[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
Olymp'le c Coast National Marine Sanctuary Final Environmental Impact State ment/M an agement Plan Volume 2: Appendices ... ......... MV . .. ... . . ..... . .. ... .. .. ..... ....... . . .. .... . . ... ism ............ .. .. ...... ..... .. .. .... ...... . ..... ..... . 71. Sanctuaries and Reserves Division 1305 East-West Highway 12th Floor Washington, D.C. 20910 or November 1993 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sanctuaries and -Reserves Division Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Final Environmental Impact State me nt/Managern ent Plan Volume 2: Appendices Sanctuaries and Reserves Division 1305 East-West Highway 12th Floor Washington, D.C. 20910 November 1993 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sanctuaries and Reserves Division V Printed on Recycled Paper APPENDIX A: RESPONSES TO COMMENTS RAISED BY THE DEIS/MP I Responses to Comments Raised by the DEIS/MP I I A-2 Introduction This Appendix, Resgonses to Comments Raised by the DEIS/MP, summarizes the comments received on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan (DEIS/MP) prepared for the proposed Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS). This document also provides NOAA's responses to these comments in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). NOAA's responses to comments are also provided via appropriate expansion, clarification, or revision of the DEIS/MP. The Sanctuaries and Reserves Division (SRD) received 666 written comments during the comment period from September 20, and November 27, 1991 from individuals, organizations, business/industry and local, tribal, state and Federal government. In addition , 137 statements were presented at six public hearings that were held November 6-20, 1991. These comments contributed to the evolution of NOAA's policies concerning the proposed Sanctuary. This volume clarifies the issues expressed by the commenters, and presents NOAA's final position on actions necessary for the long-term protection of the resources and qualities of the OCNMS. All letters, documents, and scientific papers were read and divided into five categories: individuals, government, organizations, business/industry, and public hearing transcipts. Each comment was carefully analyzed and groupd into one of twelve issues. NOAA's response is printed following each comment. Table 1 is a matrix that reflects issues raised by government officials and agencies, organizations, and business/industry. An X is placed next to the commenter's name or group for each issue they commented on. Individuals who commented on the DEIS/MP and are not reflected in Table 1 are listed in Table 9. Copies of all written comments and public hearing transcipts are available for review during normal business hours at: Jefferson County Library P.O. Box 990 Port Hadlock, WA (206) 385-6544 North Olympic Library System 207 S. Lincoln Port Angeles, WA (206) 452-9253 A-3 Government Publications Division University of Washington Library F.M.-25 Seattle, WA (206) 543-9158 Grays Harbor College John Spellman Library 1620 Edward Smith Drive Aberdeen, WA (206) 532-9020 Washington State Library Government Publications Divsion 16th and Water Olympia, WA 98504-2478 (206) 753-5590 North Olympic Library System Forks Branch P.O. Box 1817 224 Forks Ave. Forks, WA 98331 (206) 374-6402 A-4 Table of Contents Issue Page Introduction ................................................ A-3 Table of contents ........................................... A-4 Table 1. Issues Raised by Government Officials ............. A-7 Table 2. issues Raised by Government Agencies .............. A-8 Table 3. Issues Raised by Organizations .................... A-9 Table 4. Issues Raised by Business/Industryoooooo.sooooosee A-12 Table 5. Issues Raised by Educational Institutions ......... A-13 List of Acronyms ............................................ A-14 Issue 1: Sanctuary Boundary ................................ A-15 Boundary Alternative 1 Boundary Alternative 2 Boundary Alternative 3 Boundary Alternative 4 Boundary Alternative 5 Alternative Boundary Suggestions Modification of the Western Boundary Modification of the Shoreline Boundary Inclusion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca Northern Boundary Inclusion of the Estuaries Consideration of Other National Marine sanctuaries and National Estuarine Research Reserves Harbor Exclusion/Inclusion opposition to Sanctuary Designation Issue 2: Alteration of/or Construction on the Seabed ....... A-27 Issue 3: Cultural and Historic Resources ................... A-28 Issue 4: Discharges ...... ... A-30 Ocean Dumping Point Source Discharges Non-Point Source Discharges Discharges Outside the Sanctuary Tribal Concerns Application of Discharge Regulations to Vessel Traffic Economic Impacts of Discharge Regulations Issue 5: Oil and Gas Development ........ A-3S Contingency Plans A-5 Issue 6: Naval Practice Bombing of Sealion Rock ............ A-38 Issue 7: Protection of Treaty Rights ....................... A-40 Issue 8: Vessel Traffic .................................... A-44 Issue 9: Overflights ....................................... A-51 Issue 10: Livi ng Resource Extraction ....................... A-52 Fishing Aquaculture Issue 11: Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Seabirds ......... A-57 Issue 12: Sanctuary Administration ......................... A-60 Regulations/Permits Transboundary Coordination Beach Management Policies Advisory Committee/Decision Making Miscellaneous Management Alternatives/Strategies Research/Education Protocol Issue 13: Informational Amendments to the DEIS/MP .......... A-69 Biological Socioeconomic Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Management Table 7. Individual Commenters ............................. A-71 Table S. Public Hearing Speakers ........................... A-74 Table 9. Petitions .............. A-76 A-6 Table 1. Issues Raised by Government Officials. Boundwiss Managemavi At.Mnistrati AlterationtConstruction CtAkwalfHislotical OlKhar9" Mammals/ OIVG*s Overilights Sea Lion Vessel UvkV Reswon Treaty Informabwol Oppose Air jOn Seabed Resources soalsirdii Flocit Traffic Extraclort P49tvis Amendments Sanctuary Ouslity Wad*vm Governor BOOM Gwchw x A x x x Santa Swow Phil Tol -9 x 9 x Skft Fl4W*Sw4Wft Bob 59skit x 901110 PAPrOWItSIVO " F11,044 x IX I x I U.S. P"Mwftvn Al SWR N x x U.S. Papreserafte Jlm_McDwmmu a U.S. PAW"emative John maw x U.S. Represent"" Jdarn unsew x x U.S. Set -its 11rock Adams x U.S. Swallor Sleft Gorton x I VIM Owaltmen G" AmoK Meltsh kwkn Trft Al Is x x X X x x x x Chairperson Mary LOU. Hah hdan Trbo N x a 9 x x x Ch&kPwm Caft Ekbork Lo Elvift TdW Cetmd x x x -Chwkm Christian P411111. oullsub 6 as 71011110, a x x IFreskilerv! Joseph 9. 00-sCma. 0*uPA kidian Nafori x IFW*rln ftliq Rep. .11111 Helps, 0WnwA Wan Nallon x Table 2. Issues Raised by Government Agencies QdwMW1f9Wp1W Olockarges klonntaw omia" ow18 9" U., VO.W Lk*q ftommorm Tmety h to a np p, Air on Seabed Resources soatl1rds Back Traffic Extraction M91116 Amandmonti Sarcluary oust" Ciat of Abwdmn x x Civ Of HOWAOR x x x x City of OOM *Me* a a x x Ctskm Cowly a A *"a Hobo Camly N x Nalland " ' Fisheries Ser", A"a Fwwdee n,' C@aw x x NwAwdM I Wiadee9wWas MarowestApoon x ix GYw4ft Mwarw P",w of DM ftaft C-affiff x Pe" el Q%% I lobat I a x Pon of Part *90" x I I x x pwat'rome x A x x PortolVA"Nobw x x UA DWW"WW afAwkulkov. Od Cwawvjdm Sw" U.S. DWwWaant of 1ha Amy, Co" of E*-* x x U.S. DIPWBNW4 Of SW wahm. 01506 of 110 900"" x x 2 x A K U.S. !!M= of Ow Iftiat, SWOW d bdm ANdra U.S. Depw*mw of A"a U.S. U F 101 TrwApwftdm. U.S. Coed O"d U.S. 1; , , pod"dan pq" x x x A x W-"-DWwftwMOfAF1x^n a x D"wbwA d CammmAy Dwd*mwd a Deperioment Go fodMN x x DeparlowdelAtAwks Depwintai"dNe"41 A - as x a x x WW*" Dqwft@M d VMd* 2 x wftt*%" saw Owww" d T"aft" ft"" soft own a" w"Myto Saw ftu NW 110414011011 x rf^" SW Wow PAMWOW COW&Ndw Cameo Table 3. Issues Raised by Organizations. Bounderles Mwkogwvwd AdiNnIskello Alleredon/Constuctiot CLAlkeral/Hislorical Discharges MammIst COUCIes OvaNOW See Uon Vesed Uvkv Rea Tre" tMormagonal Oppose AW On Seabed 11mmarces Pkm* TteMe EmIraclon FVqNs AmermirnentsiSencluary Owelfty Adft*" AudL6m x x x x Mwken Aosodalon of Urjvw" Wwron X It x x x MmIcen Rdwrin Sod*V x 1 1. 1 1 Mwkm Ocemn CanpWp x X x x x x x x x x x x Anieftsm Ceteman Sod*V x x x Afflu Fmol Mwkw Lob x I" Wddws x x x x x x x &M Fourddlon x x I IX Cifterm AphW Lkw x x x x x x Clemn Ak Hm x Cwftf for Moto Commalan x x 9 x x x x x x x x x CAMMon of Wastinom Ocem Rshmmen x x x x Ix x C4*Podk Reawce Cormm. D CWurcl X x x x Cdwfft A kw Crab Raw9 Ammodmilm x A x x x ix fed Lake Wad*vW Amh6m 9, x x x x I I Ebys Chwnbw d Ce m I x IN FWw"wre M&*Arq Ammodeftn 1 9 x FfMnck of 1w EsM I x x x Ix x x Fft* d 1w Sm Amm x x Grap H"w Chmefter d Commee x A x x x x IN x (brays Hater Emm dc Devolopmerd Cowd x IN Grap HwW PftW Plo h Cann"don x In x 9 x x IN x x Gromw 9"m CV&ntw of Cm -- m (11101"m I x I x 9 x x 9 x NEW WSW$ ca"m x L&M Sumdeh CAnwmft Amodelon I mowfthwe x x 9 x IN NalmW Au"m Sodelij x Navond Cwfpws arW Hkm Asmoddan x ft$wW Owen bukalfte Anodalan x x No 010" Table 3. Issues Raised by Organizations. Boundaries Menagernent Adninistrall Aft fallon/Construclim Culturallmisto"Cal Cladvarges Mm"Mals/ OILKIM or"ghts Sea Lkn Vessel Lh" Resourcm Troaq Irdarmalanal Oppose AW I - ---- iOn Seabed Resources S"blrds Rack traffic Etracv. Rghts Anlendments Senclumery Otakifty NoM V*w Pr Associalon A I I F I Norftmvt Indan Fisheries Cormtesion oomn Pak ctmmbw of c4mnwm Ofinqk Enwai m Cound CV, Pft Associslon Board a A x a I Olyn Psrw**LA@ Ecomm Research Asset Oir" wows x I _x x a x Pscft CAn"Malo" Dwd x Pedk Sdwon Oporto" Counce I Pmdk Stabs " FIMmme Commission I x Pe" for PUW Sound x x Fort Townsend Uw*w Sdenca, C s a a ftem Sound omm" Ix x A " Sound SlawnstV OpwMm Assam, bw a x a Sod% Audubon x I Ix- am* 0* - Cascade ctimpow x 9 a A &we Club - VMwe May Chmp- x x SNOWest we"Vion Tahom Audubon a Is To Pi to laervins"s Future Is x Trams thib wd Is UMvmn it) x x a Unftd UsIm-b" kwftft x I Is a x Vowasw Audulmon X N x I A Wed6ft Conked Loffm Ammodslon x a x fUMM Dxqwwn Crab Pahwnwft a Wa!!2M E rAw am Cound x WoNnOm PUbk Parts Is W*=M TroN. Assoc Islon Is 0 no vwwo mumown x [ Ird, A ts"-,10@7 MftL Table 3. Issues Raised by Organizations. Gawdivies Marvagemerit Adrydnistratio Altorallon/Constructlim CoAkwalfMatodcal Diectorg" Mammals/ 01LUm Overfil" See Lion Vessel UvkV Remorce Treaty Irolormallonal Oppose Air On S"bad Rosouroes SO*Wds Rock Traft Extractors FVgM9 Amendments SwwW&ry Ouslity Tt* Wddmwu Sodely 9 x x Yakkm Audk6w a a -M I x x x I I-A Table 4. Issues Raised by Business/industry Doundartes Min AdmInlefratlon Altoralfon/Construclion Cumealftdolodcall Diseshrges Mammals 01100" Overg" Sea Uon Vessel LMM Rosoume Tre" Wormailorto oppose Air On Sedied PANUMN Sedilrds PA& Tr&Mc IlEnvaclon FVgtte Amemimento Sencluary ouailty Abort W x x ITT Royader, hw x x x x Jorin WmNnpm ftva"ne Go. x x x x Ix Kwwwo Air lhollos x x X Nordo Newo" bervice x x Tro*Fum-.1 x x x x x x x x x W4100- x x x x x TwommwAsIn I Ix HIIP r4o O"boalo x x x ix Omys limbo bar Pftb x x x x x x ,EOw Tres Folmar x x x x x IMOD Menuftawb, Plant x LX @ X x Table 5. Issues Raised By Educational Institutions. Boundaries Mmagwnwvt Adirrifnistration Aftfetion/ConOWWOon CLAkwal/Hisjoricel ENSChargm MOMMSIGIOUGAS Overfilgivii Sam Uan Vessel UvWq Pmwce Treaty linformadonal Oppose Air On Sedmd Resources Pack Traffic Extaclion F99WIAmerwdMonts SarwWary OLMItty ChwIft " Acedmq a a Grove Fb*w Comm a List of Acronyms Acronym meaning APA Administrative Procedure Act ATBA Area To Be Avoided BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs COE Corps of Engineers CVTMS Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management System DEIS/MP Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan DNR Washington Department of Natural Resources EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESA Endangered Species Act FAA Federal Aviation Administration FDA Food and Drug Administration FEIS/MP Final Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan FWPCA Federal Water Pollution Control Act IM0 International Maritime organization MARPOL International Conference on Marine Pollution.1 1973 MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act MMPA Marine Mammal Protection Act MMS Minerals Management Service MPRSA Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NERRS National Estuarine Research Reserve System NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA National'Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS National Park Service OCS outer Continental Shelf OMS Office of Marine Safety OPA 90 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 PFMC Pacific Fishery Management Council SAC Sanctuary Advisory Committee SEL Site Evaluation List USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service UNCLOS III Third United Nations Conference on the.Law of the Sea WDF- Washington Department of Fisheries WDH Washington Department of Health WDOE Washington Department of Ecology A-14 ISSUE: BOUNDARIES BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 1 Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 1 because: 1) it contains most of the unique ecological features off the Washington Coast; 2) NOAA can offer greater protection to the coastal features than the resources further offshore in the event of a spill of hazardous materials; and 3) vessel traffic would be least affected, thereby ensuring safer seas. Response: NOAA disagrees. Boundary alternative 1 contains most of the ecological features visible above the sea surface. However, a marine sanctuary should encompass a discrete ecological unit with definable boundaries (16 U.S.C. � 1433 (b)(1)(F)). The marine mammals and seabirds that transit the waters off the Olympic Peninsula and colonize the offshore rocks and islands forage in the rich waters and benthic communities over and on the continental shelf. The shelf is broad off the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The seaward extent of the shelf coupled with the upwelling produced from the Juan de Fuca Canyon are the physical parameters that support the food chain from the plankton to the marine mammals and seabirds. The offshore rocks and intertidal communities are only one habitat within the marine ecosystem off the Olympic Coast. Therefore, the marine sanctuary should encompass the ecologically significant offshore waters. With respect to NOAA's ability to protect the offshore waters in the event of a spill, NOAA agrees that there is little that can be done once a spill has occurred. The high seas would most likely render response capabilities ineffective. However, NOAA will coordinate with the U.S. Coast Guard, the Washington State Office of Marine Safety, and the coastal tribes to ensure that there is an adequate response capability for the coastal waters, intertidal regions, and beaches along the sanctuary including seabird and marine mammal rescue capabilities. Extension of the Sanctuary boundary to the shelf edge provides a buffer area for protecting the coastal resources. NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast Guard to develop a proposal for an Area to be Avoided (ATBA) from the shoreward boundary to 25 nautical miles offshore of the Olympic Peninsula. This ATBA is designed to provide sufficient time to respond to a vessel that loses power off the Olympic Peninsula. The ATBA is compatible with many of the existing voluntarily adhered to traffic patterns along the coast and thus adds only minimal time and distance to transits between the Strait of Juan de Fuca and destinations to the south. A-15 BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 2 Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 2 as the preferred alternative. Response: NOAA disagrees for the same reasons stated in response to the previous comment. The seaward extent of boundary alternative 2, which approximates the 50 fathom isobath, has no relation to the seaward extent of the coastal ecosystem. BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 3 Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 3 as the preferred alternative. Response: Boundary Alternative 3 excludes the Juan de Fuca Canyon, which is one of the richest regions of the offshore oceanic ecosystem. It also excludes some of the highest concentrations of human uses which threaten the health of the marine ecosystem off the Olympic Peninsula. Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 3 as the preferred alternative because it will be too restrictive for vessel traffic. Response: NOAA is proposing no regulations that will unduly restrict vessel traffic. (See response to comment on boundary alternative 1). BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 4 Comment: NOAA should select boundary alternative 4 as the preferred alternative because: 1) many of the unique unspoiled ecological resources that might be significantly impacted by oil are located in the physically complex area north of Pt. Grenville including areas of submarine canyons, productive fishing grounds, and coastal features that are critical habitat; 2) Sanctuary status in the southern portion of the study area would conflict with state managed activities such as dredged material disposal, while most of the shoreline in the north has little commercial activity; and 3) NOAA can enlarge the boundary in the future. Response: NOAA agrees. One of the most valuable qualities of the Olympic Peninsula is that it is undeveloped and relatively pristine. NOAA recognizes that the southern portion of the boundary is much more developed, especially with respect to the harbor maintenance activities in Grays Harbor. Further, the rocky in,tertidal habitats in the north are much more sensitive to pollution from oil and gas compared to the sandy beach environments in the southern A-16 portion of the study area. In the event of a spill of hazardous materials, experts predict that it would take years for intertidal communities of rocky intertidal environments to become reestablished, whereas it would take an order of months for the sandy intertidal communities to recolonize. Lastly, NOAA can expand Sanctuary boundary 4 in the future, in accordance with the requirements of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA), the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), if deemed necessary. Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 4 because: 1) it is not scientifically defensible for it fails to protect the important and environmentally delicate estuaries along the southern coast; 2) it would render ineffective NOAA's resource monitoring and sanctuary enforcement mandates; and 3) it will be too restrictive for vessel traffic. Response: The boundary of a marine sanctuary should approximate the most identifiable boundaries of a marine ecosystem. The Site Evaluation List (SEL), from which sites are selected for consideration as marine sanctuaries, identified the coastal offshore islands as the core of the proposed Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (originally identified as the Western Washington Outer Coast). With this focus, NOAA has determined that the boundaries of the ecosystem are encompassed by boundary alternative 4. NOAA recognizes that the coastal estuaries are ecologically valuable and that many organisms that exist within, or transit through boundary alternative 4, depend on the estuaries. However, while the estuaries and outer coast are ecologically linked, the productivity of the two environments is a function of very distinct environmental processes. NOAA believes that protection of the estuaries could be best achieved through possible inclusion of these areas in programs targeting estuarine management such as, the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, the National Estuary Program, or the Coastal Zone Management Program. NOAA believes that the size of the sanctuary encompassed by boundary alternative 4 is manageable with respect to research and monitoring initiatives. As discussed above, NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast Guard to develop a proposal for an ATBA off the northern Olympic Peninsula. It is designed to be as compatible with existing customary practices among mariners as possible. NOAA is not promulgating vessel traffic regulations with designation. A-17 BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 5 Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 5 because: 1) activities that are, or could occur, in the southern portion of the study area can affect the resources in the north; 2) the entire study area is ecologically connected; 3) the management needs are greatest in the south; 4) the sanctuary management regime would complement existing management initiatives (Willapa Bay watershed planning processes, Columbia and Snake River Salmon Recovery Planning, State National Heritage Plans); and 5) expansion of the Sanctuary boundary in the future will be too time- consuming. Response: NOAA's preferred boundary alternative is based on an ecologically identifiable boundary. The northern and southern portions of the study area are distinct with respect to their coastal and offshore ecology. NOAA can'protect Sanctuary resources from outside activities through the prohibition on discharges outside the Sanctuary boundary that enter and injure Sanctuary resources. NOAA will be involved in planning activities that could potentially threaten Sanctuary resources outside its boundary. The boundary can be expanded in the future if needed. Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 5 because it is not necessary to encompass the entire Washington coastline as a marine sanctuary, and it would eliminate any future development of the coastal areas. Response: NOAA agrees. See response to previous comment. Comment: A more detailed analysis of the impacts of sanctuary designation must be undertaken before seriously considering boundary alternative 5. Response: NOAA has undertaken an extensive analysis of the uses and ecology of the southern portion of the study area and believes that the ecologically sensitive estuarine environments are adequately protected. ALTERNATIVE BOUNDARY SUGGESTIONS Comment: NOAA should establish a series of smaller site- specific areas surrounding unique marine resources, such as ocean waters immediately adjacent to already protected terrestrial ecosystems such as wildlife refuges and the Olympic National Park. This alternative would afford sanctuary status to marine resources while maintaining provisions for compatible ocean uses. A-18 Response: NOAA disagrees. Smaller site-specific areas would not encompass an ecosystem for the reasons stated above. Further, designation of the marine sanctuary would allow for the continuation of pre-existing and compatible uses. Comment: NOAA's analysis of the resources within the study area identified the southern portion as highly important in terms of wildlife and fishery values, particularly the areas in and surrounding Willapa Bay. NOAA should consider modifying boundary alternative 4 by adding a satellite site encompassing the estuarine environment and the offshore waters of Willapa Bay. Response: NOA A's analysis confirmed that the estuarine areas in the southern portion of the study area are significant natural resources and that many of the resources utilize the waters off the northern coast as well. However, NOAA has determined that the estuarine ecosystems are distinct from the higher energy marine environment of the northern portion of the study area. In addition, the activities in, and adjacent to Grays Harbor are managed pursuant to an existing estuarine management plan promulgated pursuant to the Washington State Shorelands Management Act. The residents living in the watersheds of Willapa Bay are currently preparing an estuarine management plan. Comment: NOAA should consider the creation of a north and south Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary with separate but coordinated management regimes. Response: The Act requires the designation of one sanctuary on the Western Washington Outer Coast with the offshore Islands and coastal areas of the northern Olympic Peninsula as the core area of the sanctuary. In carrying out this mandate, NOAA examined the seaward, northerly, southerly, and easterly extent of the ecosystem that has as its core the intertidal communities of the outer coast. Comment: The boundary of the Sanctuary should be modified as further cetacean information is available. Response: NOAA can modify the boundary in the future, in accordance with the requirements of the MPRSA, the NEPA and the APA, as more information becomes available. MODIFICATION OF THE WESTERN BOUNDARY Comment: The outer boundary of the sanctuary should extend westward to a point that minimizes restrictions and needless re-routing of vessel traffic and harbor maintenance A-19 activities at the opening of Grays Harbor. To accomplish this objective, the outer limit of the sanctuary should be set at a distance between 2 and 10 miles from shore. Response: Sanctuary boundaries are not established based on vessel traffic routes, particularly because routes are subject to change. NOAA will work with existing regulatory agencies to minimize impacts. While vessel traffic is in the scope of sanctuary regulations, NOAA is not promulgating vessel traffic regulations at this time. Comment: The outer boundary should be established at either the 100 or 500 fathom isobath. Response: NOAA has established the boundary at the 100 fathom isobath because it is generally recognized to be the seaward extent of the continental shelf, the area where photosynthetic activity is greatest. Comment: Clarify the rationale for establishing the western boundary of alternatives 4 and 5. Response: See response to previous comment. MODIFICATION OF THE SHORELINE BOUNDARY Comment: The shoreline boundary should be established at the lower low water mark to preclude interference with carefully crafted beach management plans regulating beach traffic, razor clam harvests and emergency aircraft landings. Response: The shoreline boundary of the.Sanctuary is located at the higher high water line where adjacent to Federally-owned land (including the Olympic National Park and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife refuges) and the lower low line mark when adjacent to State-owned land. Thus, the -boundary does not interfere with beach management plans. Razor clam harvests within the intertidal zone of the Sanctuary will be managed by existing authorities such as the Washington State Department of Natural Resources, the Quinault Indian Tribe, and the National Park Service. Emergency aircraft landings are permissible in the Sanctuary. Comment: The shoreline boundary should cut across the mouths of all rivers, streams and estuaries because there are sufficient management plans in place providing protection of inland environments such as the Washington State Coastal Zone Management Program and the Grays Harbor Estuary Management Plan. A-20 Response: The shoreline boundary of the Sanctuary has been modified to cut across the mouths of all rivers, streams and estuaries. Comment: Clarify why the shoreward boundary distinguishes between adjacency to tribal and non-tribal lands. Response: The Tribes have jurisdiction to the mean lower low water line and the Sanctuary program does not have the authority to claim jurisdiction over tribal land without the consent of the governing body of the tribes. Both the Tribes and the State have requested that the Sanctuary boundary not overlap with tribal and State lands. Therefore, the coastal boundary has been modified so that it is at mean lower low water when adjacent to tribal and State owned lands and at mean higher high water when adjacent to Federally owned lands. Comment: Existing National Park Service standards, regulations, and policies must not be diminished as a result of dual designation as a National Park and National Marine Sanctuary. The majority of the intertidal areas of the Olympic National Park are Federally designated Wilderness Area and must be managed accordingly. Response: The Sanctuary boundary-overlaps with the boundary of the Olympic National Park. NOAA will not diminish the standards, regulations and policies currently applying to the intertidal areas of the Olympic National Park. The existing standards, regulations and policies of the intertidal areas will remain. NOAA will enhance the protection of these intertidal areas by working with the Coast Guard to ensure a safer vessel traffic environment, and the upland users of the watershed to monitor and minimize the impacts of non-point source pollution. Additionally, NOAA will support research and resource monitoring initiatives in the intertidal areas and may seek compensation for damages if an accident were to occur that injures Sanctuary resources. INCLUSION OF THE STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA Comment: The northeastern boundary of the sanctuary should extend further into the Strait of Juan de Fuca to either: 1) the Lyre River; 2) the Clallam County Marine Sanctuary at Salt Creek; 3) Low Point; 4) Crescent Bay/Agate Beach; or 5) Pillar Point. Omission of the Strait of Juan de Fuca from the Sanctuary excludes the head of the Juan de Fuca Canyon from the boundary of the Sanctuary, and thus represents a boundary not based upon an ecological rationale. Response: NOAA has examined the resources of the Strait A-21 of Juan de Fuca and the FEIS/MP has been revised accordingly. Sections III and IV (Alternatives, and Environmental Consequences) examine the benefits and consequences of various 'alternatives in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. NOAA believes that the existence of a functional biotic community characteristic of the marine environment extends into the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Observatory Point. Eastward of Observatory Point, the ecosystem is more characteristic of an estuarine environment. Despite the ecological arguments that support inclusion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the Sanctuary boundary, NOAA does not believe that the public has had ample opportunity to analyze and comment on the proposal to add the Strait. Since the Strait of Juan de Fuca lies entirely in state waters, the Strait of Juan de Fuca cannot be included without the approval of the Governor of Washington State. However, NOAA will pursue expanding the boundary if supported by the State of Washington. Comment: The boundary of the Sanctuary should be contiguous with that of the proposed Northwest Straits Sanctuary. A gap between these two proposed sanctuaries would cause .confusion for commercial shipping and fishing interests and government managing agencies. Response: At this time, the future and nature of the proposed Northwest Straits National Marine Sanctuary is uncertain and cannot serve as a deciding factor in the determination of the eastern boundary of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. The boundary of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary must be determined based on ecological and human use factors. NOAA can modify the boundary in the future if it is deemed appropriate. NOAA will coordinate with existing managing agencies to ensure that the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary and the proposed Northwest Straits National Marine Sanctuary do not unduly disrupt the management of vessel traffic and fishing. Comment: 'The boundary of the Sanctuary should not encompass the waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca because closely- monitored vessel traffic lanes already exist. Response: The MPRSA encourages multiple uses of the Sanctuary as long as they are compatible with the resource protection goals of the Sanctuary. Clearly, the Coordinated Vessel Traffic System in the Strait of Juan de Fuca is in the best interest of the vessel traffic industry and the environment. NOAA would not interfere with the vessel traffic management regime in the Strait of Juan de Fuca if the Governor of the State of Washington supported inclusion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the Sanctuary boundary. A-22 NORTHERN'BOUNDARY 'Comment: The northern boundary of the Sanctuary should be adjacent to the international border and include vessel traffic lanes to facilitate the establishment of a cooperative international sanctuary and coordinated vessel traffic management regime. Response: The northern boundary is adjacent to the international boundary. INCLUSION OF THE ESTUARIES Comment: NOAA recognized both the high resource values of the estuaries and the high level of point source discharges. By including the estuaries in the boundary NOAA would be in a position to work with the Washington Department of Ecology (WDOE) to correct the sources of pollution. Response: NOAA has been working with the Washington Department of Ecology to address pollution problems in the coastal estuaries. The Grays Harbor Estuary Management Plan was supported by funding provided pursuant to the Washington Shorelands Management Act. NOAA agrees that the estuaries are extremely valuable environments with high levels of point source discharges. However, NOAA believes that the estuaries are ecologically distinct from the offshore waters of the Olympic Peninsula, which is the core area of the Sanctuary. Inclusion in the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) is a more appropriate management framework for NOAA involvement in estuarine management. Comment: The estuaries should be excluded from the Sanctuary boundary because the Washington State Coastal Zone Management Program and the Grays Harbor Management Plan offer sufficient protection to the estuaries. Response: NOAA agrees. The estuaries are excluded from the preferred boundary of the Sanctuary. CONSIDERATION OF OTHER NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARIES AND NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVES (NERRS) Comment: Some commenters believed that NOAA should designate the estuaries as NERR's if they are not included in the boundary of the Sanctuary because of their natural resource values. Other commenters believed that NERR status is inadequate since it does not include the marine environment. Clarification is needed on the specific elements of the NERRS: 1) the degree of protection that the NERRS would provide to Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay; 2) the process of designation; 3) timetable for designation; 4) A-23 assurances that designation would occur; and 5) the degree of protection to the estuaries that would be provided in comparison to sanctuary status. Response: The terms of designation as a NERR are determined between the State and NOAA. The process begins with the 'nomination of an estuary, or portion thereof, to NOAA for inclusion in the NERRS by the Governor of the State. The State holds scoping meetings in the region nominated for inclusion to solicit public input. The State then prepares a draft environmental impact statement and management plan (DEIS/MP) where boundary, management, and regulatory alternatives are assessed and a preferred alternative is decided upon. The DEIS/MP must demonstrate that the key core land and water areas are adequately protected by the state. Once the DEIS/MP is completed, public hearings are held in the region. After a comment period of one month, the State must produce a Final Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan (FEIS/MP) incorporating the public comments. Once NOAA approves the FEIS/MP the Reserve is officially designated. The entire process requires approximately three years. Designation is contingent upon available funding. Comment: NOAA should encourage sanctuary designations in Northern Puget Sound, Hood Canal, Southern Oregon and Northern California. Response: NOAA is working with the State of Washington to study the feasibility of a sanctuary in Northern Puget Sound. New candidates for sanctuary status are selected from NOAA's SEL. Sites*in southern Oregon and Northern California are presently on the SEL. HARBOR EXCLUSION/INCLUSION Comment: How will sanctuary designation influence the disposal of dredge material from harbor maintenance and development activities that occur in the Port of La Push, the mouth of the Quilleute River, and Neah Bay? Response: No dredge spoil disposal will be permitted within the Sanctuary. Harbors are excluded from the Sanctuary boundary. Therefore, maintenance and development activities can occur, but disposal of dredge material must be either on land or outside the boundary of the Sanctuary. GROWTH MANAGEMENT Comment: The Sanctuary should help to limit population growth. A-24 Response: The sanctuary program has no control over population growth adjacent to the Sanctuary boundary. Rather, the program exists to ensure that human uses resulting from growth do not have a negative impact on Sanctuary resources. Comment: Private land owners should not lose development rights to their land, nor should they have the value of their land significantly decreased by regulation without due compensation for that loss. Response: NOAA is issuing no regulations that will diminish the development rights of private property owners. OPPOSITION TO SANCTUARY DESIGNATION Comment: The marine sanctuary should not be designated because: 1) it would shut down the fishing industry; 2) existing legislation and management regimes offer adequate protection; 3) potential industrial interests would be stifled because the sanctuary would over-regulate the local economy and its growth; 4) the ecological/aesthetic values of Washington's coastline are not permanently threatened; 5) local airports in Aberdeen and Ocean Shores would close due to insurance problems; and 6) the Olympic National Park has too much control over the Olympic Peninsula already. Response: The Sanctuary will not shut down the fishing industry. Fishing is not within the scope of Sanctuary regulation; the regulation of fishing would remain with existing management regimes. Further, the Sanctuary will ensure greater protection from risks due to oil, gas and mineral development and vessel traffic accidents. NOAA disagrees that existing legislation offers adequate protection of the offshore resources. The threats from such things as vessel traffic, oil and gas development, sand and gravel mining and Navy practice bombing of Sea Lion Rock have not been addressed through a comprehensive management regime that recognizes the value and fragility of the marine ecosystem off the Olympic Peninsula. NOAA does not believe that the Sanctuary will over-regulate the local economy since the main source of income in the region is from tourism, fishing and timber production-none of which will be negatively affected by the Sanctuary. Tourism and fishing will likely benefit from Sanctuary status due to the increased protection of the marine environment. A-25 ISSUE: ALTERATION OF/OR.CONSTRUCTION ON THE SEABED Comment: The regulation pertaining to alteration or construction of the seabed may be interpreted as prohibiting such activities as geologic research, the placement of current meters, sediment traps and similar research equipment, all of which might be necessary.if environmental studies were to be conducted in the Mineral Management Service (MMS) Washington-Oregon planning area. To clarify the intent of this prohibition, "Government sponsored environmental studies" should be added in the second sentence of this*section as one of the activities for which this prohibition does not apply. Response: NOAA supports research within the Sanctuary. However, the prohibition on alteration of, or construction on the seabed applies to all research activities, including those conducted by governmental agencies. All research activities conducted within the Sanctuary that violate a Sanctuary regulation must be undertaken pursuant to a Sanctuary research permit to ensure that the impacts from the research are minimal and temporary. Comment: The prohibition on the alteration of, or construction on the seabed should not interfere with current or future harbor maintenance or fishing activities including: 1) jetty and groin construction; 2) permitted dredging of channels and harbors; 3) the use of dredge spoils for underwater iberm construction; 4) construction and improvement of boat launching and marine facilities adjacent to reservations; 5) the retrieval of fishing gear (including crab pots) and sunken vessels; 6) bottom trawling and scal lop dredging; and 7) tribal fin and shellfish operations. NOAA needs to clarify the exemption of activities incidental to routine fishing and vessel operations. The exemptions for harbor maintenance and fishing activities should read: "attempting to alter the seabed for any purpose other than anchoring vessels, normal fishing operations to include commercial bottom trawling and crab pot recovery,.and routine harbor maintenance." Response: Ports and harbors are not included within the boundary of the Sanctuary. Further, there is the following exception to the alteration-of-the-seabed regulation: "Harbor maintenance in the areas necessarily associated with Federal Projects in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation, including dredging of entrance channels and repair, replacement or rehabilitation of breakwaters and jetties." The boundary of the Sanctuary adjacent to the Port of La Push is congruent with the Colreg lines at the mouth of the harbor. The boundary of the Sanctuary at Neah Bay forms an arc from Koitlah Point to the A-26 point of land on the opposite side of Neah Bay. The arc is contiguous with the outer coast of Waadah Island. The noted activities incidental to fishing have been exempted from the Sanctuary regulations. Comment: NOAA should prohibit all dredging and removal of sand and gravel within the Sanctuary boundary. Response: NOAA has prohibited all dredging and removal of sand and gravel within the Sanctuary boundary. These activities threaten the integrity of the benthic community and the food source of many fish, marine mammals and seabirds. Comment: NOAA should not subject the exploration and development of offshore mineral activities to the same restrictions proposed for the exploration and development*of Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil and gas. Response: All of these activities injure the benthic communities in the Sanctuary and NOAA does not believe that there is cause for exceptions. Comment: Clarify NOAA's policy on establishing artificial reefs within the Sanctuary. Response: There are no artificial reefs in the Sanctuary as of the date of designation. The creation of new artificial reefs would be prohibited pursuant to the prohibition on alteration of, or construction on, the seabed. Comment: NOAA should prohibit the construction of pipelines on the sea floor. Response: The regulation prohibiting the alteration of, or construction on, the seabed would prohibit the construction of pipelines on the sea floor. A-27 ISSUE: CULTURAL AND HISTORIC RESOURCES Comment: NOAA should prohibit moving, injuring, or possessing historic resources within the Sanctuary. Response: NOAA agrees that it is necessary to protect and manage historical and cultural resources within the Sanctuary boundary. NOAA has included a prohibition on moving, removing, possessing, injuring, or attempting to move, remove, or injure these resources, except as resulting incidentally from traditional fishing operations. If NOAA determines that fishing activities are resulting in injury to Sanctuary historic and cultural resources, NOAA may amend the Sanctuary regulations to abolish the exemption for these activities. Comment: The proposed regulations dealing with cultural resources fail to preserve the tribes' ability to control access to, and removal of, their cultural heritage. Therefore, NOAA should add a new section 925.5(a)(8) prohibiting: "removal or attempted removal of any Indian cultural resource or artifact, or entry onto a significant cultural site designated by a tribal governing body with the concurrence of the Director, except with the express written consent of the governing body of the tribe or tribes to which such resource, artifact, or cultural site pertains." NOAA should pursue a cooperative agreement with the tribes to coordinate management of cultural artifacts of tribal significance. Response: The MPRSA provides NOAA with the authority to control access to cultural artifacts within the Sanctuary thereby helping to ensure their preservation. Accordingly, anyone proposing to remove a cultural or historic resource must apply for and obtain a sanctuary permit from NOAA. NOAA acknowledges the interest of the coastal tribes to preserve their cultural heritage and, in particular, those cultural artifacts of tribal significance found within the Sanctuary. NOAA considers its objective of preserving the historical and cultural resources of the Sanctuary to be compatible with the coastal tribes' desire to preserve their cultural heritage. Therefore, NOAA has clarified in section 925.9(d) that "In deciding whether to issue a permit, the Director or designee may consider such factors as . . . the effect of the activity on adjacent Indian Tribes." NOAA will work on a cooperative agreement with the tribes and the State of Washington to clarify the process by which permits will be granted to conduct research or salvage operations on historical and cultural resources of tribal significance. Comment: Current management of cultural resources is agreed upon between the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and the A-28 tribes. The BIA supports the tribes in the management of their cultural resources. Response: See response to previous comment. Comment: The regulation as proposed in the DEIS/MP is duplicative of State law. There already exists state and Federal antiquities acts to protect coastal archeological and historical sites that occur on or near the median high tide boundary. The State archeologist already coordinates archeological matters. Response: The MPRSA is not duplicative of existing laws protecting historical and cultural resources. The MPRSA is more comprehensive in that it provides enforcement authority, including civil penalties, for the destruction or injury of historical and cultural resources. The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 gives states the title to certain abandoned shipwrecks in state waters. Under the MPRSA, NOAA has trustee responsibilities for abandoned shipwrecks and other historical and cultural resources within national marine sanctuaries, including those located in state waters, for the purpose of protecting them. NOAA will coordinate with State agencies to ensure that historical and cultural resources within the Sanctuary are protected, and that the policies affecting historical and cultural resources in State waters are consonant with the policies in the Federal waters of the Sanctuary. A-29 ISSUE: DISCHARGES Ocean Dumping Comment: NOAA should not prohibit the use of dredged material disposal sites off Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, the Columbia River, or on the north jetty and breakwater of the Port of La Push. Respo nse: The Sanctuary boundary does not extend south of Copalis Beach and excludes ports and harbors. Therefore, the maintenance activities at La Push and the use of the dredge disposal sites south of the boundary is not prohibited. Comment: No ocean dumping should be allowed in proximity to the major submarine canyons. Response: The regulations prohibit ocean dumping within the Sanctuary, and outside the Sanctuary if the material enters and injures Sanctuary resources or qualities. Point Source Discharqgs Comment: Prohibit discharges of toxics, plastic, and municipal garbage and sewage into the marine environment. Response: The dumping of municipal garbage, toxics and plastics is prohibited within the Sanctuary by Sanctuary regulations and by regulations promulgated pursuant to the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (33 U.S.C. �� 1901 et Aeg.) and the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987, which implements Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 in the U.S. Point source dischai@ges are allowed provided such discharge is certified by NOAA in accordance with section 925.10 or approved by NOAA in accordance with section 925.11. After expiration of current permits, discharges from municipal treatment plants will be subject to the review process of section 925.11. At a minimum, secondary treatment will be required. Comment: Current regulations are adequate. NOAA has not proven that the proposed regulations will enhance the recreational or aesthetic appeal, and water quality. Response: Current regulations do not protect the area from the cumulative impacts of various types of discharges, including:. 1) some ocean dumping; 2) sewage receiving only primary treatment; and 3) non-point source discharges. NOAA's ocean disposal regulation offers protection to the offshore environment that does not otherwise exist. NOAA will work with existing tribal, State and Federal A-30 authorities to ensure that the quality of the water and Sanctuary resources are maintained. Comment: Clarify how discharges from drilling and production rigs may be addressed if oil and gas leasing were to occur in the future. Response: The regulations prohibit oil and gas exploration, development, and production activities within the Sanctuary. NOAA will work with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to ensure that best available technology is implemented on any drilling rigs located outside of the Sanctuary to ensure that no discharges enter and injure Sanctuary resources and qualities. Comment: Depositing or discharging from any location within the Sanctuary or from beyond the Sanctuary should be prohibited. Response: The mandate of the National Marine Sanctuary Program is to facilitate multiple uses that are compatible with resource protection. Depositing or discharging most materials within the boundary of the Sanctuary, or from beyond the boundary of the Sanctuary if such material subsequently enters the Sanctuary and injures Sanctuary resources or qualities is prohibited. NOAA will work with EPA, the Tribes and the State of Washington to maintain water quality. NOAA may require special terms and conditions, including (but not limited to) improved effluent quality, on EPA permits to ensure Sanctuary resources and qualities are protected. Non-Point Source Discharges Comment: NOAA should not require at a minimum secondary treatment and sometimes tertiary or more for non-point source pollution. It is virtually impossible to subject runoff to these levels of treatment. Response: NOAA does not require such treatment for non- point source pollution. NOAA will monitor non-point source pollution and work with those living and working in the coastal watersheds to minimize runoff into the Sanctuary. Comment: It should be stated that there is no intent to regulate forest practices by Sanctuary administrators. There is no research or evidence which would justify the statement made in the proposed DEIS that the "greatest source of non-point discharge is the forest." This statement needs clarification and tree farmers must be assured that they can continue to grow and harvest trees pursuant to Washington's Forest Practices Act, one of the A-31 most stringent in the country. Response: NOAA's Strategic Assessment Branch has analyzed existing watershed data from the National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory to determine sources of runoff. Summaries of pollution discharges for total volumes of nitrogen, lead, and all suspended solids combined indicate that with the exception of suspended solids discharged by paper mills, the greatest source of sediments discharged into sanctuary waters is from natural forest runoff. Despite this evidence, NOAA will not be directly regulating upland uses. However, NOAA will coordinate with the upland user groups, and managing agencies to minimize non-point source impacts on Sanctuary resources. Comment: The suggestion that excessive erosion from clear cutting practices is the source of most non-point source pollution from forests supports the need for further study of this common practice and the issuance of more stringent controls due to the steep and unstable slopes and amount of rainfall. Response: NOAA agrees and will conduct monitoring and research initiatives in coordination with those living and working in the watersheds to minimize the impacts from timbering activities. Discharges Outside the Sanctuary Comment: Clarify to what extent the "sphere of influence" of the discharge regulation extends, to what degree it may affect coastal communities including the Tribes, and who determines if injury to a Sanctuary resource has occurred. Would a community such as Ocean Shores or an Indian Tribe face increased water quality regulations or enforcement? Further, does the discharge prohibition apply to particulates that are discharged into the air from pulp mills and subsequently enter the Sanctuary and harm Sanctuary resources and qualities. NOAA should not impose additional restrictions, beyond the existing requirements of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPA), on the discharge of effluent and dredge spoils into marine waters. There is no evidence that additional restrictions on these activities are required to protect water quality in the proposed sanctuary. Response: The MPRSA protects Sanctuary resources and qualities (including water quality) from the impacts of discharges from within and outside the boundary of a A-32 Sanctuary whether airborne or waterborne. NOAA is responsible for determining injury to Sanctuary resources. Discharges pursuant to existing permits may be continued subject to the certification requirements of section 925.10. New permits are subject to the review process of section 925.11. At a minimum, secondary treatment will be required for any treatment plants discharging directly into the Sanctuary. With respect to airborne or waterborne discharges outside the Sanctuary, NOAA may condition such permits only if it is established that the discharges are entering the Sanctuary and injuring Sanctuary resources or qualities. NOAA will work closely with all to ensure that noone is unduly burdened by permitting requirements related to discharges. NOAA will coordinate with the State's Air Quality Board and Department of Ecology to monitor air and water quality over and in the Sanctuary. Application of Discharge Regulations to Vessel Traffic Comment: The application of this regulation should prohibit organic and inorganic discharges from fishing vessels and submarines (including bilge), aircraft. The prohibition should apply to all naval operations. Response: The Sanctuary regulations specify the fishing and vessel related activities exempted from the discharge prohibition (section 925.5(a)(2)(i)-(iv)). Discharges and deposits from vessels are prohibited except for specific discharges intended to provide for traditional fishing activities, such as fish wastes resulting from traditional fishing operations in the Sanctuary, and for allowed vessel operations in the Sanctuary, namely biodegradable effluent incidental to vessel use and generated by approved marine sanitation devices, water generated by routine vessel operations, and engine exhaust. Such discharges are determined to be of minimal threat to the Sanctuary and are important for the safe and effective functioning of fishing and other vessels. other discharges from vessel operations are prohibited. If in the future NOAA determines that increased protection for Sanctuary resources and qualities from these exempted activities is warranted, the Sanctuary regulations could be revised. Comment: Clarify acceptable and unacceptable discharges from fishing vessels. Response: See response to previous comment. Economic Impacts of Discharge Regulations Comment: Banning the use of approved dredge disposal sites would impose severe economic impacts on marine navigation A-33 and commerce, and ultimately to the coastal communities. Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not encompass the approved dredge disposal sites off of Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, and the Columbia River. However, no new dredge disposal sites may be located within the Sanctuary boundary. Comment: NOAA must examine the economic impacts of the discharge regulations on existing industries. There are currently 72 identified dischargers in the study area. It is unclear if the proposed Sanctuary would impact the continued operation of the pulp mill's NPDES permitted discharge near Grays Harbor. Response: The Sanctuary's boundary does not extend south of Copalis Beach. Therefore, the only discharge regulation that would apply to dischargers in Grays Harbor would be the prohibition on discharges from outside the boundary that subsequently enter and injure Sanctuary resources or qualities. NOAA will need to establish that effluents from pulp mills are injuring Sanctuary resources or qualities before it would impose terms and conditions on the pulp mill's NPDES permit. If this situation were to occur, NOAA would work with the discharger, the State of Washington, and EPA to minimize the economic impacts of reducing the impacts. A-34 ISSUE: OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT Comment: NOAA's failure to offer as an alternative an outright, no conditions ban on hydrocarbon development within the Sanctuary is contrary to NEPA regulations, 40 CFR 1502.14 which states that the alternatives section is the heart of the environmental impact statement. NOAA should permanently ban oil and gas exploration, development, and production activities. Response: Section 2207 of the Oceans Act of 1992 prohibits oil and gas exploration, development and production within the Sanctuary. The Sanctuary regulations repeat this prohibition. Comment: NOAA should designate a buffer zone based on ocean currents and local seabed geography to prevent damage from external mineral operations. Response: NOAA believes that the Sanctuary is large enough to buffer the sensitive canyon and coastal ecosystems from negative impacts of mineral development. Further, NOAA's authority to regulate discharges from outside the Sanctuary boundary that subsequently enter and injure Sanctuary resources or qualities provides additional protection over mineral activities. Comment: NOAA should commit in the FEIS/MP and Record of Decision to the preparation of an EIS before lifting the prohibition. Response: As previously discussed, the Oceans Act of 1992 prohibits oil and gas explorations, development and production within the Sanctuary. This prohibition may only be lifted by an Act of Congress. Comment: 'The oil companies should be excluded from voicing an opinion regarding the Sanctuary because this privilege should be extended only to those who have spent time enjoying the State of Washington coastline. Response: The Sanctuary program does not and cannot discriminate against any individual, agency, or interest group. All individuals have the right to voice an opinion. Comment: Has NOAA come across any proposal for offshore wind generated power? Response: NOAA is not aware of any proposal for offshore wind generated power. Comment: The President's decision to postpone OCS A-35 activities off the coasts of Washington and Oregon until after the year 2,000 should expire at that time unless affirmatively extended. Response: Section 2207 of the Oceans Act of 1992 indefinitely bans oil and gas exploration, development and production within the boundary of the Sanctuary. This prohibitions could only be lifted by an Act of Congress. Contingency Plans Comment: The Sanctuary should establish a contingency plan in coordination with existing state and Federal contingency plans. Efforts should be made to coordinate with the State of Washington Departments of Wildlife, Fisheries, Ecology, and Natural Resources and pursue data sharing opportunities. Response: The FEIS/MP identifies existing oil spill contingency plans and efforts in the State of Washington to cover the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Outer Coast. NOAA will coordinate closely with the existing agencies involved in contingency and emergency response planning, particularly the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guard and the State of Washington Office of Marine Safety (OMS). However, NOAA agrees tha't the Sanctuary requires its own contingency plan to ensure that resources are protected during events that threaten the environment. A prototype Sanctuary Contingency Plan is being tested at the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Once implementation experience has been gained, the plan will be adapted to other sites, including the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. To implement successfully an organized emergency response, NOAA will incorporate state and Federal legislation as well as local efforts into the Sanctuary Contingency Plan. Comment: NOAA needs to provide for better oil spill response planning. Response: NOAA is coordinating with the regional response committees of the OMS to ensure that the equipment is available to address an emergency that would threaten Sanctuary resources. Comment: An Oil Spill Response Center should be sited in close proximity to the Sanctuary to address small spills north of Grays Harbor where there is currently a lack of oil spill response capability. Response: NOAA is promoting this idea in its participation on the regional response subcommittee whose jurisdiction is the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Outer Coast. However, priority will be placed on the stationing A-36 of tugs and barges dedicated to emergency response. Comment: The tribes should be properly funded to handle resource damage assessment as well as other activities where an oil spill could impact their subsistence and ceremonial harvest and cultural values. Response: The reservations are not within the Sanctuary boundary. Therefore, the Sanctuary cannot dedicate funds to the Tribes for the purpose of damage assessment pursuant to a spill of hazardous materials. Comment: NOAA should request that the oil industry's Marine Spill Response Corporation station a tractor/tug response vessel at Neah Bay. Response: NOAA has made the recommendation to the subcommittee on emergency response for the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Outer Coast. NOAA is actively participating in formulating the recommendation to the State, and will coordinate with the Makah Tribe in their planning initiative to expand their marina to plan to accommodate a tug or emergency response vessel that is of appropriate size to service the Outer Coast and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Comment: NOAA should ensure that drills are conducted for the Clean Sound Cooperative with outside evaluation. Response: NOAA intends to hire an operations manager immediately after designation to address issues related to vessel traffic and contingency planning. One of the priorities of this position will be to encourage the Coast Guard to focus on the Sanctuary during its emergency response drills. Comment: NOAA should propose the examination of extending unlimited liability for spills to the shipping companies and the original firms providing the original source materials involved in the polluting activities. Response: The MPRSA only provides NOAA with the authority to collect $100,000 per day for each violation pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1437(c)(1), and damages to Sanctuary natural resources pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1443. A-37 ISSUE: NAVAL PRACTICE BOMBING OF SEALION ROCK Comment: NOAA should prohibit, or at least condition, the Navy's practice bombing activities over Sealion Rock due to the impact on seabirds, depositing of metal objects in the Sanctuary, and because the military environment does not require such a sensitive area to be used for such purposes. At the very,least, NOAA should prohibit the practice bombing during the breeding season. Section 7 consultations with the Department of Commerce and the Department of the Interior should not be construed as sufficient mitigation because these processes do not address impacts to non- endangered species. I Response: NOAA agrees that the Navy practice bombing of Sealion Rock is inconsistent with the goals of the Sanctuary program. Because the permit under which the Navy conducted its activities over Sealion Rock was rescinded by the Secretary of the Interior in August, 1993, NOAA may prohibit outright all bombing activities within the Sanctuary and has determined to do so. The regulation adopted by NOAA prohibits all practice bombing and provides that no exemption from the prohibition will be granted. Comment: NOAA does not have the authority to prohibit or condition the Navy's activities. Response: Because the Navy's authorization from the Secretary of Interior was rescinded, NOAA now has the authority to not only condition but also prohibit the Navy's practice bombing activities. Comment: NOAA should place the Navy's bombing activities within the scope of regulation to allow future regulation if necessary.- To not list military activities is in conflict with the primary goal of resource protection. Response: NOAA has addressed Navy activities in section 925.5(d) of the regulations. Comment: NOAA should investigate the history of the Navy's activities over Sealion Rock to determine if a grandfather clause is warranted. Response: The history of the Navy's activities and the permit that authorized its activities has been outlined in the FEIS/MP. The Navy's authority to conduct practice bombing activities has been rescinded and thus consideration of a grandfather clause is irrelevant. Comment: Clarify how Navy bombing of Sealion Rock at 200 feet is less disruptive than commercial overflights. A-38 Response: NOAA does not assert that the Navy's low flying activities are less disruptive than commercial or non-commercial overflights. NOAA's differing regulations in the DEIS/MP applying to Navy and non-military overflights resulted from limitations placed on NOAA by the MPRSA with respect to terminating pre-existing leases and permits. A-39 ISSUE: PROTECTION OF TREATY RIGHTS Comment: NOAA's regulations do not formally recognize the Federal Government's trust responsibility to the coastal Tribes. The regulations contain no provision which formally requires the Director to consider and protect tribal interests when ruling on permit applications to conduct development activities within the Sanctuary. To address this issue, the following modifications to the section 925.8 should be made: The Director . . . may issue a permit . . . to conduct an activity otherwise prohibited by section 925.5(a)(2)-(7), if the Director finds that the activity will: further research related to Sanctuary resources: . . .or promote the weLf_are of any Indian Tribe adjacent to the Sanctuary, In deciding whether to issue a permit, the Director shall consider such factors as . . . the impacts of the activity on adjacent Indian Tribes. Where the issuance or denial of a permit is reguested by the governing body of an Indian Tribe, the Director shall consider and protect the interests of the Tribe to the fullest extent practicable in keeping with the purposes of the Sanctuary and his or heZ fiduciary duties to the Tribe. Response: NOAA agrees that the designation of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary is subject to the Federal government's general fiduciary responsibility to the coastal tribes. However, it is also clear that the Federal government is not obligated to provide particular services or benefits, nor to undertake any specific fiduciary responsibilities in the absence of a specific provision in a treaty, agreement, executive order, or statute. See Havasupai Tribe v. U.S., 752 F. Supp. 1471 (D. Ariz 1990), citing, Vigil, 667 (D.C. Cir. 1980); Gila River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community, 427 F.2d 1194, 190 Ct. Cl. 790 (1970). With respect to this designation, there is no specific provision in the coastal Tribes' treaties or any agreement, executive order, or statute which requires NOAA to undertake any specific fiduciary responsibility on behalf of the coastal Tribes. Therefore, NOAA can fulfill its obligations to the coastal Tribes with respect to the designation by giving due consideration to their interests and concerns during the decision-making process. NOAA agrees that its trust responsibilities to the Tribes requires that it consider Tribal interest when ruling on permit applications to conduct activities within the Sanctuary. However, this responsibility does not require A-40 that NOAA base its decision solely on what is in the best interest of the coastal Tribes. Therefore, NOAA opposes the addition of "or promote the welfare of any Indian Tribe adja ent to the Sanctuary", but agrees to include "the effects of the activity on adjacent Indian Tribes As previously stated, NOAA agrees that it must consider the interests of the Tribes when issuing permits, and language to that effect has been included in the regulations. Comment: NOAA's regulation prohibiting the taking of marine. mammals and seabirds conflicts with treaty rights to fish and hunt marine mammals in tribal usual and accustomed fishing grounds. Response: NOAA recognizes that, given the standard for abrogating treaty rights enunciated by the Supreme Court in United States v. Dion, 476 U.S. 734 (1985), the provisions of the MPRSA do not abrogate the coastal Tribes' treaty fishing and hunting rights. However, it is unclear whether Congress intended the MMPA and the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to abrogate these rights. Recently, the Makah Tribe has pursued clarification regarding the applicability of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and ESA to its treaty rights to hunt whales and seals. The issue is currently being examined by the Tribes and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Given the concerns raised by the coastal Tribes, section 925.5(a)(6) has been revised to read as follows: Taking any marine mammal, sea turtle, or seabird in or above the Sanctuary, except as authorized by the National Marine Fisheries Service or the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the authority of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, as amended (MMPA), 16 U.S.C. 1361 et s ., the Endangered Species Act, as geq amended, (ESA), 16 U.S.C. 1531 et "e ., and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, as amended, (MBTA), 16 U.S.C. 703 et secr., or pursuant to any treaty with an Indian Tribe to which the United States is a party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in accordance with the MMPA, ESA, and MBTA. The revised language recognizes the Makah Tribe's treaty right to hunt whales and seals. However, the regulation also requires that the right be exercised in accordance with the provisions of the MMPA, ESA, and MBTA. If the MMPA, ESA or MBTA is determined to abrogate or otherwise restrict the Tribe's exercise of its right to hunt whales and seals, then that determination shall apply to the Tribe's exercise of those rights within the boundary of the Sanctuary. A-41 Comment: The regulations fail to preserve tribal control of their cultural heritage. NOAA should amend section 925.5(a)(8) to read as follows: Removal or attempted removal of any Indian cultural resource or artifact, or entry onto a significant cultural site designated by a Tribal governing body with the concurrence of the Director, except with the express written consent of the governing body of the Tribe or Tribes to which such resource, artifact, or cultural site pertains. Response: The MPRSA provides NOAA with the authority to control access to cultural or historical artifacts within the Sanctuary thereby helping to ensure their preservation. Accordingly, anyone proposing to remove a cultural or historical resource must apply for and obtain a Sanctuary permit from NOAA. NOAA also acknowledges the coastal Tribes' desire to preserve their cultural heritage and, in particular, those cultural artifacts of tribal significance found within the Sanctuary. NOAA considers its objective of preserving the historical and cultural resources of the .Sanctuary to be compatible with the coastal Tribes' desire to preserve their cultural heritage. Therefore, prior to issuing a Sanctuary permit to excavate a cultural or historical artifact that is of tribal significance, NOAA will consult with the affected Tribe(s). This clarification has been added to section 925.9. Comment: The regulation prohibiting overflights under 1,000 ft. except for valid law enforcement purposes conflicts with the treaty secured rights to access certain reservation lands such as Tatoosh Island and Ozette, which are only accessible by helicopter.in the winter months, and to conduct aerial timber cruises and engage in helicopter logging on portions of the reservation abutting the Sanctuary. Therefore the following amendment to section 925.5(7) is proposed: Flying motorized aircraft at less than 1,000 feet above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the coastal boundary of the Sanctuary and the Flattery Rocks, Quilleute Needles, and Copalis National Wildlife Refuges, except for valid law enforcement purposes or where authorized by a governing body of an Indian Tribe to provide access to reservation lands. Response: NOAA acknowledges the Tribes' concerns and does not intend to interfere with tribal rights to access reservation lands. Also, for the reasons discussed below, the minimum altitude has been changed to 2000 ft. In order not to interfere with Tribal access to reservation lands, A-42 the prohibition on flying has been changed to read: Flying motorized aircraft at less than 2,000 feet above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the Flattery Rocks, Quillayute Needles, or Copalie* National Wildlife Refuge, and within one nautical mile seaward from the coastal boundary of the Sanctuary, except as necessary for valid law enforcement purposes, for activities related to tribal timber operations conducted on reservation lands, or to transport persons or supplies to or from reservation lands as authorized by a governing body of an Indian Tribe. Comment: NOAA should apply the management plan equally to tribal and non-tribal governmental entities within the adopted boundary equally. Response: NOAA is legally bound to recognize treaty secured rights and has no intention to interfere with these rights. As such, there will be circumstances in which Sanctuary regulations will apply to tribal and non-tribal members differently. A-43 ISSUE: VESSEL TRAFFIC Comment: Route tankers and barges as far away from near-shore reefs and islands as possible. Clarify what types of vessels can transit close to shore. Response: There exists a Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management System (CVTMS) established and jointly managed by the United States and Canada. The CVTMS is a mandatory regime and consists of all navigable waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and its offshore approaches, southern Georgia Strait, the Gulf and San Juan Archipelagos, Rosario Strait,. Boundary Pass, Haro Strait, and Puget Sound, bounded on the west by longitude 1470W and latitude 480N, and on the northeast by a line along 490N from Vancouver Island to Semiamoo Bay. The rules of the CVTMS are intended to enhance safe and expeditious vessel traffic movement, to prevent groundings and collisions, and to minimize the risk of property damage and pollution to the marine environment. The rules apply to: a. Each vessel of 30 meters or more in length; and b. Each vessel that is engaged i'n towing alongside or astern, or in pushing ahead, one or more objects, other than fishing gear, where: (1) the combined length of the vessel towing, the towing apparatus, and the vessel or object towed is 45 meters or more; or (2) the vessel or object towed is 20 meters or more in overall length. Both the Canadian and the United States Coast Guards are studying methods to improve the CVTMS in the area. Items being studied include replacement of outdated equipment, elimination of gaps in coverage, and increasing operator training and assignment length.- The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) requires the U.S. Coast Guard to conduct a national Tanker Free Zone Study. This study is nearing completion and will recommend regulations requiring tank vessels to remain offshore during coastal transits. Further, NOAA has recommended to the U.S. Coast Guard that an International Maritime Organization (IMO) approved ATBA be established within the proposed Sanctuary boundary. This would require vessels transporting hazardous materials to remain at least 25 nautical miles offshore while in the vicinity of Sanctuary waters or until making their approach to the Strait of Juan de Fuca using the established CVTMS traffic separation scheme. Although ATBA's are not A-44 compulsory for foreign flag vessels, a maritime state may make such an area compulsory for domestic vessels transiting the waters under its jurisdiction. Comment: Clarify "commercial vessel" and distinguish between various sizes, uses, and types of vessels. Response: "Commercial vessel" means any vessel operating in return for payment or other type of compensation. Clarification between sizes, uses, and types of vessels would require more space than is 'available in this document. Rather than attempt to hold to a general definition of "commercial vessel", reference will be made to specific types of vessels, i.e., tank vessels, bulk carriers, fishing vessels, pleasure craft, etc., wherever required. Comment: The Sanctuary boundary should be published on navigational charts. Response: NOAA agrees and will submit the Sanctuary boundary to the Nautical Charting Division of the National Ocean Service. The boundary will be delineated on the next update of the appropriate navigational chart. Comment: Spill containment and cleanup measures should be part of appropriate mitigation requirements for vessels operating within the Sanctuary. Response: OPA 90 mandates that tank vessel contingency plans be prepared for a worst-case discharge, and that vessel plans be reviewed and approved by the U.S. Coast Guard. OPA 90 also stipulates that each responsible party for a vessel from which oil is discharged, or which poses the substantial threat of a discharge of oil into or upon the navigable waters or adjoining shorelines or the exclusive economic zone, is liable for the removal costs and damages resulting from such an incident. Further, Washington State law (Title 88 Section 46 Revised Code of Washington) requires the owner or operator of a tank vessel to prepare and submit an oil spill prevention plan prior to the vessel's entry into a Washington port. The law also requires that each tank vessel, cargo vessel of greater than three hundred or more gross tons, or passenger vessel of greater than three hundred or more gross tons have a contingency plan for the containment and cleanup of oil spills from such vessel into the waters of the State. Comment: NOAA should provide a more complete explanation of how implementation of each of the regulations would put U.S. A-45 shipping companies at an economic disadvantage in relation to foreign vessels. Precisely what would be the estimated cost in dollars, time, inconvenience, and ultimate impact upon U.S. shipping companies. Response: NOAA is promulgating no regulations that will adversely affect domestic vessels. Comment: NOAA should put forth a vessel traffic management plan, spearheaded by the U.S. Coast Guard, that addresses research needs, vessel traffic monitoring and communication systems, and future regulatory alternatives. The management plan should be proactive, and establish a timetable for considering new vessel traffic regulations in the future. Response: NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast Guard, which has the primary authority for vessel traffic regulation, to determine the need for additional measures to ensure protection of Sanctuary resources and qualities. In addition, NOAA will work with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) and the EPA regarding vessel traffic activities resulting from the transport of dredged material through the Sanctuary for disposal outside the Sanctuary. These consultations will aim to determine which resources are most at risk, which vessel traffic practices are most threatening, and which regulations or restrictions would be most appropriate to alleviate such risk. NOAA agrees that an improved vessel traffic monitoring. and communication system along the coast is desirable. OPA 90 requires the Secretary of Transportation to complete a comprehensive study on the impact of installation, expansion, or improvement of vessel traffic servicing systems. NOAA will work with the State of Washington's OMS, the U.S. Coast Guard, and appropriate public agencies during the development of these monitoring studies to determine an appropriate system for the Sanctuary and the need for any additional site-specific protective measures,.