aspects of the proposed parish plan. While you acknowl-
edge that the parish does not intend to regulate energy-
related activities, the plan throughout recites guidelines
or rules which, in fact, suggest such regulation. - The
following are examples:

Every management unit "policy for use" (page II-1 et
seq.) includes statements such as:

Dredged material should be placed continuously around
dredged slips to avoid saltwater intrusion and erosion.

Existing canals and channels should be used to access
new drilling sites, thereby reducing dredging.

Upon abandonment, canals should be plugged using
earthen plugs and riprap or other stabilizing material.

Hydrocarbons from oil and gas activities should not be
discharged into wetlands or waterbodies.

Dredged sites should be accessed by drilling barges and
other deep-draft vessels during high tides.

Flow lines within Bayou LaFleur and the Barataria Oil
and Gas Field should be laid across the marshland with-
out dredging. At waterways these flowlines should be
buried not less than three feet below the streambed or
canal bottom.

Directional drilling should be used when appropriate to
mitigate environmental impacts.

Pipeline corridors and existing canals should be used
when possible.

The permittee should repair, as requested by the
Administrator, all dams and plugs on abandoned access
and pipeline canals constructed or maintained by the
applicant.

X-16

Guidelines for improving coastal conditions in Jefferson
Parish (page VI-1 et seq.) include many of the above cited
provisions.

The "policy for use" for Lake Pontchartrain (page 11-50)
provides that "seismic surveys within five miles from the
Lake Pontchartrain shoreline should not be allowed".

The Local Use Permit Application (pages VII-9 and VII-10)
requires: "for dredging oil well access canals and chan-
nels, describe canal depth and dredging depth from mean
high tide".

Since energy-related activiti es are, in fact, subject only
to the jurisdiction of the state coastal zone management
program, we respectfully suggest that all proposed guide-
lines and provisions with respect to such activities ' con-
tained within the proposed Jefferson plan be deleted. The
parish, of course, retains the authority to comment on all
proposed state CZM permits. It may, should it so choose,
include in such comments the suggestions cited above. It
is our firm belief, however, that the inclusion of "guide-
lines". "policies", and/or "rules" with respect to energy-
related activities within the Jefferson Parish Plan are
inappropriate and contrary to the provisions and spirit of
Act 361 of 1978.

Response: Comments noted. It is a state recommendation
that the parish provide the state with policies concerning
issues of state concern occurring in Jefferson Parish.

13. Mr. L. P. Teague, Texaco U.S.A. (written comments received 26
August 1982).

e Comments: The concept of issuing parish guidelines
appri-cable to all uses of State concern in each parish has
major drawbacks. R. S. 49:213.9 governs local coastal
management programs. It does not require, or even men-
tion, such a policy list. The parish role intended in
R.S. 49:213.11(c) (3) is to comment on applications for
uses of State concern on a case by case basis. The prac-
-A tical effect of the list of policies will be to substitute
rigid guidelines in place of a case by case analysis by
the Parish.
A
Response: Comment noted. It is a state recommendation
that the parish provide the state with policies concerning
issues of state concern occurring in the parish.

X-17

* Comments: A related problem is the possibility of inter-
parish conflicts; different parishes might recommend to
the State that conflicting restrictions be imposed on a
multi-parish project. Uses of State concern should be
subject to uniform State rules. The parish role is to
vigilantly i-ssure full compliance with the State rules.
Jefferson Parish should, at a minimum, provide for auto-
matic consultation with 'other parishes affected by a pro-
posed use of State concern, before sending comments to the
State.

Response: Comment noted. Coordination is discussed on,
page VII-20 aAd VII-21. Section VII.F.7 on page VII-20
was modified to include other parishes.

9 Comment (page 11-35 et seq.): "Turbidity screens should
be used if oyster bed-saFe---endangered.11

This guideline presupposes that turbidity screens are ef-
fective in keeping turbid waters from contacting oyster
beds. It has been our experience that such screens do not
work well, and we are not aware of others who may have had
success with turbidity screens. We do not believe the
screens are needed. Unless oysters are actually buried
with silt, they generally tolerate high turbidity levels
with no significant mortality.

Response: Comment noted.

0 Comment (page 11-35 et seq.): "Disturbed areas should be
r7e-vegetated with appropriate native species." In most
situations revegetation is not necessary to assure the
development of an adequate vegetative cover for either
aesthetics or erosion control. Natural revegetation nor-
mally occurs quickly.

Response: Comment noted.

* Comment (page 11-13 et seq.): "Directional drilling
should be used when appropFla-te to mitigate environmental
impacts."

When directional drilling is used in coastal and inland
operations, it is employed only at the expense of longer
drilling time and greater well cost. It is feasible to
directionally drill some wells, though not necessarily
from a predetermined point that would eliminate the neces-
sary dredging of at least a short access canal. A number
of problems associated with that technique generally make
it difficult. In fact, for some shallow wells, it 'is en-
tirely impossible to drill directionally and reach the
objective.

X-18

Due to the complex geology associated with salt domes in
South Louisiana, it is especially important that well
locations be positioned to encounter reservoirs in the
optimum structural position. This procedure allows for
the recovery of the maximum amount of reserves with the
smallest number of wells. If directional drilling from
some specific surface location is required without regard
to subsurface geology, target formations might not be
penetrated in optimum positions. This results in either
smaller recovery of reserves or drilling additional
wells. In the drilling of a well, the direction that the
hole assumes is affected by the dip and strike of the for-
mations being drilled. This phenomenon of natural drift
must be considered for each well, and may make directional
drilling more difficult.

Other problems associated with directional wells include
the increased torque and drag on the drill pipe, which may
cause sticking and loss of the drill string in the hole.
Such loss of drill pipe occasionally necessitates abandon-
ment of the well without completion. Stuck pipe also
makes the controlling of a we-11 blowout more difficult.
The casing may also stick above total depth, requiring
@rillout and setting of a liner to complete the well. It
is more difficult to obtain a good cement bond between the
casing and formation in a directional hole because the
pipe will rest on the side of the hole rather than remain
centered. This cement bond is important as it serves to
prevent migration of fluids, such as salt water, between
formations.

In addition to problems associated with the actual dril-
ling operation, a directional hole presents difficulties
with subsequent production and workover activities. Due
to the difficulty of working inside casing in a direc-
tional hole, there is an increased possibility of losing
equipment during workover operations which may result in
premature abandonment of the well and consequent loss of
hydrocarbons. It is also more difficult to produce direc-
tional wells because of problems with wireline and artifi-
cial lift operations. Again, a possible consequence is
early abandonment and a loss in ultimate recovery of
reserves.

A question that usually arises in discussions of this sort
is if directional drilling is such a difficult technique,
why is it that most development wells located in offshore
waters are drilled directionally? The answer of course
lies in terms of economics and total reserves recovered.

X-19

In the deeper offshore waters, it is not economical to
develop a field using a separate platform for each well,
even though the wells could be drilled as straight holes.
The cost of the platforms is prohibitive. Consequently, a
single multi-well platform is installed to develop a given
area. A platform of this type is not constructed though,
unless the presence of sufficient reserves to justify
development by directional drilling is proven.

Ultimately, in offshore operations a larger percentage of
reserves is generally left unrecovered than in coastal and
inland operations as a result of the greater costs associ-
ated with development by directional drilling. Thus, to
require directional drilling in shallow water and inland
operations would result in a comparable loss of available
reserves at a time when the country still faces a serious
energy shortage.

Response: Comment noted.

0 Comment (page 11-9) "Existing canals and channels should
Be used to access new drilling sites; thereby reducing
dredging." Those opposed -to additional dredging often
cite the impact from dredged oil field canals in terms of
saltwater intrusion and altered circulation patterns.
However, it is our belief that the prime causes of salt-
water intrusion are not oil field canals, but the natural
subsidence associated with deltaic environments, the
leveeing of the Mississippi River to the extent that the
annual spring overflow has been halted, and the creation
of navigation channels from the Gulf of Mexico to inland
industrial or metropolitan centers.

Any impact on saltwater intrusion created by oil field
canals would be minimal because those waterways are con-
fined to localized areas, and do not transport water over
distances great enough to significantly affect normal
salinity patterns. If unusually high salinity measure-
ments are found in an oil field, then logically the salt-
water reached the area through some avenue other than the
access canals of the field.

Regarding altered circulation patterns stemming from oil
field activities, again it should be pointed out that any
impacts would be of a localized nature. Furthermore, we
have seen no data to indicate that such changes are inher-
ently detrimental. In fact, it is recognized that an ir-
regular shoreline which provides a lengthy marsh-water
contact line leads to greater productivity in an estuary.

X-20

Most of the dredging that Texaco proposes to conduct is in
an area where a number of access canals have already been
dredged to serve our operations. It is unli.kely that the
amount of aditional dredging needed will have any signifi-
cant impact on a particular management unit.

As acknowledged earlier in this discussion, there are a
number of publications which predict dire ecological con-
sequences unless dredging is halted, even though no con-
clusive evidence is presented to support that opinion.
For example, Gagliano makes a strong statement regarding
the expected adverse consequences of wetland loss in
Louisiana, yet at an earlier point in his report, he cau-
tions that in regard " ... to whether such environmental
alterations are beneficial or detrimental to biological
productivity of the area "this study cannot answer
that question." Gagliano also admits that " ... the effects
of canals on wetland environments are difficult to
evaluate...".

A report by Turne,r describes a relationship between a com-
mercial penaeid shrimp landing and marsh acreage. It is
obvious that there is indeed a statistical relationship
between the two variables when data from around the world
are compi led. However, if not erroneous, it is a simple
cause and effect relationship between marsh acreage and
shrimp production. One could be equally speculative and
surmise that the shrimp catch is directly proportional to
the amount of riverine discharge into an estuarine
system. In fact, since it is likely that most wetland
acreage is in the vicinity of river mouths, Turner's own
data could probably be used to demonstrate that such a
positive statistical correlation exists between river dis-
charge and shrimp landings.

The fact of the matter is that a large number of variables
affect the productivity of a marine ecosystem of which
marsh acreage and oil field canals are only two such
factors..

Also, this provision should be revised (if not deleted) to
be consistent with State Guidelines 3.12 and 10.12, which
are qualified by the words "to the maximum extent
practicable".

Response: Comments noted.

X-21

0 Comment (page 11-35): "Flowlines within Lafitte, Little
ke, Manila Village, McCalls Island and Three Bayou Bay
Oil and Gas Fields are to- be laid across the marshland
without dredging. Where these flowlines cross waterways,
they are to be buried not less than three feet below the
stream bed or canal bottom."

Oil flowlines do comply with this guideline, but gas flow-
lines are normally buried their entire length. This is
due to both safety and operational considerations. Be-
cause of the inherent danger associated with rupturing a
high-pressure gas line, it is far safer to bury these
lines--even in the marsh--to minimize the risk of rup-
ture. Burying also serves to insulate gas lines and les-
sen the likelihood of the line freezing--a problem common
to gas flowlines, especially during winter.

Response: Comment noted, however, there are numerous
instances in which flowlines are not buried properly as
stated in this comment.

0 Comment (page 11-35): "Permits for dredging across
islands, cheniers, or shell beaches should not be issued."

We believe the intent of this guideline is to apply to
barrier islands; not all islands. It is not feasible to
avoid dredging on all islands. The guideline should be
changed accordingly.

Response: Comment noted..

0 Comment (page 11-35 et seq.): "Hydrocarbons from oil and
gas activities shoulF@o_t be Aischarged into wetlands or
water bodies."

This is not reasonable, and is contrary to State Guideline
10.6. All discharges complying with applicable discharge
permit programs should be allowed.

Response: Comment noted.

0 Comment (page 11-50): "Seismic surveys within five miles
Trom the Lake Pontchartrain shoreline should 'not be
allowed."

There does not appear to be any justification for this
guideline. We strongly object to its inclusion. Seismic
operations generally have insignificant impact on the
environment. This policy is contrary to State Guideline
10.1.

Response: Comment noted.

X-22

_'k

a Comment: Local guidelines affecting daily oil and gas
operations on a parish level divided by twelve 'separate
management units is unnecessary. Oil and gas operations
are presently regulated at the State level providing
uniform policy for the entire coastal zone area. Many
of our operations involve several parishes. Because
these operations frequently cross parish lines, it is
imperative that a uniform policy reflected in State
.rules and regulations govern coastal zone areas and the
oil and gas activity within those areas. The impact of
these twelve management policies will splinter the uni-
form application concept and open the door,to conflict-
ing parish policies involving a multi-parish project.
Such conflicts are costly in both time delays and unnec-
essary expenditures. We, therefore, recommend the
parish delete "Policies for Uses in this Unit" for each
of the twelve Management Units, to the extent such
policies bear on uses of State concern as set forth on
page VII-2 of the Draft Program.

Response: Comment noted. It is a state recommendation
T-hat the parish provide the state with policies concern-
ing issues of state concern occurring in Jefferson
Parish. Multi-parish coordination is provided for on
page VII-20.

14. Mr. A. J. Planche, Jr., Private Individual (written com-
ments received 26 August 1982).

a Comment (page 11-7): In the Bayou Aux Carpes Management
Unit (Physical and Biological Description), I believe
the last sentence is incorrect, since Bayou Barataria is
directly connected to the Gulf of Mexico. This area is
affected greatly by the tide. Coast Guard records of
that area during the construction of the Lafitte-LaRose
Highway will confirm tidal findings.

Response: Concur. The word "minimally" was deleted
From page 11-7, paragraph 2.

0 Comment (page 11-7, para. 4): The fourth paragraph on
Tage 11-7 is incorrect. It says the Waterways, as
dammed or vegetated, are inaccessible to boat traffic.
Bayou Aux Carpes is only dammed at its mouth at Bayou
Barataria. However, Bayou Aux Carpes is directly con-
nected to the pipe line canal, which is also directly
connected to Bayou Barataria. I have fished the area by
boat on numerous occasions with friends. We observed
the falling tide on the mud bank when the water was
flowing from the swamp into Bayou Aux Carpes.

X-23

Response: Comment noted.

s Comment: All Council ordinances mentioned in the
CoastaT Management Report should be included in the
final draft. Copies should be sent to all interested
parties.