-. Vessel traffic monitoring and research and coordination on this subject have been incorporated into the Sanctuary management plan. Comment: Allow only double-hulled vessels in the Sanctuary. Response: OPA 90 establishes double hull requirements for tank vessels. Most tank vessels over 5,000 gross tons will be required to have double hulls by 2010. Vessels under 5,000 gross tons will be required to have a double hull or a double containment system by 2015. All newly constructed tankers must have a double hull (or double containment system if under 5,000 gross tons), while A-46 existing vessels are phased out over a period of years. As previously stated, the U.S. Coast Guard is completing a study of a tanker free zone where tank vessels would be required to remain offshore during coastal transits. Further, a proposal to establish an ATBA within the Sanctuary boundary has been developed and will be submitted to the International Maritime organization (IMO) for approval at the earliest possible date which, in accordance with IMO's procedures, is June, 1994. Both actions will serve to ensure that hazardous material laden vessels will remain an appropriate distance offshore. Comment: Require vessels to have a pilot aboard. Response: Requirements for pilots are set forth in both Federal and state regulations. NOAA will monitor and review vessel traffic in the Sanctuary and make recommendations to the appropriate regulatory agencies, state and Federal, regarding the need for additional pilotage requirements. Pilotage is currently compulsory for all vessels except those under enrollment or engaged exclusively in the coasting trade on the West Coast of the continental United States (including Alaska) and/or British Columbia. Port Angeles has been designated as the pilotage station for all vessels enroute to or from the sea. OPA 90 requires the U.S. Coast Guard to designate U.S. waters where a second licensed officer must be on the bridge of a coastwise seagoing tanker over 1,600 gross tons. Under the Ports and Waterways Safety Act, the U.S. Coast Guard also is proposing to require a second officer on foreign flag tankers over 1,600 gross tons and on U.S. registered tankers over 1,600 gross tons. Comment: Establish a tonnage limit within three nautical miles of shore except for those making a port call. Response: All types of vessels and traffic patterns will be reviewed by NOAA, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the State of Washington OMS to determine any appropriate action to be taken. In conducting this review, attention will be paid to vessel type, cargo carried, and vessel size. Comment: Require all vessels to have English speaking bridge personnel. Response: All vessels required to participate in the Juan de Fuca region CVTMS are required to make all reports in English. Comment: Curtail traffic during poor weather conditions. A-47 Response: NOAA will work with the state, U.S. Coast Guard, and appropriate public agencies to determine the need for further vessel traffic regulations to specifically address vessel traffic during adverse weather conditions. During conditions of vessel congestion, adverse weather, reduced visibility, or other hazardous circumstances in the area of the Juan de Fuca Region CVTMS, the Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management Center may issue directions to control and supervise traffic. They may also specify times when vessels may enter, move within or through, or depart from ports, harbors, or other waters of the CVTMS Zone. Further, the U.S. Coast Guard's Navigation Rules, International and Inland, speak specifically to the conduct of vessels while at sea. Rule 6 of the International and Inland Steering and Sailing Rules states that "Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions." Comment: Prohibit engine powered water craft of any type. Response: A fundamental objective of the sanctuary program is "to facilitate, to the extent compatible with the primary objective of resource protection, all public and private uses of the resources of these marine areas not prohibited pursuant to other authorities" (16 U.S.C. 1431(b)(5)). NOAA will consider the threats from all types of vessels - power driven, sailing, or paddle propelled - as a continuing analysis of*vessel traffic within the sanctuary boundaries. Comment: Manage the off-loading or exchange of cargo or oil. Response: No offloading or exchange of oil occurs within the boundary of the Sanctuary. This activity generally occurs in ports which are located outside of the Sanctuary boundary. Further, this type of activity is addressed by both OPA 90 and programs being established by the recently created Washington State OMS. Comment: Prohibit shipment of reclaimed spent nuclear fuel from foreign reactors through the Sanctuary. Response: As previously noted, NOAA has recommended to the U.S. Coast Guard that an IMO approved ATBA be established within the Sanctuary boundary. This would require vessels transporting hazardous materials to remain A-48 at least 25 nautical miles offshore while in the vicinity of Sanctuary waters or until making their approach to the Strait of Juan de Fuca using the established CVTMS traffic separation scheme. NOAA will also work with the State of Washington's OMS and both the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards to be informed of, and alerted to, in a timely and regular manner, all hazardous cargo carriers transiting near Sanctuary waters. Further, through participation in regular meetings of the Washington State Regional Marine Safety Committees and discussions with the U. S. Coast Guard, NOAA will ensure that contingency plans adequately address such transport issues. Comment: Prohibit commercial vessel anchorages within the Sanctuary, particularly off Makah Bay, except in emergencies. Response: The use of the Makah Bay anchorage by vessels waiting either for an available pilot at Port Angeles or instructions from their home office, has been examined. Currently, its use as a temporary anchorage has been agreed upon by both the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards. This is viewed as a more favorable alternative than having such vessels continuously underway within, and off the entrances to, the Strait. Vessels at anchor are subject to MARPOL, U.S. Federal law, and Sanctuary regulations regarding discharges. The use of this anchorage is monitored by Tofino Vessel Traffic Service which can also educate such vessels regarding the Sanctuary and its regulations. Comment: Clarify NOAA's authority to regulate vessel traffic within State of Washington waters. Response: Section 303 of the MPRSA gives NOAA the authority to promulgate regulations to implement the designation, including regulations necessary to achieve resource protection. Comment: The State and Federal government have appropriated $75 million to expand and enhance maritime activity at Grays Harbor through waterway dredging and port terminal development programs. If vessel traffic is restricted, one branch of the government would be defeating the purpose of other parts of the government. Response: NOAA has studied vessel traffic along the Washington coast. The result of the analysis was the recommendation for the previously mentioned ATBA. This proposal, if adopted, would add approximately 17 nautical A-49 miles on a transit from Grays Harbor to the entrance of the Straits of Juan de Fuca and approximately 21 nautical miles on a transit from the entrance of the Straits to Grays, Harbor. In comparison to the costs of cleanup, legal fees, liability, fines, loss of cargo, and vessel and environmental damages, the proposals to establish the ATBA seem reasonable. Comment: Double-hulled proposals are not economically sensible in the foreseeable future. Response: Congress has mandated (OPA 90) national double hull requirements for tank vessels. A-50 ISSUE: OVERFLIGHTS Comment: Establish the boundary for overflights at the beach rather than one (1) mile inland. Response: The boundary for overflights is at the shoreline and not one (1) mile inland. Comment: Establish a 2,500 foot minimum flight altitude over the sanctuary. Response: To be consonant with current regulations regarding flights over charted National Park Service Areas, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Areas, and U.S. Forest Service Areas, NOAA is prohibiting the flying of motorized aircraft at less than 2,000 feet above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the Flattery Rocks, Quillayute Needles, or Copalis National Wildlife Refuge, and at less than 2,000 feet above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile seaward from the coastal boundary of the Sanctuary, except as necessary for valid law enforcement purposes, for activities related to tribal timber operations conducted on reservation lands, or to transport persons or supplies to or from reservation lands as authorized by a governing body of an Indian Tribe. NOAA will work with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to reflect this regulation on aeronautical charts. Comment: Permit search and rescue at all times by whatever aircraft is needed to accomplish the task. Response: The prohibitions set forth in the Sanctuary regulations do not apply to activities necessary to respond to emergencies threatening life, property, or the environment pursuant to Section 925.5 (c) of the regulations. Thus, in any emergency, search and rescue aircraft are allowed to perform whatever tasks are required within the Sanctuary boundary. Comment: When necessary to bring a research flight into the area below the Sanctuary prescribed ceiling, regulations should require the plane's engine be kept at or below a reasonable decibel level as heard from the ground. Response: FAA regulations (14 CFR Part 36) codify noise standards for aircraft operating within U.S. airspace. Adherence to these standards is already required. When research is to be conducted within the Sanctuary boundary, aircraft operators will be required to obtain a permit and conduct such research in such a manner so as to minimize disturbance yet remain within safe aircraft operating parameters. A-51 ISSUE: LIVING RESOURCE EXTRACTION Fishing Comment: NOAA should not restrict access to fishing grounds or catch-ability. Crab fishing and razor clam digging must be allowed. Response: The regulation of fishing is not authorized by the Designation Document. NOAA has determined that existing fishery management authorities are adequate to address fishery resource issues. As with all other fisheries that occur within the Sanctuary, crab fishing and razor clam digging remain under the regulatory authority of existing Federal, state, tribal and regional fishery authorities. NOAA does not view fishing as contrary to the goals of the Sanctuary. The sanctuary program is by law mandated "to facilitate to the extent compatible with the primary objective of resource protection, all public and private uses of the resources (including fishing) (16 U.S.C. 1431(b)(5)). Existing fishery management agencies are primarily concerned with the regulation and management of fish stocks for a healthy fishery. In contrast, the National Marine Sanctuary Program has a different and broader mandate under the MPRSA to protect all Sanctuary resources on an ecosystem-wide basis. Thus, while fishery agencies may be concerned about certain fishing efforts and techniques in relation to fish stock abundance and distribution, the Marine Sanctuary Program is also concerned about the potential incidental impacts of specific fishery techniques on all Sanctuary resources including benthic habitats or marine mammals as well as the role the target species plays in the health of the ecosystem. In the case of the Olympic Coast, fish resources are already extensively managed by existing authorities and NOAA does not envision a fishery management role for the Sanctuary Program.. Accordingly, fishing activities have not been included in the list of activities in the Designation Document subject to regulation as part of the Sanctuary regime. However, the Sanctuary Program will provide research results and recommendations to existing fishery management agencies in order to enhance the protection of fishery and other resources within the Sanctuary. Comment: No additional fisheries management or regulation is needed in the Sanctuary. Commercial, recreation, and subsistence fishing can be compatible with sanctuary designation, and the existing regulatory framework is adequate at this time. A-52 Response: See response to previous comment. The Designation Document places kelp harvesting within the scope of future regulation since there is no existing management plan for kelp harvesting. Comment: Clarify the language associated with commercial fishing practices near sunken vessels, rocks and reefs in the proposed sanctuary to insure continuance of historical and customary fishing practices. Existing Federal and state regulations adequately protect archeological treasures, man-made reefs, and natural rock and reef formations. The FEIS should acknowledge and permit prevailing practices. Response: Commercial fishing vis-a-vis historical resources is an exempted activity under the prohibition against disturbance of historical resources. However, the exemption is only for incidental disturbance and therefore does not allow deliberate disturbance. Comment: Fishing should either be regulated, or placed in the scope of regulation, because there may be a time in the future when fishing needs to be regulated by the Sanctuary. Response: NOAA believes that existing authorities are adequate to regulate fishing. Should the need arise to regulate fishing as part of the Sanctuary management regime, the Designation Document could be amended. Comment: Proposed regulations should result in the gradual reduction of fishing, aquaculture, kelp harvesting and waterfowl hunting to insure that no commercial activity threatens the integrity of any resources in the proposed Sanctuary. Some commenters believed that the Sanctuary should ban all commercial fishing activities except Native American fishing activities. Response: A blanket reduction of resource-use activities across the Sanctuary could not be imposed without credible evidence that each resource affected is threatened by a population decrease or stock failure. Absent such evidence, the Act requires that existing Uses be facilitated to the extent compatible with the primary objective of resource protection. Comment: True refugia should be established where all consumptive uses are prohibited for a period of time. Response: The determination of whether refugia are established in the Sanctuary will be done in coordination with the NMFS, PFMC, Washington Department of Fisheries (WDF), the tribes, environmental groups, and industry. The Sanctuary Advisory Committee (SAC) will be an important A-53 forum to address this issue. If, in coordination with other governmental agencies, it is determined that establishment of refugia is a desirable alternative, NOAA will analyze the alternative through the preparation of an environmental impact statement/management plan and solicitation of public input pursuant to the NEPA and the APA. Comment: Driftnets, trawling ' and all dragnet fisheries should be banned from the proposed Sanctuary as inconsistent with the regulation prohibiting alteration of, or construction on, the seabed. 'Response: The only net gear used in fisheries in the Sanctuary are trolling gear (for salmon) and trawling gear (for groundfish). The regulatory prohibition on altering the.seabed includes an exception for incidental disturbance resulting from traditional fishing operations. NMFS has conducted a limited study of the impact of trawl gear on the benthos and has not identified any resulting systematic destruction. However, the regulations could be modified to regulate any activity that is shown to cause significant disturbance of the seabed. This reflects adherence to the MPRSA's goals of preserving natural and human-use qualities of a marine area. High-seas driftnets, defined as nets greater than 1.5 miles long, have been banned pursuant to United Nations resolution 46/215. While gillnets and setnets are currently used in the inland waters of the State of Washington, they are not used in Sanctuary waters. Comment: NOAA should facilitate the regulation of resource extraction within the Sanctuary under a regulatory framework that is controlled by a single agency. Response: Regulatory authority over resources and resource extraction industries is expressly granted by state and Federal statute. NOAA does not have the primary regulatory authority over resource extraction. NOAA can act to coordinate the various regulators and can impose additional regulations, but cannot reassign itself or other agencies regulatory authority. Comment: NOAA must clarify and acknowledge all tribal treaty fishing rights in the FEIS/MP, and the interaction of Sanctuary regulations with the right of tribes to fish in their Usual and Accustomed fishing areas. Response: This issue is clarified in the Designation Document and in Part II (under Socio-Demographic profile and Land Use). Treaty rights to,hunt and fish are acknowledged. A-54 Comment: The entire study area must be considered as a "fishing area" since fish migrate along the entire Washington coast. Response: NOAA recognizes that fish "know no boundaries in the sea." The fishing areas identified in the FEIS/MP only represent known locations where certain fishery activity is concentrated. The fishing areas displayed in the FEIS/MP are not related to regulatory jurisdiction in any way. They are simplified visual aids to complement the discussion of resources off the coast of Washington. Aguaculture Comment: Clarify NOAA's intention to regulate, condition,' or prohibit aquaculture activities throughout the Sanctuary and adjacent to Indian reservations. Response: The Sanctuary regulations do not directly prohibit aquaculture operations within the Sanctuary boundary. However, discharge of matter into the Sanctuary, or alteration of or construction on the seabed in connection with aquaculture activities are prohibited. It is unlikely that permits would be granted for aquaculture activities in the Sanctuary that violate these prohibitions. This determination is based upon U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) guidance related to permits for fish pen mariculture operations, which prohibits fish farms in Federal natural resource areas, such as national seashores, wilderness areas, wildlife refuges, parks or other areas designated for similar purposes (e.g., national marine sanctuaries). Comment: NOAA should change the proposed regulation governing alteration of or construction on the seabed to "maintenance and development of approved aquaculture operations", and strike "existing prior to the effective date of these regulations." Eliminating future aquaculture development off the Olympic Coast would preclude opportunities for both private shellfish and finfish production and for public enhancement. Technology is being developed which would result in minimal environmental imbalance, and would afford employment for regional communities. Response: See response to previous comment. Comment: The Sanctuary should not regulate aquaculture activities because there are sufficient regulations in place. Response: See response to previous comment. A-55 Comment: The Sanctuary should provide mutually agreed upon requirements for aquaculture activities among the oyster growers of Willapa Bay. Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not include Willapa Bay. Comment: The discussion in the FEIS/MP on the impacts of aquaculture needs to be expanded and the proposal to not regulate aquaculture in the Sanctuary should be re-assessed. The FEIS/MP needs to address the use of drugs in farm-raised fish. Response: The discussion of aquaculture within the Sanctuary is intended only to evaluate the current status of the industry in the study area - it is not intended to measure aggregate impacts. The request for expanded discussion of resources does not identify specific issues of discussion. A re-assessmdnt of aquaculture vis-a-vis the Sanctuary reveals that the industry is adequately regulated by existing state and Federal requirements. However, any discharges from such operations into the Sanctuary would be prohibited. The Sanctuary has no jurisdiction over the use of drugs in aquaculture - such determinations are under the purview of the Washington State Department of Health (WDH) and the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA). comment: All aquaculture should be banned from within the Sanctuary. Response: The Sanctuary is required by law to facilitate public and private uses of Sanctuary resources as long as resource protection is not jeopardized. If properly sited and operated, aquaculture does not appear to appreciably impact the health of the marine environment. Comment: Kelp harvesting should be banned or regulated within the Sanctuary. Response: At present there is no kelp harvesting within the Sanctuary. The Washington Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is in the process of preparing a management plan for kelp harvesting. NOAA has included kelp harvesting in the scope of regulations in the Designation Document in the event that future action by NOAA is necessary to protect this resource. NOAA will work with DNR to develop a kelp management plan within the Sanctuary. A-56 ISSUE: MARINE MAMMALS, SEA TURTLES AND SEABIRDS Comment: Clarify "takings". The prohibition on the taking of marine mammals and seabirds within the Sanctuary is redundant with the ESA, the MMPA and the MBTA, and what further impact it will have on the fishing community. Response: "Taking" is defined in section 925.3 of the regulations to mean: (1) for any marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird listed as either endangered or threatened pursuant to the ESA to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, collect or injure, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct and, (2) for any other marine mammal, sea turtle, or seabird, the term means to harass, hunt, capture, kill, collect or injure, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct. While marine mammals, seabirds and endangered and threatened species are protected under the MMPA, ESA and MBTA, NOAA believes that the higher penalties afforded under the MPRSA will provide a stronger deterrent. The MBTA sets maximum criminal fines at either $500 or $2,000 per violation, depending on the violation. The MMPA sets maximum civil penalties at $10,000 and maximum criminal fines at $20,000. The ESA sets maximum civil penalties at $500, $12,000 or $25,000 per violation, depending on the violation; maximum criminal fines are set at $50,000. (All three statutes also provide for imprisonment for criminal violations.) Section 307 of the MPRSA allows NOAA to assess civil penalties as high as $100,000-for each violation. In addition, monies collected under the MPRSA are available for use by the National Marine Sanctuary Program. Comment: The MBTA would not allow any taking of migratory birds in the sanctuary, thus providing even stronger prohibition than sanctuary status can provide. Response: See above response. section 925.5(a)(6) of the Sanctuary regulations prohibits the taking of migratory birds within the Sanctuary. Including a prohibition on "taking" marine birds in the Sanctuary regulations allows such violations to be subject to the civil penalties authorized by the MPRSA which far exceed those authorized by the MBTA. Comment: Prohibit all takings of marine mammals and seabirds, regardless of military or fishing exemptions. Response: Section 925.5(a)(6) of the Sanctuary regulations prohibits the taking of marine mammals and A-57 -seabirds in or above the Sanctuary except as authorized by the NMFS or the United States Fish and wildlife Service under the authority of the MMPA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1361 et sea., the ESA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1531 et ggq., and the MBTA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 703 et sea., or pursuant to any treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States is a party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in accordance with the MMPA, ESA, and MBTA. Exemptions include a limited five-year incidental take of marine mammals provided by interim regulations promulgated pursuant to the MMPA, which are in effect until October, 1993. The ESA also has a limited incidental take exemption. See 16 U.S.C. section 1539(a)(2)B(i). NMFS, in conjunction with environmental groups and the fishing industry, is developing a permanent management regime to be implemented upon expiration of the MMPA interim regulations. If in the future NOAA determines that the existing regulations promulgated under MMPA, ESA, MBTA or any other state or Federal statute are not adequate to ensure the coordinated and comprehensive management of marine mammals and seabirds, changes to the Sanctuary regulations would be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the MPRSA, NEPA and APA. Comment: Exclude from (takings] prohibition birds considered game. Response: The only birds section 925.5(a)(6) prohibits the taking of are seabirds--seabirds are not considered game species. Comment: Section 925.5(a)(6) of the proposed regulations would prohibit the taking of marine mammals or seabirds unless affirmatively permitted by regulations promulgated under authority of the ESA, MMPA, or MBTA. Because these regulations do not expressly permit any takings by treaty Indians, the proposed sanctuary regulations would effectively prohibit the Makah Tribe from exercising their treaty rights to take marine mammals. The proposed regulations would also hinder the tribe's ability to exercise its fishing rights by precluding fisheries which result in the incidental taking of marine mammals and seabirds. The DEIS/MP offers no conservation justification for imposing restrictions on the taking of marine mammals and seabirds which go beyond the restrictions imposed by the ESA and MMPA. The DEIS/MP concedes that the purpose of the proposed sanctuary regulations is not to protect particular species from extinction. According to the DEIS, the purpose of these additional prohibitions in the proposed regulations A-58 is to "extend protection for sanctuary resources on an environmentally holistic basis." This goal does not permit infringement of treaty rights. Therefore, the regulations should be amended by adding "or in accordance with any treaty to which the United States is a party." Response: The regulatory prohibitions do not abrogate or obstruct any rights under an existing treaty. The regulations have been changed by adding "or pursuant to any treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States is a party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in accordance with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA.11 The treaty between the Makah Tribe and the United States explicitly assures the "right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual accustomed grounds and stations." (Article 4, Treaty of Neah Bay, 1855). Incidental takes of marine mammals can legally occur under permit and exemption provisions of the MMPA. Currently, Washington coastal tribes apply for and receive exemption certificates from NMFS for the incidental taking of marine mammals during fishing. Fees for this exemption are waived for tribes. Further, tribes cannot be denied entry into any fishery based on the likelihood or occurrence of seabird or marine mammal takings. However, they could be prosecuted if they violate the ESA, MMPA, or MBTA. Comment: Change the wording of the regulation to read "as authorized or permitted by NMFS or [the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service] USFWS under the authority of the MMPA and ESA.11 NMFS suggests that the preamble and/or regulations clarify that Sanctuary permits will not be required for activities authorized or permitted by NMFS or USFWS under MMPA or ESA. Such clarification would relieve many concerns over the possibility of overlapping and potentially duplicative permitting requirements. Response: NOAA has amended the regulation by adding "as authorized by the National marine Fisheries Service or the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the authority of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, as amended, (MMPA), 16 U.S.C. 1361 et sea., the Endangered Species Act, as amended, (ESA), 16 U.S.C. 1531 et geg., and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, as amended, (MBTA), 16 U.S.C. 703 et sea . . . . . The inclusion-of "as authorized or permitted" is viewed by NOAA as redundant. A-59 ISSUE: SANCTUARY ADNINISTRATION Regulations/Permits Comment: NOAA should use economic incentives rather than regulations to ensure that activities do not impact resources. Response: NOAA does not have sufficient authority to provide economic incentives to ensure that activities do not impact Sanctuary resources. Even regulations, which include economic disincentives such as monetary penalties, are not sufficient to ensure that any activity does not impact resources. Comment: Clarify the statement: "When a conflict with a sanctuary regulation related to specific [non-sanctuary] regulations occurs, the one more protective of sanctuary resources will prevail." NOAA regulations should not override those of the local jurisdictions. NOAA needs to clarify: 1) the application of this policy to fishing; 2) types of conflicts the statement applies to; 3) who determines whether a conflict exists; and 4) the process for resolving a conflict. Response: NOAA agrees that the statement as written in the.DEIS/MP is unclear. Accordingly, the statement has been deleted in the FEIS/MP. Essentially, the statement meant that if two regulations exist covering an activity in the Sanctuary, one promulgated by NOAA under the MPRSA authority and the other by another agency under a different statute, compliance with the less restrictive regulation will not relieve the obligation to comply with the other more restrictive one. Comment: NOAA should follow the guidelines of NEPA when proposing any change in regulations that are listed in the scope of regulations. This is especially applicable to vessel traffic and discharge regulations. Also, clarification is needed on the rulemaking and amendment processes. Response: Listing activities in the scope of regulation reflects that the issues and alternatives were addressed in the FEIS/MP, public hearings were held, and public comments were solicited regarding the activities. If NOAA later proposes the regulation of an activity listed in the scope of regulations in the Designation Document but not regulated at the time of Sanctuary designation, NOAA will request public comments on the proposal. When NOAA plans to amend a rule that has been promulgated, an analysis of the issues, affected environment, alternatives and consequences will be A-60 completed and public comments solicited. NOAA will then modify the proposal if necessary and respond to public comments when taking the final action. Comment: A procedure must be established to disagree with management and issue an appeal if permits to conduct research are denied. Response: Section 925.12 of the Sanctuary regulations set forth the procedures for appealing denials of Sanctuary permits. The appeal process involves a written statement by the appellant to the Assistant Administrator of NOAA. The Assistant Administrator may conduct a hearing on the appeal. Comment: Clarify the procedure for obtaining permits for low-flying aircraft engaged in ongoing species monitoring studies and damage assessment studies in response to an incident such as an oil spill. Activities authorized by the NMFS and USFWS should not require a Sanctuary permit because the requirements for permits would be duplicative. Response: All flights engaged in monitoring or research activities that fly below 2,000 feet are required to obtain a Sanctuary permit, or, if the activity is already pursuant to a permit, to have that permit certified. Permits are not required for overflights necessary to respond to emergencies threatening life, property or the environment. Comment: NOAA should not grandfather existing uses if otherwise prohibited by sanctuary regulations. Response: Section 304(c)(1)(B) of the MPRSA specifies that NOAA may not terminate any valid lease,.permit, license, or right of subsistence use or of access, if the lease, permit, license, or right "is in existence on the date of designation of any national marine sanctuary . . . . Comment: Treaty secured rights should not require sanctuary certification and registration. Further, NOAA should obligate federal regulators to consider and protect tribal interests when issuing permits which may affect those interests. Response: Treaty secured rights do not require certification by the Sanctuary program. Comment: The regulations, exemptions and authority to place conditions on existing permitted activities are unclear. Response: Section 304(c)(2) of the MPRSA provides NOAA with the right to regulate the exercise of a lease, permit, A-61 license, or right of subsistence use or of access existing on the effective date of Sanctuary designation. Comment: Sanctuary management should be formally coordinated with tribal regulatory and law enforcement authorities through cooperative agreements. Response: Cooperative agreements will be developed as necessary between NOAA and the tribes regarding regulatory and law enforcement activities. Comment: The Sanctuary should offer increased enforcement which should be conducted by Sanctuary personnel rather than the U.S. Coast Guard. Clarify the enforcement procedures. Response: There will be enforcement of Sanctuary regulations through cooperative agreements with the U.S. Coast Guard, NMFS, WDF, the coastal tribes, USFWS, and the National Park Service (NPS). Considering.fiscal constraints, level of use, and availability of enforcement personnel working in the field already, NOAA has determined that it is not a high immediate priority to hire Sanctuary enforcement personnel. The Sanctuary must first become fully.staffed and operational, and a determination must be made whether additional enforcement personnel are needed. The enforcement procedures will be determined pursuant to the cooperative agreements that are established. Comment: The broad scope of the discharge prohibition will require a well-coordinated enforcement operation to monitor all discharge and disposal activities from sources on land as well as in offshore, coastal and inland waters over large areas outside of the Sanctuary boundary. It may be impossible to determine the origin of discharges or deposits found in the Sanctuary after the dumping activity has occurred. Response: The prohibition on discharges from outside the boundary relates to discharges,that enter and injure Sanctuary resources. NOAA must establish that discharges not only enter, but injure.the resources before enforcement actions will be taken. It will, therefore be desirable for .NOAA to undertake a comprehensive monitoring program by which it can determine ecosystem health and use impacts. Comment: NOAA should impose unlimited liability for spills extended to shipping companies and firms providing original source materials involved in polluting activities. Response: NOAA is permitted to seek penalties of up to $100,000 per day for a violation pursuant to Section 307(c)(1) of the MPRSA (16 U.S.C. 1437(c)(1)), and for A-62 natural resource damages pursuant to section 312 of the MPRSA (16 U.S.C. 1443). Transboundry Coordination Comment: NOAA should coordinate with other Federal and Canadian authorities to regulate vessel traffic, reduce the risk of oil spills, and eliminate oil and gas drilling in Canadian waters adjacent to the proposed sanctuary. NOAA should encourage an adjacent sanctuary along the west coast of Vancouver Island. Response: NOAA agrees and is working with the Canadian Coast Guard, the U.S. Coast Guard and the Washington OMS to reduce the risk of oil spills. The regulation of vessel traffic will currently remain with the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards and the OMS. NOAA will support any Canadian initiative to designate a marine protected area in Canadian waters on the Pacific Coast. Beach Management Policies Comment: NOAA should grandfather in the existing beach management policies including allowable beach driving activities. Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not encompass beaches where beach driving is permitted. Advisory-CommitteelDecision Making Comment: NOAA and the State of Washington should work together to determine the composition of the Sanctuary Advisory Committee (SAC). The SAC should include representatives from private landowners, local industry, the county and tribes. The SAC should be based at the local level to oversee operations and help maintain strong local input. Response: NOAA will work with local user and interest groups and state and local governments to obtain broad representation on the SAC. The law limits the SAC to no more than 15 members. Comment: The SAC should have the power to direct the Sanctuary manger and set priorities for funding. The SAC decisions should be binding. If the decisions are not binding, then the manager should at least provide a rationale for any actions taken which are directly contrary to the recommendations of the SAC. Response: The SAC recommendations to the manager will A-63 be instrumental in guiding the manager with respect to prioritizing actions. If the manager chooses not to pursue the recommendations of the SAC, a rationale will be provided to the members of the SAC. Comment: one of the first tasks of the SAC should be to review and update the State of Washington's coastal zone management program to ensure consistency with the Sanctuary management plan. The Sanctuary management plan goals and objectives should also be reviewed. Response: Prior to designation, the State of Washington will review the FEIS/MP as part of its consistency determination as it relates to Washington's approved coastal zone management program. The WDOE has jurisdiction for the Shoreline Management Act. The SAC will not share that jurisdiction, rather, the SAC will be responsible for reviewing the Sanctuary management plan goals and objectives. The SAC's first priority will be to help determine the five-year Sanctuary operating plan establishing priorities for education, research, monitoring, facilities siting and administration. miscellaneous Comment: Firearms should be controlled or banned within the Sanctuary. Response: Possession and use of firearms is regulated by State law for public safety purposes. The primary purpose of Sanctuary designation is resource protection. Management Alternatives/Strategies comment: The administrative models being discussed in the Northwest Straits proposal should be considered. Response: The administrative model identifying NOAA as the lead agency in managing the sanctuary with guidance and assistance from the SAC (which will represent State and local interests) will be implemented in the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. The administrative model which involves joint administration between NOAA and the State of Washington was not considered for the Olympic Coast National Marine sanctuary because the Sanctuary is predominately in Federal waters. one model suggested for the proposed Northwest Straits National Marine Sanctuary focuses on joint administration because the Sanctuary would be located entirely within State waters. NOAA will work closely with the state and counties and other Federal agencies in the administration of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. A-64 Comment: The management plan needs to account for tribal sovereignty and jurisdiction with respect to cultural resources, law enforcement and research practices. NOAA needs to recognize the need to coordinate with each tribal entity in the same manner as with the state and its management agencies. Response: NOAA acknowledges the importance of tribal sovereignty. Nothing in the designation will impact the treaty rights of the coastal tribes. NOAA will consult closely with the tribes on any action that may potentially impact tribal rights or interests. Comment: NOAA should choose management plan alternative I which proposes to gradually phase in program activities and staffing. Staff could be co-located with another Federal agency in Port Angeles, with satellite sites in Klaloch or La Push. National concerns with fiscal restraint support this choice. Some commenters supported management plan alternative 2 which proposes to set up the sanctuary headquarters and immediately provide full-staffing. Sanctuary headquarters should be located on the coast. The former Makah Air Force Station is one possible location. Response: NOAA is experiencing the fiscal constraints that all Federal programs are experiencing. NOAA proposes to balance the needs for resource protection and fiscal restraint by phasing in staffing and maximizing cooperative relationships with other agencies and jurisdictions working in the area (e.g., NPS, U.S. Coast Guard, the tribes, and the USFWS) to implement the management plan. The Sanctuary manager will have an office on the Olympic Coast with administrative support facilities in Seattle. Comment: Implementation of the final management plan must be adequately funded in order to prevent pollution and resource damage. Response: The level of funding for the first year after Sanctuary designation will depend upon the Sanctuary Program's funding which is authorized and appropriated by Act of Congress. However, the reality of the program's funding situation will require the manager and SAC to identify alternative sources of funding for Sanctuary programs. Comment: A volunteer program, coordinated by a full-time. volunteer coordinator, should be established to assist in implementation of the management plan. A-65 Response: NOAA agrees that the establishment of a volunteer program can assist in implementation of the management plan. The SAC will be influential in determining the priority of hiring a volunteer coordinator. Comment: The management alternatives should more accurately describe NOAA's comprehensive planning as implemented through a combination of legal management authority over certain specific Sanctuary activities and advisory coordination with other entities managing the remaining essential components. Response: NOAA agrees. The FEIS/MP outlines the regulations which NOAA is promulgating. The FEIS/MP also outlines the role of the SAC, whose composition is aimed at enhancing the coordination with other entities with management jurisdiction in the Sanctuary. Comment: The Sanctuary manager should have a great deal of responsibility for setting the Sanctuary budget, as well as assigning funds to local governments for assistance in implementing management plans. Response: The Sanctuary manager will have primary responsibility for recommending the Sanctuary budget to headquarters. The Sanctuaries and Reserves Division has responsibility for the entire National Marine Sanctuary Program budget, and will work with the site manager to develop the annual program budget. The manager has the discretion to earmark funds to local governments or groups to implement Sanctuary programs. Comment: Zoning plans should be implemented which accommodate the varying resource management needs within the Sanctuary. Some zoning examples include allowing for the needs of ports to the south, designating areas which would be closed to all consumptive uses on a rotating basis,-and zoning specific areas within the sanctuary for the sole purposes of research, recreational use, commercial use and no use. Response: Zoning is not anticipated as part of the FEIS/MP for the Sanctuary. If NOAA, in consultation with the SAC, believes that zoning would better meet the needs of the program.' the management plan and regulations can be amended in accordance with the requirements of the MPRSA, the NEPA and the APA. Research/Education Protocol Comment: Research results and data should be shared through existing databases with Federal and state agencies and tribes. The sharing of data should be formalized through cooperative agreements. Response: NOAA agrees that research results and data should A-66 be shared and will pursue appropriate cooperative agreements to ensure this coordination. Comment: It is unnecessary to severely restrict or eliminate activities such as fishing, commercial vessel activity, dredging and aircraft operation in order to carry out the Sanctuary goals of promoting research and public education. Response: The primary goal of sanctuary designation is the comprehensive long-term protection of marine resources. Some restrictions are necessary to accomplish this goal. Of the above activities, only dredging is being eliminated within the Sanctuary boundary. Research and education provide additional means to promote the goal of marine resource protection. comment: Geophysical exploration should not be prohibited, as the information gathered from this research can benefit coastal communities and academic institutions. Response: NOAA's emphasis on research within the Sanctuary allows for research which may involve an otherwise prohibited activity (such as alteration of or construction on the seabed) as long as researchers obtain a research permit pursuant to section 925.9 of the Sanctuary regulations. NOAA will determine the environmental consequences of the proposed research, including short and long term effects on marine biota (such as noise which may interfere with cetacean communication) in deciding whether to issue a permit. Comment: The research program should stress applied research such as research which can facilitate fisheries management, provide information on long-term environmental trends, and provide links between the marine systems and the adjacent terrestrial systems. Providing research results to decision makers at the various governmental levels would be an important link in addressing marine resource problems. Response: NOAA agrees and has clarified this point in the research section of the management plan. Comment: Criteria for acceptable research within the Sanctuary should be established prior to formal designation of the Sanctuary. The criteria should be used in review of research permit applications, and an appeal process should be established in the case of research permit application denial. Response: Research permit applications will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis and evaluated to determine the potential short and long term impacts of the proposed activities. In addition, section 925.12 of the regulations sets forth the procedures for appealing to the Assistant Administrator the denial of a research permit. A-67 Comment: NOAA should conduct research into the effects of fishing activities on the entire marine system. Fish stocks, species abundance, and monitoring information should be presented to the PFMC. Response: The National ocean Service (which includes the Sanctuaries and Reserves Division) and the NMFS have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding outlining the working relationship between the Sanctuary Program and the NMFS. The PFMC will be involved in this agreement, through its relationship with the NMFS. Research which benefits the overall goal of resource protection is addressed within this agreement by highlighting the need for interagency coordination, research and monitoring. Comment: The benefits of sanctuary designation to the fishing community and others should be clearly articulated. Additionally, connections between the regulations and resource protection should be integrated in the education plan (e.g., establishing warning signs at popular access sites to alert boaters and hikers to the effect of disturbance of pelagic birds and marine mammals.) Response: NOAA agrees and has clarified the education goals in the Sanctuary management plan. NOAA has articulated the benefits of the Sanctuary program for the fishing community. NOAA will coordinate with the USFWS and the NPS to post warning signs around critical marine bird and mammal habitat. Comment: NOAA should provide for increased education and interpretation of the shoreline through a variety of media. Educational materials and outreach programs should be developed by pre-existing facilities and organizations on the Olympic Peninsula. Response: Sanctuary designation will provide for increased education and interpretation of the entire Sanctuary ecosystem. Education materials and outreach programs will be developed in cooperation with existing Federal, tribal, state and local entities. A-68 ISSUE: INFORNATIONAL AMENDMENTS TO THE DEIS/XP Biological Amendments Comment: The discussion of the neretic and shelf edge environments in the DEIS/MP needs to be expanded. The resource assessment must stress the biological richness of the area. Response: The resource assessment describing the ecosystem of the Sanctuary study area has been expanded in the FEIS/MP. Comment: Biological resources need to be discussed in terms of ecosystem interactions and not single species descriptions. Response: NOAA has expanded the discussion to include a description of the study area from an ecosystem perspective. gocioeconomic Comment: The FEIS/MP must contain a socioeconomic impact study of the regulations on the affected coastal communities and Tribes. Failure to consider and mitigate these impacts violates the NEPA and Federal Trust responsibility to Indians. Response: An economic analysis has been included within the FEIS/MP. NOAA is not promulgating regulations that will unduly burden the tribes. The regulations have provisions that recognize treaty secured rights. In addition, NOAA will consult with the tribes when considering permits affecting proposed development activities in the Sanctuary. NOAA believes that the regulations do not conflict with the economic interests of the tribes since the regulations offer increased protection for those natural resources critical to the tribal economy. Comment: The Federal government should investigate the possibility of tax breaks to offset economic impacts of the management plan. Response: NOAA's actions do not add economic burdens to the area. The issue of tax breaks should be addressed to an individual's representatives in Congress. NOAA does not have the legislative authority to address tax laws. Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement Comment: NOAA should submit a supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the following reasons: 1) the DEIS/MP lacks a satisfactory examination of the socioeconomic impacts of the regulations on the coastal communities; 2) the DEIS/MP contains erroneous information related to port activities in Grays Harbor; 3) some information is missing, outdated, or inaccurate; 4) inadequate-definition of the unique environment A-69 deserving protection that is identified by the SEL. Response: NOAA has determined that the matters for which an SEIS has been requested can be addressed in the FEIS/MP. The FEIS/MP addresses the socioeconomic impacts of regulations that could potentially affect the coastal communities in the alternatives and consequences section. Further, the vessel traffic section has been amended substantially to provide a detailed description of the signific'ance of vessel traffic to the coastal communities. Additionally, the description of the marine environment under consideration has been expanded greatly. Management Comment: NOAA needs to address or recognize a number of current local and state regulatory controls in place within the shoreline areas. Response: NOAA has addressed local and state regulatory controls within the shoreline areas. These controls are listed in Appendix J. A-70 Table 7. individual Commenters Mr./Mrs. H.K. Adler Pamela Chase Mr./Mrs. Robert H. Catherine Allison Dale Chestnut Ferber James G. Allison/ Diane Civic Judy Friesem Janice A. Anthony James W. Clarke Debra Fisher Glen L. Alexander Virginia/Weldon Louise R. Forrest Susan Arbury Clark Annette Frahm Therese Armetta Mary Cline Robert A. Friedman Elizabeth Award Carol E. Clover Anthony C. Garland Dennis J. Axt Mike/Denise Coghlan Gates Family Melissa Bale Diane coiner Laura Geselbracht Eric J. Bard Stacy S. Coleman Nick Girten Douglas B. Barnett Kari Collis John Grettenberger Mr./Mrs. Alan Bates Ames B. Colt Kevin G. Goebel Tawny Bates Steve Confer Ms. Jane E. Goforth Margaret Battles Leo . Shaw/Noelle Helmut/Marcy Golde Cheryl Baumann Congdon Gottsfeld Family Patti Benson Erika Courtois Elinore B. Gordon Thomas Berken Bruce/Judy Cowan William W. Grace Linda D. Bernhardt Maribeth Crandell Arthur Grunbaum/ Timothy Bernthal Steve/Jane Crawford Linda Orgel Jane Block Henri Crawley Scott Guedale Linda Books Nancy Curry Karen Guffy C. Edward Bowlby Laurie/Jeff Curtis Chris Haave David A. Berger Donald A. Davidson Tracy Hain Tibor Bessko/ Jack Davis Hellen L. Halloran Debbie Shostock Ruth/Harold Deery Tully Hammill Mary Blackstone Anita DeMarco David H. Hannon Kathleen Banchard Mr./Mrs. J. Denison Drew Hanson/ Saphire Blue Pauline Denison Christine M. Shulz Margaret Boyle Michael Denker Laura A. Harders Mary Sue Brancato Lisa Dennsion John L. Hart George Brandt David DeRousse Warren Hartz Rebecca Branscom Chris Detrock Mr./Mrs. Jerry Kerri Brenaman D.L. Dickson Hatton Karen Brown Lowell Dickson Albert A. Haubrich Lloyd J. Brown Robin Dobson Elaine J. Haynes Marj Brown Linda M. Donaldson Robert Haynes Nancy V. Bryant John E. Douglas Rob J. Healy Jeanette Burrage Dean A. Drugge Shana L. Hedlund Jeff Buckland Glen Duncan Christopher Helf Cheryl Bush Taleah Edmond Rosilla Helf Ann T. Butler Lou Ann Edwards Susan Helf Ellen Bynum Stan Eilers Michael J. Hely Jim/Marian Byse Laura M. Emerson Edward McCrady Mary E. Cadigan Betty Joyce Enbysk Henderson, Jr. Jean E. Caldwell Marc Eskenazi Gary Higbee Marcia Campbell Joseph E. Evans Mr. C.A. Higgins Terri Camean Yole Evans Michael Hill Douglas J. Canning Mr. Jim Feigel Theora M. Hills Dianne Carreri Karea Hirsch A-71 Mary T. Hodgson Lind Dave Neupert Lisa Hoff Charles D. Louch Duncan/Dennis Edward P. Hoffman James C. Lowthian Neuzil Tracie Hornung Nancy Luenn Tamara Newport Steve Horsill Randy Lunsford Mr./Mrs. Nils von Grace Hubenthal Ray Maddux Veh Claudia Huber Christopher D. David Nordstrom Dennis/Melanie Magda Lee Norton Humfleet Tara K. Magner Mr./Mrs. Kelly Janette M. Hursh Miguel Maestas Oblad Linda Ikeda Philip H. Mathisen Judy Ogilvie Matt Irinaga Jim Malecki Lilli Ohse Dorothy E. Jackins June Mansfield John Olson Mrs. Judith L. Lyman L. Marfell Keith M. Oublanica Jackson Sheila Markman K.A. Padden Hugh A. Jennings Mary Markus Mrs. Charles Paine Mr. Allen Johnson J. C. Marsh I. Wesley Padnoe Carl R. Johnson Amy sue Martin R.T. Paine Johnson Family Gordon Maul Mary E. Paulsen Dale R. Johnson Johanna Nitzke Morgan A. Jones marquis Howard A. Pellett Marita Justice Matty Maxwell Henry Pemh Claudia L. Justis J.C. May Marlene Penry George Kaminsky Patricia L. McGrath Brenda Peterson Camilla Kelly John McKay Craig Peterson Jacqueline Kettman Susan E. McKinley George Pickett Dianne S. Kirst Brian McLaughlin Marilyn Pierce J. Klostermeyer Susan McRae Eric Ross Pierce Mr./Mrs. Leonard Rick Mead Erin Lee Pierce Knecht Robert Meier Mary R. Pierce Dana Knizkerbocker P a t r i c i a A Carol Plank Roger/Phyllis Milliren Mary Plunkett Knight Janet E. Merriam Chris/Andrew Poje David Kramer Sharon Merrill Jennifer Pretare Allen Kreger Kay Metcalf Nancy Price Y. Kutt William Michel Heather Pullen Nancy N. Kroening Charles/Doris Mark Pullen Dr. Daniel Krog Miller Barbara R. Questad Max J. Krueger Craig F. Miller Jack Raidy Walter Kucij Jeff Miller Peggy Jo Randall Theresa/John John Mills/Patricia S. Fred Rapp Kwiecinski Kubala Krista Rave John P. Lacy Nancy Mills Pamela Raddy Greg Lambert/ Mrs. J.R. Mitchell Lee/Karen Rentz Patricia Fannigan- Vicki Morris S.K.Retherford Lambert Peter Moser Lisa Riener Mark Langner Mrs. Albert Moss Amy T. Riggle Terry Lavender Jennifer Moss John Dixon/Noriko Robert P. Lee Joan/Stan Muench Riggleman Ann Lennartz Leo J. Muraro III Elizabeth Riggs Thomas F. Lilly Scott Murdoch David Risvold Mrs. Valerie L. Herbert E. Nelson Glorian Robben A-72 Joanne M. Roberts Neil M. Travis Marie C. Roska Peyt Turner Ruth Roundy W. Banning Vail Penny Ruby Juanita Verschuyl Steven S. Rumrill Wade Volwiler Janet M. Sailer Nancy Waddell Michele Savelle Bob Wallace C. Thomas Schaefer Dixie C. Walmsley Milton*/carolyn John Warth Scheerer Lars Watson Mark/Nina Schulz Raleigh Watts Katherine Scott Douglas W. Welti Virginia Seese M. Pat Wennekens Pazy Shapin Jane B. Wentworth Richard Seifried David Werntz Darlene Shanfold Mike A. Wessels Mark Shapley Joanne Polayes- Dan Silver Wien/Perry Wien William Simmons Tracey Wiese Carol J./Emma Smith Keith/Janice K. Gordon Smith Wiggers Lynwood Smith Deirdre Wilcox Sharon Smith Marilyn Wilfong Susan D. Smith Stephen A. Wille Tiffany Snyder Charles Williams Ciel Sonder Harry E. Wilson Maryanne Spear Richard C. Wilson Pat Spears Patricia Woehrlin/ Terri Spencer Scott Allison Richard Spotts Gordon/Marti Wolfe Suzanne Springer Therese Wontorek Thomas C. Starr Leigh Wright Thomas H. Steck Kimie Wright Jim/Susan Stolzfus Pete Wyman Mary Ellen Stone Bernice L/Bryon L. James M. Strong Youtz Eric D. Stubb E. Zahn Susan S. Sullivan Fonda Zimmermen Peter C. Sweet David Zuckerman Robin Switzer Barbara Szekais Scott W. Teaford John/Sylvia Teichert Markus Tengesdal Nina Tepedino Jennifer Thames Lorna Williamson/ Mark Tipperman Graeme Ton Darryl E. Toon Douglas J. Townsend A-73 Table S. Public Hearing fteakers November 6. 1991 Port Angeles, WA. David Stalheim Janet Taylor Thomas Branot David Sones Tom Putnam Rhonda Hunter Roger Rudolph Fred Felleman Marycile Olexer David Orkman November 13, 1991 Betty Joyce Enbysk Herbert Green (Aberdeen. WA) John Ballentine Jeff Rothel Donald Rudolph Bob Goldberg Jim Lowery Thomas Lilly Ruth Taylor Therese Swanson Roger Jackson Frank Schumann Bob Basich David Hays Denise Wonderly Mary Paulson Edwin Brown Paul Sorenson Phyllis Shrauger Homer Frazier Frank Crystal John Stevens Norma Turner Steve Winnaka Russel Richardson Rick Rodlend Jerry Price Stan Lattin Jenny Diimmel Cynthia Rusk O'Dean Williamson Denise Diimmel Naki Stevens Sue Patnude, Jane Shefler Herb Wright Ken Kimura Mike Breitbach Gabriella Stone Ernest Hensley Mike Allen Carl Luna Ben Watson John Preston Larry Westfall Marguerite Glover November 12, 1991- Leroy Tipton Dr. Pat Wennikers Olympia. WA. Dennis Benn Patricia Willits Diane Ellison Karl Schroeter Jim Lowery William Pickell Steve Morrill David McCraney Chuck Peterson Mr. Clayton David Heiser Doug Ficke Annette Hansen Eric Johnson Jim Fox Judy Eckland Laurie Sardina Ellen Pickell John Preston Robert Gordon Jim Walls Mary Beth Crandell Peter Andrews Steve Barnowemeyer Christine Platt Lionel Brown November 7. 1991- Jeff Parsons Louis Messmer Seattle, WA. Harper Hill Ray Nelson Sandy Moore Chandra Coski Jim Gunsolos Meta Heller Joe Early Bruce Agnew Nigel Blakley -Stanley Trohimovich David McCraney Fred Felleman John Olson Mike Lowry David Dickinson Darlene Caldwell Priscilla Collins Scott Richardson Fred Sharpe Cathy Becker ' Mike Leigh Glenn Sundstrom Michael Gayler David Jennings Marina Littleton Jim Goettler Kenneth Dzinbal Rachel Saunders Judith Johnson Rod Sandelin Eli Sterling Donna Osseward Markus Tengesdal A-74 Table S. Continued November 14, 1991- SeAview, WA. Ann Saari John Baker Fred Mattfield Scott McMullen Virginia Leach Ernie Soule Kathleen Sayce William Tufts Gordon Tompkins Ernie Soule Nance Main Lee Weighardt Kathleen Boyle Frank Wolfe Frank Christhilf November 20, 1991- Washington, D.C. Jeff Sass Jack Sobel A-75 Table 9. Petitions Subject Supports: 1) designation of the Olympic Coast National marine sanctuary; 2) permanent ban on oil drilling throughout Sanctuary; 3) a plan of action to address commercial vessel traffic (especially tankers and barges) ; 4) ban on Navy's practice bombing of Sea Lion Rock; 5) boundary alternative #4 as the smallest acceptable boundary alteranative; 6) protection for Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor; and 7) adequate funding and staff. signatures 30 ............................................................. Subject Supports: 1) permanent ban on oil and gas development; 2) near shore tanker transits; 3) Navy bombing practice along the entire Washington Coast; and 4) boundary alternative #5. Signatures 17 .................................................................. Subject Supports complete ban on oil and gas exploration and develpopment. Signatures 23 ................................................................... Subject Supports: 1) boundary alternative #5; 2) permanent ban on oil and gas drilling; and 3) protection of the Sanctuary from vessel traffic and military activities, particularly ending the Navy's bombing of Sea Lion Rock. Signatures 11 ................................................................... Subject Supports: 1) designation of the Olympic Coast Marine Sanctuary; 2) boundary alternative #5; 3) permanent ban on oil and gas drilling; and 4) designation of the Hood Canal, and Whidby, Marrowstone, and the San Juan Islands as Marine Sanctuaries. Signatures 6 .................................................................. subject supports: 1) designation of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary; 2) permanent ban on oil and gas drilling; 3) commercial vessel traffic management plan and implementation strategy; 4) permanent ban on practice bombing of Sea Lion Rock; 5) boundary alternative 5; and 6) protection for the Strait of Juan de Fuca. signatures 197 ..................................................................... A-76 Appendix B: NOTICE OF NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY DESIGNATION; FINAL RULE; AND SUMMARY OF FINAL MANAGEMENT PLAN DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 15 CFR Part 925 1 1 RIN Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Regulations AGENCY: Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce (DOC) ACTION: Notice of National Marine Sanctuary Designation; Final Rule; and Summary of Final Management Plan. SUMMARY: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), by the Designation Document contained in this notice, and as required by Section 205(a)(4) of Pub. L. No. 100-627, designates an approximately 2,500 square nautical mile area of coastal'and ocean waters, and the submerged lands thereunder, off the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, including the waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca eastward to Koitlah Point, as the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (Sanctuary). This notice publishes the final Management Plan detailing the goals and objectives, management responsibilities, research activities, interpretive and educational programs, and enforcement, including surveillance, activities for the Sanctuary. Further, NOAA, by this notice, issues final regulations to B-2 implement the designation by regulating activities affecting the Sanctuary consistent with the provisions of the Designation , Document. The intended effect of these regulations is to protect the conservational, recreational, ecological, historical, research, educational, and aesthetic resources and qualities of the Sanctuary. Effective Dates: Pursuant to Section 304(b) of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (16 U.S.C. � 1434(b)), the Governor of the State of Washington has 45 days of continuous session of Congress beginning on the day on which this notice is published to review the designation and regulations before they take effect. After 45 days, the designation and regulations automatically become final and take effect. However, if the Governor of the State of Washington certifies within the 45-day period to the Secretary of Commerce that the designation or any of its terms are unacceptable, the designation or the unacceptable terms cannot take effect in the area of the Sanctuary lying within the seaward boundary of the State. If the Secretary considers that such disapproval will affect the designation in a manner that the goals and objectives of the Sanctuary cannot be fulfilled, the Secretary may withdraw the designation. A document announcing the effective date will be .published in the Federal Register. ADDRESSES: Copies of the Final Environmental Impact Statement B-3 and Management Plan (FEIS/MP) prepared for the designation are available upon request from the Sanctuaries and Reserves Divisiont Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, (301) 713-3125. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Nina Garfield, (301) 713-3141. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 1. Background Section 303 of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act, as amended (the "Act" or 'IMPRSAII), 16 U.S.C. � 1433), provides that the Secretary may designate any discrete area of the marine environment as a National Marine Sanctuary if the Secretary determines that such designation will fulfill the purposes and policies of the Act as set forth in Section 301(b) ('16 U.S.C. � 1431(b)) and finds that: (1) the area is of special national significance due to its resource or human-use values; (2) existing state and Federal authorities are inadequate or should be supplemented to ensure coordinated and comprehensive conservation and management of the area, including resource protection, scientific research, and public education; (3) designation of the area as a national marine sanctuary will facilitate the coordinated and comprehensive conservation and management of the area; and (4) the area is of a size and nature that will permit comprehensive and coordinated conservation and management. B-4 The authority of the Secretary to designate national marine sanctuaries and administer the other provisions of the Act has been delegated to the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere by DOC Organization Order 10-15, section 3.01(z), January 11, 1988. The authority to administer the other provisions of the Act has been re-delegated to the Assistant Administrator of NOAA for Ocean Services and Coastal Zone Management by NOAA Circular 83-38, Directive 05-50, September 21, 1983, as amended. The coastal and ocean waters off the Olympic Coast were recognized for their high natural resource and human use values and placed on the National Marine Sanctuary Program site Evaluation List (SEL) in August of 1983 (48 FR 35568). In 1988, Congress reauthorized and amended the Act and directed the Secretary to designate the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (P.L. 100-627, section 205(a)). In report language accompanying this legislation, Congress noted that the Olympic Coast possesses a unique and nationally significant collection of flora and fauna, and that adjacency of the area to the Olympic National Park merits the designation of this area as a national marine sanctuary (H. Rep. No. 4210, 100th Cong., Ist. Sess., 1988). NOAA held four scoping meetings in Washington State April 10-13, 1989, to solicit public comments on the designation: Aberdeen on April 10, Port Angeles on April 11, Forks on April 12, and Seattle'on April 13 (45 FR 10398, March 13, 1989). B-5 On September 20, 1991, NOAA published a proposed Designation Document and proposed implementing regulations and announced the availability of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan (DEIS/MP) (56 FR 47836). Public hearings to receive comments on the proposed designation, proposed regulations, and DEIS/MP were held on November 6th in ,Port Angeles, November 7th in Seattle, November 12th in Olympia, November 13th in Aberdeen, November 14th in Seaview, and November 20th in Washington D.C. On November 14th, 1991, the period for submitting public comments was extended from November 27th, 1991 to December 13th, 1991 pursuant to requests from the State of Washington and the coastal counties (56 FR 57869). All comments received by NOAA in response to the Federal Registe notice and at the public hearings were considered and, where appropriate, incorporated in the final regulations and FEIS/MP. A summary of the comments on the proposed regulations and the regulatory elements of the DEIS/MP and NOAA's responses to them follow. B-6 ISSUE: BOUNDARIES BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 1 Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 1 because: 1) it contains most of the unique ecological features off the Washington Coast; 2) NOAA can offer greater protection to the coastal features than the resources further offshore in the event of a spill of hazardous materials; and 3) vessel traffic would be least affected, thereby ensuring safer seas. Response: NOAA disagrees. Boundary alternative 1 contains most of the ecological features visible above the sea surface. However, a marine sanctuary should encompass a discrete ecological unit with definable boundaries (16 U.S.C. � 1433 (b)(1)(F)). The marine mammals and seabirds that transit the waters off the Olympic Peninsula and colonize the offshore rocks and islands forage in the rich waters and benthic communities over and on the continental shelf. The shelf is broad off the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The seaward extent of the shelf coupled with the upwelling produced from the Juan de Fuca Canyon are the physical parameters that support the food chain from the plankton to the marine mammals and seabirds. The offshore rocks and intertidal communities are only one habitat within the marine ecosystem off the Olympic Coast. Therefore, the marine sanctuary should encompass the ecologically significant offshore waters. With respect to NOAA's ability to protect the offshore waters in the event of a spill, NOAA agrees that there is little that can be done once a spill has occurred. The high seas would B-7 most likely render response capabilities ineffective. However, NOAA will coordinate with the U.S. Coast Guard, the Washington State Office of Marine Safety, and the coastal tribes to ensure that there is an adequate response capability for the coastal waters, intertidal regions, and beaches along the sanctuary including seabird and marine mammal rescue capabilities. Extension of the Sanctuary boundary to the shelf edge provides a buffer area for protecting the coastal resources. NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast Guard to develop a proposal for an Area to be Avoided (ATBA) from the shoreward boundary to 25 nautical miles offshore of the Olympic Peninsula. This ATBA is designed to provide sufficient time to respond to a vessel that loses power off the Olympic Peninsula. The ATBA is compatible with many of the existing voluntarily adhered to traffic patterns along the coast and thus adds only minimal time and distance to transits between the Strait of Juan de Fuca and destinations to the south. BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 2 Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 2 as the preferred alternative. Response: NOAA disagrees for the same reasons stated in response to the previous comment. The seaward extent of boundary alternative 2, which approximates the 50 fathom isobath, has no relation to the seaward extent of the coastal ecosystem. B-8 BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 3 Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 3 as the preferred alternative. Response: Boundary Alternative 3 excludes the Juan de Fuca Canyon, which is one of the richest regions of the offshore oceanic ecosystem. It also excludes some of the highest concentrations of human uses which threaten the health of the marine ecosystem off the Olympic Peninsula. Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 3 as the preferred alternative because it will be too restrictive for vessel traffic. Response: NOAA is proposing no regulations that will unduly restrict vessel traffic. (See response to comment on boundary alternative 1).. BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 4 Comment: NOAA should select boundary alternative 4 as the preferred alternative because: 1) many of the unique unspoiled ecological resources that might be significantly impacted by oil are located in the physically complex area north of Pt. Grenville including areas of submarine canyons, productive fishing grounds, and coastal features that are critical habitat; 2) Sanctuary status in the southern portion of the study area would conflict with state managed activities such as dredged material disposal, while most of the shoreline in the north has little commercial B-9 activity; and 3) NOAA can enlarge the boundary in the future. Response: NOAA agrees. One of the most valuable qualities of the Olympic Peninsula is that it is undeveloped and relatively pristine. NOAA recognizes that the southern portion of the boundary is much more developed, especially with respect to the harbor maintenance activities in Grays Harbor. Further, the rocky intertidal habitats in the north are much more sensitive to pollution from oil and gas compared to the sandy beach environments in the southern portion of the study area. In the event of a spill of hazardous materials, experts predict that it would take years for intertidal communities of rocky intertidal environments to become reestablished, whereas it would take an order of months for the sandy intertidal communities to re.colonize. Lastly, NOAA can expand Sanctuary boundary 4 in the future,in accordance with the requirements of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA), the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), if deemed necessary. Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 4 because: 1) it is not scientifically defensible for it fails to protect the important and environmentally delicate estuaries along the southern coast; 2) it would render ineffective NOAA's resource monitoring and sanctuary enforcement mandates; and 3) it will be too restrictive for vessel traffic. Response: The boundary of a marine-sanctuary should B-10 approximate the most identifiable boundaries of a marine ecosystem. The Site Evaluation List (SEL), from which sites are selected for consideration as marine sanctuaries, identified the coastal offshore islands as the core of the proposed Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (originally identified as the Western Washington Outer Coast). With this focus, NOAA has determined that the boundaries of the ecosystem are encompassed. by boundary alternative 4. NOAA recognizes that the coastal estuaries are ecologically valuable and that many organisms that exist within, or transit through boundary alternative 4, depend on the estuaries. However, while the estuaries and outer coast are ecologically linked, the productivity of the two environments is a function of very distinct environmental processes. NOAA believes that protection of the estuaries could be best achieved through possible inclusion of these areas in programs targeting estuarine management such as, the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, the National Estuary Program, or the Coastal Zone Management Program. NOAA believes that the size of the sanctuary encompassed by boundary alternative 4 is manageable with respect to research and monitoring initiatives. As discussed above, NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast Guard to develop a proposal for an ATBA off the northern Olympic Peninsula. It is designed to be as compatible with existing customary practices among mariners as possible. NOAA is not promulgating vessel traffic regulations with designation. B-11 BOUNDARY ALTERNATIVE 5 Comment: NOAA should choose boundary alternative 5 because: 1) activities that are, or could occur, in the southern portion of the study area can affect the resources in the north; 2) the entire study area is ecologically connected; 3) the management needs are greatest in the south; 4) the sanctuary management regime would complement existing management initiatives (Willapa Bay watershed planning processes, Columbia and Snake River Salmon Recovery Planning, State National Heritage Plans),, and 5) expansion of the Sanctuary boundaryin the future will be too time-consuming. Response: NOAA's preferred boundary alternative is based on an ecologically identifiable boundary. The northern and southern portions of the study area are distinct with respect to their coastal and offshore ecology. NOAA can protect Sanctuary resources from outside activities through the prohibition on discharges outside the Sanctuary boundary that enter and injure Sanctuary resources. NOAA will be involved in planning activities that could potentially threaten Sanctuary resources outside its boundary. The boundary can be expanded in the future. if needed. Comment: NOAA should not choose boundary alternative 5 because it is not necessary to encompass the entire Washington coastline as a marine sanctuary, and it would eliminate any future development of the coastal areas. B-12 Response: NOAA agrees. See response to previous comment. Comment: A more detailed analysis of the impacts of sanctuary designation must be undertaken before seriously considering boundary alternative 5. Response: NOAA has undertaken an extensive analysis of the uses and ecology of the southern portion of the study area and believes that the ecologically sensitive estuarine environments are adequately protected. ALTERNATIVE BOUNDARY SUGGESTIONS Comment: NOAA should establish a series of smaller site-specific areas surrounding unique marine resources, such as ocean waters immediately adjacent to already protected terrestrial ecosystems such as wildlife refuges and the Olympic National Park. This alternative would afford sanctuary status to marine resources while maintaining provisions for compatible ocean uses. Response: NOAA disagrees. Smaller site-specific areas would not encompass an ecosystem for the reasons stated above. Further, designation of the marine sanctuary would allow for the continuation of pre-existing and compatible uses. Comment: NOAA's analysis of the resources within the study area identified the southern portion as highly important in terms of wildlife and fishery values, particularly the areas in and surrounding Willapa Bay. NOAA should consider modifying boundary B-13 alternative 4 by adding a satellite site encompassing the estuarine environment and the offshore waters of Willapa Bay. Response: NOAA's analysis confirmed that the estuarine areas in the southern portion of the study area are significant natural resources and that many of the resources utilize the waters off the northern coast as well. However, NOAA has determined that the estuarine ecosystems are distinct from the higher energy marine environment of the northern portion of the study area. In addition, the activities in, and adjacent to Grays Harbor are managed pursuant to an existing estuarine management plan promulgated pursuant to the Washington State Shorelands Management Act. The residents living in the watersheds of Willapa Bay are currently preparing an estuarine management plan. Comment: NOAA should consider the creation of a north and south Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary with separate but coordinated management regimes. Response: The Act requires the designation of one sanctuary on the Western Washington Outer Coast with the offshore Islands and coastal areas of the northern Olympic Peninsula as the core area of the sanctuary. In carrying out this mandate, NOAA examined the seaward, northerly, southerly, and easterly extent of the ecosystem that has as its core the intertidal communities of the outer coast. Comment: The boundary of the Sanctuary should be modified as B-14 further cetacean information is available. Response: NOAA can modify the boundary in the future, in accordance with the requirements of the MPRSA, the NEPA and the APA, as more information becomes available. MODIFICATION OF THE WESTERN BOUNDARY Comment: The outer boundary of the sanctuary should extend westward to a point that minimizes restrictions and needless re- routing of vessel traffic and harbor maintenance activities.at the opening of Grays Harbor. To accomplish this objective, the, outer limit of the sanctuary should be set at a distance between 2 and 10 miles from shore. Response: Sanctuary boundaries are not established based on vessel traffic routes, particularly because routes are subject to change. NOAA will work with existing regulatory agencies to minimize impacts. While vessel traffic is in the scope of sanctuary regulations, NOAA is not promulgating vessel traffic regulations at this time. Comment: The outer boundary should be established at either the 100 or 500 fathom isobath. Response: NOAA has established the boundary at the 100 fathom isobath because it is generally recognized to be the seaward extent of the continental shelf, the area where photosynthetic activity is greatest. B-15 Comment: Clarify the rationale for establishing the western boundary of alternatives 4 and 5. Response: See response to previous comment. I MODIFICATION OF THE SHORELINE BOUNDARY Comment: The shoreline boundary should be established at the lower low water mark to preclude interference with carefully crafted beach management plans regulating beach traffic, razor clam harvests and emergency aircraft landings. Response: The shoreline boundary of the Sanctuary is located at the higher high water line where adjacent to Federally-owned land (including the Olympic National Park and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife refuges) and the lower low line mark when adjacent to State-owned land. Thus, the boundary does not interfere with beach management plans. Razor clam harvests within the intertidal zone of the Sanctuary will be managed by existing authorities such as the Washington State Department of Natural Resources, the Quinault Indian Tribe, and the National Park Service. Emergency aircraft landings are permissible in the Sanctuary. Comment: The shoreline boundary should cut across the mouths of all rivers, streams and estuaries because there are sufficient management plans in place providing protection of inland environments such as the Washington State Coastal Zone Management Program and the Grays Harbor Estuary Management Plan. B-16 Response: The shoreline boundary of the Sanctuary has been modified to cut across the mouths of all rivers, streams and estuaries. Comment: Clarify why the shoreward boundary distinguishes between adjacency to tribal and non-tribal lands. Response: The Tribes have jurisdiction to the mean lower low water line and the Sanctuary program does not have the authority to claim jurisdiction over tribal land without the consent of the governing body of the tribes. Both the Tribes and the State have requested that the Sanctuary boundary not overlap with tribal and State lands. Therefore, the coastal boundary has been modified so that it is at mean lower low water when adjacent to tribal and State owned lands and at mean higher high water when adjacent to Federally owned lands. Comment: Existing National Park Service standards, regulations, and policies must not be diminished as a result of dual designation as a National Park and National Marine Sanctuary. The majority of the intertidal areas of the Olympic National Park are Federally designated Wilderness Area and must be managed accordingly. Response: The Sanctuary boundary overlaps with the boundary of the Olympic National Park. NOAA will not diminish the standards, regulations and policies currently applying to the intertidal areas of the Olympic National Park. The existing B-17 standards, regulations and policies of the intertidal areas will remain. NOAA will enhance the protection of these intertidal areas by working with the Coast Guard to ensure a safer vessel traffic environment, and the upland users of the watershed to monitor and minimize the impacts of non-point source pollution. Additionally, NOAA will support research and resource monitoring initiatives in the intertidal areas and may seek compensation for damages if an accident were to occur that injures Sanctuary resources. INCLUSION OF THE STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA Comment: The northeastern boundary of the sanctuary should extend further into the Strait of Juan de Fuca to either: 1) the Lyre River; 2) the dlallam County Marine Sanctuary at Salt Creek,* 3) Low Point; 4) Crescent Bay/Agate Beach; or 5) Pillar Point. Omission of the Strait of Juan de Fuca from the Sanctuary excludes the head of the Juan de Fuca Canyon from the boundary of the Sanctuary, and thus represents a boundary not.based upon an ecological rationale. Response: NOAA has examined the resources of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the FEIS/MP has been revised accordingly. Sections III and IV (Alternatives, and Environmental Consequences) examine the benefits and consequences of various alternatives in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. NOAA believes that the existence of a functional biotic community characteristic of the marine environment extends into the Strait of Juan de Fuca to B-18 Observatory Point. Eastward of Observatory Point, the ecosystem is more characteristic of an estuarine environment. Despite the ecological arguments that support inclusion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the Sanctuary boundary, NOAA does not believe that the public has had ample opportunity to analyze and comment on the proposal to add the Strait. Since the Strait of Juan de Fuca lies entirely in state waters, the Strait of Juan de Fuca cannot be included without the approval of the Governor of Washington State. However, NOAA will pursue expanding the boundary if supported by the State of Washington. Comment: The boundary of the Sanctuary should be contiguous with that of the proposed Northwest Straits Sanctuary. A gap between these two proposed sanctuaries would cause confusion for commercial shipping and fishing interests and government managing agencies. Response: At this time, the future and nature of the proposed Northwest Straits National Marine Sanctuary is uncertain and cannot serve as a deciding factor in the determination of the eastern boundary of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. The boundary of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary must be determined based on ecological and human use factors. NOAA can modify the boundary in the future if it is deemed appropriate. NOAA will coordinate with existing managing agencies to ensure that the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary and the proposed Northwest Straits National Marine B-19 Sanctuary do not unduly disrupt the management of vessel traffic and fishing. Comment: The boundary of the Sanctuary should not encompass the waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca because closely-monitored vessel traffic lanes already exist. Responset. The MPRSA encourages multiple uses of the Sanctuary as long as they are compatible with the resource protection goals of the Sanctuary. Clearly, the Coordinated. Vessel Traffic System in the Strait of Juan de Fuca is in the best interest of the vessel traffic industry and the environment. NOAA would not interfere with the vessel traffic management regime in the Strait of Juan de Fuca if the Governor of the State of Washington supported inclusion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the Sanctuary boundary. NORTHERN BOUNDARY Comment: The northern boundary of the Sanctuary should be adjacent to the international border and include vessel traffic lanes to facilitate the establishment of a cooperative international sanctuary and coordinated vessel traffic management regime. Response: The northern boundary is adjacent to the international boundary. B-20 INCLUSION OF THE ESTUARIES Comment: NOAA recognized both the high resource values of the estuaries and the high level of point source discharges. By including the estuaries in the boundary NOAA would be in a position to work with the Washington Department of Ecology (WDOE) to correct the sources of pollution. Response: NOAA has.been working with the Washington Department of Ecology to address pollution problems in the coastal estuaries. The Grays Harbor Estuary Management Plan was supported by funding provided pursuant to the Washington Shorelands Management Act. NOAA agrees that the estuaries are extremely valuable environments with high levels of point source discharges. However, NOAA believes that the estuaries are ecologically distinct from the offshore waters of the Olympic Peninsula, which is the core area of the Sanctuary. Inclusion in the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) is a more appropriate management framework for NOAA involvement in estuarine management. Comment: The estuaries should be excluded from the Sanctuary boundary because the Washington State Coastal Zone Management Program and the Grays Harbor Management Plan offer sufficient protection to the estuaries. Response: NOAA agrees. The estuaries are excluded from the preferred boundary of the Sanctuary. B-21 CONSIDERATION OF OTHER NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARIES AND NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVES (NERRS) Comment: Some commenters believed that NOAA should designate the estuaries as NERR's if they are not included in the boundary of the Sanctuary because of their natural resource values. Other commenters believed that NERR status is inadequate since it does not include the-marine environment. Clarification is needed on the specific elements of the NERRS: 1) the degree of protection that the NERRS would provide to Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay; 2) the process of designation; 3) timetable for designation; 4) assurances that designation would occur; and 5) the degree of protection to the estuaries that would be provided.in comparison to sanctuary status.