Response: Copies of all ordinances are available upon
request from Ms. Dolores Gonzales,, Clerk of Council, P.
0. Box 9, Gretna, LA 70054. Copies of the final report
will be sent to all interested persons.

e Comment: Relative to the Bayou LaFleur Management Unit,
I wouTd like to see in the final draft, the distance
from the center line of Louisiana Highway 45 to the
east, where the westerly boundary lies. The same should
apply to the levee south of Rosethorn. I do not know of
.any levee(s) running south to Rosethorn.

Response: The boundaries for the Bayou LaFleur Manage-
ment Unit, the Bayou Perot Management Unit and the Lower
West Bank Management Unit conform to the line adopted by
the Jefferson Parish Council in Ordinance No. 13795,
which created a growth-limit line south of Crown Point
and which will conform to any amendments to that ordi-
nance. The distance of those boundaries from either
side of Louisiana Highway 45 ranges from 30 feet from
the edge of the highway to approximately 2000 feet in
some areas of the northern segment of the Lower West
Bank Management Unit.

* Comment: The Bayou Segnette Management Unit and the
7e-stBank Management Unit have the illegal Bayou des
Familles levee as their boundary. I believe it should
be changed to preserve the valuable wetlands of this
area. I also object to the boundary running easterly
and south of Lapalco, taking so much wetland south of
Lapalco including the C.I.T. Tracts. It is also incor-
rect to say there is no tidal activity in the West Bank
Management Unit because of its levee(s).

-Response: Comments noted. Information on tidal activ-
ity was modified on page 11-56.

* Comment: For the Lower West Ba nk Management Unit, I
wouTd---like to see the distance given in feet from the
center line of Louisiana Highway 303 to the west to this
unit boundary and from Louisiana Highway 45 to the east
to that boundary line.

X-24

Response: The boundary line of this Management Unit
relative to its exact distance in feet from Louisiana
Highways 303 and 45 has never been surveyed. The ap-
proximate distance ranges from 30 to 2000 feet on either
side of Louisiana Highway 45 as shown on page 11-52.

Comment: This program "could be very helpful in h'elping
to save the Wetlands not only in Jefferson Parish but
also in the State of Louisiana. However, I do not feel
Jefferson Parish by hand picking a political group of
people to oversee the permitting process in these man-
agement areas would ever go against the Councils recom-
mendation of issuing permits. Therefore, political
favoritism would be shown just as it is now done in zon-
ing and other department matters."

Response: Comment noted.

15. Mr. Joseph I. Vincent,_ Private Individual .(written comments
received 26 August 1982).

9 Comment (page I-1): Why is one goal to ensure that
state and local governments have the primary authority
for managing coastal resources? In general, the federal
government has to be given almost all of the credit for
any protection presently afforded to wetlands. Jeffer-
son Parish has done nothing to protect its wetlands, has
encouraged uncontrolled destruction of same, has grossly
neglected sewerage treatment and constantly bypasses raw
sewerage into the Barataria estuary, and is in this very
document proposing the destruction of even more wet-
lands, contrary to the wellbeing of the majority of the
citizens of the Parish, and certainly contrary to the
wellbeing of the ecosystem.

Response: Comment noted. That state and local govern-
ment have the primary authority is a purpose listed in
Act 361.

9 Comment (page 11-2): The West Bank Unit is depicted
jifferently here from its depiction on page 11-56, in
particular with regard to the Bayou des Familes levee.

Response: Concur. The boundary was changed on pg. 11-2.

9 Comment (page 11-6): What kind of protection is af-
forded archaeological sites under Parish ordinances.

X-25

Response: There are no parish ordinances which afford
any kind of protection to archaeological sites.

s Comment (page 11-20): The stated intent of the boundary
alignment of the Bayou Segnette unit is to "encompass
the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and its 'pro-
tection zone ...... 11 Part of the protection zone lies
outside of the alignment. Why the discrepancy?

Response: Concur. The common boundary between the
Bayou SegnOtte and West Bank Management Units conforms
to the Jefferson Parish Council's Proposed Hurricane
Protection Levee alignment. The boundary will be firmly
established only after a levee is built.

* Comment (page 11-44): 1 applaude any efforts to protect
Grand Terre Island. It is my belief that the first step
which should be taken is the removal of all horses from
the island. They do great damage to plant communities
on the beach, thereby accelerating deterioration of
same. Also, measures should be taken to shore up the
beach around the fort, before the fort is washed into
the Gulf.

Response: Comment noted.,

9 Comment (page 11-49): 1 was unaware that the Bucktown
rina was a major goal for managing our resources, and
I would like to see a brief discussion in the Final EIS
of how the Bucktown Marina will afford better management
of those resources.

Response: The beneficial and adverse impacts associated
with th proposed Bucktown Marina are the subject of an
Environmental Impact Assessment prepared in March, 1979
by VTN Louisiana, Inc. of Metairie. Based on the find-
ings of that assessment, a Department of the Army Permit
to implement that project was issued by the U. S. Army
Corps of Engineers on 23 May 1980.

0 -Comment (page 11-50): Are any unmodified wetlands in-
cluded in the Lower West Bank Management Unit? If so,
why? Are any modified but easily restorable wetlands
included in this unit? If so, why?

Response: The Lower West Bank Management Unit is based
on the Growth-Limit Line established by the Jefferson
Parish Council in Ordinance 13795. There is a minimal
amount of wetlands in this unit in the Barataria area
north of Pailet Canal to the west and in the southern-
most tip of the unit.

X-26

Comment (page 11-55): The West Bank Management Unit is
Ty far the most objectionable unit described for the
obvious reason that it encompasses hundreds of acres of
wetlands for no justifiable reason. It also refers to
"minimal" tidal activity in this unit, but those of us
who have seen the tide rush in and out of the CIT Tract
may dispute the use of this description.

Response: Comment noted. Additional information on
tides was added on page 11-56.

9 Comment (page 11-56): The map is different from the map
6n page IV-14,. and different from the map on the
Parish's application to the Corps of Engineers for a
hurricane protection levee. No one can tell just what
the Parish really intends or proposes.

Response: All levee and boundary alignments on pages
11-57, IV-11 and IV-14 are now consistent with each
other and the alignment submitted to the Corps for a
hurricane protection levee.

0 Comment (page 11-58): The West Bank Management Unit
does not lie entirely outside the "prohibited service
area

Response: Concur. Changes made on page 11-60.

9 Comment (page 111-6, para 5): How is Ordinance 13127
enforce ? What specific acts of enforcement can you
cite as evidence both that the ordinance is actually
enforced, and as an example of how it is enforced? The
ordinance may conform to EPA standards, but our sewerage
treatment does not.

Response: Ordinance 13127 is enforced by the Compliance
S"e-ction of the Jefferson Parish Environmental and Devel-
opment Control Department. All major contributing in-
dustries are routinely sampled and are assessed. appro-
priate service charges to have their discharges
treated. In addition, approximately 2,000 wastewater
discharges have been sampled by the parish on a random
basis in order to survey the quality and quantity of
wastewater discharges within the parish.

Compliance with Ordinance 13127 is enforced first by
advising the owners of the facilities of the provisions
of said ordinance and the requirement that all
discharges must meet the standards required therein.
All facilities are then given a sufficient amount of

X-27

time within which to modify their facilities so that
discharges meet the standards of the parish ordinance.
Whenever sewage treatment does not conform to EPA stan-
dards, reports are prepared by the Compliance Section
and forwarded to EPA under the terms of the Parish NPDES
permits.

s Comment (page IV-1): Either the figures or the language
usage or both are faulty in paragraph one, the last
sentence.

Response: Concur. Last sentence deleted.

* Comment (page IV-3): The final statement in paragraph 3
"If, however, Jefferson Parish continues to lose wet-
lands vital as nursery and fishing grounds, the parish
will soon begin to experience a serious decline in com-
mercial and recreational fisheries," is, I assume, an
admission of fact by the parish. Looking then at the
alignment of the West Bank Management Unit, one must
also assume that the parish does not give a damm whether
it experiences such a decline or not.

Response: Comment noted.

0 Comment (page IV-12): The West Bank Hurricane Protec-
tion Levee alignment does not conform to the designated
"prohibited service area" alignment. Also, I strongly
disagree with the plan to dredge outside the leveed
area. All dredging should be done within the levee
system, which would accomplish two important objec-
tives: access could be completely controlled, no
vehicles could reach the levees except through desig-
nated points and for designated reasons; and, all pump-
ing stations within the leveed area would be directly
connected by the one ring canal system, making it much
easier to compensate for pumping station failures at any
one place.

Response: Comment noted.

0 Comment (page IV-14): This map does not Conform to the
alignment submitted to the Corps.

Response: Concur. Changes made on page IV-14.

9 Comment (page V-1): The facts as presented on page V-1
a7so argue very effectively against the parish's West
Bank Management Unit alignment.

Response: Comment noted.

X-28

e Comment (page VI-4): The statement on development in
the Jean Lafitte "park protection zone' is at odds with
the proposed hurricane levee alignment. The core area
of the park is 8,600 acres.

Response: Comment noted.

a Comment (page VI-4): In Item I, the first sentence is
unsupported, particularly in the case of those wetlands
illegally modified or drained, and which are easily
restorable.

Response: Comment noted.

* Comment (page VII-2): The sentence beginning with the
words "Normal maintenance... " should be changed to read
11... repair of existing legal structures..."

Response: Sentence changed to read "...legally existing
structures... 11

* Comment (page VII-3): Some uses (or- abuses) of local
concern which must also be construed to be of state con-
cern are the illegal CIT tract levees, the illegal Bayou
des Familles levees, the destruction of the wetlands
south of Lapalco Blvd. for use as a garbage dump by the
City of Westwego; and the excess sewerage discharges
into the Millaudon Canal and Bayou Segnette.

Response:. Concur.

0 Comment (page VII-6): What is the source of the defini-
tion of fastlands?

Response: The definition of fastlands as given on page
XI-3 was taken from the Louisiana Coastal Resources Pro-
gram Final Environmental Impact Statement (U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce and Louisiana Department of Natural
Resources, 1980).

6 CommentApage VII-7, para. 1): Why should the burden of
Froof -be on the Secretary? This is unreasonable. Why
should the public be burdened in terms of time and money
because of some individual's whim or fancy?

Response: The provisions of paragraph one of page VII-7
are among the "Rules and Procedurres for Coastal Use
Permits" adopted by the State.

X-29

* Comment (page VII-7, Item 4): If the parish is serious
in stating that to be exempt from the need to obtain a
coastal use permit "The structure or work was lawfully
in existence, currently serviceable, and (emphasis
added) in active use.... 11, are we then a-Ts-o to assume
that the parish will grant any permit application it
receives? After all, the parish did not fight illegal
levees built by Mayor Kerner in Lafitte, it did not
fight the CIT levees, it did not fight the Bayou des
Fami 1 les levees. What are we to actually infer then
from the requirement to obtain parish permits?

Response: Comment noted. Changes made to Item 4, page
VIII-7 to read " ... of legally existing 'structures..."

0 Comment (page VII-16): I very much approve of requiring
all applicants to post bond in an amount sufficient to
cover the costs of restoring the project site upon aban-
donment. Such bond should be posted prior to commence
ment of any activity at the proposed site.

Response: Concur.

0 Comment (page VII-20, Item 7): How are the environ-
Fental needs of the parish to be determined - politi-
cally or scientifically?

Response: Some environmental needs of the parish are
determined scientifically, others are determined politi-
cally. Many environmental needs are determined scienti-
fically and politically.

0 Comment (page VII-21): What type of mitigation is
.meant? This should be a requirement for all dredge and
fill activities in the Barataria Estuary.

Response: Appropriate mitigative measures refers to all
applicable means of lessening the impacts of a proposed
use throughout the coastal area of Jefferson Parish.

0 Comment (page VIII-1):. I am unaware of any enforcement
7 Ordinance No. 13127. Please cite some specific
cases, what action was taken, and what type of enforce-
ment is pl anned for the future.

Response: Comment noted.

X-30

Comment (page VIII-2): By whose definition has Ordi-
@A`nce 13127 been successfully administered? Please cite
some specific examples of how this success has been
determi ned.

Response: Comment noted.

16. Ms. Peggy Keney, National Marine Fisheries Service (tele-
phone communication received 27 August 1982 indicating that
written comments would be forwarded). No written comments
received as of I September 1982.

9 Comment: In an oral comment, Ms. Keney suggested that
Te-fferson Parish identify its Wetland Mitigation Project
in the program.
Reseonse: A section discussing the parish "Wetland
Mitigation Program" was added as K. on page VI-5.

E. Comments Submitted After Close of Comment Period.

1. Mr. John Koury, Louisiana Department of Natural Resources,
Tffice of Environmental Affairs, Solid Waste Management
Division (written comments received I September 1982).

# Comment (page 11-3, para. 5): Referenced landfills
sT-ou-rd-be identified and the permit status of each
should be indicated.

Response: A listing of the landfills currently operat-
ing in Jefferson Parish and their permit status is given
on page 111-6, para. 7.

s Comment (page 111-5): A section on Solid Waste Manage-
ment Programs should be added to include "Extensive
efforts and cooperation are being exercised towards
effective and efficient Solid Waste Management Programs".

Response: Section 7 "Solid Waste Management Program"
was added on page 111-6.

# Comment (page VI-1, Section B): Add the following
statement: "All solid waste dumps must be closed or
upgraded according to appropriate Department of Natural
Resources Rules and Regulations."

Response: Statement added to Section B, page VI-1.

X-31

e Comment (page VII-11, Section e): This item should
include all divisions of the Office of Environmental
Affairs.

Response: Change was made on page VII-11.

0 Comment (page VII-21): The Louisiana Department of
'NatUraT Resources encompasses all Divisions, unless
Office of Environmental Affairs Divisions and/or Depart-
Tent of Natural Resources Divisions are referred to
individually.

Response: Comment noted.

* Comment (Glossary): Add definition of "Solid Waste" to
g To s -sa ry.

Response: "So 1 id Waste" definition was added to page
XI-1; -as defined by the Louisiana Solid Waste Management
Division.