- Response: The terms of designation as a NERR are determined between the State and NOAA. The process begins with the nomination of an estuary, or portion thereof, to NOAA for inclusion in the NERRS by the Governor of the State. The State holds scoping meetings in thexegion nominated for inclusion to solicit public input. The State then prepares a draft environmental impact statement and management plan (DEIS/MP) where boundary, management, and regulatory alternatives are assessed and a preferred alternative is decided upon. The DEIS/MP must demonstrate that the key core land and water areas are adequately protected by the state. once the DEIS/MP is completed, public hearings are held in the region. After a comment period of one month, the State must produce a Final Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan (FEIS/MP) B-22 incorporating the public comments. Once NOAA approves the FEIS/MP the Reserve is officially designated. The entire process requires approximately three years. Designation is contingent upon available funding. Comment: NOAA should encourage sanctuary designations in Northern Puget Sound, Hood Canal, Southern Oregon and Northern California. Response: NOAA is working with the State of Washington to study the feasibility of a sanctuary in Northern Puget Sound. New candidates for sanctuary status are selected from NOAA's SEL. Sites in southern Oregon and Northern California are presently on the SEL. HARBOR EXCLUSION/INCLUSION Comment: How will sanctuary designation influence the disposal of dredge material from harbor maintenance and development activities that occur in the Port of La Push, the mouth of the Quilleute River, and Neah Bay? Response: No dredge spoil disposal will be permitted within the Sanctuary. Harbors are excluded from the Sanctuary boundary. Therefore, maintenance and development activities can occur, but disposal of dredge material must be either on land or outside the boundary of the Sanctuary. B-23 GROWTH MANAGEMENT Comment: The Sanctuary should help to limit population growth. Response: The sanctuary program has no control over population growth adjacent to the Sanctuary boundary. Rather, the program exists to ensure that human uses resulting from growth do not have a negative impact on Sanctuary resources. Comment: Private land owners should not lose development rights to their land, nor should they have the value of their land significantly decreased by regulation without due compensation for that loss. Response: NOAA is issuing no regulations that will diminish the development rights of private property owners. OPPOSITION TO SANCTUARY DESIGNATION Comment: The marine sanctuary should not be designated because: 1) it would shut down the fishing industry; 2) existing legislation And management regimes offer adequate protection; 3) potential industrial interests would be stifled because the sanctuary would over-regulate the local economy and its growth; 4) the ecological/aesthetic values of Washington's coastline are not permanently threatened; 5) local airports in Aberdeen and Ocean Shores would close due to insurance problems; and 6) the Olympic National Park has too much control over the Olympic Peninsula already. Response: The Sanctuary will not shut down the fishing B-24 industry. Fishing is not within the scope of Sanctuary regulation; the regulation of fishing would remain with existing management regimes. Further, the Sanctuary will ensure greater protection from risks due to oil, gas and mineral development and vessel traffic accidents. NOAA disagrees that existing legislation offers adequate protection of the offshore resources. The threats from such things as vessel traffic, oil and gas development, sand and gravel mining and Navy practice bombing of Sea Lion Rock have not been addressed through a comprehensive management regime that recognizes the value and fragility of the marine ecosystem off the Olympic Peninsula. NOAA does not believe that the Sanctuary will over-regulate the local economy since the main source of income in the region is from tourism, fishing and timber production-none of which will be negatively affected by the Sanctuary. Tourism and fishing will likely benefit from Sanctuary status due to the increased protection of the marine environment. ISSUE: ALTERATION OF/OR CONSTRUCTION ON THE SEABED Comment: The regulation pertaining to alteration or construction of the seabed may be interpreted as prohibiting such activities as geologic research, the placement of current meters, sediment traps and similar research equipment, all of which might be necessary if environmental studies were to be conducted in the Mineral Management Service (MMS) Washington-Oregon planning area. B-25 To clarify the intent of this prohibition, "Government sponsored environmental studies" should be added in the second sentence of this section as one of the activities for which this prohibition does not apply. Response: NOAA supports research within the Sanctuary. However, the prohibition on alteration of, or construction on the seabed applies to all research activities, including those conducted by governmental agencies. All research activities conducted within the Sanctuary that violate a Sanctuary regulation must be undertaken pursuant to a Sanctuary research permit to ensure that the impacts from the research are minimal and temporary. Comment: The prohibition on the alteration of, or construction on the seabed should not interfere with current or future harbor maintenance or fishing activities including: 1) jetty and groin construction; 2) permitted dredging of channels and harbors; 3) the use of dredge spoils for underwater berm construction; 4) construction and improvement of boat launching and marine facilities adjacent to reservations; 5) the retrieval of fishing gear (including crab pots) and sunken vessels; 6) bottom trawling and scallop dredging; and 7) tribal fin and shellfish operations. NOAA needs to clarify the exemption of activities incidental to routine fishing and vessel operations. The exemptions for harbor maintenance and fishing activities should read: "attempting to alter the seabed for any purpose other than anchoring vessels, B-26 normal fishing operations to include commercial bottom trawling and crab pot recovery, and routine harbor maintenance." Response: Ports and harbors are not included within the boundary of the Sanctuary. Further, there is the following exception to the alteration-of-the-seabed regulation: "Harbor maintenance in the areas necessarily associated with Federal Projects in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation, including dredging of entrance channels and repair, replacement or rehabilitation of breakwaters and jetties." The boundary of the Sanctuary adjacent to the Port of La Push is congruent with the Colreg lines at the mouth of the harbor. The boundary of the Sanctuary at Neah Bay forms an arc from Koitlah Point to the point of land on the opposite side of Neah Bay. The arc is contiguous with the outer coast of Waadah Island. The noted activities incidental to fishing have been exempted from the Sanctuary regulations. Comment: NOAA should prohibit all dredging and removal of sand and gravel within the Sanctuary boundary. Response: NOAA has prohibited all dredging and removal of sand and gravel within the Sanctuary boundary. These activities threaten the integrity of the benthic community and the food source of many fish, marine mammals and seabirds. Comment: NOAA should not subject the exploration and development of offshore mineral activities to the same restrictions proposed B-27 for the exploration and development of Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil and gas. Response: All of these activities injure the benthic communities in the Sanctuary and NOAA does not believe that there is cause for exceptions. Comment: Clarify NOAA's policy on establishing artificial reefs within the Sanctuary. Response: There are no artificial reefs in the Sanctuary as of the date of designation. The creation of new artificial reefs would be prohibited pursuant to the prohibition on alteration of, or construction on, the seabed. Comment: NOAA should prohibit the construction of pipelines on the sea floor. Response: The regulation prohibiting the alteration of, or construction on, the seabed would prohibit the construction of pipelines on the sea floor. ISSUE: CULTURAL AND HISTORIC RESOURCES Comment: NOAA should prohibit moving, injuring, or possessing historic resources within the Sanctuary. Response: NOAA agrees that it is necessary to protect and manage historical and cultural resources within the Sanctuary boundary. NOAA has included a prohibition on moving, removing, possessing, injuring, or attempting to move, remove, or injure B-28 these resources, except as resulting incidentally from traditional fishing operations. If NOAA determines that fishing activities are resulting in injury to Sanctuary historic and cultural resources, NOAA may amend the Sanctuary regulations to abolish the exemption for these activities. Comment: The proposed regulations dealing with cultural resources fail to preserve the tribes' ability to control access to, and removal of, their cultural heritage. Therefore, NOAA should add a new section 925.5(a)(8) prohibiting: "removal or attempted removal of any Indian cultural resource or artifact, or entry onto a significant cultural site designated by a tribal governing body with the concurrence of the Director, except with the express written consent of the governing body of the tribe or tribes to which such resource, artifact, or cultural site pertains." NOAA should pursue a cooperative agreement with the tribes to coordinate management of cultural artifacts of tribal significance. Response: The MPRSA provides NOAA with the authority to control access to cultural artifacts within the Sanctuary thereby helping to ensure their preservation. Accordingly, anyone proposing to remove a cultural or historic resource must apply for and obtain a sanctuary permit from NOAA. NOAA acknowledges the interest of the coastal tribes to preserve their cultural heritage and, in particular, those cultural artifacts of tribal significance found within the Sanctuary. NOAA considers its B-29 objective of preserving the historical and cultural resources of the.Sanctuary to be compatible with the coastal tribes' desire to preserve their cultural heritage. Therefore, NOAA has clarified in section 925.9(d) that "In deciding whether to issue a permit, the Director or designee may consider such factors as . . . the effect of the activity on adjacent Indian Tribes." NOAA will work on a cooperative agreement with the tribes and the State of Washington to clarify the process by which permits will be granted to conduct research or salvage operations on historical and cultural resources of tribal significance. Comment: Current management of cultural resources is agreed upon between the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and the tribes. The BIA supports the tribes in the management of their cultural resources. Response: See response to previous comment. Comment: The regulation as proposed in the DEIS/MP is duplicative of State law. There already exists state and Federal antiquities acts to protect coastal archeological and historical sites that occur on or near the median high tide boundary. The State archeologist already coordinates archeological matters. Response: The MPRSA is not duplicative of existing laws protecting historical and cultural resources. The MPRSA is more comprehensive in that it provides enforcement authority, including civil penalties, for the destruction or injury of B-30 historical and cultural resources. The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 gives states the title to certain abandoned shipwrecks in state waters. Under the MPRSA, NOAA has trustee responsibilities for abandoned shipwrecks and other historical and cultural resources within national marine sanctuaries, including those located in state waters, for the purpose of protecting them. NOAA will coordinate with State agencies to ensure that historical and cultural resources within the Sanctuary are protected, and that the policies affecting historical and cultural resources in State waters are consonant with the policies in the Federal waters of the Sanctuary. ISSUE: DISCHARGES Ocean Dumping Comment: NOAA should not prohibit the use of dredged material disposal sites off Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, the Columbia River, or on the north jetty and breakwater of the Port of La Push. Response: The Sanctuary boundary does not extend south of Copalis Beach and excludes ports and harbors. Therefore, the maintenance activities at La Push and the use of the dredge disposal sites south of the boundary is not prohibited. Comment: No ocean dumping should be allowed in proximity to the major submarine canyons. Response: The regulations prohibit ocean dumping within the Sanctuary, and outside the Sanctuary if the material enters and B-31 injures Sanctuary resources or qualities. Point Source Discharges Comment: Prohibit discharges of toxics, plastic, and municipal garbage and sewage into the marine environment. Response: The dumping of municipal garbage, toxics and plastics is prohibited within the Sanctuary by Sanctuary regulations and by regulations promulgated pursuant to the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (33 U.S.C. �� 1901 et sea.) and the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987, which implements Annex"V of MARPOL 73/78 in the U.S. Point source discharges are allowed provided such discharge is certified by NOAA in accordance with section 925.10 or approved by NOAA in accordance with section 925.11. After expiration of current permits, discharges from municipal treatment plants will be subject to the review process of section 925.11. At a minimum,- secondary treatment will be required. Comment: -Current regulations are adequate. NOAA has not proven that the proposed regulations will enhance the recreational or aesthetic appeal, and water quality. Response: Current regulations do not protect the area from the cumulative impacts of various types of discharges, including: 1) some ocean dumping; 2) sewage receiving only primary treatment; and 3) non-point source discharges. NOAA's ocean disposal regulation offers protection to the offshore environment that does not otherwise exist. NOAA will work with existing B-32 tribal, State and Federal authorities to ensure that the quality of the water and Sanctuary resources are maintained. Comment: Clarify how discharges from drilling and production rigs may be addressed if oil and gas leasing were to occur in the future. Response: The regulations prohibit oil and gas exploration, development, and production activities within the.Sanctuary. NOAA will work with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to ensure that best available technology is implemented on any drilling rigs located outside of the Sanctuary to ensure that no discharges enter and injure Sanctuary resources and qualities. Comment: Depositing or discharging from any location within the Sanctuary or from beyond the Sanctuary should be prohibited. Response: The mandate of the National Marine Sanctuary Program is to facilitate multiple uses that are compatible with resource protection. Depositing or discharging most materials within the boundary of the Sanctuary, or from beyond the boundary of the Sanctuary if such material subsequently enters the Sanctuary and injures Sanctuary resources or qualities is prohibited. NOAA will work with EPA, the Tribes and the State of Washington to maintain water quality. NOAA may require special terms and conditions, including (but not limited to) improved effluent quality, on EPA permits to ensure Sanctuary resources and qualities are protected. B-33 Non-Point Source Discharges Comment: NOAA should not'require at a minimum secondary treatment and sometimes tertiary or more for non-point source pollution. It is virtually impossible to subject runoff to these levels of treatment. Response: NOAA does not require such treatment for non-point source pollution. NOAA will monitor non-point source pollution and work with those living and working in the coastal watersheds to minimize runoff into the Sanctuary. Comment: It should be stated that there is no intent to regulate forest practices by Sanctuary administrators. There is no research or evidence which would justify the statement made in the proposed DEIS that the "greatest source of non-point discharge is the forest." This statement needs clarification and tree farmers must be assured that they can continue to grow and harvest trees pursuant to Washington's Forest Practices Act, one of the most stringent in the country. Response: NOAA's Strategic Assessment Branch has analyzed existing watershed data from the National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory to determine sources of runoff. Summaries of pollution discharges for total volumes of nitrogen, lead, and all suspended solids combined indicate that with the exception of suspended solids discharged by paper mills, the greatest source of sediments discharged into sanctuary waters is from natural forest runoff. B-34 Despitethis evidence, NOAA will not be directly regulating upland uses. However, NOAA will coordinate with the upland user groups, and managing agencies to minimize non-point source impacts on Sanctuary resources. Comment: The suggestion that excessive erosion from clear cutting practices is the source of most non-point source pollution from forests supports the need for further study of this common practice and the issuance of more stringent controls due to the steep and unstable slopes and amount of rainfall. Response: NOAA agrees and will conduct monitoring and research initiatives in coordination with those living and working in the watersheds to minimize the impacts from timbering activities. Discharges Outside the Sanctuary Comment: Clarify to what extent the "sphere of influence" of the discharge regulation extends, to what degree it may affect coastal communities including the Tribes, and who determines if injury to a Sanctuary resource has occurred. Would a community such as Ocean Shores or an Indian Tribe face increased water quality regulations or enforcement? Further, does the discharge prohibition apply to particulates that are discharged into the air from pulp mills and subsequently enter the Sanctuary and harm Sanctuary resources and qualities. NOAA should not impose additional restrictions, beyond the B-35 existing requirements of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPA), on the discharge of effluent and dredge spoils into marine waters. There is no evidence that additional restrictions on these activities are required to protect water quality in the proposed sanctuary. Response: The MPRSA protects Sanctuary resources and qualities (including water quality) from the impacts of discharges from within and outside the boundary of a Sanctuary whether airborne or waterborne. NOAA is responsible for determining injury to Sanctuary resources. Discharges pursuant to existing permits may be continued subject to the certification requirements of section 925.10. New permits are subject to the review process of section 925.11. At a minimum, secondary treatment will be required for any treatment plants discharging directly into the Sanctuary. With respect to airborne or waterborne discharges outside the Sanctuary, NOAA may condition such permits only if it is established that the discharges are entering the Sanctuary and injuring Sanctuary resources or qualities. NOAA will work closely with all to ensure that noone is unduly burdened by permitting requirements related to discharges. NOAA will coordinate with the State's Air Quality Board and Department of Ecology to monitor air and water quality over and in the Sanctuary. B-36 Application of Discharge Regulations to Vessel Traffic Comment: The application of this regulation should prohibit organic and inorganic discharges from fishing vessels and submarines (including bilge), aircraft. The prohibition should apply to all naval operations. Response: The Sanctuary regulations specify the fishing and vessel related activities exempted from the discharge prohibition (section 925.5(a)(2)(i)-(iv)). Discharges and deposits from vessels are prohibited except for specific discharges intended to provide for traditional fishing activities, such as fish wastes resulting from traditional fishing operations in the Sanctuary, and for allowed vessel operations in the Sanctuary, namely biodegradable effluent incidental to vessel use and generated by approved marine sanitation devices, water generated by routine vessel operations, and engine exhaust. Such discharges are determined to be of minimal threat to the Sanctuary and are important for the safe and effective functioning of fishing and other vessels. Other discharges from vessel operations are prohibited. If in the future NOAA determines that increased protection for Sanctuary resources and qualities from these exempted activities is warranted, the Sanctuary regulations could be revised. Comment: Clarify acceptable and unacceptable discharges from fishing vessels. Response: See response to previous comment. B-37 Economic Impacts of Discharge Regulations Comment: Banning the use of approved dredge disposal sites would impose severe economic impacts on marine navigation and commerce, and ultimately to the coastal communities. Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not encompass the approved dredge disposal sites off of Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, and the Columbia River. However, no new dredge disposal sites may be located within the Sanctuary boundary. Comment: NOAA must examine the economic impacts of the-discharge regulations on existing industries. There are currently 72 identified dischargers in the study area. It is unclear if the proposed Sanctuary would impact the continued operation of the pulp mill's NPDES permitted discharge near Grays Harbor. Response: The Sanctuary's boundary does not extend south of Copalis Beach. Therefore, the only discharge regulation that would apply to dischargers in Grays Harbor would be the prohibition on discharges from outside the boundary that subsequently enter and injure Sanctuary resources or qualities. NOAA will need to establish that effluents from pulp mills are injuring Sanctuary resources or qualities before it would impose terms and conditions on the pulp mill's NPDES permit. If this situation were to occur, NOAA would work with the discharger, the State of Washington, and EPA to minimize the economic impacts of reducing the impacts. B-38 ISSUE: OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT Comment: NOAA's failure to offer as an alternative an outright, no conditions ban on hydrocarbon development within the Sanctuary is contrary to NEPA regulations, 40 CFR 1502.14 which states that the alternatives section is the heart of the environmental impact statement. NOAA should permanently ban oil and gas exploration, development, and production activities. Response: section 2207 of the Oceans Act of 1992 prohibits oil and gas exploration, development and production within the Sanctuary. The Sanctuary regulations repeat this prohibition. Comment: NOAA should designate a buffer zone based on ocean currents and local seabed geography to prevent damage from external mineral operations. Response: NOAA believes that the Sanctuary is large enough to buffer the sensitive canyon and coastal ecosystems from negative impacts of mineral development. Further, NOAA's authority to regulate discharges from outside the Sanctuary boundary that subsequently enter and injure Sanctuary resources or qualities provides additional protection over mineral activities. Comment: NOAA should commit in the FEIS/MP and Record of Decision to the preparation of an EIS before lifting the prohibition. Response: As previously discussed, the Oceans Act of 1992 B-39 prohibits oil and gas explorations, development and production within the Sanctuary. This prohibition may only be lifted by an Act of Congress. Comment: The oil companies should be excluded from voicing an opinion regarding the Sanctuary because this privilege should be extended only to those who have spent time enjoying the State of Washington coastline. Response: The Sanctuary program does not and cannot discriminate against any individual, agency, or interest group. All individuals have the right to voice an opinion. Comment: Has NOAA come across any proposal for offshore wind generated power? Response: NOAA is not aware of any proposal for offshore wind generated power. Comment: The President's decision to postpone OCS activities off the coasts of Washington and Oregon until after the year 2,000 should expire at that time unless affirmatively extended. Response: section 2207 of the Oceans Act of 1992 indefinitely bans oil and gas exploration, development and production within the boundary of the Sanctuary. This prohibitions could only be lifted by an Act of Congress. B-40 Contingency Plans Comment: The Sanctuary should establish a contingency plan in coordination with existing state and Federal contingency plans. Efforts should be made to coordinate with the State of Washington Departments of Wildlife, Fisheries, Ecology, and Natural Resources and pursue data sharing opportunities. Response: The FEIS/MP identifies existing oil spill contingency plans and efforts in the State of Washington to cover the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Outer Coast. NOAA will coordinate closely with the existing agencies involved in contingency and emergency response planning, particularly the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guard and the State of Washington Office of Marine Safety (OMS). However, NOAA agrees that the Sanctuary requires its own contingency plan to ensure that resources are protected during events that threaten the environment. A prototype Sanctuary Contingency Plan is being tested at the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Once implementation experience has been gained, the plan will be adapted to other sites, including the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. To implement successfully an organized emergency response, NOAA will incorporate state and Federal legislation as well as local efforts into the Sanctuary Contingency Plan. Comment: NOAA needs to provide for better oil spill response planning. Response: NOAA is coordinating with the regional response B-41 committees of the OMS to ensure that the equipment is available to address an emergency that would threaten Sanctuary resources. Comment: An oil Spill Response Center should be sited in close proximity to the Sanctuary to address small spills north.of Grays Harbor where there is currently a lack of oil spill response capability. Response: NOAA is promoting this idea in its participation on the regional response subcommittee whose jurisdiction is the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Outer Coast. Howeveri priority will be placed on the stationing of tugs and barges dedicated to emergency response. Comment: The tribes should be properly funded to handle resource damage assessment as well as other activities where an oil spill could impact their subsistence and ceremonial harvest and cultural values. Response: The reservations are not within the Sanctuary boundary. Therefore, the Sanctuary cannot dedicate funds to the Tribes for the purpose of damage assessment pursuant to a spill of hazardous materials. Comment: NOAA should request that the oil industry's Marine Spill Response Corporation station a tractor/tug response vessel at Neah Bay. Response: NOAA has made the recommendation to the B-42 subcommittee on emergency response for the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Outer Coast. NOAA is actively participating in formulating the recommendation to the State, and will coordinate with the Makah Tribe in their planning initiative to expand their marina to plan to accommodate a tug or emergency response vessel that is of appropriate size to service the Outer Coast and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Comment: NOAA should ensure that drills are conducted for the Clean Sound Cooperative with outside evaluation. Response: NOAA intends to hire an operations manager immediately after designation to address issues related to vessel traffic and contingency planning. one of the priorities of this position will be to encourage the Coast Guard to focus on the Sanctuary during its emergency response drills. Comment: NOAA should propose the examination of extending unlimited liability for spills to the shipping companies and the original firms providing the original source materials involved in the polluting activities. Response: The MPRSA only provides NOAA with the authority to collect $100,000 per day for each violation pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1437(c)(1), and damages to Sanctuary natural resources pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1443. B-43 ISSUE: SEALION ROCK Comment: NOAA should prohibit, or at least condition, the Navy's practice bombing activities over Sealion Rock due to the impact on seabirds, depositing of metal objects in the Sanctuary, and because the military environment does not require such a sensitive area to be used for such purposes. At the very least, NOAA should prohibit the practice bombing during the breeding season. Section 7 consultations with the Department of Commerce and the Department of the Interior should not be construed as sufficient mitigation because these processes do not address impacts to non-endangered species. Response: NOAA agrees that the Navy practice bombing of Sealion Rock is inconsistent with the goals of the Sanctuary program. Because the permit under which the Navy conducted its activities over Sealion Rock was rescinded by the Secretary of the Interior in August, 1993, NOAA may prohibit outright all bombing activities within the Sanctuary and has determined to do so. The regulation adopted by NOAA prohibits all practice bombing and provides that no exemption from the prohibition will be granted. Comment: NOAA does not have the authority to prohibit or condition the Navy's activities. Response: Because the Navy's authorization from the Secretary of Interior was rescinded, NOAA now has the authority to not only condition but also prohibit the Navy's practice B-44 bombing activities. Comment: NOAA should place the Navy's bombing activities within the scope of regulation to allow future regulation if necessary. To not list military activities is in conflict with the primary goal of resource protection. Response: NOAA has addressed Navy activities in section 925.5(d) of the regulations. Comment: NOAA should investigate the history of the Navy's activities over Sealion Rock to determine if a grandfather clause is warranted. Response: The history of the Navy's activities and the permit that authorized its activities has been outlined in the FEIS/MP. The Navy's authority to conduct practice bombing activities has been rescinded and thus consideration of a grandfather clause is irrelevant. Comment: Clarify how Navy bombing of Sealion Rock at 200 feet is less disruptive than commercial overflights. Response: NOAA does not assert that the Navy's low flying activities are less disruptive than commercial or non-commercial overflights. NOAA's differing regulations in the DEIS/MP applying to Navy and non-military overflights resulted from limitations placed on NOAA by the MPRSA with respect to terminating pre-existing leases and permits. B-45 ISSUE: PROTECTION OF TREATY RIGHTS ,Comment: NOAA's regulations do not formally recognize the Federal Government's trust responsibility to the coastal Tribes. The regulations contain no provision which formally requires the Director to consider and protect tribal interests when ruling on permit applications to conduct development activities within the Sanctuary. To address this issue, the following modifications to the section 925.8 should be made: The Director . . . may issue a permit . . . to conduct an activity otherwise prohibited by section 925.5(a)(2)-(7), if the Director finds that the activity will: further research related to Sanctuary resources: . . or promote the welfare of any Indian Tribe adjacent to the Sanctuary. In deciding whether to issue a permit, the Director shall consider such factors as . o . the impacts of the activity on adjacent Indian Tribes. Where the issuance or denial of a permit is requested by the governing body of an Indian Tribe, the Direotor shall consider and protect the interests of the Tribe to the fullest extent practicable in keeping with the purposes of the Sanctuary and his or her fiduciary duties to the Tribe-. Response: NOAA agrees that the designation of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary is subject to the Federal government's general fiduciary responsibility to the coastal tribes, However, it is also clear that the Federal government is not obligated to provide particular services or benefits, nor to undertake any specific fiduciary responsibilities in the absence of a specific provision in a treaty, agreement, executive order, or statute. See Havasupai Tribe v. U.S., 752 F. Supp. 1471 (D. Ariz 1990), citing, Vigil, 667 (D.C. Cir. 1980); Gila River Pima- Maricopa Indian Community, 427 F.2d 1194, 190 Ct. Clo 790 (1970). With respect to this designation, there is no specific provision B-46 in the coastal Tribes' treaties or any agreement, executive order, or statute which requires NOAA to undertake any specific fiduciary responsibility on behalf of the coastal Tribes. Therefore, NOAA can fulfill its obligations to the coastal Tribes with respect to the designation by giving due consideration to their interests and concerns during the decision-making process. NOAA agrees that its trust responsibilities to the Tribes requires that it consider Tribal interest when ruling on permit applications to conduct activities within the Sanctuary. However, this responsibility does not require that NOAA base its decision solely on what is in the best interest of the coastal Tribes. Therefore, NOAA opposes the addition of "or promote the welfare of any Indian Tribe adjacent to the Sanctuary", but agrees to include "the effects of the activity on adjacent Indian Tribes As previously stated, NOAA agrees that it must consider the interests of the Tribes when issuing permits, and language to that effect has been included in the regulations. Comment: NOAA's regulation prohibiting the taking of marine mammals and seabirds conflicts with treaty rights to fish and hunt marine mammals in tribal usual and accustomed fishing grounds. Response: NOAA recognizes that, given the standard for abrogating treaty rights enunciated by the Supreme Court in United States v. Dion, 476 U.S. 734 (1985), the provisions of the MPRSA do not abrogate the coastal Tribes' treaty fishing and B-47 hunting rights. However, it is unclear whether Congress intended the MMPA and the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to abrogate these rights. Recently, the Makah Tribe has pursued clarification regarding the applicability of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and ESA to its treaty rights to hunt whales and seals. The issue is currently being examined by the Tribes and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Given the concerns raised by the coastal Tribes, section 925.5(a)(6) has been revised to read as follows: Taking any marine mammal., sea turtle, or seabird in or above the Sanctuary, except as authorized by the National Marine Fisheries Service or the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the authority of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, as amended (MMPA), 16 U.S.C. 1361 et sea., the Endangered Species Act, as amended, (ESA), 16 U.S.C. 1531 gt,sea., and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, as amended, (META), 16 U.S.C. 703 et leg., or pursuant to any treaty with an Indian Tribe to which the United States is a party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in accordance with the MMPA, ESA, and META. The revised language recognizes the Makah Tribe's treaty right to hunt whales and seals. However, the regulation also requires that the right be exercised in accordance with the provisions of the MMPA, ESA, and META. If the MMPA, ESA or META is determined to abrogate or otherwise restrict the Tribe's exercise of its right to hunt whales and seals, then that determination shall apply to the Tribe's exercise of those rights within the boundary of the Sanctuary. Comment: The regulations fail to preserve tribal control of their cultural heritage. NOAA should amend section 925.5(a)(8) B-48 to read as follows: Removal or attempted removal of any Indian cultural resource or artifact, or entry onto a significant cultural site designated by a Tribal governing body with the concurrence of the Director, except with the express written consent of the governing body of the Tribe or Tribes to which such resource, artifact, or cultural site pertains. Response: The MPRSA provides NOAA with the authority to control access to cultural or historical artifacts within the Sanctuary thereby helping to ensure their preservation. Accordingly, anyone proposing to remove a cultural or historical resource must apply for and obtain a Sanctuary permit from NOAA. NOAA also acknowledges the coastal Tribes' desire to preserve their cultural heritage and, in particular, those cultural artifacts of tribal significance found within the Sanctuary. NOAA considers its objective of preserving the historical and cultural resources of the Sanctuary to be compatible with the coastal Tribes' desire to preserve their cultural heritage. Therefore, prior to issuing a Sanctuary permit to excavate a cultural or historical artifact that is of tribal significance, NOAA will consult with the affected Tribe(s). This clarification has been added to section 925.9. Comment: The regulation prohibiting overflights under 1,000 ft. except for valid law enforcement purposes conflicts with the treaty secured rights to access certain reservation lands such as Tatoosh Island and Ozette, which are only accessible by helicopter in the winter months, and to conduct aerial timber cruises and engage in helicopter logging on portions of the B-49 reservation abutting the Sanctuary. Therefore the following amendment to section 925.5(7) is proposed: Flying motorized aircraft at less than 1,000 feet above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the coastal boundary of the Sanctuary and the Flattery Rocks, Quilleute Needles, and Copalis National Wildlife Refuges, except for valid law enforcement purposes or where authorized by a gover ing body of an Indian Tribe to provide access to reservation lands. Response: NOAA acknowledges the Tribes' concerns and does not intend to interfere with tribal rights to access reservation lands. Also, for the reasons discussed below, the minimum altitude has been changed to 2000 ft. In order not to interfere with Tribal access to reservation lands, the prohibition on flying has been changed to read: Flying motorized aircraft at less than 2,000 feet above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the Flattery Rocks, Quillayute Needles, or copalis National Wildlife Refuge, and within one nautical mile seaward from the coastal boundary of the Sanctuary, except as necessary for valid law enforcement purposes, for activities related to tribal timber operations conducted on reservation lands, or to transport persons or supplies to or from reservation lands as authorized by a governing body of an Indian Tribe. Comment: NOAA should apply the management plan equally to tribal and non-tribal governmental entities within the adopted boundary equally. Response: NOAA is legally bound to recognize treaty secured rights and has no intention to interfere with these rights. As such, there will be circumstances in which Sanctuary regulations will apply to tribal and non-tribal members differently. B-50 ISSUE: VESSEL TRAFFIC Comment: Route tankers and barges as far away from near-shore reefs and islands as possible. Clarify what types of vessels can transit close to shore. Response: There exists a Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management System (CVTMS) established and jointly managed by the United States and Canada. The CVTMS is a mandatory regime and consists of all navigable waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and its offshore approaches, southern Georgia Strait, the Gulf and San Juan Archipelagos, Rosario Strait, Boundary Pass, Haro Strait, and Puget Sound, bounded on the west by longitude 1470W and latitude 48*N, and on the northeast by a line along 49*N from Vancouver Island to Semiamoo Bay. The rules of the CVTMS are intended to enhance safe and expeditious vessel traffic movement, to prevent groundings and collisions, and to minimize the risk of property damage and pollution to the marine environment. The rules apply to: a. Each vessel of 30 meters or more in length; and b. Each vessel that is engaged in towing alongside or astern, or in pushing ahead, one or more objects, other than fishing gear, where: (1) the combined length of the vessel towing, the towing apparatus, and the vessel or object towed is 45 meters or more; or (2) the vessel or object towed is 20 meters or more in overall length. B-51 Both the Canadian and the United States Coast Guards are studying methods to improve the CVTMS in the area. Items being studied include replacement of outdated equipment, elimination of gaps in coverage, and increasing operator training and assignment length. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) requires the U.S. Coast Guard to conduct a national Tanker Free Zone Study. This study is nearing completion and will recommend regulations requiring tank vessels to remain offshore during coastal transits. Further, NOAA has recommended to the U.S. Coast Guard that an International Maritime organization (IMO) approved ATBA be established within the proposed Sanctuary boundary. This would require vessels transporting hazardous materials to remain at least 25 nautical miles offshore while in the vicinity of Sanctuary waters or until making their approach to the Strait of Juan de Fuca using the established CVTMS traffic separation scheme. Although ATBAIs are not compulsory for foreign flag vessels, a maritime state may make such an area compulsory for domestic vessels transiting the waters under its jurisdiction. Comment: Clarify "commercial vessel" and distinguish between various sizes, uses, and types of vessels. Response: "Commercial vessel" means any vessel operating in return for payment or other type of compensation. Clarification between sizes, uses, and types of vessels would require more B-52 space than is available in this document. Rather than attempt to hold to a general definition of "commercial vessel", reference will be made to specific types of vessels, i.e., tank vessels, bulk carriers, fishing vessels, pleasure craft, etc., wherever required. Comment: The Sanctuary boundary should be published on navigational charts. Response: NOAA agrees and will submit the Sanctuary boundary to the Nautical Charting Division of the National ocean Service. The boundary will be delineated on the next update of the appropriate navigational chart. Comment: Spill containment and cleanup measures should be part of appropriate mitigation requirements for vessels operating within the Sanctuary. Response: OPA 90 mandates that tank vessel contingency plans be prepared for a worst-case discharge, and that vessel plans be reviewed and approved by the U.S. Coast Guard. OPA 90 also stipulates that each responsible party for a vessel from which oil is discharged, or which poses the substantial threat of a discharge of oil into or upon the navigable waters or adjoining shorelines or the exclusive economic zone, is liable for the removal costs and damages resulting from such an incident. Further, Washington State law (Title 88 Section 46 Revised Code of Washington) requires the owner or operator of a tank B-53 vessel to prepare and submit an oil spill prevention plan prior to the vessel's entry into a Washington port. The law also requires that each tank vessel, cargo vessel of greater than three hundred or more gross tons, or passenger vessel of greater than three hundred or more gross tons have a contingency plan for the containment and cleanup of oil spills from such vessel into the waters of the State. Comment: NOAA should provide a more complete explanation of how implementation of each of the regulations would put U.S. shipping companies at an economic disadvantage in relation to foreign vessels. Precisely what would be the estimated cost in dollars, time, inconvenience, and ultimate impact upon U.S. shipping companies. Response: NOAA is promulgating no regulations that will adversely affect domestic vessels. Comment: NOAA should put forth a vessel traffic management plan, spearheaded by the U.S. Coast Guard, that addresses research needs, vessel traffic monitoring-and communication systems, and future regulatory alternatives. The management plan should be proactive, and establish a timetable for considering new vessel traffic regulations in the future. Response: NOAA is working with the U.S. Coast Guard, which has the primary authority for vessel traffic regulation, to determine the need for additional measures to ensure protection B-54 of Sanctuary resources and qualities. In addition, NOAA will work with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) and the EPA regarding vessel traffic activities resulting from the transport of dredged material through the Sanctuary for disposal outside the Sanctuary. These consultations will aim to determine which resources are most at risk, which vessel traffic practices are most threatening, and which regulations or restrictions would be most appropriate to alleviate such risk. NOAA agrees that an improved vessel traffic monitoring and communication system along the coast is desirable. OPA 90 requires the Secretary of Transportation to complete a comprehensive study on the impact of installation, expansion, or improvement of vessel traffic servicing systems. NOAA will work with the State of Washington's OMS, the U.S. Coast Guard, and appropriate public agencies during the development of these monitoring studies to determine an appropriate system for the Sanctuary and the need for any additional site-specific protective measures. Vessel traffic monitoring and research and coordination on this subject have been incorporated into the Sanctuary management plan. Comment: Allow only double-hulled vessels in the Sanctuary. Response: OPA 90 establishes double hull requirements for tank vessels. Most tank vessels over 5,000 gross tons will be required to have double hulls by 2010. Vessels under 5,000 gross B-55 tons will be required to have a double hull or a double containment system by 2015. All newly constructed tankers must have a double hull (or double containment system if under 5,000 gross tons), while existing vessels are phased out over a period of years. As previously stated, the U.S. Coast Guard is completing a study of a tanker free zone where tank vessels would be required to remain offshore during coastal transits. Further, a proposal to establish an ATBA within the Sanctuary boundary has been developed and will be submitted to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for approval at the earliest possible date which, in accordance with IMO's procedures, is June, 1994. Both actions will serve to ensure that hazardous material laden vessels will remain an appropriate distance offshore. Comment: Require vessels to have a pilot aboard. Response: Requirements for pilots are set forth in both Federal and state regulations. NOAA will monitor and review vessel traffic in the Sanctuary and make recommendations to the appropriate regulatory agencies, state and Federal, regarding the need for additional pilotage requirements. Pilotage is currently compulsory for all vessels except those under enrollment or engaged exclusively in the coasting trade on the West Coast of the continental United States (including Alaska) and/or British Columbia. Port Angeles has been designated as the pilotage station for all vessels enroute to or from the sea. B-56 OPA 90 requires the U.S. Coast Guard to designate U.S. waters where a second licensed officer must be on the bridge of a coastwise seagoing tanker over 1,600 gross tons. Under the Ports and Waterways Safety Act, the U.S. Coast Guard also is proposing to require a second officer on foreign flag tankers over 1,600 gross tons and on U.S. registered tankers over 1,600 gross tons. Comment: Establish a tonnage limit within three nautical miles of shore except for those making a port call. Response: All types of vessels and traffic patterns will be reviewed by NOAA, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the State of Washington OMS to determine any appropriate action to be taken. In conducting this review, attention will be paid to vessel type, cargo carried, and vessel size. Comment: Require all vessels to have English speaking bridge personnel. Response: All vessels required to participate in the Juan de Fuca region CVTMS are required to make all reports in English. Comment: Curtail traffic during poor weather conditions. Response: NOAA will work with the state, U.S. Coast Guard, and appropriate public agencies to determine the need for further vessel traffic regulations to specifically address vessel traffic during adverse weather conditions. During conditions of vessel congestion, adverse weathe r, B-57 reduced visibility, or other hazardous circumstances in the area of the Juan de Fuca Region CVTMS, the Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management Center may issue directions to control and supervise traffic. They may also specify times when vessels may enter, move within or through, or depart from ports, harbors, or other waters of the CVTMS Zone. Further, the U.S. Coast Guard's Navigation Rules, International and Inland, speak specifically to the conduct of vessels while at sea. Rule 6 of the International and Inland Steering and Sailing Rules states that "Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions." Comment: Prohibit engine powered water craft of any type. Response: A fundamental objective of the sanctuary program is "to facilitate, to the extent compatible with the primary objective of resource protection, all public and private uses of the resources of these marine areas not prohibited pursuant to other authorities" (16 U.S.C. 1431(b)(5)). NOAA will consider the threats from all types of vessels - power driven, sailing, or paddle propelled - as a continuing analysis of vessel traffic within the sanctuary boundaries. Comment: Manage the off-loading or exchange of cargo or oil. B-58 Response: No offloading or exchange of oil occurs within the boundary of the Sanctuary. This activity generally occurs in ports which are located outside of the Sanctuary boundary. Further, this type of activity is addressed by both OPA 90 and programs being established by the recently created Washington State OMS. Comment: Prohibit shipment of reclaimed spent nuclear fuel from foreign reactors through the Sanctuary. Response: As previously noted, NOAA has recommended to the U.S. Coast Guard that an IMO approved ATBA be established within the Sanctuary boundary. This would require vessels transporting hazardous materials to remain at least 25 nautical miles offshore while in the vicinity of Sanctuary waters or until making their approach to the Strait of Juan de Fuca using the established CVTMS traffic separation scheme. NOAA will also work with the State of Washington's OMS and both the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards to be informed of, and alerted to, in a timely and regular manner, all hazardous cargo carriers transiting near Sanctuary waters. Further, through participation in regular meetings of the Washington State Regional Marine Safety Committees and discussions with the U. S. Coast Guard, NOAA will ensure that contingency plans adequately address such transport issues. Comment: Prohibit commercial vessel anchorages within the B-59 Sanctuary, particularly off Makah Bay, except in emergencies. Response: The use of the Makah Bay anchorage by vessels waiting either for an available pilot at Port Angeles or instructions from their home office, has been examined. Currently, its use as a temporary anchorage has been agreed upon by both the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards. This is viewed as a more favorable alternative than having such vessels continuously underway within, and off the entrances to, the Strait. Vessels at anchor are subject to MARPOL, U.S. Federal law, and Sanctuary regulations regarding discharges. The use of this anchorage is monitored by Tofino Vessel Traffic Service which can also-educate such vessels regarding the Sanctuary and its regulations. Comment: Clarify NOAA's authority to regulate vessel traffic within State of Washington waters. Response: Section 303 of the MPRSA gives NOAA the authority to promulgate regulations to implement the designation, including regulations necessary to achieve resource protection. Comment: The State and Federal government have appropriated $75 million to expand and enhance maritime activity at Grays Harbor through waterway dredging and port terminal development programs. If vessel traffic is restricted, one branch of the government would be defeating the purpose of other parts of the government. Response: NOAA has studied vessel traffic along the Washington coast. The result of the analysis was the B-60 recommendation for the previously mentioned ATBA. This proposal, if adopted, would add approximately 17 nautical miles on a transit from Grays Harbor to the entrance of the Straits of Juan de Fuca and approximately 21 nautical miles on a transit from the entrance of the Straits to Grays Harbor. In comparison to the costs of cleanup, legal fees, liability, fines, loss of cargo, and vessel and environmental damages, the proposals to establish the ATBA seem reasonable. Comment: Double-hulled proposals are not economically sensible in the foreseeable future. Response: Congress has mandated (OPA 90) national double hull requirements for tank vessels. ISSUE: OVERFLIGHTS Comment: Establish the boundary for overflights at the beach rather than one (1) mile inland. Response: The boundary for overflights is at the shoreline and not one (1) mile inland. Comment: Establish a 2,500 foot minimum flight altitude over the sanctuary. Response: To be consonant with current regulations regarding flights over charted National Park Service Areas, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Areas, and U.S. Forest Service Areas, NOAA is prohibiting the flying of motorized B-61 aircraft at less than 2,000 feet above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the Flattery Rocks, Quillayute Needles, or Copalis National Wildlife Refuge, and at less than 2,000 feet above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile seaward from the coastal boundary of the Sanctuary, except as necessary for valid law enforcement purposes, for activities related to tribal timber operations conducted on reservation lands, or to transport persons or supplies to or from reservation lands as authorized by a governing body of an Indian Tribe. NOAA will work with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to reflect this regulation on aeronautical charts. Comment: Permit search and rescue at all times by whatever aircraft is needed to accomplish the task. Response: The prohibitions set forth in the Sanctuary regulations do not apply to activities necessary to respond to emergencies threatening life, property, or the environment pursuant to Section 925.5 (c) of the regulations. Thus, in any emergency, search and rescue aircraft are allowed to perform whatever tasks are required within the Sanctuary boundary. Comment: When necessary to bring a research flight into the area below the Sanctuary prescribed ceiling, regulations should require the plane's engine be kept at or below a B-62 reasonable decibel level as heard from the ground. Response: FAA regulations (14 CFR Part 36) codify noise standards for aircraft operating within.U.S. airspace. Adherence to these standards is already required. When research is to be conducted within the Sanctuary boundary, aircraft operators will be required to obtain a permit and conduct such research in such a manner so as to minimize disturbance yet remain within safe aircraft operating parameters. ISSUE: LIVING RESOURCE EXTRACTION Fishing Comment: NOAA should not restrict access to fishing grounds or catch-ability. Crab fishing and razor clam digging must be allowed. Response: The regulation of fishing is not authorized by the Designation Document. NOAA has determined that existing fishery management authorities are adequate to address fishery resource issues. As with all other fisheries that occur within the Sanctuary, crab fishing and razor clam digging remain under the regulatory authority of existing Federal, state, tribal and regional fishery authorities. NOAA does not view fishing as contrary to the goals of the Sanctuary. The sanctuary program is by law mandated "to facilitate to the extent compatible with the primary objective of resource protection, all public and B-63 private uses of the resources (including fishing). (16 U.S.C. 1431(b)(5)). Existing fishery management agencies are primarily concerned with the regulation and management of fish stocks for a healthy fishery. In contrast, the National Marine Sanctuary Program has a different and broader mandate under the MPRSA to protect all Sanctuary resources on an ecosystem-wide basis. Thus, while fishery agencies may be concerned about certain fishing efforts and techniques in relation to fish stock abundance and distribution, the Marine Sanctuary Program is also concerned about the potential incidental impacts of specific fishery techniques on all Sanctuary resources including benthic habitats or marine mammals as well as the role the target species plays in the health of the ecosystem. In the case of the Olympic Coast, fish resources are already extensively managed by existing authorities and NOAA does not envision a fishery management role for the Sanctuary Program. Accordingly, fishing activities have not been included in the list of activities in the Designation Document subject to regulation as part of the Sanctuary regime. However, the Sanctuary Program will provide research results and recommendations to existing fishery management agencies in order to enhance the protection of fishery and other resources within the Sanctuary. B-64 Comment: No additional fisheries management or regulation is needed in the Sanctuary. Commercial, recreation, and subsistence fishing can be compatible with sanctuary designation, and the existing regulatory framework is adequate at this time. Response: See response to previous comment. The Designation Document places kelp harvesting within the scope of future regulation since there is no existing management plan for kelp harvesting. Comment: Clarify the language associated with commercial fishing practices near sunken vessels, rocks and reefs in the proposed sanctuary to insure continuance of historical and customary fishing practices. Existing Federal and state regulations adequately protect archeological treasures, man-made reefs, and natural rock and reef formations. The FEIS should acknowledge and permit prevailing practices. Response: Commercial fishing vis-a-vis historical resources is an exempted activity under the prohibition against disturbance of historical resources. However, the exemption is only for incidental disturbance and therefore does not allow deliberate disturbance. Comment: Fishing should either be regulated, or placed in the scope of regulation, because there may be a time in the future when fishing needs to be regulated by the Sanctuary. B-65 Response: NOAA believes that existing authorities are adequate to regulate fishing. Should the need arise to regulate 'fishing as part of the Sanctuary management regime, the Designation Document could be amended. Comment: Proposed regulations should result in the gradual reduction of fishing, aquaculture, kelp harvesting and waterfowl hunting to insure that no commercial activity threatens the integrity of any resources in the proposed Sanctuary. Some commenters believed that the Sanctuary should ban all commercial fishing activities except Native American fishing activities. Response: A blanket reduction of resource-use activities across the Sanctuary could not be imposed without credible evidence that each resource affected is threatened by a population decrease or stock failure. Absent such evidence, the Act requires that existing uses be facilitated to the extent compatible with the primary objective of resource protection. Comment: True refugia should be established where all consumptive uses are prohibited for a period of time. Response: The determination of whether refugia are established in the Sanctuary will be done in coordination with the NMFS, PFMC, Washington Department of Fisheries (WDF), the tribes, environmental groups, and industry. The B-66 Sanctuary Advisory Committee (SAC) will be an important forum to address this issue. If, in coordination with other governmental agencies, it is determined that establishment of refugia is a desirable alternative, NOA.A will analyze the alternative through the preparation of an environmental impact statement/management plan and solicitation of public input pursuant to the NEPA and the APA. Comment: Driftnets, trawling, and all dragnet fisheries should be banned from the proposed Sanctuary as inconsistent with the regulation prohibiting alteration of, or construction on, the seabed. Response: The only net gear used in fisheries in the Sanctuary are trolling gear (for salmon) and trawling gear (for groundfish). The regulatory prohibition on altering the seabed includes an excep*tion for incidental disturbance resulting from traditional fishing operations. NMFS has conducted a limited study of the impact of trawl gear on the benthos and has not identified any resulting systematic destruction. However, the regulations could be modified to regulate any activity that is shown to cause significant disturbance of the seabed. This reflects adherence to the MPRSA's goals of preserving natural and human-use qualities of a marine area. High-seas driftnets, defined as nets greater than 1.5 miles long, have been banned pursuant to United Nations B-67 resolution 46/215. While gillnets and.setnets are currently used in the inland waters of the State of Washington, they are not used in Sanctuary waters. Comment: NOAA should facilitate the regulation of resource extraction within the Sanctuary under a regulatory framework that is controlled by a single agency. Response: Regulatory authority over resources and resource extraction industries is expressly granted by state and Federal statute. NOAA does not have the primary regulatory authority over resource extraction. NOAA can act to coordinate the various regulators and can impose additional regulations, but cannot reassign itself or other agencies regulatory authority. Comment: NOAA must clarify and acknowledge all tribal treaty fishing rights in the FEIS/MP, and the interaction of Sanctuary regulations with the right of tribes to fish in their Usual and Accustomed fishing areas. Response: This issue is clarified in the Designation Document and in Part II (under Socio-Demographic profile and Land Use). Treaty rights to hunt and fish are acknowledged. Comment: The entire study area must be considered as a "fishing area" since fish migrate along the entire Washington coast. B-68 Response: NOAA recognizes that fish "know no boundaries in the sea." The fishing areas identified in the FEIS/MP only represent known locations where certain fishery activity is concentrated. The fishing areas displayed in the FEIS/MP are not related to regulatory jurisdiction in any way. They are simplified visual aids to complement the discussion of resources off the coast of Washington. Aguaculture Comment: Clarify NOAA's intention to regulate, condition, or prohibit aquaculture activities throughout the Sanctuary and adjacent to Indian reservations. Response: The Sanctuary regulations do not directly prohibit aquaculture operations within the Sanctuary boundary. However, discharge of matter into the Sanctuary, or alteration of or construction on the seabed in connection with aquaculture activities are prohibited. It is unlikely that permits would be granted for aquaculture activities in the Sanctuary that violate these prohibitions. This determination is based upon U.S. Army Corps of Engineers .(COE) guidance related to permits for fish pen mariculture operations, which prohibits fish farms in Federal natural resource areas, such as national seashores, wilderness areas, wildlife refuges, parks or other areas designated for similar purposes (e.g., national marine sanctuaries). Comment: NOAA should change the proposed regulation B-69 governing alteration of or construction on the seabed to "maintenance and development of approved aquaculture operations", and strike "existing prior to the effective date of these regulations." Eliminating future aquaculture development off the Olympic Coast would preclude opportunities for both private shellfish and finfish production and for public enhancement. Technology is being developed which would result in minimal environmental imbalance, and would afford employment for regional communities.. Response: See response to previous comment. Comment: The Sanctuary should not regulate aquaculture activities because there are sufficient regulations in place. Response: See response to previous comment. Comment: The Sanctuary should provide mutually agreed upon requirements for aquaculture activities among the oyster growers of Willapa Bay. Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not include Willapa Bay. Comment: The discussion in the FEIS/MP on the impacts of aquaculture needs to be expanded and the proposal to not regulate aquaculture in the Sanctuary should be re-assessed. B-70 The FEIS/MP needs to address the use of drugs in farm-raised fish. Response: The discussion of aquaculture within the Sanctuary is intended only to evaluate the current status of the industry in the study area - it is not intended to measure aggregate impacts. The request for expanded discussion of resources does not identify specific issues of discussion. A re-assessment of aquaculture vis-a-vis the Sanctuary reveals that the industry is adequately regulated by existing state and Federal requirements. However, any discharges from such operations into the Sanctuary would be prohibited. The Sanctuary has no jurisdiction over the use of drugs in aquaculture - such determinations are under the purview of the Washington State Department of Health (WDH) and the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Comment: All aquaculture should be banned from within the Sanctuary. Response: The Sanctuary is required by law to facilitate public and private uses of Sanctuary resources as long as resource protection is not jeopardized. If properly sited and operated, aquaculture does not appear to appreciably impact the health of the marine environment. Comment: Kelp harvesting should be banned or regulated within the Sanctuary. B-71 Response: At present there is no kelp harvesting within the Sanctuary. The Washington.Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is in the process of preparing a management plan for kelp harvesting. NOAA has included kelp harvesting in the scope of regulations in the Designation Document in the event that future action by NOAA is necessary to protect this resource. NOAA will work with DNR to develop a kelp management plan within the Sanctuary. ISSUE: MARINE MAMMALS, SEA TURTLES AND SEABIRDS .Comment: Clarify "takings". The prohibition on the taking of marine mammals and seabirds within the Sanctuary is redundant with the ESA, the MMPA and the MBTA, and what further impact it will have on the fishing community. Response: "Taking" is defined in section 925.3 of the regulations to mean: (1) for any marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird listed as either.endangered or threatened pursuant to the ESA to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, collect or injure, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct and, (2) for any other marine mammal, sea turtle, or seabird, the term means to harass, hunt, capture, kill, collect or injure, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct. while marine mammals, seabirds and endangered and threatened species are protected under the MMPA, ESA and MBTA, NOAA believes that the higher penalties afforded under the MPRSA will provide a stronger B-72 deterrent. The MBTA sets maximum criminal fines at either $500 or $2,000 per violation, depending on the violation. The MMPA sets maximum civil penalties at $10,000 and maximum criminal fines at $20,000. The ESA sets maximum civil penalties at $500, $12,000 or $25,000 per violation, depending on the violation; maximum criminal fines are set at $50,000. (All three statutes also provide for imprisonment for criminal violations.) Section 307 of the MPRSA allows NOAA to assess civil penalties as high as $100,000 for each violation. In addition, monies collected under the MPRSA are available for use by the National Marine Sanctuary Program. Comment: The MBTA would not allow any taking of migratory birds in the sanctuary, thus providing even stronger prohibition than sanctuary status can provide. Response: See above response. Section 925.5(a)(6) of the Sanctuary regulations prohibits the taking of migratory birds within the Sanctuary. Including a prohibition on "taking" marine birds in the Sanctuary regulations allows such violations to be subject to the civil penalties authorized by the MPRSA which far exceed those authorized.by the MBTA. Comment: Prohibit all takings of marine mammals and B-73 seabirds, regardless of military or fishing exemptions. Response: Section 925.5(a)(6) of the Sanctuary regulations prohibits the taking of marine mammals and seabirds in or above the Sanctuary except as authorized by the NMFS or the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the authority of the MMPA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1361 et se ., the ESA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1531 et secl., and the MBTA, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 703 et sea., or pursuant to any treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States is a party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in accordance with the MMPA, ESA, and MBTA. Exemptions include a limited five-year incidental take of marine mammals provided by interim regulations promulgated pursuant to the MMPA, which are in effect until October, 1993. The ESA also has a limited incidental take exemption. See 16 U.S.C. section 1539(a)(2)B(i). NMFS, in conjunction with environmental groups and the fishing industry, is developing a permanent management regime to be implemented upon expiration of the MMPA interim regulations. If in the future NOAA determines that the existing regulations promulgated under MMPA, ESA, MBTA or any other state or Federal statute are not adequate to\ensure the coordinated and comprehensive management of marine mammals and seabirds, changes to the'Sanctuary regulations would be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the MPRSA, NEPA and APA. B-74 Comment: Exclude from (takings] prohibition birds considered game. Response: The only birds section 925.5(a)(6) prohibits the taking of are seabirds--seabirds are not considered game species. Comment: Section 925.5(a)(6) of the proposed regulations would prohibit the taking of marine mammals or seabirds unless affirmatively permitted by regulations promulgated under authority of the ESA, MMPA, or MBTA. Because these regulations do not expressly permit any takings by treaty Indians, the proposed sanctuary regulations would effectively prohibit the Makah Tribe from exercising their treaty rights to take marine mammals. The proposed regulations would also hinder the tribe's ability to exercise its fishing rights by precluding fisheries which result in the incidental taking of marine mammals and seabirds. The DEIS/MP offers no conservation justification for imposing restrictions on the taking of marine mammals and seabirds which go beyond the restrictions imposed by the ESA and MMPA. The DEIS/MP concedes that the purpose of the proposed sanctuary regulations is not to protect particular species from extinction. According to the DEIS, the purpose of these additional prohibitions in the proposed regulations is to "extend protection for sanctuary resources on an B-75 environmentally holistic basis." This goal does not permit infringement of treaty rights. Therefore, the regulations should be amended by adding "or in accordance with any treaty to which the United States is a party." .tesponse: The regulatory prohibitions do not abrogate or obstruct any rights under an existing treaty. The regulations have been changed by adding "or pursuant to any treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States is a party, provided that the-treaty right is exercised in accordance with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA.11 The treaty between the Makah Tribe and the United States explicitly assures the "right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual accustomed grounds and stations." (Article 4, Treaty of Neah Bay, 1855). Incidental takes of marine mammals can legally occur under permit and exemption provisions of the MMPA. Currently, Washington coastal tribes apply for and receive exemption certificates from NMFS for the incidental taking of marine mammals during fishing. Fees for this exemption are waived for tribes. Further, tribes cannot be denied entry into any fishery based on the likelihood or occurrence of seabird or marine mammal takings. However, they could be prosecuted if they violate the ESA, MMPA, or MBTA. Comment: Change the wording of the regulation to read "as B-76 authorized or permitted by NMFS or [the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service] USFWS under the authority of the MMPA and ESA.11 NMFS suggests that the preamble and/or regulations clarify that Sanctuary permits will not be required for activities authorized or permitted by NMFS or USFWS under MMPA or ESA. Such clarification would relieve many concerns over the possibility of overlapping and potentially duplicative permitting requirements. Response: NOAA has amended the regulation by adding "as authorized by the National Marine Fisheries Service or the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the authority of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, as amended, (MMPA), 16 U.S.C. 1361 e ge t A., the Endangered Species Act, as amended, (ESA), 16 U.S.C. 1531 et sea., and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, as amended, (MBTA), 16 U.S.C. 703 et sea . . . . .to The inclusion of "as authorized or permitted" is viewed by NOAA as redundant. ISSUE: SANCTUARY ADXINISTRATION Regulations/Permits Comment: NOAA should use economic incentives rather than regulations to ensure that activities do not impact resources. Response: NOAA does not have sufficient authority to provide economic incentives to ensure that activities do not impact Sanctuary resources. Even regulations, which include B-77 economic disincentives such as monetary penalties, are not sufficient to ensure that any activity does not impact resources. Comment: Clarify the statement: "When a conflict with a sanctuary regulation related to specific (non-sanctuary] regulations occurs, the one more protective of sanctuary resources will prevail.". NOAA regulations should not override those of the local jurisdictions. NOAA needs to clarify: 1) the application of this policy to fishing; 2) types of conflicts the statement applies to; 3) who determines whether a conflict exists; and 4) the process for resolving a conflict. Response: NOAA agrees that the statement as written in the DEIS/MP is unclear. Accordingly, the statement has been deleted in the FEIS/MP. Essentially, the statement meant that if two regulations exist covering an activity in the Sanctuary, one promulgated by NOAA under the MPRSA authority and the other by another agency under a different statute, compliance with the less restrictive regulation will not relieve the obligation to comply with the other more restrictive one. Comment: NOAA should follow the guidelines of NEPA when proposing any change in regulations that are listed in the scope of regulations. This is especially applicable to B-78 vessel traffic and discharge regulations. Also, clarification is needed on the rulemaking and amendment processes. Response: Listing activities in the scope of regulation reflects that the issues and alternatives were addressed in the FEIS/MP, public hearings were held, and public comments were solicited regarding the activities. If NOAA later proposes the regulation of an activity listed in the scope of regulations in the Designation Document but not regulated at the time of Sanctuary designation, NOAA will request public comments on the proposal. When NOAA plans to amend a rule that has been promulgated, an analysis of the issues, affected environment, alternatives and consequences will be. completed and public comments solicited. NOAA will then modify the proposal if necessary and respond to public comments when taking the final action. Comment: A procedure must be established to disagree with management and issue an appeal if permits to conduct research are denied. Response: Section 925.12 of the Sanctuary regulations set forth the procedures for appealing denials of Sanctuary permits. The appeal process involves a written statement by the appellant to the Assistant Administrator of NOAA. The Assistant Administrator may conduct a hearing on the appeal. B-79 Comment: clarify the procedure for obtaining permits for low-flying aircraft engaged in ongoing species monitoring studies and damage assessment studies in response to an incident such as an oil spill. Activities authorized by the NMFS and USFWS should not require a Sanctuary permit because the requirements for permits would be duplicative. Response: All flights engaged in monitoring or research activities that fly below 2,000 feet are required to obtain a Sanctuary permit, or, if the activity is already pursuant to a permit, to have that permit certified. Permits are not 0 required for overflights necessary to respond to emergencies threatening life, property or the environment. Comment: NOAA should not grandfather existing uses if otherwise prohibited by sanctuary regulations. Response: Section 304(c)(1)(B) of the MPRSA specifies that NOAA may not terminate any valid lease, permit, license, or right of subsistence use or of access, if the lease, permit, license, or right "is in existence on the date of designation of any national marine sanctuary . . . . 11 Comment: Treaty secured rights should not require s anctuary certification and registration. Further, NOAA should obligate federal regulators to consider and.protect tribal interests whe n issuing permits which may affect those B-80 interests. Response: Treaty secured rights do not require certification by the Sanctuary program. Comment: The regulations, exemptions and authority to place conditions on existing permitted activities are unclear. Response: Section 304(c)(2) of the MPRSA provides NOAA with the right to regulate the exercise of a lease, permit, license, or right of subsistence use or of access existing on the effective date of Sanctuary designation. Comment: Sanctuary management should be formally coordinated with tribal regulatory and law enforcement authorities through cooperative agreements. Response: Cooperative agreements will be developed as necessary between NOAA and the tribes regarding regulatory and law enforcement activities. Comment: The Sanctuary should offer increased enforcement which should be conducted by Sanctuary personnel rather than the U.S. Coast Guard. Clarify the enforcement procedures. Response: There will be enforcement of Sanctuary regulations through cooperative agreements with the U.S. Coast Guard, NMFS, WDF, the coastal tribes, USFWS, and the National Park Service (NPS). Considering fiscal constraints, level of use, and availability of enforcement B-81 personnel working in the field already, NOAA has determined .that it is not a high immediate priority to hire Sanctuary enforcement personnel. The Sanctuary must first become fully staffed and operational, and a determinatio.n must be made whether additional enforcement personnel are needed. The enforcement procedures will be determined pursuant to the cooperative agreements that are established. Comment: The broad scope of the discharge prohibition will require a well-coordinated enforcement operation to monitor all discharge and disposal activities from sources on land as well as in offshore, coastal and inland waters over large areas outside of the Sanctuary boundary. It may be impossible to determine the origin of discharges or deposits found in the Sanctuary after the dumping activity has occurred. Response: The prohibition on discharges from outside the boundary relates to discharges that enter and injure Sanctuary resources. NOAA must establish that discharges not only enter, but injure the resources before enforcement actions will be taken. It will, therefore be desirable for NOAA to undertake a comprehensive monitoring program by which it can determine ecosystem health and use impacts. Comment: NOAA should impose unlimited liability for spills extended to shipping companies and firms providing original B-82 source materials involved in polluting activities. Response: NOAA is permitted to seek penalties of up to $100,000 per day for a violation pursuant to Section 307(c)(1) of the MPRSA (16 U.S.C. 1437(c)(1)), and for natural resource damages pursuant to section 312 of the MPRSA (16 U.S.C. 1443). Transboundry Coordination Comment: NOAA should coordinate with other Federal and Canadian authorities to regulate vessel traffic, reduce the risk of oil spills, and eliminate oil and gas drilling in Canadian waters adjacent to the proposed sanctuary. NOAA should encourage an adjacent sanctuary along the west coast of Vancouver Island. Response: NOAA agrees and is working with the Canadian Coast Guard, the U.S. Coast Guard and the Washington OMS to reduce the risk of oil spills. The regulation of vessel traffic will currently remain with the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards and the OMS. NOAA will support any Canadian initiative to designate a marine protected area in Canadian waters on the Pacific Coast. Beach Management Policies Comment: NOAA should grandfather in the existing beach management policies including allowable beach driving activities. Response: The boundary of the Sanctuary does not encompass beaches where beach driving is permitted. B-83 Advisory Committee/Decision Making Comment: NOAA and the State of Washington should work .together to determine the composition of the Sanctuary Advisory Committee (SAC). The SAC should include representatives from private landowners, local industry, the county and tribes. The SAC should be based at the local level to oversee operations and help maintain strong local input. Response: NOAA will work with local user and interest groups and state and local governments to obtain broad representation on the SAC. The law limits the SAC to no more than 15 members. Comment: The SAC should have the power to direct the Sanctuary manger and set priorities for funding. The SAC decisions should be binding. If the decisions are not binding, then the manager should at least provide a rationale for any actions taken' which are directly contrary to the recommendations of the SAC. Response: The SAC recommendations to the manager will be instrumental in guiding the manager with respect to prioritizing actions. If the manager chooses not to pursue the recommendations of the SAC, a rationale will be provided to the members of the SAC. Comment: One of the first tasks of the SAC should be to B-84 review and update the State of Washington's coastal zone management program to ensure consistency with the Sanctuary management plan. The Sanctuary management plan goals and objectives should also be reviewed. Response: Prior to designation, the State of Washington will review the FEIS/MP as part of its consistency determination as it relates to Washington's approved coastal zone management program. The WDOE has jurisdiction for the Shoreline Management Act. The SAC will not share that jurisdiction, rather, the SAC will be responsible for reviewing the Sanctuary management plan goals and objectives. The SAC's first priority will be to help determine the five-year Sanctuary operating plan establishing priorities for education, research, monitoring, facilities siting and administration. Miscellaneous Comment: Firearms should be controlled or banned within the Sanctuary. Response: Possession and use of firearms is regulated by State law for public safety purposes. The primary purpose of Sanctuary designation is resource protection. Management Alternatives/Strategies Comment: The administrative models being discussed in the Northwest Straits proposal should be considered. Response: The administrative model identifying NOAA as the lead agency in managing the sanctuary with guidance and assistance from the SAC (which will represent State and local B-85 interests) will be implemented in the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. The administrative model which involves joint administration between NOAA and the State of Washington was not considered for the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary because the Sanctuary is predominately in Federal waters. One model suggested for the proposed Northwest Straits National Marine Sanctuary focuses on joint administration because the Sanctuary would be located entirely within State waters. NOAA will work closely with the state and counties and other Federal agencies in the administration of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. Comment: The management plan needs to account for tribal sovereignty and jurisdiction with respect to cultural resources, law enforcement and research practices. NOAA needs to recognize the need to coordinate with each tribal entity in the same manner as with the state and its management agencies. Response: NOAA acknowledges the importance of tribal sovereignty. Nothing in the designation will impact the treaty rights of the coastal tribes. NOAA will consult closely with the tribes on any action that may potentially impact tribal rights or interests. Comment: NOAA should choose management plan alternative 1 which proposes to gradually phase in program activities and staffing. Staff could be co-located with another Federal agency in Port B-86 Angeles, with satellite sites in Klaloch or La Push. National concerns with fiscal restraint support this choice. Some commenters supported management plan alternative 2 which proposes to set up the sanctuary headquarters and immediately provide full-staffing. Sanctuary headquarters should be located on the coast. The former Makah Air Force Station is one possible location. Response: NOAA is experiencing the fiscal constraints that all Federal programs are experiencing. NOAA proposes to balance the needs for resource protection and fiscal restraint by phasing in staffing and maximizing cooperative relationships with other agencies and jurisdictions working in the area (e.g., NPS, U.S. Coast Guard, the tribes, and the USFWS) to implement the management plan. The Sanctuary manager will have an office on the Olympic Coast with administrative support facilities in Seattle. Comment: Implementation of the final management plan must be adequately funded in order to prevent pollution and resource damage. Response: The level of funding for the first year after Sanctuary designation will depend upon the Sanctuary Program's funding which is authorized and appropriated by Act of Congress. However, the reality of the program's funding situation will require the manager and SAC to identify alternative sources of funding for Sanctuary programs. B-87 Comment: A volunteer program, coordinated by a full-time volunteer coordinator, should be established to assist in implementation of the management plan. Response: NOAA agrees that the establishment of a volunteer program can assist in implementation of the management plan. The SAC will be influential in determining the priority of hiring a volunteer coordinator. Comment: The management alternatives should more accurately describe NOAA's comprehensive planning as implemented through a combination of legal management authority over certain specific Sanctuary activities and advisory coordination with other entities managing the remaining essential components. Response: NOAA agrees. The FEIS/MP outlines the regulations which NOAA is promulgating. The FEIS/MP also outlines the role of the SAC, whose composition is aimed at enhancing the coordination with other entities with management jurisdiction in the Sanctuary. Comment: The Sanctuary manager should have a great deal of responsibility for setting the Sanctuary budget, as well as assigning funds to local governments for assistance in implementing management plans. Response: The Sanctuary manager will have primary responsibility for recommending the Sanctuary budget to B-88 headquarters. The Sanctuaries and Reserves Division has responsibility for the entire National Marine Sanctuary Program budget, and will work with the site manager to develop the annual program budget. The manager has the discretion to earmark funds to local governments or groups to implement Sanctuary programs. commentz Zoning plans should be implemented which accommodate the varying resource management needs within the Sanctuary. Some zoning examples include allowing for the needs of ports to the south, designating areas which would be closed to all consumptive uses on a rotating basis, and zoning specific areas within the sanctuary for the sole purposes of research, recreational use, commercial use and no use. Response: Zoning is not anticipated as part of the FEIS/MP for the Sanctuary. If NOAA, in consultation with the SAC, believes that zoning would better meet the needs of the programl the management plan and regulations can be amended in accordance with the requirements of the MPRSA, the NEPA and the APA. Research/Education Protocol Comment: Research results and data should be shared through existing databases with Federal and state agencies and tribes. The sharing of data should be formalized through cooperative agreements. Response: NOAA agrees that research results and data should be shared and will pursue appropriate cooperative agreements to ensure this coordination. B-89 Comment: It is unnecessary to severely restrict or eliminate activities such as fishing, commercial vessel activity, dredging and aircraft operation in order to carry out the Sanctuary goals of promoting research and public education. Response: The primary goal of sanctuary designation is the comprehensive long-term protection of marine resources. Some restrictions are necessary to accomplish this goal. of the above activities, only dredging is being eliminated within the Sanctuary boundary. Research and education provide additional means to promote the goal of marine resource protection. Comment: Geophysical exploration should not be prohibited, as the information gathered from this research can benefit coastal communities and academic institutions. Response: NOAA's emphasis on research within the Sanctuary allows for research which may involve an otherwise prohibited activity (such as alteration of or construction on the seabed) as long as researchers obtain a research permit pursuant-to section 925.9 of the Sanctuary regulations. NOAA will determine the environmental consequences of the proposed research, including short and long term effects on marine biota (such as noise which may interfere with cetacean communication) in deciding whether to issue a permit. Comment: The research program should stress applied research such as research which can facilitate fisheries management, B-90 provide information on long-term environmental trends, and provide links between the marine systems and the adjacent terrestrial systems. Providing research results to decision makers at the various governmental levels would be an important link in addressing marine resource problems. Response: NOAA agrees and has clarified this point in the research section of the management plan. Comment: Criteria for acceptable research within the Sanctuary should be established prior to formal designation of the Sanctuary. The criteria should be used in review of research permit applications, and an appeal process should be established in the case of research permit application denial. Response: Research permit applications will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis and evaluated to determine the potential short and long term impacts of the proposed activities. In addition, section 925.12 of the regulations sets forth the procedures for appealing to the Assistant Administrator the denial of a research permit. Comment: NOAA should conduct research into the effects of fishing activities on the entire marine system. Fish stocks, species abundance, and monitoring information should be presented to the PFMC. Response: The National Ocean Service (which includes the Sanctuaries and Reserves Division) and the NMFS have entered into B-91 a Memorandum of Understanding outlining the working relationship between the Sanctuary Program and the NMFS. The PFMC will be. involved in this agreement, through its relationship with the NMFS. Research which benefits the overall goal of resource protection is addressed within this agreement by highlighting the need for interagency coordination, research and monitoring. Comment: The benefits of sanctuary designation to the fishing community and others should be clearly articulated. Additionally, connections between the regulations and resource protection should be integrated in the education plan (e.g.r establishing warning signs at popular access sites to alert boaters and hikers to the effect of disturbance of pelagic birds and marine mammals.) Response: NOAA agrees and has clarified the education goals in the Sanctuary management plan. NOAA has articulated the benefits of the Sanctuary program for the fishing community. NOAA will coordinate with the USFWS and the NPS to post warning signs around critical marine bird and mammal habitat. comment: NOAA should provide for increased education and interpretation of the shoreline through a variety of media. Educational materials and outreach programs should be developed by pre-existing facilities and organizations on the Olympic Peninsula. Response: Sanctuary designation will provide for increased B-92 education and interpretation of the entire Sanctuary ecosystem. Education materials and outreach programs will be developed in cooperation with existing Federal, tribal, state and local entities. ISSUE: INFORNATIONAL AMENDMENTS OF THE DEIS/MP Biological Amendments Comment: The discussion of the neretic and shelf edge environments in the DEIS/MP needs to be expanded. The resource assessment must stress the biological richness of the area. Response: The resource assessment describing the ecosystem of the Sanctuary study area has been expanded in the FEIS/MP. Comment: Biological resources need,to be discussed in terms of ecosystem interactions and not single species descriptions. Response: NOAA has expanded the discussion to include a description of the study area from an,,.e,cosystem perspective. Socioeconomic Comment: The FEIS/MP must contain a socioeconomic impact study of the regulations on the affected coastal communities and Tribes. Failure to consider and mitigate these impacts violates the NEPA and Federal Trust responsibility to Indians. Response: An economic analysis has been included within the FEIS/MP. NOAA is not promulgating regulations that will unduly burden the tribes. The regulations have provisions that recognize treaty secured rights. In addition, NOAA will consult B-93 with the tribes when considering permits affecting proposed development activities in the Sanctuary. NOAA believes that the regulations do not conflict with the economic interests of the tribes since.the regulations offer increased protection for those natural resources critical to the tribal economy. Comment: The Federal government should investigate the possibility of tax breaks to offset economic impacts of the management plan. Response: NOAA**s actions do not add economic burdens to the area. The issue of tax breaks should be addressed to an individual's representatives in Congress. NOAA does not have the legislative authority to address tax laws. Supplemental Draft Environmentgl Impact Statement Comment: NOAA should submit a supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the following reasons: 1) the DEIS/MP lacks a satisfactory examination of the socioeconomic impacts of the regulations on the coastal communities; 2) the DEIS/MP contains erroneous information related to port activities in Grays Harbor; 3) some information is missing, outdated, or inaccurate; 4) inadequate definition of the unique environment deserving protection that is identified by the SEL. Response: NOAA has determined that the matters for which an SEIS has been requested can be addressed in the FEIS/MP. The FEIS/MP addresses the socioeconomic impacts of regulations that B-94 could potentially affect the coastal communities in the alternatives and consequences section. Further, the vessel traffic section has been amended substantially to provide a detailed description of the significance of vessel traffic to the coastal communities. Additionally, the description of the marine environment under consideration has been expanded greatly. Management Comment: NOAA needs to address or recognize a number of current local and state regulatory controls in place within the shoreline areas. Response: NOAA has addressed local and state regulatory controls within the shoreline areas. These controls are listed in Appendix J. B-95 The following sets forth the text of the Designation Document for the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. DESIGNATION DOCUMENT FOR THE OLYMPIC COAST NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY Under the authority of Title III of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended (the "Actol), 16 U.S.C. �� 1431 et se ., the waters off the Olympic Coast of g Washington State including the U.S. portion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca west of Koitlah Point, and the submerged lands thereunder, as described in Article II, are hereby designated as the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary for the purposes of protecting and managing the conservation, ecological, recreational, research, educational, historical and aesthetic resources and qualities of the area. Article I. Effect of Designation The Act authorizes the issuance of such final regulations as are necessary and reasonable to implement the designation, including managing and protecting the conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, research, educational, and aesthetic resources and qualities of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. Section 1 of Article IV of this Designation Document lists activities that either will be regulated on the effective date of designation or may have to be regulated at some later date in order to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities. Listing does not necessarily mean that a type of activity will be B-96 regulated; however, if an activity is not listed, it may not be regulated, except on an emergency basis, unless section 1 of Article IV is amended to include the type of activity by the same procedures by which the original designation was made. Article II. Description of the Sanctuary Area The Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary boundary encompasses approximately 2500 square nautical miles (approximately 8577 sq. kilometers) of coastal and ocean waters, and the submerged lands thereunder, off the central and northern coast of the State of Washington. The Sanctuary boundary extends from Koitlah Point due north to the United States/Canada international boundary seaward to the 100 fathom isobath. The seaward boundary of the Sanctuary approximates the 100 fathom isobath in a southerly direction from the U.S./Canada international boundary to a point due west of the Copalis River, cutting across the heads of Nitnat, Juan de Fuca, and Quinault Canyons. The shoreward boundary of the Sanctuary is the mean lower low water line when adjacent to Indian reservations and State and county lands. When adjacent to Federally managed lands, the coastal boundary extends to the mean higher high water line. The coastal boundary cuts across the mouths of all rivers and streams. The precise boundary of the Sanctuary is set forth in Appendix I of this Designation Document. B-97 Article III. Characteristics of-the Sanctuary Area That Give it Particular Value The Sanctuary is a highly productive, nearly pristine ocean and coastal environment that is important to the continued survival of several ecologically and commercially important species of fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. Its rugged and undeveloped coastline makes the region one of the more dramatic natural wonders of the coastal United States, paralleling the majestic splendor of such terrestrial counterparts as Yosemite National Park and the Grand Tetons. The region's high biological pruductivity is fueled by seasonal enhanced upwelling along the edge of the continental shelf, especially at submarine canyons, during periods of high solar radiation. The diversity of habitats that make up the Sanctuary support a great variety of biological communities. This unusually large range of habitat types include: offshore islands and rocks; some of the most diverse kelp beds in the world; intertidal pools; erosional features such.as rocky headlands, seastacks, and arches; interspersed exposed beaches and protected bays; submarine canyons and ridges; the continental shelf, including a broad shallow plateau extending from the mouth of the Juan de Fuca canyon; and continental slope environments. The numerous seastacks and rocky outcrops along the Sanctuary shoreline, coupled with a large tidal range and wave splash zone, support some of the most diverse and complex intertidal zones in the United States. B-98 The Sanctuary provides an essential habitat for a wide variety of marine mammals and birds, and is of particular interest due to the presence of endangered and threatened species that live or migrate through the region. Twenty seven species of marine mammals are reported to breed, rest within, or migrate offshore of the Olympic Peninsula. Of particular interest is the migration route of the endangered California gray whale, the threatened northern sea lion, the occasional presence of the endangered right, fin, sei, blue, humpback, and sperm whales, and the reintroduced resident population of sea otters. In addition, the seabird colonies of Washington's outer coast are among the largest in the continental United States and include a number of species listed as endangered or threatened including the short-tailed albatross, peregrine falcon, brown pelican, Aleutian Canada goose, marbled murrelet, and one of the largest populations of bald eagles in the continental United States. The high biological productivity of the coastal and offshore waters in the Sanctuary support valuable fisheries that contribute significantly to the State and tribal economies. The commercially important species of fish include five species of salmon, groundfish, and shellfish. In addition to the Sanctuary's value with respect to its biological resources, the region encompasses significant historical resources including Indian village sites, ancient canoe runs, petroglyphs, Indian artificats, and numerous B-99 shipwrecks. The diversity and richness of marine resources suggests that the marine sanctuary designations will provide exceptional opportunities for scientific research in the areas of species interactions, population dynamics, physiological ecology, linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and marine anthropology. The scientific research encouraged by the Sanctuary management plan will, in turn, help support an intensive public education and awareness program that will address the diverse, complex, and sensitive ecosystems in Washington's coastal and oceanic environments. Article IV. Scope of Regulations Section 1. Activities Subject to Regulation The following activities are subject to regulation, including prohibition, to the extent necessary and reasonable to ensure the protection and management of the conservation, ecological, recreational, research, educational, historical and aesthetic resources and qualities of the area: a. - Exploring for, developing, or producing oil, gas or minerals (e.g., clay, stone, sand, metalliferous ores, gravel, non-metalliferous ores or any other solid material or other solid matter of commercial value) within the Sanctuary; b. Discharging or depositing from within the boundary of the Sanctuary, any material or other matter; C. Discharging or depositing, from beyond the boundary of B-100 the Sanctuary, any material or other matter; d. Taking, removing, moving, catching, collecting, harvesting, feeding, injuring, destroying or causing the loss of, or attempting to take, remove, move, catch, collect, harvest, feed, injure, destroy or cause the loss of, a marine mammal, sea turtle, seabird, historical resource or other Sanctuary resource; e. Drilling into, dredging, or otherwise altering the seabed of the Sanctuary; or constructing, placing, or abandoning any structure, material or other matter on the seabed of the Sanctuary; f. Possessing within the Sanctuary a Sanctuary resource or any other resource, regardless of where taken, removed, moved, caught, collected 'or harvested, that, if it had been found within the Sanctuary, would be a Sanctuary resource; 9- Flying a motorized aircraft above the Sanctuary; h. Operating a vessel (i.e., watercraft of any description in the Sanctuary; i. Harvesting kelp within the Sanctuary; j. Interfacing with, obstructing, delaying or preventing an investigation, search, seizure or disposition of seized property in connection with enforcement of the Act or any regulation or permit issued under the Act. Section 2. Emergencies Where necessary to prevent or minimize the destruction of, B-101 loss of, or injury to a Sanctuary resource or quality, or minimize the imminent risk of such destruction, loss or injury, any and all activities, including those not listed in Section 1 of this Article, are subject to immediate temporary regulation, including prohibition. Article V. Effect on Leases. Permits, Licenses, and Rights Pursuant to Section 304(c)(1) of the Act, 16 U.S.C. � 1434(c)(1), no valid lease, permit, license, or other authorization issued by any Federal, State, or local authority of competent jurisdiction, or any right of subsistence use of access, may be terminated by the Secretary of Commerce or designee as a result of this designation. The Secretary of Commerce or designee, however, may regulate the exercise (including, but not limited to, the imposition of terms and conditions) of such authorization or right consistent with the purposes for which the Sanctuary is designated. In no event may the Secretary or designee issue a permit authorizing, or otherwise approve: (1) exploration for, development or production of oil, gas or minerals within the Sanctuary; (2) the discharge of primary treated sewage (except for regulation, pursuant to Section 304(c)(2) of the Act, of the exercise of valid authorizations in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation and issued by other authorities of competent jurisdiction); (3) the disposal of dredged material within the Sanctuary other than in connection with beach nourishment projects related to harbor maintenance activities; or B-102 (4) bombing activities within the Sanctuary. Any purported authorizations issued by other authorities after the effective date of Sanctuary designation for any of these activities within the Sanctuary shall be invalid. Article VI. Alteration of this Designation The terms of designation, as defined under Section 304(a) of the Act, may be modified only by the same procedures by which the original designation is made, including public hearings consultation with interested Federal, State, and local agencies, review by the appropriate Congressional committees and the Governor of the State of Washington, and approval by the Secretary of Commerce or designee. B-103 Appendix I olympic Coast National Marine SanctuaKy Boundary Coordinates. (Based on North American Datum of 1983). 2500 square nautical miles Point IATITUDE LONGITUDE 1 4700714511 12401110211 2 4700714511 12405811211 3 4703510511 12500010011 4 4704010511 12500414411 5 4705010111 12500514211 6 4705711311 125029113". 7 4800713311 12503812011 8 4801414611 12504015911 9 4802011211 12502215911 10 4802714911 12500610411 11 4802915911 12405911311 12 4803011911 12405014211 13 4802913811 12404314111 14 4802715011 12403811311 15 4802311711 12403811311 B-104 III. Summary of Final Management Plan The FEIS/MP for the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary sets--forth the Sanctuary's location and provides details on the most important resources and uses of the Sanctuary. The FEIS/MP describes the resources and uses of the Sanctuary. The FEIS/MP describes the resource protection, research, education and interpretive programs, and establishes goals and objectives to be accomplished by each program. The FEIS/MP includes a detailed discussion, by program area, of agency roles and responsibilities. The goals and objectives for the Sanctuary are: Resource Protection The highest priority management goal is to protect the marine environment, resources and qualities of the Sanctuary. The specific objectives of protection efforts are to: (1) Coordinate policies and procedures among agencies sharing responsibility for protection and management of resources; _(2) Encourage participation by interested agencies and organizations in the development of procedures to address specific management concerns (e.g., monitoring and emergency-response programs); (3) Develop an effective and coordinated program for the enforcement of Sanctuary regulations; (4) Enforce Sanctuary regulations in addition to other regulations already in place; B-105 (5) Promote public awareness of, and voluntary compliance with, Sanctuary regulations and objectives, through an educational/interpretive program stressing resource sensitivity and wise use; (6) Ensure that the water quality of the coastal and ocean waters off the Olympic Peninsula is maintained at a level consonant with Sanctuary designation; (7) Establish mechanisms for coordination among all the agencies participating in Sanctuary management; (8) Ensure that the appropriate management agencies incorporate research results and scientific data into effective resource protection strategies; and (9) Reduce threats to Sanctuary resources and qualities. Research Progra Effective management of the Sanctuary requires the implementation of a Sanctuary research program. The purpose 'of Sanctuary research activities is to improve understanding of the marine environment off the Olympic peninsula, its resources and qualities,'and to resolve specific management problems, some of which may involve resources common to both the marine and upland freshwater environments. Research results will be used in interpretive programs for visitors, for those living on the Peninsula, and working adjacent to or in the Sanctuary, others interested in the Sanctuary, as well as for protection and management of resources and qualities. Specific objectives of the research program are to: B-106 (1) Establish a framework and procedures for administering research to ensure that research projects are responsive to management concerns and that results contribute to improve management of the Sanctuary; (2) Incorporate research results into the interpretive/education program in a format useful for the general public; (3) Focus and coordinate data collection efforts on the physical, chemical, geological and biological oceanography of the Sanctuary; (4) Encourage studies that integrate research from the variety of coastal habitats with nearshore and open ocean processes; (5) Initiate a monitoring program to assess environmental changes as they occur due to natural and human processes; (6) Identify the range of effects on the environment that would result from predicted changes in human activity or natural phenomena; and (7) Encourage information exchange among all the organizations and agencies undertaking management-related research in the Sanctuary to promote more informed management. Education Progra The goal for the education program is to improve public awareness and understanding of the significance of the Sanctuary resources and qualities to foster a heightened sense of stewardship for Sanctuary resources and qualities. B-107 The management objectives designed to meet this goal are to: (1) Provide the public with information on the Sanctuary and its goals and objectives, with an emphasis on the need to use Sanctuary resources and qualities wisely to ensure their long-term viability; (2) Broaden support for the Sanctuary management by offering programs suited to visitors with a range of diverse interests; (3) Foster public involvement by encouraging feedback on the effectiveness of education programs, collaboration with Sanctuary management staff in extension and outreach programs, and participation in other volunteer programs; and (4) Collaborate with other organizations to provide educational services complementary to the Sanctuary program. Visitor Use The Sanctuary goal for visitor management is to facilitate, to the extent compatible with the primary objective of resource protection, public and private uses of the resources of the Sanctuary not prohibited pursuant to other authorities. Specific management objectives are to: (1) Provide relevant information about Sanctuary regulations, use policies and standards; (2) Collaborate with public and private organizations in promoting compatible uses of the Sanctuary; (3) Encourage the public who use the Sanctuary to respect sensitive Sanctuary resources and qualities; and (4) Monitor and assess the levels of use to identify and B-108 control potential degradation of resources and qualities and minimize potential user conflicts. The Sanctuary headquarters will be located at a yet to be determined location. B-109 IV. Summary of Regulations The regulations set forth the boundary of the Sanctuary; prohibit a relatively narrow range of activities; set forth procedures for applying for national marine sanctuary permits to conduct prohibited activities; set forth certification procedures for existing leases, licenses, permits, other authorizations or rights authorizing the conduct of a prohibited activity; set forth notification and review procedures for applications for licenses, permits, or other authorizations to conduct a prohibited activity; set forth the maximum per-day penalties for violating Sanctuary regulations; and set forth procedures for administrative.appeals. The regulations are codified in part 925 of Title 15, Code of Federal Regulations. Section 925.1 sets forth as the purpose of the regulations to implement the designation of the Olympic coast National Marine Sanctuary by regulating activities affecting the Sanctuary consistent with the terms of that designation in order to protect and manage the conservation, ecological, recreational, research, educational, historical and aesthetic resources and qualities of the area. Section 925.2 and Appendix I following � 925.12 set forth the boundary of the Sanctuary. Section 925.3 defines various terms used in the regulations. Other terms appearing in the regulations are defined at 15 CFR 922.2 and/or in the MPRSA. B-110 Section 925.4 allows all activities except those prohibited by � 925.5 to be undertaken subject to the requirements of any emergency regulation promulgated pursuant to � 925.6, subject to all prohibitions, restrictions and conditions validly imposed by any other authority of competent jurisdiction, and subject to the liability established by Section 312 of the Act. Section 925.5 prohibits a variety of activities and thus makes it unlawful for any person to conduct them or cause them to be conducted. However, any of the prohibited activities except for: (1) the exploration for, development or production of oil, gas or minerals in the Sanctuary; (2) the discharge of primary-treated sewage within the Sanctuary (except pursuant to certification under � 925.10, of a valid authorization in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation and issued by other authorities of competent jurisdiction); (3) the disposal of dredged material within the Sanctuary other than in connection with beach nourishment projects related to harbor maintenance activities; and (4) bombing activities within the Sanctuary could be conducted lawfully if: (1) The activity is necessary to respond to an emergency threatening life, property, or the environment (not applicable to the prohibitions against takings and interference with law enforcement); authorized by a National Marine Sanctuary permit issued under � 925.9 (not applicable to the prohibition against interference with law enforcement); or authorized by a Special Use Permit issued under Section 310 of the Act (not applicable to B-111 the prohibition against interference with law enforcement); (2) With regard to Department of Defense activities: (A) the activity is an existing military activity including hull integrity tests and other deep water tests; live firing of guns, missiles, torpedoes, and chaff; activities associated with the Quinault Range including the in-water testing of non-explosive torpedoes; and anti-submarine warfare operations, or (B) the activity is a new activity and exempted by the Director of the office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management or designee after consultation between the Director or designee and the Department of Defense. The regulations require that the Department of Defense carry out its activities in a manner that avoids to the maximum extent practicable any adverse impact on Sanctuary resources and qualities and that it, in the event of threatened or actual destruction of, loss of, or injury to a Sanctuary resource or quality resulting from an untoward incident, including but not limited to spills and groundings, caused by it, promptly coordinate with the Director or designee for the purpose of taking appropriate actions to respond to and mitigate the harm and, if possible, restore or replace the Sanctuary resource or quality. The final regulation regarding Department of Defense activities differs from the proposed regulation principally by prohibiting all bombing activities within the Sanctuary; (3) The activity is authorized by a certification by the Director of the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management B-112 or designee under � 924.10 of a valid lease, permit, license or other authorization issued by any Federal, State or local authority of competent jurisdiction and in existence on (or conducted pursuant to any valid right of subsistence use or access in existence on) the effective date of this designation, subject to complying with any terms and conditions imposed by the Director or designee as he or she deems necessary to achieve the purposes for which the Sanctuary was designated; (4) The activity is authorized by a valid lease, permit, license, or other authorization issued by any Federal, State or local authority of competent jurisdiction after the effective date of Sanctuary designation, provided that the Director of the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management or designee was notified of the application in accordance with the requirements of � 925.11, the applicant complies with the requirements of � 925.11, the Director or designee notifies the applicant and authorizing agency that he or she does not object to issuance of the authorization, and the applicant complies with any terms and conditions the Director or designee deems necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities. The first activity prohibited is exploring for, developing or producing oil, gas or minerals within the Sanctuary. With regard to oil and gas, this regulation implements the requirements of Section 2207 of the Oceans Act of 1992 which prohibits "oil or gas leasing or pre-leasing activity [from being] conducted within the area designated as the Olympic Coast B-113 National Marine Sanctuary . . . . Of The resources and qualities of the coastal and offshore waters of the Olympic Peninsula, particularly the sea birds and pinnipeds that use the haul-out sites, kelp forests and rocks along the Olympic Coast, and the high water quality of the area, are especially vulnerable to oil and gas activities in the area. A prohibition on oil and gas exploration, development and production activities within the Sanctuary boundary partially protects Sanctuary resources and qualities from oil and gas activities. Only partial protection will be provided due to the remaining threat from oil and gas from vessel traffic transiting through and near the Sanctuary, particularly oil tankers not operating in accordance with the voluntary agreement of the Western States Petroleum Association to remain 50 nautical miles from shore. A prohibition on mineral activities within the Sanctuary is consistent with the prohibition on alteration of or construction on the seabed as discussed below. "Mineral" is defined to mean clay, stone, sand, gravel, metalliferous ore, nonmetalliferous ore, or any other solid material or other solid matter of commercial value. The prohibition on oil, gas and mineral activities additionally will prevent the negative effects of physical and possible chemical disturbances associated with extraction activities, e.g., destruction of benthic biota; resuspension of fine sediments; interference with filtering, feeding and respiratory functions of marine organisms; loss of food sources and habitats; and lowered photosynthesis and oxygen levels. B-114 The second activity prohibited is depositing or discharging from within the boundary of the Sanctuary any material or other matter except: (1) fish, fish parts, chumming materials-or bait used in or resulting from traditional fishing operations in the Sanctuary; (2) biodegradable effluent incidental to vessel use and generated by marine sanitation devices approved in accordance with Section 312 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, (FWPCA), 33 U.S.C. 1322 et leg.; (3) water generated by routine vessel operations (e.g., cooling water, deck wash down and graywater as defined by Section 312 of the FWPCA) excluding oily-wastes from bilge pumping; (4) engine exhaust; and (5) dredge spoil in connection with beach nourishment projects related to harbor maintenance activities. This prohibition is necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities from the effects of pollutants deposited or discharged into the Sanctuary. After expiration of current permits, discharges from municipal treatment plants will be subject to the review process of � 925.11. At a minimum, secondary treatment will be required. Depending on the risk to Sanctuary resources and qualities, greater treatment may be required. The intent of this prohibition is to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities from the effects of land and sea originating pollutants. The third activity prohibited is depositing or discharging, from beyond the boundary of the Sanctuary, any material or other matter that subsequently enters the Sanctuary and injures a B-115 Sanctuary resource or quality, except for the five exclusions discussed above for the second prohibited activity. The fourth activity prohibited is moving, removing or injuring or attempting to move, remove or injure a Sanctuary historical resource. Historical resources in the marine environment are fragile, finite and non-renewable. This prohibition is designed to protect these resources so that they may be researched and information about their contents and type made available for the benefit of the public. This prohibition does not apply to moving, removing or injury resulting incidentally from traditional fishing operations. Historical resources located within the Sanctuary that are of significance to an Indian tribe(s) (e.g., submerged Indian villages) will be managed so as to protect other Sanctuary resources and the interests of the governing body of an Indian tribe(s) in such historical resources. If an Indian tribe determines that a historical resource of tribal significance should be researched, excavated or salvaged, the Sanctuary manager may issue a Sanctuary permit if the criteria for issuance have been met (See � 925.9). The terms and conditions of the permit will ensure that the Sanctuary program has access to artifacts and research results for education purposes and that the artifacts are placed in a location agreed upon by the interested Indian tribes. The fifth activity prohibited is drilling into, dredging or otherwise altering the seabed of the Sanctuary; or constructing, B-116 placing or abandoning any structure, material or other matter on the seabed of the Sanctuary, except if any of the above results incidentally from: (1) anchoring vessels; (2) traditional fishing operations; (3) installation of navigation aids; (4) harbor maintenance in the areas necessarily associated with Federal Projects in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation, including dredging of entrance channels and harbors, and repair, replacement or rehabilitation of-breakwaters and jetties; (5) construction, repair, replacement, enhancement or rehabilitation of docks or piers; or (6) beach nourishment projects related to harbor maintenance activities. Federal projects are any water resources development projects conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or operating under a permit or authorization issued by the Corps'of Engineers and authorized by Federal law. The intent of this prohibition is to protect the resources and qualities of the Sanctuary from the harmful effects of activities such as, but not limited to, archaeological excavations, drilling into the seabed, strip mining, laying of pipelines and outfalls, and offshore commercial development, which may disrupt and/or destroy sensitive marine benthic habitats, such as kelp beds, invertebrate populations, fish habitats and estuaries. The sixth activity prohibited is taking marine mammals, sea turtles or seabirds in or above the Sanctuary, except as authorized by NMFS or USFWS under the authority of the Marine B-117 Mammal Protection Act, as amended, (MMPA), 16 U.S.C. �� 1361 et sea., the Endangered Species Act, as amended, (ESA), 16 U.S.C. H 1531 et seg., and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, as amended, (MBTA), 16 U.S.C. 703 et sect., or pursuant to a treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States is a party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in accordance with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA. The term "taking" includes all forms of harassment. The MMPA, ESA and MBTA prohibit the taking of species protected under those acts. The prohibition overlaps with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA but also extends protection for Sanctuary resources on an environmentally holistic basis and provides a greater deterrent with civil penalties of up to $100,000 per taking. The prohibition covers all marine mammals, sea turtles and seabirds in or above the Sanctuary. The prohibition recognizes existing treaty rights to hunt marine mammals, sea turtles and seabirds to the extent that the treaty rights have not been abrogated by provisions of the MMPA, ESA or MBTA. The seventh activity prohibited is flying motorized aircraft at less than 2,000 feet (610m) both above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the Flattery Rocks, Quillayute Needles or Copalis National Wildlife Refuge, or within one.nautical mile seaward of the coastal boundary of the Sanctuary, except as necessary for valid law enforcement purposes, for activities .related to tribal timber operations conducted on reservation lands, or to transport persons or supplies to or from reservation B-118 lands as authorized by a governing body of an Indian tribe. This prohibition is designed to limit potential noise impacts, particularly those that might startle hauled-out seals and sea lions, and colonial seabirds along the shoreline margins of the Sanctuary. Both the eighth and ninth prohibitions serve to facilitate enforcement actions for violations of Sanctuary regulations. The eighth prohibition is the possession within the Sanctuary of any historical resource or marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird, regardless of where the resource was taken, except in compliance with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA and the ninth prohibition is interfering with, obstructing, delaying or preventing investigations, searches, seizures or disposition of seized property in connection with enforcement of the Act or any regulation or permit issued under the Act. Section 925.6 authorizes the regulation, including prohibition, on a temporary basis of any activity where necessary to prevent or minimize the destruction of, loss of, or injury to a Sanctuary resource or quality, or minimize the imminent risk of such destruction, loss or injury. Section 925.7 sets for the maximum statutory civil penalty for violating a regulation -- $100,000. Each day of a continuing violation constitutes a separate violation. Section 925.8 repeats the provision in Section 312 of the Act that any person* who destroys, causes the loss of, or injures any sanctuary resource is liable to the United States for response costs and B-119 damages resulting from such destruction, loss or injury, and any vessel used to destroy, cause the loss of, or injure any sanctuary resource is liable in rem to the United States for response costs and damages resulting from such destruction, loss or injury. The purpose of these sections is to draw the public's attention to the liability for violating a Sanctuary regulation or the Act. Regulations setting forth the procedures governing administrative proceedings for assessment of civil penalties, permit sanctions and denials for enforcement reasons, issuance and use of written warnings, and release or forfeiture of seized property appear in 15 CFR part 904. Section 925.9 sets forth the procedures for applying for a National Marine Sanctuary permit to conduct a prohibited activity and the criteria governing the issuance, denial, amendment, suspension and revocation of such permits. A permit may be granted by the Director of the office for Ocean and Coastal Resource Management or designee if he or she finds that the activity will have only negligible short-term adverse effects on Sanctuary resources and qualities and will: further research related to Sanctuary resources; further the educational, natural or historical resource value of the Sanctuary; further salvage or recovery operations in or near the Sanctuary in connection with a recent air or marine casualty; assist in the management of the Sanctuary; or further salvage or recovery operations in connection with an abandoned shipwreck in the Sanctuary title to B-120 which is held by the State of Washington. In deciding whether to issue a permit, the Director or designee may consider such factors as the professional qualifications and financial ability of the applicant as related to the proposed activity, the duration of the activity and the duration of its effects, the appropriateness of the methods and procedures proposed by the applicant for the conduct of the activity, the extent to which the conduct of the activity may diminish or enhance Sanctuary resources and qualities, the cumulative effects of the activity, the end value of the activity, and the effects of the activity on adjacent Indian tribes. In addition, the Director or designee is authorized to consider any other factors she or he deems appropriate. Section 925.10 sets forth procedures for requesting certification of leases, licenses, permits, other authorizations, or rights in existence on the date of Sanctuary designation authorizing the conduct of an activity prohibited under paragraphs (a)(2)-(8) of � 925.5. Pursuant to paragraph (f) of � 925.5, the prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2)-(8) of � 925.5 do not apply to any activity authorized by a valid lease, permit, license, or other authorization in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation and issued by any Federal, State or local authority of competent jurisdiction, or by any valid right of subsistence use or access in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation, provided that the holder of such authorization or right complies with the requirements of � 925.10 B-121 (e.g. notifies the Director or designee of the existence of, requests certification of, and provides requested information regarding such authorization or right) and complies with any terms and conditions on the exercise of such authorization or right imposed as a condition of certification by the Director or designee as she or he deems necessary to achieve the purposes for which the Sanctuary was designated. Section 925.10 allows the holder 90 days from the effective date of Sanctuary designation to request certification. The holder is allowed to conduct the activity without being in violation of the prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2)-(8) of � 925.5 with regard to which the holder is requesting certification pending final agency action on his or her certification request, provided the holder has complied with all requirements of � 925.10. Section 925.10 also allows the Director or designee to request additional information from the holder and to seek the views of other persons. . As a condition of certification, the Director or designee will impose such terms and conditions on the exercise of such lease, permit, license, other authorization or right as she or he deems necessary to achieve the purposes for which the Sanctuary was designated. This is consistent with the Secretary's authority under Section 304(c)(2) of the Act. The holder may appeal any action conditioning, amending, suspending or revoking any certification in accordance with the procedures set forth in B-122 � 925.12. - Any amendment, renewal or extension not in existence as of the date of Sanctuary designation of a lease, permit, license, other authorization or right is subject to the provisions of � 925.11. Section 925.11 states that consistent with paragraph (g) of � 925.5, the prohibitions of paragraphs (a)(2)-(8) of � 925.5 do not apply to any activity authorized by any valid lease, permit, licensel or other authorization issued after the effective date of Sanctuary designation by any Federal, State or local authority of competent jurisdiction, provided that the applicant notifies the Director or designee of the application for such authorization within 15 days of the date of filing of the application or of the effective date of Sanctuary designation, whichever is later, that the applicant is in compliance with the other provisions of � 925.11, that the Director or designee notifies the applicant and authorizing agency that he or she does not object to issuance of the authorization, and that the applicant complies with any terms and conditions the Director or designee deems necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities. Section 925.11 allows the Director or designee to request additional information from the applicant and to seek the views of other persons. An application for an amendment to, an extension of, or a renewal of an authorization is also subject to the provisions of B-123 � 925. 11. The applicant may appeal any objection by, or terms or conditions imposed by, the Director or designee to the Assistant Administrator or designee in accordance with the procedures set forth in � 925.12. Section 925.12 sets forth the procedures for appealing to the Assistant Administrator or designee actions of the Director or designee with respect to: 1) the granting, conditioning, amendment, denial, suspension or revocation of a National Marine Sanctuary permit under � 925.9 or a Special Use permit under Section 310 of the Act; 2) the granting, denial, conditioning, amendment, suspension or revocation of a certification under � 925.10; or 3) the objection to issuance or the imposition of terms and conditions under � 925.11. Prior to conditioning the exercise of existing leases, permits, licenses, other authorizations or rights or conditioning or objecting to proposed authorizations, NOAA intends to consult with relevant issuing agencies as well as owners, holders or applicants. NOAA's policy is to encourage best available management practices to minimize non-point source pollution entering the Sanctuary and, for municipal sewage discharge, to require, at a minimum, secondary treatment and sometimes tertiary treatment or more, depending on predicted effects on Sanctuary resources and qualities. B-124 V. Miscellaneous Rulemaking Requirements Executive Order 12291 Under Executive Order 12291, the Department must judge whether the regulations in this notice are "major" within the meaning of section 1 of the order, and therefore subject to the requirement that a Regulatory Impact Analysis be prepared. The Administrator of NOAA has determined that the regulations in this notice are not major because they are not likely to result in: (1) An annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more; (2) A major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, state or local government agencies or geographic regions; or (3) Significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation or on the ability of United States-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises in domestic or export markets. Regulatory Flexibility Act The regulations in this notice allow all activities to be conducted in the Sanctuary other than a relatively narrow range of prohibited activities. The procedures in these regulations for applying for National Marine Sanctuary permits to conduct prohibited activities, for requesting certifications for pre-existing leases, licenses, permits, other authorizations or rights authorizing the conduct of a prohibited activity and for notifying NOAA of applications for leases, licenses, permits, B-125 approvals or other authorizations to conduct a prohibited activity will all act to lessen any adverse economic effect on small entities. The regulations, in total, will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, and when they were proposed the General Counsel of the Department of Commerce so certified to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration. As a result, neither an initial nor final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis was prepared. Paperwork Reduction Act This rule contains collection of information requirements subject to the requirements of the Paperwork Reduction Act (Pub. L. 96-511). The collection of information requirements contained in the rule have been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under section 3504(h) of the Paperwork Reduction Act and have been approved under OMB Control No. 0648-0141. Comments from the public on the collection of information requirements contained in this rule are invited and should be addressed to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (06480141) Washington, D.C. 20503 (Attn: Desk Officer for NOAA) and to Richard A. Roberts, Room 724, 6010 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852. Executive Order 12612 A Federalism Assessment (FA) was prepared for the proposed designation, draft management plan and proposed implementing B-126 regulations. The FA concluded that all were fully consistent with the principles, criteria and requirements set forth in sections 2 through 5 of Executive Order 12612, Federalism Considerations in Policy Formulation and Implementation (52 Fed. Reg. 41685, Oct. 26, 1987). Copies of the FA are available upon request to the Office of ocean and Coastal Resource Management at the address listed above. National Environmental Policy Act In accordance with Section 304(a)(2) of the Act (16 U.S.C. � 1434(a)(2)) and the provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. �� 4321-4370(a)), a DEIS/MP was prepared for the designation and proposed regulations. As required by Section 304(a)(2) of the Act, the DEIS/MP included the resource assessment report required by Section 303(b)(3) of the Act (16 U.S.C. � 1433(b)(3)), maps depicting the boundary of the area proposed to be designated, and the existing and potential uses and resources of the area. Copies of the DEIS/MP were made available for public review on September 20, 1991, with comments due on December 13, 1991. Public hearings were held in Port Angeles, Seattle, Olympia, Aberdeen, Seaview and Washington, D.C. from November 7 to 20, 1991. All comments were reviewed and, where appropriate, incorporated into the FEIS/MP and these regulations. Copies of the FEIS/MP are available upon request (see address section). Executive Order 12630 This rule does not have takings implications within the B-127 meaning of Executive Order 12630 sufficient to require preparation of a Takings Implications Assessment under that order. It would not appear to have an effect on private property sufficiently severe as effectively to deny economically viable use of any distinct legally potential property interest to its owner or to have the effect of, or result in, a permanent or temporary physical occupation, invasion or deprivation. While the prohibition on the exploration, development and production of oil, gas and minerals from the Sanctuary might have a takings implication if it abrogated an existing lease for OCS tracts within the Sanctuary or an approval of an exploration or development and production plan, no OCS leases have been sold for tracts within the Sanctuary and no exploration or production and development plans have been filed or approved. B-128 List of Sublects in 15 CFR Part 925 Administrative practice and procedure, Coastal zone, Education, Environmental protection, Marine resources, Natural resources, Penalties, Recreation and recreation areas, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Research. W. Stanley Wilson DATE Assistant Administrator for Ocean Services and Coastal Zone Management Federal Domestic Assistance Catalog Number 11.429 Marine Sanctuary Program B-129 Accordingly, for the reasons set forth above, 15 CFR Chapter IX is amended as follows: 1. Subchapter B heading is added to read as follows: Subchapter B - Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2. Part 925'is added to subchapter B to read as follows: Part 925 - Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Sec. 925.1 Purpose. 925.2 Boundary. 925.3 Definitions. 925.4 Allowed activities. 925.5 Prohibited activities. 925.6 Emergency regulations. 925.7 Penalties for violations or regulations. 925.8 Response costs and damages. 925.9 National Marine Sanctuary permits - application procedures and issuance criteria. 925.10 Certification of pre-existing leases, licenses, permits, approvals, other authorizations or rights to conduct a prohibited activity. 925.11 Notification and review of applications for leases, licenses, permits, approvals or other authorizations to conduct a prohibited activity. 925.12 Appeals of administrative action. B-130 Appendix to Part 925 - Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Boundary Coordinates Authority: Sections 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 310 and 312 of Title III of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 as amended (16 U.S.C. 1431 et se sea � 925.1 Purpose. The purpose of the regulations in this Part is to implement the designation of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary by regulating activities affecting the Sanctuary consistent with the terms of that designation in order to protect and manage the conservation, ecological, recreational,research, educational, historical and aesthetic resources and qualities of the area. 925.2 Boundary. (a) The Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary consists of an area of approximately 2500 square nautical miles (approximately 8577 sq. kilometers) of coastal and ocean waters, and the submerged lands thereunder, off the central and northern coast of the State of Washington. (b) The Sanctuary boundary extends from Koitlah Point due north to the United States/Canada international boundary. The Sanctuary boundary then follows the U.S./Canada international boundary seaward to the 100 fathom isobath. The seaward boundary of the Sanctuary approximates the 100 fathom isobath in a southerly direction from the U.S./Canada international boundary B-131 to a point due west of the mouth of the Copalis River cutting across the heads of Nitnat, Juan de Fuca and Quinault Canyons. The coastal boundary of the Sanctuary is the mean higher high water line when adjacent to Federally managed lands cutting across the mouths of all rivers and streams, except where adjacent to Indian reservations, state and county owned lands; in such case, the coastal boundary is the mean lower low water line. La Push harbor is excluded from the Sanctuary boundary shoreward of the International Collision at Sea regulation (Colreg.) demarcation lines. The harbor at Neah Bay is excluded shoreward of an arc connecting the western and easternmost points of Neah Bay and adjacent to the outermost boundary of Waadah Island. The precise boundary of the Sanctuary is set forth in Appendix I to this Part. � 925.3 Definitions. Act means Title III of the Marine'Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1431 et se geg Administrator or Under Segretary means the Administrator of the National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. Assistant Administrator,means the Assistant Administrator for Ocean Services and Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Director means the Director of the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. B-132 Effective date of Sanctuary designation means the date the regulations implementing the designation of the Sanctuary (the regulations in this Part) become effective. Federal project means any water resources development project conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or operating under a permit or authorization issued by the Corps of Engineers and authorized by Federal law. Historical resource means any resource possessing historical, cultural, archaeological or paleontological significance, including sites, structures, districts and objects significantly associated with or representative of earlier people, cultures and human activities and events. Historical resources include historical properties as defined in the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, and implementing regulations, as amended. Indian reservation means a tract of land set aside by the Federal Government for use by a Federally recognized American Indian tribe and includes, but is not limited to, the Makah, Quileute, Hoh and Quinault Reservations. Indian tribe means any American Indian tribe, band, group, or community recognized by the Secretary of the Interior. Injure means to change adversely, either in the short or long term, a chemical, biological or physical attribute of, or the viability of, and includes, but is not limited to, to cause the loss of or to destroy. Mineral means clay, stone, sand, gravel, metalliferous ore, B-133 non-metalliferous ore, or any other solid material or other solid matter of-commercial value. Person means any private individual, partnership, corporation or other entity; or any officer, employee, agent, department, agency or instrumentality of the Federal Government, of any State or local unit of government, or of-any foreign government. Sanctuary means the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. Sanctuary cruality means any particular and essential characteristic of the Sanctuary, including, but not limited to, water, sediment and air quality. Sanctuary resource means any living or non-living resource of the Sanctuary that contributes to its conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, research, educational or aesthetic value, including, but not limited to, the substratum of the waters off the Olympic Peninsula, bottom formations, marine plants and algae, invertebrates, plankton, fish, birds, turtles, marine mammals and histokical resources. Take or taking means: (1) For any marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird listed as either endangered or threatened pursuant to the Endangered Species Act, the term means to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, collect or injure, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct; (2) For any other marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird, to harass, hunt, capture, kill, collect or injure, or to attempt to B-134 engage in any such conduct. For the purpose of both paragraphs (1) and (2) of this definition, the term includes, but is not limited to, collecting any dead or injured marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird, or any part thereof; restraining or detaining any marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird, or any part thereof, no matter how temporarily; tagging any sea turtle, marine mammal or seabird; operating a vessel or aircraft or doing any other act that results in the disturbing or molesting of any marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird. Traditional fishing means fishing using a commercial or recreational fishing method that has been used in the Sanctuary before the effective date of Sanctuary designation, including the retrieval of fishing gear. Treaty means a formal agreement between the United States Government and an Indian tribe. Vessel means a watercraft of any description capable of being used as a means of transportation in/on the waters of the Sanctuary. Other terms appearing in the regulations in this Part are defined at 15 CFR 922.2 and/or in the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended, 33 U.S.C. 1401 et geg. and 16 U.S.C. 1431 et se geg � 925.4 Allowed Activities All activities except those prohibited by � 925.5 may be B-135 undertaken subject to any emergency regulations promulgated pursuant to � 925.6, subject to all prohibitions, restrictions, and conditions validly imposed by any other authority of competent jurisdiction, and subject to the liability established by Section 312 of the Act (see � 925.8). � 925.5 Prohibited activities. (a) Except as specified in paragraphs (c) through (h) of this � 925.5, the following activities are prohibited and thus unlawful for any person to conduct or cause to be conducted: (1) Exploring for, developing or producing oil, gas or minerals within the Sanctuary. (2) Discharging or depositing, from within the boundary of the Sanctuary, any material or other matter except: (i) Fish, fish parts, chumming materials or bait used in or resulting from traditional fishing operations in the Sanctuary; (ii) Biodegradable effluent incidental to vessel use and generated by marine sanitation devices approved in accordance with Section 312 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, (FWPCA) 33 U.S.C. 1322 et geq.; (iii) water generated by routine vessel operations (e.g., cooling water, deck wash down.and graywater as defined by Section 312 of the FWPCA) excluding oily wastes from bilge pumping; (iv) Engine exhaust; or B-136 (v) dredge spoil in connection with beach nourishment projects related to harbor maintenance activities. (3) Discharging or depositing, from beyond the boundary of the Sanctuary, any material or other matter, except those listed in paragraph (a)(2)(i-v) of this � 925.5, that subsequently enters the Sanctuary and injures a Sanctuary resource or quality. (4) Moving, removing or injuring, or attempting to move, remove or injure, a Sanctuary historical resource. This prohibition does not apply to moving, removing or injury resulting incidentally from traditional fishing operations. (5) Drilling into, dredging or otherwise altering the seabed of the Sanctuary; or constructing, placing or abandoning any structure, material or other matter on the seabed of the Sanctuary, except as an incidental result of: (i) Anchoring vessels; (ii) Traditional fishing operations; (iii) Installation of navigation aids; (iv) Harbor maintenance in the areas necessarily associated with Federal projects in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation, including dredging of entrance channels and repair, replacement or rehabilitation of breakwaters and jetties; (v) Construction, repair, replacement or rehabilitation of docks or piers; or (vi) Beach nourishment projects related to harbor maintenance activities. B-137 (6) Taking any marine mammal, sea turtle or seabird in or above the Sanctuary, except as authorized by the National Marine Fisheries Service or the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under the authority of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, as amended, (MMPA), 16 U.S.C. 1361 et sea., the Endangered Species Act, as amended, (ESA), 16 U.S.C. 1531 et gag., and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, as amended, (MBTA), 703 et se ., or pursuant to any treaty with an Indian tribe to which the United States is a party, provided that the treaty right is exercised in accordance with the MMPA, ESA and MBTA. (7) Flying motorized aircraft at less than 2,000 feet both above the Sanctuary within one nautical mile of the Flattery Rocks, Quillayute Needles, or Copalis National Wildlife Refuge, or within one nautical mile seaward from the coastal boundary of the Sanctuary, except as necessary for valid law enforcement purposes, for activities related to tribal timber operations conducted on reservation lands, or to transport persons or supplies to or from reservation lands as authorized by a governing body of an Indian tribe. (8) Possessing within the Sanctuary (regardless of where taken, moved or removed from), except as necessary for valid law enforcement purposes, any historical resource, or any marine mammal, sea turtle, or seabird taken in violation of the MMPA, ESA or MBTA. (9) Interfering with, obstructing, delaying or preventing an investigation, search, seizure or disposition of seized property B-138 in connection with enforcement of the Act or any regulation or permit issued under the Act. (b) The regulations in this Part apply to foreign persons and foreign vessels in accordance with generally recognized principles of international law, and in accordance with treaties, conventions and other international agreements to which the United States is a party. (c) The prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2) through (5), (7) and (8) of this � 925.5 do not apply to activities necessary to respond to emergencies threatening life, property or the environment. (d)(1) All Department of Defense military activities shall be carried out in a manner that avoids to the maximum extent practicable any adverse impacts on Sanctuary resources and qualities. Except as provided in paragraph d(2) of this � 925.5, the prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of this � 925.5 do not apply to the following military activities performed by the Department of Defense in W-237A, W237-B, and Military Operating Areas Olympic A and B in the Sanctuary: 1) hull integrity tests and other deep water tests; 2) live firing of guns, missiles, torpedoes, and chaff; 3) activities associated with the Quinault Range including the in-water testing of non- explosive torpedoes; and 4) anti-submarine warfare operations. New activities may be exempted from the prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of this � 945.5 by the Director or designee after consultation between the Director or designee and B-139 the Department of Defense. If it is determined that an activity may be carried out, such activity shall be carried out in a manner that avoids to the maximum extent practicable any adverse impact on Sanctuary resources and qualities. Civil engineering and other civil works projects conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are excluded from the scope of this paragraph (2) The Department of Defense is prohibited from conducting bombing activities within the Sanctuary. (3) In the event of threatened or actual destruction of, loss of, or injury to a Sanctuary resource or quality resulting from an untoward incident, including but not limited to spills and groundings caused by the Department of Defense, the Department of Defense shall promptly coordinate with the Director or designee for the purpose of taking appropriate actions to respond to and mitigate the harm and, if possible, restore or replace the Sanctuary resource or quality. (e) The prohibitions in-paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of this section do not apply to any activity executed in accordance with the scope, purpose, terms and conditions of a National Marine Sanctuary permit issued pursuant to � 925.9 or a Special Use permit issued pursuant to Section 310 of the Act. (f) The prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of this � 925.5 do not apply to any activity authorized by a valid lease, permit, license, approval or other authorization in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation and B-140 issued by any Federal, State or local authority of competent jurisdiction, or by any valid right of subsistence use or access in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation, provided that the holder of such authorization or right complies with � 925.10 and with any terms and conditions on the exercise of such lease, permit, license, other authorization or right imposed by the Director or designee as a condition of certification as he or she deems necessary to achieve the purposes for which the Sanctuary was designated. (g) The prohibitions in paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of � 925.5 do not apply to any activity authorized by any lease, permit, license, or other authorization issued after the effective date of Sanctuary designation and issued by any Federal, State or local authority of competent jurisdiction, provided that the applicant complies with � 925.11, the Director or designee notifies the applicant and authorizing agency that he or she does not object to issuance of the authorization, and the applicant complies with any terms and conditions the Director or designee deems necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities. Amendments, renewals and extensions of authorizations in existence on the effective date of designation constitute authorizations issued after the effective date. (h) Notwithstanding paragraphs (e) and (g) of this � 925.5, in no event may the Director or designee issue a National Marine Sanctuary permit under � 925.9 or a Special Use permit under Section 310 of the Act authorizing, or otherwise approve: the B-141 exploration for, development or production of oil, gas or minerals within the Sanctuary; the discharge of primary-treated sewage within the Sanctuary (except by certification, pursuant to � 925.10, of valid authorizations in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation and issued by other authorities of competent jurisdiction); the disposal of dredged material within the Sanctuary other than in connection with beach nourishment projects related to harbor maintenance activities; or bombing activities within the Sanctuary. Any purported authorizations issued by other authorities after the effective date of Sanctuary designation for any of these activities within the Sanctuary shall be invalid.' � 925.6 Emergency regulations. Where necessary to prevent or minimize the destruction of, loss of, or injury to a Sanctuary resource or quality, or minimize the imminent risk of such destruction, loss or injury, any and all activities are subject to immediate temporary regulation, including prohibition. � 925.7 Penalties for violations of regulations. (a) Each violation of the Act, any regulation in this Part, or any permit issued pursuant thereto, is subject to a civil penalty of not more than $100,000. Each day of a continuing violation constitutes a separate violation. (b) Regulations setting forth the procedures governing B-142 administrative proceedings for assessment of civil penalties, permit sanctions and denials for enforcement reasons, issuance and use of written warnings, and release or forfeiture of seized property appear in 15 CFR Part 904. � 925.8 Response costs and damages. Under Section 312 of the Act, any person who destroys, causes the loss of, or injures any Sanctuary resource is liable to the United States for response costs and damages resulting from such destruction, loss or injury, and any vessel used to destroy, cause the loss of, or injure any Sanctuary resource is liable in rem to the United States for response costs and damages resulting from such destruction, loss or injury. � 925.9 National Marine Sanctuary permits application procedures and issuance criteria. (a) A person may conduct an activity prohibited by paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of � 925.5 if conducted in accordance with the scope, purpose, terms and conditions of a permit issued under this � 925.9. (b) Applications for such permits should be addressed to the Director of the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management; Attn: Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service, National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East-West Highway, Building 4, Silver Spring, MD 20910. An application must include B-143 a detailed description of the proposed activity including a timetable for completion of the activity and the equipment, personnel and methodology to be employed. The qualifications and experience of all personnel must be set forth in the application. The application must set forth the potential effects of the activity on Sanctuary resources and qualities. Copies of all other required licenses, permits, approvals or other authorizations must be attached. (c) Upon receipt of an application, the Director or'designee may request such additional information from the applicant as he or she deems necessary to act an the application and may seek the views of any persons. (d) The Director or designee, at his or her discretion, may issue a permit, subject to such terms and conditions as he or she deems appropriate, to conduct an activity prohibited by paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of � 925.5, if the Director or designee finds that the activity will have only negligible short-term adverse effects on Sanctuary resources and qualities and will: further research related to Sanctuary resources and qualities; further the educational, natural or historical resource'value of the Sanctuary; further salvage or recovery operations in or near the Sanctuary in connection with a recent air or marine casualty; assist in managing the Sanctuary; or further salvage or recovery operations in connection with an abandoned shipwreck in the Sanctuary title to which is held by the State of Washington. In deciding whether to issue a permit, B-144 the Director or designee may consider suchfactors as: the professional qualifications and financial ability of the applicant as related to the proposed activity; the duration of the activity and the duration of its effects; the appropriateness of the methods and procedures proposed by the applicant for the conduct of the activity; the extent to which the conduct of the activity may diminish or enhance Sanctuary resources and qualities; the cumulative effects of the activity; the end value of the activity; and the effect of the activity on adjacent Indian tribes. The Director or designee may also deny a permit application pursuant to this � 925.9, in whole or in part, if it is determined that the permittee or applicant has acted in violation of the terms or conditions of a permit or of these regulations. (Procedures governing permit denials for enforcement reasons are set forth in Subpart D of 15 CFR Part 904). In addition., the Director or designee may consider such other factors as he or she deems appropriate. (e) A permit issued pursuant to this � 925.9 is nontransferable. (f) The Director or designee may amend, suspend or revoke a permit issued pursuant to this section for good cause. Any such action shall be communicated in writing to the permittee or applicant by certified mail and shall set forth the reason(s) for the action taken. Procedures governing permit sanctions for enforcement reasons are set forth in Subpart D of 15 CFR Part 904. B-145 (g) It shall be a condition of any permit issued that the permit or a copy thereof be displayed on board all vessels or aircraft used in the'conduct of the activity. (h) The Director or designee may, inter alia, make it a condition of any permit issued that any data or information obtained under the permit be made available to the public. (i) The Director or designee may, inter alia, make it a condition of any permit issued that a NOAA official be allowed to observe any activity conducted under the permit and/or that the permit holder submit one or more reports on the status, progress or results of any activity authorized by the permit. (j) The Director or designee shall consult with the governing body of an Indian Tribe_prior to issuing a permit, if the proposed activity involves or affects resources of cultural or historical significance to the tribe. (k) The applicant for or holder of a National Marine Sanctuary permit may appeal the denial, conditioning, amendment, suspension or revocation of the permit in accordance with the procedures set forth in 925.12. � 925.10 Certification of pre-existing leases, licenses, permits, approvals, other authorizations-or rights to conduct a prohibited activity. (a) the prohibitions set forth in paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of � 925.5 do not apply to any activity authorized by a valid lease, permit, license, approval or other authorization in B-146 existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation and issued by any Federal, State or local authority of competent jurisdiction, or by any valid right of subsistence use or access in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation, provided that: 1) The holder of such authorization or right notifies the Director or designee, in writing, within 90 days of the effective date of Sanctuary designation, of the existence of such authorization-or right and requests certification of such authorization or right; 2) The holder complies with the other provisions of this � 925.10; and 3) The holder complies with any terms and conditions on the exercise of such authorization or right imposed as a condition of certification by the Director or designee to achieve the purposes for which the Sanctuary was designated. (b) The holder of a valid lease, permit, license, or other authorization in existence on the effective date of sanctuary designation and issued by any Federal, State or local authority of competent jurisdiction, or of any valid right of subsistence use or access in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation, authorizing an activity prohibited by paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of � 925.5 may conduct the activity without being in violation of � 925.5, pending final agency action on his or her certification request, provided the holder is in compliance with this � 925.10. (c) Any holder of a valid lease, permit, license, or other authorization in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary B-147 designation and issued by any Federal, State or local authority of competent jurisdiction, or any holder of a valid right of subsistence use or access in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation, may request the Director or designee to issue a finding as to whether the activity for which the authorization has been issued, or the right given, is prohibited by (a)(1) through (8) of � 925.5. (d) Requests for findings or certifications should be addressed to the Director, Office of ocean and Coastal Resource Management; Attn: Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East-West Highway, Building 4, Silver Spring, MD 20910. A copy of the lease, permit, license, or other authorization must accompany the request. (e) The Director or designee may request additional information from the certification requester as he or she deems necessary to condition appropriately the exercise of.the certified authorization or right to achieve the purposes for which the Sanctuary was designated. The information requested must be received by the Director or designee within 45 days of the postmark date of the request. The Director or designee may seek the views of any persons on the certification request. (f) The Director or designee may amend any certification made under this � 925.10 whenever additional information becomes available justifying such an amendment. B-148 (g) The Director or designee shall communicate any decision on a certification request or any action taken with respect to any-certification made under this � 925.10, in writing, to both the holder of the certified lease, permit, license, approval, other authorization or right, and the issuing agency, and shall set forth the reason(s) for the decision or action taken. (h) Any time limit prescribed in or established under this � 925.10 may be extended by the Director or designee for good cause. (i) The holder may appeal any action conditioning, amending, suspending or revoking any certification in accordance with the procedures set forth in � 925.12. (j) Any amendment, renewal or extension not in existence on the effective date of Sanctuary designation of permit, license, approval, other authorization or right is subject to the provisions of � 925.11. 5 925.11 Notification and review of applications for leases, licenses, permits, or other authorizations to conduct a prohibited activity. (a) The prohibitions set forth in paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of � 925.5 do not apply to any activity authorized by any valid lease, permit, license, or other authorization issued after the effective date of Sanctuary designation by any Federal, State or local authority of competent jurisdiction, provided that: 1) The applicant notifies the Director or designee, in writing, of B-149 the application for such authorization (and of any application. for an amendment, renewal or extension of such authorization) within fifteen (15) days of the date of application or of the effective date of Sanctuary designation, whichever is later; 2) The applicant complies with the other provisions of this � 925.11; 3) The Director or designee notifies the applicant and authorizing agency that he or she does not object to issuance of the authorization (or amendment, renewal or extension); and 4) The applicant complies with any terms and conditions the Director or designee deems necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities. (b) Any potential applicant for a lease, permit, license or other authorization from any Federal, State or local authority (or for an amendment, renewal or extension of such authorization) may request the Director or designee to issue a finding as to whether the activity for which an application is intended to be made is prohibited by paragraphs (a)(2) through (8) of � 925.5. (c) Notifications of filings of applications and requests for findings should be addressed to the Director, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management; ATTN: Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East West Highway, Building 4, Silver Spring, MD 20910. A copy of the application must accompany the notification. (d) The Director or designee may request additional B-150 information from the applicant as he or she deems necessary to determine whether to object to issuance of such lease, license, permit, or other authorization (or to issuance of an amendment, extension or renewal of such authorization), or what terms and conditions are necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities. The information requested must be received by the Director or designee within 45 days of the postmark date of the request. The Director or designee may seek the views of any persons on the application. (e) The Director or designee shall notify, in writing, the agency to which application has been made of his or her review of the application and possible objection to issuance. After review of the application and information received with respect thereto, the Director or designee shall notify both the agency and applicant, in writing, whether he or she has an objection to issuance and what terms and conditions he or she deems necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities. The Director or designee shall state the reason(s) for any objection or the reason(s) that any terms and conditions are deemed necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities. (f) The Director or designee may amend the terms and conditions deemed necessary to protect Sanctuary resources and qualities whenever additional information becomes available justifying such an amendment. (g) Any time limit prescribed in or established under this section may be extended by the Director or designee for good B-151 cause. (h) The applicant may appeal any objection by, or terms or conditions imposed by, the Director or designee to the Assistant Administrator or designee in accordance with the procedures set forth in � 925.12. 925.12 Appeals of administrative action. (a) Except for permit actions taken for enforcement reasons (see Subpart D of 15 CFR Part 904 for applicable procedures), an applicant for, or a holder of, a � 925.9 National Marine Sanctuary permit, an applicant for, or a holder of, a Section 310 of the Act Special Use permit, a � 925.10 certification requester or a � 925.11 applicant (hereinafter appellant) may appeal to the Assistant Administrator or designee: 1 The grant, denial, conditioning, amendment, suspension or revocation by the Director or designee of a National Marine Sanctuary or Special Use permit; 2) The conditioning, amendment, suspension or revocation of a certification under � 925.10; or 3) The objection to issuance or the imposition of terms and conditions under � 925.11. (b) An appeal under paragraph (a) of this � 925.12 must be in writing, state the action(s) by the Director or designee appealed and the reason(s) for the appeal, and be received within 30 days of receipt of notice of the action by the Director or designee. Appeals should be addressed to the Assistant B-152 Administrator, Office of ocean and Coastal Resource Management, ATTN: Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National ocean service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East-West Highway, Building 4, Silver Spring, MD 20910. (c) While the appeal is pending, appellants requesting certification pursuant to � 925.10 who are in compliance with such section may continue to conduct their activities without being in violation of the prohibitions in paragraphs (a) (2) through (8) of � 925.5 with regard to which they are requesting certification. All other appellants may not conduct their activities without being subject to the prohibitions in paragraphs (a) (1) through (9) of � 925.5. (d) The Assistant Administrator or designee may request the appellant to submit such information as the Assistant Administrator or designee deems necessary in order for him or her to decide the appeal. The information requested must be received by the Assistant Administrator or designee within 45 days of the postmark date of the request. The Assistant Administrator may seek the views of any other persons. The Assistant Administrator or designee may hold an informal hearing on the appeal. If the Assistant Administrator or designee determines that an informal hearing should be held, the Assistant Administrator or designee may designate an officer before whom the hearing shall be held. The hearing officer shall give notice in the -Federal Register of the time, place and subject matter of the hearing. The appellant B-153 and the Director or designee may appear personally or by counsel at the hearing and submit such material and present such arguments as deemed appropriate by the hearing officer. Within 60 days after the record for the hearing closes, the hearing officer shall recommend a decision in writing to the Assistant Administrator or designee. (e) The Assistant Administrator or designee shall decide the appeal using the same regulatory criteria as for the initial decision and shall base the appeal decision on the record before the Director or designee and any information submitted regarding the appeal, and, if a hearing has been held, on the record before the hearing officer and the hearing officer's recommended decision. The Assistant Administrator or designee shall notify the appellant of the final decision and the reason(s) therefore in writing. The Assistant Administrator or designee's decision shall constitute final agency action for the purposes of the Administrative Procedure Act. (f) Any time limit prescribed in or established under this � 925.12 other than the 30-day limit for filing an appeal may be extended by the Assistant Administrator, designee or hearing officer for good cause. B-154 ARvendix I To Part 925 - Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Boundary Coordinates. (Based on North American Datum of 1983). 