2. Mr. Richard J. Hoogland, National Marine Fisheries Service
Cw-ritten comments received 7 September 1982T).

* Comment: We believe that adoption and enactment of the
proposed "Coastal Zone Management Ordinance" by the Jef-
ferson Parish Council will enable the Parish to protect
their wetlands from destruction due to man's activi-
ties. We support the overall goals, objectives and
policies as delineated in Section I and believe that the
size and boundaries of the Management Units (Section II)
are conducive to the overall plans. We especially sup-
port the plans that would restrict development to areas
within levees or on fastlands. We also recommend that
the "prohibited service" area, jointly established by
the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and Jefferson
Parish and noted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
should be maintained.

Response: Comment noted.

9 Comment: The Jefferson Parish Wetlands Mitigation Pro-
le-cf, approved the the Jefferson Parish'Council by Reso-
lution Number 44972 adopted May 12, 1982, should be
included in the Jefferson Parish Coastal Zone Management
Program. The mitigation program should

1. Establish wetland areas within the parish that would
benefit by the construction of a plug, levee or weir
to reduce erosion and retard saltwater intrusion,
yet continue to allow ingress and egress by marine
organisms, or

X-32

2. Designate ope n water areas where spoil material
could be used to create elevations conducive to the
establishment and growth of marsh grasses.

in the case of large projects which would damage marine
fishery resources and their habitat, offsite mitigation
may be necessary, in addition to the recommended poli-
cies to mitigate adverse environmental impacts which are
listed in the "Policies for Uses" of each management
unit. A Council approved mitigation policy, with neces-
sary permits, would facilitate any recommended offsite
mitigation.

Response: Comment noted. Information concerning the
"Wetland Mitigation Program" was added on page VI-5.

e Comment: The-National Marine Fisheries Service encour-
ig-esJefferson Parish to participate in a management
program for the Lake Pontchartrain Basin and the estab-
lishment of "Special Areas" in wetlands to further pro-
tect unique or environmentally sensitive areas.

Respons e: Comment noted. Section 6 added on page 11-50.

@ Comment: To be effective, the Jefferson Parish Coastal
Wa-nagement Program should be at least as strict as the
program implemented by the Coastal Management Section of
the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources.

Response: Concur.

0 Comment (Section II): Policies for uses in each of the
management units, where applicable, should include:

0 The method of spoil deposition should be decided on
a case-by-case basis. Although a continuous levee
is often recommended to prevent saltwater intrusion,
at times spoil could be placed in ponds to the ele-
vation of adjacent marsh to create areas conducive
to the establishment of marsh vegetation.

0 Mitigation or compensation at an off-site location
should be required for projects which would ad-
versely impact wetland areas and where adequate com-
pensation cannot be conducted on site.

X-33

Response: Additional policies were added on pages 11-9,
II-T3_,II-19, 11-25, 11-30, 11-36, 11-45, 11-50, 11-51,
11-55 and 11-60.

Comment (page IV-3, para. 3): The latest published
71-sheries data, for the year 1981, should have been
listed and referenced (Thompson, 1982). Although the
catch in 1978 was higher, the 1981 catch amounted to
almost one-fourth of all fish caught by U. S. fishermen.

Response: This plan was prepared prior to the refer-
enced repiort. However, additional information was added
on page IV-3.

Comment (page V-2 and V-3): The study by Gagliano,
Meyer-Arendt, and Wicker (1981) detailing the land loss
in the Mississippi River deltaic plain, which includes
Jefferson Parish, should be mentioned. The life expec-
tancy of Jefferson Parish is not projected in the study,
however, the rate of land loss is shown to be over one-
half percent per year in some parts of Jefferson Parish.

Response: Statement added to page V-2, para. 2.

Comment (page V-6, para. 5): Commercial fishing may be
impaii-r-ed, not only because of being, limited to polluted
areas to the north, but also because of the loss of
nursery areas in fresh and intermediate marshes.

Response: Statement added to page V-6, para. 5.

Comment (page VII-9): The state coastal zone management
@-Fogram has been in operation for nearly two years and
their permit form is already developed.

Response: Although the state's program has been in
effect since October 1, 1980, the state has not
developed its own form. The state accepts the same
Department of the Army permit applications which are
submitted to the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers for
projects involving Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
and Section 10 of the River and Harbor Act.

X-34

GLOSSARY

Barrier Islands. Long, narrow sand islands lying parallel to the shore
and built up by the action of the waves, currents and winds.

Brackish Marsh. A marsh having a salinity of 10 to 20 ppt. The principal
species of this vegetative association in the Barataria Basin are
(Chabreck, 1972): Distichlis. spicata (Salt grass), 28.96%; Eleocharis
parvula (Dwarf Spikerush), 5.49-K; -Juncus romerianus (Black rush), 3.26%;
Scirpus olneyi (
Three-cornered grass , 9.03%; and .@partina patens (Wire
grass), 45.84%.

Chenier Forests. This vegetative association is located on low isolated,
natural levees that mark the sites of abandoned distributaries of the
Mississippi River. It is dominated by live oak (Quercus virginiana) and
palmetto (Sabel minor).* These ridges also support (Palmisano, 1970):
Acer drumdo-n-dii -(-orummond's red maple), Celtis laevigata (Hackberry),
TT-0-spyros virginiana (Persimmon), Gleditsfa-triacanthos (Honey-locust),
Quercus ni a T-Water oak), Taxod"iu-m-715-tichum (BalF cypress), Ulmus
americana American Elm), and Z-a-n-t-ho-x-y-lem--c-Tava--herculis (Hercules-cl_ub_@_.

Coastal Waters. Coastal waters are bays, lakes, inlets, estuaries,
rivers, bayous, and other bodies of water within the boundaries of the
coastal zone which have measurable seawater content (under normal weather
conditions over a period of years).

Coastal Zone. The coastal zone includes the coastal waters and adjacent
shorelands within the boundaries of the coastal zone (established in
Section 213.4 of Act 361), which are strongly influenced by each other,
and in proximity to the shorelines, and uses of which have a direct and
significant impact on coastal waters.

Croplands. This vegetative association consists of pastures and ti-lled
fields. It is characterized by composite, grass and legume species typi-
cal of disturbed areas.

Detritus. A non-dissolved product of disintegration or wearing away. It
pertains to organic or inorganic matter.

Discharge. This term includes, but is not limited to, any spilling,
leaking,, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, or dumping.

Dune Vegetation. This vegetative association consists of the following
species (Bahr and Hebrard, 1976): Cakile sp. (Sea rocket), Heterotheca
sp. (Frogbit), Ipomea pes-caprae (Be'ach morning glory), Ipomea sp. (Morn-
ing glory), Oen-othera sp. (Evening primrose), Panicum-Fe-pens (Dogtooth
grass), and Scirpus olneyi (Three-cornered grass).

EstuarK. An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a
connection with the open Gulf and within which sea water is measurably
diluted with fresh water derived from land drainage.

XI-1

Fast Lands. See Modified Wetlands or Fastlands on page X-3.

Forested Wetlands or Swamps. This vegetative association occurs along
the flanks of natural levees and at the upper ends of interdistributary
basins. The principal species in this association are (Conner et al.,
1975): Acer drummondii (Drummond's red maple), 19.44%; Fraxinus--to-men-
tosa (Pumpkin ash), 8.33%; Nyssa aquatica (Tupelo guml, 3-2.41%; and
Taxodium distichum (Cypress), -3-MM..'

Freshwater Marsh. A marsh having a salinity of less than 5 ppt. The
principal specie-s of this vegetative association in the Barataria Basin
are (Chabreck, 1972): Alternanthera philoxeroides (Alligator-weed),
3.43%; Bacopa monnieri (Water hyssop), 1.82%; Cyperus odoratus (Sedge),
3.21%; EchinochTo-a--w-a-lteri (Water millet), 2.15%; Ei fi@hnorn@ia crassipes
(Water hyacinth), 1.997.-;Eleocharis sp. (Spikerus-Th,- -T-2.1-1%;' Panicum
hemitomon (Maidencane), 4 .35%; Po yqonum spp. (Smartweeds), 7-.6-0-YE;
Saqittaria falcata (Bulltongue), 17.42%; Scirpus olneyi (Three-cornered
grass) -,-T. 4_8-,9_;_Typha spp. (Cattails), 2._59_%1;-and Zizaniopsis miliacea
(Giant cutgrass), 1.36%.

Habitat. The environment, usually the natural environment, in which a
pppulFt-ion of plants or animals occurs.

Intermediate Marsh. A marsh having a salinity of 5 to 10 ppt. This
vegetative asso ion is a transition zone between Freshwater Marsh and
Brackish Marsh. The species found here are those that can stand fluctua-
tions between zero and 20 ppt.

Land Area. Land area refers to all land areas including marshes and
swamps at mean low tide.

Mangrove Swamp. This vegetative association is dominated by black man-
grove (Avicennia nitida) and is only found in the southern half of the
Bay Study Unit and on the leeward sides of the barrier islands of the
Grand Isle Study Unit.

Marsh. Low-lying soft, wet land, commonly covered, sometimes seasonally,
entirely or partially with water; dominated by grasses or grasslike
vegetation.

Modified Forested Wetlands. This term indicates that the area is at var-
ious stages of transition from forested wetlands or swamps to bottomland'
hardwood forests because of the forced drainage of the area. The plant
associations consist of swamp forest indicator species such as Drummond's
red maple, bald cypress, and button bush that remain from the area's pre-
vious history as a wetland, and black willow, water oak, hackberry,
elderberry, blackberry, ragweed, and goldenrod which are indicative of
the now drier nature of the area.

XI-2

Modified Wetlands or Fast Lands. Lands surrounded by public.ly owned,
maintained, or otherwise validly existing levees or natural formations,
as of I January 1979 or as may be ' lawfully constructed in the future,
which levees or natural formations would normally prevent activities, not
to include the pumping of water for drainage purposes, within the
surrounded area from having direct and significant impacts on coastal
waters.

Natural Levee. Slightly elevated areas that flank alluviall streams and
form conspicuous highs on the otherwise featureless deltaic plain.

Natural Levee Forest. This vegetative association exists along the
natural levees 57-the Mississippi River and its various existing and
abandoned distributaries. The trees in this association include (Conner
et al., 1975 and Palmisano, 1970):

Overstory Species Percent

Acer drummondii (Drummond's red maple) 25.00
A-cer nequndo (Boxelder) 7.86
Caw ovata (Shagbark hickory 4.29
Celtis laevigata (Hackberry) 2.14
Cornus drummondii (Roughl af dogwood) 8.57
Diospyr-os virginiana Persimmon) 3.57
Fraxinus tomentosa (Pumpkin ash) 3.57
Ilex decidua (DeETduous holly) 2.86
Nyssa aquatica (Tupelo gum) 11.43
Populus heterophylla (Cottonwood) 2.86
Quercus nigra (W@_te_r oak) 2.14
Quercus shumardii (Shumard red oak) 2.14
Salix nigra (BlaEk willow) 5.71
Ta-xodi-G-mdistichum (Cypress) 4.29
Ulmus americana FAmerican elm) 5.00

Understory. Species

Cephalanthus occidentalis (Buttonbush)
Cynodon dacty on (Bermuda grass)
Fraxinus pennsy vanica (Green ash)
r
Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey-locust)
Iva frutescens (R-a-rs'F elder)
ragmTt-escomunis (Roseau cane)
virginiai F(Live oak)
quercus . . Fa
Rubus sp. (Blackberry)

XI-3

Navigable Waters. Navigable waters are waters of the United States,
T6`cuding the territorial seas. This term includes, but is not limited
to:

(1) All waters which are currently used, or were used in the
past, or may be susceptible to use in interstate or foreign commerce,
including all waters which are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide;

(2) Interstate waters, including wetlands;

(3) All other waters such as intrastate lakes, rivers, streams
(including intermittent streams), mudflats, sandflats, and wetlands; the
use, degradation or destruction of which could affect interstate com-
merce, including any such waters;

(a) Which are or could be used by interstate travelers for
recreational or other purposes; and

(b) From which fish or shellfish are or could be taken and
sold in interstate commerce; and

(4) All impoundments of waters of the United States, otherwise
defined as navigable waters, under this paragraph.
(5). Tributaries of waters identified in this definition.
(6) Wetlands adjacent to waters identified in this definition,
viovided that treatment ponds or lagoons designed to meet the require-
ments of the Clean Water Act (other than cooling ponds *meeting the cri-
teria of this paragraph) are not waters of the United States.

Nursery. An area where animals congregate for giving birth or where the
early Tife history stages develop.

Oil. Oil means any kind of oil in any form, including but not limited
to, petroleum, fuel oil, sludge, oil refuse, and oil mixed with wastes
other than dredged materials.

Onshore. Onshore includes all land areas landward of the inner boundary
of the-territorial seas.

Parts Per Thousand (ppt). This measure of concerntration is used to in-
dicate salinities. Seawater is 35 ppt salt or there are 35 grams of dis-
solved salts in every one thousand grams of water. Freshwater is less
than 0.5 ppt.

XI-4

Saline Marsh. A marsh having a salinity of greater than 20 ppt. This
vegetative association in the Barataria Basin consists of the following
species (Chabreck, 1972): Distichli ic ta (Salt grass), 10.05%;
Juncus romerianus (Black rush), 14 ; Spartina alterniflora (Oyster
gras's, 62.79%; and Spartina patens (Wire grassT, T.7

Solid Waste. Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste
treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control
facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semi-
solid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commer-
cial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities,
but does not include or mean solid or dissolved material in domestic sew-
age or solid or d'issolved materials in irrigation return flows or indus-
trial discharges which are point sources subject to permits under R. S.
30:1094, or source, special nuclear, or by-product material as defined by
the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, or hazardous waste subject to
permits under R. S. 30:1131 et seq.

Spoil Banks. Areas built by the deposition of dredged material placed
along the banks of the canal being dug. In marshlands, the resulting
higher elevation and firmer substrate allow the establishment of species
that are not typical of the original marsh lands. A list of these
species follows: Acer drummondii (Drummond's red maple), Cephalanthus
occidentalis (Butt6n_b-ushT,_1va Trutescens (Marsh elder), Nyssa aquatica
r------ r-n
(Tupelo__gu_m7, Phragmites corffmnun s (Roseau cane), Quer'cus virginiana (Live
oak), Rubus sp_._FB1ackberr_yT, -and Salix niqra (Bla-c-F-w-Mow).