2500 square nautical miles Point LATITUDE LONGITUDE 1 4700714511 12401110211 2 47*0714511 124*5811211 3 4703510511 12500010011 4 4704010511 12500414411 5 4705010111 12500514211 6 4705711311 12502911311 7 4800713311 12503812011 8 4801414611 12504015911 9 4802011211 12502215911 10 4802714911 12500610411 11 4802915911 12405911311 12 4803011911 12405014211 13 4802913811 12404314111 14 4802715011 12403811311 15 4802311711 12403811311 B-155 APPENDIX C: AN EVALUATION OF WESTERN WASHINGTON COASTAL MARINE AREAS AND ADJACENT & M S: SPECIAL REPORT I An Evaluation of Western Washington Coastal Marine Areas and Adjacent Lands: BRecial ReRort I C-2 I Special Report Information Pertinent to Site Selection for the Proposed Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuaty: An Evaluation of Western Washington Coastal Marine Areas and Adjacent Lands Strategic Assessment Branch National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment 6001 Executive Blvd., N/OMA31 Rockville, MD 20852 (301)443-8843 August, 1990 Material for use in preparation of Environmental Impact Statement Subject Page I. introdLolon am Generai Intoffnation A. Introduction ...................................................................... 1 B. Description of Study Region ........................................................ 1 C. Descriptions of Study Areas within Region ............................................. 1 D. Map 1 --Proposed Sanctuary Study Areas .............................................. 3 E. Map 2--Major Geographic Features ................................................... 4 F. Map 3-Estuarine Drainage Areas ........................................... : ........ 5 IL Larwd Use InId"ion A. Major Features .................................................................. 6 B. Figure 1. Land uses within counties adjacent to areas considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary ............................................................. 7 11. Fresh"er klWw A. Major Features .................................................................. 8 B. Figure 2. Average daily freshwater discharge into the study region ......................... 9 IV Polkition Discharges and Sources A. Major Features ............................................ 10 B. Figure 3. Pollution discharges for rivers flowing into areas under consideration for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary ............................................. 11 C. Figure 4. Volumes of pesticide used per year in West Coast states and on lands adjacent to areas considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary ....................... 11 D. Figure S. Total volumes of nitrogen discharged into waters considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary. (Expressed as a percentage of the U.S. West Coast total.) .............. 12 E. Figure 6. Total volumes of lead discharged into waters considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary. (Expressed as a percentage of the U.S. West Coast total.) ............. 12 F. Figure 7. Total volumes of all suspended solids discharged into waters considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary. (Expressed as a percentage of the U.S. West Coast total.) ................................................................. 13 V. Soclo-ecorKwinic Characteristics of Washington Counties Adjacent to the Proposed Sanctuary A. Major Features .................................................................. 14 B. Figure 8. Population changes by decade for counties adjacent to the areas considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary, the State of Washington, the U.S. West Coast, and the entire coastal USA ................................................ 15 C. Figure 9. Employment by job sector for counties adjacent to the areas under consideration for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary, the State of Washington, the U.S. West Coast, and the entire coastal USA ................................................ 16 D. Figure 10. Annual unemployment for counties adjacent to the areas under consideration for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary, the State of Washington, the U.S. West Coast. and the entire coastal USA .................... 16 E. Figure 11. Construction permits (all types) by region and year in counties adjacent to the areas under consideration for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary, the State of Washington, the U.S. West Coast, and the entire coastal USA (1985-1989) .......................... 17 F. Figure 12. Average county real estate values for counties adjacent to the areas under consideration for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary, the Stale of Washington, the U.S. West Coast, and the entire coastal USA ............................................ 17 G. Figure 13a and b. Number of public recreational facilities and acreage by government level for counties adjacent to areas considered- for the coastal WashiVon marine sanctuary and for the entire State of Washington ................................................. 18 H. Table 1. Estimades of values and volumes of commercial harvests in areas considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary .............................................. 19 1. Table 2. Estimates of values and volumes of commercial harvests in waters of the State of Washingon .................................................................. 19 su*d Page VI Infonnation on F&rlne Invertebrates A. Major Features ................................................... 20 B. Table3. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distribution of se@lected .......... invertebrate species occurring off Washington ....................................... 21 C. Table 4. Comparative significance of study areas based on the relative abundance and importance of selected invertebrate species occurring off Washington .................... 22 D. Figure 14. Percent of annual U.S. West Coast oyster harvests and total U.S. oyster harvests occurring in Willapa Bay ......................................................... 23 E. Information on razor clams off Washington ............................................. 24 VII Infonnation on Marine Fishes A. Major Features ................................................................... 25 B. Table 5. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distribution of selected fish species occurring off Washington ................................................. 26 C. Table 6 Comparative significance of study areas based on the relative abundance and importance of selected fish species occurring off Washington ........................... 27 Vill Inforrnation on Nkdne Bift A. Major Features ............... 28 B. Table 7. Estimates of seabird popu ions in areas considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary .............................................................. 29 C. Table 8. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distribution of selected marine bird species occurring off Washington ........................................ 30 D. Figure 15. Percentages of contiguous U.S. West Coast seabird populations present in areas considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary .......................... 31 D( Inforrnation on Marine MwwWs A. Major Features ................................................. ................. 32 B. Table 9. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distribution of selected marine mammal species occurring off Washington .......................................... 33 Appendkm of Background Inforination Appendix A. Land Use Information Table A. I -Land uses by coastal counties and USGS Cataloging Units adjacent to areas considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary .................................. 34 Appendix B. Freshwater Flow Information Information on freshwater inputs into areas considered for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary ................................................................. 35 Table B.1 -Information on freshwater flow of rivers in lands adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary ...................................... 36 Appendix C. Pollution of Coastal Waters Information Agricultural pesticide use in lands adjacent to areas considered for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary ..................................................... 37 Table CA -Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and source category (circa 1994). Flow and Biochemical Oxygen Demand .......................................................................... 38 Table CA -Summary ... (circa 1984): Total Suspended Solids and Nitrogen ....................... 39 Table CA -Summary ... (circa 1984): Phosphorus and Arsenic ................................. 40 Table C.1-Summary...(circa 1984): Cadmium and Chromium .................................. 41 Table C. I -Summary ... (circa 1984): Lead and Mercury ....................................... 42 Table C. 1 -Summary ... (circa 1984). Oil and Grease ......................................... 43 Table C.2--Major point source dischargers into counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary (circa 1984) ................................ 44 Table C.3-Description of pollutant outputs by major point sources discharging into counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary (circa 1984) ..... 45 Table C.4-Numbers of direct discharging point sources within counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and source category. (circa 1984) ......................................................... 46 SubjW Page Appendix D. Socio-economic Information Table D-1--Socio-eoonomic information for coastal counties associated with the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA: demographics ........ 47 Table D.2-Socio-economic information for coastal counties associated with the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA: employment and farming information ............................................................. 48 Table. D.3-Socio-oocnomic information for coastal counties associated with the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA: single unit housing construction permits and levels of occupancy .................................... 49 Appendix E Living Madne Resources Information Methodology for the Comparative Significance of Study Areas analyses ........................ so Table E. 1 -Estimated volumes (pounds) landed for commercial harvests from along Washington's outer coast and from all Washington waters, 1987 and 1988 ..................... 52 Table E.2--Estimated values (dollars) for commercial landings from harvests along Washington's outer coast and from all Washington waters, 1987 and 1988 ................................ 54 REFERENCES 56 CONTENTS & GENERAL MAP I Introduction and General Inif ormation A national marine sanctuary for the outer coast of the State of Washington has been mandated by the U.S. Congress. To identify the best possible site(s) for this sanctuary, an extensive region along Washington's coast was studied. The following is a presentation of material used to examine that region. Included in this presentation are: -A general description of the study region; -Maps of pertinent information; -An analysis of living marine resources that occur and are utilized off Washington; and -Additional information describing various features of coastal lands adjacent to the study region (e.g., land uses, pollution discharges, demographics, etc.). Information pertinent to areas under consideration for marine sanctuary status are arranged in sections. Within each section are associated figures and tables, and a "major features" page which summarizes notable material. Support material for findings presented in each section are listed in accompanying data appendices. In combination, these material provide a compre- hensive examination of the outer coast of Washington and its resources. Description of the Study Region The study region is a nearly 6,000 sq s mi (square statute mile) area of the Pacific Northwest. It extends from the USA-Canada boundary at the mouth of the Strait of Juan De Fuca southward to the Washington shoreline at Koitlah Point, and from there along the shoreline to Cape Dis- appointment at the mouth of the Columbia River (Map 2). From Cape Disappointment, the region's boundary extends seaward to the continental shelf edge (100 fathom isobath) and then northward along the shelf edge to the Juan De Fuca Canyon (not indicated) and the USA- Canada boundary. Included in the study region are canyons off the southern and central portions of the coast, and a deep-water area known as 'the plain" at the head of Juan De Fuca Canyon. The study region stops at the mean low water line and at strearn/dver mouths along the coast of Native American Tribal lands, but extends landward to the mean high tide line and upstream to the limit of tidal influence along the remaining coast. Area Descriptions. The study -region was divided into seven areas to comparatively examine information for various segments of the marine region (Map 1), and note important sanctuary- related characteristics for each area. Study Area Area Description 1 An area at the head of the Juan De Fuca Canyon, including "the plain" and a small coastal area from Cape Flattery to Koitlah Point. It is bounded on the north by the USA-Canada marine boundary; on the east by a line extending from the USA- Canada line down to Koitlah Point; on the south from Cape Flattery to a point 3 n mi (nautical miles) offshore and then southwestward along the 100 fm isobath to the edge of the Juan De Fuca Canyon (about 35 n rN off shore); and on the west by a line extending northwestward to the USA-Canada boundary, approximately 40 n mi off Cape Flattery. Its surface area is roughly 1,000 sq s mi. 2 An off shore, deep water area that extends from 3 n rN off Cape Flattery south- ward along the 50 fm isobath to a line exterKfing seaward from the southern boundary of the Copalis National Wildlife Refuge at the mouth of the Copalis River (not shown, but at Lat. 47* OT N), seaward along the fine to the 100 f m isobath, and northward along the 100 fm curve to about 3 n mi off Cape Flattery. Also included is a portion of the canyon off the Quinault River. The surface area of this study area is about 1,050 sq s mi. Area Area Description 3 The northern intermediate depth area shoreward of Area 2, extending Out from 3 n mi off the coast out to the 50 fm isobath from off Cape Flattery south to the line extending seaward from the Copalis River mouth. it has a surface area of about 890 sq s rTii. 4 An inshore area extending along the coast from Cape Flattery south to the south- ern boundary of the Copalis National Wildlife Refuge, and offshore to 3 n. mi. Most waters in this area are shallower than 20 fm, and the study area's surface area is about 521 sq s mi. Clallarn County, Jefferson County, and a portion of Grays Harbor County are found shoreward of this study area, and rivers and streams which drain into this study area occur within the USGS (US Geological Survey) Estuarine Cataloging Units 17100101 and 102 (Map 3). 5 An off shore area between the 50 fm and 100 fm isobaths from the southern bor- der of Area 2 southward to a line extending seaward from Cape Disappointment. This study area also includes a portion of the Grays Harbor Canyon and has a total surface area of nearly 1, 100 sq s mi. 6 The southern intermediate depth study area between the 50 fm isobath and a line 3 n mi off the coast, from the southern boundary of Area 3 to the line extending seaward from Cape Disappointment. It has a total surface area of about 915 sq s mi. 7 The southern coastal area extending landward from 3 n mi off shore between the southern boundary of Area 4 and Cape Disappointment. This study area includes the significant estuaries of Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay and has a total surface area of about 400 sq s mi. Rivers and streams which drain into this study area occur within the USGS Estuarine Cataloging Units 17100104, 105, and 106 (Grays Harbor and Wilapa Bay Estuarine Drainage Areas on Map 3). Map I.Proposed Sanctuary Areas 125 001W 1240 OOV AREA 1 .......... . HALLAM COUNTY: 100 fathoms 48 OOIN ..... 1; 48 %J%j N AREA 2 . . ......... .. AREA 3 AKL MUNTY 500 fathoms 50 fatho 20 fathoms .... ...... ... ........ CRAYS HAR@6k CrUP,- Y: i 47000' 47000'N ...................................... ii 5 0 fa Ums ARE N EA 6 A Rt AREA 7 100 fathoms 500 fathoms J, AG FIC CO ns N 1250001W 124000, Map 2. Major Geographic Features 125'000'W Koitiah Point. 124600 1w ... ..... CANADA ......... .............. AREA I UNITED STATES OMAte Lake 8000'N W000'N ute Quilla RivWiliiiii@i-.@, AREA 2 La Push Hoh Ri er .............. WASHINGTON A E 3 free a rw a r Kiver KLA 4 Y Qu Ra River Quinault River:::: Oce an City 47000'N Aberd 47000 'N ...................................... I bar Wor oint Cheh alis ARE 5 AREA 7 ........ . @ BIG Pff 7.4 ........... Cape Dis@p ment -point Columbia River 125000V 124000'W Map 3. Estuarine Drainage Areas 1250 00,w 124"00'W AREA I QzeLte Lake ............. ............ 480001% ............. 8 OO'N Quillayute River::::: AREA 2 CATALOGING UNIT 17100101 Hoh River .......... AREA 3 ARLO %4 Clearwater River %%%rCMtOGING UNIT 17100102 --- -------- Queets River Raft Riv!f@,:,^ Quinault River* N . . . . . . . . J, GRAY'S HARBOR EDA ........... ............................. 47000 'N ......... ....................... . 7"OO'N Warbar M. . . . . . . . . . . . ARE 5 . . . . . . . . . . . AREA 6 N VILLAPA BAY EDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Willape V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kREA 7 . . . A lo . . . . . RIVER ED FCOLUMBIA ;glow Columbia River 125 001W 1240001W Sk 5- LAND USE 11 Land use � Lands adjacent to the study region are undeveloped, although logging is significant. � Nearly all adjacent land is forested (94%). (See Figure 1.) � Of the non-forested area, most is utilized for urban purposes, agriculture, and wetlands (each comprises about 2% of the total area in coastal counties). 100 80 Ca 5D bU - Ca -J -6 1 15 0) 40- 2 a) (L 20- 0 Urban Agricultural Range Forest Wetlands Type of Land Use Figure 1. Land use for counties adjacent to the area under consideration for the Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary. Source: Strategic AssessmGnt Branch. 1986. West Coast land Use Data for NCPDI Counties [data base). Rockville, MD: Office of Oceanography and Marine AssessementINOAA. FRESHWATER INFLOW III Freshwater Inflow � When compared to other regions of the contiguous West Coast, freshwater flow from lands adjacent to the study region is relatively small. � The Chehalis River, which discharges into Grays Harbor, has the largest flow of, any riveremptying into the study region, but its long term average flow is only about 2.5% of that for the Columbia River (Figure 2). (Measured upstream from a major Columbia River tributary, the Willamette River). � Despite low overall amounts of freshwater flowing into the study region, volumes per square mile of drainage basin are high. High volumes per unit area result from small drainage basins with high rainfall and steep terrain. � An example of high freshwater yield per unit area is the Quinault River which empties into Study Area 4. It ranks first in water yield (110.77 cfs per sq mi) for the 47 West Coast rivers that have been inventoried by NOAA. In contrast, the Columbia River ranks 40th (0.80 cfs per sq mi). Flows and yields for several rivers discharging into the study region are presented in Appendix B, Table B.1; "cfs" is cubic feed per second. Study Area 4 Sooes River Ozene River Dickey River Soleduck River Bogachiel Ri r V:r Hoh R:v Queets River Raft River Quinault River Moclips River Study Area 7 Humptulips River Wynoochee River Chehalis River North River Smith Creek Willapa River North Nemah River Naselle River S. Fork, Naselle River Salmon Creek Columbia River (1) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 150000 2001 Average daily flow (cubic feet/second) (1) Information for Columbia River included for comparison purposes. Figure 2. Freshwater discharges into study region waters. Source: Personal communication with Steve Rohmann. Strategic Assessment Branch, OMA/NOAA. POLLUTION DISCHARGES AT Pollution Discharges and Sources - Because of the undeveloped nature of land adjacent to areas under consideration for marine sanctuary, the entire study region is relatively unspoiled . - Pollution from traditional sources (i.e., wastewater treatment plants, industry and urban runoff, etc.) is low (Figure 3). - There are no major industrial polluters within Area 4, and only seven in Area 7. (See Table C.2 in Appendix C.). - An exception to low pollution throughout the study region is the discharge from two pulp and paper mills in Area 7. - Pesticide use along coastal Washington is very low relative to other areas of the West Coast (Figure 4). - Summaries of pollution discharges for total volumes of nitrogen, lead, And all suspended solids combined indicate that with the exception of suspended solids discharged by paper mills, the greatest source of pollutants into study region waters is from backgroud material in natural forest runoff (Figures 5-7). Information forthese pollutants and seven others are presented in Table C-1 of Appendix C - Note: the above information relates to data from the early 1980s. More recently, there are indications that. logging activity may have expanded considerably. Increases in logging of these lands would substantially increase many pollutant discharges, especially from clear cutting along river banks and estuary shorelines. 30 - 00' 4- --7 20. U. 10. 0- Ilk 0" ... ..... . ... Sewage Industial Urban cropland Forest Pasture and Treaument DWdmvW Runoff Runoff Runoff P"VGWW Plants Runoff Source Figure 3. Pollution discl@arges by source (as percen" of U.S. West COM ictals) in counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the Coastal Wast*Vwn Madne San=ary. Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD. 3,000,000- 2,750.000- 2,500,000. 2250,OW V 0 2,OW,OW .00 1.750,000. I'SOO.000- CL 1250,000 1.000.000. 7W.(= 600.000 250.000 0 . . . AM Caliliornia Oregain Washington A4werit 0 Sk* PAgion Region Figure 4. Pes#dde we per year In West Coast Ams ancl w lands a ,iitiw f7 1 0 OL adjacerrt to areas under consideradon for the Coastal WasI*VW Marine Sanchiary. Source: Strategic Assessment Brandi, NOAA. 1984: The National Coastal PolkftM Discharge Inventory, Rodwifle, MD. is 00 to. 5 11P 0 Wastewater Direct Urban Cropland Forest Pasture and Treaftent Urban Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Piants Discharge Runoff Pollutant Source Figure 5. Total nitrogen discharged into counties adlaoent to areas under consideration for the Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary by source (as a percentage of the U.S. West Coast). Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD. 10., a- 6- 4- /-7 2 0 7 WasftwaW Direct Urban cropiam Fored Pas"O and Trealrnent ;n@ Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Plants Diischarg" Runoff Powtant Souroe EEL- Figure 6. Total lead dischorged k1o countes adjacent to areas LNWW conskWation llor the Coastal Washilingm Marine Sanctuary, by source (as a powerdage of U.S. West Coast dscharges). Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD. I V 20 f77 10- 0 V5 0 2 0-1. Wastewater Direct Urban Cropland Forest Pasture an@ Treatment Industrial Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Plants Discharge Runoff Pollution Source Figure 7. Total volume of all suspended solids discharged into counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary by source (expressed as a percentage of the U.S. West Coast total). Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE V Socio-Econornic Coastal Characteristics � The human population within coastal areas adjacent to the sanctuary study region is low, slowly growing, and is projected to remain so (Figure 8). � Most people in the studyareaare employed in manufacturing, whereas in all othercoastal counties in the USA, most employment is in services (Figure 9). This is primarily the result of pulp and paper manufacturing and commercial fishing in the study region. � Unemployment is high relative to most other areas in the Nation (Figure 10). This reflects seasonal employment associated with fishing, timber, and tourism. � New construction in the area is low (Figure 11). � Although similarto most other areas in Washington (Figure 12), property values'for lands adjacent to the sanctuary study region are much lower than property values for other regions of the Coastal USA. � Large tracts of land are publicly owned (e.g., 74% of Clallam and Jefferson counties). � Counties adjacent tot he study region contain only 10% of the total number of public recreation areas in the state of Washington, but these represent nearly 70% of statewide publicly owned acreage (Figure 13). � There is a large tourist industry in the study area. For example, the Olympic National Park alone generates $560 million annually. � The fishing industry is extremely important in the study region. Nearly two-thirds of the poundage and 37% of the value for Washington's commercial fisheries come from harvests within the sanctuary study region (Tables 1 and 2). (These statistics are for 1987 and 1988, and do not reflect landings from off other states and British Columbia. Detailed catch statistics are presented in Appendix E.) 14 650,000 0 Counties Adjacent 600,000 to Study Area Washington 550,000 West Coast Entire Coastal 500,000 USA 0 450,000 Ca CL 0 (L > 400,000 53 8 350,000 (0 C 300,000 Cz 0 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Decade Figure 8. Population change for counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary, the State of Washington, the U.S. West Coast, and the entire coastal USA. Source: Culliton, et al. 1990: so Years of PopuLation Change A" the Nation's Coasts. 1960-2010. Strategic Assessment Branch, Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessments, Ocean Assessment Division, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminsitration, Rockville, MD. 100 - - 90 - - 80 - - co 70 - - Svi. C 60 - - Fire (Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate) (L 50 - - Retail E C 0 40 - - Manufacturing 30 - - 20 - - 10 -- 0- Counties Adjacent Washington West Coast Coastal LISA to Study Area Region Figure 9. Employment by job sector for the counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary, the State of Washington, the U.S. West Coast, and the entire coastal USA. Source: Culliton, et al. 1990: 50 Years of Population Change Along the Nation's Coasts, 1960-2010. Strategic Assessment Branch, Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessments, Ocean Assessment Division, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminsitration, Rockville, MD. 12 0' 10. 100 8- 0 > 2 6- 0 LL coo E 4. a. 2- Count" Adjacent Al Washinglon West Coast Entire Coastal USA to Study Region Coastal Counties Region Figure 10. Annual unemployment for the counties adjacent ID tw areas under considwabon for this Coastal Wwaiiington Marine Sanctuary. Washinglit: coastal counties, the U.S. West Coast and the entire oDast3l USA. Sources: Bureau of dw Census. 1980. Counly and City Date Book 19S8. U.S. Dept of Commerce. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GvL Printing Office. 797 pp. + Appendicies. Bureau of the Census, 1990. Buildino Permit Data Offering information Package [data base]. Prepared by the Constructior E CoUndeeAdJaCOnt WqStC 2.400-- to Study Area Ogg 0 washingion Endre CoestaJ Z200 - - USA 2,000-- 1,800-- 1.600-- c 1.400-- 1.2DO" - 1.000- 0 I Soo- E z 600-- z 4V 200-- 0 1985 1986 1987 19" 1989 Year Figure 11. Construction permits (aJI types) by region and year, 1985-1989, in the counties adiaoant to areas under consideration for the Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary, the State of Washington, the U.S. West Coast and the entire coastal USA. Source: Culliton, 6t al. 1990: 50 Years of Population Change Along the Nation's Coasts, 1960-2010. Strategic Assessment Branch, Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessments, Ocean Assessment Division, National Ocean Servioe, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminsitration, Rockville, MD. 5,000,000 4,000,000. 3.000.ODO C 2,000.000. 1.000.000 0 Courd" AdjamM AN Wad*KW Wsdco" adbeCouWUSA to Study PAgion ComW Coundw Region Figure 12. Average county real esaa value for the courities adjacent to areas under oonsideradon for the Cont6l Washington Marim Sairictuary. the StM of Washingion, the U.S. West CoasL and the entre coastal LISA Sources: Bureau of this Census. 1980. Counly and City Date Book 1988. U.S. Dept of Commeme. WashkVton, D.C.: U.S. GvL Printing Office. 797 pp. + Appendicies. Bureau of the Census. 1990. EMkfing Permit Data Oflering Information PadWe (data base]. Prepared by the Construction Statisfm Division, Building Permits Branch. Washngton, D.C. U.S. Department of Com"wroe. Slater Hall Information Products, Inc. 1988. Populadons Stadidds [data base]. Washington, D.C.: Slater Hall Information 1560-oo 1200. EEIIw 100- Local State L' L'A Federal lk 75 LL -6 E 3 50- z 0 251 G 0 5'= CO 'a AA E E 44 0 Ckdlarn and Grays Harbor and Washington Jefferson Counties Pacific Counties 0 Area Figure 13a. Number of public recreational facilities aciacent to -90 considered for the Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary, and the entire state of Washington. a) m E 0 2.000,000 z Liocal Stat. Federal U) 1.500.'000 CD a 0 0 CO z ............ 1,000.000 'A 500,000 U C2 CL cc 50.000 C . . . . . .... ....... 0. . .... . .... >C 10 Area cc FV" 13b. Acreage of public Iscillties 04awt to c for as the Conowl Wasl k4 on k4wons Swckwy. and lor Ow artirs dole d Waw*VkWL Table 1. Estimates of values and volumes for commercial harvests in the state of Washington (1) (2). Species Landed value Pounds landed Sockeye salmon $ 20,593, 593 8,620,521 Coho salmon 18,655,221 10,485.109 Chum salmon 18,361,898 15,973,980 Chinook salmon 16,586,065 8,454,675 Dungeness crab 13,593,309 11,600,271 Pacific oyster ** 10,991,082 8,606,887 Ocean pink shrimp 6,176,103 13,459,058 Sea urchins 5,749,167 6,224,967 Sablefish 4,447,218 6,127,331 Geoduck 2,948,037 4,535,442 Manila clam 2,926,049 3,506,203 Pacific cod 1,903,630 6,439,232 Widow rockfish 1,880,523 6,146,421 Yellowtail rocklish 1,291,100 4,306,187 Rockfish spp. 1,102,119 4,735.237 Others 13,053,223 4,691,591 Total $140,258,337 123,913,112 Ibs. Table 2. Estimates of values and volumes for commercial harvests in areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary (1). Species Landed value Poundslanded Dungeness crab $ 11,407,311 9,771,405 Pacific oyster ** 7,551,846 5,930,458 Ocean pink shrimp 7,208,086 13,460,058 Chinook salmon 5,052,149 2,593,888 Sablefish 4,407,200 6,119,654 Coho salmon 3,039,474 1,547,717 Chum salmon- 1,927,083 1,681,745 Widow rockfish 1,880,523 6,146,421 Pacific cod 1.172,195 4,022,983 Albacore 1,090,613 1,320.249 Dover sole 956,236 3,745,539 Petrale sole 686,334 918,160 Lingcod * 636,334 1,898,565 Arrowtooth f lou nder 498.242 3,492,503 Others 4,676,854 19,942,02S Total $ 52,190.480 82,591,370 lbs. (1) Average of 1987 and 1988. (2) Washington landings from other state's waters and from off British Columbia are excluded. Estuarine Associated Species (i.e., uses estuaries during one or more life stages) Estuarine Dependent Species (i.e., rdquires estuaries during one or more life stages) Sources: NMFS. 1989. State of Washington volumes and values for fish and shellfish landed In the state of Washington during 1988 [computer printout]. Seattle, WA. NMFS. 1990. State of Washington volumes and values for fish and shellfish lancW in the state of Washington du ring 1989 [computer printout). Seattle, WA. PacFIN. 1989. PFMC source report #002: Commercial groundfish landed catch (rnt) for 1981-88. all areas. Seattle, WA. WDF. 1989. Commercial catches for fish and shellfish species by statistical subarea and month for the state of Washington, 1987 and 1988 [computer printout]. Olympia. WA. INVERTEBRATES VI Information on Marine Invertebrates � Both the comparative significance analysis of species distributions (Table 3) and the distributions analysis weighted by species abundance (Table 4) reveal that the inshore Areas 4 and 7 are the most important areas in the study region. � Areas 4 and 7 contain beaches where the majodty of the entire U.S. West Coast recreational harvests of razor clams are taken. An average of over 7.5 million razor clams were taken by nearly 1 million recreational clam diggers during 1960s and 1970s. More recently, razor clam populations have been reduced in size in Washington (due to disease); however, harvests from Washington beaches still account for about 70% of contiguous West Coast recreational catches (e.g., 6.2 million clams of aithe 8.7 million clams total for 1988 and 1989, combined). � Areas 4 and 7 include Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay where harvests of Pacific oysters can account for over half of all oysters harvested along the entire U.S. West Coast. Harvests in these estuaries sometimes represent nearly one-fifth of nation wide harvests (Figure 14). � More than three-quarters of the state's Dungeness crab catch is taken in Areas 4 and 7 and the shallow, shoreward portions of Areas 3 and 6. � Pacific oyster, Dungeness crab, and ocean pink shrimp landings from areas under consideration for sanctuary status had combined landed values in 1987-88 of over $25 million (about 85% of statewide totals for harvests of these species off Washington). � In addition to the significance of oyster harvests, landings for other shellfish in the study region represent: 32% of all contiguous US West Coast commercial crab harvests (1985-88 data); About 25% of all shrimp harvests (1985-88 data); and Note: Also see Tables 1 and 2 (Commercial landings and values ... ) in Section V, Socio-economic Coastal Charactedstics. Table 3. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distributions of selected invertebrate species occurring off Washington. INVERTEBRATES Area Area Area Area Area Area Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Weathervane Scallop 0 0 .. . ........ ic Oyster 11 ....... Xp:' ... ... ..... Pacific Geoduck .......... .... .. Fat ...... Affii:i:i *in . ..... ..... ............. . ...... ... .... ... Pacific Gaper ........ .... Ic Razor XX-'.-.X::' ..................... .. .... ....... ............... Pacific Littleneck ............... ... . ....... K .......... .. ......... . ...... . . . ... Pinto Abalone 0 0 0 . .. ..... ...... . ......... ..... CPUs ...... .................. ... .... ....... ... . ... .. . ..... ..... . ........ . . ..... ..... Market Squid 0 0 0 0 ........... - XT . ......... ........... . ..... ..... ... Rod ..... ..... ............ ... ... .... ...... Northern Pink Shrimp 0 0 0 0 . .. . ............... . . . ........ . .......... ... .... .... . . . ..... O@n Pink Shri n Sidestripe Shrimp 0 0 0 0 .. . ......... ........... ..... ..... .. ....... . . ...... .. ............ .............. ........... C66nMripe Sh ... .. ... ..... Spot Shrimp 0 0 0 .................. ...... . .............. . ..... ..... ......... .. ... . ..... ...... ............................... .... . ........ ............. ........... ....... 4@1 .. ... ..... ............. .............. ........ . BWk r .............. ................... Dungeness Crab _J/ X @k Legend: J/ Commercially Important in Study Region. 0 Not Significant 1 & Recreationally Important in Study Region. -3/ A summary of point values (i.e. significance) Significant= 2 associated with all species within an area. Very Significant 3 Source: Strategic Assessment Branch. West Coast North America (Significance relative to species distribution Coastal Zones Strategic Assessment., Data Atlas, Invertebrate and along the contiguous U.S. West Coast) Fish Pro-publication Volume. Rockville, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Table 4. Comparative significance of study areas based on the relative abundance and importance of selected invertebrate species occurring off Washington. INVERTEBRATES Density Area Area Area Area Area Area Area Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ank we" 40wil .4 . ........ ......... ....... Pacific Oyster 10 10 20 . ...... .. ............... ............ .... P 2.... ... ......... .. ........ .......... Fat Gaper 3 3 9 9 X, . .... ...... . ........ . ......... . .. ... ..... ...... P-001 ... ....... ............- ........ .......... 'Ga .. ........ .......... ... Pacific Razor 5 5 10 10 ......... . ..... ... .......... .. ..... ...... . . . . .. ...................... . ..... ............... ............ X.... ........ ... ....... ........ ............ ........... ........ .......... .............. .............. ..... ... .... ... ... Manila Clam 3 3 6 ............I....... .............. .. .................... .... ....... ....... ....... .......... ...... .... J oft: ............ .......... ... ... .... .. .. ...... ..... .. . ..... ........ .... Flat Abalone 2 .......... .... . ........ .. .......... ........... ...... .. .. ........... .... ........... .... .................... Market Squid 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ........... .. . ........... .......... .. .. .... . .... Northern Pink Shrimp 1 1 ......... . X: 10:: :::::::20:+ Sidestripe Shrimp 2 6 2 2 2 2 ... .......... nPe . .... ....... ...... -.v ....... . Spot Shrimp 2 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 .. ....... .................... ...... .. ... ..... .. ................ ............. .. ...... ...... ............. . ... ....... .......... . . ............... Dungeness Crab 10 10 20 30 20 20 30 20 ......... ...... .......... ffi@ ... ...... . . . . ... ....... X " ' ' " " i" , .. . ....... ... ---- --- --- --- - W S.8 $ki:: j:j -0 "'%;'V'@ ... ........ .. ....... .... .. SWIM- ...... %Rs- ........ . ...... I Legend: Source: Strategic Assessment Branch (SAB) Density Index: Defined as the relative density or analysis of the State of Washington commercial and abundance of the species, based on commerci@l and recreational catch statistics in relation to species recreational harvests. Rated 1 - 10, with I - rare, and 10 - distribution maps in the NOAA West Coast of North highly abundant. America, Coastal and Ocean Zones Strategic Key for Areas 1 - 7 Assessment Data Atlas, Invertebrate and Fish pre- @11 - 30 - Very Significant. Species has broad areal publication volume. NOAA, SAB, Rockville, MD. coverage of the analysis area, and/or is abundant. 11 - 20 - Significant. Species has some areal coverage, arKYor is present in some abundance. 0 - 10 - Not Significant. Species is either present or only occasionally occurs there; low, 6 any, abundance. Percent West Coast and US Oyster Harvest from Willapa Bay 60- Permt of Weg coast Pement of US so- 40. 30- 20- 10- 0 1970 1 980 1 ;90 Year Figure 14. Percent of annual U.S. West Coast oyster harvests and nationwide harvests occurring in Willapa Bay. Source: Leonard, D. L and D. A. Slaughter. 1990. The quality of shelffish growing waters on the Wow Coast of the United States. NOAAISAB, Rockville, MO. NMFS. 1898. State of Washington volumes and values for fish and shellfish landed in the state of Washington during 1988. NMFS/NW Region Headquarters, Seattle, WA. WDF 1989. Commercial catches for fish and shellfish species by statistical subarea and month for the state of Washington, 1987 and 1988. WDF, Olympia. WA. Razor clams and the outer coast of Washington The clam industry in Washington produces about 95% of U.S. West Coast landings. Although it now accounts for only a small fraction of harvest volumes nationwide, Washington was the leader of clam harvests for many years primarily because of its innovations in canning. Clams have always been a part of Washington culture, especially such species as the Pacific geoduck (or geoduc) and the razor clam. Harvests of the former comprise a significant portion of current commerical harvests, and the latter is the paramount recreational bivalve for the west coast of North America. Razor clams are found primarily on open coast, sandy beaches of Study Area 7; many occur on Area 4 beaches also. This species normally occurs from low intertidal waters out to about depths of about 30 feet, and mostly from the low tide line to depths of less than 10 feet. Since the 1960s, most razor clams have been taken by recreational diggers. During 1969-1974, annual recreational harvests for the contiguous West Coast averaged about 9.5 million clams; about -80% came from Washington beaches, Recreational harvests in Washington ranged between 7 million and 15 million clams at that time, but pathogen infestations and other natural calamities during the early 1980s severely decimated razor clam populations along Washington's coast. Since that time, populations have recovered somewhat and recreational digging has resumed. During 1988-89, about 3 million razor clams were annually taken by recreational diggers along Washington's coast; this amount represents over 70% of (contiguous) coastwide U.S. sport harvests. Although extensive earlier this century, commercial harvests of razor clams now are minor in Washington. Annual harvests peaked at 3.2 million pounds of meats in 1915 and still averaged about 2 million pounds during the 1930s, but harvests substantially declined thereafter. By the 1970s, commercial harvests annually averaged less than 270,000 pounds; this reduced volume reflected natural and human-caused population declines, as well as ever-increasing recreational harvests. Harvests dropped to only a few thousand pounds annually by the early 1980s due to a variety of problems: El Nino-related temperature changes, the Mt. St. Helen eruption, and diseases. The resurgence of coastal Washington razor clam populations during the latter 1980s did not signal the return of notable commercial harvests; recreational harvests now dominate human use. Sources: Schink, T. J. K. A. McGraw, and K. K. Chew. 1983. Pacific coast clam fisheries. Washington State Sea Grant Technical Rep. 83-1. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA. 72 pp. Leonard, 0. L and D. A. Slaughter. 1990. Quality of shellf ish growing waters on the West Coast of the United States. NOAA, Nati. Ocean Serv., Strategic Assessments Branch. 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. 52 pp. Washington Department of Fisheries. 1983. 1982 Fisheries Statistical Report for the State of Washington. Compiled and edited by W. D. Ward and L. J. Hoines. Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia, WA. 77 pp. Washington Department of Fisheries. 1987. 1986 Fisheries Statistical Report for the State of Washington. Compiled and edited, by W. D. Ward and L. J. Hoines. Wash. Dep. Fish., Olympia, WA. 89 pp. Personal communication from D. Simons, Wash. Dep. of Fisheries, Montasano, WA. Personal communication from T. Unk, Oregon Dep. of Fisheries and Wildlife, Astoda. OR. I FISH 4 1 VII Information on Marine Fishes Both the comparative significance analysis of species distributions (Table 5) and the analysis weighted by species abundance (Table 6) reveal that offshore and intermediate areas under sanctuary consideration (Areas 1,2,3,5, and 6) generally are more significant for marine fishes than inshore areas (Areas 4 and 7). Using commercial harvests as a means of assessing the significance of fish stocks within the proposed sanctuary region relative to other parts of the contiguous U.S. West Coast, the following is noted: --About 15% of all West Coat groundfish harvests come from the sanctuary study region (based on 1987-1988 data); and --Nearly 13% of all salmon harvests come from the region (1988-1990). When looking at commercial harvests, offshore Areas 1 and 5 were the most impor- tant. More than two-thirds of annual 1987-88 study region harvests came from these areas for the following species: -Pacific ocean perch -Lingcod -English sole -Dover sole -Pacific cod, and -Sablefish. � Area 5, alone, produced the majority of harvests of widow rockfish. � Although non-coastal areas scored highest in the comparative significance analyses, the importance of coastal waters for marine fishes is underscored by the associa- tion of many species with estuarine habitats: -Four of the top ten fishes commercially harvested along the outer coast of Washington are either estuarine-associated (Lia., they use estuaries during some time in their lives) or estuarine-dependent (i.e., they require estuaries to com- plete their life cycles). (Examples of estuarine associated/dependent species are chinook, coho, and chum salmon, and lingcod) (Table 2). -The top four recreational species (chinook and coho salmon, steelhead, and lingcod) for Washington all utilize estuaries, at least as juveniles. Note: Also see Tables 1. and 2. (Commercial landings and values ... ) in Section V, Socio-economic Coastal Characteristics. 19 Table 5. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distribution of selected fish species occurring off Washington. FISHES Area Area Area A rea Area Area Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Spiny Dogfish 1/ 0 0 Pacific Herring J/ 0 0 Pacific Sardine 0 0 0 0 0 Northern Anchovy Pink Salmon J/ ?.1 Chum Salmon I/ Zf Coho Salmon 1/ 2/ a/ Sockeye Safmon 21 Chinook Salmon J/ 21,IJ &eeffmd W 41 Pacific Cod L/ 4D go Walleye Pollock 0 0 Pacific Hake .1/ 0 0 0 0 Jack Mackerel Albacore Tuna 1/ 0 Chub Mackerel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swordfish 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Striped Bass 0 0 0 Pacific Bonito 0 0 0 0 0 California Halibut 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pacific Barracuda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yetlowtail 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pacific Cice an Perch 1/ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Widow Rockfish 11 49 0 0 0 0 0 Sablefish J/ 0 0 0 0 0 0 LDVOod I/ at 0 0 0 Pacific Halibut 1/ 2/ 0 0 0 Engfth So4e J.1 0 0 Flathead Sole 0 0 Petraf,a So4e It 0 0 Starry Flounder 1/ 0 0 0 Dover Sole 11 & 0 0 Arrowloolh Flounder IJ 0 ---------- .. . .... . A'I N,@ a palm T :i@.' :f "I Rl@ Legend: IL Commercially Important in Study Region. 2L Anadillomous Species. Presence in study area is limited to small 0 Not Significant - 1 out-migrating juveniles: larger, foraging juveniles: and nearly mature fish 0 Significant - 2 returning to rivers to spawn. 0 Very Significant - 3 X Peaeationally Important in Study Region. !k Anadromous Speaes. Unlike salmon. steelhead adults are also present. (Significance relative to species distribution 2 A summary of point values (i e. signaficance) associated with all species along the contiguous U S. West Coast) within an area. I I N b Source: Strategic Assessment Branch (SAB) analysis of State of Washington commerical and recreational catch statistics in relation to speices distnbtuion maps present in the NOAA West Coast Alorth America Coastal Zones Strategic Assessment: Oata Atlas, Invertebrate and Fish Pre-publication Volume NOAA SAB Rockville MD Table 6. Comparative significance of study areas based on the relative abundance and importance of selected fish species occurring off Washington. FISHES Density Area Area Area Area Area Area Area Index 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 Spiny Dogfish 5 is is is 10 1; is 10 Pacrfic Herring 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 Pacd1c Sardme I 1 1 1 1 1 Northern Anchovy 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Pink Salmon 7 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 Chum Salmon 7 14 14 14 14 'i 4. 14 14 Coho Salmon 10 30 20 20 30 2G 30 30 Sockeye Salmon 5 15 10 10 15 10 10 10 Chinook Salmon 10 30 20 30 30 20 30 30 Steelhead 8 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Pacific Cod 7 21 21 21 14 21 21 14 Walleye Pollock 4 12 12 12 a 12 12 8 Pacific Hake 8 is 16 16 a 16 16 a Jack Mackerel 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Albacore Tuna 2 15. Chub Mackerel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Striped Bass I I I Pacdic Bonito 1 1 1 1 California Halibut I 1 1 1 1 Pacific Barracuda 1 1 1 1 1 Yeffowtail I I 1 1 11 Pacific Ocean Perch 6 18 18 6 6 18 6 6 Widow Rockfish 9 18 27 27 Fi 27 27 18 Sablefish 8 24 24 8 8 24 8 8 Lirvgcod 10 30 30 30 " 1 30 1140 30 Pacific Halibut 4 12 12 12 4 12 1 12 4 Enghsh Sole 5 10 is 15 i is I is 5 Flathead Sole 2 6 6 6 2 6 1 6 2 Petrale Sole 2, 3 3 6 :a 3 .1 Starry Flounder 5 5 5 10 is 5 10 15 Dover Sole 6 118. is is a Is 18 6 Arrowtooth Flounder 5 10 15 15 5 15 15 5 g Aii 37 Am . . .... P Legend: Density Index: Defined as the relafive density or abundance of the species, based on commercial and recreational harvests. Rated I - 10, with I = rare, and 10 = highly abundant. Source: Stirat6gic Assassm3nt Branch (SAB) Key for Areas I - 7 analysis of the State of WaE;iiiigtun commercial 21 - 30 = Very Significant. Species has broad areal and recreational catch staii3tics in felation to coverage of the analysis area. anid/or is abundant. species disstribLr@;*.)@i maps in I:ic Wrsi Goast 11 - 20 = Significant. Species has some areal coverage, of North America, Coar-IEJ and Ocean Zones and/or is present in some abundance. Strategic Assessment: Da!a APas, :nver' @@brafe and 0 - 10 = Not Significant. Species is either present or only Fish Pro-PUblicaflon Volume, NOAA. SAB, Rod- occasionally occurs there. low. if anv. abundance. v-11e. MD . . 1)( BIRDS Vill Information on Marine Birds � Coastal Areas 4 and 7 standout from other areas under consideration for sanctuary status when distributions of marine birds are examined (Table 7). Examples follow. � Lands adjacent to Area 7 (around Grays Harbor) contain one of only two major concentrations of adult bald eagles along the contiguous U.S. West Coast. � Only two major colonies of rhinocerous auklet (>20,000 birds) occur within the contiguous U.S.A. One occurs along the coast of Area 4 and the other is found in the adjacent Strait of Juan De Fuca. � Only two large colonies of tufted puffins (>1,000 birds) occur within the contiguous U.S. One is found along the coast of Area 4. � Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay in Area 7 are final staging areas for shorebird migra- tions during early spring. The following relate to seabird colonies: � Seabird populations in Washington represent 12% of the contiguous U.S. West Coast total of 4.5 million birds (Table 8). � In toto, over 500,000 seabirds occur in nesting colonies within Washington. Nearly 70% of these occur along the outer coast; over 325,000 seabirds are found in Area 4 and about 45,500 are present in colonies in Area 7. � Nesting colonies along the outer coast of Washington (Figure 15) contain more than 50% of contiguous U.S. West Coast total populations for the following species: -Fork-tailed storm-petrel --Caspian tern --Cassin's auklet -Tufted puffin. Table 7. Estimates of seabird populations in areas considered for the coastal Washington marine sanctuary. Species Ufe Stage Estimates for Estimates by State Total for Contiguous West Coast Area 4 Area 7 Washington Oregon CaJifomia Fork-tailed Storm-petrel Adults 2,318 0 3,878 400 410 4.688 0coarxxilroma furcata Juveniles 1,391 0 2.327 240 246 2.813 Leach's Storrrv-petrel Adults 25.298 0 35.700 435.458 9.870 481,028 Oceanodroma loucorhoa Juveniles 15.179 0 21.420 261.275 5.922 288,617 Ashy Skirm-povel Adults 0 0 0 0 3,8M 3A54 0coanodroms homoctroa Juveniles -0 0 0 -0 2.2112 2,312 Brown Pelican Adults 0 0 0 0 2.690 2.690 Pelecanus occidenWis Juveniles 0 0 01 0 1.614 1,614 Double-crested Comwant Adults 1,276 916 3,296 3,9" s,204 12,464 Phalacrocor&K suviiYus Juveniles 2,552 1,632 6,592 7,928 10,408 24.928 Brandrs Cormorant Adults 458 96 554 22.730 59.9W 83,244 Phajacrocorax perycillatus Juveniles 1.053 221 1.274 52,279 1137.906 1191,461 Pelagic Cormorant Adults 2,398 240 4,866 10,999 lZ1100 27,965 Phalacrocorax pelagicus Juveniles 5,515 552 11,192 25.298 27,830 64,320 Black Oystercatcher Adults 194 0 334 358 358 1 -050 14aematopus bachmani Juveniles 213 0 367 394 394 1.155 Giaucouerwinged /Western Gull Adults 8,147 8228 39,441 16,51M 43,060 92,001 Larus glaucesconstarus Juveniles 13,850 13.988 67.050 10,600 78.753 156,402 occidentaks Caspian Torn Adults 0 7.918 7,918 0 1,480 9,398 Sterma caspia Juveniles 0 11.085 11.085 0 2.072 13.157 Least Tern Adults 0 0 0 0 2,472 2,472 Stoma anMrum Juveniles 0 0 0 0 2,719 2,719 Cornrnon Murre Adults 30,780 0 30,780 426,280 351.336 808.396 Uria aalge Juveniles 18,468 0 18.468 255.768 210.802 485,038 Pigeon Guillernot Adults 552 69 4270 4,9D6 13,886 23,152 copiphus Columba Juveniles 552 69 4,2170 4,996 13,8W 23,152 Cassirvs Auklet Adults 87,599 0 87.600 100 63.400 151.100 Prychoramphus aloutrcus Juveniles 52,559 0 52.560 60 38,040 90.660 Rhinoceros Auklet Adults 24,010 0 60.814 1,000 1,703 63.517 Conxhnca monocerala Juveniles 14.406 a 36.4158 600 1,022 38,110 Tufted Puffin Adults 18.051 0 23,342 5,031 266 28,639 Fratorcula cirrhata Juveniles 10,831 0 14.005 3,019 160 17.183 TOTAL - Adults 192,934 17.467 263,352 911,316 528.989 1,703,657 TOTAL - Juveniles 133,886 27,747 272.535 636,029 1,926.276 2.&U 839 TOTAL - Overall 326_8201 45214 1 535@887' 1,W,345 2.455.26S 4,5=106 Sources: Sowis. A. L., A. R. DeGange, J. W. Nelson, and G. S. Lester. 1980. Catalog of California seabird colonies. U.S. Fish and Wildil. Serv., Biol. Serv. Program. FWS/OBS 80/37. Massey, B. W. 1988. California least terin field study, 1988 breeding season. Cal. Dept. Fish and Game Contract FG 7660, Cal. State Univ., Long Beach. CA. Spoich, S. M. and T. R. Wahl. 19M. Catalog of Washington seabird colonies. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Seirv.. Biol. Rpt. 88(6). Carter, E. R.. D. L Jaques, C. S. Strong. G. J. McChesney. M. W. Parker, and J. E. Takekawa. In prop. Survey of seabird colonies in northern and central California. U.S.Fish and Wildl. Serv:, Dixon, CA. Strategic Assessment Branch. 1990. Cmas (Computer Mapping mid Analysis System) analysis of seabird colonies for the west coast of North America. NOAAISAB, Rockville, MD. Personal communications from R Lowe for Oregon information. Table 8. Comparative significance of study areas based on the distributions of selected marine bird species occurring off Washington. MARINE BIRDS Area Area Area Area Area Area Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PacKio Loon 0 0. Western & Clark's Grebes Northern Fuirnar I Sooty Shearwater.1/?./ Brown Pblicart ..0.:. ..0 0 0 0 Brandt's Comorant Brant Surf Scoter ?./ 03/ Sanderling, z/ Bald Eagle Fled Pbalarope, California Gull Western Gull 0 0 0. -.0 Glaucous-winged Gull 0 0 0 Black-Logged Kiffiwake _IV ID .0 Common & Thick Billed Murres _4/ 0 0 0 0 Ancient Murrelet 0 0'.. 0 .0 0 Cassin's Auklet 0 0 0 0 0 Rhkxmrot0A Tufted Puffin 40 49 Point Totais. AF.' 26 20 23 27. @6 0 Not Significant I (Signiticance relative to Source: Strategic Assessment Branch (SAB). West 0 Significant = 2 species distribution along Coast of North America Coastal and Ocean Zones the contiguous U.S. West Strategic Assessment: Data Atlas, Marine Birds 0 Very Significant 3 Coast.) Pre-publication Volume. NOAA. SAB, Rockville, MD. FOOTNOTES: 41 Mainly present during winter. I/ Pelagic seabird. 51 A summary of point values (i.e. significance) associated 2/ Uses Region as a non-breeding, wintering area. with all species within an area. 3/ Possible staging area for spring migrations. FORK-TAILED STOFtl-PETREL LEACH'S STORN-PETREL ASHY STORM-PETREL BROWN PEL I CAN DOUBLE-CRESTED CORVIORANT BRANT'S CORMIRANT PELAGIC CORIVRANT BLACK OYSTERCATCHER GLAUCOUS-WINGED/WESTERN L CASPIAN TERN LEAST TERN COII'VON MURRE P I GEON GU I LLENOT CASS I N'S AUKLET RHINOCEROS AUKLET TUFTED PUFF IN TOTAL 0 20 40 60 80 100 PERCENT Figure 15. Percentages of contiguous U.S. West Coast seabird populations present within coastal Washington areas under consideration for marine sanctuary status. Sources: Sowls, A. L., A. R. DeGange, J. W. Nelson, and G. S. Lester. 19M. Catalog of California seabird colonies. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. Program. FWS/OBS 80/37. Massey. 0. W. 1988. California least tam field study, 1988 breeding season. Cal. Dept. Fish and Game Contract FG 7660, Cal. State Univ., Long Beach, CA. Spoich, S. M. and T. R. Wahl. 1989. Catalog of Washington seabird colonies. U.S. Fish and Wildt. Serv., Biol. Rpt. 8%6). Carter, E. R., D. L Jaques. C. S. Strong, G. J. McChesney. M. W. Padw. and J. E. Takekawa. In prep. Survey of seabird colonles in rwdwwn and central California. U.S.Fish and Wild. Serv., Dixon, CA. Strategic Assessnwt Bmnch. 19W. Cmas (Computer Mapping and Analysis Syslem) analysis of seabird colonies for the west coast of North America. NOAAISAS, Rockville, MD. Personal communications from FL Lowe for Oregon information. MAMMALS IX Information on Marine Mammals � A comparative significance analysis of marine mammal distributions (Table 8) sug- gests that offshore areas under consideration for marine sanctuary status (Areas 1, 2, and 5) are more important for marine mammal distributions than other areas. � In general, most of the region under consideration for sanctuary status occurs within migration pathways for several species. � A major adult summer area for the endangered fin whale occurs along the continen- tal slope seaward of the study area. Table 9 Comparative significance of study areas based on the distributions of selected marine mammal species occurring off Washington. Area Area Area Area -Area Area Area MAMMALS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sea Otter 11 0 0 0 0 Northern Fur Seal Zi 0 Noftem Sea Lion 46 0, 0 California Sea Lion 40 0 0 Nbirthem Elephant Seat 0 40 40 0 Harbor Seal 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 KOW Whale 0 0 Northern Right Whale Dolphin 0 10 Pacific WK*@s@ Dolphin 0 0 Harbor Porpoise fy 0 0 0 0 0 Sperm Whale Zt 0 0 Cuvier's Beaked Whale 0 40 0 Baird's Beaked Whale 111111111 0 41 Stejneger's Beaked Whale 0 40 0 Hubb's Beaked VVhrde 0 0 40 Gray Whale at 0 0 0 0 Fdght Whale ZI Jy 0 0 41 4P Humpback Whale Z/ 40 0 40 0 40 Minke Whale Z/ JM 40 Fin Whale Z/ J.V 0 Bk* Whaley 0 0 Risso's Whale 0 0 DaWs Porpa@.*: 0 0 Striped Dolphn 0 0 4D PointTotak.1.1f. 32, 0 Not s;g.ircant -i (Significance relative to Souirce: Strategic Assessment Branch (SAB). West Coa4 t 0 Significant - 2 species distiribution along of Nord? America Coastal and Ocean Zones Strategic 0 Very Sig6ficant - 3 the contiguous U.S. West Assessment: Data Adas, Manna Mammals Pro-publicatib 7 C<)asL) Vo"ne.. NOAA, SAS, Rockville, MD. FOOTNOTES: 6/ Yew-round Adult concentrawns occur in Areas 6 and 7. I/ Mainly found in waters shallower than 20 m. 7/ Endangered. 2/ Concentration o(juveniles less than 3 years 8/ Areas important during seasonal migrations in Nov.- old arid some adult femailes ocicur oft the Washington June. Coast. 9/ Nearly extinct in north Pacific (-200 anotalls). 3/ No rookeries and only one mim haulcut area 10/ Feeding and migration arms oocw off Washinigion. occurs in Washiington waters. 11 / A major adult area occurs on this continental slope 4/ Only malft are found in Washington waters. seaward of the study region duininig Apc+SepL; additional St Area 7 contains two out of the eight major indlMdualls; migrate through area in SepL - OcL. rookeries located a" the U S West Coast. 121 A summary of point values (i a. significance) associated Apocox 10 000 harbor seals are found in Washington wth all speciesiffiNn an area APPENDIX A Table A. 1 --Land use by county and USGS Cataloging Unit in lands adjacent to waters considered for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary. Study Area County Lan use (in square rniles) Urban Agriculturi--- Range Forest Wetlands Totals 4 Clallarn 29 35 11 1550 16 1641 4 Jeff erson 22 9 17 1572 8 1627 4&7 Grays Harbor 34 58 6 1751 57 1906 7 Pacific 10 2B 6 794 16 854 Total 96 130 39 5666 97 6028 Study Cataloging Area Unit Land use (in square rniles) Urban Agriculture Range Forest Wetlands Totals 4 17100101 9 4 9 1132 11 1165 4 17100102 6 0 1 1041 34 1082 7 17100104(l) is 37 1 780 9 843 7 17100105 11 4 2 430 18 466 7 17100106 11 27 6 869 17 929 Total 42 6B 10 3121 78 3320 (1) Land use information for Cataloging Unit 17100103 is not available. Source: Strategic Assessment Branch. 1986. West Coast Land Use Data for NCPDI Counties [data base]. Rockville, MD: OMA/NOAA. 4 APPENDIX B I Appendix B. Freshwater Flow Information Information on Freshwater Inputs into Areas Considered for the Proposed Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary Appendix Table 13.1. lists the major rivers and streams in watersheds which drain into coastal portions of the sanctuary study region, along with the average long-term flow and the drainage area above the gage from which flow is measured. Of the 20 rivers and streams shown on Table 13.1, the Chelhalis River, which discharges to Grays Harbor, has the largest flow. Compared to other major rivers on the West Coast, the rivers in this region are relatively small in terms of long term average flow. For example, the long-term flow of the Columbia River, measured at a point upstream of the confluence with the Williamette River, is about 40 times larger than that of the Chehalis River (192,000 cubic feet per second (cfs) versus 5,100 cfs). While relatively small in terms of flow, the rivers adjacent to the study region have high water yields - the volume of river flow generated per unit area of land - compared to other rivers on the West Coast. For example, the Quinault River ranks first in water yield of the 47 rivers inventoried by NOAA in 1990, with a yield of 10.77 cfs per square mile, while the Columbia River ranks 40th on the West Coast, with a yield of 0.8 cfs per square mile. Water yield is a function of many factors, including precipitation, land use and topography of the river's watershed. In this case, the high yields for rivers in the study area primarily reflects substantial precipitation in the region and the relatively steep topography associated with mountainous terrain. Source: Personal communication with Steve Rohmann, NOAA Strategic Assessment Branch, Rockville, MD. S5 11 Table B. 1--informabon on freshwater flow of rivers in lands adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary. Average daily Drainage area Ranking Yield Ranking Study flow (in cubic at Gage (in based (average flow/ based Area River Name Monitoring Station Location feet per second) square miles) on flow (1) drainage area) on yield (2) 4 Queets River rear Clearwater 4,227 445 14 9.50 4 4 Quinault River at Quinault Lake 2,843 264 17 10.77 1 4 Hoh River at Nghway 101 neat Forks 2,521 253 is 9.96 3 4 Soleduck River new Quillayute 1.465 219 34 6.69 11 4 Bogachlol River now Forks M Ill 23 8.60 5 4 Raft Rlver below Rainy Crook near Queets 543 76 32 7.14 a 4 Dickey River rear La Push 525 as 33 6.16 17 4 Ozette River at Ozone 337 78 35 4.32 24 4 Modips River at Modips 200 35 38 5.71 18 4 Sooes River below Miller Creek near Ozone 198 32 4D 6.19 16 7 Chehalis River now Setsop 5,109 1,761 11 2.90 31 7 Humptulips Rim near Humptulips 1,335 130 25- 10.27 2 7 Wynoochee River below Black Creek near Montesano 1,235 180 26 6.86 10 7 North River near Raymond 963 219 IV 4.40 23 7 Willapa Rim rear Willapa 628 130 29 4.83 21 7 Nasolle River near Naselle 425 55 34 7.73 6 7 Smith Creek raw Richmond 237 58 35 4.09 26 7 S. Fk., Naselle River roar Naselle 129 is 43 7.17 7 7 North Nomah River roar South Bond 115 is 44 6.39 13 7 Salmon Crook new Naselle 112 16 45 7.00 9 Total 24,102 (1) Compares the average daily flow for 47 rivers discharging into the Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound. Included In the 47 rivers are the three with the largest average daily discharge: the Columbia River (I 92,734 cis); the Willamette River (33,208 cis); and the Sacramento River (25,217 cis). (2) Compares the yield for 47 rivers discharging Into the Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound. Source: Personal communication with Steve Rohmann. Strategic Assessment Branch, OMA/NOAA. 14-21. APPENDIX C Appendix C. Pollution of Coastal Waters Information Agricultural Pesticide Use In Lands Adjacent to Areas Considered for the Proposed Coastal Washington Marine Sanctuary Lands adjacent to study Areas 4 and 7 contain relatively minor agricultural activity. The majority of these lands are forested (approximately 90%). The average agricultural acreage by county within these two study areas is only 3.60/6 (Appendix D Table D 1.3.). The major crops (excluding pasture/range) are alfalfa, barley, corn, wheat and peas. According to NOAA's National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, which maintains a data base of estimates on pesticide use for 28 common agricultural pesticides, the highest application by county for Areas 4 and 7 occurs in Grays Harbor County, with 6,836 pounds (base year 1982). In contrast, San Joaquin County, California is 98% agricultural area, with an estimated 658,000 pounds of the 28 agricultural pesticides applied. Typical of most pesticide application, herbicides make up the majority of amounts applied to lands adjacent to the proposed sanctuary region. Also, it should be noted that Clallum and Jefferson counties extend inland to Puget Sound; as a result, the total amount of agricultural pesticides applied in study Areas 4 and 7 is probably less than amounts estimated for those entire counties. Additional Sources of Pesticides Agricultural pesticide use in the Puget Sound and Columbia River Estuarine Drainage Areas (EDAs) is significantly higher than in drainage areas discharging to coastal waters of the proposed marine sanctuary. While it is possible that pesticides from the Columbia River'and Puget Sound EDAs may aff ect the areas of the proposed sanctuary, it is unlikely because of travel times and amounts of dilution that occur in these systems. Comparison of West Coast Pesticide Application Patterns by State In comparison to the rest of the West Coast, Washington ranks second to California in agricultural pesticide application to coastal areas. More than three times as much pesticide was applied in coastal areas of California than in Washington. It should be noted, however, that California has significantly more coastal land area than Oregon and Washington combined. Source: National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory Program Data Base on Pesticide Use in Coastal Areas of the United States Appendix Table C.1. Summary of pollutant discharge's into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and source category (circa 1984). Flow (millions of gallons per year) Point Sources Nonpoint Sources All Sources USGS Study Wastewater Direct Industrial Urban Cropland Forestland Pasture/ Upstream Cataloging Unit Area Treatment Plants Dischargers Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Sources Total 17100101 4 40 7,630 567 0 798,700 6,666 0 813,603 17100102 4 97 4,292 0 0 599,100 582 0 604,011 17100103 7 8 11,800 173 2,440 12,220 1,649 824,000 852,289 17100104 7 417 27,480 11,800 14,350 315,600 12,470 0 382,117 17100105 7 2,403 17,530 7,154 4,390 219,800 1,260 0 252,537 17100106 7 636 6,033 100 3,782 212.700 5,973 0 229,224 Study Region Total: 3,602 74,705 19,794 24,962 2,158,120 28,600 824,000 3,133,781 West Coast Total: 971,400 702,000 862,500 750,200- 8,858,000 1,352,000 94,850,000 112,500,000 % of West Coast: 0.4 10.6 2.3 3.3 24.4 2.1 0.9 2.8 BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand (tons per year) Point Sources - Nonpoint Sources All Sources USGS Study Wastewater Direct Industrial Urban Cropland Forestland Pasture/ Upstream Cataloging Unit Area Treatment Plants Dischargers Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Sources Total 17100101 4 5.1 153.0 28.4 0.0 8,061.1 9.4 0.0 8,257.0 17100102 4 12.9 84.8 0.0 0.0 4,152.1 0.8 0.0 4,250.6 17100103 7 1.1 1,648.0 10.9 93.8 116.3 4.8 5,160.0 7,034.8 17100104 7 63.5 4,068.2 589.0 28.4 5,187.4 11.2 0.0 9,947.7 17100105 7 89.8 2,384.0 459.0 0.3 3,526.0 1.2 0.0 6,460.3 17100106 7 114.0 482.3 50.3 256.6 7,058.5 21.5 0.0 7,983.3 Study Region Total: 286.3 8,820.3 1,137.6 379.1 28,101.5 48.8 5,160.0 43,933.7 West Coast Total: 339,670.0 54,580.0 46,748.0 58,652.0 232,630.0 163,840.0 620,180.0 1,516,300.0 % of West Coast: 0.1 16.2 2.4 0.6 .12.1 0.0 0.8 2.9 Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD Appendix Table C. 1. Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and source category (circa 1984). TSS - Total Suspended Solids (tons per year) Point Sources- Nonpoint Sources All Sources USGS Study Wastewater Direct Industrial Urban Cropland Forestland Pasture/ Upstream Cataloging Unit Area Treatment Plants Dischargers Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Sources Total 17100101 4 5.1 191.0 426.0 0.0 474,010.0 314.7 0.0 474,950.0 17100102 4 18.6 106.2 0.0 0.0 787,520.0 108.0 0.0 787,750.0 17100103 7 1.1 951.0 138.0 4,690.7 5,634.0 237.8 20,600.0 32,253.0 17100104 7 88.3 4,398.3 8,840.0 1,435.1 209,640.0 615.9 0.0 225,020.0 17100105 7 66.8 5,782.4 5,744.0 20.8 141,010.0 60.6 0.0 152,680.0 17100106 7 174.0 362.2 755.0 11,716.0 282,110.0 1,434.3 0.0 296,550.0 Study Region Total: 353.8 11,791.1 15,903.0 17,862.5 1,899,924.0 2,771.4 20,600.0 1,969,205.9 West Coast Total: 224,090.0 77,892.0 660,710.0 9,737,500 23,592,000 35,790,000 30,833,000 101,000,000 % of West Coast: 0.2 15.1 2.4 0.2 8.1 0.0 0.1 1.9 TN - Total Nitrogen (tons per year) Point Sources Nonpoint Sources All Sources USGS Study Wastewater Direct Industrial Urban Cropland Forestland Pasture/ Upstream Cataloging Unit Area Treatment Plants Dischargers Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Sources Total 17100101 4 1.9 22.3 6.5 0.0 4,023.5 4.7 0.0 4,058.9 17100102 4 4.6 12.4 0.0 0.0 2,075.8 0.4 0.0 2,093.2 17100103 7 0.5 116.7 2.1 73.1 58.2 2.4 2,890.0 3,143.0 17100104 7 22.9 104.2 136.0 29.1 2,593.6 5.6 0.0 2,891.4 17100105 7 113.5 65.5 89.1 3.6 1,763.1 0.6 0.0 2,035.4 17100106 7 37.1 31.4 11.6 139.6 3,524.0 10.8 0.0 3,754.5 Study Region Total: 180.4 352.5 245.4 245.4 14,038.3 24.4 2,890.0 17,976.3 West Coast Total: 55,648.0 3,605.1 10,167.0 39,110.0 116,300.0 81,931.0 330,520.0 644,520.0 % of West Coast: 0.3 9.8 2.4 0.6 12.1 0.0 0.9 2.8 Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA. 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD Appendix Table C. 1. Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and source category (circa 1984). TP - Total Phosphorus (tons per year) Point Sources Nonpoint Sources All Sources USGS Study Wastewater Direct Industrial Urban Cropland Forestiand Pasture/ Upstream Cataloging Unit Area Treatment Plants Dischargers Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Sources Total 17100101 4 1.3 3.2 1.0 0.0 40.2 0.0 0.0 45.8 17100102 4 2.8 1.8 0.0 0.0 20.8 0.0 0.0 25.4 17100103 7 0.4 4.5 0.3 2.3 0.6 0.0 129.0 137.2 17100104 7 17.3 8.0 20.6 1.2 25.9 0.1 0.0 73.1 17100105 7 71.4 3.2 14.4 0.2 17.6 0.0 0.0 106.d 17100106 7 30.0 2.7 1.8 2.1 35.2 0.1 0.0 71.9 Study Region Total: 123.2 23.4 38.0 5.9 140.4 0.2 129.0 460.1 West Coast Total: 39,844.0 312.9 1.576.7 1,029.6 1,163.0 819.3 30,738.0 75,574.0 % of West Coast: 0.3 7.5 2.4 0.6 12.1 0.0 0.4 0.6 As - Arsenic (tons per year) Point Sources Nonpoint Sources All Sources USGS Study Wastewater Direct Industrial Urban Cropland Forestland Pasture/ Upstream Cataloging Unit Area Treatment Plants Dischargers Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Sources Total 17100101 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 3.1 17100102 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 5.1 17100103 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 3.5 17100104 7 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.8 17100105 7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.5 17100106 7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.8 0.0 0.0 2.0 Study Region Total: 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.1 12.4 0.0 3.4 17.0 West Coast Total: 91.7 24.1 24.2 77.7 114.5 221.8 630.7 1,184.6 % of West Coast: 0.5 0.1 2.4 0.1 10.8 0.0 0.5 1.4 Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD Appendix Table C.I. Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and source category (circa 1984). Cd - Cadmium (tons per year) Point Sources Nonpoint Sources All Sources USGS Study Wastewater Direct Industrial Urban Cropland Forestland Pasture/ Upstream Cataloging Unit Area Treatment Plants Dischargers Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Sources Total 17100101 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 17100102 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 17100103 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 3.4 17100104 7 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 17100105 7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 17100106 7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 Study Region Total: 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 3.4 4.8 West Coast Total: 72.9 8.2 7.3 3.9 9.4 14.3 431.7 547.7 % of W931 Coast: 0.4 1.6 2.4 0.2 8.0 0.0 0.8 0.9 Cr - Chromium (tons per year) Point Sources Nonpoint Sources All Sources USGS Study Wastewater Direct Industrial Urban Cropland Forestland Pasture/ Upstream Cataloging Unit Area Treatment Plants Dischargers Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Sources Total 17100101 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 47.4 0.0 0.0 47.5 17100102 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 78.8 0.0 0.0 78.8 17100103 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.0 34.4 35.5 17100104 7 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.1 21.0 0.1 0.0 22.8 17100105 7 0.4 1.5 0.5 0.0 14.1 0.0 0.0@-' 16.6 17100106 7 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 28.2 0.1 0.0 29.8 Study Region Total: 0.8 2.6 1.1 1.8 190.0 0.3 34.4 230.8 West Coast Total: 240.8 74.5 42.5 814.5 2,166.4 3,017.2 4,195.5 10,551.3 % of West Coast: 0.3 3.4 2.5 0.2 8.8 0.0 0.8 2.2 Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD Appendix Table CA - Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and source category (circa 1984). Pb - Lead (tons per year) Point Sources Nonpoint Sources All Sources USGS Study Wastewater Direct Industrial Urban Cropland Forestland Pasture/ Upstream Cataloging Unit Area Treatment Plants Dischargers Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Sources Total 17100101 4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 11.4 0.0 0.0 11.8 17100102 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.7 0.0 0.0 15.7 17100103 7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 17.4 17.8 17100104 7 0.1 0.3 8.9 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 13.6 17100105 7 0.5 1.1 6.3 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 10.6 17100106 7 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.2 5.6 0.0 0.0 6.8 Study Region Total: 0.7 1.4 16.6 0.4 39.8 0.1 17.4 76.3 West Coast Total: 191.5 55.7 684.4 204.0 411.4 824.6 1,013.2 3,384.8 % of West Coast: 0.4 2.5 2.4 0.2 9.7 0.0 1.7 2.3 Hg - Mercury (pounds per year) Point Sources Nonpoint Sources All Sources USGS Study Wastewater Direct Industrial Urban Cropland Forestland Pasture/ Upstream Cataloging Unit Area Treatment Plants Dischargers Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Sources Total 17100101 4 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 132.6 0.1 0.0 133.3 17100102 4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 165.7 0.0 0.0 166.1 17100103 7 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0 1.9 0.1 725.0 728.2 17100104 7 1.7 6.9 9.8 0.6 82.0 0.2 0.0 101.2 17100105 7 7.6 15.8 9.2 0.0 56--3 0.0 0.0 89.0 17100106 7 2.8 0.1 0.8 4.7 .112.5 0.6 0.0 121.5 Study Region Total: 12.5 22.8 20.6 6.2 551.1 1.0 725.0 1,339.2 West Coast Total: 4,535.3 912.4 835.5 2,399.0 4,377.2 8,271.1 227.861.4 249,191.9 % of West Coast: 0.3 2.5 2.5 0.3 12.6 0.0 0.3 0.5 Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA. 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD Appendix Table C.1. Summary of pollutant discharges into counties adjacent to the proposed Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and source category (circa 1984). Oil and Grease (tons per year) Point Sources Nonpoint Sources All Sources USGS Study Wastewater Direct Industrial Urban Cropland Forestiand Pasture/ Upstream Cataloging Unit Area Treatment Plants Dischargers Runoff Runoff Runoff Range Sources Total 17100101 4 2.6 0.0 16.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.5 17100102 4 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 17100103 7 1.0 0.0 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 17100104 7 33.6 2.4 191.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 227.0 17100105 7 116.5 0.6 159.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 276.4 17100106 7 60.9 0.7 15.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 77.0 Study Region Total: 219.1 3.6 387.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 610.6 West Coast Total: 62,561.5 1.652.2 29,581.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 93,795.1 % of West Coast: 0.4 0.2 1.3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.7 Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD Appendix Table C.2--Major point source dischargers into counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary (circa 1984). Study USGS NPDES sic Flow - In millions Area Cataloginq Unit Code Facility Name Code Activity of aallonstyear 7 17100103 WA0039144 Domsea Farms 2091 Canned and cured seafoods 900.0 7 17100104 WA0000809 Weyerhaeuser Co., Cosmopolls 2611 Pulp mills 8,220.0 7 17100105 WA0003077 ITT Rayonler Inc., Hoquiam 2611 Pulp mills 9,760.0 7 17100105 WA0037192 Aberdeen Sewage Treatment Plant 4952 Sewerage systems 1,680.0 7 17100105 WA0020915 Hoqulam Sewage Treatment Plant 4952 Sewerage systems 617.0 7 17100106 WA0024848 Peterson and Sons Seafood, Inc. 2091 Canned and cured seafoods 110.0 7 17100106 WA0001988 Harbor Bell, Inc. 2092 Fresh and frozen packaged fish 43.6 Total 21.330.6 Notes: NPDES-- National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System; SIC - Standard Industrial Classification Source: Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD Appendix C.3--Descriptlon of pollutant outputs by major point sources discharging Into counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washingtor marine sanctuary (circa 1984). BOD TSS TN TP Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Lead Mercury Oil & Grease Facility Name tons/year tons/year tons/year tons/year tons/year tons/year tons/year tons/year pounds/year tons/year Domsea Farm& 1,430 679 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Weyerhaeuser Co., Cosmopolls 3,680 3,910 48 0 0 0 1.03 0.343 6.86 0 ITT Rayonier Inc., Hoquiam 2,140 5,520 39 0 0.0257 0.128 1.48 1.05 15.8 0 Aberdeen Sewage Treatment Plant 60 30 79 49 0.226 0.0792 0.301 0.313 5.23 79 Hoquiarn Sewage Treatment Plant 11 15 29 18 0.0831 0.0291 0.11 0.115 1.92 29 Peterson and Sons Seafood, Inc. 255 155 9 0 0.000157 0.000784 0.00392 0.0047 0.0627 0 Harbor Bell, Inc. 76 39 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Totals 7.651 10.348 292 67 0 0 3 2 30 108 Notes: BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand; TSS - Total Suspended Solids; TN - Total Nitrogen; TP - Total Phosphorus Source: Strategic Assessrnent Branch, NOAA, 1984: The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory, Rockville, MD Appendix Table C.4--Number of direct discharging point sources within counties adjacent to areas under consideration for the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary, by USGS Cataloging Unit and source category (circa 1984). USGS Study Industrial Waste Water Treatment Plants Total Cataloging Unit Area Malor Minor Total Major 'Minor Total Malor Minor Total 17100101 4 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 4 4 17100102 4 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 4 4 17100103 7 1 5 6 0 1 1 1 6 7 17100104 7 1 9 10 0 3 3 1 12 13 17100105 7 1 17 18 2 2 4 3 19 22 17100106 7 2 16 18 0 4 4 2 20 22 Totals 5 51 56 2 14 16 7 65 72 Note: The qualifiers *Major* and "Minor" are from EPA'a classification for discharging facilities. APPENDIX D Table 13.1 --Socio-sconorric information for coastal counties associated with the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA: Demographics. Region Population by age group Total population Population (1980) by year Density Under 5 5-17 Under 18 18-64 Over 65 1960 1970 1980 1988 1990 2000 2010 1988 Oulair Washinglon Cout CA&Ilarn County 4.W9 9.957 13,966 30,370 7.312 3D,022 34,770 51,U8 56,000 58,802 67,801 73.577 32 Grays Harbor County 5,252 13.716 18.968 38.950 8.396 54,465 59.553 66.314 6ZOOO 64.011 67,463 70.953 33 Jefferson County 1.071 2.907 3,978 9,469 Z518 9.639 10.661 15,965 19,500 21,048 25,490 28.150 11 Pacific County 1.168 3.221 4,409 900 Z968 14,674 15,796 17.237 17.800 17.937 19.138 20.216 2D Coundes combined 11,5M 2Q.801 41,321 88,649 21,194 108.800 120.780 151,164 156,200 161,798 179,892 192,8M 24 County a verage zeso 7,450 10.330 2Z162 5,299 27.200 31). 195 37,791 39.050 40.450 44.973 48,224 24 Stdo of WasMngton Cmral counties combined 306,123 833.237 1.139.360 2.561.234 431,562 2,853.000 3,413,000 4,132.GW 4,648,000 4,733,000 5.235,000 5,593.000 M County average 7,649 21.365 20,214 65,673 11.066 73,154 87.513 105,949 119,179 121,359 134.231 143.410 ?0 wag cc" (1) coastal counties combkied 1,681,325 4,639,395 6,320,720 15.11Z452 2,401,728 16.171.902 20,485.022 23.835,249 27.574,600 28,250,430 31,2S8,948 33,497,063 351 County average 3Z333 89,219 121,552 290,624 46,187 311.000 393,943 458.370 530,281 543.278 601,711 644,174 351 Total C"" USA (2) Coastal counties combined 6,919,389 20,505,029 27.424.418 62.016.017 11,407.738 79.757,a29 92,941.938 100,949.575 110,181,700 111,643.081 120,005,141 127,226.234 157 County average 15,342 45,466 60,808 137.508 25,294 176,847 206,080 223,613 244.305 247,546 266,087 282,098 157 (1) Washington. Oregon, and California. (2) includes Alikska, Hawaii. and to Great Lakes region. Sources: Bureau of the Census. 1989. Current Populations Reports, Population Estimates and Projections. Series p-26, No. 88-a. County Population Estimates: July 1, 1988, 1987, and 1986. U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Prindng Office. 45 pp. National Planning Association Data Services, Inc. 1988. Key Indicators of County Growth, 1970-2010 jdata base). Washington. D.C.: National Planning Association Data Services, Inc. Slater Hall Information Products, Inc. 1988. Populations Statistics (data base]. Washington, D.C.: Slater Hall Information Products, Inc. Table D.2--Sodo-ooonomic Information for coastal counties associated with the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA: Single unit housing construction permits and levels of occupancy. Region Numbers of Construction Permits Total Total Total Yew-round Aggregate Value for Skyle Housing Units by Year Housing Units Units Occupied Detached Housing (3) in Dollars (4) 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 (1980) (1980) (1980) (1980) - Outer WasNnglon Coast Clallam County 178 230 195 283 414 21.851 19,996 14,908 2,479.525 Grays Harbor County 1W 95 9D 108 118 28.596 25,181 18.912 2,509.515 Jefferson County 126 125 127 137 255 8,826 6.359 5,740 849,725 Pacific County 4 58 5D 46 56 10,949 6.940 5.810 616,010 Counties combined 454 508 462 574 S43 70,224 58,476 45.370 6.454,775 County average 114 127 116 144 211 17.566 14,619 11,343 1,613,694 Side of W&Mngton Coastal coundei combined 17.041 19,282 19,962 21,484 26.420 1.689.450 1.540,510 1.145,365 80.183.508 Comfy average 437 494 512 551 677 4.%319 39,500 67,376 2.055.987 WON cam (1) Cvastal counfies combined 91,908 107.543 103,089 114.925 121.473 9,347,412 8,807,322 5,292,796 1,554,550,670 county average 1,767 zose 1,982 2.210 2,336 179.758 169.372 101,785 29,895.205 TOM Coesial USA (2) Coastal ooundes combined 430.90 479,222 465.496 448.062 420,071 39.598,626 36,236,919 2D, 103,017 4,409,191,540 County averaos 956 1,063 1,032 993 931 87,8D2 80,348 44,574 9,776,478 (1) Washington, Oregon. and California. (2) Includes Alaska. Hawaii. and the Great Lakes region. (3) Total yew-round, detached. singla@ family housing units (includes owner-occupied and rentals). (4) Aggregation for all nonvondominiurn dwellings (owner-oocupied only). Value should be multiplied by 250. Sources:, Bureau of to Census. 1988. County and City Data Book, 1988. U. S. Department of Commerce. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. 797 pp. + Appendices. Bureau of to Census. 1990. Building Permit Date Offiadng Infommdon Package (data base]. Prepared by die Construction Statistics Division, Building Permits Branch. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Commerce. Slater Hall Information Producls, Inc. 1988. Populadoni Stafis6cs [data base]. Washington, D.C.: Slater Hall Information Products, Inc. Z_ Table D.3--Sodo-economlc Information for coastal counties associated with the proposed coastal Washington marine sanctuary and other coastal regions of the USA: Ernployment and farming Information. Region Employment Farming (1982) Total Land Numbers per sector (1985) Total Told Farm Value of Area (1980) work force unemployed acreage farm report Manufacturing Retail FIRE (3) Service Total non-farm 1986 1986 (x 1000) ($ x 1kk) (sq. mi.) Outer Wastilngwri Coast Clalarn County Z785 3,010 454 2,292 10,660 21,9W Z161 28 6 1,753 Grays Harbor County r%782 3,735 598 3,305 16,066 25,9`10 3,272 49 17 1.918 Jefferson County 644 943 117 700 2.876 7,776 638 16 3 1,805 Pacific County M 827 155 772 3.441 6.968 870 3D 9 908 Counties combined 10.200 8,515 1.324 7,069 33,043 6Z610 6.941 132 35 6,384 Comfy average Z550 Z129 331 1,767 8,261 15,653 1,735 33 9 1,596 sh"olw"Wrigton Coastaf coundes combined 280,329 300,816 100.123 361.519 1,336,675 2,178,000 179,DDO 16,470 Z831 66,511 County average 7.18111 7.713 2,567 9,270 34,274 55'M 4,590 422 73 1.705 WON COON (1) Coastal counties comt0ir" Z266,532 1,945,214 807.037 2,737,134 9,803.060 13,454,362 846,407 1Z921 4,843 78.502 County average 43,5W 37,408 15.5m SZ637 188,520 268.738 16,277 248 93 1.510 Totd ConW USA (2) Ckinstal coundes combined 8.449,476 7.819,010 3.250.097 11,287.437 38,927,505 53,121,270 %470243 6Z471 16,987 701.894 County average 18,735 17,337, 7,206 25,028 86,314 1 @ 7,786 7,695 139 38 1, (1) Washington, Oregon, and California. (2) Includes Alaska, Hawaii, and the Great Lakes region. (3) Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate. Source: Bureau of d-w Consts. 