Swamp. A flat, wet area usually or periodically covered by standing
water and supporting a growth of trees, shrubs and grasses.

Wetlands. Wetlands are those vegetated areas that are inundated or
saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration suffi-
cient to support, and that under, normal circumstances do support a pre-
valence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil condi-
tions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar
areas.

XI-5

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adams, R. D., B. B. Barrett, J. H. Blackmon, B. W. Gane and W. G.
McIntire. 1976. Barataria Basin: Geologic processes and framework.
Louisiana State University Center for Wetland Resources, Baton Rouge,
LA. Sea Grant Publication No. LSU-T-76-006.

Bahr, L. M. and J. J. Hebrard. 1976. Barataria Basin: Biological Char-
acterization. Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, LA.

Burk and Associates, Inc. 1978. Coastal Resources Atlas: Jefferson
Parish. Burk and Associates, Inc., New Orleans, LA.

Cardwell, G. T., M. J. Forbes, Jr., and M. W. Gaydos. 1967. Water
Resources of the Lake Pontchartrain Area, Louisiana. Water Resources
Bulletin No. 12. Department of Conservation, Louisiana Geological Survey
and Louisiana Department of Public Works, Baton Rouge, LA.

Chabreck, R. H. 1972. Vegetation, Water and Soil Characteristics of the
Louisiana Coastal Region. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No.'
664, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.

Conner, W. H. 1975. Productivity and Composition of a Freshwater Swamp
in Louisiana. M. S. Thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.

Conner, W. H., R. E. Noble and J. W. Day, Jr. 1975. Plant Species
Checklist for the Lac Des Allemands Swamp Area of Louisiana. Louisiana
State University Notes No. 113.

Craig, N. and J. W. Day, Jr. (Editors). 1977. Cumulative Impact
Studies in the Louisiana Coastal Zone: Eutrophication and Land Loss.
Final Report. Louisiana State Planning Office, Baton Rouge, LA.

Gagliano, S. M., K. J. Meyer-Arendt and K. M. Wicker. 1981. Land loss
in the Mississippi River deltaic plain. Transactions Gulf Coast
Association of Geological Societies 31:295-300.

Gagliano, S. M. and J. L. Van Beek. 1970. Geologic and geomorphic
aspects of deltaic processes, Mississippi Delta System. Hydrologic and
Geologic Studies of Coastal Louisiana, Report No. 1. Louisiana State
University, Center for Wetland Resources, Coastal Resource Unit, Baton
Rouge, LA.

Jones, K. D. and B. H. Denton. 1976. Estimates of the population of
Louisiana parishes. The Louisiana Economy 9 (3):1-11.

Louisiana State Planning Office. 1979. Louisiana State of the State
1978. Baton Rouge, LA.

Neeb, D. 1976a. Harvey Canal Industrial Survey. Jefferson. Parish
Office of Manpower, Metairie, LA.

XII-1

Neeb, D. 1976b. Directory of Harvey Canal Business Firms. Jefferson
Parish Office of Manpower, Metairie, LA.

Palmisano, A. W. 1970. Plant Community-Soil Relationship in Louisiana
Coastal Marshes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, LA.

Public Affairs Research Council of Louisiana, Inc. 1973. Statistical
Profile of Jefferson Parish. Baton Rouge, LA.

Saucier, R. T. 1963. Recent Geomorphic History of the Pontchartrain
Basin. Louisiana State University Coastal Studies Series No. 9, Baton
Rouge, LA.

Segal, H., G. Saussy, F. Wrighton, D. Wilcox and R. Burford. 1976.
Projections to the Year 2000 of Louisiana Populations and Households.
The Division of Business and Economic Research, College of Business
Administration, University of New Orleans, Research Study No. 21, New
Orleans, LA.

Thompson, B. G. 1982. Fisheries of the United States. 1981. Current
Fisheries Statistics No. 8200. U. S. Department of Commerce, National
Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, DC.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1979. Storet Computer Data for Water
Quality in the Barataria Basin. New Orleans District, New Orleans, LA.

U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1971. General Soil Map, Jefferson
Parish, Louisiana. Soil Conservation Service, Alexandria, LA.

U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1977. Soil Survey of the East Bank of
Jefferson Parish. Soil Conservation Service, Metairie, LA.

U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1978. Survey of the West Bank of
Jefferson Parish. Soil Conservation Service, Metairie, LA.

U. S. Department of Commerce. 1970. Census of Populations, Louisiana.
Bureau of the Census, Washington, D. C.

U. S. Department of Commerce. 1981. 1980 Census of the Population and
Housing. Advance Reports, PHC 80-V-20 Louisiana. Bureau of the Census,
Washington, D. C. a

U. S. Department of Commerce and Louisiana Department of Natural Re-
sources. 1980. Louisiana Coastal Resources Program Fina*l Environmental
Impact Statement. Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Coastal
Management Section, Baton Rouge, LA.

Van Sickle, V. R., B. B. Barrett, L. J. Gulick and T. B. Ford. 1976.
Barataria Basin: Salinity Changes and Oyster Distribution. Center for
Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.

XII-2

APPENDIX

Wildlife Harvest Species. of Jefferson Parish
The following tables are only concerned with those wildlife
species that are or have the potential for being commercially or
recreationally harvested.

Cd
r.
Cd
0
Cd 4J Cd
Cd

U Cd (D ca
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Cd
r.
H r=
Cd Cd a) Cd
k :'@:k ;_4
f::@ GO P4 Go

Crustaceans
,j crab, blue Callinectes sapidus
crab, stone Menippe mercenaria
crawfish Procambarus sp.
shrimp, brown Penaeus aztecus
shrimp, pink Penaeus duorarum 7 7
shrimp, river Macrobranchium ohione V
shrimp, rock Alpheus sp. __7
shrimp, white Penaeus setiferus-

Molluscs
clam, brackish water Rangia cuneata
clam, quahaug Mercenaria mercenaria
oyster, eastern or
American Crassostrea virginica

Amphibians
bullfrog, common Rana catesbeiana
bullfrog, southern Rana grylio

Reptiles
alligator, American Alligator mississippiensis
terapin, diamond-back Maladlemys terrapin
turtle, alligator snapping Macroclemys temmincki
turtle, common snapping Chelydra serpentina
turtle, midland smooth
softshell Trionyx muticus V/
turtle, red-eared Pseudemys scripta
lFish
bass, largemouth Micropterus salmoides
bass, spotted Micropterus punctulatus
bass, striped Marone saxatilis
bass, white Marone chrysops V/ V/

A-1

Cd -P Cd U1
;_4 Cd 2 ;-q
(1) H* Cd
+-) rc@ :5
Cd (3) co
Cd E -H Q)
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME z P4 xi 0

W Cd Q) -P Cd "I
;-q W4 Cd
W 44 co

Fish cont.
buffalo Ictiobus sp. I/ V/ V/ V/
catfish, blue Ictalurus furcatus V/ V/ V/ V/
catfish, channel Ictalurus punctatus V/ V/ 'V/ V/
catfish, sea Arius fe-Tis V/ V/
catfish, spoonbill
(paddlefish) Polyodon spathula
crappie, black P75-moxis nigromaculatus V--VT
crappie, white Pomoxis annularis
croaker, Atlantic Micropogon undulatus
drum, banded Larimus fasciatus
drum, black Pogonias cromis
drum, red (redfish) Sciaenops ocellata v
flounder, fringed Etropus crossotus
flounder, southern Paralichthys lethOstigma 7 ;7-
gar, alligator Lepisosteus spatula
mackerel, Spanish Scomberomorus maculatus
menhaden, gulf Brevoortia patronus 7 7
mullet, striped Mugil cephalus
seatrout, sand
(white trout) Cynoscion arenarius
seatrout, spotted
(speckled trout) Cynoscion nebulosus
shad Dorosoma spp.
sharks Order Squaliformes
sheepshead Archosargus probatocephlus
spot Leiostomus Xanthurus
sunfish, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus
.sunfish, redear Lepomis microlophus
sunfish, warmouth
(bream) Lepomis gulosus

A-2

U) a) Cd
10 _P 71 4
0 Cd Q) W
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Cd

ca Cd a) _P Cd
Cd @: [email protected] r. $_1 Cd
P:q M P@4

irds
canvasback Ayt valisineria, V/ I/
coot, American Fulica, americana, V V V
dove, mourning Zenaida macroura V/
duck, black Anas rubripes V/ V/ V/ V/ V/
duck, mottled Anas fulvigula, V V V V V
duck, redhead Aythya. americana, I/ V/ V/ V/ V/
duck, ring-necked Aythya collaris-
duck, ruddy Oxyura. jamaicensis I/ V/ V/ V/ V(
duck, wood Wix sponsa,
gadwall Anas strepera, -7
gallinule, common Gallinula chloropus V
goose, Canada Branta canadensis _T
goose, snow Chen caerulescens V/ V/ V/
mallard Anas platyrhynchos 7
merganser, hooded Lophodytes cucullatus
merganser, red-breasted Mergus serrator
pintail Anas acuta 7-7-
quail (bobwhite) Colinus virginianus
scaup, greater Aythya marila, 7
scaup, lesser Aythya affinis
shoveller, northern Anas clypeata V
snipe,,common '@@._apella gallinago V/
teal, blue-winged Anas discors
teal, green-winged Anas crecca,
wigeon, American Anas americana, V/ V/ V/ V/ V/ V/
woodcock, American Philohela, minor V/ V/ V/ V/

A-3

CIO

a) S_
4-)
S_ (t
V) a)
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC @IAME -4j -0
m a) tn

4J (n a) U
V) ro a) 4-) (d
tt 3: S_ C S_
U_ V) L" @-4W

Mammals
bob cat Lynx rufus x x
deer, white-tailed Odocoileus _virginianus x x x x x
mink, North American Mustela vison x x x x x
muskrat U-ndatra -ilbethicus x x x x x x
nutria Myocastor coypus x x x x x x
opossum, Virginia Didelphis virginiana x x x x
otter, Nearctic River Lutra canadensis x x x x x
rabbit, eastern cotton
tail Sylvilagus floridanus x x x
rabbit, swamp Sylvilagus x x x x x x
racoon, Northern Procyon lotor x x x x x k
skunk, striped 'Rephi-ti s. Mephi ti s x x x
squirrel, fox Sclurus nlqer x x
squirrel. gray Tc'ltrus carolinensis x x
rat, marsh rice Oryzomys palustris x x x

Trees

cypress, bald Taxodium distichum x x
tupelo gum Nyssa aquatica x x

A-4

Limitations Affecting Various Soil Uses in
the LaFleur, Perot, Bay, Dupre Cut
and Grand Isle Study Units

Freshwater Saltwater Coastal Sand
Uses Marsh 1 Marsh 2 Swamp3 Beaches 4

Low Cost Roads Very Severe 5 Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe
Landscaping and Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe
Gardening
Picnic Areas, Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe
Camp Sites and
Golf Fairways
Playgrounds Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe
Wildlife Ducks and Ducks and Ducks and Shorebirds
Management Deer only Deer only Deer only only
Cropland Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable
without without without
major major major
reclamation reclamation reclamation

Pastureland Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable
without without without
major major major
reclamation reclamation reclamation
Building Sites Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe
Septic Tank Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe
Filter Fields
Sewage Lagoons Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe Very Severe

NOTE:
1. Development in freshwater marsh soils is very severely limited due to
instability, a permanently high water table, the hazard of flooding and
a very high subsidence potential if drained.

2. Development in saltwater marsh soils is very severely limited due to salt
content instabiTity, a permanently high water table, the hazard of flooding
and high subsidence potential if drained.

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3. Development in swamp soil severely limited due to the permanently
�@ 1 s very
high water table, the hazard of flooding and the subsidence potential if
drained.

4. Development on coastal sand beaches is very severely limited due to flood-
ing, salt content, scouring and deposition from wave and tidal action.

5. Very severe indicates that the soils have one or more property so unfavor-
able for rated use that overcoming the limitations would be most difficult
and costly. Reclamation is the extreme which may require the soil material
to be removed, replaced, or completely modified.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1971.

A-6

Limitations@ Affecting Various Soil Uses in the
Avondale, Bayou Aux Carpes, Bayou Segnette.,
East Bank, Lake Pontchartrain, Lower West
Bank and West Bank Study Units

Homes & Light Landscaping, Streets, Roads,
Industry (with Gardening & Picnic Areas Sidewalks,
Soil Communi,ty Sewage Lawns & Patios,
Name Systems). Playgrounds Driveways

Allemands
Muck, drained P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe
Allemands P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe
Variant Muck U-Very Severe U-Very Severe U-Very Severe U-Very Severe
Allemands P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe
Peat U-Very-Severe U-Very Severe U-Very Severe
Barbary P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe
Soils U-Very Severe Mery Severe U-Very Severe U-Very Severe
Barbary P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe
Variant Clay,
drained
Commerce P-Moderate P-Slight P-Moderate P-Moderate
Silt Loam

Commerce P-Moderate P-Moderate P-Moderate P-Moderate
Silty Clay
Loam
rjam P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe
Variant
Clay
Kenner P-Very Severe P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe
Muck U-Very Severe U-Ver*y Severe U-Very Severe U-Very Severe
Sharkey Clay, P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe
Sharkey P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe P@Severe
Variant Clay
Sharkey P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe P-Severe
Silty Clay
Loam
Vacherfe P-Moderate P-Sli'ght P-Moderate P-Moderate
Complex,
Gently
undulating
Note: P - protected by levees wi,th. pumpoff drainage

A-7

U - unprotected and subject to flooding
Slight - indicates that the soils have properties favorable for rated
use. The limitations are so minor that they can be easily
tolerated or overcome.
Moderate - indicates that the soils have properties moderately favorable
for rated use. The limitations can be tolerated or they can
be overcome with design or special maintenance.
Severe - indicates that the soils have one or more properties unfavorable
for rated use. Limitations may be undesirable to tolerate or
difficult and costly to overcome with design or special maintenance.
Very Severe - indicates that the soils have one or more property so unfavorable
for rated use that overcoming the limitations would be most dif-
ficult and costly. Reclamation is the extreme which may require
the soil material to be removed, replaced, or completely modified.

Source: U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1978.

A-8

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