1988. County and City Data Book 1988. U. S. Departrnent of Comrnerce. WasNnglion, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. 797 pp. Appendices. APPENDIX E Appendix I- Living Marine Resources Information Methodology for the Comparative Significance of Study Areas analyses The relative importance of the seven analysis areas within the marine sanctuary study region was determined by examining information concerning distribution and abundance of the region's living marine resources. The assumption of this exary@ination was that an area which was important at the highest level of significance for the greatest number of species would be more valuable as a marine sanctuary than other study areas. This was tested by evaluating the "significance" of each study area based on geographical distributions for any life stage of a variety of species. The species selected for this analysis were those addressed in the West Coast of North America Coastal and Ocean Zones Strategic Assessment: Data Atlas, a NOAA publication. They included 19 species of invertebrates, 33 fishes, 22 marine birds, and 24 marine mammals. The following is a list of factors relating to this analysis. � Each group of species (i.e., invertebrates, fishes, etc.) was treated separately, but exar@nined similarly. � The criterion for the analysis was the extent that the species used the study area (i.e., how much of a species' distribution covered the area) and the relative level of abundance of the species as shown in the atlas (e.g., occasional occurrence, adult area, major adult area, etc.). � Scores were given to each area for every species as follows: -'3" for vefy significant presence. For this rating, at least one-quarterof the study area contained the highest level of abundance present off the contiguous U.S. West Coast (for any life stage), and most of the remaining portion of the study area con- tained other levels of abundance. --"2" for significant presence. This rating was given when at least haft of the study area contained the at least the lowest level of abundance present off the West Coast. --"l " for present, but not significantly. This rating was given when less than half of the study area contained the lowest level of abundance present off the West Coast. --"0" for not present. � A two-person team analyzed each group. � No judgements were made regarding the importance of the species. � After the team examined its group, the two team members compared their independent evaluations and reconciled scoring differences. The relative significance of each area was then determined by summing the scores for all species in the group: the higher the cumulative total, the more important the area. The above described analysis attempted to objectively examine qualitative information to derive the relative importance of one study area to another. However, the analysis was somewhat biased toward species with wide geographic distributions. For example, market squid pelagically occurs along most of the West Coast from coastal waters to far offshore, while Pacific razor clam is found only along sandy beaches at very restricted depths. Area 7, a shallow-water nearshore area, was scored identically for the two species, even though high concentrations of the razor clam occur in this area. The identical moderate score (12") resulted because the razor clam concentrations occur only in a narrow band that was smaller than that identified for the highest rating ("31. Because of possibly low rankings of limited-distribution species, a second analysis was performed on invertebrates and fishes. This analysis incorporated a "density index" into scoring species importance for each study area. Since all species examined have recreational and/or commercial importance, the density index was based on commercial and sport catch statistics for harvests in Appendix E Methodology...(continued). the study region. The index ranged from 10 to 1, depending upon harvest levels. For example, a heavily harvested species like Dungeness crab was assigned an index value of "l 0", the mod- erately harvested giant octopus was assigned an index value of *4*, and the slightly harvested spot shrimp was assigned a value of "2*. The study area score from the previous analysis was then multiplied by the density index and resulted in the following scores: --21 to 30. This score was given to an area when it contained a widely distributed and highly abundant species. --11 to 20. This score was assigned when the area contained a species that was either widely distributed or highly abundant. --10 or less. This score was assigned when the area contained a species that only occasionally occurred there and not abundantly. An area's relative importance was then determined by summing that area's scores for all species and comparing the totals for each area. Table E.1 --Estimated volumes (lbs) landed for commerical harvests from along Washington's outer coast and from all Washington waters, 1987 and 1988. Washington's outer coast (1) Washington in-state total (2) Species (3) 1987 1988 Average 1987 1988 Average albacore 183,986 2,456,513 1,320,250 183,986 2,456,513 1,320,250 northern anchovy 171,111 78,864 124,988 171,111 78,957 125,034 Pacific herring 0 0 - 0 1,190,921 1,756,510 1,473,716 silver smelt 75,330 64,762 70,046 135,132 150,846 142,989 Pacific halibut 322,121 267,218 294,670 346,948 286,047 316,498 butter sole 60 0 30 1,478 3,266 2,372 Dover sole 3,239,532 4,229,425 3,734,479 3,288,115 4,278,631 3,783,373 English sole 1,002,043 835,678 918,861 1,813,727 1,835,938 1,824,833 petrale sole 999,804 836,134 917,969 1,000,044 1336,276 918,160 rex sole 130,157 93,849 112,003 130,639 93,849 112,244 rock sole 5,837 7,223 6,530 74,810 63,771 69,291 sand sole 197,417 50,852 124,135 255,100 141,008 198,054' sole spp. 13,854 12,550 13,202 13,884 12,550 13,217 sanddab 12,870 5,169 9,020 13,013 5.169 9,091 starry flounder 111,114 259,570 185,342 612,439 818,031 715,235 arrowtooth flounder 4,315,506 2,654,272 3,484,889 4,324,834 2,660,171 3,492,503 sablefish 6,219,161 6,034,711 6,126,936 6,257,003 6,105,933 6,181,468 lingcod 2,211,308 1,589,194 1,900,251 2,332,417 1,682,270 2,007,344 Pacific cod 3,273,366 4,773,738 4,023,552 5,029,319 5,971,136 5,500,228 walleye pollock 58,289 47,048 52,669 134,812 69,023 101,918 Pacific whiting 5,700 35,397 20,549 672,588 616,217 644,403 Pacific ocean perch 979,545 1,190,554 1,085,050 979,890 1,190,554 1,085,222 idiot rockfish 64,003 32,002 7,069,021 64,057 3,566,539 widow rockfish 5,223,678 2,611,839 3,694,795 5,223,820 4,459,308 yellowtail rockfish 4,846,618 2,423,309 0 4,917,578 2,458,789 rockfish spp 16.190,859 3,910,067 10,050.463 5,557,830 3,912,644 4,735,237 rockfish oth. 2,544,913 1,272,457 0 2,662,550 1,331,275 striped seaperch 0 0 0 18,178 18,253 18,216 pile perch 98 232 165 79,137 99,671 89,404 silver perch 128 12 70 128 12 70 sculpins spp. 1,964 2,441 2,203 4,629 4,888 4,759 sharks spp. 2,173 2,761 2,467 5,075 4,213 4,644 blue shark 497 123 310 497 123 310 spiny dogfish 301,176 431,075 366,126 3,456,157 3,520,486 3,488,322 soupfin shark 3,332 2,410 2,871 3,593 2,410 3.002 thresher shark 60,144 1,792 30,968 60,144 1,792 30,968 skates 103,732 55,180 79,456 336,133 279,953 308,043 chinook salmon 2,616,986 2,570,789 2,593,888 .8,016,318 8,893,032 8,454,675 chum salmon 1,307.989 2,055,501 1,681,745 13,953,578 17,994,381 15,973,980 pink salmon 93,401 234 46,818 9,611,376 1,076 4,806,226 ooho salmon 2,277,399 8,180,325 5,228,862 12,7a433 8,247,784 10,485,109 sockeye salmon 100,993 103,083 102,038 11,930,998 5.310,045 8,620,522 butter clam 0 0 0 15,315 8,561 11,938 cockles 0 0 0 1,657 2,450 2,054 horse clams 0 0 0 21,648 6,575 14,112 geoduc 0 0 0 4,462,055 4,608,828 4,5535,442 Pacific littleneck 13,977 206 7,092 1,253,165 960,082 1,106,624 razor clam 103 94 99 103 94 99 Manila clam 119,003 80,134 99,56g 3,888,210 3,124,197 3,506,204 softshell clams 0 6,031 3,016 1 344,210 135,645 239,928 Table E. 1 --Estimated volumes (lbs) landed ... (continued) Washington's outer coast (1) Washington in-state total (2) Species (3) 1987 1988 - Average 1987 1988 Average blue mussel 0 0 0 284,039 248,861 266,450 California mussel 0 0 0 645 0 323 mussels spp. 75 0 38 12,885 0 6,443 Olympia oyster 0 0 0 7,125 38,464 22,795 Pacific oyster 6,374,513 5,437,602 5,906,058 9,436,221 7,777,552 8,606,887 Kumamoto oyster 0 0 0 312 89 201 European oyster 0 0 0 9,030 8,385 8,708 Dungeness crab 5,067,139 14,546,162 9,806,651 6,720,516 16,480,027 11,600,272 coonstripe shrimp 0 20 10 50,598 98,420 74,509 spot shrimp 0 0 0 34,214 65,861 50,038 sidestripe shrimp 0 0 0 1,002 856 929 ocean pink shrimp 12,168,800 14,690,461 13,429,631 12,202,834 14,715,282 13,459,058 scallops 0 0 0 39,163 46,682 42,923 octopus 38,237 47,210 42,724 85,041 131,096 108,069 squid 1,669 519 1,094 8,720 3,280 6,000 sea cucumbers 0 0 0 365,081 2,100,114 1,232,598 red sea urchin 0 7,030 3,515 3,602,986 8,846,945 6,224,966 green sea urchin 0 - 0 0 300,258 1,010,090 655.174 iTotals i -70,374,485 90,335,415 8055-2 796-3t-l 48,631,250 152,691,858 15-0-,65-9- 576-71 Notes: (1) Cape Flattery to Cape Disappointment; landings for anadromous species include harvests from coastal rivers. (2) Includes outer coastal waters, the Strait of Juan De Fuca, Puget Sound, and Washington rivers (landings for Columbia River tributaries are incorporated). (3) Estimates are based on 1987 and 19M pounds landed by State of Washington statistical subarea provided by Dale Ward, Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia, WA. Tablo E.2--Estimated values (dollars) for commercial landings from harvests along Washington's outer coast and from all Washington waters, 1987 and 19M. Washington's outer coast (1) Washington in-state total (2) Species (3) 1987 1988 Average 1987 1988 Av2E2qe_ albacore 132,249 2,048,977 1,090,613 132,249 2,048,977 1,090,613 northern anchovy 58,742 29,945 44,344 58,742 29,980 44,361 Pacific herring 0 0 0 479,346 1,085,348 782,347 silver smelt 8,814 22,304 15,559 15,810 51 X1 33,881 Pacific halibut 464,273 328,892 396,582 500,056 352,067 426,061 butter sole 25 0 12 611 1,225 918 Dover sole 827,053 1,079,772 953,412 839,456 1,092,334 965,895 English sole 296,304 247,110 271,707 536,319 542,887 539,603 petrale sole 747,653 625,261 686,457 747,833 625,367 686,600 rex sole 39,112 28,202 33,657 39,257 28,202 33,729 rock sole 2,185 3,021 2,603 28,001 26,669 27,335 sand sole 121,017 31,172 76,094 156,376 86,438 121,407 sole spp. 5,729 4.482 5,105 5,741 4,482 5,111 sanddab 4,129 1,658 2,893 4,175 1,658 2,916 starry flounder 28,323 66,164 -47,244 156,111 208,516 182,313 arrowtooth flounder 630,064 361,246 495,655 631,426 362,049 496,738 sablefish 4,215,347 4,608,105 4,411,726 4,240,997 4,662,490 4,451,744 lingood 773,294 500,278 636,786 815,646 529,579 672,612 Pacific cod 1,063,189 1,281,749 1,172,469 1,633,523 1,603,250 1,618,386 walleye pollock 10,271 3,359 6,815 23,754 4,928 14,341 Pacific whiting 305 1,734 1,020 35,993 30,195 33,089 Pacific ocean perch 310,026 340,975 325,500 310,135 340,975 325,555 idiot rockfish 2,255,018 18,452 1,136,735 2,255,018 18,468 1,136,743 widow rockfish 1,166.853 1,505,986 1,336,420 1,166,853 1,506,027 1,336,440 yellowtail roddish 0 1,397,280 698,640 0 1,417,738 708,869 rockfish spp 5,164,884 1,127,272 3,146,078 5,206,605 1,128,015 3,167,310 rockfish oth. 0 733,698 366,849 0 767,613 383,807 striped seaperch 0 0 0 0 0 0 pile perch 0 0 0 0 0 0 silver perch 0 0 0 0 0 0 sculpins spp. 689 488 589 1,625 978 1,301 sharks spp. 3,101 3,778 3,440 7,243 5,765 6,504 blue shark 709 168 439 709 168 439 spiny dogfish 40,599 63,152 51,876 465,890 515,751 490,821 soupfin shark 4,755 3,298 4,027 5,128 3,298 4,213 thresher shark 85,&38 2,452 44,145 85,838 2,452 44,145 skates 5,830 3,316 4,573 18,891 16,825 17,858 chinook salmon 4,494,673 2,570,789 3,532,731 13,768,026 8,893,032 11,330,529 churn salmon 1,558,992 2,295,173 1,927,083 16,631,270 20,292,526 18,461,898 pink salmon 46,122 . 115 23,119 4,746,097 531 2,373,314 ooho salmon 4,228,649 1,850,299 3,039,474 23,623,014 18.655,221 21,139,118 sockeye saJmon 183,151 379,445 281,298 21,636,865 19,550.321 20,593,593 butter clam 0 0 0 12,760 7,133 9,947 cockles 0 0 0 1,381 2,041 1,711 home dams 0 0 0 18,037 5,478 11,758 gooduc 0 0 0 2,900,336 2,995,738 2,948,037 Padfic Iftdeneck 11,646 172 5,909 1,044,137 799,940 922,039 razor clam 128 117 122 128 117 122 1 Table E.2--Estimated values (dollars) for commercial landings ... (continued) - Washinqton's outer coast (1) Washington in-state total (2) Species (3) 1987 1988 Average 1987 1988 Average Manila clam 99,153 66,768 82,960 3,239,657 2,603,081 2,921,369 softshell clams 0 5,025 2,513 286,796 113,019 199,908 blue mussel 0 0 0 333,774 292,437 313,105 California mussel 0 0 0 758 0 379 mussels spp. 88 0 44 15,141 0 7,571 Olympia oyster 0 0 0 169,982 917,639 543,811 Pacific oyster 8,117,305 6,924,242 7,520,774 12,016,084 9,903,935 10,960,009 Kumamoto oyster 0 0 0 3,245 926 2,085 European oyster 0 0 0 93,912 87,204 90,558 Dungeness crab 6,866,480 16,032,780 11,449,630 9,106,971 18,164,286 13,635,628 coonstripe shrimp 0 8 4 34,204 41,238 37,721 spot shrimp 0 0 0 23,129 27,596 25,362 sidestripe shrimp 0 0 0 677 359 518 ocean pink shrimp 8,226,109 6,155,303 7,190,706 8,249,116 6,165,703 7,207,409 scallops 0 0 0 45,394 54,109 49,751 octopus 18,113 22,363 20,238 40,284 62,100 51,192 market squid 697 173 435 3,644 1,093 2,369 sea cucumbers 0 0 0 64,035 368,360 216,198 red sea urchin 0 0 0 926,688 10,571,215 5,748.951 green sea urchin 0 0 0 77,226 1,206,957 642,091 iTotals i 52,319,672 52,778,510 52,547,103 139,720,101 140,887,988 140,302,057 Notes: (1) Cape Flattery to Cape Disappointment; landings for anadromous species include harvests from coastal rivers. (2) Includes outer coastal waters, the Strait of Juan De Fuca, Puget Sound, and Washington rivers (landings for Columbia River tributaries are incorporated). (3) Estimates are based on 1987 and 1988 pounds landed by State of Washington statistical subarea and extrapolations of average prices per pound provided by John Bishop, Fisheries Development Div., NMFS, NW Regional Office, Seattle REFERENCES I Sources for Inforrnation used in this report: Bureau of the Census. 1988. County and city data book, 1988. U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 797 pp. + appendices. Bureau of the Census. 1989. Current population reports, population estimates, and projections. Series p-26, No. 88-a. County population estimates: July 1, 1988, 1987, and 1986. U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 45 pp. Bureau of the Census. 1990. Building perrriit data ordering information package [data base]. Prepared by the Construction Statistics Division, Building Permit Branch. U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington, D.C. Carter, E. R., D. L. Jaques, C. S. Strong, G. J. McChesney, M. W. Parker, and J. E. Takekawa. In prep. Survey of seabird colonies in northern and central California. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Dixon, CA. Culliton, T.J., M. A. Warren, T. R. Goodspeed, D. G. Remer, C. M. Blackwell, and J. J. McDonough, 111. 1990. Fifty years of population change along the Nation's coasts, 1960-2010. Coastal trends series, report #2. NOAA, Natl- Ocean Serv., Strategic Assessment Branch, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. 41 pp. Leonard, D. L. and D. A. Slaughter. 1990. The quality of shellfish growing waters on the West Coast of the United States. NOAA, NatI. Ocean Serv., Strategic Assessment Branch, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. 52 pp. Massey, B.W. 1988. California least tern field study, 1988 breeding season. Cal. Dept. Fish and Game Contract FG 7660, Cal. State Univ., Long Beach, CA. National Planning Association and Data Services, Inc. 1988. Key indicators of county growth, 1970-2010 [data base]. Washington, D.C.: National Planning Association Data Services, Inc. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 1989a. State of Washington volumes and values for fish and shellfish landed in the state of Washington during 1988. Computer printout compiled and provided by the NMFS Northwest Region Headquarters, Fisheries Statistics Section, 7600 Sand Point Way NE., Seattle, WA. NMFS. 1989b. Fisheries of the United States 1988. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, Nall. Mar. Fish. Serv., Current Fisheries Statistics No. 8800. 116 pp. NMFS. 1990. State of Washington volumes and values for fish and shellfish landed in the state of Washington during 1989. Computer printout compiled and provided by the NMFS Northwest Region Headquarters, Fisheries Statistics Section, 7600 Sand Point Way NE., Seattle, WA. PacFIN (Pacific Fisheries Information Network). 1989. PFMC (Pacific Fisheries Management Council) source report #002: Commercial groundfish land catch (metric tons) for 1981-88, all areas. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Groundfish Reports, PacFIN, 7600 Sand Point Way NE., Seattle, WA. Will Daspit, system manager. PMFC (Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission). 1986. Thirty-eighth (38th) annual report of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission f6r the year 1985. R. G. Porter (edtor). PMFC, 2000 SW First Ave., Suite 170, Portland, OR. 36 pp. PMFC. 1987. Thirty-niryth (39th) annual report of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission for the year 1986. R. G. Porter (editor). PMFC, 2000 SW First Ave., Suite 170, Portland, OR. 29 pp. PMFC. - 1988. Fortieth (40th) annual report of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission for the year 1987. R. G. Porter (editor). PMFC, 2000 SW First Ave., Suite 170, Portland, OR. 25 pp. PMFC. 1989. Forty-first (41 st) annual report of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission for the year 1988. R. G. Porter (editor)* PMFC, 2000 SW First Ave., Suite.170, Portland, OR. 22 pp. SAB (Strategic Assessment Branch). 1984. Inventory of public outdoor recreation areas and facilities. NOAA, Nati. Ocean Serv., Strategic Assessment Branch, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. SAB. 1985. National estuarine inventory: Data Atlas, volume 1: Physical and hydrologic characteristics. NOAA, NOS, SAB, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. 103 pp. SAB. 1986. West coast land use data for NCPDI counties [data base]. NOAA, NOS, SAB, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. SAB. 1988. West coast of North America coastal and ocean zones strategic assessment: Data atlas, marine mammal prepublication volume. NOAA, NOS, SAB,6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. 33 pp. SAB. 1990. Cmas (Computer Mapping and Analysis System) analysis of seabird colonies for the west coast of North America. NOAA, NOS, SAB, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. SAB. in press. West coast of North America coastal and ocean zones strategic assessment: Data atlas, invertebrate and fish prepublication volume (scheduled for publication in November, 1990). NOAA, NOS, SAB, 6001 Executive Blvd., Suite 220, Rockville, MD. Schink, T.J., K. A. McGraw, and K. K. Chew. 1983. Pacific coast clam risheries. Washington State Sea Grant Tech. Rep. 83-1. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA. 72 pp. Slater Hall Information Products, Inc. 1988. Population statistics [data base]. Washington, D.C.: Slater Hall Information Products, Inc. Sowls, A. L.. A. R. DeGange, J. W. Nelson, and G. S. Lester. 1980. Cataiog of California seabird colonies. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. Program. FWSIOBS 80/37. Speich, S. M. and T. R. Wahl. 1989. Catalog of Washington seabird colonies. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Biological Rpt. 88(6). WDF (Washington Department of Fisheries). 1983. 1982 Fisheries statistical report for the state of Washington. Compiled and edited by W. D. Ward and L. J. Hoines. Wash. Dept. Fish., Olympia, WA. 77 pp. WDF. 1987. 1986 Fisheries statistical report for the state of Washington. Compiled and edited by W. D. Ward and L. J. Hoines. Wash. Dept. Fish., Olympia, WA. 89 pp. WDF. 1989. Commercial catches for fish and shellfish species by statistical subarea and month for the State of Washington, 1987 and 1988. Computer printout provided by D. Ward, Wash. Dept. Fish., Olympia, WA. Personal cornmunication on razor clams from Doug Simons, Washington Dept. of Fisheries, Montasano, WA. Personal communication on razor clam harvests from Terry Link, Oregon Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, Astoria, OR. Personal cornmunication on Oregon seabirds from Roy Lowe, West Oregon Refuge Complex, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newport, Oregon. Personal communications on freshwater flow and cfischarge from Steve Rohmann, Strategic Assessment Branch, OMAINOAA, Rockville, MD. I 0 APPENDIX D: TREATY OP OLYMPIA TREATY WITH THE QUINALELT, ETC., 1865. Stolamets, his x mark [l.s.] Aah-ka-wish, his x mark. [l,s.] Tamayeuhotote, his x mark. [l.s.] Psequal, his x mark. [l.s.] Qua-loah-kin, his x mark. [l.s.] Wamo-kui, his x mark [l.s.] Wiska Ka, his x mark. [l.s.] Quaino-ath, his x mark. [l.s.] Cha-lo-the, his x mark. [l.s.] Cha-ya-tems, his x mark. [l.s.] Wetone-yath, his x mark. [l.s.] Wa-ya-lo-choi-wit, his x mark [l.s.] We-ya-lo-cho-wit, his x mark [l.s.] Flitch Kai Kui, his x mark [l.s.] Yode-noith, his x mark [l.s.] Walcha Kas, his x mark [l.s.] Wacha-ka-poils, his x mark [l.s.] Watch-tia, his x mark [l.s.] Xon-ne, his x mark [l.s.] Enias, his x mark [l.s.] Signed in presence of -- Wm. C. McKay, secretary of treaty, O.T. R.R. Thompson, Indian agent R.B. Metcalfe, Indian sub-agent C. Marpotis John Flett, interpretar. Dominick Jondron, his x mark, interpretar. Mathew Dofa, his x mark, interpretar. TREATY WITH THE QUINALELT, ETC., 1855 Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded by and between Isaac J. Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian July 1, 1865 affairs of the Territory of Washington, on the part of the United Jan. 25, States, and the undersigned chiefs, headmen, and delegates of the 12 State., 971 different tribes and bands of the Qui-nas-elt and Quil-leh-ute Indians, Ratified Mar.5, 1896 on the part of said tribes and bands, and duly authorized thereto by Proclaimed Apr.11,1889 them. ARTICLE 1. The said tribes and bands, hereby code, relinquish, and Surrender of lands convey to the United States all their right, title, and interest in and to the United States. to the land and country occupied by them, bounded and described as follows; Commencing at a point on the Pacific coast, which is the Boundaries. southwest corner of the lands lately coded by the Makah tribe of Indians to the United States, and running easterly with and along the southern boundary of the said Makah tribe to the middle of the coast range of mountains; thence southerly with said range of mountain to their intersection with the dividing ridge between the Chebalis and Quiniatl Rivers; thence westerly with said ridge to the Pacific coast; thence northerly along said coast to the place of beginning. ARTICLE 9. There shall, however, be reserved, for the use and occu- Reservation within pation of the tribes and bands aforesaid, a tract or tracts of land the Territory of Wash- sufficient for their wants within the Territory of Washington, to be ington. selected by the President of the United States, and hereafter surveyed or located and set apart for their exclusive use, and no white man Whites not to reside shall be permitted to reside thereon without permission of the tribe thereon, unless and of the superintendent of Indian affairs or Indian agent. And the Indians agree to said tribes and bands agree to remove to and settle upon the same move and settle there. within one year after the ratification of this treaty, or sooner if the means are furnished them. In the meantime it shall be lawful for them to reside upon any lands not in the actual claim and occupation of citizens of the United States, and upon any lands claimed or occu- pied,if with the permission of the owner or claimant. If necessary Roads may be made. for the public convenience, roads may be run through said reservation, on compensation being made for any damage sustained thereby. ARTICLE 9. The right of taking fish at all usual and accustomed Rights and privi- grounds and stations is secured to said Indians in common with all leges secured to the citizens of the Territory, and of erecting temporary houses for the Indians. purpose of curing the same; together with the privilege of hunting, gathering roots and berrries, and pasturing their horses on all open and unclaimed lands. Provided, however, that they shall not take QUINAIELT, ETC., 1865. shrll-fish from any beds staked or cultivated by citizens; and provided also, that they shall, Liter all stallions not intended for breeding, keep up and confine the stallions themselves. Payment by the ARTICLE 4. In considerstiom of the above cession, the United States United States. agree to gay to the sold tribes and bands the sum of twenty-five thou.- sand dollars, in the following manner, that in to say: For the first rear aftert a ratification hereof, two thousand fire hundred dollars; for the next two years, two thousand dollars each year; for the next three years, one thousand six hundred dollars each year; for the next four years, one thousand three hundred dollars each year; for the next five years, one thousand dollars each year and for the next five How to be applied years. seven hundred dollars each year. All of which sums of money shall be applied to the use and benefit of the said Indiana under the directions if the President of the United States, who may from time to time, determine at his discretion upon what beneficial objects to expand the same; and the superintendent of Indian affairs. or other proper officer. shall each rear Inform the President of the wishes of said Indians in respect thereto. Appropriation for ARTICLE 5. To enable the said Indians to remove to and settle upon removal for clearing such reservation-as war be selected for them by the President, and to and fencing lands, etc. clear. fences, and break up a sufficient quantity of land for cultivation, the United States further agree to pay the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars, to be laid out and expended under the direction of the President, and in such manner as he shall approve. Indians may be re- ARTICLE 6. The President may hereafter, when In his opinion the, moved from the reser- interests of the Territory shall require, and the welfare of the said vation, etc. Indians be promoted by it, remove them from said reservatfon or res. ervations to such Other suitable place or places within said Territory as he may deem fit, an ramunerating them for their Improvements and the expenses of their removal or may consolidate them with other friendly Tribe annuities may tribes or bands, In which latter case the annuities, Payable to the con-. be considered. solidated tribes respectively, shAll also be consolidated; and he may further. at his discretion, cause the whole or any portion of the lands to be reserved, or of such other land as may be selected In lieu thereof, to be surved Into lots, and assign the same to inch individuals or families as are willing to avail themselves of the privilege, and will locate on the same as a permanent home, on the same terms and subject to the same regulations as are provided in the sixth article of the treaty with the Omahas, so far as the same may be applicible. Any substan. tial improvements heretofore made by any Indians, and which they, shall be compelled to abandon in consiquence of this treaty-, shall be valued under the direction of the President, and payment made accord- Annuities of tribes ingly therefor not to pay debts of in- ARTICLE 7. The annuities of the aforesaid tribes and bands shall not dividuals. be taken to pay the debts of individuals. ARTICLE 8. The said tribes and bands acknowledge their dependence Tribes to promote On the Government of the United States, and primise to be frIendly friendly relations,etc. with all citizens thereof and pledge themselves to commit no depreda- tions on the property Of SUCh citizens: and should any one or more of them violate thin pledge, and the fact he satisfactorily proven before the agent, the property takeu shall be returned, or in default thereof, To pay for depreda- or if injured or destroyed. compensation mar be made by the Govern- tion. Not to make war. ment out of their annuities. Nor will they make war on an other except. etc. tribe except In self-defence, but will submit all matters of difference between them and other Indians to the Government of the United State, or its agent. for decision and abide thereby; and If any of the said Indians commit any depredations on any other Indians within the Territory, the same rule shall prevail as is Prescribed In this article in Ta1mr Ad- Case of depredatins against citizens. And the said tribes and bands ers. agree not to shelter or conceal offenders against the laws of the United States, but to deliver them to the authorities for trial, TREATY WITH THE QUINAIELT,ETC., 1865. ARTICLE 9. The above tribes and bands are desirous to exclude froM Annuities to be witheld from those drinking, etc. ardent spirits. their reservations the use of ardent spirits,and to prevent their people from drinking the same. and therefore It is provided that any Indian belonging to said tribes who Is guilty of bringing liquor into said res- ervations or who drinks liquor, may have his or her proportion of the annuities withheld from him or her, for such time as the President may determine. ARTICLE 10. The United States further agrees to establish at the United states to es- tablish agricultural general agency for the district of Puget Sound, within one year from schools,etc. the ratification hereof, and to support for a period of twenty years an agricultural and industrial school, to be free to the children of this mud tribes and bands in common with those of the other tribes of said district, and to provide the said school with a suitable instructor or instructors, and also to provide A smithy and carpenter's shop, and furnish them with the necessary tools, and to employ a blacksmith, carpenter, and firmer for a term of twenty years, to Instruct the Indians in their respective occupations. And the United States farther To employ mechAn- ics, etc., A physician. agree to employ a physician to reside at the said central agency, who etc. shall furnish medicine and advice to their sick, and shall vaccinate them- the expenses of the said school, shops, employees, and medical attendance to be defrayed by the United States, and not deducted from their annuities. ARTICLE 11. The aid tribes and bands agree to free all slaves now The tribes are to free all slaves and not hold by them, aid not to purchase or acquire others hereafter. to acquire Others. ARTICLE 12. The said tribes and bands finally agree not to trade at Not to trade Out of the United States. Vancouver's Island or elsewhere out of the dominions of the United Foreign Indians not to reside on reserva- States, nor shall foreign Indians be permitted to reside on their reser- tion. vations without consent of the superintendent or spot. ARTICLE 13. This treaty shall be obligatory on the contracting when treaty to take affect. Parties as soon as the same shall be ratified by the President and Senate of the United States. In testimony whereof, the said Isaac I. Stevens, governor and super. intendent of Indian affairs, and the undersigned chiefs, headmen. and delegates of the aforesaid tribes and bands of Indians, have hereunto set their hands and seels, at Olympia, January 25, 1858, and on the Qui-nai-elt River, July 1. 1855. Isaac 1. Stevens, Governor and Sup't of Indian Affairs. Tah-ho-lah, Head Chief Qui-nits-1 HAY-nes-al-ocs, his I mark. 1- L tribe, his x mark. [L.s] Noo-e-yselm, his x mark. I- L How-yat'l, Hoed chief quil-ley- QuilWe-se-mah, his x mark A. IL yati tribe. his x mark. [L L] Quilt-la-ma mah, his x mark. L- L Kal-iape, Sub-chief Quil-ley-houts, Yah-le-hum; his x mark. It. L his x mark. [t-a] je-tah-let-shin, his x mark. L L Tah-ah-ha-whVi. Sub-thief QUil- Ma-ta-a -ha,his x mark. L L' ley-hutse, his x mark. t- L Wah-kee-nah,Sub-chief Qui-n1te'l Lay-le whash-er his x mark. L L tribe, his x mark L L E-mah-ish-cup, his x mark. L. L Yer-ay-Ist'l, Sub-chief, his x mark. 1. L Ash-chak-a-wick. his x mark. T- L Silley-Mark'l, his x mark. L. L Ay-a-quan, his X mark. L L Cher-lark-tift, his x mark. L. L Yats-see-o-kop, his x mark. L L How-yat-'l his x mark. Z- L Karts-so-pe-ah, his x mark. L L Kne-sho-guartsh, Sub-chief,his X Quat-a-di-totll his x mark. T. 5. mark. Now-ah-Im, his x mark. L. s Hay-et-umots, his x mark. Cla-kish-ks, his x mark. L. A. Kape. his x mark. L. Kler-way-er-bun, his X mark. L. L Hay-at-lite'l, or John. his x mark. L Quar-ter-heit'l,his z mark. L. a. Executed In the pressence of us; the words " or tracts," in the II. article, and "next," in the IV. article, being Interlined prior to execution. M. T. Simmons, special Indian James Tilton, surveyor, general agent. Washington Territory. H.A. Goldsborough, commissary. F. Kennedy. etc. J. Y. Miller. B. F. Shaw, Interpretar. H. D. Cock. TREATY WITH THE MAKAH, 1855. Jan.21,1856. 12 Stat, 959 Ratified Mar,5,1856 Proclaimed Apr. 18,1859 Articles of agresment and convention, made and concluded at Neah Bay, in the Territory of Washington, this thirty-first day of January, in the year eighteen hundred and fifty-five, by Isaac I Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for the said Territory, on the part of the United States, and the undersigned chiefs, head-men, and delegates of the several villages of the Makah tribe of Indians, via: Neah Waatch, Taoo-Yoss, and Osett, occupying the country around Cape Classett or Flattery, on behalf of the said tribe and duly author- ized by the same. Surrender of lands to the United States. Boundaries. ARTICLE 1. The said tribe hereby codes, relinquishes, and conveys to the United States all their right, title, and interest in and to the lands and country occupied by it, bounded and described as follows, viz: Commencing at the mouth of the Oke-ho River, on the Straits of Fucs; thence running westwardly with said straits to Cape Classett or Flattery; thence southwardly along the coast to Osett, or the Lower Cape Flattery; thence eastwardly along the line of lands occupied by the Kwe-dah-tut or Kwill-eh-yute tribe of Indians, to the summit of the coast-range of mountains, and thence northwardly along the line of lands lately coded to the United States by the S'Klallarn tribe to the place of beginning, including all the islands lying off the same on the straits and coast. Reservation. Boundaries. ARTICLE 9. There is, however, reserved for the present use and occupation of the said tribe the following tract of land, viz: Commenc- ing on the beach at the mouth of a small brook running into Neah Bay next to the site of the old Spanish fort;thence along the shore round Cape Classett or Flattery, to the mouth of another small stream run- ning into the bay on the south side of said cape, a little above the Waarch village; thence following said brook to its source; thence in a straight line to the source of the first-mentioned brook, and thence fol- lowing the same down to the place of beginning; which said tract shall be set apart, and so far as necessary surveyed and marked out for their Whites not to reside thereon unless, etc. Roads may be made. Other friendly bands may be placed thereon. Indians to settle on reservation within a year. exclusive use; nor shall any white man be permitted to reside upon the same without permission of the said tribe and of the superintendent or agent; but if necessary for the public convenience, roads may be run through the said reservation, the Indians being compensated for any damage thereby done them. It is, however, understood that should the President of the United States hereafter see fit to place upon the said reservation any other friendly tribe or band to occupy the same in common with those above mentioned, he shall be at liberty to do so. ARTICLE 8. The said tribe agrees to remove to and settle upon the said reservation, if required so to do, within one year after the ratifi- cation of this treaty, or sooner, if the means are furnished them. In the mean time it shall be lawful for them to reside upon any land not in the actual claim and occupation of citizens of the United States, and upon any land claimed or occupied, if with the permission of the owner. Rights and privileges secured to Indians. ARTICLE 4. The right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual and socustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the United States, and of erect- ing temporary homes for the purpose of curing, together with the privilege of hunting and gathering roots and berries on open and unclaimed lands: Provided, however, That they shall not take shell-fish from any beds staked or cultivated by citizens. Provided. Payments by the United States. ARTICLE 5. In consideration of the above cession the United States agree to pay to the said tribe the sum of thirty thousand dollars in the following manner, that is to say: During the first year after the ratifi- cation hereof, three thousand dollars; for the next two years, twenty- TRETY WITH THE MAKAH, 1855. five hundred dollars each year; for the next three years, two thousand dollars each year; for the next four years, one thousand five hundred dollars each ear; and for the next ten years, one thousand dollars each year; all which said sums of money shall be applied to the Use How to be applied. and benefit of the said Indians, under the direction of the President of the United States, who may from time to time determine At his dis. cretion upon what beneficial objects to expend the same. And the superintendent of Indian stairs, or other proper officer, shall each year inform the President of the wishes of said Indians in respect thereto. ARTICLE 6 . To enable the said Indians to remove to and settle Upon Appropriation for their aforesaid reservation, and to clear, fence, and break up a suit- removal and for clear- cient quantity of land for cultivation,the United States further agree ing and fencing land, to pay the sum of three thousand dollars, to be laid out and expanded etc. under the direction of the President, and in such manner as he shall approve. And any substantial improvements heretofore made by any Individual Indian,and which be may be compelled to abandon in con- sequence of this treaty, shall be valued under the direction of the Pres- Ident and payment made therefor Accordingly. ARTICLE 7. The President may hereafter when In his opinion the Indians may be re- Interests of the Territory shall require, and the welfare of said Indians moved from the re- be promoted thereby, remove them from said reservation to such suit. ervation. Able place, or places within said Territory as he mar deem At, an remunerating them for their improvements and the expenses of their removal, or may consolidate them with other friendly tribes or bands; Tribes may be con- and he may further, at his discretion, cause the whole, or any portion solidated. of the lands hereby reserved, or such other land as may be selected In lieu thereof, to be surveyed into lots, and assign the same to such indi- viduals or families as an willing to avail themselves of the privilege and will louts thereon as a permanent home. on the same terms and subject to the same regulations as an. provided In the sixth article of Anta P.612 the treaty with the 0mahas, so far as the same may be practicable. ARTICLE 8. The annuities of the aforesaid tribe shall not be taken Annuities of tribe to pay the debts of Individuals. not to pay individuaL ARTICLE 9. The said Indians acknowledge their dependence on the debts. Government of the United States, And promise to be friendly with All Indians to promise citizens thereof, and thy pledge themselves to commit no depredations friendly relations. on the property of such citizens. And should Any one or more Of To pay for deoreda- them violate this pledge,And the foot be satisfactorily proven before tions. the agent, the property taken shall be returned, or In default thereof, or if injured or destroyed, compensation may be made by the Govern. ment out of their annuities. Nor will they make war an any other tribe Not to make war, except in self-defense, but will submit all matters of difference between except. them and other Indians to the Government of the United States or Its agent for decision and abide thereby. And if any of the said Indians commit any depredations on Aar other Indians within tho Territory the same rule shall prevail As that prescribed In this Article in case of -depredations against citizens. And the said tribe agrees not to shelter To surrender of- or conceal offenders against the United States, but to deliver up the fenders. same for trial by the authorities. ARTICLE 10. The above tribe is desirous to exclude from Its reserva- Annuities to be tion the use of ardent spirits, and to prevent Its people from drinking withheld from those the same and therefore it is provided that any Indian belonging thereto drinking ardent spir- who shall be guilty of bringing liquor Into said reservation, or who its. drinks liquor may have his or her proportion of the annuities withhold from him or her such time As the President may determine. ARTICLE 11. The United States further agree to establish At the United States to es- general agency for the district of Puget's Sound, within one year from tablish an agricultur- the ratification hereof and to support for the period of twenty Years, al,etc.school for the An agricultural and industrial school, to be free to children of the said Indians; to provide tribe in common with those of the other tribes of said district and to tools and employ me- chanics, etc. TREATY WITH THE MAKAH,1855. provide a smithy and carpenter's shop, and furnish them with the neces- sary tools and employ a blacksmith, carpenter and farmer for the like term to instruct the Indians in their respective occupation. Provided, however, That should it be deemed expedient a separate school may be established for the benefit of said tribe and such others as may be asso- ciated with it, and the like persons employed for the same purposes at some other, suitable place. And the Unitd States further agree to employ a physician to reside at the said central agency, or at such other school should one be extablished, who shall furnish medicine and advice to the sick, and shall vacinate them; the expenses of the said school, shops, persons employed, and medical attendance to be defrayed by the United States and not deducted from the annuities. A physician, etc. The tribe is to free all slaves and not to acquire others. Not to trade out of the United States. Foreign Indians not to reside on the reservation. When treaty to take effect. ARTICLE 19. The said tribe agrees to free all slaves now held by its people, and not to purchase or acquire others herafter. ARTICLE 18. The said tribe finally agrees not to trade at Vancouver's Island or elsewhere out of the dominions of the United States, nor shall foreign Indians be permitted to reside in its reservation without con- sent of the superintendent or agent. ARTICLE 14. This treaty shall be obligatory on the contracting par- ties as soon as the same shall be ratified by the President of the United States. In testimony whereof, the said Issac I. Stevens, governor and super- intendent of Indian affairs, and the undersigned, chiefs, headmen and delegates of the tribe aforesaid have hereunto set their hands and seals at the place and on the day and year hereinbefore written. Isaac I. Stevens, governor and superintendent. [l.s.] Tae-kauwtl, head chief of the Ma- Baht-se-diti, Neah village, his x kah tribe, his x mark. [I.S.] mark. [I.S.] Kal-chota, subchief of the Makaha, Wack-shia, Neah village, his x his x mark. [I.S.] mark [I.S.] Tah-a-howtl, subchief of the Ma- Hah-yo-hwa, Wastoh village, his kahs, his x mark. [I.S.] x mark. [I.S.] Kah-bach- at, subchief of the Ma- Deht-leak, or Mines, Owett village, kaha, his x mark. [I.S.] his x mark. [I.S.] Keta-kus-sum, subchief of the Ma- Pah-hat, Neah village, his x mark. [I.S.] kahs, his x mark. [I.S.] Pal-yeh, Osatt village, his x mark [I.S.] Haatue, subchief of the Makahs, Tach-woh-sup, Neah village, his x his x mark. [I.S.] mark. [I.S.] Keh-chook, subchief fo the Ma, Al-is-kah, Osett village, his x mark[I.S.] kehs, his x mark. [I.S.] Kwe-tow'ti,Neah village, his x It-an-da-ha,subchief of the Ma- mark. [I.S.] kehs, his x mark [I.S.] Kaht-eaht-wha, Neah village, his x Klah-pe-an-hie, of Andrew Jack- mark [I.S.] son, subchief of the Makaha, his Tchoo-quat-lah, or Yes Ser, Neah x mark. [I.S.] village, his x mark. [I.S.] Teal-ab-ocs, or Patar, Neah village, Klatto-ow-aehp, Neah village, his his x mark. [I.S.] x mark. [I.S.] Tahola, Neah village, his x mark. [I.S.] Kai-ki-chia-sum,Neah village, his Kleht-li-quat-etl, Westch village, mark. [I.S.] his x mark. [I.S.] Kah-kwi-lit-ha, Wastch village, Too-whail-tan, Wastch village, his his x mark. [I.S.] x mark. [I.S.] He-dah-titl, Neah village, his x Tahts-kin, Neah village, his x mark. [I.S.] mark. [I.S.] Sah-dit-la-uad, Wastch village, his Nanchoop, Neah village, his x x mark. [I.S.] mark. [I.S.] Klah-ku-pihl, Taoo-you village, Ah-de-ak-too-ah,Osett village his his x mark. [I.S.] x mark. [I.S.] Billuk-whti, Taoo-you village, his William, Neah village,his x mark [I.S.] x mark. [I.S.] Wak-kap-tup, Wastch village, his Kwah-too-qualh, Tsoo-you village, x mark. [I.S.] his x mark. [I.S.] Klaht-to-di-yuka, Wastch village Yooch-boott, Taoo-you village, his his x mark. [I.S.] x mark. [I.S.] Oobick, Wastch village, his x Swell, or Jeff. Davis, Neah village, mark. [I.S.] his x mark. [I.S.] Bich-tonk, Wastch village, his x mark. [I.S.] TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA, 1855 Executed in the presence of us. The words "five hundred" being first interlined in the 5th article, and erasures made in the 8th and 9th articles. M.T. Simmons, Indian agent. George Gibbs, secretary. B. F. Shaw, interpreter. C. M. Hitchcock, M.D. E. S. Fowler. Orrington Cushman. Robt. Davis. TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA. 1855. Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at the city Feb. 23, 1855. of Washington, this twenty-second day of February, one thousand 10 1155. eight hundred and fifty-five, by George W. Manypenny, commis- Ratified Mar. 3, 1855. sioner, on the part of the United States, and the following-named Proclaimed Apr. 7, chiefs and delegates, representing the Mississippi bands of Chippewa 1855. Indians, vis: Pug-o-na-ke-shick, or Hole-in-the-day; Ous-we-sons-ish, or Bad Boy; Wand-e-kaw, or Little Hill; I-awe-shous-we-ks-shig, or Crossing Sky; Petud-dunce, or Rat's Liver; Mun-o-min-s-kay- shein, or Rice-Maker; Mah-yah-ga-way-we-durg, or the Chorister; Kay-gwa-dawh, or the Attempter; Caw-caug-e-we-goon, or Cross Feather; and Show-baush-king, or He that passes under Everything, and the following-named chiefs and delegates representing the Pil- lager and Lake Winnsbigoshish bands Chippewa Indians, vis: Aish-ke-bug-e-koshs, or Flat Mouth; Be-sheck-kes, or Buffalo; Nay- bun-a-caush, or Young Man's Son; Maug-e-gaw-bow, or Stepping Ahead; Mi-gi-si, or Eagle, and Kaw-be-muo-bee, or North Star, they being thereto duly authorised by the said bands of Indians respectively. Article 1. The Mississippi, Pillager, and Lake Winnibigoshish Coasion to the bands of Chippewa Indians hereby cede, sell, and convey to the United United States States all their right, title. and interest in, and to, the lands now owned and claimed by them, in the Territory of Minnesota, and included within the following boundaries, vis: Beginning at a point where the east branch of Snake River crows the southern boundary-line of the Chip- pewa country, east of the Mississippi River, as established by the treaty of July twenty-ninth, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven, running thence, tip the said branch, to its source; thence, nearly north in a straight line, to the mouth of East Savannah River; thence, up the St. Louis River, to the mouth of East Swan River; thence, up mid river, to its source; thence, in a, straight line, to the most wastwardly band of Vermillion River; thence, northwestwardly, in a straight line, to the first and most considerable bend In the Big Fork River; thence, down said river, to its mouth; thence, down Rainy Lake River, to the mouth of Black River; thence, up that river, to its source; thence, in a straight line, to the northern extremity of Turtle lake; thence in a straight line, to the mouth of Wild Rice River; thence, up Red River of the North, to the mouth of Buffalo River; thence, in a straight line, to the southwestern extremity of Otter-Tail Lake; thence, through said lake, to the source of Leaf River; thence down said river, to its junction with Crow Wing River; thence down Crow Wing River, to its junction with the Mississippi River; thence to this commencement on said river of the southern boundary-line of the Chippawa country, as established by the treaty of July twenty-ninth, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven; and thence, along said line, to the place of beginning. And the said Indians do further fully and entirely relin- quish and convey to the United States, any and all right, title, and APPENDIX 8: COASTAL AND OCEAN RESOURCES HISTORICALLY-UTILIZED BY THE TRIBES Coastal and ocean Resources Historically Utilized by the Tribes E-2 Identification of Fish, Shellfish, Waterfowl, and Plants Presently Relied an by Makah Peoples for Subsistence and Ceremonial Purposes Species Period of Harvest A. Fish 1. Flatfish All year 2. Halibut All year 3. Lingcod All year 4. Bottomfish All year S. Rockfish All year 6. Smelt Summer 7. Salmon Primarily spring summer B. Invertebrates S. Barnacles Spring and Summer 9. mussels All year 10. Hardshell clams All year 11. Razor clams May and June 12. Sea urchins Summer 13. Chitons Summer 14. Crabs All year C. Waterfowl 15. Ducks Summer and fall 16. Sea Birds Fall D. Plants 17. Kelp All year Source: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission; Makah Tribe. Principal Harvests of Ocean Resources by the Makah Tribe Period of the Year Resources Harvested May lst through June A troll fishery Is conducted in the ocean to the Makah southern boundary, and in the Straits in Area 4B to Sekiu River for chinook. Trolling for various species occurs year- round. Crab may be taken. 8 Trolling for black cod and rock fish. July lot through the x Gillnet and troll fisheries for chinook, first week in September coho and pinks occur in Areas 4B, 5 and 6C. N In the latter part of this period, a fishery for Fraser River sockeye occurs in the same areas. R Taking of shellfish and sea urchins occurs on' the ocean side'of the reservation. @ Trolling for black cod and rock fish. Balance of September N A possible directed gillnet fishery for coho in Areas 4B, 5 and 6C, although, due to conservation requirements, this fishery has not opened for several years. n Shellfish harvest, including crab, continues. 8 Sooes River fishery for chinook and coho. Similar fishery planned for the Hoko River in the future. 0 Trolling for black cod and rock fish. October and early N A gillnet fishery for chum in the straits November commences. 0 Take of shellfish and sea urchins continues. 0 Sooes River fishery for chinook and coho. Similar fishery planned for the Hoko and the Waatch (coho only) in the future. 8 Trolling for black cod and rock fish. November through N Winter troll fishery for blackmouth (chinook). January 8 Shellfish harvesting continues. 0 Steelhead fishing begins in the Hoko, Sail, Sekiu, Ozette, Sooes and Waatch Rivers on December Ist. February through 0 Troll fishery for blackmouth continues. April N Trolling for black cod. 0 Halibut fishery begins in March. x Shellfish harvesting through March. 0 In-river steelhead fishing continues through March. *The Makah also harvest marine mammals for subsistence purposes. -Source: Makah Dept. of Fisheries Management, 1990. Personal communication. Fish and Shellfish Presently Relied on by Quileute Peoples for Subsistence and Ceremonial Purposes Species Period of Harvest A. Fish 1. Halibut -Host of year, especially summer 2. Ling cod -Summer 3. Bottomfish -Summer 4. Rockfish -Summer S. Ocean perch -Summer 6. Smelt -April to August 7. Salmon -Summer S. Sturgeon -Summer B. Invertegrates 9. Goose neck barnacles -Year round 10. mussels -Year round 11. Hardshell cl 9 -Year round 12. Razor clams -Year round 13. Sea urchins -Winter 14. Chitons -Winter Source: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 1990. Principal Harvest of ocean Resources by the Quileute Tribe Period Resources Harvested. January Winter steelhead fishing in-river through Halibut fishing (subsistence and commercial) March Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams Sea urchins and chitons April Winter steelhead fishing in-river Halibut fishing (subsistence and commercial) Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams Smelt May Spring Chinook in-river fishing through Ocean fishing (primarily) on Columbia River chinook stocks June Sockeye fishing in-river (non-directed) Halibut fishing (subsistence) Black cod and sablefish Smelt Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams July Summer chinook and coho in-river Non-directed sockeye fishing in-river ocean fishing for chinook and coho Halibut subsistence fishing Black cod, ling cod, bottomfish, rockfish and sablefish Smelt Ocean perch Sturgeon Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams August Summer chinook and coho in-river Ocean fishing for chinook and coho Halibut subsistence fishing Black cod, ling cod, bottomfish, rockfish and sablefish Smelt ocean perch Sturgeon Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams September Ocean fishing for chinook and coho In-river fishing for fall chinook and fall coho Halibut subsistence fishing Black cod and sablefish Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams October- In-river fishing for fall chinook'and fall coho Halibut subsistence fishing Black cod and sablefish Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams Sea urchins and chitons November In-river fishinq*for fall chinook and fall coho In-river winter steelhead Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams Sea urchinsand ch:Ltons December In-river winter steelhead Goose neck barnacles, mussels, hardshell clams and razor clams Sea urchins and chitons Sources: Quileute Fisheries Department. Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 1990. Subsistence Harvest of Fish, Shellfish, Bird Eggs, and Sea Plants Hoh Tribal Members Species Period of Harvest A. Fish 1. Flatfish Summer 2. Halibut Summer 3. Ling cod Summer 4. Bottomfish Summer S. Rockfish Summer 6. Black bass Summer 7. Ocean perch Summer S. Smelt Spring/Summer/Fall 9. Salmon/steelhead Year round 10. Sturgeon Year round B. Invertebrates 11. Barnacles Year round 12. Mussels Year round 13. Hardshell clams Year round 14. Softshell clams Year round 15. Razor clams Year round 16. Oysters Year round (Puget Sound) 17. Sea urchins Year round 18. Limpets Year round 19. Chitons Year round 20. Crabs Year round 21. Shrimp Summer 22. Scallops Summer 23. Anemones Year round C. Seactull ec_qs Spring D. Sea weeds June/July -Source: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 1989. .ontinued Period Resources Harvested September River and some ocean fishing for fall Coho through River and some ocean fishing for fall Chinook November End of summer steelhead Start of winter steelhead Sturgeon smelt Goose neck barnacles Mussels Clams Sea urchins, limpets and chitons Crabs Sea anemones, chinese slippers December In-river fall coho In-river winter steelhead Sturgeon Smelt Ling cod eggs Goose neck barnacles Mussels Clams Crabs Sea urchins, limpets and chitons Sea anemones Octopus Sources: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 1989. Mr. James Jorgensen, Hoh Tribal Biologist. The Ocean Harvest Round for the Hoh Tribe Period Resources Harvested January lst In-river winter steelhead through Sturgeon in-river and estuary February Goose neck barnacles Mussels Clams Sea urchins, limpets and chitons Crabs Sea anemones Ling cod eggs Smelt Octopus March In-river winter steelhead Sturgeon Goose neck barnacles Mussels Clams Sea urchins, limpets a chitons Crabs Sea anemones, chinese slippers Ling cod eggs Smelt octopus April In-river summer steelhead through River and ocean fishing for spring and summer chinook May Sturgeon Bottom fish Rockfish Halibut Smelt Goose neck barnacles Mussels Clams sea urchins, limpets & chitons Crabs Sea anemones, chinese slippers Sea cucumbers Seagull eggs June In-river summer steelhead through River and ocean fishing for spring and summer coho August Sturgeon Bottom fish and rock fish Halibut Lingcod Black bass Ocean perch Smelt Goose neck barnacles Mussels Clams Sea urchins, limpets and chitons Crabs Sea anemones, chinese slippers Identification of Fish, Shellfish, Waterfowl and Plants Presently Relied on by the Quinault Peoples for Subsistence and Ceremonial Purposes species Period of Harvest Location A. 1. Flatfish Year round -Quinault reservation. 2. Halibut Year round -Destruction Island/ Grays Harbor. 3. Lingcod Summer -Quinault reservation/ Neah Say. 4. Bottomfish Summer -Quinault reservation/ Neah Bay. S. Rockfish Summer -Throughout U&A area. 6. Black Bass Summer -Throughout U&A area. 7. Ocean Perch Summer -Quinault reservation. 8. Smelt Summer -Taholah, La Push. 9. Salmon In seasons -All Quinault rivers. 10. Sturgeon Fall/Winter -Quests/Quinault/Grays Harbor. 11. Eels Fall -Quinault river. S. Invertebrates 1. Barnacles Year round -Cape Elizabeth & Ft. Grenville areas. 2. Mussels Year round -Cape Elizabeth, Raft R., Kalaloch & Pt. Grenville areas. 3. Hardshell Year round -Pt. Grenville, Taholah clams and Kalaloch areas. 4. Softshell Spring/summer -Taholah area. clams 5. Razor clams Spring/summer -Taholah, Pt. Grenville and Kalaloch areas.' 6. Oysters Year round -Southern bays/Hood Canal. 7. Sea urchins Summer -Taholah area. S. Limpets Summer -Reservation area/Ruby Beach 9. Crabs Year round -Reservation shores. 10. Shrimp Summer -Hood Canal. 11. Sea anemone Year round -Pt. Grenville. 12. Sea cucumber Year round -Pt. Grenville. 13. Whelk Year round -Quests area. 14. Octopus Fall -Neah Bay. 15. Skate Summer -Quests area. C. Waterfowl 1. Ducks Year round -Quinault and Quests R. areas. 2. Seagull eggs Spring -Pt. Grenville area. 3. Geese Fall -Quinault and Quests R. areas. D. Plants 1. Kelp Year round -Taholah area. 2. Seaweed Year round -Taholah area. 3. Bear grass/ Spring/Summer -Quinault and QU60tt R. sweet grass/ areas, Grays Harbor cattails Bay. Source: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. Principal Harvest of Ocean Resources by the Quinault Indian Nation Period of the Year Resources Harvested April Pangwuh?am Huhnsha?ha Blueback (sockeye) and spring chinook in the Quinault (time when the geese and Queets Rivers. go by) Ocean halibut fishing if quota still available. Crab, razor clams, oysters, mussel, and barnacle gathering. Flatfish. Surf perch fishing. Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. May Panjulashxuhtltu Blueback and spring chinook in the Quinault and Quests (time when Blueback Rivers. return) ocean trolling for chinook. ocean fishing for halibut. Crab, clams, oysters, mussel, and barnacle gathering. Flatfish. Surf perch fishing. Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. Seagull egg gathering. June Pankwuhla In-river blueback and spring chinook fishing (time of continues. nalmonborries) ocean trolling for salmon and other ocean species.- Fishing for smelt from the beach. Crab, clam, oyster, mussel, and barnacle gathering. Flatfish. Halibut (subsistence). Surf perch fishing. Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. Cattail and beargrass gathering. Seagull egg gathering. July Panklaswha Ocean trolling for salmon and other species. (time to gather River blueback and spring chinook fishing. native blackberries) Summer steelhead fishing in Quinault River. Fishing for flatfish, halibut, lingcod, bottomfish, rockfish, black bass, ocean perch, smelt, and skate in the ocean. Crib, clams, oysters, mussels, barnacles, sea urchins, limpets, chitons and shrimp. Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. Cattail and beargrass gathering. August Panmuu?lak Ocean trolling for salmon and other species. (time of warmth) Summer steelhead fishing in Quinault River. Fall chinook fishing in Quinault River. Fishing for flatfish, halibut, lingcod, bottomfish, rockfish, black bass, ocean perch, smelt and skate in the ocean. Harvesting crab, clams, oysters, mussels, barnacles, sea urchins, limpets, chitons, and shrimp. Kelp; seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. September To okwanpitskitl Ocean trolling for salmon and other species. (leaves are getting Fall chinook fishing on the Quests, Quinault, red on the vine maples) Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers. Fishing for flatfish and halibut. Harvesting crab, clams, oysters, mussels, and barnacles. Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone# sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. Octopus gathering. May start catching sturgeon. continued Period of the Year Resources Harvested Start of eel season in-river. .Harvesting of ducks and geese. October Pan?silpaulod Fall chinook fishing on the Queets, Quinault, (time of autumn) Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers. Fishing for hatchery coho on the guests, Quinault, Humptulips, and Chehalis rivers. Fishing for flatfish and halibut. Fishing for sturgeon. Fishing for river eels. Octopus gathering. Harv::ting crab, clams, oysters, mussels, and barn les. Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. Harvesting of ducks and geese. November Panitpuhtuhkotista Chum and coho fishing in the Quests, Quinault, (time when the clouds Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers. are covering) Fishing for flatfish and halibut. Fishing for sturgeon. Fishing for river eels. Harvesting crabs, clams, oysters, mussels, and barnacles. Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. Harvesting of ducks and geese. December Panpamas Residual in-river coho fishing. (time of cold) Steelhead fishing in the Quests, Quinault, Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers. Fishing for halibut and flatfish. Fishing for sturgeon. Harvesting crabs, clams, oysters, mussels, and barnacles. Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. January Autkaltaanem Steelhead fishing in the'Queets, Quinault, (after the sun Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers. comes back) Fishing for halibut and flatfish. Fishing for sturgeon. Harvesting crabs, clams, oysters, mussels, and barnacles. Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. February Panlaleah-kilech Steelhead fishing in the Quests, Quinaiilt, (time of the beach Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers. willow) Commercial razor clam activity. Fishing for halibut and flatfish. Harvesting crabs, clams, oysters, mussels, and barnacles. Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. March Panjans Steelhead fishing in the Quests, Quinault, (time of the sprouts) Humptulips, and Chehalis Rivers. Commercial razor clam activity continues. Commercial halibut fishing commences Start of fishing for spring chinook ind blueback in the Quinault and Quests Rivers. Fishing for flatfish. Harvesting crabs, clams, oysters, mussels, and barnacles. Kelp, seaweed, sea anemone, sea cucumber, and whelk gathering. Source: Quinault Indian Nation, 1990. APPENDIX F: SPECIES INHABITING HABITATS IN THE PROPOSED SANCTUARY "Rendix P: Soecies inhabiting Habitats in the ProRosed Sanctuary F-2 HABITAT: UNPROTECTED BEACH SURF PHOCA VITULINA MOLE CRAB HARBOR SEAL SILIOUA PATULA SPILOGALE PUTORIUS RAZOR CLAX SPOTTED SKUNK TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS TRDPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER INVERTEBRATES CALIFORNIA SEA LION INVERTEBRATES CHAETOCEROS ARMATUN TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE OLIVELLA BIPLICATA DIATOM INVERTEBRATES PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER ALLONISCUS PERCONVEXUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER NON-VASCULAR PLANTS ISOPODS BIRDS CALLIANASSA CALIFORNIENSIS ASTRIONELLA SOCIALIS GHOST SHRIMP LARUS GLAUCESCENS DIATOM CIROLANA KINCAIDI GLAUCOS-WINGED GULL ISOPODS LARUS OCCIDENTALIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER COELOPA WESTERN GULL VASCULAR PLANTS KELP FLY EUZONUS MUCRONATA TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI BLOOD WORMS EATER - INVERTEBRATES SCOULERIS SURFGRASS ORCHESTOIDEA CALIFORNIANA SAND FLEE CEREBRATULUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SPIONIDAE RIBBON WOR14 INVERTEBRATES WORM EOHAUSTORIUS WASHINGTONIANUS AMPHIPOD ENDEODES COLLARIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE PONTOMALOTA OPACA COLEOPTERA INVERTEBRATES ROVE BEETLE STAPHYLINIDAE TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE CRAGO NIGRACAUDA ROVE BEETLES MAMMALS BLACK-TAILED SHRIMP THINOPINUS PICTUS CRAGO SPP. ROVE BEETLE ODOCOILEUS HENIONUS COLUMBIANO -NULL- THINUSA 14ARIT114A BLACK-TAILED DEER ROVE BEETLE TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE FISHES TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE INVERTEBRATES EATER - FISHES PHANERODON FURCATUS GLYCERIDAE WHITE SEAPERCH ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS PROBOSCIS WORM WHITEBAIT SMELT TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE AMMODYTES HEXAPTERUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE BIRDS PACIFIC SAND LANCE BIRDS AMPHISTICHUS RHODOT9RUS CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS REDTAIL SURFPERCH LARUS ARGENTATUS COMMON CROW HYPONESUS PRETIOSUS HERRING GULL SURFSMELT LARUS CALIFORNICUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OWIVORE CALIFORNIA GULL MAMMALS TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE LARUS CANUS EATER - BIRDS MEW GULL MEPHITIS 14EPHITIS LARUS NEER14ANNI STRIPED SKUNK ARENARIA INTERPRES HEERMANIS GULL PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS RUDDY TURNSTONE LARUS PHILADELPHIA DEER MOUSE CALIDRIS ALBA BONAPARTE'S GULL PROCYON LOTOR SANDERLING RISSA TRIDACTYLA RACCOON. CALIORIS ALPINA BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE DUNLIN TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE CALIDRIS RAIRDII TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE INVERTEBRATES BAIRD'S SANDPIPER MAMMALS CALIDRIS CANUTUS ALEOCHARA ARENARIA RED KNOT EUMETOPtAS JUBATA ROVE BEETLE CALIDRIS M"l STELLER'S SEA LION MALACOODELLA, SPP. WESTERN SANDPIPER LYNX RUFUS R I BBON WORN CHARADRIUS ALEXANDRINUIS BOBCAT SHOWY PLOVER MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER CHARADRIUS SENIPALMATUS ELEPHANT SEAL INVERTEBRATES SEHIPAL14ATED PLOVER MUSTELA FRENATA LIMNODROWA GRISEUS LONG-TAILED WEASEL ARCHAEORYSIS GREBUITZK11 SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER MUSTELA VISON MYSID LIMOSA FEDOA MINK EMERITA ANALOGA 14ARBLED GODWIT HABITAT: UNPROTECTED BEACH BURP WUMEWIUS PHAEOPUS WHIMBREL PLUVIALIS SGUATAROLA BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) UWKWOWN INVERTEBRATES HAUSTORtIDAE AMPHIPOD HABITAT: PROTECTED BEACH SURF RISSA TRIDACTYLA MEPHITIS MEPHITIS BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE STRIPED SKUNK STERNA CASPIA PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS CASPIAN TERM DEER MOUSE TRINGA FLAVIPES PROCYON LOTOR TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER LESSER YELLOWLEGS RACCOON VASCULAR PLANTS TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE 4 PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULIERI MAMMALS INVERTEBRATES SCOULERIS SURFGRASS PLANTAGO 14ARIT114A EUMETOPIAS JUBATA MALACOBDELLA SPP. SEASIDE PLANTAIN STELLER'S SEA LION RIBBON WORM TENACETUM DOUGLASI I LYNX RUFUS DUNE TANSY BOBCAT TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS INVERTEBRATES TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE ELEPHANT SEAL INVERTEBRaTES MUSTELA FREMATA ARCHAE004YSIS GREBNITZKII LONG-TAILED WEASEL MYSID LUMBRINARIS ZONATA MUSTELA VISON EMERITA ANALOGA WORM MINK MOLE CRAB PHOCA VITULINA SILIGUA PATULA TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE HARBOR SEAL RAZOR CLAN BIRDS SPILOGALE PUTORIUS SPOTTED SKUNK TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER BRANTA BERNICLA ZALOPHUS CALIFORMIAMUS INVERTEBRATES BRANT CALIFORNIA SEA LION OLIVELLA BIPLICATA TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL MAMMALS INVERTEBRATES TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS COLLR491ANU ABARENICOLA CLAPAREDII OCEANIC BIRDS BLACK-TAILED DEER LUGWORM CALLIANASSA CALIFORMIENSIS HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE GHOST SHRI14P BALD EAGLE INVERTEBRATES CIROLANA KINCAIDI LARUS GLAUCESCENS ISOPODS GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL GLYCERIDAE EUZONUS MUCRONATA LARUS OCCIDENTALIS PROBOSCIS WORM BLOOD WOR14 WESTERN GULL ORCHESTIA TRASKIANA TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE LESSER BEACH HOPPERORCHESTOIDEA TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE FISHES CALIFORNIANA EATER - INVERTEBRATES SAND FLEE/GREAT BEACH HOPPER MYOXOCEPHALUS POLYACANTHOCEPHA, SPIONIDAE CEREBRATUILUS GREAT SCULPIN WOR14 R I SOW WOR14 PAROPHRYS VETULUS EOHAUSTORIUS WASHINGTONIANUS ENGLISH SOLE TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE AMPHIPOD PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS INVERTEBRATES PARAMEMERTES PEREGRINA, STARRY FLOUNDER NEMERTEAM PSETTICHTHYS MELAMOSTICTUS CRAGO MICRACAUDA STAPHYLIMIDAE SAND SOLE BLACK-TAILED SHRIMP ROVE BEETLES SEBASTES PAUCISPINIS CRAGO SPP. SOCCACIO -NULL- TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE EATER - FISHES TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE BIRDS FISHES ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS WHITEBAIT SMELT ARDEA HERODIAS HYPERPROSOPON ANGENTEUM ALOSA SAPIDISS114A GREAT BLUE HERON WALLEYE SURFPERCH AMERICAN SHAD LARUS ARGENTATUS HYPERPROSOPON ELLIPTICUM AMMODYTES HEXAPTERUS HERRING GULL SILVER SURFPERCN PACIFIC SAND LANCE LARUS CALIFORMICUS AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS CALIFORNIA GULL TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE REDTAIL SURFPERCM LARUS CAMUS BIRDS CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI NEW GULL PACIFIC HERRING LARUS DELAWARENSIS CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA RING-BILLED GULL COMMON CROW SHINER PERCH LARUS REER14ANNI HYPONESUS PRETIOSUS HEER14ANIS GULL TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE SURFSMELT LARUS PHILADELPHIA MAMMALS LEPTOCOTTUS ARNATUS BONAPARTE'S GULL PACIFIC STAGNORM SCULPIN ZIABITAT: PROTECM 13BACH SUp MICROGAOUS PROXIMUS PACIFIC TONCOD TIOPmIC LEVEL: EATER - BIRDS (9) INVERTEBRATE ACTI TIS MACULARZA SPOTTED SANDPIPER A'ENA41A INTE4PREs RUDDY TURNSTONE ARENARIA MELANOCEPHALA SLACK TURNSTONE CALIDRIS ALBA SANDERLING CALIDRIS ALPINA DUNLIN CALIDRIS SAIRDII SAUDIS SANDPIPER CAL10418 CANUTUS RED KNOT CALIORIS MAUR, WESTERN SANDPIPER CALIDRIS MINUTILLA LEAST SANDPIPER CHARADRIUS ALEXANDRINUS SNOWY PLOVER CHARADRIUS SENIPALMATUS SENIPALMATED PLOVER CHARADRIUS VOCZFERUS KILLDEER LIMMODROMS GRISEUS SHORT-OILLED DOWITCHER L IMNOD40WS LONQ-SILLE0 SCOLOPACELIS LZMOSA FEDOA DOWZ TCHER MARBLED GODWIT LOSIPES LOSATUS NORTHERN PRALAROPE NUMENIUS AMERICANUS LONG-BILLED CURLEW NL04ENZUS PHAEOPUS WHIMBREL PLUVIALIS DONINICA AME91CAN GOLDEN PLOVER PIUVIALIS SQUATAROLA BLACK-BELLZED PLOVER TRINGA MELANIDLEUCA GREATER YELLOWLEGS TROPHIC LEVEL: INVERTEBRATES (Q) UNKNOWN HAUSTORIIDAE AMPHIPOD HABITAT: UNPROTECTED ROCKY SURF POLYSIPHONIA PACIFICA ASCELICHTHYS RHODORUS POLLY PACIFIC ROSYLIP SCULPIN PORPHYRA LANCEOLATA RAJA STELLULATA RED JABOT LABER STARRY SKATE PORPHYRA PERFORATA SEBASTES MELANOPS TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER RED LAVER BLACK ROCKFISH NON-VASCULAR PLANTS POSTELSIA PAL14AEFORMIS SEA PALM ALARIA NANA PRESIDLA MERIDIONALIS -NULL- -NULL- TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE BOSSEA 14ANZA PRIONITIS LANCEOLATA BIRDS LEAF CORAL -NULL- BRYOPSIS CORTICULANS PRIONITIS LYALLII AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS SEA FERN LYALLIS SEAWEED WESTERN GREBE CALLIARTHROIN MANZA PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA CEPPHUS COLL146A BEAD CORAL POMPON PIGEON GUILLEMOT CALLITHANNION PIKEAMU14 PTILOTA FILICINA CERORHINCA MONOCERATA BEAUTY BUSH RED WING RHINOCEROUS AUKLET CLADOPHORA TRICHOT014A PTILOTA HYPNOIDES GAVIA ARCTICA GREEN BALL -NULL- ARCTIC LOON CODIUN FRAGILE RALFSIA PACIFICA HAE14ATOPUS BACH14ANI SEA STAGHORN TAR SPOT BLACK OYSTERCATCHER CODIUM SETCHELLII SCHIZYMENIA PACIFICA HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS SPUNGY CUSHION SEA ROSE HARLEQUIN DUCK CORALLINA GRACILIS SCYTOSIPHOW LOMENTARIA LARUS ARGENTATUS GRACEFUL CORAL WHIP TUBE HERRING GULL COSTARIA COSTATA SPONGOMORPKA COALITA LARUS CALIFORNICUS SEERSUCKER GREEN ROPE CALIFORNIA GULL CUMAGLOIA ANDERSONII UROSPORA MIRABILIS LARUS CANUS -NULL- -NULL- MEW GULL CYAMATHERE TRIPLICATA, LARUS NEER14ANNI TRIPLE RIO TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER REEER14AMIS GULL CYSTOSEIRA OSMUNDACEA VASCULAR PLANTS LUNDA CIRRHATA WOODY CHAIN BLADDER TUFTED PUFFIN EGREGIA MENZIESIZ PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI MELANITTA DEGLANDI FEATHER BOA SCOULERIS SURFGRASS WHITE-WINGED SCOTER ENDOCLADIA MURICATA PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS NAIL BRUSH TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE BROWN PELICAN ENTEROMMOHA COMPRESSA, INVERTEBRATES PHALOCROCORAX AURITUS GREEN CONFE771 DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT ENTERO MOR PHA INTESTINALIS AC14AEA DIGITALIS PHALOCROCORAX PELAGICUS LINK CONFETTI L114PET PELAGIC CORMORANT ENTEROMORPHA PLUMOSA AC14AEA PELTA PHALOCROCORAX PENICILLATUS SILK CONFETTI BROWN & WHITE SHIELD LIMPET BRANDT'S COR140RANT GRATELOUPIA PINNATA DIDDOR.A. ASPERA RISSA TRIDACTYLA POINTED LYNX KEYHOLE L114PET BLACK-LEGGEED KITTIWAKE HALICYSTIS OVALIS KATHERINA TUNICATA URIA AALGE -NULL- BLACK CHITOW COW40M MURRE NEDOPHYLLUM SESSILE NUTTALINA CALIFORNICA SEA CABBAGE CNITON TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE NYMENENA FLASELLIGERA, PARACLUNIO ALASKENSIS HAM14ALS VEINED FAN MIDGE IRIDOPHYCUS SPECIES STROINGLYOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS ENHYDRA LUTRIS IRIDESCENT SEAWEED PURPLE SEA URCHIN SEA OTTER LAMINARIA ANDERSON111 EUMETOPIAS JUBATA SPLIT WHIP WRACK TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE STELLER'S SEA LION LAMINARIA PLA7YMERIS INVERTEBRATES LUTRA CANADENSIS SEA GIRDLE OR TANGLE RIVER OTTER LAMINARIA SETCHELIt ANISODORIS NOBILIS MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS -NULL- SEA LEMON ELEPHANT SEAL LESSONIOPSIS LITTORALIS PISASTER GIGANTEUS MUSTELA VISON -NULL- SEASTAR MINK LITHOTHAMNIUM SPECIES PISASTER OCNRACEUS PHOCA VITULINA RED ROCK CRUST SEASTAR HARBOR SEAL MICROCLADIA BOREALIS THAIS ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS COARSE SEA LACE SNAIL CALIFORNIA SEA LION PELVETIOPSIS LIMITATA -NULL- TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE PLEUROPHYCUS GARDNERI FISHES TROPNIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE SEA SPATULA INVERTEBRATES HABITAT: UNPROTECTED ROCKY BURP EUDISTYLIA VANCOUVERI AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS SASELLID REDTAIL SURFPERCH IDOTEA SCHMITTI CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA ISOPOD SHINER PERCH IDOTEA WOSNESENSKII OLIVE GREEN ISOPOD TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE LIGIA PALLAS[ EATER - BIRDS ROCK LOUSE SABELLARIA CEMENTARIUM ACTITIS MACULARIA WORM SPOTTED SANDPIPER APHRIZA VIRGATA TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE SURFBIRD MA14MALS ARENARIA INTERPRES RUDDY TURNSTONE PROCYON LOTOR ARENARIA MELANOCEPHALA RACCOON BLACK TURNSTONE CALIDRIS PTILOCNEMIS TROPHIC LEVE;L: (6) PARASITE ROCK SANDPIPER INVERTEBRATES HETEROSCELUS INCANUM WANDERING TATTLER FABIA SUBQUADRATA NUMENIUS PHAEOPUS PEA CRAB WHIMBREL HETEROSACCUS CALIFORNICUS -NULL- TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) UNKNOWN TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER INVERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES HAPALOGASTER CAVICAUDA BALANUS GLANDULA CRAB BARNACLE MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS MUSSEL NEANTHES BRANDT[ WORM POLLICIPES POLYMERUS PACIFIC GOOSE BARNACLE VOLSELLA MODIOLUS HORSE MUSSEL TROPHICLEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER BIRDS LARUS.GLAUCESCENS GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL LARUS OCCIDENTALIS WESTERN GULL TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE EATER - INVERTEBRATES AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS ROVE BEETLE CEPHALOTHORIX LINEARIS NEMERTEAN DIAULOTA DENSISS114A ROVE BEETLE EMPLECTONE14A GRACILE i I Sam WON LIPAROCEPHALUS CORDICOLLIS ROVE BEETLE MICRURA VERRILL[ NEMERTEAN PARANEMERTES PEREGRINA NEMERTEAN THALASSOTRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI GROUND BEETLE TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE EATER - FISHES HABITAT: VROTECTED ROCKY SURF MICROCLADIA COULTERI KATHERINA TUNICATA DELICATE SEA LACE BLACK CHITON PELVETIOPSIS LIMITATA LITTORINA PLANAXIS -NULL- PERIWINKLE POLYNEURA PATISSIMA LITTORINA SCUTULINA TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER CRISSCROSS NETWORK PERIWINKLE NON-VASCULAR PLANTS POLYSIPHONIA COLLINSI LITTORINA SITKANA POLLY COLLINS PERIWINKLE AGARUM FIMBRIATUM POLYSIPHONIA PACIFICA LUMBRINERIS ZONATA SEA COLANDER POLLY PACIFIC WORM BOSSEA MANZA PORPHYRA LAWCEOLATA MOPALIA CILIATA LEAF CORAL RED JA80T LAVER CHITON CALLIARTHROM 14ANZA PORPHYRA PURFORATA MOPALIA LIGNOSA BEAD CORAL RED LAVER CHITOW CALLITHAMNION PIKEANUM PRASIOLA MERIDIONALIS ODONTOSYLLIS PHOSPHOREA BEAUTY BUSH -NULL- WORM CERAMIUM CALIFORMICUM PTILOTA FILICINA PARALUWIO ALASKENSIS -NULL- RED WING MIDGE CERAMIUM PACIFICUM PTILOTA HYPWOIDES STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANCISCANUI POTTERY SEAWEED -NULL- SEA URCHIN COILODESME CALIFORMICA RALFSIA PACIFICA STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS STICK BAG TAR SPOT PURPLE SEA URCHIN COLPOMENIA SINUOSA RHODOMELA LARIX POCKET OR OYSTER THIEF BLACK PINE TROPHIC LEVEL; (2) HERBIVORE CORALLINA CHILENSIS RHODYMENIA PAL14ATA INVERTEBRATES TIDE POOL CORAL DULSE OR RED KALE CUMAGLOIA ANDERSONII RHODYMENIA PERTUSA TONICELLA LINEATA -NULL- RED EYELET SILK LINED CHITON CYSTOPHYLLUM GERMINATUM SCYTOSIPHOM LOMENTARIA BLADDER LEAF WHIP TUBE CYSTOSEIRA OS14ONDACEA SPONGOMORP14A COALITA TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE WOODY CHAIN BLADDER GREEN ROPE INVERTEBRATES DESMARESTIA ACULEATA ULVA FENESTRATA CRISP COLOR CHANGER -NULL- AEOLIDIA PAPILLOSA DESMARESTIA INTERMEDIA ULVA LACTUCA NUDIBRANCH LOOSE COLOR CHANGER SEA LETTUCE AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS DESMARESTIA MUNDA ULVA LINZA ROVE BEETLE WIDE BRANCH COLOR CHANGER GREEN STRING LETTUCE ANISODORIS NOBILIS ENTEROMORPHA C014PRESSA SEA LEMON GREEN CONFETTI TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER CADLINA ENTEROMORPHA INTESTINALIS VASCULAR PLANTS NUDIBRANCH LINK CONFETTI CORAMBE PACIFICA ENTEROMORPHA PLL040SA JAUMEA CARMOSA NUDIBRANCH SILK CONFETTI JAUMEA DIAULOTA DENSISSIMA FUCUS FURCATA PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI ROVE BEETLE ROCKWEED OR POPPING WRACK SCOULERIS SURFGRASS. DIRONA ALBOLIMEATA GASTROCLONIUM COULTERI TANACETUM DOUGLASII NUDIBRANCH SEA BELLY DUKE TANSY LEPIDOZONA COOPERI GIGARTINA EXASPERATA CHITON TURKISH TOWEL TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE LEPIDOZONA KERTENSI GIGARTINA SPECIES INVERTEBRATES CHITON GRAPESTONE LIPAROCEPHALUS CORDICOLLIS GRATELOUPIA PINNATA A04AEA DIGITALIS ROVE BEETLE POINTED LYNX L 114PET PISASTER GIGANTEUS HALICYSTIS OVALIS A04AEA FENESTRATA SEASTAR -NULL- LIMPET PISASTER OCHRACEUS HALOSACCION GLANDIFOR14E AC14AEA L114ATULA SEASTAR SEA SAC FILE L114PET PLACIPHORELLA VELATA HETEROCHORDARIA ABIETINA ACHAEA MITRA CHITOM FIR NEEDLE DUNCE-CAP LIMPET PYCNOGOINUN STEARNSI LA141MARIA PLATYMERIS A04AEA PELTA SEA SPIDER SEA GIRDLE OR TANGLE BROWIN & WHITE SHIELD L114PET PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES LAMINARIA SACCHARIIIA A14PITHOE HUMERALIS SUNFLOWER STAR SUGAR WRACK -MULL- ROSTANGA PULCHRA LAURENCIA SPECTABILtS CALLISTOCHITON CRASSICOSTATUS NUDtBRAMCN SEA LAUREL CHITON SOLASTER DOWSOMI LITHOTHAMMIU14 SPECIES CRYPTOCNITON STELLERI SEASTAR RED ROCK CRUST GUM BOOT CHITOM SOLASTER STIN SON I MACROICYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA CYANOPLAX HARTWEGI SEASTAR KELP CHITON THAIS HABITAT: PROTECTED ROCKY SURF SNAIL DOUBLE-CRESTED COR140RANT ANOPLARCHUS PURPURESCENS PHALACROCORAX PELAGICUS HIGH COCKSCOMS TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE PELAGIC CORMORANT XIPHISTER MUCOSUS FISHES PHALACROCORAX PENICILLATUS ROCK PRICKLEBACK BRANDT'S CORMORANT ARTEDIUS LATERALIS RISSA TRIDACTYLA TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) 04WIVORE SMOOTNHEAD SCULPIN BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE BIRDS ASCELICHTHYS RHODORUS URIA AALGE ROSYLIP SCULPIN COMMON MURRE AYTHYA MARILA HEMILEPIDOTUS HEMILEPIDOTUS GREATER SCAUP RED IRISH LORD TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE CORVUS &RACHYRHYNCHOS HEMILEPIDOTUS SPINOSIS MAMMALS COMMON CROW BROWN IRISH LORD CORVUS CORVAX HEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMIJS ENHYDRA LUTRIS COMM10N RAVEN KELP GREENLING SEA OTTER NEXAGRAMMOS LAGOCEPHALUS EUMETOPIAS JUBATA TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE ROCK GREENLING STELLER'S SEA LION MAMMALS MYOXOCEPHALUS POLYACANTHOCEPHA LUTRA CANADENSIS . GREAT SCULPIN RIVER OTTER PROCYON LOTOR PAROPHYRUS VETULUS MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS RACCOON ENGLISH SOLE ELEPHANT SEAL RAJA STELLULATA MUSTELA VISON TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE STARRY SKATE MINK NON-VASCULAR PLANTS SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORATUS PHOCA VITULINA CABEZOM HARBOR SEAL JANCZEWSKIA GARDNERI SEBASTES MELANOPS ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS PARASITIC SEA LAUREL BLACK ROCKFISH CALIFORNIA SEA LION XIPHISTER ATROPURPUREUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE BLACK PRICKLERACK TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRIVORE INVERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE ARCTONOE PULCHRA BIRDS AMPHIODIA OCCIDENTALIS SCALE WOR14 BRITTLE STAR ARCTONOE VITTATA AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS AMPHITRITE ROBUSTA SCALE WORM WESTERN GREBE POLYCHAETE WORM FABIA SUBQUADRATA ARDEA HERODIAS CUCL04ARIA MINIATA PEA CRAB GREAT BLUE HERON SEA CUCUMBER PINNIXA TUBICOLA BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA EUDISTYLIA POLYMORPHA, PEA CRAB BUFFLEHEAD SABELLID SYNDESMIS FRANCISCANUS BUCEPHALA CLANGULA EUDISTYLIA VANCOUVERI WORM COMMON GOLDENEYE SABELLID CEPPHUS COLUMBA EUPOLYMNIA HETEROBRANCHIA TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER PIGEON GUILLEMOT TEREBELLID WORM INVERTEBRATES CERORHINCA MONOCERATA IDOTEA SCH14ITTI RHINOCEROS AUKLET ISOPOD BALANUS CARIOSUS GAVIA ARCTICA IDOTEA UROTOMA, BARNACLE ARCTIC LOON PILL BUG BALAMUS GLANDULA HAEMATOPUS RACH14ANI LIGIA PALLASt BARNACLE BLACK OYSTERCATCHER ROCK LOUSE BOCCARDIA PROBOSCIDEA HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS MELITA PALKATA SPINOID WORM HARLEQUIN DUCK BEACH HOPPER BEGULA PACIFICA LARUS ARGENTATUS NEOAMPHITRITE ROBUSTUS BRYOZOAN HERRING GULL TEREBELLID WORN HALICHONDRIA PANICEA LARUS CALIFORNICUS OPHIOPHOLIS ACULEATA CRLW OF BREAD SPONGE CALIFORNIA GULL BRITTLE STAR HENRICIA LEVIUSCULA LARUS CANUS ORCHESTIA TRASKIANA RED SEASTAR MEW GULL LESSER BEACH HOPPER HINNITES GIGANTEUS LARUS NEER14ANNI THELEPUS CRISPUS ROCK OYSTER NEERMANIS GULL WORN HIPPODIPLOSIA INSCULPTA LUNDA CIRRHADA TIGRIOPUS CALIFORNICUS BRYOZOAN TUFTED PUFFIN LEPRALIA BILABIATA, MEGACERYLE ALCYON BRYOZOAN BELTED KINGFISHER TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE MENBRANIPORA MMRAKACEA MELANITTA DEGLANDI INVERTEBRATES RRYOZOAN WHITE-WINGED SCOTER NEMBRANIPORA SERRILAMELLA MELANITTA PERSPICILLATA MOPALIA MUSCOSA BRYOZOAN SURF SCOTER CHITON PEDICELLINA CERNUA PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS ENTOPROCT BROWN PELICAN TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE PHIDOLOPORA PACIFICA PHALACROCORAX AURITIS FISHES BRYZOAII HABITAT: PROTECTED ROCKY BURP PLOCAMIA KARYKINA MICRURA VERRILLI WHIMBREL RED SPONGE NEMERTEAN PLUVIALIS SQUATAROLA SERPULA VEMICULARIS PARANEMERTES PEREGRINA BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER WORM NEMERTEAN TRINGA MELANOLEUCA SPIRORBIS PHOXICHILIDIUM FE140RATUM GREATER YELLOWLEGS WORM SEA SPIDER TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA SPIRONTOCARIS BREVIROSTRIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) UNKNOWN BRACHIGPOD BROKEN BACK SHRIMP INVERTEBRATES TRICELLARIA OCCIDENTALIS SPIRONTOCARIS CRISTATA BROZOAN BROKEN BACK SHRIMP ANAITIDES MEDIPAPILLATA XESTOSPONGIA VANILLA SPIRONTOCARIS PALUDICOLA PADDLE WORM SPONGE BROKEN BACK SHRIMP ARABELLA IRICOLOR SPIRONTOCARIS PRIONATA WORM TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER BROKEN BACK SHRIMP ASTRAEA GIBBEROSA INVERTEBRATES TEALIA CRASSICORNIS SNAIL ANEMONE CREPIDULA ADUNCA HEMIGRAPSUS NUDUS THALASSOTRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI HORNED SLIPPER SHELL PURPLE SHORE CRAB GROUND BEETLE CRYPTOLITHODES SITCHENSIS PACHYCHELES RUDIS UMBRELLA- BACKED CRAB PORCELAIN CRAB TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE DODECACERIA FISTULICOLA PAGURUIS GRANOSIMANUS EATER - FIJHES CIRRATULID WORM HERMIT CRAB APODICHTHYS FLAVIDUS HAPALOGASTER CAVICAUDA PAGURUS HEMPHILLI PENPOINT GUNNEL CRAB HERMIT CRAB CHIROLOPHIS NUGATOR LEPTASTERIA NEXACTIS PAGURUS SA14JELIS MOSSHEAD WAR-BONNET SEASTAR HERMIT CRAB CLINOCOTTUS ACUTICEPS LEPTASTERIA PUSILLA PETROLISTHES CINCTIPES SHARPNOSE SCULPIN SEASTAR PORCELAIN CRAB CLINOCOTTUS EMBRYUM NIMULUS FOLIATUS CALICO SCULPIN CRAB TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER CLINOCOTTUS GLOSICEPS DEDIGNATNUIS INERMIS BIRDS MOSSHEAD SCULPIN CRAB CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA PATIRIA MINIATA HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS SHINER PERCH SEA BAT BALD EAGLE GOBIESOX 14AEANDRICUS PLATYNEREIS AGASSIZI LARUS GLAUCESCENS NORTHERN CLINGFISH NEREID WORM GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL LEPTOCOTTUS AR14ATUS PODARKE PUGGETTENSIS LARUS OCCIDENTALIS PACIFIC STAGHORN SCULPIN POLYCHAETE WESTERN GULL LIPARIS FLORAE PUGETTIA PRODUCTA TIDEPOOL SNAILFISH KELP CRAB TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE OLIGOCOTTUS NACULOSUS SCYRA ACUTIFRONS EATER - INVERTEBRATES TIDEPOOL SCULPIN 14ASKING CRAB OLIGOCOTTUS SNYDERI TEGULA FUNEBRALIS ALLORCHESTES ANGUSTUS FLUFFY SCULPIN BLACK TURBO SNAIL -NULL- PHOLIS LAETA AMPHIPORUS BIMACULATUS CRESCENT GUNNEL RIBBON WORM RHACOCHILUS VACCA ANTHOPLEURA ELEGANTISSINA PILE PERCH AGGREGATED ANE14ONE SPIRINCHUS STARSKI ANTHOPLEURA XANTHOGRAMMICA MIGHT S14ELT GIANT GREEN ANEMONE XERERPES FUCORUN CANCER ANTENNARIUS ROCKWEED GUNNEL CRAB CANCER 14AGISTER TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE DUNGENESS CRAB EATER - BIRDS CANCER PRODUCTUS CRAB ACTITIS NACULARIA CEPHALOTHRIX LINEARIS SPOTTED SANDPIPER NEMERTEAN APHRIZA VIRGATA CERATOST014A SURFBIRD FOLIATUM 14JREX ARENARIA INTERPRES EMPLECTOME14A GRACILE RUDDY TURNSTONE RIBBON WORM ARENARIA MELANOCEPHALA EPIACTIS PROLIFERA BLACK TURNSTONE ANEMONE CALIDRIS ALPINA GLYCERA A14ERICANA DUNLIN WOR14 CALIDRIS PTILOCNENIS HALOSYDNA BREVISETOSA ROCK SANDPIPER SCALE WOR14 NETEROSCELUS INCANU14 HERMISSENDA CRASSICORNIS WANDERING TATTLER NUD I BRANCH NUMENIUS PHAEOPUS HABITAT: READI"DS AND ROCKY ISILAMS 14OLODISCUS DISCOLOR THUJA PLICATA OCEAN-SPRAY WESTERN RED CEDAR HYPOCHAERIS RADICATA ULEX EUROPAEUS GOSMORE GORSE LASTHENIA CHRYSOSTOMA VACCINIUM OVATUM TROPHIC LEVEL: LASTHENIA EVERGREEN HUCKLEBERRY VASCULAR PLANTS LASTHENIA 141NOR VAR. 14ARIT114A VACCINIL14 PARVIFOLIUM HAIRY LASTHENIA RED HUCKLEBERRY ANTHOXAMTHL04 ODORATUM LATHYRUS LITTORALIS VERATRUM VIRIDE SWEET VERNALGRASS BEACH PEA-VINE FALSE HELLE80RE HOLCUS LANATUS LEONTODON NUDICAULIS COMMON VELVET-GRASS BRISTLY HAWKSIT TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE LILAEOPSIS OCCIDENTALIS INVERTEBRATES TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER LILAEOPSIS VASCULAR PLANTI LONICERA INVOLUCRATA PARACLUNIO ALASKENSIS BLACK TWINBERRY MIDGE AIRA PRAECOX LOTUS FORMOSISSIMUS LITTLE HAIRGRASS DEERVETCH, SEASIDE LOTUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE ALNUS RUBRA LUPINUS ARBOREUS BIRDS RED ALDER TREE LUPINE ANGELICA LUCIDA LUPINUS VARICOLOR SONASA UMBELLUS SEA-WATCH TWO-COLOR LUPINE RUFFED GROUSE ARCTOSTAPHYLOS COLLP481ANA MICROSERIS BIGILOVII CARDUELIS PINUS BRISTLY 14ANZINITA COAST HICROSERIS PINE SISKIN ARCHTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI MYRICA GALE CARDULIS TRISTIS KINNIKINNIC SWEET GALE AMERICAN GOLDFINCH ARMERIA MERITIMA PINUS CONTORTA CARPODACUS MEXICANUS THRIFT LODGEPOLE PINE, SHORE PINE HOUSE FINCH BACCHARIS PILULARIS PLANTAGID HIRTELLA CARPODACUS PURPUREUS CHAPARRAL BROOM TALL COAST PLANTAIN PURPLE FINCH BLECHNUM SPICANI PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA COLUMBA FASCIATA DEER FERN BUCKHORN PLANTAIN BAND-TAILED PIGEON CALAMAGROSTIS NUTKAENSIS PGA PACHYPHOLIS DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS REEDGRASS SEACLIFF BLUEGRASS BLUE GROUSE CASTILLEJA LITORALIS POLYPODIUM GLYCYRRHIZA HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA PACIFIC PAINTBRUSH LICORICE FERN EVENING GROSBEAK CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS POLYSTICHUM MUNITUR JUNCID HYEMALIS BLUE BLOSSOM SWORDFERN DARK-EYED JUNCID CERASTIUM ARVENSE PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESI I LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICUIS FIELD CHICKWEED DOUGLAS F I R CALIFORNIA QUAIL CYTISUS SCOPARIUS PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM LOXIA CURVIROSTRA SCOTCH BROOM WESTERN BRACKEN FERN RED CROSSBILL DANTHONIA CALIFORNICA RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA MELOSPIZA MELODIA OATGRASS SMALL CREEPING BUTTERCUP SONG SPARROW DESCHAMPSIA'CAESPITOSA RHAMMUS PURSHIANA MELOTHRUS ATER TUFTED HAIRGRASS CASCARA BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD DESCHAMPSIA LONGIFLORA RHODODENDRON NACROPHYLLUM OREORTYX PICTUS HAIRGRASS WESTERN RHODODENDRON MOUNTAIN QUAIL DIGITALIS PURPUREA RHUS DIVERSILOBA PASSERELLA ILIACA FOXGLOVE POISON OAK FOX SPARROW EMPETRUM NIGRUM ROMANZOFFIA TRACYI PHEUCTICUS 14ELANOCEPHALUS CROWBERRY TRACY'S HIST14AIDEN BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK ERIGERON GLAUCUS RUBUS SPECTABILIS PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS SEASIDE DOCK SALHOINBERRY RUFOUS-SIDED TOWHEE FESTUCA NYUROS RUBUS URSINUS SELASPHORUS RUFUS RAT-TAIL FESCUE DOUGLASBERRY RUFOUS HL14MINGSIRD FESTUCA RUBRA RU14EX MARITIMUS SPIZELLA PASSERINA RED FESCUE SEASIDE DOCK CHIPPING SPARROW FRAGARIA CHILOENSIS SAGINA CRASSICAULIS ZENAIDA 14ACROM COASTAL STRAWBERRY STICK-STEMNED PEARLWORT MOURNING DOVE GALIUM NUTTALII SALIX HOOKERIANA ZONOTRICHIA ATRICAPILLA NUTTAL$S BEDSTRAW COAST WILLOW GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW GAULTHERIA SHALLON SEDUN LANCEOLATUN VAR. NESIOT1 ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS SALAL LANCE-LEAVED STONECROP WHITE-CRGMED SPARROW GNAPHALIUM CHILENSE SIDALCEA HIRTIPES HERBIVORE COTTON-BATTING PLANT HAIRY-STEMMEJ) CHECKER-HALLOW TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) GRINDELIA INTEGRIFOLIA VAR. 14A STACHYS RIGIDA MAMMALS PUGET SOUND GUNWEED HEDGE NETTLE NICROTUS LONGICAUDUS HERACLEuN LANATUN TANACETLIN DOUGLAS11 COW-PARSNIP DUNE TANSY LONG-TAILED VOLE HABITAT: HEADLAMS AM ROCKY ISLAMS MICROTUS OREGOWI LYNX RUFUS DIAULOTA DENSISSIMA OREGON VOLE BOBCAT ROVE BEETLE THOMOMYS 14ONTICOLA MUSTELA ERMIWEA LIPAROCEPHALUS CORDICOLLIS MOUNTAIN POCKET GOPHER SHORT-TAILED WEASEL ROVE BEETLE SPILOGALE PUTORIUS THALASSOTRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SPOTTED SKUNK GROUND BEETLE HERPETOFAUNA UROCYON CINEROARGENTEUS GRAY FOX TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE THAMNOPHIS ORDINOIDES VULPES FULVA EATER - HERPETOFAUNA NORTHWESTERN GARTER SNAKE RED FOX THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS AMBYSTOMA GRACILE COMMON GARTER SNAKE TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE BROWN SALA14ANDER BIRDS BUFO BOREAS TROPHIC LEVEL: WESTERN TOAD BIRDS BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM CEDAR WAXWING TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE PANDION HALIAETUS CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS EATER - HERPETOFAUNA, OSPREY COMMON CROW CORVUS CORVAX GERRHONOTUS COERULEUS TROPHIC LEVEL: C3) CARNIVORE COMMON RAVEN NORTHERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD BIRDS CYANOCITTA STELLERI HYLA REGILLA STELLER'S JAY PACIFIC TREEFROG ACCIPITER COOPERII PERIOSOREUS CANADENSIS PLETHODON DUNNI COOPER'S HAWK GRAY JAY DUNNS SALA14ANDER ACCIPITER STRIATUS PIRANGA LUDOVICIANA RHYACOTRITON OLYMPICUS SHARP-SHINNED HAWK WESTERN TANAGER OLYMPIC SALAMANDER AEGOLIUS ACADICUS STURNUS VULGARIS TARICHA GRANULOSA SAW-WHET OWL STARLING ROUGH-SKINNED NEWT ASIO OTUS TURDUS MIGRATORIUS LONG-EARED OWL A14ERICAN ROSIN TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE BUBO VIRGINIANUS EATER - BIRDS GREAT HORNED OWL TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE BUTEO JA14AICENSIS MAMMALS CATHARUS GUTTATUS RED-TAILED HAWK HERMIT THRUSH CEPPHUS COLL048A DIDELPHIS MARSUPIALIS CATHARUS USTULATUS PIGEON GUILLE140T COMMON OPPOSUM SWAINSONIS THRUSH CERORHINCA, MONOCERATA EURACTOS AMERICANUS CERTHIA FAMILIARIS RHINOCEROS AUKLET BLACK BEAR BROWN CREEPER FALCO PEREGRINUS MEPHITIS MEPHITIS CHAETURA VAUXI PEREGRINE FALCON STRIPED SKUNK VAUXIS SWIFT GLAUCIDION GN014A PEROMYSCUS NANICULATUS CHAMAEA FASCIATA PYGMY OWL DEER HOUSE WRENTIT LUNDA CIRRHATA PROCYON LOTOR CHORDEILES MINOR TUFTED PUFFIN RACCOON COMMON NIGHTHAWK OCEANODR014A FURCATA ZAPUS TRINOTATUS COLAPTES AURATUS FORK-TAILED STOR14 PETREL PACIFIC JL14PING MOUSE COMMON FLICKER OCEANODROMA, LEUCORHOA CONTOPUS SORDIDULUS LEACH'S STORM PETREL TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE WESTERN WOOD PEWEE OTUS ASIO VASCULAR PLANTS CYPSELOIDES NIGER SCREECH OWL BLACK SWIFT PHALOCROCORAX AURITUS BOSCHNIAKIA HOOKERI DENDROICA CORONATA DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT S14ALL GROUNO-CONE YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER PHALOCROCORAX PELAGICUS DENDROICA NIGRESCENS PELAGIC CORMORANT TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLEt PHALOCROCORAX PENICILLATUS BIRDS DENDROICA OCCIDENTALIS BRANDT'S CORMORANT HERMIT WARBLER PTYCHORAMPHUS ALEUTICLIS CATHARTES AURA DENDROICA PETECHIA CASSINIS AUKLET TURKEY VULTURE YELLOW WARBLER TYTO ALBA HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPKALIS DENDROICA TOWNSENDI BARN OWL BALD EAGLE TOWNSEND'S WARBLER URIA AALGE LARUS GLAUCESSCENS DRYOCOM PILEATUS COMMON MURRE GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL PILEATED WOODPECKER LARUS OCCIDENTALIS EMPIDONAX DIFFICILIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE WESTERN GULL WESTERN FLYCATCHER MAMMALS-_ E14PIDOMAX HAMMONDII TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE HAMMONDIS FLYCATCHER CANIS LATRANS EATER - INVERTEBRATE$ EMPIDONAX OBERHOLSERS COYOTE DUSKY FLYCATCHER FELIS CONCOLOR AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS EMPIDOMAX TRAILLII M OUN TAIN LION ROVE BEETLE WILLOW FLYCATCHER HABITAT: HEADLANDS AM ROCKY ISLANDS HIRUNDO RUSTICA SOREX VAGRANS BARN SWALLOW VAGRANT SHREW IRIDOPROCNE BICOLOR TREE SWALLOW IXOREUS NAEVIUS VARIED THRUSH MYADESTES TOWNSENDI TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE NUTTALLORNIS BOREALIS OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER OPORORNIS TOLMIEI MCGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER PARUS ATRICAPILLUS BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE PARUS RUFESCENS CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE PETROCHELIDON PYRRHONOTA CLIFF SWALLOW PICOIDES PUBESCENS DOWNY WOODPECKER PICOIDES VILLOSUS HAIRY WOODPECKER PROGNE SUBIS PURPLE MARTIN PSALTRIPARUS MININUIS 8UISHTIT REGULUS CALENDULA RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET REGULUS SATRAPA GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET SITTA CANADEWSIS RED-BRESTED NUTHATCH SITTA CAROLINENSIS WHITE-BRESTED NUTHATCH SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER STELGIDOPTERYX RUFICOILLIS ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW TACHYCINETA THALASSINA VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW THRYOMANES BEWICKII BEWICKIS WREN TROGLODYTES AEDON HOUSE WREN TROGLODYTES TROGLODYTES WINTER WREN VERMIVORA CELATA ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER VERMIVORA RUFICAPILLA, NASHVILLE WARBLER VIREO GILVUS WARBLING VIREO VIREO HUTTONI HUTTONfS VIREO VIREO SOLITARIUS SOLITARY VIREO WILSONIA PUSILLA WILSONfS WARBLER TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE EATER - MAMMALS EPTESICUS FUSCUS BIG BROWN RAT MYOTIS LICIFUGUS LITTLE BROW NYDTIS NEUROTRICHUS GIBBSIl SHREW-HOLE SCAPANUS TdWNSENDII TOWNSEND'S HOLE HABITAT: HEADLAMS AND ROCKY ISUMS AMALLOTHRIX VALIDA COPEPOD A14ALLOTHRIX VORAK COPEPOD ARIETELLUS PLLP41FER TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER COPEPOD NON-VASCULAR PLANTS BATHYCALANUS BRADY[ COPEPOD ASTERIONELLA, FOR140SA BOREOMYSIS DIATOM COPEPOD ASTERIONELLA JAPONICA BOREOMYSIS ROSTRATA DIATOM COPEPOD ASTERIONELLA, KARIANA CALANUS CRISTATUS DIAT014 COPEPOD BACTERIASTRUN DELICATULUM CALANUS FIN14ARCHICIJS DIATOM COPEPOD CERATIUM CALANUS PLUNCHRUS DINOFLAGELLATE COPEPOD CHAETOCEROS COMPRESSUS CALANUS TENUICORNIS DIAT014 COPEPOD CHAETOCEROIS CONVOLUTUS CALOCALANUS STYLIREMIS DIAT014 COPEPOD CHAETOCERDS RADICAMS CANDACIA BIPINNATA DIATOM COPEPOD COCCOLITHOPHORES CAVOLINA UNCINATA COCCOLITHS PTEROPOD DACTYLIOSOLEN MEDDITERRANEUS CENTRAUGAPTILUIS PORCELLUS DIAT014 COPEPOD FRAGILARIA CENTROPAGES MCMURRICHI DIAT004 COPEPOD GONYAULAX CHIRUNDINA STREETSI DINOFLAGELLATE COPEPOD LEPTOCYLINDRICUS DANICUS CLAUSOCALANUS ARCUICORNIS DIATOM COPEPOD MELOSIRA ISLANDICA CLAUSOCALANUS PERGENS DIATOM COPEPOD OTHER FLAGELLATES CLIO BALANTIU14 FLAGELLATES PTEROPOD PERIDINIUM CLIONE LIMACINA. DINOFLAGELLATE PTEROPOD RHIZOSOLENIA ALATA COROLLA SPECTABILIS DIATOM PTEROPOD RHIZOSOLENIA DELICATULA. CORYCAEUS DIATOM COPEPOD RNIZOSOLENIA FRAGILISS114A CTENOICALANUS VANUS DIATOM COPEPOD SYNEDRA ULNA EPILABIDOCERA A14PHITRITES DIAT014 COPEPOD THALASSIONE14A NITZSCHIOIDES EUCALANUS ATTENLAATUS DIATOM COPEPOD EUCALANUS BUNGII TZOPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE COPEPOD IWVERTEBRATES EUCHAETA SPINOSA COPEPOD ACARTIA CLAUSI EUCHIRELLA CURTICAUDA COPEPOD COPEPOD ACARTIA DAMAE EUCOPIA COPEPOD COPEPOD ACARTIA LOINGIRENIS EVADNE NORNANNI COPEPOD CLADOCERAN ACARTIA NEGLIGENS GAETAMUS SECUNDUS COPEPOD COPEPOD AETIDEOPSIS PACIFICA GAETAMUS SIMPLEX COPEPOD COPEPOD AETIDEUS ARNATUS GADIUS BREVISPINUS COPEPOD COPEPOD AETIDEUS PACIFICUS GAIDIUS VARIABILIS COPEPOD COPEPOO GAUSSIA PRINCEPS COPEPOD HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC GIGANTOCYPRIS AGASSIZII -UNDEUCHAETA MAJOR GONATUS ANONYCHUS OSTRACOD COPEPOD SQUID GNATHOPHAUSIA GIGAS UNDEUCHAETA PLUMOSA GONATUS FABRICII COPEPOD COPEPOD SQUID GNATHOPHAUSIA INGENS GONATUS MAGISTER COPEPOD TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SQUID HALOPTILUS PSEUDOXYCEPHALUS BIRDS HALICREAS MINIMUM COPEPOO JELLYFISH HETERORHABDUS TANNERI BRANTA NIGRICANS HALISTAURA CELLULARIA COPEPOD BLACK BRANT JELLYFISH HETEROSTYLITES LONGICORNIS HISTIOTEUTHIS HETEROPSIS COPEPOD TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SQU I D HETEROSTYLITES MAJOR INVERTEBRATES LENSIA CONOIDEA COPEPOD JELLYFISH LUCICUTIA BICORNUTA ABRALIOPSIS FELIS L114ACINA HELACINA COPEPOD SQUID PTEROPOD LUCICUTIA FLAVICORNIS AEGINA CITREA LOLIGO OPALESCENS COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQUID METRIDEA LUCENS AEGINURA GRI14ALDII MOROTEUTNIS ROBUSTA COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQU I D METRIDIA CURTICAUDA AEQUOREA MUGGIAEA ATLANTICA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH MICROCALANUS PYGMAEUS AGLANTHA DIGITALE NANOMIA CARA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH MICROSETELLA, ATOLLA VANHOEFFENI OCTOPOTEUTHIS SICULA COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQU I D MIXTOCALANUS ROBUSTUS ATOLLA WYVELLEI ONYCHOTEUTHIS BANKSI COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQU 10 OITHONA AURELIA LABIATA PANTACHOGON HAECKELI COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH ONCAEA CONIFERA BARGMANNIA PARAPHYLLINA RANSONI COPEP60 JELLYFISH JELLYFISH PARACALANUS PARVUS BEROE CLICUMIS PERIPHYLLA PERIPHYLLA COPEPOD COMB JELLY JELLYFISH PAREUCHAETA BIROSTRATA BOTRYNEMA BRUCEI PHYSOPHORA HYDROSTATICA COPEPOO JELLYFISH JELLYFISH PAREUCHAETA JAPONICA CALYCOPSIS ME14ATOPHORA PLEUROBRACHIA PILEUS COPEPOD JELLYFISH COMB JELLY PHAERNA SPINIFERA CARANARIA JAPONICA PRAYA DUSIA COPEPOD HETEROPOD JELLYFISH PLEUROMAMNA BOREALIS CHELOPHYES APPENDICULATA PRAYA RETICULATA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH PLEUROMAMMA SCUTULLATA CHELOPHYES MULTIDENTATA PTEROTRACHEA SCUTUTA COPEPOD JELLYFISH HETEROPOD PODON LEUCKARTI CHIROTEUTHIS VERANYI SARSIA PRINCEPS CLADOCERAN SQUID JELLYFISH PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTUS CHUNIPHYES 140SERAE SARSIA TUBULOSA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH PSEUDOCHIRELLA, POLYSPINA COLOBONE14A SERVICEU14 SOLMISSUS INCISA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH RACOVITZANUS FORRECTA CRANCHIA SCABRA SOLMISSUS MARSHALLI COPEPOD SQUID JELLYFISH RACOVITZANUS PACIFICA CROSSOTA ALBA SULCULEOLARIA CAJADRIVALVIS COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH RHINCALANUS NASUTUS CROSSOTA PEDUNCULATA TAONIUS PALVO COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQUID SCAPHOCALANUS KEDIUS CROSSOTA RUFOGRUNNEA, VAMPYROTEUTHIS INFERNALIS COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQUID SCAPHOCALANUS MINUTUS CUNINA OCTONARIA VELELLA VELELLA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH SCAPHOCALANUS SUBELONGATUS CYANEA VOGTIA SPINOSA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH SCOLECITHRICELLA MINOR EUPHYSORA FURCATA TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE COPEPOD JELLYFISH SCOTTOCALANUS SEDATUS EUTONIA INDICANS FISHES COPEPOD JELLYFISH TORTANIS DISCAUDATUS GALITEUTHIS AR14ATA ALOPIAS VULPINN COPEPOD SQUID THRESHER SHARK UNDEUCHAETA INTER14EDIA GONATOPSIS BOREALIS BRACHYISTIUS FRENATUS COPEPOD SQUID KELP PERCH HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC EPTATRETUS DEANI STERNA PARADISAEA PODICEPS AURITUS BLACK HAGFISH ARCTIC TERM HORNED GREBE EPTORETUS STOUTI PODICEPS GRISEGENA PACIFIC HAGFISH TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE RED-NECKED GREBE GADUS 14ACROCEPHALUS BIRDS PTYCHORAMPHUS ALEUTICA PACIFIC COD CASSINIS AUKLET GALEORNINUS ZYOPTERUS AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS PUFFINUIS SULLERI SOUPFIN SHARK WESTERN GREBE BULLER'S SHEARWATER NEXANCHUS GRISEUS BRACHYRAMPHUS MARNMATU14 PUFFINUS CARNEIPES SIXGILL SHARK MARSELED MURRELET FLESH-FOOTED SHEARWATER HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI CERORHINCA MOMOCERATA, PUFFINUS CREATOPUS RATFISH RHINOCEROS AUKLET PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER LAMNA DITROPSIS CLANGULA HYKALIS PUFFINUS GRISEUS SALMON SHARK OLDSQUAW SOOTY SHEARWATER MERLUCCIUS PRODUCTUS DICHEDEA NIGRIPES PUFFINUS TENUIROSTRIS PACIFIC HAKE BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER MARONE SAXATILIS FUL14ARIS GLACIALIS RISSA TRIDACTYLA STRIPED BASS NORTHERN FUL14AR BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE NOTORYNCHUS NACULATUS GAVIA ARCTICA STERNA CASPIA SPOTTED COWSHARK ON SEVENGILL ARCTIC LOON CASPIAN TERM ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA GAVIA INNER STERNA FORSTERI PINK SALMON COMMON LOOK FORSTER'S TERM ONCORHYNCHUS KETA GAVIA STELLATA STERNA HIRUNDO CHUN SALMON RED-THROATED LOON COMMON TERM ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS ANTIG COHO SALMON HARLEQUIN DUCK ANCIENT MURRELET ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA LARUS ARGENTATUS URIA AALGE CHINOOK SALMON HERRING GULL COMMON MURRE PRIONACE GLAUCA LARUS CALIFORMICUS XE14A SABINI BLUE SHARK CALIFORNIA GULL SABINE'S GULL RAJA KINCAIDI LARUS CAMUS BLACK SKATE NEW GULL TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE RAJA RHINA LARUS DELAWARENSIS MAMMALS LONGNOSE SKATE RING-BILLED GULL RAJA STELLULATA LARUS GLAUCESCENS BERARDIUS BAIRDI STARRY SKATE GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL BAIRD'S BEAKED WHALE SALMO CLARKI LARUS HEERMAMMI CALLORHINUS URSINUS CUTTHROAT TROUT HEERMANNIS GULL NORTHERN FUR SEAL SALMO GAIRDMARI LARUS OCCIDENTALIS DELPHINUS DELPHIS STEELHEAD TROUT WESTERN GULL COMMON DOLPHIN SALVALIMUS MAL14A LARUS PHILADELPHIA EUMETOPIAS JUSATUS DOLLY VARDEN BONAPARTE'S GULL NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION SEBASTES ALUTUS LARUS THAYERI GLOSICEPHALA MACRORHYMCHUS PACIFIC OCEANPERCH THAYERS GULL BLACK FISH OR SHORT-FINNED PIL SEBASTES CRAMERI LOBIPES LOBATUS GRAMPUS GRISEUS BLACKMOUTH ROCKFISH OR DARKBLOOD NORTHERN PHALAROPE RISSOIS DOLPHIN SEBASTES DIPLOPROA LUNDRA CIRRHATA KOGIA BREVICEPS SPLITNOSE ROCKFISH TUFTED PUFFIN PYGMY SPERM WHALE SEBASTES FLAVIDUS MELANITTA DEGLANDI LAGEMORHYNCHUS OBLIQUIDENS YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH WHITE-WINGED SCOTER PACIFIC STRIPED/WT-SIDED SEBASTES PINNEGER MELANITTA MIGRA DOLPHIN CANARY ROCKFISH BLACK SCOTER LISSODELPHIS BOREALIS SEBASTOLOBUS ALASCAMUS 14ELANITTA PERSPICILLATA NORTHERN RIGHT WHALE DOLPHIN SHORTSPINE ROCKFISH SURF SCOTER MESOPLODON CARLHUBBSI SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS MERGUS SERRATOR HUBBIS BEAKED WHALE PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK RED-BRESTED MERGANSER MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI SQUALIS ACANTHIAS OCEAMODROMA FURCATA STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE SPINY DOGFISH FORK-TAILED STORN-PETREL KIROUNGA AUGUSTIROSTRIS THERAGRA CHALCOGRAMMA OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL WALLEYE POLLOCK LEACH'S STORN-PETREL ORCIMUS ORCA TORPEDO CALIFORMICA, PELICAMUS OCCIDENTALIS KILLER WHALE PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY BROWN PELICAN PHOCA VITUILINA TRIAKIS SEMIFASCIATA PHALACROCORAX AURITUS HARBOR SEAL LEOPARD SHARK DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT PHOICOEMA PHOCOEMA PHALACROCORAX PELAGICUS HARBOR PORPOISE TROPHIC LEVEL: C-) PELAGIC CORMORANT PHOCOEMOIDES DALLI BIRDS PHALACROCORAX PENICILLATUS DALL PORPOISE BRANDT'S CORMORANT PHYSETER CATODOM CEPPRUS COLU14BRA PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS SPERM WHALE PIGEON GUILLE140T RED PHALAROPE PSEUDORCA CRASSIDEMS HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC FALSE KILLER WHALE POMARINE JAEGER LANCEOLA LOVENI STENELLA COERULEOALBA AMPHIPOO STRIPED DOLPHIN/GRAY'S PORPOISE TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER LYCAEA PULEX ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIAMUS INVERTEBRATES AMPHIPOD CALIFORNIA SEA LION MENINGODORA HOLLIS ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS DOLIOLUM SHRIMP CUVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE SALP NINOE GEMMA HELIOSCALPA VIRGULA POLYCHAETE WORM TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE SALP NOTOSTOMUS JAPONICUS INVERTEBRATES IASIS ZONARIA SHRIMP SALP OXYCEPHALUS CLAUSI BENTHEUPHAUSIA AMBLYOP'S OIKOPLEURA AMPHIPOD EUPHASID LARVACEAN PARAPASIPHAE CRISTATA EUPHAUSIA PACIFICA PEGEA CONFOEDERATA SHRIMP EUPHASID SALP PARAPASIPHAE SUICATIFRONS MEMATOBRACHION FLEXIPES SALPA FUSIFORMIS SHRIMP EUPHASID SALP PARAPHROW114A CRASSIPES NE14ATOCELIS DIFFICILIS THALIA DEMOCRATICA, AMPHIPOD EUPHASID SALP PARAPHRON114A GRACILIS STYLOCHEIROM ABBRVIATU14 THETYS VAGINA AMPHIPOO@ EUPHASID SALP PARATHERMISTO PACIFICA STYLOCHEIROM LONGICORNE AMPHIPOD EUPHASID TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER PASIPHAEA CHACET STYLOCHEIRON MAXIMUM MAMMALS SHRIMP EUPHASID PASIPHAEA 14AGNA TESSARABRACHION OCULATUS RALAENA GLACIALIS SHRIMP EUPHASID BLACK OR PACIFIC RIGHT WHALE PASIPHAEA PACIFICA THYANOESSA GREGARIA BALAENOPTERA ACUTOROSTRATA SHRI14P EUPHASID MINKE WHALE PETALIDILI14 SUSPIRIOSUM THYANOESSA INSPINATA BALAENOPTERA BOREALIS SHRIMP EUPHASID SEI WHALE PHRON114A SEDENTARIA THYANOESSA LONGIPES BALAENOPTERA MUSCULUS AMPHIPOD EUPHASID BLUE WHALE PHROMINOPSIS SPINIFERA THYANCESSA PARVA BALAENOPTERA, PHYSALUS AMPHIPOD EUPHASID FINBACK OR FIN WHALE POEOBIUS MESERES THYANOESSA RASCHII MEGAPTERA NOVEANGLIAE POLYCHAETE WORK EUPHASID HUMPBACK WHALE PRINNO ASYSSALIS THYANOESSA SPINIFERA AMPHIPOD EUPHASID TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE PRIMNO MACROPA THYSANOPODA ACUTIFRONS EATER - INVERTEBRATES AMPHIPOD EUPHASID RHYNCHONOREELLA ANGELINI THYSANOPODA CORNUTA ACANTHEPHYRA CURTIROSTRIS POLYCHAETE WORM EUPHASID ' SHRI14P SAGITTA BIERII THYSANOPODA EGREGIA SENTHEOGENNE14A ARROW-WOR14 EUPHASID SHRIMPSENTNEOGENNEMA BOREALIS SAGITTA DECIPIENS SHRIMP ARROW-WORM TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) 014NIVORE CYSTIS014A FABRICII SAGITTA ELEGAMS FISHES A14PHIPOD ARROW-WORM DAIRELLA CALIFORMICA SAGITTA EUNERITICA SARDINOPS SAGAX A14PHIPOD ARROW-WOR14 PACIFIC SARDINE EUKROHNIA BATHYPELAGICA SAGITTA 14ACROCEPHALA ARROW-WOR14 ARROW-WORM TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE EUKROHNIA FOWLERI SAGITTA MAX114A FISHES ARROW-WOR14 ARROW-WORM EUKROHNIA HAMATA SAGITTA MIN114A ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS ARROW-WORM ARROW-WORM PACIFIC LAMPREY GENNADUS INCERATUS SAGITTA SCRIPPSAE LAMPETRA AYRESI SHRI14P ARROW-WORM RIVER LAMPREY GENNADAS PROPINQUUS SAGITTA ZETESIOS SHRIMP ARROW-WOR14 TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE HYMEMODORA FRONTALIS SCINA CRASSICORMIS BURMUDENSIS BIRDS SHRIMP A14PHIPOD HYMENODORA GLACIALIS SEGESTES SIMILIS CATHARACTA 14CCOR14ICKI SHRIMP SHRI14P SOUTH POLAR SKUA HY14ENCOORA GRACILIS SERGIA TENUIRENIS STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDIS SHRIMP SHRIMP LONG-TAILED JAEGER HYPERIA HYSTRIX STREETSIA CHALLENGERI STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS AMPHIPOD AMPHIPOD PARASITIC JAEGER HYPEROCHE DEDUSARU14 SYSTELLAPSIS BRAUERI STERCORARIUS PC M IMUS A14PHIPOO SHRIMP HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC SYSTELLAPSIS CRISTATA EPILABIDOCERA AMPHITRITES SHRIMP COPEPOD TOMOPTERIS CAVALLII EUCALANUS ATTENUATUS POLYCHAETE WORN COPEPOD TOMOPTERIS NISSENI EUCALANUS BUNG11 POLYCHAETE WORM TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE COPEPOD TOMOPTERIS PACIFICA INVERTEBRATES EUCHAETA SPINOSA POLYCHAETE WORN COPEPOD TRYPHANA MALMI ACARTIA CLAUSI EUCHIRELLA CURTICAUDA AMPHIPOD COPEPOD COPEPOD VIBILIA AR14ATA ACARTIA DANAE EUCOPIA AMPHIPOD COPEPOD COPEPOO VIBILIA PROQUINQUA ACARTIA LONGERIMIS EVADNE NOR14ANNI AMPHIPOD COPEPOD CLADOCERAN VIBILIA WOLTERECKI ACARTIA NEGLIGENS GAETANUS SECUNDUS AMPHIPOD COPEPOD COPEPOD AEGISTHUS MUCRONATUS HARPACTIC GAETANUS SIMPLEX TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE COPEPOD COPEPOD EATER - FISHES AETIDEOPSIS PACIFICA GAIDIUS BREVISPINUS COPEPOD COPEPOD ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS AETIDEUS ARMATUS GAIDIUS VARIABILIS WHITEBAIT SMELT COPEPOD COPEPOD ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA AETIDEUS PACIFICUS GAUSSIA PRINCEPS AMERICAN SHAD COPEPOD COPEPOD AMMODYTES HEXAPTERUS AMALLOTHRIX VALIDA GIGANTOCYPRIS AGASSIZII PACIFIC SAND LANCE COPEPOD OSTRACOD AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS ANALLOTHRIX VORAK GNATHOPHAUSIA GIGAS REDTAIL SURFPERCH COPEPOD COPEPOD ATHERINOPS AFFINIS ARIETELLUS PLLN41FER GNATHOPHAUSIA INGENS TOPSMELT COPEPOD COPEPOD CETORNINUS MAXIMUS BATHYCALANUS BRADY1 HALOPTILUS PSEUDOOXYCEPHALUS BASKING SHARK COPEPOD COPEPOD CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI BOREOMYSIS HETERORHABDUS TANNERI PACIFIC HERRING COPEPOD COPEPOD COLOLABIS SAIRA BOREOMYSIS ROSTRATA HETEROSTYLITES LONGICORMIS PACIFIC SAURY COPEPOD COPEPOD CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA CALANUS CRISTATUS HETEROSTYLITES MAJOR SHINER PERCH COPEPOD COPEPOD EMBIOTOCA LATERALIS CALANUS FINMARCHICUS LUCICUTIA BICORNUTA STRIPED SEAPERCH COPEPOD COPEPOD ENGRAULIS MORDAX CALANUS PLUMCHRUS LUCICUTIA FLAVICORNIS NORTHERN ANCHOVY COPEPOD COPEPOD HYPOMESUS PRETIOSUS CALANUIS TENUICORNIS METRIDEA LULCENS SURFSMELT COPEPOD COPEPOD MICROGADUS PROXIMUS CALOCALAWUS STYLIREMIS METRIDIA CURTICAUDA PACIFIC TONCOD COPEPOD COPEPOD ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA CANDACIA BIPINNATA MICROCALANUS PYGMAEUS SOCKEYE SALMON COPEPOO COPEPOD PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS CAVOLINA UNCINATA MICROSETELLA, TADPOLE SCULPIN PTEROPOD COPEPOD SPIRINCHUS STARKSI CENTRAUGAPTILUS PORCELLUS MIXTOCALANUS ROBUSTUS NIGHT SURF SMELT COPEPOD COPEPOD SPIRINCHUS THALEICNTHYS CENTROPAGES MCMURRICHI OITHONA LONGFIW SMELT COPEPOD COPEPOD THALEICHTHYS PACIFICUS CHIRUNDINA STREETS1 ONCAEA CONIFERA EULACHON OR COLUMBIA RIVER S14ELT COPEPOD COPEPOD CLAUSOCALANUS ARCUICORNIS PARACALANUS PARVUS TROPHIC LEVEL (9) INVERTEBRATE COPEPOD COPEPOD EATER - BIRDS CLAUSOCALANUS PERGENS PAREUCHAETA BIROSTRATA COPEPOD COPEPOD AYTHIA MARILA CLIO BALANTILIN PAREUCHAETA JAPONICA GREATER SCAUP PTEROPOD COPEPOD CLIONE LIMOCINA PHAENNA SPINIFERA PTEROPOD COPEPOD COROLLA SPECTABILIS PLEURONAM14A BOREALIS PTEROPOD COPEPOD CORYCHAEUS PLEURONAMMA SCUTULLATA COPEPOD COPEPOD CTENOCALAWS VANUS PODON LEUCKARTI COPEPOD CLADOCERAN HABITAT: DISPHOTIC PELAGIC PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTHUS JELLYFISH JELLYFISH COPEPOD CROSSOTA PEDUNCULATA SOLMISSUS INCISA PSEUDOCHIRELLA POLYSPINA JELLYFISH JELLYFISH COPEPOD CROSSOTA RUFOBRUNNEA SOLMISSUS MARSHALLI RACOVITZANUS FORRECTA JELLYFISH JELLYFISH COPEPOD CUNINA OCTONARIA SULCULEOLARIA QUADRIVALIS RACOVITZANUS PACIFICUS JELLYFISH JELLYFISH COPEPOD CYANEA TAONIUS PAVO RHIWCALANUS NASUTUS JELLYFISH SOU I D COPEPOD EUPHYSORA FURCATA VAMPYROTEUTHIS INFERNALIS SCAPHOCALANUS MEDIUS JELLYFISH SQUID COPEPOD EUTONIA INDICANS VOGTIA SPINOSA SCAPHOCALANUS MINUTUS JELLYFISH JELLYFISH COPEPOD GALITEUTHIS ARMATA SCAPHOCALANUS SUBELONGATUS SQU I D TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE COPEPOD GONATOPSIS BOREALIS FISHES SCOLECITHRICELLA, MINOR SQUID COPEPOD GONATUS ANOWYCHUS ALOPIAS VULPIWUS SCOTTOCALANUS SEDATUS SQUID THRESHER SHARK COPEPOD GONATUS FABRICII ANOPLOP014A FIMBRIA TORTANIS DISCAUDATUS SQUID SABLEFISH COPEPOD GONATUS MAGISTER CHAULIODUS 14ACOLJM I UNDEUCHAETA INTERMEDIA SQUID PACIFIC VIPERFISH COPEPOD HALICREAS MINIML14 CORYPHAENOIDES ACROLEPIS UNDEUCHAETA 14AJOR JELLYFISH ROUGHSCALE RATTAIL COPEPOD HALISTAURA CELLULARIA EPTATRETUS DEANI UNDUCHAETA PLUMOSA JELLYFISH BLACK HAGFISH COPEPOD HISTIOTEUTHIS HETEROPSIS EPTATRETUS STOUTI SQUID PACIFIC HAGFISH TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE JAPETELLA HEATH[ GALEORHINUS ZYOPTERUS INVERTEBRATES OCTOPUS SOUPFIN SHARK LENSIA CONOIDEA HEXANCHUS GRISEUS ABRALIOPSIS FELIS JELLYFISH SIXGILL SHARK SQUID LIMACINA HELACINA HYDROLAGUS COLLIE[ AEGINA CITREA PTEROPOD RATFISH JELLYFISH LOLIGO OPALESCENS, LAMNA DITROPIS AEGINURA GRI14ALDII SQUID SALMON SHARK JELLYFISH MOROTEUTHIS ROBUSTA MERLUCCIUS PRODUCTUS. AEGUOREA SQU I D PACIFIC HAKE JELLYFISH MUGGIAEA ATLANTICA NOTORYNCHUS MACULATUS AGLANTHA DIGITALE JELLYFISH SPOTTED COWSHARK OR SEVENGILL JELLYFISH NANOMIA CARA ONCORHYNCHUS GORSUSCHA ATOLLA VANHOEFFENI JELLYFISH PINK SALMON JELLYFISH OCTOPOTEUTHIS SICULA ONCORHYNCHUS KETA ATOLLA WYVILLEI SQUID CHU14 SALMON JELLYFISH OCTOPUS ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH AURELIA LABIATA OCTOPUS COHO SALMON JELLYFISH OWYCHOTEUTHIS BANKSI ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA BARG14ANNIA SQUID CHINOOIK.SALNOM JELLYFISH PANTACHOGON HAECKELI PORICHTHYS NOTATUS BEROE CLICUMIS JELLYFISH PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN COMB JELLY PARAPHYLLINA RANSOMI PRIONACE GLAUCA BOTRYNEMA BRUCEI JELLYFISH BLUE SHARK JELLYFISH PERIPHYLLA PERIPHYLLA RAJA KINCAIDI CALYCOPSIS NAMATOPHORA JELLYFISN BLACK SKATE CARANARIA JAPONICA PHYSOPHORA HYDROSTATICA RAJA RHINA HETEROPOO JELLYFISH LONGNOSE SKATE CHELOPHYES APPENDICULATA PLEUROBRACHIA PILEUS RAJA STELLULATA JELLYFISH CON JELLY STARRY SKATE CHELOPHYES MULTIDENTATA PRAYA DUSIA SALMO CLARKI JELLYFISH JELLYFISH CUTTHROAT TROUT CHIROTEUTHIS VERANYI PRAYA RETICULATA SALNO GAIRDNERI SQUID JELLYFISH STEELHEAD TROUT CHUNIPHYES MOSERAE PTEROTRACHEA SCUTUTA SALVELINUS MAL14A JELLYFISH HETEROPOD, DOLLY VARDEN COLOSONE14A SERVICEUM ROSSIA PACIFICA SERASTES ALUTUS JELLYFISH SQUID PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH CRANCHIA SCABRA SARSIA PRINCEPS SEBASTES CRA14ERI SQUID JELLYFISH BLACKNOUTH ROCKFISH OR CROSSOTA ALBA SARSIA TUIBULOSA DARKBLOCID HABITAT: DISPHOTIC PELAGIC SEBASTES DIPLOPROA THYANOESSA INSPINATA SHRI14P SPLITNOSE ROCKFISH EUPHASID GENNADAS PROPINQUUS SEBASTES ELONGATUS THYANOESSA LONGIPES SHRIMP GREENSTRIPED ROCKFISH EUPHASID HYMENODORA FRONTALIS SEBASTES FLAVIDUS THYANOESSA PARVA SHRIMP YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH EUPHASID HYMENODORA GLACIALIS SEBASTES PINNIGER THYANOESSA RASCHII SHRIMP CANARY ROCKFISH EUPHASID HYMENODORA GRACILIS SEBASTOL08US ALASCANUS THYANOESSA SPINIFERA EUPHASID SHRIMP SHORTSPINE ROCKFISH THYSANOPODA ACUTIFRONS HYPERIA HYSTRIX SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS EUPHASID AMPHIPOD PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK THYSANOPODA CORNUTA HYPEROCHE DEDUSARUM SQUALUS ACANTHIAS EUPHASID AMPHIPOD SPINY DOGFISH THYSAMOPODA EGREGIA LANCEOLA LOVENI TACTOSTOKA MACROPUS EUPHASID AMPHIPOID LONGFIM DRAGONFISH LYCAEA PULEX THERAGRA CHALCOGRAMMA TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE AMPHIPOD WALLEYE POLLOCK FISHES MENINGODORA MOLLIS TORPEDO CALIFORNICA SHRIMP PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY SARDINOPS SAGAX NINOE GEMNA TRIAKIS SEMIFASCIATA PACIFIC SARDINE POLYCHAETE WORN LEOPARD SHARK NOTOSTOMUS JAPOINICUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE SHRIMP TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE FISHES OXYCEPHALUS CLAUSI MAMMALS AMPHIPOD ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS PANDALUS JORDANI BERARDIUS BAIRDI PACIFIC LAMPREY OCEAN PINK SHRIMP BAIRD'S BEAKED WHALE LA14PETRA AYREST PARAPASIPHAE CRISTATA CALLORHINUS URSINUS RIVER LA14PREY SHRIMP NORTHERN FUR SEAL PARAPISIPHAE SUICATIFRONS KOGIA BREVICEPS TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER SHRIMP PYGMY SPERM WHALE INVERTEBRATES PARAPHRONINA CRASSIPES LISSODELPHIS BOREALIS AMPHIPOD NORTHERN RIGHT WHALE DOLPHIN DOLIOLUM PARAPHRONIMA GRACILIS MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI SALP AMPHIPOD STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE HELIOSCALPA VIRGULA PARATHERMISTO PACIFICA ORCINUS ORCA SALP AMPHIPOD KILLER WHALE IASIS ZONARIA PASIPHAEA CHACEI PHOCOENA PHOCOENA SALP SHRIMP HARBOR PORPOISE OIKOPLEURA PASIPHAEA KAGNA RHOCOENOIDES DALLI LARVACEAN SHRIMP DALL PORPOISE PEGEA CONFOEDERATA PASIPHAEA PACIFICA PHYSETER CATODON SALP SHRIMP SPERM WHALE SALPA FUSIFORMIS PETALIDILIN SUSPIRIOSUN STENELLA COERULEOALBA SALP SHRJ14P STRIPED DOLPHIN/GRAY'S PORPOISE THALIA DE140CRATICA PHRONIMA SEDENTARIA ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS SALP AMPHIPOD CUVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE THETYS VAGINA PHRONIMOPSIS SPINIFERA SALP A14PHIPOD TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) 014NIVORE POEOSIUS 14ESERES INVERTEBRATES TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE POLYCHAETE WOR14 EATER - INVER EBRATES PRINNO ABYSSALIS BENTHEOPAUSIA A14BLYOPS AMPHIPOD EUPHASID ACANTHEPHYRA CURTIROSTRIS PRIMNO 14ACROPA EUPHAUSIA PACIFICA SHRIMP AMPHIPOD EUPHASID BENTHEOGENNEMA, RHYNCHOINEREELLA ANGELINI NE14ATOBRACHION FLEXIPES SHRIMP POLYCHAETE WOR14 EUPHASID BENTHEOGENNE14A BOREALIS SAGITTA BIERII NEMATOCELIS DIFFICILIS SHRIMP ARROW-WORN EUPHASID CYSTIS014A FABRICII SAGITTA DECIPIENS STYLOCHEIRON A88REVIATU14 AMPHIPOD ARROW-WOR14 EUPHASID DAIRELLA CALIFORNICA SAGITTA ELEGANS STYLOCHEIRON LONGICORNE AMPHIPOD ARROW-WORN EUPHASID EUKROHNIA BATHYPIELAGICA SAGITTA EUNERITICA, STYLOCHEIRON MAXIMUM ARROW-WORN ARROW-WOR14 EUPHASID EUKROHNIA FOWLERI SAGITTA 14ACROCEPHALA TESSARABRACHION OCULATUS ARROW-WON ARROW-WORN EUPHASID EUKROHNIA HA14ATA SAGITTA MAX114A THYANOESSA GREGARIA ARROW-WORN ARROW-WOR14 EUPHASID GENNADAS INCERTUS SAGITTA MINIMA HABITAT: DISPROTIC PELAGIC ARROW-WORM LISCHKIA CIDARIS SAGITTA SCRIPPSAE SNAIL ARROW-WORM LUIDIA FOLIATA SAGITTA ZETESIOS SAND STAR ARROW-WORM METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM SCINA CRASSICORNIS BURMUDENSIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SEA ANEMONE AMPHIPOD INVERTEBRATES MITRELLA GOULDI SERGESTES SIMILIS SNAIL SHRIMP AC14AEA MITRA NASSARIUS FOSSATUS SERGIA TENUIREMIS DUNCECAP LIMPET SNAIL SHRIMP STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANSISCANU WASSARIUS MENDICUS STREETSIA CHALLENGERI GIANT RED URCHIN SNAIL AMPHIPOO STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS NEPTUNEA LYRATA SYSTELLASPIS BRAUERI PURPLE SEA URCHIN SNAIL SHRIMP OCTOPUS DOLFEINI SYSTELLASPIS CRISTATA TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE OCTOPUS SHRIMP INVERTEBRATES PISASTER BREVISPINOUS TOMOPTERIS CAVALLII SHORT-SPINED PISASTER POLYCHAETE WOR14 AC14AEA LIMATULA, PISASTER GIGANTEUS TOMOPTERIS NISSENI FILE LIMPET GIANT STAR POLYCHAETE WORM ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA PISASTER 6CHRACEOUS TOMOPTERIS PACIFICA SNAIL PURPLE STAR POLYCHAETE WORK ANTIPLANES PERVERSA POLYPUS TRYPHANA MALMI SNAIL OCTOPUS AMPHIPOD ANTIPLANES VINOSA PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS VIBILIA ARMATA SNAIL SLI14E STAR AMPHIPOD ARCHIDORIS MONTEREYENSIS PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA VIBILIA PROOUINOUA NUDIBRANCH LIMPET AMPHIPOD ARMINA CALIFORNICA, PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES VIBILIA WOLTERECKI NUDIBRANCH SUNFLOWER STAR AMPHIPOD ASTROPECTIN ARMATUS ROSSIA PACIFICA SAND STAR SQU I D TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE BENTHOCTOPUS SCYRA ACUTIFRONS EATER - FISHES OCTOPUS 14ASKING CRAB BORETROPHON STUARTI SOLASTER DAWSOMI ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS SNAIL MORNING SUN STAR WHITEBAIT SMELT BUCCINLJ14 STRIGILLATUM SOLASTER STIMPSONI ALOSA SAPIDISSINA SNAIL SUN STAR AMERICAN SHAD CALLIOST014A ANNULATUM STYLASTERIAL FORRERI ATHERINOPS AFFINIS SNAIL SEA STAR TOPSMELT CHIONECTES BAIRDI TACHYRHYNCHU.S LACTEOLUM CERATOSCOPELUS TOWNSENDI TANNER CRAB SNAIL DOGTOOTH LAMPFISH CHIONECTES OPILIO TACHYRHYNCHUS PRATCHUM CETORHINUS MAXIMUS TANNER CRAB SNAIL BASKING SHARK CHIONECTES TANNERI TROPHON TRIPHERUS CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI TANNER CRAB SNAIL PACIFIC HERRING COLUS ROSEUS COLOLABIS SAIRA SNAIL TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE PACIFIC SAURY COLUS SERVINUS FISHES DIAPHUS THETA SNAIL CALIFORNIA HEADLIGHTFISH CROSSASTER PAPOSUS ANARRHICHTHYS OCELLATUS ENGRAULIS MORDAX ROSE STAR WOLF EEL NORTHERN ANCHOVY DENTALIUM DASYCOTTUS SETIGER ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA TOOTH SNAIL SPINYHEAD SCULPIN SOCKEYE SALMON DER14ASTERIAS IMBRICATA EPTATRETUS, DEANI SPIRINCHUS STARKSI LEATHER STAR BLACK HAGFISH NIGHT SURF SMELT EPITOMIL14 INDIANORUM EPTATRETIS STOUTI SPIRINCHUS THALEICHTHYS SNAIL PACIFIC HAGFISH LONGFIN SMELT FUSITRITION OREGONENSIS HEXAGRAmmoS DECAGRAMMIS STENOBRACHIUS LEUCOPSARUS OREGON TRITON KELP GREENLING NORTHERN LAMPFISH HENRICIA LEVISCULA HEXAGRAMM STELLERI TARLETONBEANIA CRENULARIS BLOOD STAR WHITESPOTTED GREENLING BLUE LANTERNFISH ISCHNOCHITON MANCHUS GRISEUS THALEICHTHYS PACIFICUS CHITON SIXGILL SHARK EULACHOM OR COLL14BIA R. S14ELT LEPIDAZONA HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI CHITON RATFISH LEPIDAZONA GOLISCHI ICELINUS FILAMENT CHITON THREADFIN SCULPIN LEPTOCHITON OPHIODON ELONGATUS CHITON LINGCOD HABITAT: ROCKY NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC RAJA BINOCULATA ONCOSOECIA CANCER MAGISTER BIG SKATE BRYOZOAN DUNGENESS CRAB RAJA KINCAIDI PSEUDARCHASTER PARELLI ALASCEN PAGURISTES TURGIDUS BLACK SKATE SEA STAR HERMIT CRAB RAJA RHINA PAGURUS ALEUTICUS LONGNOSE SKATE TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE HERMIT CRAB RAJA STELLULATA FISHES PAGURUS OCHOTENSIS STARRY SKATE HERMIT CRAB SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORATUS ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS PAGURUS TANNERI CAREZON PACIFIC LAMPREY HERMIT CRAB SEBASTES CAURIMUS LAMPETRA AYRESI PHYLLOLITHOIDES PAPILLOSUS COPPER ROCKFISH RIVER LA14PREY PAPILLA CRAB SEBASTES MALIGER QUILLBACK ROCKFISH TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE SEBASTES MYSTINUS INVERTEBRATES EATER - INVERTEBRATES BLUE ROCKFISH SEBASTES RUBERRIMUS ACILIA CASTRENSIS ARCTONOE PULCHRA YELLOWEYE ROCKFISH DIVARICATE NUT CLAN POLYCHAETE SEBASTODES MELANOPS BALANUS CRENATUS BALANOPHYLLA ELEGANS BLACK SEABASS BARNACLE STONY CORAL SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS BALANUS HESPERIUS CHORILLIA LONGIPES PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK BARNACLE SHRIMP SOUALUS ACANTHIAS BEGULA FLABELLATA CRANGON COMINUNIS SPINY DOGFISH BRYOZOAN SHRI14P CABEREA ELLISI CRANGON FRANCISORUM TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE BRYOZOAN SHRIMP MAMMALS CALLAPORA CORNICULIFERA DAIRELLA CALIFORNICA BRYOZOAN AMPHIPOD EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS CARDIONYA OLDROYDI ENIPO GRACILIS NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION CUSPIDARIA CLA14 POLYCHAETE KOGIA BREVICEPS CELLARIA DIFFUSA HAPLOSCOLOPUOS ELONGATUS PYGMY SPERM WHALE BRYOZOAN POLYCHAETE MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI CELLARIA 14ANDIBULATA MAGELONA PAPILLICORNIS STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE BRYOZOAN POLYCHAETE PHOCA VITULINA CHLANYS HASTATUS HERICIUS MAGELONA PITELKAI HARBOR SEAL PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP POLYCHAETE PHOCOENA PHOCOENA CHLAMYS HINDSI NEPHTYS CILIATA HARBOR PORPOISE MIND'S SCALLOP POLYCHAETE PHYSETER CATODON CLINOCARDIL14 MUTALLI NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA SPERM WHALE BASKET COCKLE POLYCHAETE ZALOPHUS CALIFORMIANUS HALOCYNTHIA IGABOJA PANDALUSDANAE CALIFORNIA SEA LION SEA SQUIRT DOCK SHRIMP ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS LAGENIPORA PUNCTULATA PANDALUS JORDAN[ CUVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE BRYOZOAN OCEAN PINK SHRI14P LAQUEUS CALIFORNICUS PANDALUS PLATYCEROS TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE LAMP SHELL SPOT SHRIMP INVERTEBRATES MYRIOZOUN COARCTATUM PARAGORGIA ARBOREA BRYOZOAN SOFT CORAL ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS MYR I OZOUN TENUlE PISTA CRISTATA SEA URCHIN BRYOZOAN POLYCHAETE BANKIA SETACEA MEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM PISTA FIMBRIATA TEREDO HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE POLYCHAETE BRISASTER LATIFROMS PECTEN CAURIMUS PRAXILELLA GRACILIS SEA URCHIN GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP POLYCHAETE PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA PROTOTHACA STAMINEA SPIRONTOCARIS LAMELLICORNIS SEA CUCUMBER ROCK COCKLE SHRIMP STRONGYLOCENTROTUS ECHINOIDES SCALPELLLM SPIRONTOCARUS HOLMES[ SEA URCHIN , BARNACLE SHRIMP XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA SOLE14YA AGASSIZI WASHINGTON WOODEATER AWNING CLAN TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA EATER - FISHES TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE LAMP SHELL INVERTEBRATES VEMERICARDIA VENTRICOSA AGONOPSIS EMMELANE STOUT CARDITA CLAN NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR YOLDIA LIMATULA GAIRDERI CLUPEA KARENGUS PALLASI SNAIL FILE YOLDIA CLAN PACIFIC HERRING GORGONOCEPHALUS CARYI LEPIDOPSETTA BILIMEATA BASKET STAR TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER ROCK SOLE OEMOPOTA INVERTEBRATES LEPTOCOTTUIS ARNATUIS SNAIL PACIFIC STAGNORN SCULPIN HABITAT: ROCKY NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC RADULINUS ASPRELLUS LISCHKEIA CIDARIS SLIM SCULPIN SNAIL LUIDIA FOLIATA TROPHIC LEVEL SAND STAR INVERTEBRATES METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SEA ANE14ONE ANCISTROLEPSIS INVERTEBRATES MITRELLA GOULD[ SNAIL SNAIL COLUS HALIDONUS AC14AEA MITRA NASSARIUS FOSSATUS SNAIL DUNCECAP LIMPET SNAIL NASSARIUS MENDICUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SNAIL INVERTEBRATES FISHES NATICA CLAUSA SNAIL ABIETINARIA ASTEROTHECA PENTACANTHUS NEPTUNEA LYRATA HYDROID BIGEYE POACHER SNAIL ABIETINARIA ABIETINA OCTOPUS DOLFEINI HYDROID TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE OCTOPUS ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI INVERTEBRATES PISASTER BREVISPINOUS HYDROID SHORT-SPINED PISASTER ABIETIWARIA TRASKI AC14AEA LIMATULA PISASTER GIGANTEUS HYDROID FILE LIMPET GIANT STAR ACRYPTOLARIA ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA PISASTER OCHRACEOUS HYDROID SNAIL PURPLE STAR AGLAOPHENIA ANTIPLANES PERVERSA, POLINICES LEWISII HYDROID SNAIL MOON SNAIL AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS ANTIPLANES VINOSA POLINICES PALLIDUS HYDROID SNAIL MOON SNAIL AGLAOPHENIA INCONSPICUA ASTROPECTIN ARMATUS POLYPUS HYDROID SAND STAR OCTOPUS AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCARPA BENTHOCTOPUS PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS HYDROID OCTOPUS SLIME STAR ALLOPORA VERRILLI BORETROPHOW STUARTI PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA @HYDROCORAL SNAIL LIMPET CAMPANULARIA SUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES HYDROID SNAIL SUNFLOWER STAR CAMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA CADULUS STEARNSII -ROSSIA PACIFICA HYDROID TOOTH SHELL SQUID CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS CALLIOST014A AWNULATUM SOLASTER DAWSONI HYDROID SNAIL MORNING SUN STAR HALECIUM CORRUGATUM CHIONECTES BAIRDI SOLASTER STIMPSONI HYDROID TANNER CRAB SUN STAR HIPPASTERIA SPINOSA CHIONECTES OPILIO STYLASTERIAL FORRERI SEA STAR TANNER CRAB SEA STAR LAFOEA ADNATA CHIONECTES TANNERI TACHYRHYNCHUS LACTEOLL14 HYDROID TANNER CRAB SNAIL LAFOEA DUVIOSA COLUS ROSEUS TACHYRHYNCHUS PRATOMUM HYDROID SNAIL SNAIL LAFOEA FRUTICOSA COLUS SERVINUS THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILATUS HYDROID SNAIL SEA STAR LAFOEA GRACILLIMA CROSSASTER PAPOSUIS TROPHON TRIPHERUS HYDROID ROSE STAR SNAIL MEDIASTER AEQUALIS DENTALIUM VERMILLON STAR TOOTH SHELL TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE NEPTUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS DERNASTERIAS IMBRICATA FISHES SNAIL LEATHER STAR PLUMULARIA ALICIA EPITONIUN INDIANORUM ANOPLOPONA FINBRIA HYDROID SNAIL SABLEFISN PUGETTIA ARACILLIS FUSITRITION OREGONENSIS ATHERESTHES ST0141AS KELP CRAB OREGON TRITON TURBOT OR ARROWTOOTN FLOUNDER SERTULARELLA TURGIDA HENRICIA LEVISCULA BR HYCIS MARGINATA HYDROID BLOOD STAR RED BROTULA THUIARA ROBUSTA ISCHNOCHITON CHITONOTUS PUGETENSIS HYDROID CHITON ROUGHBACK SCULPIN LEPIDAZONA CITHARICHTHYS SORDIDUS CHITON PACIFIC SANDDAS LEPIDAZOMA GOLISCHI DASYCOTTUS SETIGElt CHITON SPINYHEAD SCULPIN LEPTOCNITON DELOLEPIS GIGANTEA CHITON GIANT WRYMWTH HABITAT: MUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC EOPSETTA JORDANI PHOCOENA PHOCOENA TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER PETRALE SOLE HARBOR PORPOISE INVERTEBRATES EPTATRETUS DEANI PHYSETER CATODON BLACK HAGFISH SPERM WHALE ACILIA CASTRENSIS EPTATRETUS STOUTI ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS DIVARICATE NUT CLAN PACIFIC HAGFISH CALIFORNIA SEA LION AXINOPSIDA SERICATA GADUS MACROCEPHALUS CLAN PACIFIC COD TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE CARDIOMYA OLDROYDI GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS INVERTEBRATES CUSPIDARIA CLAN REX SOLE CARDIOMYA PLANETICA HEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMUS ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS CLAN KELP GREENLING SEA URCHIN CARDITA STEARNSII HEXAGRAMMOS STELLERI AMPHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX CLAN WHITESPOTTED GREENLING BRITTLE STAR CARDITA VEWTICOSA NEXANCHUS GRISEUS APHIURA SARS11 CLAM SIXGILL SHARK BRITTLE STAR CHLAMYS HASTATUS HERICIUS HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON BANKIA SETACEA PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP FLATHEAD SOLE TEREDO CHLAMYS HINDSI HIPPOGLOSSUS STENCLEPIS BRISASTER LATIFRONS HINDOS CLAN PACIFIC HALIBUT SEA URCHIN CLINOCARDIUM NUTALLI HYDROLAGUS COLLIEl LEPTOSYNAPTA BASKET COCKLE RATFISH SEA CUCUMBER COMPSOMYAX SUBDIAPHANA ICELINUS FILAMENTOSUS LISTRIOLOBUIS HEXAMYOTUS CLA14 THREADFIN SCULPIN ECHIURID WORM CRENELLA COLUMBIANA ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS LOPHOLITHOIDES FORAMINATUS CLA14 BUTTER SOLE BOX CRAB EUPLEXAURA MARKI LYCODOPSIS PACIFICA LOPHOLITHOIDES 14ANDT I I SEA PEN BALCKBELLY EELPOUT PUGET SOUND KING CRAB HUXLEYIA MUNITA LYOPSETTA EXILIS LLN46RINERIS BICIRRATA CLAN SLENDER SOLE POLYCHAETE LIEOPTULUS CAJADRANGULARIS MICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS LUMRRINERIS SIMILABRIS SEA PEN DOVER SOLE POLYCHAETE LYONSIA STRIATA OPHIODOW ELONGATUS MAC014A ALCAREA CLAN LINGCOD CHALKY CLA14 NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM PAROPHRYS VETULUS MAGELONA JAPONICA HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE ENGLISH SOLE POLYCHAETE NUCULA TENUIS PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA CLAN STARRY FLOUNDER SEA CUCUMBER NUCULANA AUSTINI PORICHTHYS NOTATUS OPHIOPHOLIS BAKERI CLAN PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN BRITTLE STAR NUCULANA PERMULS PSETTICHTHYS MELANOSTICTUS OPHIURA LUTKENI CLA14 SAND SOLE BRITTLE STAR PATINOPECTIN CAURINUS RAJA BINOCULATA PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS WEATHERVANE SCALLOP BIG SKATE GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER PECTEN CAURtNUS RAJA KINCAIDI PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP BLACK SKATE SEA CUCUMBER PROTOTHACA STAMINEA, RAJA RHINA TELLINA BUTTONI ROCK COCKLE LONGNOSE SKATE BUTTON'S TELLIN CLAN PSEPHIDIA LORDI RAJA STELLULATA XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA CLA14 STARRY SKATE WASHINGTON WOODEATER SAXICAVA ARCTICA SCORPAENICHTHYS KARMORATUS ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CLA14 CABEZON TROPHIC LEVEL: C5) 014NIVORE SCLEROPTILUM SEBASTES CAURINUS INVERTEBRATES SEA PEN COPPER ROCKFISH SOLEMYA AGASSIZI SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR AWNING CLAM PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK SNAIL STYLATULA ELONGATA SQUALUS ACANTHIAS GORGONOCEPHALUS CARYI SEA PEN SPINY DOGFISH BASKET STAN THRACIA CURTA TORPEDO CALIFORNICA OENOPOTA CLA14 PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY SMAIL THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES PSEUDARCHASTER PARELII ALASCEN CLA14 TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SEA STAR THYASIRA BARBARENSIS MAMMALS CLAN TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE VENERICARDIA VENTRICOSA EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS FISHES STOUT CARDITA CLAN NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION YOLDIA L114ATULA GAIRDERI KOGIA BREVICEPS ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS FILE YOLDIA CLA14 PYG14Y SPERM WHALE PACIFIC LAMPREY PHOCA VITULINA LAMPETRA AYRESI TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENMR HARBOR SEAL RIVER LAWREY INVERTEBRATES HABITAT: MUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC CANCER MAGISTER CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI NEPTUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS DUNGENESS CRAB PACIFIC HERRING SNAIL PAGURISTES TURGIDUS LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS PLUMULARIA ALICIA HERMIT CRAB PACIFIC STAGNORN SCULPIN HYDROID PAGURUS ALEUTICUS LIPARIS PULCHELLUS RATHBUNASTER CALIFORNICUS HERMIT CRAB SHOWY SNAILFISH SEA STAR PAGURUS OCHOTENSIS LUMPENUIS SAGITTA SERTULARELLA TURGIDA HER141T CRAB SNAKE PRICKLEBACK HYDROID PAGURUS TANNERI LYCONECTES ALEUTENSIS THUIARA ROBUSTA HERMIT CRAB DWARF WRYMOUTH HYDROID MICROGADUS PROXIMUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE PACIFIC TOMCOD TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) EATER - INVERTEBRATES POROCLINIS ROTHROCKI FISHES WHITERARRED BLENNY APHRODITE JAPONICA PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS PLEURONICHTHYS COENOSUS POLYCHAETE TADPOLE SCULPIN C-0 SOLE ARCTONOE PULCHRA RADULINUS ASPRELLUS POLYCHAETE SLIM SCULPIN CARINOMELLA LACTEA XENERETMUS LATIFRONS RIBBON WOR14 BLACKTIP POACHER CEREBRATULUS CALIFORNIENSIS R188M WORM TROPHIC LEVEL: CHORILLIA LONGIPES INVERTEBRATES SHRIMP CRANGON COMMUNIS ANCISTROLEPSIS SHRIMP SNAIL CRANGON FRANCISORUM COLUS HALIDONUS SHRIMP SNAIL ENIPO GRACILIS POLYCHAETE TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) GLYCERA AMERICANA INVERTEBRATES POLYCHAETE HAPLOSCOLOPUOS ELONGATUS ABIETINARIA POLYCHAETE HYDROID MAGELONA PAPILLICORNIS ABIETINARIA ABIETINA POLYCHAETE HYDROID MAGELONA PITELKAI ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI POLYCHAETE HYDROID NEPHTYS CACOIDES ABIETINARIA TRASKI POILYCHAETE HYDROID NEPHTYS CILIATA ACRYPTOLARIA POLYCHAETE HYDROID NEPHTYS CORNUITA AGLAOPHENIA POILYCHAETE HYDROID NEPHTYS FERRUGINEA AGLAOPNENIA DIEGENSIS POLYCHAETE HYDROID NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA AGLAOPHENIA INCONSPICUA POILYCHAETE HYDROID PANDALUS JORDANI AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCARPA OCEAN PINK SHRIMP HYDROID PANDALUS PLATYCEROS CAMPANULARIA SPOT SHRIMP HYDROID PISTA CRISTATA CAMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA POLYCHAETE HYDROID PISTA FIMBRIATA CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS POILYCHAETE HYDROID PRAXILELLA GRACILIS HALECIUM CORRUGATUN POLYCHAETE HYDROID SPIRONTOCARIS LA14ELLICORMIS HIPPASTERIA SPIN SHRI14P SEA STAR SPIRONTOCARUS HOL14ESI LAFOEA ADNATA SHRIMP HYDROID LAFOEA DUMOSA TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE HYDROID EATER - FISHES LAFOEA FRUITICOSA HYDROID AGONOPSIS EMMELANE LAFOEA GRACILL114A NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER HYDROID AGONUS ACIPENSERINUS KEDIASTER AEQUALIS STURGEON POACHER VERMILLON STAR HABITAT: MUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE INVERTEBRATES ACMAEA MITRA DUNCECAP LIMPET TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE FISHES ASTEROTHECA, PENTACANTHUS BIGEYE POACHER TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE INVERTEBRATES AC14AEA LIMATULA FILE LIMPET ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA, SNAIL ANTIPLANES PERVERSA SNAIL ANTIPLANES VINOSA SNAIL ASTROPECTIN AR14ATUS SAND STAR BENTHOCTOPUS OCTOPUS BORETROPHON STUARTI SNAIL BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUN SNAIL CADULUS STEARNSII TOOTH SHELL CALLIOSTOKA ANNULATUM SNAIL CHIONECTES RAIRDI TANNER CRAB CHIONECTES OPILIO TANNER CRAB CHIONECTES TANNERI TANNER CRAB COLUS ROSEUS SNAIL COLUS SERVINUS SNAIL CROSSASTER PAPOSUS ROSE STAR DENTALIUM TOOTH SHELL DERKASTERIAS IMBRICATA LEATHER STAR EPITONIUM INDIANMU14 SNAIL FUSITRITION OREGONENSIS OREGON TRITON HENRICIA LEVISCULA BLOOD STAR ISCHNOCKITOll CHITON LEPIDAZONA CHITON LEPIDAZONA GOLISCNI CHITON LEPTOCHITON CHITON HABITAT: MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC LISCHKEIA CIDARIS DELOLEPIS GIGANTEA PHOCOENA PHOCOENA SNAIL GIANT WRYMOUTH HARBOR PORPOIS LUIDIA FILIATA EOPSEITA JORDANI PHYSETER CARTOON SAND STAR PETRALE SOLE SPERM WHALE METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM EPTATRETUS DEANI ZALOPHUS CALUFORNIANUS SEA ANEMONE BLACK HAGFISH CALFORNIA SEA LION MITRELLA GOULDI EPTATRETUS STOUTI SNAIL PACIFIC HAGFISH TROPICAL LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE NASSARUIS FOSSATUS GADUS MACROCEPHALUS INVERTEBRATES SNAIL PACIFIC COD NASSARUIS MEDICUS GLYPOTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS SNAIL REX SOLE SEA URCHIN NATICA CLAUSA HEXAGRAMM0S DECAGRAMMUS AMPHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX SNAIL KELP GREENLING BRITTLE STAR NEPTUNEA LYRATA HEXAGRAMMOS STELLERI APHIURA SARSII SNAIL WHITESPOTTED GREENLING BRITTLE STAR OCTOPUS DOLFEINI HEXANCHUS GRISEUS BANKIA SETACEA OCTOPUS SIXGILL SHARK TEREDO PISASTER BREVISPINOUS HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON BRISASTER LATIFRONS SHORT-SPINED PISASTER FLATHEAD SOLE SEA URCHIN PISASTER GIGANTEUS HIPPOGLOSSUS STENCLEPIS DENRASTER EXCENTRICUS GIANT STAR PACIFIC HALIBUT SAND DOLLAR PISASTER OCHRACEOUS HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI LEPTOSYNAPTA PURPLE STAR RATFISH SEA CUBUMBER POLINICES LEWISII ICELINUS FILAMENTOSUS LISTRIOLOBUS HEXAMYOTUS MOON SNAIL THREADFIN SCULPIN ECHIURID WORM POLINICES PALLIDUS ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS LOPHOLITHOIDES FORMAMINATUS MOON SNAIL BUTTER SOLE BOX CRAB POLYPIS LYOPSETTA EXILIS LOPHOLITHOIDES MANDTII OCTOPUS SLENDER SOLE PUGET SOUND KING CRAB PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS MICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS LUMBRINERIS BACITTATA SLIME STAR DOVER SOLE POLYCHAETE PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA OPHIODON ELONGATUS LUMBRINERIS SIMILABRIS LIMPET LINGCOD POLYCHAETE PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES PAROPHRYS VETULUS MECOMA ALCAREA SUNFLOWER STAR ENGLISH SOLE CHALKY CLAM ROSSIA PACIFICA PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS MEGLONA JAPONICA SQUID STARRY FLOUNDER POLYCHAETE SOLASTER DAWSONI PORICHTHYS NOTATUS MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA MORNING SUN STAR PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN SEA CUCUMBER SOLASTER STIMPSONI PSETTICHTHYS MELANOSTICTUS OPHIOPHOLIS BARERI SUN STAR SAND SOLE BRITTLE STAR STYLASTERIAL FORRERI RAJA BINOCULATA OPHIURA LUTKENI SEA STAR BIG SKATE BRITTLE STAR TACHYRHYNCHUS LACTEOLUM RAJA KINCAIDI PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS SNAIL BLACK SKATE GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER TACHYRHYNCHUS PARTOMUM RAJA RHINA PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA SNAIL LONGNOSE SKATE SEA CUCUMBER THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILATUS RAJA STELLULATA TELLINA BUTTONI SEA STAR STARRY SKATE BUTTON'S TELLIN CLAM TRITONIA SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORATUS XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA NUDIRBRANCH CABEZON WASHINGTON WOODEATER TROPHON TRIPHERUS SEAASTER CAURINUS SNAIL COPPER ROCKFISH TROPIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS INVERTEBRATES TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK FISH SQUALUS ACANTHIAS AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR SPINY DOGFISH SNAIL ACIPENSER TRONSMONTANUS TORPEDO CALIFORNICA GORGONOCEPHALUS CARYI WHITE STURGEON PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY BASKET STAR ATHERESTHES STOMIAS OENOPOTA TURBOT OR ARROWTEETH FLOUNDER TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SNAIL CHITONOTUS PUGETENSUS MAMMALS PSEUDARCHASTER PARELII ALASCEN ROUGHVACK SCULPIM SEA STAR CITHARICHTHYS SORDIDUS EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS PACIFIC SANDDAS NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION TROPIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE CITHARICHTHYS STIGMAEUS KOGIA BREVICEPS FISHES SPECKLED SANDDAB PYGMY SPERM WHALE DASYCOTTUS SETIGER PHOCA VITULIMA ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS SPINYHEAD SCULPIN HARBOR SEAL PACIFIC LAMPREY HABITAT: MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC LAMPETRA AYRESI YOLDIA LIKATULA GAIRDERI TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE RIVER LAMPREY FILE YOLDIA CLAM EATER - FISHES TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER AGONOPSIS EMMELANE INVERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER AGONUS ACIPENSERINUS ACILIA CASTRENSIS CANCER 14AGISTER STURGEON POACHER DIVARICATE NUT CLA1q4 DUNGENESS CRAB CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI AXINOPSIDASERICATA OLIVELLA PACIFIC HERRING CLAN OLIVE SNAIL LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS CARDIONYA qOLqDROYDI PAGURISTES TURGIqDUS PACIFIC STAGHORN SCULPIN CUSPIDARIA CLAN HER141T CRAB LIPARIS PULCHELLUS CARqDqIONYA PLANETqICA PAGURUS ALEUTICUS SHOWY SNAqILFISH CLAN HERMIT CRAB LL04PENUS SAGITTA CARDITA STEARNSqIqI PAGUqRUS OCHOTENSIS SNAKE PRICKLEBACK CLAM HqERq141T CRAB LYCONECTES ALEUTENSIS CARqDITA VENTICOSA PAGURUS TANNERI DWARF WqRYMqOUTqH CLAM HERMIT CRAB MICROGAqDUS PROXIMUS CHLA14YS HASTATUIS HERICIUS PACIFIC TOMCOD PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP TROPHqIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE POROCLINIS ROTqHROCKI CHLAMYS HINDSI EATER - INVERTE RATES WHITEBARRED BLENNY HINDIS CLAq1q4 PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS CLINOCARDIUM qNUTALLI APHRODITE JAPOqNICA TADPOLE SCULPqI BASKET COCKLE POLYCHAETE RAqDULqIUS ASPRELLUS COMPSMYAX SUBDIAPHANA ARCTONOE PULCHRA SLIM SCULPIN CLAN POLYCHAETE XENERETMUS LATIFRONS CRENELLA COLUMBIANA CARINOMELLA LACTEA qBLACKTIP POACHER CLAN RIBBON WORM EUPLEXAURA 14ARKI CEREBRATULUS CALIFORWIENSIS TROPHIC LEVEL: SEA PEN RIBBON WORM INVERTEBRATES HUXLEYIA MUNITA CHORILLIA LqONGIPES CLAN SHRqI14P ANCISTROLEPSIS LIEOPTULUS QUADRAMGULARIS CRANGON COMMUNIS SNAIL SEA PEN SHRIMP COLUS qHALIDONUS LYONSIA STRIATA CRANGON FRANCISORUM SNAIL CLAN SHRqI1q4P NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM ENqIPqO GRACILIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE POLYCHAETE INVERTEBRATES NUCULA TENUIS GLYCERA AMERICANA CLA14 POLYCHAETE AqBIETINARIA NUCULANA AUSTIN[ HAPLOSCOLOPLIOS ELOGATUS HYDROID CLAN POLYCHAETE ABIETINARIA ABIETINA NUCULANA PERNULS 14AGELONA PAPILLqICqORNqIS HYDROID CLAN POLYCHAETE AqBIETINARIA ALEXANDERI PATIWOPECTIN CAURINUS 14AGELONA PITELKAI HYqDRqOqIqD WEATHERVANE SCALLOP POLYCHAETE AqBIETINARIA TRASKI PECTEN CAURINUS NEPHqTYS CACqOqIDES HYDROID GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP POLYCHAETE ACRYPTOLARIA PROTOTHACA STAMINEA qNEPqHTYS CILIATA HYqDROIqD, ROCK COCKLE POLYCHAETE AGLAqOPHEqNqIA PSEPHqIDqIA LORDI NEPqHTYS CqORqNUTA HYDRqOqIqD CLA14 POLYCHAETE AGLAOPHENIA qDqIEGENSIS PSOLUS qSQUAMATUS NEPHTYS FERRUGqINEA HYDRqOqID SEA CUqCLN48ER POLYCHAETE AGLAOPHENIA INCONSPqICUA SAXICAVA ARCTICA NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA HYDROID ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CLAMI POLYCHAETE AGLAqOPHEqNqIA OCTOCARPA SCLEROPTILUM PANDALUqS JORqDAqNqT HYDRqOqIqD SEA PEN OCEAN PINK SHRIMP CAq140qPAqI0qA0qJ0qLARIA SOLEMYA AGASSIZI PA0qNDALUS PLATYCER4q04q3 HYDROID AWNING CLAN SPOT SHRIMP CAq1q4PAqMU0qLAR0qIA VERTICILLA0qTA STYLATU0qLA EL0qO0qNGATA PISTA CRISTATA 0qHqY4qD4qRO4qI4qD SEA PEN POLYCqHA8qETE CAq1q4PA6qW0qJ0qLARIA VOLUBILIS THRACIA CURTA PISTA F1q1q4BRIATA HY0qDROI4qD CLAM POLYCqHAETE qHALECIUM 0qCORRUGATUqM THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES PRAXILEL0qLA GRACILIS HY4qDR4qO4qI4qD CLAN POLYCqHAETE qHIPPA0qSTERIA SPIqN0qO0qSA TqHYASIRA 0qBARBARENSIS SP0qIR0qOqNT0qOCAR4qI4qS 0qLAqMELL0qIC0qOqRqN0qI0qS SEA STAR CLAN SqHR0qIq14P LAFOEA ADqVATA VENERICARDIA VENTR0qIC0qOSA SP0qIR0qOqNT0qOC0qARU4qS qH0qO0qL0q1q4ESI qHYDqRqOID STOUT CARDITA CLAN SqHR 1q14P LAFOEA DU0qNOSA HABITAT: MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BERTHIC HYDROID LAFOEA FRUTICOSA HYDROID LAFOEA GRACILLIKA NYDROID NEDIASTER AEQUALIS VERMILLON STAR NEPTUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS SNAIL PLUMULARIA ALICIA HYDROID RATHBUNASTER CALIFORNICUS SEA STAR SERTULARELLA TURGIDA HYDROID THUIARA RORUSTA HYDROID TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) FISHES PLEURONICHTHYS COENOSUS C-0 SOLE HABITAT: BAND NON-VEGETATED BEqNTHIC -LEPTOCHITON DASYCOTTUS SETIGER CHITON SPINYHEAD SCULPIN LISCHKEIA CIDARIS EOPSETTA JORDANI SNAIL PETRALE SOLE LUIDIA FOLIATA GADUS 14ACROCEPHALUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SAND STAR PACIFIC COD INVERTEBRATES METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS SEA ANEMONE REX SOLE ACMAEA MITRA MITRELLA GOULDI NEXAGRAMMOqS DECAGRAMMUS DUNCECAP LIMPET SNAIL KELP GREENLING NASSARIUS FOSSATUS NEXAGRAMMOS STELLERI TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SNAIL WHITESPOTTED GREENLING FISHES NASSARIUS MENDICUS HEXANCHUS GRISEUS SNAIL SIXGILL SHARK ASTEROTHECA PENTACANTHUS NATICA CLAUSA HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON BIGEYE POACHER SNAIL FLATHEAD SOLE qNEPTUREA LYRATA HIPPOGLOSqSUS STENCLEPIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SNAIL PACIFIC HALIBUT INVERTEBRATES OCTOPUS DOLFEINI HYDROLAGUS COLLIE[ OCTOPUS RATFqISH AC14AEA LIKATULA PISASTER qBREVISPqINqOUS ICELqINUS FILAMENTqOSUS FILE LIMPET SHORT-SPINED PISASTER THREADFqIqN SCULPIN ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA PISASTER GIGANTEUS ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS SNAIL GIANT STAR BUTTER SOLE ANTIPLAWES PERVERSA PISASTER OCHRACEOUS LYOPSETTA EXILIS SNAIL PURPLE STAR SLENDER SOLE ANTIPLANES VINOSA POLINICES LEWISqIqI MICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS SNAIL MOON SNAIL DOVER SOLE ASTROPECTIN AR14ATUS POLINICES PALLIDUS OPHqIOqDON ELONGATUS SAND STAR MOON SNAIL LINGCOD BENTHOCTOPUIS POLYPUS PAROPHRYS VETULUS OCTOPUS OCTOPUS ENGLISH SOLE BORETROPHON STUART[ PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS SNAIL SLIME STAR STARRY FLOUNDER BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUN PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA PORICHTHYS NOTATUS SNAIL LIMPET PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN CADULUS STEARNSII PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES PSETTICHTHYS MELANOSTICTUS TOOTH SHELL SUNFLOWER STAR SAND SOLE CALLIOST014A ANNULATUM ROSSIA PACIFICA RAJA qBINOCULATA SNAIL SQUID BIG SKATE CHIONECTES qBAIRDI SOLASTER DAWSON[ RAJA KINCAIDI TANNER CRAB MORNING SUN STAR BLACK SKATE CHIONECTES OPILIO SOLASTER STIqMPSONqI RAJA RHINA TANNER CRAB SUN STAR LONGNOSE SKATE CHIONECTES TANNERqI STYLASTERIAL FORRERI RAJA STELLULATA TANNER CRAB SEA STAR STARRY SKATE COLUS ROSEUS TACHYRNYWCHUS LACTEOqLUq1q4 SCORPAENICHqTHYS q1q4ARqV0qMTUS SNAIL SNAIL CAqBEZON COLUS SERVINUS TACHYRHYqNCqHUqS PRATqOMUqM SQUAqLUS ACAqNTqHqIAS SNAIL SNAIL SPINY DOGFqISH CROSSASTER PAPOSUS THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILATUS TORPEDO CALqIFORMqICA ROSE STAR SEA STAR PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY DENTALqIUM TROPHOqN TRIPHERUS TRIAKIS SENqIFASCIATA TOOTH SHELL SNAIL LEOPARD SHARK DERMASTERIAS IMBRIqCATA LEATHER STAR TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE EPqITqOqNqIUM INDqIANORUN FISHES NAM14ALS SNAIL EqVASTERIAS TROSCqHELI ACIPEqNSER TqRAqN0qS0qMONTAqNUS EUqMETOPIAS JUBATU4qS SEA STAR WHITE STURGEON NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION FUSITRITIOqN OREGONENSIS BR0qO0qSqMOPHYCIS q1q4ARGIqNATA KOGIA BREVICEP0qS OREGON TRITON RED BROTU0qLA PYGMY SPERM WHALE HENRICIA LEVISCULA CHITONOTUIS PUGETENSIS PqHOCA VITUL0qI0qNA BLOOD STAR ROUGHqRACK SCULP0qIN HARBOR SEAL ISCHNqOCqHqIT0qOqN CITKARICqKTHYS SOqRD0qIDUS PHOCCEqNA, PHqOCqOEqMA C0qH0qITOqN PACIFIC SAqNDDAB HARBOR PORPOISE LEP0qI0qDAZ0qOqNA CITHARqICqHTqHY0qS ST0qIGq1q4AELqIS PHYSETER 0qCATa6q= C0qHITO4qN SPECKLED SAND0qDA4qB SPERM WHALE LEP0qI0qDAZ0qOqNA G0qOLISCqH0qI 0qDASYATIS 0qDqIPTERURA ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIA00qMqS CH0qIT0qO0qN DIAqV0qION0qO STI0qNGRAY CALIFORNIA SEA LION HABITAT: SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS AXINOPSIDA qSERICATA INVERTEBRATES CLIVIER'S OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE CLAM CARqDIOMYA OLDROYqDqI CANCER MAGISTER TROPHIC LEVEL: q(4q) DETRITIVORE CUSPIDARIA CLAM DUNGENESS CRAB INVERTEBRATES CARDIONYA PLANETICA OLIVELLA CLAM OLIVE SNAIL ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS CARDITA STEARNS11 OLIVELLA BIPLICATA SEA URCHIN CLAM PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL AMPHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX CARDITA, VENTICOSA PAGURISTES TURGIDUS BRITTLE STAR CLAM HERMIT CRAB APHqIURA SARSII CHLAMYS HASTATUS qHERICIUS PAGURUS ALEUT I CUS BRITTLE STAR PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP HERMIT CRAB qBANKIA SETACEA CHLAMYS INDSI PAGURUS OCHOTENSIS TEREDO HIND'S CLA1q4 HERMIT CRAB BRISASTER LATIFRONS CLINOCARDIUqM NUTALLI PAGURUS TANNERI SEA URCHIN BASKET COCKLE HERMIT CRAB DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS COMPSONYAX qSUBDIAPHANA SAND DOLLAR CLAM TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE LOPHOLITHOIDES FORAMINATUS CRENELLA COLUMBIANA EATER - INVERTEBRATES qBOqX CRAB CqLAq14 LOPHqOLITqHqOqIDES MANDTII EUPLEXAURA qMARKI APHRODITE JAPONICA PUGET SOUND KING CRAB SEA PEN POLYCqHAETE LUMqBRINERIS BICIRRATA HUXLEYIA NUqNqITA ARCTONOE PULCqHqRA POLYCHAETE CLAM POLYCHAETE L04BRINERIS SIqMILABRIS LIEOPTULUS qQUADqRAqNGULARIS CARINOMELLA LACTEA POLYCHAETE SEA PEN RIBBON WORM MACOA ALCAREA LYONSIA STRIATA CEREBRATULUS CALIFORNIENSIS CHALKY CLAM CLAM RIBBON WORK MAGELONA, JAPONICA NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM CHORILLIA LONGIPES POLYCHAETE HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE SHRIMP MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA MUCULA TENUIS CRANGOqN COMMUNIS SEA CUCUMBER CLAM SHRIMP OPHIHqOLqIS BAKERI NUCULANA AUSTqIqNqI CRANGON FRANCISORUM BRITTLE STAR CLAM SHRI14P OPHIURA LUTKENI NUCULANA PERNULS EMIPO GRACILIS BRITTLE STAR CLAM POLYCHAETE PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS PATINOPECTIqN CAURINUS GLYCERA AMERICANA GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER WEATHERVANqE SCALLOP POLYCHAETE PENTAMERA, PSEUDOCALCIGERA PECTEN CAURINUS HAPLOSCOLOPUOS ELONGATUqS SEA CUCUMBER GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP POLYCHAETE STRONGYLOCENTROTUS ECHINOIDES PROTOTHACA STAqMqINEA KAGELONA PAPILLICORNIS SEA URCHIN ROCK COCKLE POLYCHAETE TELLINA BUTTqONqI PSEPHIDIA LORDI qMAGELONA PITELKAI BUTTON'S TELLIN CLAM CLA14 POLYCHAETE XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA PSOLUS SQUAqMATUqS NEPHTYS CACOIDES WASHINGTON WOODEATER SEA CUCUMBER POLYCHAETE SAXICAVA ARqCTICA NEPHTYS CILIATA TROPHIC LEVEL: q(5q) OMNIVORE ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CA14 POLYqCHAETE INVERTEBRATES SCLEROPTILUqM NEPHqTYS CORNUITA SEA PEN POLYCHAETE AMPHISSA VERSqICOLOR SILIQUA PATUIqLA NEPHTYS FERRUGqIEA SNAIL PACIFIC RAqZqOO itCqLA1 POLYCHAETE GORGONOCEPHALUS CARYI qILqIaUA SLOATI NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA BASKET STAR SLOATIS RAZOR CLAM POLYCHAETE OENOPOTA qSOLEMYA AGASSIZI PANDALUS DANAE SNAIL AWNING CLAM DOCK SHRIMP PSEUqDARCHASTER PARELIl AqLAqSCEN STYLATUqLA ELONGATA PANDALUS JORDANI SEA STAR SEA PEN OCEAN PINK SHRIMP TH0qRACIA CU0qRTA PAN0qDALUS PLATYC0qERqO0qS TROPHIC LEVEL: (62q) PARASITE CLAM SPOT SHRIMP FISHES THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES PIqSTA CRISTATA CLAM POLYCqHAE0qTE LAqMPETRA AYRESI TqHYASIRA BAR0qBARENSIS PISTA FIqN0qBRIATA RIVER LAMPREY CLAM PqOLYCHAETE VENERICAqRDIA VENTRICOSA P0qRAX4qILEL4qLA GRACILIS TROPqHIC LEVEL: C8q7) FILTER FEEDER STOUT CARDITA CLAN POLYC0qHAETE INVERTEBRATES Y0qO0qL0qD0qIA 0qLINATU4qLA, GAIR0qDE4qR4qI SP0qIRqOqNT0qOCAR0qIqS 0qLAMELL0qIC0qO4qRqNqI4qS FILE Y4qO4qL4qD4qIA CLAN SHRIMP ACILIA CAST0qRENSIS SP0qIR0qOqNT0qOCARUS qHOLqNESI DIVARICATE NUT CLAN TROPHIC LEVEL: (8q8) SCAVENGER SHRIMP HABITAT: SAM NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE SEA STAR EATER - FISHES LAFOEA ADWATA HYqDROID AGONOPSIS E14MELAME LAFOEA DLN40SA NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER HYDROID AGONUS ACIPENSERINUS LAFOEA FRUTICOSA STURGEON POACHER HYDROID AMM0qMYTES HEXAPTERUS LAFOEA GRACILLIMA PACIFIC SAND LANCE HYDROID AMPHISTICHUS RHqODqOTERUS MEDIASTER AEQUALIS REDTAIL SURFPERCH VERMILLON STAR CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI WEPTUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS PACIFIC HERRING SNAIL CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA PLUMULARIA ALICIA SHINER PERCH HYqDRqOqIqD EMBqIqOTOCA LATERALIS SERTULARELLA TURGIDA STRIPED SEAPERCqH HYDRqOqID LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS THUIARA ROBUSTA PACIFIC STAGHqORqM SCULPqIqN qHYqDRqOqIqD LIPARIS PULCqHELqLUS, SHOWY SNAILFqISqH TROPHIC LEVEL: (q0) qMICROGADUS PROXIMUS FISHES PACIFIC T0q1q4CqOqD POROCLINIS ROTHROCqKI PLEURqOqNICHq7HYS qCqOEMqOSUS WHITEBARRED qBLENNY C-0 SOLE PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS TADPOLE SCULPIN RADULINUS ASPRELLUS SLIM SCULPIN XENERETMUS; LATIFRONS qBLACKTIP POACHER TROPHIC LEVEL: INVERTEBRATES ANCISTROLEPSqIS SNAIL COLUS HALIDONUS SNAIL TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) INVERTEBRATES ABIETIqNARIA HYDROID ABIETINARIA ABIETINA HYDROID ABIETINARIA ALEXANqDERI qHYDROID ABIETINARIA TRASKI HYDROID ACRYPTOLARIA HYDROID AGLAOPHEqNIA HYDROID AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS HYDROID AGLAOPHE0qM0qIA IqNCONSPIC0qLIA HYDROID AGLAOPHE0qNIA OCTOCARPA HYDROI4qD CAMPAqNULARIA qHYDRqOqI0qD CAMPAqNULARIA VERTICILLATA qHYDR0qOqI0qD CAqMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS qHYDROID 0qHALECIUqM CORRUGATUqX HYDROID HIPPASTERIA SP0qIqMqOqSA HABITAT: SURFGRASS VEGETATED BENTHIC LAMINARIA GROENLANDICA BORETROPHON STUARTI KELP SNAIL LAMINARIA SACCHARINA BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM KELP SNAIL LAMINARIA SETCHELLII CALLIOST0MA ANNULATUM TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER KELP SNAIL PLANTS LAURENCIA SPECTARILIS CROSSASTER PAPOSUS RED ALGAE ROSE STAR AHNFELTIA CONCINNA MACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA DERMASTERIAS IMBRICATA RED ALGAE GIANT KELP LEATHER STAR AHNFELTIA PLICATA MEMBRANOPTERA PLATYPHYLLA LISCHKEIA CIDARIS RED ALGAE RED ALGAE SNAIL ALARIA MARGINATA MICROCLAUDIA COULTARI MITRELLA GOULDI KELP RED ALGAE SNAIL ANTITHAMNION PACIFICUM OPUNTIELLA CALIFORNICA NASSARIUS FOSSATUS RED ALGAE RED ALGAE SNAIL BOSSIELLA CALIFORNICA PHYLOSPADIX SCOULERI NASSARIUS MENDICUS CORALLINE RED ALGAE SEA GRASS SNAIL BOSSIELLA PLUMOSA PHYLOSPADIX TORREYI PISASTER BREVISPINOUS CORALLINE RED ALGAE SEA GRASS SHORT-SPINED PISASTER BOTRYOCLADIA PSEUDODICHOTOMA PLOCAMIUM PACIFICUM PISASTER GIGANTEUS RED ALGAE RED ALGAE GIANT STAR CALLIARTHRON REGENERANS POLYNEURA LATISSINA, PISASTER OCHRACEOUS CORALLINE RED ALGAE RED ALGAE PURPLE STAR CALLIARTHRON SCHMITTII PORPHYRA PERFORATA PUNCTURELLA, CUCULATA CORALLINE RED ALGAE RED ALGAE LIMPET CALLOPHYLLIS EDENTATA PRIONITIS LANCEOLATA PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES RED ALGAE RED ALGAE SUNFLOWER STAR CERAMIUM CALIFORNICUM PTEROSIPHONIA BIPIUNATA SOLASTER STIMPSOM I RED ALGAE RED ALGAE SUN STAR CONSTANTINEA SIMPLEX PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA RED ALGAE KELP TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE CONSTANTINEA SUBULIFERA PTILOTA ASPLENIOIDES INVERTEBRATES RED ALGAE RED ALGAE CORALLINA VANCOUVERIENSIS RHODOGLOSSUM LATISSIMUM BANKIA SETACEA CORALLINE RED ALGAE RED ALGAE TEREDO CRYPTOPLEURA RUPRECHTIANA RHODOMENIA PALKATA PARASITCHOPUS CALIFORNICUS RED ALGAE RED ALGAE GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER CYSTOSEIRA GEMINATA RHOOOMENIA PERTUSA XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA KELP RED ALGAE WASHINGT0N WOODEATER DELESSERIA DECIPIENS RHODOPTILUM PLUMOSLIN RED ALGAE RED ALGAE TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE DILSEA CALIFORNICA SARGASSLIN MUTICUM INVERTEBRATES RED ALGAE KELP EGREGIA MENZIESII SCHIZYMENIA PACIFICA AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR KELP RED ALGAE SNAIL EISENIA ARBOREA SMITHORA NAIABU14 OENOPOTA KELP RED ALGAE SNAIL ERYTHROPHYLLUM DELESSERIOIDES STENOGRAMME INTERUPTA ONCOSOECIA RED ALGAE RED ALGAE BRYOZOAN GASTROCLONIUM COULTERI RED ALGAE TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER GELIDIUM ROBUSTUM INVERTEBRATES INVERTBRATES RED ALGAE GIGARTINA EXASPERATA ACKAEA MITRA BUGULA FLABELLATA RED ALGAE DUNCECAP LIMPET BRYOZOAN GLOIOSIPHONIA VERTICILLARIS STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANSISCANU CELLARIA MANDIBULATA RED ALGAE GIANT RED URCHIN BRYOZOAN GRACILARIOPSIS SJOESTEDII STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS CLINOCARDIUM NUTALLI RED ALGAE PURPLE SEA URCHIN BASKET COCKLE GRATELOUPIA CALIFORNICA LAGENIPORA PUNCTULATA RED ALGAE TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE BRYOZOAN GYMNOGONGRUS PLATYPHYLLUS INVERTEBRATES PECTEN CAURINUS RED ALGAE GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP HYMENENA FLABELLIGERA ACKAEA LINATULA TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA RED ALGAE FILE L114PET LAMP SHELL HYMENENA, SETCHELLII ANTIPLANES PERVERSA RED ALGAE SNAIL TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER IRIAOEA CORDATA ASTROPECTIN ARNATUS INVERTEBRATES RED ALGAE SAND STAR HABITAT: SURFGRASS VEGETATED BENTHIC PHYLLOLITHOIDES PAPILLOSUS PAPILLA CRAB TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) INVERTEBRATES ABIETIMARIA HYDROID ABIETINARIA ABIETINA HYDROID ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI HYDROID ABIETINARIA TRASKI HYDROID ACRYPTOLARIA HYDROID AGLAOPNENIA HYDROID AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS HYDROID AGLAOPHENIA INCONSPICUA HYDROID AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCARPA HYDROID CAMPAWULARIA HYDROID CAMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA HYDROID CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS HYDROID HALECILIN CORRUGATUN HYDROID LAFOEA ADNATA HYDROID LAFOEA DUMOSA HYDROID LAFOEA FRUTICOSA HYDROID LAFOEA GRACILLIKA HYDROID MEDIASTER AEQUALIS VERNILLON STAR PLUKJLARIA ALICIA HYDROID SERTULARELLA TURGIDA HYDROID THUIARA ROBUSTA HYDROID HABITAT: UNPROTECTED BEACH SURF PHOCA VITULINA MOLE CRAB HARBOR SEAL SILIOUA PATULA SPILOGALE PUTORIUS RAZOR CLAN SPOTTED SKUNK TROPHIC LEVEL:(1) PRODUCER ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER INVERTEBRATES CALIFORNIA SEA LION INVERTEBRATES CHAETOCEROS ARATUM TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE OLIVELLA BIPLICATA DIATOM INVERTEBRATES PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER ALLONISCUS PERCONVEXUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER NON-VASCULAR PLANTS ISOPODS BIRDS CALLIANASSA CALIFORNIENSIS ASTRIONELLA, SOCIALIS GHOST SHRIMP LARUS GLAUCESCENS DIATOM CIROLANA KINCAIDI GLAUCOS-WINGED GULL ISOPODS LARUS OCCIDENTALIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER COELOPA WESTERN GULL VASCULAR PLANTS KELP FLY EUZONUS MUCRONATA TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI BLOOD WORMS EATER - INVERTEBRATES SCOULERIS SURFGRASS ORCHESTOIDEA CALIFORNIANA SAND FLEE CEREBRATULUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SPIONIDAE RIBBON WORM INVERTEBRATES WORN EONAUSTORIUS WASHINGTONIANUIS AMPHIPOD ENDEODES COLLARIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE PONTONALOTA OPACA COLEOPTERA INVERTEBRATE ROVE BEETLE STAPHYLINIDAE TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE CRAGO NIGRACAUDA ROVE BEETLES MAMMALS BLACK-TAILED SHRIMP THINOPINUIS PICTUS CRAGO SPP. ROVE BEETLE ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS COLUMBIANO -NULL- THINUSA MARITIMA BLACK-TAILED DEER ROVE BEETLE TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE FISHES TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE INVERTEBRATES EATER - FISHES PHANERODON FURCATUIS GLYCERIDAE WHITE SEAPERCH ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS PROBOSCIS WORM WHITEBAIT SMELT TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE AMMODYTES HEXAPTERUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE BIRDS PACIFIC SAND LANCE BIRDS AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS REDTAIL SURFPERCH LARUS ARGENTATUS COMMON" CROW HYPONESUS PRETIOSUS HERRING GULL SURFSMELT LARUS CALIFORNICUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE CALIFORNIA GULL MAMMALS TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE LARUS CANUS EATER - BIRDS MEW GULL MEPHITIS MEPHITIS LARUS HEERMANNI STRIPED SKUNK ARENARIA INTERPRES HEERMANIS GULL PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS RUDDY TURNSTONE LARLIS PHILADELPHIA DEER MOUSE CALIDRIS ALBA BONAPARTE'S GULL PROCYON LOTOR SANDERLING RISSA TRIDACTYLA RACCOON CALIDRIS ALPINA BLACK-LEGGED KITTINAKE DUNLIN TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE CALIDRIS SAIRDII TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE INVERTEBRATES BAIRD'S SANDPIPER MAMMALS CALIDRIS CANIUTUS ALEOCHARA ARENARIA RED KNOT EUMETOPIAS JUBATA ROVE BEETLE CALIDRIS MAURI STELLER'S SEA LION MALACOBDELLA SPP. WESTERN SANDPIPER LYNX RUFUS RIBBON WORM CHARADRIUS ALEXAMDRINLIS BOBCAT SNOWY PLOVER MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER CHARADRILIS SENIPALMATUS ELEPHANT SEAL INVERTEBRATES SENIPALMATED PLOVER MUSTELA FREMATA LIMMODROMUS GRISELIS LONG-TAILED WEASEL ARCHAEOMYSIS GREBNITZKII SNORT-BILLED DOWITCHER MUSTELA VISOM MYSID LIMOSA FEDGA MINK EMERITA ANALOGA MARBLED GODWIT HABITAT: UNPROTECTED BEACH SURF NUMNIUS PHAEOPUS WHIMBREL PLUVIALIS SQUATAROLA BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) UNKNOWN INVERTEBRATES HAUSTORIIDAE AMPHIPOD HABITAT: PROTECTED BEACH SURF RISSA TRIDACTYLA MEPHITIS MEPHITIS BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE STRIPED SKUNK STERNA CASPIA PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS CASPIAN TERM DEER MOUSE TRINGA FLAVIPES PROCYON LOTOR TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER LESSER YELLOWLEGS RACCOON VASCULAR PLANTS TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULIERI MAMMALS INVERTEBRATES SCOULERIS SURFGRASS PLANTAGO MARITIMA, EUMETOPIAS JUBATA MALACOSDELLA SPP. SEASIDE PLANTAIN STELLER'S SEA LION RIBBON WORM TENACETUM DOUGLASII LYNX RUFUS DUNE TANSY BOBCAT TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS INVERTEBRATES TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE ELEPHANT SEAL INVERTEBRATES MUSTELA FRENATA ARCHAEOMYSIS GREBNITZKII LONG-TAILED WEASEL MYSID LUMBRIMARIS ZONATA 14JSTELA VISON EMERITA ANALOGA WORM MINK MOLE CRAB PHOCA VITULINA SILIOUA PATUILA TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE HARBOR SEAL RAZOR CLAN BIRDS SPILOGALE PUTORIUS SPOTTED SKUNK TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) SCAVENGER BRANTA BERNICLA ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS INVERTEBRATES BRANT CALIFORNIA SEA LION OLIVELLA BIPLICATA TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL MAMMALS INVERTEBRATES TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUIS COLUMBIAMUl ABAREMICOLA CLAPAREDII OCEANIC BIRDS BLACK-TAILED DEER LUGWORM CALLIANASSA, CALIFORNIENSIS HALIAEETLIS LEUCOCEPHALUS TROPNIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE GHOS SHRIMP BALD EAGLE INVERTEBRATES CIROLANA KINCAIDI LARUIS GLAUCESCENS ISOPODS GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL GLYCERIDAE EUZONUS MUCRONATA LARUS OCCIDENTALIS PROBOSCIS WORM BLOOD WORM WESTERN GULL ORCHESTIA TRASKIAMA TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE LESSER BEACH HOPPERORCHESTOIDEA TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE FISHES CALIFORMIANA EATER - INVERTEBRATES SAND FLEE/GREAT BEACH HOPPER MYOXOCEPHALUS POLYACANTHOCEPHA SPIONIDAE CEREBRATULUS GREAT SCULPIN WORN RIBBON WORM PAROPHRYS VETULUS EONAUSTORIUS WASHINGTONMIAMUS ENGLISH SOLE TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE AMPHIPOD PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS INVERTEBRATES PARAMEMERTES PEREGRINA, STARRY FLOUNDER NEMERTEAM PSETTICHTHYS MELAMOSTICTUS CRAGO MICRACAUDA STAPHYLIMIDAE SAND SOLE BLACK-TAILED SHRIMP ROVE BEETLES SEBASTES PAUCISPINIS CRAGO SPP. SOCCACIO -MULL- TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE EATER - FISHES TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE BIRDS FISHES ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS WHITEBAIT SMELT ARDEA HERODIAS HYPERPROSOPON ANGENTEUN ALOSA SAPIDISS1MA GREAT BLUE HERON WALLEYE SURFPERCN AMERICAN SHAD LARUS ARGENTATUS HYPERPROSOPON ELLIPTICUN AN MOD YTES NEXAPTERU4S HERRING GULL SILVER SURFPERCH PACIFIC SAND LANCE LARUS C0ALIF0RNICUS AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS CALIFORNIA GULL TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE REDTAIL SUlRFPERCN LARUS CANUIS BIRDS CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI MEW GULL PACIFIC HERRING LARUS DELAWARENSIS CORVUS BRACHYRNYMCHOS CYMATOGASTER AGGREGATA RING-BILLED GULL COMM CROW SHINER PERCH LARUS HEERMANNI HYPONE SUS PRETIOSUS HEERNANOS GULL TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE SURFSMELT LARUS PHILADELPHIA MAMMALS LEPTOCOTTUS ARKATUS BONAPARTE'S GULL PACIFIC STAGNORN SCULPIN HABITAT: PROTECTED BEACH SURF MICROGADUS PROXIMUS PACIFIC TOMCOD TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE EATER - BIRDS ACTITIS MACULARIA SPOTTED SANDPIPER ARENARIA INTERPRES RUDDY TURNSTONE ARENARIA NELANOCEPHALA BLACK TURNSTONE CALIDRIS ALBA SANDERLING CALIDRIS ALPINA DUNLIN CALIDRIS BAIRDII BAIRD'S SANDPIPER CALIDRIS CANUTUS RED KNOT CALIDRIS KAURI WESTERN SANDPIPER CALIDRIS MINUTILLA LEAST SANDPIPER CHARADRIUS ALEXANDRINUS SNOWY PLOVER CHARADRIUS SENIPALATUS SEMIPALATED PLOVER CHARADRIUS VOCIFERUS KILLDEER LIMMODROMUS GRISEUS SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER LIMNODROMUS SCOLOPACEUS LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER LIMOSA FEDOA MARBLED GODWIT LOBIPES LOBATUS NORTHERN PHALAROPE NUMENIUS AMERICANUS LONG-BILLED CURLEW NUMENIUS PHAEOPUS WHIMBREL PLUVIALIS D0MINICA AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER PLUVIALIS SQUATAROLA BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER TRINGA MELANOLEUCA GREATER YELLOWLEGS TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) UNKNOWN INVERTEBRATES HAUSTORIIDAE AMPHIPOD HABITAT: UNPROTECTED ROCKY BURP POLYSIPHONIA PACIFICA ASCELICHTHYS RHODORUS POLLY PACIFIC ROSYLIP SCULPIN PORPHYRA LANCEOLATA RAJA STELLULATA RED JABOT LABER STARRY SKATE PORPHYRA PERFORATA SEBASTES MELANOPS TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER RED LAVER BLACK ROCKFISH NOW-VASCULAR PLANTS POSTELSIA PALNAEFORMIS SEA PALM ALARIA NANA PRESIDLA MERIDIONALIS -NULL- -NULL- TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE BOSSEA MANZA PRIONITIS LANCEOLATA BIRDS LEAF CORAL -MULL- BRYOPSIS CORTICULANS PRIONITIS LYALLII AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS SEA FERN LYALLIS SEAWEED WESTERN GREBE CALLIARTHRON MANZA PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA CEPPHUS COLUMBA BEAD CORAL POMPON PIGEON GUILLEMOT CALLITHAMNION PIKEANUM PTILOTA FILICINA CERORHINCA MONOCERATA BEAUTY BUSH RED WING RNINOCEROUS AUKLET CLADOPHORA TRICHOTONA PTILOTA HYPNOIDES GAVIA ARCTICA GREEN BALL -NULL- ARCTIC LOON CODIUM FRAGILE RALFSIA PACIFICA HAEMATOPUS BACHMANI SEA STAGNORN TAR SPOT BLACK OYSTERCATCHER CODIUM SETCOELLII SCHIZYMENIA PACIFICA HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS SPUNGY CUSHION SEA ROSE HARLEQUIN DUCK CORALLINA GRACILIS SCYTOSIPHON LOMENTARIA LARUS ARGENTATUS GRACEFUL CORAL WHIP TUBE HERRING GULL COSTARIA COSTATA SPONGONORPHA COALITA LARUS CALIFORNICUS SEERSUCKER GREEN ROPE CALIFORNIA GULL CUNAGLOIA ANDERSON111 UROSPORA MIRABILIS LARUS CANUS -NULL- -NULL- NEW GULL CYAMTHERE TRIPLICATA LARUS NEERMANNI TRIPLE RIB TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER HEEERMAN'S GULL CYSTOSEIRA OSMUNDACEA VASCULAR PLANTS LUNDA CIRRHATA WOODY CHAIN BLADDER TUFTED PUFFIN EGREGIA MENZIESII PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI MELANITTA DEGLANDI FEATHER BOA SCOULERIS SURFGRASS WHITE-WINGED SCOTER ENDOCLADIA MURICATA PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS MAIL BRUSH TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE BROWN PELICAN ENTERONORPHA COMPRESSA INVERTEBRATES PHALOCROCORAX AURITUS GREEN CONFETTI DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT ENTEROMORPHA INTESTINALIS ACMAEA DIGITALIS PHALOCROCORAX PELAGICUS LINK CONFETTI LIMPET PELAGIC CORMORAMT ENTEROMORPHA PLUMOSA AC14AEA PELTA PHALOCROCORAX PENICILLATUS SILK CONFETTI BROWN & WHITE SHIELD L1MPET BRANDTOS CORMORANT GRATELOUPIA PINNATA DIDDORA ASPERA RISSA TRIDACTYLA POINTED LYNX KEYHOLE LIMPET BLACK-LEGGEED KITTIMAKE HALICYSTIS OVALIS KATHERINA TUNICATA URIA AALGE -NULL- BLACK CHITOM CON" MURRE HEDOPHYLLU1M SESSILE NUTTALINA CALIFORNICA, SEA CABBAGE CHITON TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE MYNENENA FLABELLIGERA PARACLUNIO ALASKENSIS MAMMALS VEINED FAN MIDGE IRIDOPHYCUS SPECIES STRONGLYOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS ENHYDRA LUTRIS IRIDESCENT SEAWEED PURPLE SEA URCHIN SEA OTTER LAMINARIA ANDERSONII ELMETOPIAS JUBATA SPLIT WHIP WRACK TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE STELLERS SEA LION LAMINARIA PLATYMERIS INVERTEBRATES LUTRA CAMADENSIS SEA GIRDLE 0R TANGLE RIVER OTTER LAMINARIA SETCHELII ANIS0DORIS MOBILIS MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS -NULL- SEA LEMON ELEPHANT SEAL LESSONIOPSIS LITTORALIS PISASTER GIGANTEUS MUSTELA VISON -NULL- SEASTAR MINK LITHOTHAMMIUM SPECIES PISASTER OCHRACEUS PHOCA VITUL0INA RED ROCK CRUST SEASTAR HARBOR SEAL MICROCLADIA BOREALIS THAIS ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS COARSE SEA LACE SNAIL CALIFORNIA SEA LION PELVETIOPSIS LINITATA -NULL- TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE PLEUROPHYCUS GARDNERI FISHES TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE SEA SPATULA INVERTEBRATES HABITAT: UNPROTECTED ROCKY SURF EUDISTYLIA VANCOUVERI AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS SABELLID REDTAIL SURFPERCH IDOTEA SCHMITTI CYMATOGASTER AGGREGATA ISOPOD SHINER PERCH IDOTEA WOSNESENSKII OLIVE GREEN ISOPOD TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE LIGIA PALLASI EATER - BIRDS ROCK LOUSE SABELLARIA CEMENTARIUM ACTITIS NACULARIA WORM SPOTTED SANDPIPER APHRIZA VIRGATA TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE SURFBIRD MAMALS ARENARIA INTERPRES RUDDY TURNSTONE PROCYON LOTOR ARENARIA MELANOCEPHALA RACCOON BLACK TURNSTONE CALIDRIS PTILOCNE1M1S TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE ROCK SANDPIPER INVERTEBRATES HETEROSCELUS INCANUM WANDERING TATTLER FABIA SUBQUADRATA NUMENIUS PHAEOPUS PEA CRAB WHIMBREL HETEROSACCUS CALIFORNICUS -NULL- TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) UNKNOWN TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER INVERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES HAPALOGASTER CAVICAUDA BALANUS GLANDULA CRAB BARNACLE MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUIS MUSSEL NEANTHES BRANDTI WORM POLLICIPES POLYMERUIS PACIFIC GOOSE BARNACLE VOLSELLA MODIOLUS MORSE MUSSEL TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER BIRDS LARUS GLAUCESCENS GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL LARUS OCCIDENTALIS WESTERN GULL TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE EATER - INVERTEBRATES AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS ROVE BEETLE CEPHALOTHORIX LINEARIS NEMERTEAN DIAULOTA DENSISSIMA, ROVE BEETLE EMPLECTONENA, GRACILE RIBB0N WORM LIPAROCEPHALUS C0RDICOLLIS ROVE BEETLE MICRUIRA VERRILLI NEMERTEAM PARANEMERTES PEREGRINA NEMERTEAN THALASSOITRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI GROUND BEETLE TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE EATER - FISHES HABITAT: PROTECTED ROCKY BURP MICROCLADIA COULTERI KATHERINA TUNICATA DELICATE SEA LACE BLACK CHITON PELVETIOPSIS LIMITATA LITTORINA PLANAXIS -NULL- PERIWINKLE POLYNEURA PATISSIMA LITTORINA SCUTULINA TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER CRISSCROSS NETWORK PERIWINKLE NON-VASCULAR PLANTS POLYSIPHONIA COLLINSI LITTORINA SITKANA POLLY COLLINS PERIWINKLE AGARUM FIMBRIATUM POLYSIPHONIA PACIFICA LUMBRINERIS ZONATA SEA COLANDER POLLY PACIFIC WORM BOSSEA MANZA PORPHYRA LANCEOLATA, KOPALIA CILIATA LEAF CORAL RED JABOT LAVER CHITON CALLIARTHRON MANZA PORPHYRA PURFORATA MOPALIA LIGNOSA BEAD CORAL RED LAVER CHITON CALLITHAMNION PIKEAMUM PRASIOLA MERIDIONALIS ODONTOSYLLIS PHOSPHOREA BEAUTY BUSH -NULL- WORM CERAMIUM CALIFORMICUM PTILOTA FILICINA PARALUNIO ALASKENSIS -MULL- RED WING MIDGE CERAMIUM PACIFICUM PTILOTA HYPWOIDES STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANCISCAMU POTTERY SEAWEED -MULL- SEA URCHIN COILODESME CALIFORMICA RALFSIA PACIFICA STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS STICK BAG TAR SPOT PURPLE SEA URCHIN COLP0MENIA StNUOSA RHOD0MELA LARIX POCKET OR OYSTER THIEF BLACK PINE TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE CORALLINA CHILENSIS RHODYMENIA PALMATA INVERTEBRATES TIDE POOL CORAL DULSE OR RED KALE CUMAGLOIA ANDERSONII RHODYMENIA PERTUSA TONICELLA LINEATA -NULL- RED EYELET SILK LIKED CHITON CYSTOPHYLLUM GERMINATUM SCYTOSIPHOW LOMENTARIA BLADDER LEAF WHIP TUBE CYSTOSEIRA OSMONDACEA SPONGONORPHA COALITA TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE WOODY CHAIN BLADDER GREEN ROPE INVERTEBRATES DESMARESTIA ACULEATA ULVA FENESTRATA CRISP COLOR CHANGER -NULL- AEOLIDIA PAPILLOSA DESMARESTIA INTERMEDIA ULVA LACTUCA NUDIBRANCH LOOSE COLOR CHANGER SEA LETTUCE AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS DESMARESTIA MUWDA ULVA LINZA ROVE BEETLE WIDE BRANCH COLOR CHANGER GREEN STRING LETTUCE ANISODORIS NOBILIS ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA SEA LEMON GREEN CONFETTI TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER CADLINA ENTERO MOR PHA INTESTIMALIS VASCULAR PLANTS NUDIBRANCH LINK CONFETTI CORAMBE PACIFICA ENTEROMORPHA PLUMOSA JALUNEA CARMOSA NUDIBRANCH SILK CONFETTI JAUNEA DIAULOTA DENSISSIMA FUCUS FURCATA PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERt ROVE BEETLE ROCKWEED OR POPPING WRACK SCOULERIS SURFGRASS DIRONA ALSOLIMEATA GASTROCLONIUM COULTERI TAMACETUM DOUGLASII NUDIBRANCH SEA BELLY DUNE TANSY LEPIDOZONA COOPERI GIGARTINA EXASPERATA CHITON TURKISH TOWEL TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE LEPIDOZONA MERTENSI GIGARTINA SPECIES INVERTEBRATES CHITOM GRAPESTONE LIPAROCEPHALUS CORDICOLLIS GRATELOUPIA PINNATA ACKAEA DIGITALIS ROVE BEETLE POINTED LYNX LIMPET PISASTER GIGANTEUS HALICYSTIS OVALIS ACKAEA FENESTRATA SEASTAR -NULL- LIMPET PISASTER OCHRACEUS HALOSACCION GLANDIFORM, ACHEA LIMATULA SEASTAR SEA SAC FILE LIMPET PLACIPHORELLA VELATA HETEROCHORDARIA, ABIETINA ACHEA NITRA CHITON FIR NEEDLE DUNCE-CAP LIMPET PYCMOGONUN STEARNSI LAMINARIA PLATYMERIS ACHEA PELTA SEA SPIDER SEA GIRDLE OR TANGLE BROWN & WHITE SHIELD LIMPET PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES LAMINARIA SACCHARINA AMPITHOE HUMERALIS SUNFLOWER STAR SUGAR WRACK -NULL- ROSTANGA PULCHRA LAUREMCIA SPECTABILIS CALLISTOCNITON CRASSICOSTATUS NUDIBRANCN SEA LAUREL CHITON SOLASTER DOWSONI LITHOTHAMMIUM SPECIES CRYPTOCNITON STELLERI SEASTAR RED ROCK CRUST GUM BOOT CHITON SOLASTER STIMSONI MACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA CYANOPLAX HARTWEGI SEASTAR KELP CHITON THAIS HABITAT: PROTECTED ROCKY SURF SNAIL DOUBLE-CRESTED CORM0RANT ANOPLARCHUS PURPURESCENS PHALACROCORAX PELAGICUS HIGH COCKSCOMB TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE PELAGIC CORM0RANT XIPHISTER MUCOSUS FISHES PHALACROCORAX PENICILLATUS ROCK PRICKLEBACK BRANDT'S CORMORANT ARTEDIUS LATERALIS RISSA TRIDACTYLA TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE SMOOTHMEAD SCULPIN BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE BIRDS ASCELICHTHYS RHODORUS URIA AALGE ROSYLIP SCULPIN COMMON MURRE AYTHYA MARILA HEMILEPIDOTUS HEMILEPIDOTUS GREATER SCAUP RED IRISH LORD TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS HEMILEPIDOTUS SPINOSIS MAMMALS COMMON CROW BROWN IRISH LORD CORVUS CORVAX NEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMUS ENHYDRA LUTRIS COMMON RAVEN KELP GREENLING SEA OTTER NEXAGRAMMOS LAGOCEPHALUS EUMETOPIAS JUBATA TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE ROCK GREENLING STELLER'S SEA LION MAMMALS MYOXOCEPHALUS POLYACANTHOCEPHA LUTRA CANADENSIS GREAT SCULPIN RIVER OTTER PROCYON LOTOR PAROPHYRUS VETULUS MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS RACCOON ENGLISH SOLE ELEPHANT SEAL RAJA STELLULATA MUSTELA VISON TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE STARRY SKATE MINK NON-VASCULAR PLANTS SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORATUS PHOCA VITULINA CABEZON HARBOR SEAL JANCZEVSKIA GARDNERI SEBASTES MELANOPS ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS PARASITIC SEA LAUREL BLACK ROCKFISH CALIFORNIA SEA LION XIPHISTER ATROPURPUREUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE BLACK PRICKLEBACK TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRIVORE INVERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE ARCTONOE PULCHRA BIRDS AMPHIODIA OCCIDENTALIS SCALE WORM BRITTLE STAR ARCTONOE VITTATA AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS AMPHITRITE ROBUSTA SCALE WORK WESTERN GREBE POLYCHAETE WORM FABIA SUBGUADRATA ARDEA HERODIAS CUCUMARIA MINIATA PEA CRAB GREAT BLUE HERON SEA CUCUMBER PINNIXA TUBICOLA BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA EUDISTYLIA POLYMORPHA PEA CRAB BUFFLEHEAD SABELLID SYNDESNIS FRANCISCMUS BUCEPHALA CLANGULA EUDISTYLIA VANCOUVERI WORN COMMON GOLDENEYE SABELLID CEPPHUS COLUMBA EUPOLYNNIA NETEROBRANCHIA TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER PIGEON GUILLEMOT TEREBELLID WORM INVERTEBRATES CERORHINCA MONOCERATA IDOTEA SCHNITTI RHINOCEROS AUKLET ISOPOD RALANUS CARIOSUS GAVIA ARCTICA IDOTEA UROTONA BARNACLE ARCTIC LOON PILL BUG BALANUS GLANDULA HAEMATOPUS BACHMANI LIGIA PALLASI BARNACLE BLACK OYSTERCATCHER ROCK LOUSE BOCCARDIA PROBOSCIDEA HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS MELITA PALKATA SPINOID WON HARLEQUIN DUCK BEACH HOPPER BEGULA PACIFICA LARUS ARGENTATUS NECAMPHITRITE ROBUSTUS BRYOZOAN HERRING GULL TEREBELLID WORN HALICHONDRIA PANICEA LARUS CALIFORNICUS OPHIOPHOLIS ACULEATA CRUMB OF BREAD SPONGE CALIFORNIA GULL BRITTLE STAR HENRICIA LEVIUSCULA LARUS CANUS ORCHESTIA TRASKIANA RED SEASTAR MEW GULL LESSER BEACH HOPPER HINNITES GIGANTEUS LARUS HEERMANNI THELEPUS CRISPUS ROCK OYSTER HEERMAN'S GULL WORM HIPPODIPLOSIA INSCULPTA LUNDA CIRRHADA TIGRIOPU0 CALIFORNICUS BRYOZOAN TUFTED PUFFIN BUG LEPRALIA BILABIATA NEGACERYLE ALCYON BRYOZOAN BELTED KINGFISHER TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE ME0NINRANIPORA NEMBRANACEA MELANITTA DEGLANDI INVERTEBRATES BRYOZOAN WHITE-WINGED SCOTER MEMBRANIPORA, SERRILAMELLA. MELANITTA PERSPICILLATA MOPALIA MUSCOSA BRYOZOAN SURF SCOTER CHITON PEDICELLINA CERNUA PELECAMUS OCCIDENTALIS ENTOPROCT BROWN PELICAN TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE PHIDOLOPORA PACIFICA PHALACROCORAX AUIRITIS FISHES BRYZOAN HABITAT: PROTECTED ROCKY SURF PLOCAMIA KARYKINA MICRURA VERRILLI WHIMBREL RED SPONGE NEMERTEAN PLUVIALIS SQUATAROLA SERPULA VEMICULARIS PARANEMERTES PEREGRINA BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER WORM NEMERTEAN TRINGA MELANOLEUCA SPIRORBIS PHOXICHILIDILM FEMORATUM GREATER YELLOWLEGS WORM SEA SPIDER TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA SPIRONTOCARIS BREVIROSTRIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) UNKNOWN BRACHIOPOD BROKEN BACK SHRIMP INVERTEBRATES TRICELLARIA OCCIDENTALIS SPIRONTOCARIS CRISTATA BROZOAN BROKEN BACK SHRIMP ANAITIDES MEDIPAPILLATA XESTOSPONGIA VANILLA SPIRONTOCARIS PALUDICOLA PADDLE WORM SPONGE BROKEN BACK SHRIMP ARABELLA IRICOLOR SPIRONTOCARIS PRIONATA WORM TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER BROKEN BACK SHRIMP ASTRAEA GIBBEROSA INVERTEBRATES TEALIA CRASSICORNIS SNAIL ANEMONE CREPIDULA ADUNCA HENIGRAPSUS NUDUS THALASSOTRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI HORNED SLIPPER SHELL PURPLE SHORE CRAB GROUND BEETLE CRYPTOLITHODES SITCHENSIS PACHYCHELES RUDIS UMBRELLA-RACKED CRAB PORCELAIN CRAB TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE DODECACERIA FISTULICOLA PAGURUS GRANOS1ANUS EATER - FISHES CIRRATULID WORK HERMIT CRAB APODICHTHYS FLAVIDUS HAPALOGASTER CAVICAUDA PAGURUS HEMPHILLI PENPOINT GUNNEL CRAB HERMIT CRAB CHIROLOPHIS NUGATOR LEPTASTERIA HEXACTIS PAGURUS SAMUELIS MOSSHEAD WAR-BONNET SEASTAR HERMIT CRAB CLINOCOTTUS ACUTICEPS LEPTASTERIA PUSILLA PETROLISTHES CINCTIPES SHARPNOSE SCULPIN SEASTAR PORCELAIN CRAB CLINOCOTTUS EMBRYLIN MIMULUS FOLIATUS CALICO SCULPIN CRAB TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER CLINOCOTTUS GLOBICEPS DEDIGNATHUS INERNIS BIRDS MOSSHEAD SCULPIN CRAB CYNATOGASTER AGGREGATA PATIRIA NINIATA HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS SHINER PERCH SEA BAT BALD EAGLE GOBIESOX MAEANDRICUS PLATYNEREIS AGASSIZI LARUS GLAUCESCENS NORTHERN CLINGFISH NEREID WORM GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS PODARKE PUGGETTENSIS LARUS OCCIDENTALIS PACIFIC STAGHORN SCULPIN POLYCHAETE WESTERN GULL LIPARIS FLORAE PUGETTIA PRODUCTA TIDEPOOL SNAILFISH KELP CRAB TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE OLIGOCOTTUS MACULOSUS SCYRA ACUTIFROMS EATER - INVERTEBRATES TIDEPOOL SCULPIN MASKING CRAB OLIGOCOTTUS SNYDERI TEGULA FUNEBRALIS ALLORCHESTES ANGUSTUS FLUFFY SCULPIN BLACK TURBAN SNAIL -NULL- PHOLIS LAETA AMPHIPORUS BINACULATUS CRESCENT GUNNEL RIBBON WORN RHACOCHILUS VACCA ANTHOPLEURA ELEGANTISSMA PILE PERCH AGGREGATED ANEMONE SPIRINCHUS STARSKI ANTHOPLEURA XANTHOGRAMMICA NIGHT SMELT GIANT GREEN ANEMONE XERERPES FUCORUN CANCER ANTENNARIUS ROCKWEED GUNNEL CRAB CANCER MAGISTER TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE DUNGENESS CRAB EATER - BIRDS CANCER PRODUCTUS CRAB ACTITIS MACULARIA CEPHALOTHRIX LINEARIS SP0TED SANDPIPER NEMERTEAN APHRIZA VIRGATA CERATOSTONA SURFBIRD FOLIATUN MUREX ARENARIA INTERPRES ENPLECTONEMA, GRACILE RUDDY TURNSTIONE RIBBON WORM ARENARIA MELANOCEPHALA EPIACTIS PROLIFERA BLACK TURNSTONE ANEMONE CALIDRIS ALPINA GLYCERA AMERICANA DUNLIN WORM CALIDRIS PTILOCNENIS HALOSY0DNA BREVISETOSA ROCK SANDPIPER SCALE WORM HETEROSCELUS INCANUM HERMISSENDA CRASSICORNIS WANDERING TATTLER NUDIBRANCH NUMEN0IU0S PHAEOPUS HABITAT: HEADLANDS ANID ROCKy ISLANDS HOLODISCUS DISCOLOR THUJA PLICATA OCEAN-SPRAY WESTERN RED CEDAR HYPOCHAERIS RADICATA ULEX EUROPAEUS GOSMORE GORSE LASTHENIA CHRYSOSTONA VACCIMIUM OVATUM TROPHIC LEVEL: LASTHENIA EVERGREEN HUCKLEBERRY VASCULAR PLANTS LASTHENIA MINOR VAR. MARITIMA VACCINIUM PARVIFOLIUM HAIRY LASTHENIA RED HUCKLEBERRY ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM LATHYRUS LITTORALIS VERATRUN VIRIDE SWEET VERNALGRASS BEACH PEA-VINE FALSE HELLEBORE HOLCUS LANATUS LEONTODON NUDICAULIS COMMON VELVET-GRASS BRISTLY HAWK81T TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE LILAEOPSIS OCCIDENTALIS INVERTEBRATES TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER LILAEOPSIS VASCULAR PLANTS LONICERA INVOLUCRATA PARACLUNIO ALASKENSIS BLACK TWINBERRY MIDGE AIRA PRAECOX LOTUS FORMOSISSIMUS LITTLE HAIRGRASS DEERVETCH, SEASIDE LOTUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE ALNUS RUBRA LUPINUS ARBOREUS BIRDS RED ALDER TREE LUPINE ANGELICA LUCIDA LUPINUS VARICOLOR BONASA UMBELLUS SEA-WATCH TWO-COLOR LUPINE RUFFED GROUSE ARCTOSTAPHYLOS COLLUB1ANA MICROSERIS BIGILOVII CARDUELIS PINUS BRISTLY ANZINITA COAST MICROSERIS PINE SISKIN ARCHTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI MYRICA GALE CARDULIS TRISTIS KINNIKINNIC SWEET GALE AMERICAN GOLDFINCH ARMERIA MERITIMA PINUS CONTORTA CARPODACUS MEXICANUS THRIFT LODGEPOLE PINE, SHORE PINE HOUSE FINCH BACCHARIS PILULARIS PLANTAGO HIRTELLA CARPODACUS PURPUREUS CHAPARRAL BROOM TALL COAST PLANTAIN PURPLE FINCH BLECHNUM SPICANI PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA COLUMBA FASCIATA DEER FERN BUCKHORN PLANTAIN BAND-TAILED PIGEON CALAMAGROSTIS NUTKAENSIS POA PACHYPHOLIS DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS REEDGRASS SEACLIFF BLUEGRASS BLUE GROUSE CASTILLEJA LITORALIS POLYPODIUM GLYCYRRHIZA HESPERIPHONA VESPERTIMA PACIFIC PAINTBRUSH LICORICE FERN EVENING GROSBEAK CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS POLYSTICHLUM MUNITUM JUNCO HYEMALIS BLUE BLOSSOM SWORDFERN DARK-EYED JUNCO CERASTIUM ARVENSE PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICUS FIELD CHICKWEED DOUGLAS FIR CALIFORNIA QUAIL CYTISUS SCOPARqIUS PTERIDIUM AQUILINUN LOXIA CURVIROSTRA SCOTCH BROOM WESTERN BRACKEN FERN RED CROSSBILL DANTHONIA CALIFORNICA RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA MELOSPIZA MELODIA OATGRASS SMALL CREEPING BUTTERCUP SONG SPARROW DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA RHAMMUS PURSHIANA MELOTHRUS ATER TUFTED HAIRGRASS CASCARA BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD DESCHAMPSIA LONGIFLORA RHODODENDRON NACROPHYLLUM OREORTYX PICTUS HAIRGRASS WESTERN RHODODENDRON MOUNTAIN QUAIL DIGITALIS PURPUREA RHUS DIVERSILOBA PASSERELLA ILIACA FOXGLOVE POISON OAK FOX SPARROW EMPETRUM NIGRUM ROKANZOFFIA TRACY1 PHEUCTICUS MELAMOCEPHALUS CROWBERRY TRACY'S MISTMAIDEN BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK ERIGERON GLAUCUS RUBUS SPECTABILIS PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS SEASIDE DOCK SALMONBERRY RUFOUS-SIDED TOWHEE FESTUCA MYUROS RUBUS URSINUS SELASPHORUS RUFUS RAT-TAIL FESCUE DOUGLASBERRY RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD FESTUCA RUBRA RUNEX MARITIMUS SPIZELLA PASSERINA RED FESCUE SEASIDE DOCK CHIPPING SPARROW FRAGARIA CHIL0ENSIS SAGINA CRASSICAULIS ZEMAIDA MACROLIRA COASTAL STRAWBERRY STICK-STEMN0ED PEARLW0RT MOURNING DOVE GALIUM NUTTAL0I0I SALIX HOOKERIANA ZON0OTRICHIA ATRICAPILLA NUTTALS BEDSTRAW COAST WILLOW GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW GAULTHERIA SHALLON SEDUN LANCEOLAT0UN VAR. NESIOTI Z0ONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS SALAL LANCE-LEAVED STONECROP WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW GNAPHALIUM CHILENSE SIDALCEA HIRTIPES COTTON-BATTING PLANT HAIRY-STEMMED CHECKER-MALLOW TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE GRINDELIA INTEGRIFOLIA VAR. MA STACHYS RIGIDA MAMMALS PUGET SOUND GUMWEED HEDGE NETTLE HERACLEUM LANATUM TANACETUM DOUGLASII MICROTUS LONGICAUDUS COW-PARSNIP DUNE TANSY LONG-TAILED VOLE HABITAT: HEADLANDS AM ROCKY ISLANDS MICROTUS OREGONI LYNX RUFUS DIAULOTA DENSISSIMA OREGON VOLE BOBCAT ROVE BEETLE THOMOMYS MONTICOLA MUSTELA ERMINEA LIPAROCEPHALUS CORDICOLLIS MOUNTAIN POCKET GOPHER SHORT-TAILED WEASEL ROVE BEETLE SPILOGALE PUTORIUS THALASSOTRECHUS BARBARAE NIGRI TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SPOTTED SKUNK GROUND BEETLE HERPETOFAUNA UROCYON CINEROARGENTEUS GRAY FOX TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE THAMNOPHIS ORDINOIDES VULPES FULVA EATER - HERPETOFAUNA NORTHWESTERN GARTER SNAKE RED FOX THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS AMSYSTOMA GRACILE COMMON GARTER SNAKE TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE BROWN SALAMANDER BIRDS BUFO BOREAS TROPHIC LEVEL: WESTERN TOAD BIRDS BOMYCILLA CEDRORUM CEDAR WAXING TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE PANDION HALIAETUS CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS EATER - HERPETOFAUNA OSPREY COMMON CROW CONVUS CORVAX GERRHONOTUS COERULEUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE COMMON RAVEN NORTHERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD BIRDS CYANOCITTA STELLERI HYLA REGILLA STELLER'S JAY PACIFIC TREEFROG ACCIPITER COOPER11 PERIOSOREUS CANADENSIS PLETHODON DUNNI COOPER'S HAWK GRAY JAY DUMNS SALAMANDER ACCIPITER STRIATUS PIRANGA LUDOVICIAWA RHYACOTRITON OLYMPICUS SHARP-SHINNED HAWK WESTERN TANAGER OLYMPIC SALAMANDER AEGOLIUS ACADICUS STURNUS VULGARIS TARICHA GRANULOSA SAW-WHET OWL STARLING ROUGH-SKINNED NEWT ASIO OTUS TURDUS MIGRATORIUS LONG-EARED OWL AMERICAN ROBIN TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE BU80 VIRGINIANUS EATER - BIRDS GREAT HORNED OWL TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE BUTEO JAKAICENSIS MAMMALS CATHARUS GUTTATUS RED-TAILED HAWK HERMIT THRUSH CEPPHUS COLLUMA DIDELPHIS MARSUPIALIS CATHARUS USTULATUS PIGEON GUILLEMOT COMMON OPPOSUM SWAINSONIS THRUSH CERORNINCA MONOCERATA EURACTOS AMERICANUS CERTHIA FAM1LIARIS RHINOCEROS AUKLET BLACK BEAR BROWN CREEPER FALCO PEREGRINUS MEPHITIS MEPHITIS CHAETURA VAUXI PEREGRINE FALCON STRIPED SKUNK VAUXIS SWIFT GLAUCIDIOM GNOMA PER0MYSCUS MANICULATUS CHAMAEA FASCIATA PYGMY OWL DEER HOUSE WRENTIT LUNDA CIRRHATA PROCYON LOTOR CHORDEILES MINOR TUFTED PUFFIN RACCOON COMMON NIGHTHAWK OCEANODR0MA FURCATA ZAPUS TRINOTAUS COLAPTES AURATUS FORK-TAILED STORM PETREL PACIFIC JUMPING M0USE COMMON FLICKER OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA CONTOPUS SORDIDULUS LEACH'S STORM PETREL TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE WESTERN WOOD PEWEE OTUS ASIO VASCULAR PLANTS CYPSELOIDES NIGER SCREECH OWL BLACK SWIFT PHALOCROCORAX AURITUS BOSCHNIAKIA HOOKERI DENDROICA CORONATA DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT SMALL GROUND-CONE YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER PHALOCROCORAX PELAGICUS DENDROICA NIGRESCENS PELAGIC CORMORANT TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER PHALOCROCORAX PENICILLATUS BIRDS DENDROICA OCCIDENTALIS BRANDT'S CORMORANT HERMIT WARBLER PTYCHORAMPHUS ALEUTICUS CATHARTES AURA DENDROICA PETECHIA CASSINIS AUKLET TURKEY VULTURE YELLOW WARBLER TYTO ALBA NALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALIS DENDRIDICA TOWNSEND0I BARN OWL BALD EAGLE TOWNSEND'S WARBLER URIA AALGE LARUS GLAUCES0SCE0NS DRYO0COPUS PILEATUS COMMON MURRE G0LAUC0OUS-WINGED GULL PILEATED WOODPECKER LARUS OCCI0DENTALIS EMPIDOMAX DIFFICILIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE WESTERN GULL WESTERN FLYCATCHER MAMMALS EMPID0ONA)NAMM0NDII TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE HANN ONID 43 FLYCATCHER CANIS LATRANS EATER - INVERTEBRATES EMPIDONAX OBERNOLSE0RI COYOTE DUSKY FLYCATCHER FELIS CONCOLOR AMBLOPUSA BOREALIS EMIDONAX TRAILL11 MOUNTAIN LION ROVE BEETLE WILLOW FLYCATCHER HABITAT: HEADLANDS AND ROCKY ISLANDS MIRUNDO RUSTICA SOREX VAGRANS BARN SWALLOW VAGRANT SHREW IRIDOPROCNE BICOLOR TREE SWALLOW IXOREUS MAEVIUS VARIED THRUSH NYADESTES TOWNSENDI TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE NUTTALLORMIS BOREALIS OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER OPORORMIS TOLMIEI MCGILLIVRAYIS WARBLER PARUS ATRICAPILLUS BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE PARUS RUFESCENS CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE PETROCHELIDON PYRRHONOTA CLIFF SWALLOW PICOIDES PURESCENS DOWNY WOODPECKER PICOIDES VILLOSUS HAIRY WOODPECKER PROGNE SUBIS PURPLE MARTIN PSALTRIPARLIS MINIMS BUSHTIT REGULUS CALENDULA RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET REGULUS SATRAPA GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET SITTA CAMADENSIS RED-BRESTED NUTHATCH SITTA CAROLINENSIS WHITE-BRESTED NUTHATCH SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER STELGIDOPTERYX RUFICOLLIS ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW TACHYCINETA THALASSINA VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW THRYOMANES BEWICKII BEWICKIS WREN TROGLODYTES AEDOM HOUSE WREN TROGLODYTES TROGLODYTES WINTER WREN VERNIVORA CELATA ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER VERMIVORA RUFICAPILLA NASHVILLE WARBLER VIREO GILVUS WARBLING VIREO VIREO NUTTONI HUTTON'S VIREO VIREO SOLITARIUS SOLITARY VIREO WILSONIA PUSILLA WILSON'S WARBLER TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE EATER - MAMMALS EPTESICUS FUSCUS BIG BROWN BAT MYOTIS LICIFUGUS LITTLE BROWN MYOTIS NEUROTRICHUS GIBBSII SHREW-HOLE SCAPANUS TOWNSENDII TOWNSENDS HOLE HABITAT: HEADLANDS AND ROCKY ISLANDS AMALLOTHRIX VALIDA COPEPOD AMALLOTHRIX VORAK COPEPOD ARIETELLUS PLUMIFER TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER COPEPOD WON-VASCULAR PLANTS BATHYCALANUS BRADYI COPEPOD ASTERIONELLA FORMOSA BORE0MYSIS DIAT0M COPEPOD ASTERIONELLA JAPOINICA BOREOMYSIS ROSTRATA DIATOM COPEPOD ASTERIONELLA KARIANA CALANUS CRISTATUS DIATOM COPEPOD BACTERIASTRM DELICATULUM CALANUS FINMARCHICUS DIATOM COPEPOD CERATIUM CALANUS PLUNCHRUS DINOFLAGELLATE COPEPOD CHAETOCEROS COMPRESSUS CALANUS TENUICORNIS DIATOM COPEPOO CHAETOCEROS CONVOLUTUS CALOCALANUS STYLIREMIS DIATOM COPEPOD CHAETOCEROS RADICANS CANDACIA BIPINNATA DIATOM COPEPOD COCCOLITHOPHORES CAVOLIMA UNCINATA COCCOLITHS PTEROPOD DACTYLIOSOLEN MEDDITERRANEUS CENTRAUGAPTILUS PORCELLUS DIATOM COPEPOD FRAGILARIA CENTROPAGES MCMURRICHI DIATOM COPEPOD GONYAULAX CHIRUNDINA STREETSI DINCIFLAGELLATE COPEPOD LEPTOCYLINDRICUS DAMICUS CLAUSOCALANUS ARCUICORNIS DIAT0N COPEPOD MELOSIRA ISLANDICA CLAUSOCALANUS PERGENS DIAT0N COPEPOD OTHER FLAGELLATES CLIO BALANTIUM FLAGELLATES PTEROPOD PERIDINIUM CLIONE LIMACINA DINOFLAGELLATE PTEROPOD RHIZOSOLEMIA ALATA COROLLA SPECTABILIS DIATOM PTEROPOD RHIZOSOLENIA DELICATULA CORYCAEUS DIATOM COPEPOD RHIZOSOLENIA FRAGILISSMA CTENOCALANUS VANUS DIAT0M COPEPOD SYNEDRA ULNA EPILABIDOCERA AMPHITRITES DIAT0M COPEPOD THALASSIONEMA WITZSCHIOIDES EUCALAMUS ATTENUATUS DIATOM COPEPOD EUCALAMUS BUNGII TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE COPEPOD INVERTEBRATES EUCHAETA SPINOSA COPEPOD ACARTIA CLAUSI EUCHIRELLA CURTICAUDA COPEPOD COPEPOD ACARTIA DAMAE EUCOPIA COPEPOD COPEPOD ACARTIA LONGIREMIS EVADNE NORNAMMI COPEPOD C0LADOCERAN ACARTIA NEGLIGENS GAETAMUS SECUNDUS COPEPOD COPEPOD AETIDEOPIS PACIFICA GAETA0MUS SIMPLEX COPEPOD COPEPOD AETIDEUS ARNATUS GADIUS BREVISPINUS COPEPOD, COPED AETIDEUS PACIFICUS GAIDIUS VARIABILIS COPEPOD COPEPOD GAUSSIA PRINCEPS COPEPOD HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC GIGANTOCYPRIS AGASSIZII UNDEUCHAETA MAJOR GONATUS ANONYCHUS OSTRACOD COPEPOD SQUID GNATHOPHAUSIA GIGAS UNDEUCHAETA PLUM0SA GONATUS FABRICII COPEPOD COPEPOD SQUID GNATHOPHAUSIA INGENS GONATUS MAGISTER COPEPOD TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SQUID HALOPTILUS PSEUDOXYCEPHALUS BIRDS HALICREAS MINIMUM COPEPOD JELLYFISH HETERORHABDUS TANNERI BRANTA NIGRICANS HALISTAURA CELLULARIA COPEPOD BLACK BRANT JELLYFISH HETEROSTYLITES LONGICORNIS HISTIOTEUTHIS HETEROPSIS COPEPOD TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SQUID HETEROSTYLITES MAJOR INVERTEBRATES LENSIA CONOIDEA COPEPOD JELLYFISH LUCICUTIA BICORNUTA ABRALIOPSIS FELIS LIMACINA HELACINA COPEPOD SQUID PTEROPOD LUCICUTIA FLAVICORNIS AEGINA CITREA LOLIGO OPALESCENS COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQUID METRIDEA LUCENS AEGINURA GRIMALDII MOROTEUTHIS ROBUSTA COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQUID METRIDIA CURTICAUDA AEQUOREA MUGGIAEA ATLANTICA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH MICROCALANUS PYGMAEUS AGLANTHA DIGITALE NANOMIA CARA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH MICROSETELLA ATOLLA VANHOEFFENI OCTOPOTEUTHIS SICULA COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQUID MIXTOCALANUS ROBUSTUS ATOLLA WYVELLEI ONYCHOTEUTHIS BANKSI COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQUID OITHONA AURELIA LABIATA PANTACHOGON HAECKELI COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH ONCAEA CONIFERA BARG1ANNIA PARAPHYLLINA RANSONI COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH PARACALANUS PARVUS BEROE CUCUMIS PERIPHYLLA PERIPHYLLA COPEPOD COMB JELLY JELLYFISH PAREUCHAETA BIROSTRATA BOTRYNEA 8RUCEI PHYSOPHORA HYDROSTATICA, COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH PAREUCHAETA JAPONICA CALYCOPSIS NENATOPHORA PLEUROGRACHIA PILEUS COPEPOD JELLYFISH COMB JELLY PHAENNA SPINIFERA CARANARIA JAPONICA PRAYA DUBIA COPEPOD HETEROPOD, JELLYFISH PLEUROMAM1A BOREALIS CHELOPHYES APPENDICULATA PRAYA RETICULATA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH PLEUROMAMNA SCUTULLATA CHELOPHYES MULTIDENTATA PTEROTRACHEA SCUTUTA COPEPOD JELLYFISH HETEROPOO PODON LEUCKARTI CHIROTEUTHIS VERANYI SARSIA PRINCEPS CLADOCERAN SQUID JELLYFISH PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTUS CHUNIPNYES MOSERAE SARSIA TUBULOSA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH PSEUDOCHIRELLA POLYSPINA COLOBONEMA SERVICEUM SOLMISSUS INCISA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH RACOVITZANUS FORRECTA CRANCHIA SCABRA SOLMISSUS MARSHALLI COPEPOD SQUID JELLYFISH RACOVITZANUS PACIFICA CROSSOTA ALBA SULCULEOLARIA QUADRIVALVIS COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISH RHINCALANUS NASUTUS CROSSOTA PEDUNCULATA TAONIUS PALVO COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQUID SCAPHOCALANUS MEDIUS CROSSOTA RUFOBRUNNEA, VAMPYROTEUTHIS INFERNALIS COPEPOD JELLYFISH SQUID SCAPHOCALANUS MINUTUS CUNINA, OCTONARIA VELELLA VELELLA COPEPOD JELLYFISN JELLYFISH SCAPHOCALANUS SUBELONGATU0S CYANEA VOGTIA SPINOSA COPEPOD JELLYFISH JELLYFISN SCOLECITHRICELLA, MINOR EUPHYSORAFUIRCATA COPEPOD JELLYFISH TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SCOTTOCALANUS SE0DATUS EUTONIA INDICAMS FISHES COPEPOD JELLYFISH TORTANIS DISCAU0DATUS GALITEUT0HI0S A0RMATA ALOPIAS VULPINUS COPEPOD SQUID THRESHER SHARK UNDEUCHAETA, INTERMED IA GONATOP0SIS BOREALIS BRACHYISTIUS FREMATUS COPEPOD SQUID KELP PERCH HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC EPTATRETUS DEAMI STERNA PARADISAEA PODICEPS AURITUS BLACK HAGFISH ARCTIC TERM HORNED GREBE EPTATRETUS STOUTI PODICEPS GRISEGENA PACIFIC HAGFISH TROPMIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE RED-NECKED GREBE GADUS MACROCEPHALUS BIRDS PTYCHCRAMPHUS ALEUTICA PACIFIC COD CASSIMIS AUKLET GALEORHINUS ZYOPTERUS AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS PUFFINUS BULLERI SOUPFIN SHARK WESTERN GREBE BULLER'S SHEARWATER HEXANCHUS GRISEUS BRACHYRAMPHUS MARM0RATLIM PUFFINUS CARNEIPES SIXGILL SHARK MARBELED MURRELET FLESH-FOOTED SHEARWATER HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI CERORNINCA M0NOCERATA PUFFINUS CREATOPUS RATFISH RHINOCEROS AUKLET PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER LAMNA DITROPSIS CLANGULA HYMALIS PUFFINUS GRISEUS SALMON SHARK OLDSQUAW SOOTY SHEARWATER MERLUCCIUS PRODUCTUS DICMEDEA WIGRIPES PUFFINUS TENUIROSTRIS PACIFIC HAKE BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER MARONE SAXATILIS FULKARIS GLACIALIS RISSA TRIDACTYLA STRIPED BASS NORTHERN FULMAR BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE NOTORYNCHUS MACULATUS GAVIA ARCTICA STERNA CASPIA SPOTTED COWSHARK OR SEVENGILL ARCTIC LOON CASPIAN TERM ONCORHYNCHUS GORSUSCHA GAVIA IMMER STERNA FORSTERI PINK SALMON COMMON LOON FORSTER'S TERN ONCORHYNCHUS KETA GAVIA STELLATA STERNA HIRUNDO CHUN SALMON RED-THROATED LOON COMMON TERN ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS ANTIQUM COMO SALMON HARLEOUIN DUCK ANCIENT MURRELET ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA LARUS ARGENTATUS URIA AALGE CHINOOK SALMON HERRING GULL COMM MURRE PRIONACE GLAUCA LARUS CALIFORNICUS XEMA SABINI BLUE SHARK CALIFORNIA GULL SABINE'S GULL RAJA KINCAIDI LARUS CANUS BLACK SKATE NEW GULL TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE RAJA RHINA LARUS DELAWARENSIS MAMMALS LONGNOSE SKATE RING-BILLED GULL RAJA STELLULATA LARUS GLAUCESCENS BERARDIUS BAIRDI STARRY SKATE GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL BAIRD'S BEAKED WHALE SALMO CLARKI LARUS HEERMANNI CALLORHIMUS URSINUS CUTTHROAT TROUT HEER14ANNIS GULL NORTHERN FUR SEAL SALMO GAIRDNARI LARUS OCCIDENTALIS DELPHINUS DELPHIS STEELHEAD TROUT WESTERN GULL COMMON DOLPHIN SALVALINUS MAL1A LARUS PHILADELPHIA EUMETOPIAS JUBSATUS DOLLY VARDEW BONAPARTE'S GULL NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION SEBASTES ALUTUS LARUS THAYERI GLOBICEPHALA MACRORHYNCHUS PACIFIC OCEANPERCH THAYERS GULL BLACK FISH OR SHORT-FINMED PIL SEBASTES CRAMERI LOBIPES LOBATUS GRAMPUS GRISEUS BLACKMOUTH ROCKFISH OR DARKSLOOD NORTHERN PHALAROPE RISSOIS DOLPHIN SEBASTES DIPLOPROA LUNDRA CIRRHATA KOGIA BREVICEPS SPLITNOSE ROCKFISH TUFTED PUFFIN PYGMY SPERM WHALE SEBASTES FLAVIDUS MELANITTA DEGLANDI LAGEMORMYNCHUS OBLIQUIDENS YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH WHITE-WINGED SCOTER PACIFIC STRIPED/WT-SIDED SEBASTES PINNEGER MELANITTA MIGRA DOLPHIN CANARY ROCKFISH BLACK SCOTER LISSODELPHIS BOREALIS SEBASTOLOSUS ALASCANUS ELANITTA PERSPICILLATA NORTHERN RIGHT WHALE DOLPHIN SHORTSPINE ROCKFISH SURF SCOTER MESOPLODON CARLHUBBSI SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS MERGUS SERRATOR HUBBIS BEAKED WHALE PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK RED-BRESTED MERGANSER MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI SQUALIS ACANTHIAS OCEANODROMA, FURCATA STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE SPINY DOGFISH FORK-TAILED STORM-PETREL MIROUNGA AUGUSTIROSTRIS THERAGRA, CHALCOGRAM14A OCEAM0ODROMA LEUCORHOA NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL WALLEYE POLLOCK LEACHOS STORM-PETREL ORCIMUS ORCA TORPEDO CALIFORNICA, PELICANUIS OCCIDENTALIS KILLER WHALE PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY BROWN PELICAN PHOCA VITULIMA TRIAKIS SEN0IFASCIATA, PHALACROCORAX AURITUS HARBOR SEAL LEOPARD SHARK D0UBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT PHOCOE0MA PH0COEMA PHALACR0OCORAX PELAGICUS HARBOR PORPOISE TROPHIC LEVEL: PELAGIC C0RMORANT PH0OCEMOIDES DALLI BIRDS PHALACROCORAX PENICILLATUS DALL PORPOISE BRANDT'S CORMORANT PHYSETER CATODOM CEPPHUS COLUMBRA PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS SPERM WHALE PIGEON GUILLEMOT RED PHALAROPE PSEUDORCA CRASSIDENS HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC FALSE KILLER WHALE POMARINE JAEGER LANCEOLA LOVENI STENELLA COERULEOALBA AMPHIPOD STRIPED DOLPHIN/GRAY'S PORPOISE TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER LYCAEA PULEX ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS INVERTEBRATES AMPHIPOD CALIFORNIA SEA LION MENINGODORA MOLLIS ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS DOLIOLLM SHRIMP CUVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE SALP WINOE GEMNA HELIOSCALPA VIRGULA POLYCHAETE WORM TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE SALP NOTOSTOMUS JAPONICUS INVERTEBRATES IASIS ZONARIA SHRIMP SALP OXYCEPHALUS CLAUSI BEWTHEUPHAUSIA AMLYOPS OIKOPLEURA AMPHIPOD EUPHASID LARVACEAN PARAPASIPHAE CRISTATA EUPHAUSIA PACIFICA PEGEA CONFOEDERATA SHRIMP EUPHASID SALP PARAPASIPHAE SUICATIFRONS NEMATOBRACHION FLEXIPES SALPA FUSIFORMIS SHRIMP EUPHASID SALP PARAPHRONIKA CRASSIPES WENATOCELIS DIFFICILIS THALIA DEMOCRATICA AMPHIPOD EUPHASID SALP PARAPHRON114A GRACILIS STYLOCHEIRON ABBRVIATUM THETYS VAGINA AMPHIPOD EUPHASID SALP PARATHERMISTO PACIFICA STYLOCHEIROM LONGICORNE AMPHIPOD EUPHASID TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER PASIPHAEA CHACET STYLOCHEIROW MAXIMUM MAMMALS SHRIMP EUPHASID PASIPHAEA MAGNA TESSARABRACHION OCULATUS BALAENA GLACIALIS SHRIMP EUPHASID BLACK OR PACIFIC RIGHT WHALE PASIPHAEA PACIFICA THYANOESSA GREGARIA BALAENOPTERA ACUTOROSTRATA SHRIMP EUPHASID MINKE WHALE PETALIDIUM SUSPIRIOSUM THYANOESSA INSPINATA BALAENOPTERA BOREALIS SHRIMP EUPHASID SEI WHALE PHRONINA SEDENTARIA THYANOESSA LONGIPES BALAENOPTERA MUSCULUS AMPHIPOD EUPHASID BLUE WHALE PHRONIMOPSIS SPINIFERA THYANOESSA PARVA BALAENOPTERA PHYSALUS AMPHIPOD EUPHASID FINBACK OR FIN WHALE POEOSIUS MESERES THYANOESSA RASCHII MEGAPTERA NOVEANGLIAE POLYCHAETE WORM EUPHASID HLPBACK WHALE PRINNO ASYSSALIS THYANOESSA SPINIFERA AMPHIPOD EUPHASID TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE PRINNO MACROPA THYSANOPODA ACUTIFRONS EATER - INVERTEBRATES AMPHIPOD EUPHASID RHYNCHONOREELLA ANGELIMI THYSANOPODA CORNUTA ACANTHEPHYRA CURTIROSTRIS POLYCHAETE WORM EUPHASID SHRIMP SAGITTA BIER11 THYSANOPOqDA EGREGIA BENTHEOGENNEMA, ARROW-WORM EUPHASID SHRIMPBENTHEOGENNEMA BOREALIS SAGITTA DECIPIENS SHRIMP ARROW-WORM TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE CYSTISOMA FABRICII SAGITTA ELEGANS FISHES AMPHIPOD ARROW-WORM DAIRELLA CALIFORNICA SAGITTA EUNERITICA SARDINOPS SAGAX AMPHIPOD ARROW-WORM PACIFIC SARDINE EUKROHNIA BATHYPELAGICA SAGITTA MACROCEPHALA ARROW-WORM ARROW-WORM TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE EUKROHNIA FOWLERI SAGITTA MAXIMA FISHES ARROW-WORM ARROW-WORM EUKROHNIA HAMATA SAGITTA MINIMA ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS ARROW-WORM ARROW-WORM PACIFIC LAMPREY GENNADUS INCERATUS SAGITTA SCRIPPSAE LAMPETRA AYRESI SHRIMP ARROW-WORM RIVER LAMPREY GENUADAS PROPINONS SAGITTA ZETESIOS SHRIMP ARROW-WORN TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE HYMEODORA FRONTALIS SCINA CRASSICORNIS BURNUDENSIS BIRDS SHRIMP AMPHIPOD HYMEMODORA GLACIALIS SEGESTES SIMILIS CATHARACTA MCCORMICKI SHRIMP SHRIMP SOUTH POLAR SK0LIA HYMENOD0ORA GRACILIS SERGIA TENUIREMIS STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDIS SHRIMP SHRIMP LONG-TAILED JAEGER HYPERIA HYSTRIX STREETSIA CHALLENGERI STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS AMPHIPOD AMPHIOD PARASITIC JAEGER HYPEROCHE DEDUSARU0M SYSTELLAPSIS BRAUERI STERCORARIUS P0MARINUS AMPHIPOD SHRIMP HABITAT: EUPHOTIC PELAGIC SYSTELLAPSIS CRISTATA EPILABIDOCERA AMPHITRITES SHRIMP COPEPOD TOMOPTERIS CAVALLII EUCALANUS ATTENUATUS POLYCHAETE WORK COPEPOD TOMOPTERIS NISSENI EUCALANUS BUNGII POLYCHAETE WORM TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE COPEPOD TOMOPTERIS PACIFICA INVERTEBRATES EUCHAETA SPINOSA POLYCHAETE WORM COPEPOD TRYPHANA MALMI ACARTIA CLAUSI EUCHIRELLA CURTICAUDA AMPHIPOD COPEPOD COPEPOD VIBILIA ARKATA ACARTIA DANAE EUCOPIA AMPHiPOD COPEPOD COPEPOD VIBILIA PROUINQUA ACARTIA LONGERIMIS EVADNE NORMANNI AMPHIPOD COPEPOD CLADOCERAN VIBILIA WOLTERECKI ACARTIA NEGLIGENS GAETANUS SECUNDUS AMPHIPOD COPEPOD COPEPOD AEGISTHUS MUCRONATUS HARPACTIC GAETANUS SIMPLEX TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE COPEPOD COPEPOD EATER - FISHES AETIDEOPSIS PACIFICA GAIDIUS BREVISPINUS COPEPOD COPEPOD ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS AETIDEUS ARMATUS GAIDIUS VARIASILIS WHITEBAIT SMELT COPEPOD COPEPOD ALOSA SAPIDISSMA AETIDEUS PACIFICUS GAUSSIA PRINCEPS AMERICAN SHAD COPEPOD COPEPOD AMMODYTES NEXAPTERUS AMALLOTHRIX VALIDA GIGANTOCYPRIS AGASSIZII PACIFIC SAND LANCE COPEPOD OSTRACOD AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS AMALLOTHRIX VORAK GNATHOPHAUSIA GIGAS REDTAIL SURFPERCH COPEPOD COPEPOD ATHERINOPS AFFINIS ARIETELLUS PLUMIFER GNATHOPHAUSIA INGENS TOPSMELT COPEPOD COPEPOD CETORHINUS MAXIMUS BATHYCALAMUS BRADYI HALOPTILUS PSEUDOOXYCEPHALUS BASKING SHARK COPEPOD COPEPOD CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI BOREOMYSIS HETERORHABDUS TANNERI PACIFIC HERRING COPEPOD COPEPOD COLOLABIS SAIRA BORE0YSIS ROSTRATA HETEROSTYLITES LONGICORNIS PACIFIC SAURY COPEPOD COPEPOD CYMATOGASTER AGGREGATA CALANUS CRISTATUS HETEROSTYLITES MAJOR SHINER PERCH COPEPOD COPEPOD EMBIOTOCA LATERALIS CALANUS FINKARCHICUS LUCICUTIA SICORNUTA STRIPED SEAPERCH COPEPOD COPEPOD ENGRAULIS MORDAX CALANUS PLUNCHRUS LUCICUTIA FLAVICORNIS NORTHERN ANCHOVY COPEPOD COPEPOD HYPOMESUS PRETIOSUS CALANUS TENUICORNIS METRIDEA LULCENS SURFSMELT COPEPOD COPEPOD MICROGADUS PROXIMUS CALOCALANUS STYLIRES1S METRIDIA CURTICAUDA, PACIFIC TONCOD COPEPOD COPEPOD ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA CANDACIA BIPINNATA MICROCALANUS PYGAEUS SOCKEYE SALMON COPEPOD COPEPOD PSYRHROLUTES PARAMUS CAVOLINA UNCINATA HICROSETELLA TADPOLE SCULPIN PTEROPOD COPEPOD SPIRNCHUS STARKSI CENTRAUGAPTILUS PORCELLUS MIXTOCALANUS ROBUSTUS MIGHT SURF SMELT COPEPOD COPEPOD SPIRINCHUS THALEICHTHYS CENTROPAGES MCMURRICHI OITHONA LONGFIN SMELT COPEPOD COPEPOD THALEICHTHYS PACIFICUS CHIRUNDINA STREETS1 ONCAEA CONIFERA EULACHON OR COLUBIA RIVER SMELT COPEPOD COPEPOD CLAUSOCALANUS ARCUICORNIS PARACALANUS PARVUS TROPHIC LEVEL (9) INVERTEBRATE COPEPOD COPEPOD EATER - BIRDS CLAUSOCALA0NUS PERGENS PAREUCHAETA BIROSTRATA COEPED COPEPOD AYTHIA MARILA CLIO BALANTIUN PAREUCHAETA JAPONICA GREATER SCAUP PTERPOD COPEPOD CLIONE LIMOCIMA PHAEqNNA SPINIFERA, PTER0POD COPEPOD COROLLA SPECTABILIS PLEUROMA0HMA BOREALIS PTEROPOD COPEPOD CORYCHAEUS PLEUROKA0MMA SCUTULLATA COPEPOD COPEPOD CTENOCALANUS VANN POD0ON LEUCKARTI COPEP0D CLAD OCE RAN HABITAT: DISPHOTIC PELAGIC PSELIDOCALANUS HINUTHUS JELLYFISH JELLYFISH COPEPOD CROSSOTA PEDUNCULATA SOLMISSUS INCISA PSEUDOCHIRELLA POLYSPINA JELLYFISH JELLYFISH COPEPOD CROSSOTA RUFOGRUNNEA SOLMISSUS MARSHALLI RACOVITZANUS FORRECTA JELLYFISH JELLYFISH COPEPOD CUNINA OCTONARIA SULCULEOLARIA QUADRIVALIS RACOVITZANUS PACIFICUS JELLYFISH JELLYFISH COPEPOD CYANEA TAONIUS PAVO RHINCALANUS NASUTUS JELLYFISH SQU I D COPEPOO EUPHYSORA FURCATA VAMPYROTEUTHIS INFERNALIS SCAPHOCALANUS MEDIUS JELLYFISH SQU I D COPEPOD EUTONIA INDICANS VOGTIA SPINOSA SCAPHOCALAMUS MINUTUS JELLYFISH JELLYFISH COPEPOD GALITEUTHIS ARMATA SCAPHOCALANUS SUSELONGATUS SQUID TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE COPEPOD GONATOPSIS BOREALIS FISHES SCOLECITHRICELLA MINOR SQUID COPEPOD GONATUS ANOWYCHUS ALOPIAS VULPINUS SCOTTOCALANUS SEDATUS SQUID THRESHER SHARK COPEPOD GONATUS FABRICII ANOPLOPONA FINBRIA TORTANIS DISCAUDATUS SQUID SABLEFISH COPEPOD GONATUS MAGISTER CHAULIODUS MACOUNI UNDEUCHAETA INTERMEDIA SQUID PACIFIC VIPERFISH COPEPOD HALICREAS MINIMUM CORYPHAENOIDES ACROLEPIS UNDEUCHAETA MAJOR JELLYFISH ROUGHSCALE RATTAIL COPEPOD HALISTAURA CELLULARIA EPTATRETUS DEANI UWDUCHAETA PLUMOSA JELLYFISH BLACK HAGFISH COPEPOD HISTIOTEUTHIS HETEROPSIS EPTATRETUS STOUTI SQUID PACIFIC HAGFISH TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE JAPETELLA HEATH[ GALEORHINUS ZYOPTERUS INVERTEBRATES OCTOPUS SOUPFIN SHARK LENSIA CONOIDEA NEXANCHUS GRISEUS ABRALIOPSIS FELIS JELLYFISH SIXGILL SHARK SOUID L1MACINA HELACINA HYDROLAGUS COLLIE1 AEGINA CITREA PTEROPOD RATFISH JELLYFISH LOLIGO OPALESCENS LAMNA DITROPIS AEGINURA GRIMALDII SQU I D SALMON SHARK JELLYFISH MOROTEUTHIS ROBUSTA HERLUCCIUS PRODUCTUS AEOUOREA SQU I D PACIFIC HAKE JELLYFISH MUGGIAEA ATLANTICA NOTORYNCHUS MACULATUS AGLANTHA DIGITALE JELLYFISH SPOTTED COWSHARK OR SEVENGILL JELLYFISH NANOMIA CARA ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCRA, ATOLLA VANHOEFFENI JELLYFISH PINK SALMON JELLYFISH OCTOPOTEUTHIS SICULA ONCORHYNCHUS KETA ATOLLA WYVILLEI SQUID CHUN SALMON JELLYFISH OCTOPUS ONCORHYNCHUS K I SUTCH AUfELIA LABIATA OCTOPUS COHO SALMON JELLYFISH ONYCHOTEUTHIS BANKSI ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA 8ARGKANNIA SQUID CHINOOK SALMON JELLYFISH PANTACHOGON HAECKELI PORICHTHYS NOTATUS BEROE CUCUMIS JELLYFISH PLAINFIN MIDSHIPKEN CONS JELLY PARAPHYLLA RANSOMI PRIONACE GLAUCA BOTRYNEMA BRUCEI JELLYFISH BLUE SHARK JELLYFISH PERIPHYLLA PERIPHYLLA RAJA KIWCAIDI CALYCOPSIS MAMATOPHORA JELLYFISH BLACK SKATE CARANARIA JAPONICA PHYSOPHORA HYDROSTATICA RAJA RHINA HETEROPOD JELLYFISH LONGNOSE SKATE CHELOPHYES APPEONDICU0LATA PLEUROBRAC0H0IA PILEUS RAJA STELLULATA JELLYFISH COW JELLY STARRY SKATE CHELOPHYES MULTIDENTATA PRAYA DUB0IA SALM0O CLARKI JELLYFISH JELLYFISH CUTTHROAT TROUT CHIROTEUTHIS VERANYI PRAYA RETICULA0TA SALMO GAIRDWERI SQUID JELLYFISH STEELHEAD TROUT CHUNIPHYES MOSERAE PTEROTRACHEA SCUTUTA SALVELIMUS MALMA JELLYFISH NETEROPOD DOLLY VARDEN COLOB0NEMA SERVICEUN ROSSIA PACIFICA SEBASTES ALUTU0S JELLYFISH SQUID PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH CRANCHIA SCABRA SARSIA PRINCEPS SEBASTES CRAMERI SQUID JELLYFISH BLACKNOUTH ROCKFISH OR CROSSOTA ALBA SARSIA TUBULOSA DARKBLOOD HABITAT: DISPHOTIC PELAGIC SEBASTES DIPLOPROA THYANCESSA INSPINATA SHRIMP SPLITNOSE ROCKFISH EUPHASID GENNADAS PROPINQUUS SEBASTES ELONGATUS THYANOESSA LONGIPES SHRIMP GREENSTRIPED ROCKFISH EUPHASID HYMENODORA FRONTALIS SEBASTES FLAVIDUS THYANOESSA PARVA SHRIMP YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH EUPHASID HYMENODORA GLACIALIS SEBASTES PINNIGER THYANOESSA RASCHII SHRIMP CANARY ROCKFISH EUPHASID HYMENODORA GRACILIS SEBASTOLOBUS ALASCANUS THYANOESSA SPINIFERA EUPHASID SHRIMP SHORTSPINE ROCKFISH THYSANOPODA ACUTIFROMS HYPERIA HYSTRIX SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS EUPHASID AMPHIPOD PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK THYSAWOPODA CORNUTA HYPEROCHE DEDUSARUM SQUALUS ACANTHUS EUPHASID AMPHIPOD SPINY DOGFISH THYSAMOPODA EGREGIA LANCEOLA LOVENI TACTOSTOMA MACROPUS EUPHASID AMPHIPOD, LONGFIN DRAGONFISH LYCAEA PULEX THERAGRA, CHALCOGRAMMA TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE AMPHIPOD WALLEYE POLLOCK FISHES HYMEMOONDORA GRACIILIS TORPEDO CALIFORNICA SHRIMP PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY SARDINCIPS SAGAX WINOE GEMMA TRIAKIS SENIFASCIATA PACIFIC SARDINE POLYCHAETE WORM LEOPARD SHARK NOTOSTOMUS JAPONICIUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE SHRIMP TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE FISHES OXYCEPHALUS CLAUSI MAMMALS AMPHIPOD ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS PANDALUS JORDAMI BERARDIUS BAIRDI PACIFIC LAMPREY OCEAN PINK SHRIMP BAIRD'S BEAKED WHALE LAMPETRA AYREST PARAPASIPHAE CRISTATA CALLORHIMUS URSINUS RIVER LAMPREY SHRIMP NORTHERN FUR SEAL PARAPISIPHAE SUICATIFRONS; KOGIA BREVICEPS TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER SHRIMP PYGMY SPERM WHALE INVERTEBRATES PARAPIRON1A CRASSIPES LISSODELPHIS BOREALIS AMPHIPOD NORTHERN RIGHT WHALE DOLPHIN DOLIOLUM PARAPHRONINA GRACILIS MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI SALP AMPHIPOD STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE HELIOSCALPA VIRGULA PARATHERMISTO PACIFICA ORCINUS ORCA SALP AMPHIPOD KILLER WHALE IASIS ZONARIA PASIPHAEA CHACEI PHOCOIENA PHOCOIENA SALP SHRIMP HARBOR PORPOISE OIKOPLEURA PASIPHAEA MAGNA RHOCCENOIDES DALLI LARVACEAN SHRIMP DALL PORPOISE PEGEA CONFOEDERATA PASIPHAEA PACIFICA PHYSETER CATODON SALP SHRIMP SPERM WHALE SALPA FUSIFORMIS PETALIDILIN SUSPIRIOSUM STENELLA COERULEOALBA SALP SHRIMP STRIPED DOLPHIN/GRAY'S PORPOISE THALIA DENOCRATICA, PHROMINA SEDENTARIA ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS SALP AMPHIPOD CLIVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE THETYS VAGINA PHRONINCIPSIS SPINIFERA, SALP AMPHIPOD TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE POEOBIUS MESERES INVERTEBRATES TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE POLYCHAETE WORM EATER - INVERTEBRATES PRIMMO ABYSSALIS BENTHEOPAUSIA ANSLYOPS AMPHIPOD EUPHASID ACANTHEPHYRA, CURTIROSTRIS PRIMMO MACROPA EUPHAUSIA PACIFICA SHRIMP AMPHIPOD EUPHASID BENTHEOGENEA RHYNCHONEREELLA, ANGELINI NEMATOBRACHION FLEXIPES SHRIMP POLYCHAETE WON EUPHASID BENTHEOGE0NNEA BOREALIS SAGITTA BIER0II NEMATOCELIS DIFFICILIS SHRIMP ARROW-WORK EUPHASID CYSTIS0ONA FABRICII SAGITTA DECIPIENS STYLOCHEIR0ON ABBREVIATI0N AMPHIP0D ARROW-WORN EUPHASID DAIRELLA CALIF0RNICA SAGITTA ELEGANS STYLOCHEIR0qON LONGICORNE AMPNIPOD ARROW-WORM EUPHASID EUKROHN0IA BATHY0PELA0GICA SAGITTA EUNERITICA STYLOCHEI0RON MAXIMUM ARROW-W0RM ARROW-WOW EUPHASI0D EUK0RONNIA FOWLERI SAGITTA MACR0CEPHALA TESSARABRACHION OCU0LATU0S ARROW-WORN ARROW-WORM EUPHASID EUKRONNIA MAMATA SAGITTA MAXIMA THYANOESSA GREGARIA ARROW-WORM ARROW-WORM EUPHA0SI0D GEMMADAS INCERTUS, SAGITTA MIMIMA HABITAT: DISPHOTIC PELAGIC ARROW-WORM LISCHKIA CIDARIS SAGITTA SCRIPPSAE SNAIL ARROW-WORM LUIDIA FOLIATA SAGITTA ZETESIOS SAND STAR ARROW-WORM METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM SCINA CRASSICORNIS BURMUDENSIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SEA ANEMONE AMPHIPOD INVERTEBRATES MITRELLA GOULDI SERGESTES SIMILIS SNAIL SHRIMP ACMAEA MITRA NASSARIUS FOSSATUS SERGIA TENUIREMIS DUNCECAP LIMPET SNAIL SHRIMP STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANSISCAMUl NASSARIUS MENDICUS STREETSIA CHALLENGERI GIANT RED URCHIN SNAIL AMPHIPOD STRONGYLOCENTROITUS PURPURATUS NEPTUNEA LYRATA SYSTELLASPIS BRAUERI PURPLE SEA URCHIN SNAIL SHRIMP OCTOPUS DOLFEINI SYSTELLASPIS CRISTATA TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE OCTOPUS SHRIMP INVERTEBRATES PISASTER BREVISPINCIUS TOMOPTERIS CAVALLII SHORT-SPINED PISASTER POLYCHAETE WORM ACMAEA LIMATULA PISASTER GIGANTEUS TOMOPTERIS NISSENI FILE LIMPET GIANT STAR POLYCHAETE WORM ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA PISASTER OCHRACEOUS TOMOPTERIS PACIFICA SNAIL PURPLE STAR POLYCHAETE WORK ANTIPLANES PERVERSA POLYPUS TRYPHANA MALMI SNAIL OCTOPUS AMPHIPOD ANTIPLANES VINOSA PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS VIBILIA ARKATA SNAIL SLIME STAR AMPHIPOD ARCHIDORIS MONTEREYENSIS PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA VIBILIA PROQUIMUA NUDIBRANCH LIMPET AMPHIPOD ARMINA CALIFORNICA PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES VIBILIA WOLTERECK NUDIBRANCH SUNFLOWER STAR AMPHIPOD ASTROPECTIN ARMATUS ROSSIA PACIFICA SAND STAR SQUID TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE BENTHOCTOPUS SCYRA ACUT I FRONS EATER - FISHES OCTOPUS MASKING CRAB BORETROPHON STUARTI SOLASTER DAWSONI ALLOSMERUS ELONGATUS SNAIL MORNING SUN STAR WHITEBAIT SMELT BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM SOLASTER STIMPSONI ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA SNAIL SUN STAR AMERICAN SHAD CALLIOST0MA AMMULATUM STYLASTERIAL FORRERI ATHERINOPS AFFINIS SNAIL SEA STAR TOPSMELT CHIONECTES BAIRDI TACHYRNYMCHUS LACTEOLUM CERATOSCOPELUS TOWNSENDI TANNER CRAB SNAIL DOGTOOTH LAMPFISH CNIONECTES OPILIO TACHYRHYNCHUS PRATOMM CETORHINUS MAXIMUS TANNER CRAB SNAIL BASKING SHARK CHIONECTES TANNERI TROPHON TRIPHERUS CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI TANNER CRAB SNAIL PACIFIC HERRING COLUS ROSEUS COLOLABIS SAIRA SNAIL TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE PACIFIC SAURY COLUS SERVINUIS FISHES DIAPHUS THETA SNAIL CALIFORNIA HEADLIGHTFISH CROSSASTER PAPOSUS ANARRHICHTHYS OCELLATUS ENGRAULIS MORDAX ROSE STAR WOLF EEL NORTHERN ANCHOVY DENTALIUM DASYCOTTUS SETIGER ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA TOOTH SNAIL SPINYHEAD SCULPIN SOCKEYE SALMON DERMASTERIAS IMBRICATA EPTATRETUIS DEANI SPIRINCHUS STARKSI LEATHER STAR BLACK HAGFISH NIGHT SURF SMELT EPITONIUM INDIANORUM EPTATRETIS STOUTI SPIRINCHUS THALE0ICHTHYS SNAIL PACIFIC HAGFISH LONGFIN SMELT FUSITRITION OREG0qOME0NSIS HEXAGRAM0MOS DECAGRAMUS STENOGRACH0IUS LEUCOPSARUIS OREGON TRITON KELP GREENLING NORTHERN LAMPFISN HEMRICIA LEVISCULA HEXAGRAMV0 ST0ELLERI TARLET0OMBEAM0IA CRENUILARIS BLOOD STAR WHITESPOTTED GREENLING BLUE LANTERNFISH ISCHNOCH0IT0ON NEXANCHUS GRISEUS THALEICHTHYS PACIFICUS CHITON SIXGILL SHARK EUILAC0HON OR COLUMLBIA R. SMELT LEPIDAZONA, HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI CHITON RATFISN LEPIDAZ0ONA GOLISCHI ICELINUS FILA0MENTOSUS CHITON THREADFIN SCULPIN LEPTOCHITON OPHI0DON ELONGATUS CHITON LING0C0D HABITAT: ROCKY NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC RAJA BINOCULATA ONCOSOECIA CANCER MAGISTER BIG SKATE BRYOZOAN DUNGENESS CRAB RAJA KINCAIDI PSEUDARCHASTER PARELLI ALASCEM PAGURISTES TURGIDUS BLACK SKATE SEA STAR HERMIT CRAB RAJA RHINA PAGURUS ALEUTICUS LONGNOSE SKATE TROPHIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE HERMIT CRAB RAJA STELLULATA FISHES PAGURUS OCHOTENSIS STARRY SKATE HERMIT CRAB SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORATUS ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS PAGURUS TANNERI CABEZON PACIFIC LAMREY HERMIT CRAB SEBASTES CAURINUS LAMPETRA AYRESI PHYLLOLITHOIDES PAPILLOSUS COPPER ROCKFISH RIVER LAMREY PAPILLA CRAB SEBASTES KALIGER QUILLBACK ROCKFISH TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER TROPNIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE SEBASTES MYSTINUS INVERTEBRATES EATER - INVERTEBRATES BLUE ROCKFISH SEBASTES RUBERRIMUS ACILIA CASTRENSIS ARCTONOE PULCHRA YELLOWEYE ROCKFISN DIVARICATE NUT CLAW POLYCHAETE SEBASTODES MELANOPS BALANUS CREMATUS BALANOPHYLLA ELEGANS, BLACK SEABASS BARNACLE STONY CORAL SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS BALANUS HESPERIUS CHORILLIA LONGIPES PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK BARNACLE SHRIMP SQUALUS ACANTHIAS BEGULA FLABELLATA CRANGON COMMUNIS SPINY DOGFISH BRYOZOAN SHRIMP CABEREA ELLISI CRANGON FRANCISORUM TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE BRYOZOAN SHRIMP MAMMALS CALLAPORA CORNICULIFERA, DAIRELLA CALIFORNICA, BRYOZOAN AMPHIPOD EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS CARDIONYA OLDROYDI ENIPO GRACILIS NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION CUSPIDARIA CLAN POLYCRAETE KOGIA BREVICEPS CELLARIA DIFFUSA HAPLOSCOLOPUOS ELONGATUS PYGMY SPERM WHALE BRYOZOAN POLYCHAETE NESOPLODON STEJNEGERI CELLARIA NANDIBULATA MAGELOMA PAPILLICORNIS STEJNEGERIS BEAKED WHALE BRYOZOAN POLYCHAETE PHOCA VITULINA CHLANYS HASTATUS HERICIUS MAGELONA, PITELKAI HARBOR SEAL PACIFIC PEAK WALLOP POLYCHAETE PHOCOENA PHOCOENA CHLANYS HINDSI NEPHTYS CILIATA HARBOR PORPOISE HIND'S SCALLOP POLYCHAETE PHYSETER CATODON CLINOCARDIUM NUTALLI NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA SPERM WHALE BASKET COCKLE POLYCHAETE ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIAMUS NALOCYNTHIA IGABOJA PANDALUS DANAE CALIFORNIA SEA LION SEA SQUIRT DOCK SHRIMP ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS LAGENIPORA PUNCTULATA PANDALUS JORDANI CUVIER IS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE BRYOZOAN OCEAN PINK SHRIMP LAQUEUS CALIFORNICUS PANDALUS PLATYCEROS TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE LAMP SHELL SPOT SHRIMP INVERTEBRATES MYRIOZOUM TENUE PARAGORGIA ARBOREA BRYOZOAN SOFT CORAL ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS MYRIOZOUN TEWUE PISTA CRISTATA SEA URCHIN BRYOZOAN POLYCHAETE BANKIA SETACEA NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM PISTA FINBRIATA TEREDO HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE POLYCHAETE BRISASTER LATIFRONS PECTEN CAURINUS PRAXILELLA GRACILIS SEA URCHIN GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP POLYCHAETE PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA PROTOTHACA STAMINEA, SPIRONTOCARIS LAMELLICORNIS SEA CUCUMBER ROCK COCKLE SHRIMP STRONGYLOCENTROTUS ECKINOIDES SCALPELLUR SPIRONTOCARUS NOLNESI SEA URCHIN BARNACLE SHRIMP XYLOPHAGA WASHINGT0MA SOLENTA AGASSIZI WASHINGTON WOODEATE4R AWNING CLAW TROPIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA EATER - FISHES TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE LAMP SHELL INVERTEBRATES VENE0RICARDIA VENTRICOSA AGOM0OP0SIS EMMELANE STOUT CARDITA CLAN NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACNER- AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR YOLDIA LIMATULA GAIRDERL CLUOEA GAREBGUS PALLASI SNAIL FILE YOLDIA CLAW PACIFIC HERRING GORGONOCEPHALLYUS CARYI LEPIDOP0SETTA BILINEATA BASKET STAN TROPIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER ROCK SOLE OENOPOTA INVERTEBRATES LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS SNAIL PACIFIC STAGH0RN SCULPIN HABITAT: ROCKY NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC RADULINUS ASPRELLUS LISCHKEIA CIDARIS SLIM SCULPIN SNAIL LUIDIA FOLIATA TROPHIC LEVEL SAND STAR INVERTEBRATES METRIDIUM FINBRIATUM TROPHqIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SEA ANEMONE ANCISTROLEPSIS INVERTEBRATES MITRELLA GOULDI SNAIL SNAIL COLLIS HALIDONUS ACAEA MITRA NASSARIUS FOSSATUS SNAIL DUNCECAP LIMPET SNAIL NASSARIUS MENDICUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (-) TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SNAIL INVERTEBRATES FISHES NATICA CLAUSA SNAIL ABIETINARIA ASTEROTHECA PENTACANTHUS NEPTUNEA LYRATA HYDROID 81GEYE POACHER SNAIL ABIETINARIA ABIETINA OCTOPUS DOLFEINI HYDROID TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE OCTOPUS ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI INVERTEBRATES PISASTER BREVISPINOUS HYDROID SHORT-SPINED PISASTER ABIETINARIA TRASKI ACMAEA M1TRA PISASTER GIGANTEUS HYDROID FILE LIMPET GIANT STAR ACRYPTOLARIA ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA PISASTER OCHRACEOUS HYOROID SNAIL PURPLE STAN AGLAOPHENIA ANTIPLANES PERVERSA POLINICES LEWISII HYDROID SNAIL MOON SNAIL AGLAOPHEMIA DIEGENSIS ANTIPLANES VINOSA POLINICES PALLIDUS. HYDROID SNAIL MOON SNAIL AGLAOPNENIA INCONSPICUA ASTROPECTIN ARNATUS POLYPUS HYDROID SAND STAR OCTOPUS AGLAOPHEMIA OCTOCARPA BENT HOCTOPUS PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS HYDROID OCTOPUS SLIME STAR ALLOPORA VERRILLI BORET ROPHON STUARTI PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA HYDROCORAL SNAIL LIMPET CAMPANULARIA BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES HYDROID SNAIL SUNFLOWER STAR CMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA CADULUS STEARNSII ROSSIA PACIFICA HYDROID TOOTH SHELL SQUID CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS CALLIOSTOKA ANNULATUM SOLASTER DAWSONI HYDROID SNAIL MORNING SUN STAR HALECIU14 CORRUGATLM CHIONECTES SAIRDI SOLASTER STIMPSONI HYDROID TANNER CRAB SUN STAR HIPPASTERIA SPIMOSA CHIONECTES OPILIO STYLASTERIAL FORRERI SEA STAR TANNER CRAB SEA STAR LAFOEA ADNATA CHIONECTES TANNERI TACHYRNYMCHUMUS LACTEOLUM HYDROID TANNER CRAIN SNAIL LAFOEA DUMOSA COLLIS ROSELIS TACHYRRYNCHUS PRATOMUM HYDROID SNAIL SNAIL LAFOEA FRUTICOSA COLUS SERVINUS THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILAUS HYDROID SNAIL SEA STAR LAFOEA GRACILLIMA CROSSASTER PAPOSUS TROPHON TRIPHERUS HYDROID ROSE STAN SNAIL MEDIASTER AEQUALIS DENTALIUN VERMILLON STAR TOOTH SHELL TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE NEPTUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS DERASTERIAS INBRICATA FISHES SNAIL LEATHER STAR PLUMULARIA ALICIA EPITONIUM INDIANORUN ANOPLOPONA FINNIA HYDROID SNAIL SABLEFISH PUGETTIA ARACIILLIS FUSITRITION DREGONEWSIS ATNERESTNES STOMIAS KELP CRAB OREGON TRITON TURBOT OR ARR0WTOOTH FL0OUNDER SERTULARELLA TURGIDA HENRICIA LIEVISCULA BR0SMOPHYCIS MARGINATA HYDROID BLOOD STAR RED BROTULA THUIARA ROBUSTA ISCHW0CHITON, CHIT0MOTUS PUGETEN0SIS HYDROID CHITON R0UGHBACK SCULPIN LEPIDAZOMA CITHARICNTHYS SORDIDUS CHITON PACIFIC SANDAS LEPIDAZOMA GOLISCNI DASYCOTTUS SETIGER CHITON SPINYHEAD SCULPIN LEPT0CHITON DELOLEPIS GIGANTEA CHITON GIANT WRYMOUTH HABITAT: MUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC EOPSETTA JORDANI PHOCOENA PHOCOENA TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER PETRALE SOLE HARBOR PORPOISE INVERTEBRATES EPTATRETUS DEANI PHYSETER CATODON BLACK HAGFISH SPERM WHALE ACILIA CASTRENSIS EPTATRETUS STOUTI ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS DIVARICATE NUT CLAN PACIFIC HAGFISH CALIFORNIA SEA LION AXINOPSIDA SERICATA GADUS MACROCEPHALUS CLAN PACIFIC COD TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE CARDIONYA OLDROYDI GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS INVERTEBRATES CUSPIDARIA CLAN REX SOLE CARDIONYA PLANETICA HEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMUS ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS CLAN KELP GREENLING SEA URCHIN CARDITA STEARNSII NEXAGRAMMOS STELLER APHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX CLAM WHITESPOTTED GREENLING BRITTLE STAR CARDITA VENTICOSA HEXANCHUS GRISEUS APHIURA SARSII CLAM SIXGILL SHARK BRITTLE STAR CHLAMYS HASTATUS HERICIUS HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON BANKIA SETACEA PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP FLATHEAD SOLE TEREDO CHLAMYS HINDI HIPPOGLOSSUS STENCLEPIS BRISASTER LATIFRONS HIND'S CLAM PACIFIC HALIBUT SEA URCHIN CLINOCARDIUM NUTALLI HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI LEPTOSYNAPTA BASKET COCKLE RATFISH SEA CUCUMBER C0MPSONYAX SUBDIAPHANA ICELINUS FILAMENTOSUS LISTRIOLOBUS HEXAMYOTUS CLAM THREADFIN SCULPIN ECHIURID WORM CRENELLA COLUMBIANA ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS LOPHOLIHOIDES FORAMINMATUS CLAM BUTTER SOLE BOX CRAB EUPLEXAURA MARKI LYCODOPSIS PACIFICA LOPHOLITHOIDES MANDTII SEA PEN BALCKBELLY EELPOUT PUGET SOUND KING CRAB NUXLEYIA MUNITA LYOPSETTA EXILIS LUBRINERIS BICIRRATA CLAM SLENDER SOLE POLYCHAETE LIEOPTULUS QUADRANGULARIS HICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS LUMBRINERIS SIMILABRIS SEA PEN DOVER SOLE POLYCHAETE LYONSIA STRIATA OPHIODON ELONGATUIS MALPAD0IA ALCAREA CLAM LINGCOD CHALKY CLAN NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM PAROPHRYS VETULUS MAGELONA JAPONICA HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE ENGLISH SOLE POLYCHAETE NUCULA TENUIS PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA CLAM STARRY FLOUNDER SEA CUCUMBER NUCULANA AUSTINI PORICHTHYS NOTATUS OPHIOPHOLIS BAKERI CLAM PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN BRITTLE STAR NUCULANA PERMULS PSETTICHTHYS MELAWOSTICTUIS OPHIURA LUTKENI CLAM SAND SOLE BRITTLE STAR PATINOPECTIN CAURINUS RAJA BINOCULATA PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS WEATHERVANE SCALLOP BIG SKATE GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER PECTEN CALNUNUS RAJA KINCAIDI PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP BLACK SKATE SEA CUCUMBER PROTOTHACA STANINEA RAJA RHINA TELLINA BUTTONI ROCK COCKLE LONGNOSE SKATE BUTTONIS TELLIN CLAM PSEPHIDIA LORDI RAJA STELLULATA XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA CLA14 STARRY SKATE WASHINGTON WOODEATER SAXICAVA ARCTICA SCORPAENICHTHYS PARNORATUS ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CLAM CABEZOM TROPIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE SCLEROPTILUM SEBASTES CAURINUS INVERTEBRATES SEA PEN COPPER ROCKFISH SOLENYA AGASSIZI SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR AWNING CLAN PACIFIC SLEEPER SMARK SMAIL STYLATULA ELONGATA SQUALUS ACANTHIA0S GORGOC0NCEPHALUS CARYI SEA PEN SPINY DOGFISH BASKET STAR THRACIA CURTA TORPEDO CALIFORNICA, OEMOPOTA CLAM PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAT SNAIL THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES PSEUDARCHASTER PARELII ALASCEN CLAM TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SEA STAR THYASIRA BARBARENSIS MAMMALS CLAM TROPIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE VENERICADIA VENTORICOSA EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS FISHES STOUT CARDITA CLAN NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION YOLDIA L1MATULA GAIRDERI KOGIA BREVICEPS ENT0SPHENUS TRIDENTATUS FILE YOLDIA CLAM PYGMY SPERM WHALE PACIFIC LAMPREY PHOCA VITULINA LAMPETRA AYRESI TROPIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER HARBOR SEAL RIVER LAMPREY INVERTEBRATES HABITAT: XUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC CANCER MAGISTER CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI NEPTUNEA PRIILOFFENSIS DUNGENESS CRAB PACIFIC HERRING SNAIL PAGURISTES TURGIDUS LEPTOCOTTUS ARKATUS PLUMULARIA ALICIA HERMIT CRAB PACIFIC STAGNORN SCULPIM HYDROID PAGURUS ALEUTICUS LIPARIS PULCHELLUS RATHBUNASTER CALIFORNICUS HERMIT CRAB SHOWY SNAILFISH SEA STAR PAGURUS OCHOTENSIS LUMPENUS SAGITTA SERTULARELLA TURGIDA HERMIT CRAB SNAKE PRICKLEBACK HYDROID PAGURUS; TANNERI LYCONECTES ALEUTENSIS THUIARA ROBUSTA HERMIT CRAB DWARF WRYMOUTH HYDROID MICROGADUS PROXIMUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE PACIFIC TOM COO TROPIC LEVEL: (0) EATER - INVERTEBRATES POROCLINIS ROTHROCKI FISHES WHITEBARRED BLENNY APHRODITE JAPONICA PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS PLEURCINICHTHYS COEMOSUS POLYCHAETE TADPOLE SCULPIN C-0 SOLE ARCTONOE PULCHRA RADULIMUS ASPRELLUS POLYCHAETE SLIM SCULPIN CARIMELLA LACTEA XEMERETMUS LATIFRONS RIBBON WORN BLACKTIP POACHER CEREBRATULUS CALIFORNIENSIS RIBBOIN WORM TROPHIC LEVEL:(-) CHORILLIA LOINGIPES INVERTEBRATES SHRIMP CRANGOIN COMMUNIS ANCISTROLEPSIS SHRIMP SNAIL CRANGON FRANCISORUM COLUS HALIDONUS SHRIMP SNAIL ENIPO GRACILIS POLYCHAETE TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) GLYCERA AMERICANA INVERTEBRATES POLYCHAETE HAPLOSCOLOPU0S ELONGATUS ABIETINARIA POLYCHAETE HYDROID MAGELONA PAPILLICORNIS ABIETIMARIA POLYCHAETE HYDROID MAGELONA PITELKAI ABIETIMARIA ALEXANDERI POLYCHAETE HYDROID NEPHTYS CACOIDES ABIETINARIA TRASKI POLYCHAETE HYDROID NEPHTYS CILIATA ACRYPTOLARIA POLYCHAETE HYDROID NEPHTYS CORNUTA AGLAOPHEMIA POLYCHAETE HYDROID NEPHTYS FERRUGINEA AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS POLYCHAETE HYDROID NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA AGLAOPNENIA INCONSPICLIA POLYCHAETE HYDROID PANDALUS JORDANI AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCARPA OCEAN PINK SHRIMP HYDROID PANDALUS PLATYCEROS CAMPAMULARIA SPOT SHRIMP HYDROID PISTA CRISTATA CAMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA POLYCHAETE HYDROID PISTA FIMBRIATA CAMPAIAJLARIA VOLUBILIS POLYCHAETE HYDROID PRAXILELLA GRACILIS HALECIUM COR0MUTUM POLYCHAETE HYDROID SPIRONTOCARIS LANELLICORNIS HIPPASTE0NIA SPINOSA SHRIMP SEA STAN SPIRONTOCARUIS HOLMESI LAFOEA ADNATA SHRIMP HYDROID LAFOEA 0DUl0MUM TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE HYDR0ID EATER - FISHES LAFOEA FRUTICOSA HYDROID AGONOPSIS EMMELANE LAFOEA GRACILLIM NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER HYDROID AG0NUS ACIPENSERINUS MEDIASTER AEQUALIS STURGEON POACHER VERMILLON STAN HABITAT: MUD NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE INVERTEBRATES ACMAEA MITRA DUNCECAP LIMPET TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE FISHES ASTEROTHECA PENTACANTHUS BIGEYE POACHER TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE INVERTEBRATES ACMAEA LIMATULA FILE LIMPET ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA SNAIL ANTIPLANES PERVERSA SNAIL ANTIPLANES VINOSA SNAIL ASTROPECTIN ARKATUS SAND STAR BENTHOCTOPUS OCTOPUS BOREYROPHON STUARTI SNAIL BUCCINLIN STRIGILLATLIN SNAIL CADULUS STEARNSII TOOTH SHELL CALLIOSTONA ANNULATLIM SNAIL CHIONECTES BAIRDI TANNER CRAB CHIONECTES OPILIO TANNER CRAB CHIONECTES TANNERI TANNER CRAB COLUS ROSEUS SNAIL COLUS SERVIN0M SNAIL CROSSASTER PAPOSUS ROSE STAR DENTALILM TOOTH SHELL DERMASTERIAS IMBRICATA LEATHER STAR EPITONILIN IMDIAMORDIUM SNAIL FUSTRITION OREGONENSIS OREGON TRITON WEN0RICIA LEVISCULA BLOOD STATE ISCHN0NOCHITON CHITON LEPIDAZONA CHITON LEPIDAZ4ONA GOLISCHI CHITON LEPTOCHIN CHITON HABITAT: MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC LISCHKEIA CIDARIS DELOLEPIS GIGANTEA PHOCOEMA PHOCOENA SNAIL GIANT WRYMOUTH HARBOR PORPOISE LUIDIA FOLIATA EOPSETTA JORDANI PHYSETER CATODON SAND STAR PETRALE SOLE SPERM WHALE METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM EPTATRETUS DEAWI ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS SEA ANEMONE BLACK HAGFISH CALIFORNIA SEA LION MITRELLA GOULDI EPTATRETUS STOUT[ SNAIL PACIFIC HAGFISH TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE NASSARIUS FOSSATUS GADUS MACROCEPNALUS INVERTEBRATES SNAIL PACIFIC COD NASSARIUS MENDICUS GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS SNAIL REX SOLE SEA URCHIN NATICA CLAUSA NEXAGRAMMOS DEAGRAMMUS AMPHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX SNAIL KELP GREENLING BRITTLE STAR NEPTUNEA LYRATA HEXAGRAMMOS STELLERI APHIURA SARSII SNAIL WHITESPOTTED GREENLING BRITTLE STAR OCTOPUS DOLFEINI NEXNCHUS GRISEUS RANKIA SETACEA OCTOPUS SIXGILL SHARK TEREDO PISASTER BREVISINOUS HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSOD BRISASTER LATIFROMS SHORT-SPIKED PISASTER FLATHEAD SOLE SEA URCHIN PISASTER GIGANTEUS HIPPOGLOSSUS STENCLEPIS DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS GIANT STAR PACIFIC HALIBUT SAND DOLLAR PISASTER OCHRACEOUS HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI LEPTOSYNAPTA PURPLE STAR RATFqISH SEA CUCUMBER POLINICES LEWISII ICELINUS FILAMENTOSUS LISTRIOLOBUS HEXAMYOTUS MOON SNAIL THREADFIN SCULPIN ECHIURID WORK POLINICES PALLIDUS ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS LOPHOLITHOIDES FORAMINATUS MOON SNAIL BUTTER SOLE BOX CRAB POLYPUS LYOPSETTA EXILIS LOPHOLITHOIDES MANDTII OCTOPUS SLENDER SOLE PUGET SOUND KING CRAB PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS MICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS LUMBRIMERIS BICIRRATA SLIME STAR DOVER SOLE POLYCHAETE PUNCTURELLA, CUCULATA OPHIODON ELONGATUS LUMBRINERIS SIMILABRIS LIMPET LINGCOD POLYCHAETE PYCNOPODIA NELIAWTHOIDES PAROPHRYS VETULUS KACOMA ALCAREA SUNFLOWER STAR ENGLISH SOLE CHALKY CLAN ROSSIA PACIFICA PLATICTHYS STELLATUIS MAGELONA JAPONCA SQUID STARRY FLOUNDER POLYCHAETE SOLASTER DAWSONI PORICHTHYS NOYATUS MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA MORNING SUN STAR PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN SEA CUCUMBER SOLASTER STIMPSONI PSETTIHTHYS NELANOSTICTUS OPHIOPHO0qPXS BAKERI SUN STAR SAND SOLE BRITTLE STAR STYLASTERIAL FORRERI RAJA BIN OCU LATA OPHIURA LUTKENI SEA STAR BIG SKATE BRITTLE STAR TACHYRHYNCHUS LACTEOLU14 RAJA KINCAIDI PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS SNAIL BLACK SKATE GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER TACHYRHYNCHUIS PRATOMUM RAJA RHIMA PENTAERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA SNAIL LONGNOSE SKATE SEA CUCUMBER THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILATUS RAJA STELLULATA TELLINA BUTTONI SEA STAR STARRY SKATE BUTTON'S TELLIN CLAN TRITONIA SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORAUS XYLOPHAGA, WASHINGTONA NUDIBRANCH CABEZON WASHINGTON WOODEATER TROPHON TRIPHERUS SEBASTES CAIRINUS SNAIL COPPER ROCKFISH TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE SOMNIOSUS PACIFICUS INVERTEBRATES TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE PACIFIC SLEEPER SHARK FISHES SQUALUS ACANTNIAS AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR SPINY D0OGFISH SNAIL ACIPENSER TRANSMONTANUS TORPEDO CALIFORNICA GORG0NOOCEPHALLIS CART0I WHITE STURGEON PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAT BASKET STAR ATHERESTHES ST0MIAS OENOPOTA TURBOT OR ARROWGROWTH FLOUNDER TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SNAIL CHITONOTUS PUGETENSIS MAMMALS PSEUDARMASTWER PARELUIS ALASCEW ROUGH0BACK SCULPIN SEA STAR CITHARICKTHYS SORDIDUS EUMETOPIS JUBATUS PACIFIC SA0DDA4I NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION TROPIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE CITHARIC0qHT0HY STIGMAEUS KOGIA BREVICEPS FISHES SPECKLED SANDDAB PYGHT SPERM WHALE DASYCOTTIUS SETIGER PHOCA VITULINA ENTOSHENUS TRIDENTATUS SPINYHEAD SCULPIN HARBOR SEAL PACIFIC LAMPREY HABITAT: MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC LAMPETRA AYRESI YOLDIA LIKATULA GAIRDERI TROPIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE RIVER LAMPREY FILE YOLDIA CLAM EATER - FISHES TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER TROPHIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER AGONOPSIS ENMELANE INVERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER AGONUS ACIPENSERINUS ACILIA CASTRENSIS CANCER MAGISTER STURGEON POACHER DIVARICATE NUT CLAN DUNGENESS CRAB CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI AXINOPSIDA SERICATA OLIVELLA PACIFIC HERRING CLAN OLIVE SNAIL LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS CARD10MYA OLDROYDI PAGURISTES TURGIDUS PACIFIC STAGNORN SCULPIN CUSPIDARIA CLAN HERMIT CRAB LIPARIS PULCHELLUS CARDIONYA PLANETICA PAGURUS ALEUTICUS SHOWY SNAILFISH CLAN HERMIT CRAB LUMPENUS SAGITTA CARDITA STEARNSII PAGURUS OCHOTENSIS SNAKE PRICKLEBACK CLAN HERMT CRAB LYCONECTES ALEUTENSIS CARDITA VENTICOSA PAGURUS TANNERI DWARF WRYMOUTH CLAN HERMIT CRAB HICROGADUS PROXIMUS CHLANYS HASTATUS HERICIUS PACIFIC TONCOD PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP TROPIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE POROCLINIS ROTHR OCK I CHLAMYS HINDSI EATER - INVERTEBRATES WHITEBARRED BLENNY MIND'S CLAN PSYCHROLUTES PARADOXUS CLINOCARDIUM NUTALLI APHRODITE JAPONICA TADPOLE SCULPIN BASKET COCKLE POLYCHAETE RADULINUS ASPRELLUS COMPSONYAX SUBDIAPHANA ARCTONOE PULCHRA SLIM SCULPIN CLAM POLYCHAETE XENERETMUS LATIFRONS CRENELLA COLUMBIANA CARINELLA LACTEA BLACKTIP POACHER CLAM R I BBON WORM EUPLEXAURA MARKI CEREBRATULUS CALIFORNIENSIS TROPHIC LEVEL: SEA PEN RIBBON WORM INVERTEBRATES HUIXLEYIA MUNITA CHORILLIA LONGCIPES CLAM SHRIMP ANCISTROLEPSIS LIEOPTULUS QUADRANGULARIS CRANGON COMMUNIS SNAIL SEA PEN SHRIMP COLUS HALIDONUS LYONSIA STRIATA CRANGOM FRANCISORUM SNAIL CLAN SHRIMP NEMOCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM ENIPO GRACILIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE POLYCHAETE INVERTEBRATES NUCULA TENUIS GLYCERA AMERICANA CLAN POLYCHAETE ABIETIMARIA MUCULANA AUSTINI HAPLOSCOLOPUOS ELONGATUS HYDROID CLAN POLYCHAETE ABIETINARIA ABIETINA NUCULANA PERNULS MAGELGNA PAPILLICORNIS HYDROID CLAM POLYCHAETE ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI PATINOPECTIN CAURIMUS MAGELONA PITELKAI HYDROID WEATHERVANE SCALLOP POLYCHAETE ABIETIMARIA TRASKI PECTEN CAURINUS NEPNTYS CACOIDES HYDROID GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP POLYCHAETE ACRYPTOLARIA PROTOTHACA STAMINEA NEPNTYS CILIATA HYDROID ROCK COCKLE POLYCHAETE AGLAOPHEMIA PSEPHIDIA LORDI NEPNTYS CORMUTA HYDROID CLAM POLYCHAETE AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS PSOLUS SQUAMATUS NEHTYS FERRUGINEA HYDROID SEA CUCUMBER POLYCHAETE AGLAOPHEMIA INCONSPICUA SAXICAVA ARCTICA MEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA HYDROID ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CLAM POLYCHAETE AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCARPA SCLEROPTILUM PANDALUS JORDANI HYDROID SEA PEN OCEAN PINK SHRIMP CAMPANLAIA SOLEMYA AGASSIZI PANDALUS PLATYCEROS HYDROID AWNING CLAM SPOT SHRIMP CAMPAMULMIA VERTICILLATA STYLATULA ELONGATA PISTA CRISTATA HYDROID SEA PEN POLYCHAETE CAMPA0NULARIA VOLUBILIS TH0RACIA CURTA PISTA FINSRIATA HYDROID CLAM P0L0YCNAET4E NALECIUlM C0RRUGATION THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES PRAXILELLA GRACILIS HYDROID CLAM POLYCHAETE NIPPASTERIA SPINOSA THYASIRA BARBARENSIS SPI0RONTOCANIS LAMELLIC0RNIS SEA STAR, CLAM SHRIMP LAFOEA ADMATA VENERICAR0DIA VENTRICOSA SPIRONTOCARUS HOLMES HYDROID STOUT CARDITA CLAN SHRIMP LAFOEA DUMOSA HABITAT: MUDDY SAND NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC HYDROID LAFOEA FRUTICOSA HYDROID LAFOEA GRACILLIMA HYDROID NEDIASTER AEQUALIS VERMILLOW STAR NEPTUNEA PRIB1LOFFENSIS SNAIL PLUMULARIA ALICIA HYDROID RATHBUNASTER CALIFORNICUS SEA STAR SERTULARELLA TURGIDA HYDROID TWUIARA ROBUSTA HYDROID TROPHIC LEVEL: (Q) FISHES PLEURONICHTHYS COEMOSUS C-0 SOLE HABITAT: SAM NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC LEPTOCNITON DASYCOTTUS SETIGER CHITON SPINYHEAD SCULPIN LISCHKEIA CIDARIS EOPSETTA JORDANI SNAIL PETRALE SOLE LUIDIA FOLIATA GADUS MACROCEPHALUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SAND STAR PACIFIC COD INVERTEBRATES METRIDIUM FINBRIATUM GLYPTOCEPHALUS ZACHIRUS SEA ANEMONE REX SOLE ACMAEA MITRA MITRELLA GOULDI HEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMUS DUNCECAP LIMPET SNAIL KELP GREENLING NASSARIUS FOSSATUS REXAGRAMMOS STELLERI TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE SNAIL WHITESPOTTED GREENLING FISHES NASSARIUS MENDICUS HEXANCHUS GRISEUS SNAIL SIXGILL SHARK ASTEROTHECA PENTACANTHUS NATICA CLAUSA HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON BIGEYE POACHER SNAIL FLATHEAD SOLE NEPTUNEA LYRATA HIPPOGLOSSUS STENCLEPIS TROPIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SNAIL PACIFIC HALIBUT INVERTEBRATES OCTOPUS DOLFEINI HYDROLAGUS COLLIE1 OCTOPUS RATFISH ACMEA L1MATULA PISASTER BREVISPINOUS ICELINUS FILAMENTOSUS FILE LIMPET SHORT-SPINED PISASTER THREADFIN SCULPIN ANTIPLANES ABARBAREA PISASTER GIGANTEUS ISOPSETTA ISOLEPIS SNAIL GIANT STAR BUTTER SOLE AWTIPLANES PERVERSA PISASTER OCHRACEOUS LYOPSETTA EXILIS SNAIL PURPLE STAR SLENDER SOLE AWTIPLANES VINOSA POLINICES LEWISII MICROSTOMUS PACIFICUS SNAIL MOON SNAIL DOVER SOLE ASTROPECTIN ARMATUS POLINICES PALLIDUS OPHIODON ELONGATUS SAND STAN NOW SNAIL LINGCOD BENTHOCTOPUS POLYPUS PAROPHRYS VETULUIS OCTOPUS OCTOPUS ENGLISH SOLE BORETROPHOM STUARTI PTERASTER TESSELATUS ARCUATUS PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS SNAIL SLIME STAR STARRY FLOUNDER BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM PUNCTURELLA CLICULATA PORICHTHYS NOTATUIS SNAIL LIMPET PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMEN CADULUS STEARNSII PYCNOPODIA MELIANTHOIDES PSETTICHTHYS MELANOSTICTLIS TOOTH SWELL SUNFLOWER STAR SAND SOLE CALLIOSTONA ANNULATUM ROSSIA PACIFICA RAJA BINOCULATA SNAIL SQUID BIG SKATE CHIONECTES BAIRDI SOLASTER DAWSON1 RAJA KINCAIDI TANNER CRAB MORNING SLIM STAR BLACK SKATE CHIONECTES OPILIO SOLASTER STIPSON RAJA RHIMA TANNER CRAB SUN STAR LONGNOSE SKATE CHIONECTES TANNERI STYLASTERIAL FORRERI RAJA STELLULATA TANNER CRAB SEA STAR STARRY SKATE COLUS ROSEUS TACHYANYMCNIUS LACTEOLUN SCORPAENICNTHYS MARMORATUS SNAIL SNAIL CABEZON COLUS SERVINUS TACHYRHYNCHUIS PRATO NUM SQUALUS ACANTHIAS SNAIL SNAIL SPINY DOGFISH CROSSASTER PAPOSUS THRISSACANTHIAS PENCILATUS TORPEDO CALIFORNICA ROSE STAR SEA STAR PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY DENTALIUM TROPHON TRIPHERUS TRIAKIS SENIFASCIATA TOOTH SHELL SNAIL LEOPARD SHARK DERMASTERIAS IMBRICATA LEATHER STAR TROPIC LEVEL: C3) CARNIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE EPITONIUM INDIANONUM FISHES MAMMALS SNAIL EVASTERIAS TROPICHELI ACIPENSER TRANSMONTANUS EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS SEA STAN WHITE STURGEON NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION FUSITRITION OREGONENSIS BRODMOPHYIC MARGINATA KOGIA BREVICEPS OREGON TRITON RED BROTULA PYGMY SPERM WHALE HENRICIA LEVISCULA CHITONOTUS PUGETENSIS PHOCA VITULINA BLOOD ST00M ROUGHBACK SCLULPIN HARBOR SEAL ISHMOCHITON CITHARICNTNYS SORDIDUS PHOCEMA PHOC0ENA CHITON PACIFIC SANDDAB KAMM PORPOISE LEPIDAZONA CITMARICNTHYS STIGNAEUS PYSETER CATO0N CHITON SPECKLED SANWA@ SPERM WHALE LEPIDAZONA GOLISCHI DASYATIS DIPTERURA, ZAL0PMUS CALIF0RIANUS CHITON DIAMOND STINGRAY CALIFORNIA SEA LION HABITAT: SAND NON-VEGIETATED BENTHIC ZIPHEUS CAVIROSTRIS AXINOPSIDA SERICATA INVERTEBRATES CUVIERIS OR GOOSE BEAKED WHALE CLAN CARDIONYA OLDROYDI CANCER MAGISTER TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE CUSPIDARIA CLAM DUNGENESS CRAB INVERTEBRATES CARDIOMYA PLANETICA OLIVELLA CLAN OLIVE SNAIL ALLOCENTROTUS FRAGILIS CARDITA STEARNSII OLIVELLA BIPLICATA SEA URCHIN CLAN PURPLE OLIVE SNAIL AMPHIOPLUS STRONGYLOPLAX CARDITA VENTICOSA PAGURISTES TURGIDUS BRITTLE STAR CLAN HERMIT CRAB APHIURA SARSII CHLAMYS HASTATUS HERICIUS PAGURUS ALEUTICUS BRITTLE STAR PACIFIC PEAR SCALLOP HERMIT CRAB BANKIA SETACEA CHLAMYS HINDSI PAGURUS OCHOTENSIS TEREDO MIND'S CLAN HERM1T CRAB BRISASTER LATIFRONS CLINOCARDIU14 NUTALLI PAGURUS TANNERI SEA URCHIN BASKET COCKLE HERMIT CRAB DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS COMPS0NYAX SUBDIAPHANA SAND DOLLAR CLAN TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE LOPHOLITHOIDES FORAMIKATUS CRENELLA COLUMBIANA EATER - INVERTEBRATES BOX CRAB CLAN LOPHOLITHIDES MANDTII EUPLEXAURA MARKI APHRODITE JAPONICA PUGET SOUND KING CRAB SEA PEN POLYCHAETE LUMBRINERIS BICIRRATA HUXLEYIA MUNITA ARCTONOE PULCHRA POLYCHAETE CLAN POLYCHAETE LUMBRINERIS SIMLABRIS LIEOPTULUS QUADRANGULARIS CARINOMELLA LACTEA POLYCHAETE SEA PEN RIBBON WORM KACOMA ALCAREA LYONSIA STRIATA CEREBRATULUS CALIFORNIENSIS CHALKY CLAM CLAN RIBBON WON MAGELONA JAPONICA NENDCARDIUM CENTRIFILOSUM CHDRILLIA LONGIPES POLYCHAETE HUNDRED-LINED COCKLE SHRIMP MOLPADIA INTERMEDIA NUCULA TENUIS CRANGON COMMUIS SEA CUCUMBER CLAN SHRIMP OPHIOPHOLIS BAKERI NUCULANA, AUSTINI CRANGON FRANCISORUN BRITTLE STAR CLAN SHRIMP OPHIURA LUTKENI NUCULAMA PERNIJLS ENIPO GRACILIS BRITTLE STAR CLAM POLYCHAETE PARASTICHOPUS CALIFORNICUS PATINOPECTIN CAURINUS GLYCERA AMERICANA GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER WEATHERVANE SCALLOP POLYCHAETE PENTAMERA PSEUDOCALCIGERA PECTEN CAURINUS HAPLOSCOLOPUIOS ELONGATUS SEA CUCUMBER GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP POLYCHAETE STRONGYLOCENTROTUS ECHIMOIDES PROTOTHACA STAMINEA MAGELONA PAPILLICORNIS SEA URCHIN ROCK COCKLE POLYCHAETE TELLINA BUTTOMI PSEPHIDIA LORDI MAGELONA PITELKAI BUTTON'S TELLIN CLAM CLAN POLYCHAETE XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTON PSOLUS SQUAMATUS NEPHTYS CACOIDES WASHINGTON WOODEATER SEA CUCUMBER POLYCHAETE SAXICAVA ARCTICA MEPHTYS CILIATA TROPIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE ARCTIC SAXICLAVE CLAM POLYCHAETE INVERTEBRATE SCLEROPTILUN XEPNTYS CORMUTA SEA PEN POLYCHAETE AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR SILIQUA PATULA NEPHTYS FERRUGINEA SNAIL PACIFIC RAZOR CLAM POLYCHAETE GORGONOCEPHALUS CARYI SILIQUA SLOATI NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA BASKET STAR SLOATIS RAZOR CLAM POLYCHAETE OENOPOTA SOLEMYA AGASSIZI PANDALUS DANAE SNAIL AWNING CLAN DOCK SHRIMP PSEUDARCHASTER PARELII ALASCEN STYLATLILA ELONGATA PANDALLUS JORDANI SEA STAR SEA PEN OCEAN PIK SHRIMP TNRACIA CURTA PANDALUS PLATYCER0S TROPNIC LEVEL: (6) PARASITE CLAM SPOT SHRIMP FISHES THRACIA TRAPEZOIDES PISTA CRISTATA CLAM P0LCHAETE LAMPETRA AYRESI THYA0SIRA BARSARIMIS PISTA FIBRIATA RIVER LAMPREY CLAM POLYCHAETE VENERICADIA VENTRICOSA PRAXILELLA GRACILIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER STOUT CARDITA CLAM POLYCHAETE INVERTEBRATES Y0LDIA LIMATULA GARDER SPI0R0NTOCARIS LAMELLICORNIS FILE YOLDIA CLAM, SHRIMP ACILIA CASTRENSIS SPIRONTOCARIUS HOLMESI DIVARICATE NUT CLAM TROPIC LEVEL: (8) SCAVENGER SHRIMP HABITAT: SAM NON-VEGETATED BENTHIC TROPIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE SEA STAR EATER - FISHES LAFOEA ADNATA HYDROID AGONOPSIS EMMELANE LAFOEA DUN OSA, NORTHERN SPEARNOSE POACHER HYDROID' AGONUS ACIPENSERINUS LAFOEA FRUTICOSA STURGEON POACHER HYDROID AMMODYTES HEXAPTERUS LAFOEA GRACILL1MA PACIFIC SAND LANCE HYDROID AMPHISTICHUS RHODOTERUS NEDIASTER AEQUALIS REDTAIL SURFPERCK VERMILLON STAR CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI NEPUNEA PRIBILOFFENSIS PACIFIC HERRING SNAIL CYKATOGASTER AGGREGATA PLUNULARIA ALICIA SHINER PERCH HYDROID EMBIOTOCA LATERALIS SERTULARELLA TURCIDA STRIPED SEAPERCH HYDROID LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS THUIARA ROBUSTA PACIFIC STAGHORN SCULPIN HYDROID LIPARIS PULCHELLUS SHOWY SNAILFISH TROPIC LEVEL: (Q) MICROGADUS PROXIMUS FISHES PACIFIC TONCOD POROCLINIS ROTHROCKI PLEURONICNTHYS COENOSI WHITEIIARRED KENNY C-0 SOLE PSYCHROLUTES PARADOWS TADPOLE SCULPIN RADULINUS ASPRELLUS SLIM SCULPIN XENERETNUS LATIFRONS BLACKTIP POACHER TROPHIC LEVEL: INVERTEBRATES ANCISTROLEPSIS SNAIL COLUS HALIDONUS SNAIL TROPIC LEVEL: (Q) INVERTEBRATES ABIEIINARIA HYDROID ABIETINARIA ABIETINA HYDROID ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI HYDROID ABIETINARIA TRASKI HYDROID ACRYPTOLARIA HYDROID AGLAOPHENIA HYDROID AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS HYDROID AGLAOPNENIA INC0MSPICUA HYDROID AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCARVA HYDRI0D CAMPANULARIA HYDROID CAMPANULARIA VERTICILLATA HYDRIOD CAMPANULARIA VOLUSIBILIS HYDROID HALECIUM CORRUGATI0N HYDROID HIPPASTERIA SPIN0SA HABITAT: KELP FORESTS VEGETATED BENTHIC STENOGRAMME INTERUPTA BRACHISTIUS FRENATUS RED ALGAE KELP PERCH HEXAGRAMMOS DECAGRAMMUS TROPIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE KELP GREENLING INVERTEBRATES HEXAGRAMMOS STELLER[ TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER WHITESPOTTED GREENLING PLANTS ACHAEA MITRA OPHIOIDON ELONGATUS DUNCECAP LIMPET LINGCO AGARDHIELLA TENERA STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANSISCANU SCORPAENICHTHYS ARN0MATUS RED ALGAE GIANT RED URCHIN CEBEZON AGARUM FIMBRIATUM STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS SEBASTES CAURINUS KELP PURPLE SEA URCHIN COPPER ROCKFISH ANTITHAMNION PACIFICUM SEBASTES KALIGER RED ALGAE TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE QULLBACK ROCKFISH BOTRYOCLADIA PSEUDODICHOTONA, INVERTEBRATES SEBASTES MYSTINUS RED ALGAE BLUE ROCKFISH CALLOPHYLLIS EDENTATA AQMAEA MINTRA RED ALGAE FILE LIMPET SEBASTODES ELANOPS CERAMIUM CALIFORNICUM ANTIPLANES PERVERSA, BLACK SEABASS RED ALGAE SNAIL SQUALUS ACANTHIAS CONSTANTINEA SUBULIFERA ASTROPECTIN AR1ATUS SPINY DOGFISN RED ALGAE SAND STAR CRYPTOPLEURA RUPRECHTIANA, BORETROPHON STUARTI TROPHIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE RED ALGAE SNAIL MAMMALS DELESSERIA DECIPIENS BUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM RED ALGAE SNAIL ENHYDRA LUTRIS DILSEA CALIFORNICA, CALLIOST0NIA AMMUULATUM SEA OTTER RED ALGAE SNAIL ELIKETOPIAS JUBATUS EGREGIA MENZIESII CROSSASTER PAPOSUS NORTHERN OR STELLAR SEA LION KELP ROSE STAR PHOCA VITULINA EISENIA ARBOREA DERMASTERIAS IMBRICATA HARBOR SEAL KELP LEATHER STAR ALOPHUS CALIFRNIANUS GELIDIUM ROBUSTUM EVASTERIAS TROSCHELI CALIFORNIA SEA LION RED ALGAE SEA STAR GIGARTINA EXASPERATA FUSITRITION OREGONENSIS TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE RED ALGAE OREGON TRITON INVERTEBRATES GRATELOUPIA CALIFORNICA, HENRICIA LEVISCULA RED ALGAE BLOOD STAR BANKIA SETACEA HYMENENA SETCHELLII LISCHKEIA CIDARIS TEREDD RED ALGAE SNAIL PARASITCHOPUS CALFONICUS LAMINARIA GROENLANDICA LUIDIA FOLIATA GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER KELP SAND STAR XYLOPHAGA WASNINGTONA LAMINARIA SACCHARINA MITRELLA GOULDI WASHINGTON WOODEATER KELP SNAIL LAMINARIA SETCHELLII KASSARIUS FOSSATUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE KELP SNAIL INVERTEBRATES MACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA MASSARIUS MENDICUS GIANT KELP SNAIL AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR NEREOCYSTIS LUETKEAMA PISASTER BREVISPINOUS SNAIL GIANT KELP SNORT-SPINED PISASTER OENOPOTA OPUNTIELLA CALIFORNICA PISASTER GIGANTEUS SNAIL RED ALGAE GIANT STAN ONCOSOECIA PHYLOSPADIX TORREY1 PISASTER OCHRACEOUS BRYOZOAN SEA GRASS PURPLE STAR PLOCAMIL4 PACIFICU PTERASTER TESSE~LATUS ARCUATUS TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER RED ALGAE SLIME STAR INVERTEBRATES POLYNEURA LATISSIN& PUlNCTUIRELLA CUCULATA RED ALGAE LIMPET BALN0N C0RENA0UI PORPHYRA PERFORATA PY0CN0DPO0DIA NELIANTNO0E0S BARNACLE RED ALGAE SUNFLOWER STAR BUGULA, F0LABIELLATA PRIONITIS LANCEIDLATA SCYRA ACU0T0IFR NS BRYOOA0N, RED ALGAE MASKING C0RM CELLARIA NA0NOIBULATA PTERYGOHORA CALIF0RNICA OLA0STE DAWS0ONI B0O0 KELP MORNING SUN STAR CINOCARD0IUM W0TALLI RHODOMENIA PERTUISA, SOLASTER S0TINPSO0NI BASKET COCKLE RED ALGAE SUN STAN LAGENIPOR0A PUNICTULATA RHODOPTILUS P0LU4MOSU0M RED ALGAE TROPNIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE SMITHORA MAIADUN FISHES RED ALGAE PECTE0N CAURINUS HABITAT: KELP FORESTS VEGETATED BENTHIC GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP HYDROID PSOLUS SQUANATUS LAFOEA FRUTICOSA SEA CtJCLM4BER HYDROID SAXICAVA ARCTICA LAFOEA GRACqILLINA ARCTIC SAXICAVE CLAq14 HYDROID TEREBRATALIA TRAqNSVERSA MEDIASTER AEqQUALIS LAMP SHELL VERMILLON STAR PLLN4JLARIA ALICIA TROPHIC LEVEL: (q8) SCAVENGER HYDROID INVERTEBRATES PUGETTIA AqRACILLIS KELP CRAB PHYLLqOLqITqHqOIDES PAPILLOSUS SERTULARELqLA TURGIDA PAPILLA CRAB HYDROID THUIARA RqOqBUSTA TROPHIC LEVEL: (9) INVERTEBRATE HYDROIqD EATER - INVERTEBRATES BALAMOPHYLqLA ELEGANS STONY CORAL NEPHTYS LONGOSETOSA POLYCHAETE PANDALUS DANAE DOCK SqHRqIq1q4P TROPHqIC LEVEL (9) INVERTEBRATE EATER - FISHES CLUPEA HAqRENGUS PALqLASI PACIFIC HERRING CY14ATOGASTER AGGqREGATA SHINER PERCH E14BqI070qCA qLAqTEqRALIS STRIPED qSEAPERCH LqOPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS PACIFIC qSTAGHORN SCULPIM TqROPHIC LEVEL: (0) INVERTEBRATES AqSIETIMARIA qHYDROID AqBIETIMARIA AqBIETIMA qHYDRqOqIqD AqBIETINARIA ALEqXAqNqDERI qHYqDROID AqBIETINARIA TRASKI qHYDRqOqIqD ACRYPTOLARIA HYqDROqIqD AqGLAOPHENIA HYDROID AGLAOPHENIA DIEGENSIS HYqDROID AGqLqAqOPHENqIA INCqONSPICUA HYDROID AGLAOPHENIA OCTOCAqRPA HYDROqID ALLOPO0qRA, qVERRILL4qI HYDRO0qC0qORAL, CAq1q4PAqNULA0qRIA HY0qDR0qO0qI4qD CA0q1q4PAqMULARIA VERTICILLATA HYDR0qO0qI0qD CA0qMPAqNU0qLARIA V0qOLU0qBILIS HYDRqOqI0qD 0qHALEC4qIU0qN C0qORRUGA0qTU0qM 0qHYDR0qO0qI0qD LAFOEA A0qDqMATqA HY4qDR0qO0qI4qD LAFOEA 0qDtqM4qM0qO4qS0qA HABITAT: SURPGRASS VEGETATED BENTHIC LAMINARIA GROENLANDICA SORETROPHOW STUARTI KELP SNAIL LAMINARIA SACCHARINA SUCCINUM STRIGILLATUM KELP SNAIL LAMINARIA SETCHELLII CALLIOSTOMA ANNUILATUN TROPHIC LEVEL: (1) PRODUCER KELP SNAIL PLANTS LAURENCIA SPECTABILIS CROSSASTER PAPOSUS RED ALGAE ROSE STAR AHNFELTIA CONCINNA ACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA DERNASTERIAS IMBRICATA RED ALGAE GIANT KELP LEATHER STAR ANNFELTIA PLICATA MEMBRANOPTERA PLATYPHYLLA LISCHKEIA CIDARIS RED ALGAE RED ALGAE SNAIL ALARIA KARGINATA MICROCLAUDIA COULTARI MITRELLA GOULDI KELP RED ALGAE SNAIL ANTITHANNION PACIFICUM OPUNTIELLA CALIFORNICA, NASSARIUS FOSSATUS RED ALGAE RED ALGAE SNAIL BOSSIELLA CALIFORNICA PHYLOSPADIX SCOULERI NASSARIUS MENDICUS CORALLINE RED ALGAE SEA GRASS SNAIL BOSSIELLA PLUMOSA PHYLOSPADIX TORREYI PISASTER BREVISPINOUS CORALLINE RED ALGAE SEA GRASS SHORT-SPINED PISASTER ROTRYOCLADIA PSEUDODICHOTOKA PLOCAMIUM PACIFICUM PISASTER GIGANTEUS RED ALGAE RED ALGAE GIANT STAR CALLIARTHRON' REGENERAMS POLYNEURA LATISSINA, PISASTER OCHRACEOUS CORALLINE RED ALGAE RED ALGAE PURPLE STAR CALLIARTHRON SCHNITTII PORPHYRA PERFORATA PUNCTURELLA CUCULATA CORALLINE RED ALGAE RED ALGAE L1PET CALLOPHYLLIS EDENTATA PRIONITIS LANCEOLATA PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES RED ALGAE RED ALGAE SUNFLOWER STAR CERAMIUM CALIFORNICUM PTEROSIPHOMIA BIPIUMATA SOLASTER ST11PSOMI RED ALGAE RED ALGAE SUN STAR CONSTANTINEA S11PLEX PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA RED ALGAE KELP TROPHIC LEVEL: (4) DETRITIVORE CONSTANTINEA SUBULIFERA PTILOTA ASPLENIOIDES INVERTEBRATES RED ALGAE RED ALGAE CORALLINA VANCOUVERIENSIS RHMOGLOSSU LATISSIMUN RANKIA SETACEA CORALLINE RED ALGAE RED ALGAE TEREDO CRYPT OPLEURA RUPRECHTIANA RHODOMENIA PAL1ATA PARASTCHOPUS CALIFORNICUS RED ALGAE RED ALGAE GIANT RED SEA CUCUMBER CYSTOSEIRA GEMINATA RHODOMENIA PERTUSA XYLONAGA WASHINGTONA KELP RED ALGAE WASNUCTON WOODEATER DELESSERIA DECIPIENS RHODOPTILUN PLUMOSUN RED ALGAE RED ALGAE TUNIC LEVEL: (5) OMNIVORE DILSEA CALIFORNICA SARGASSUM 1UTICUM INVERTEBRATEI RED ALGAE KELP EGREGIA MENZIESII SCHIZY1ENIA PACIFICA AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR KELP RED ALGAE SNAIL EISENIA ARBOREA S11THORA WAIADUN DENOPOTA KELP RED ALGAE SNAIL ERYTHROPHYLLUM DELESSERZOIDES STENOGRAMME INTERUPTA ONCOSOECIA RED ALGAE RED ALGAE BRYOZOAN GASTROCLONIUM COULTERI RED ALGAE TROPHIC LEVEL: (2) HERBIVORE TROPHIC LEVEL: (7) FILTER FEEDER GELIDIUM ROBUSTUN INVERTEBRATES- INVERTEBRATES RED ALGAE GIGARTINA EXASPERATA ACNAEA MITRA BUGULA FLASELLATA RED ALGAE DUNCECAP LIMPET BRYOZOAN GLOIOSIPHONIA VERTICILLARIS STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANSISCAMIJ CELLARIA MAWIBULATA RED ALGAE GIANT RED URCHIN BRY0OZ0O00M GRACILAR0I0OPS0IS S0J0OESTE0DII STR0ONG0Y LOCEN0TROTUS P0URPURATUS CL0NCARUN WALLI RED ALGAE PURPLE SEA URCHIN BASKET COCKLE GRATELOUP0IA CAL0IFORNICA, LAGEN0IP0ORA PU0NCTU0LATA RED ALGAE TUNIC LEVEL: (3) CARNIVORE BRO0W GYMNOG0ONGRUS; PL0ATYPNYLLUS INVERTEBRATES 0PEC0TEN 0CAURI0N0N RED ALGAE GIANT PACIFIC SCALLOP HYE0ME0NA FLABELLIGERA AC0K08M0A LI0MATULA TER0EBRATALIA TRAN0SV0ER0IA RED ALGAE FILE LIMPET LAMP SHELL HY0MENENA SETC0HELL11 A0N0TIPLANES 0PERVER0SA RED ALGAE SNAIL TUNIC LEVEL: (28) SCAVENGER IRIAGEA COR0DATA AST0R08MCTIN ARN00A0TUS INVERTEBRATES RED ALGAE SAND STAR HABITAT: 8qS8qUR8qP8qGRqAqSqS VEGETATED 2qB2qENT8qRIC PHYLLqOLqITHOIDES PAPILLOSUS PAPILLA CRAB TROPHIC LEVEL: (0) INVERTEBRATES ABIETIqMARIA qHYDROID AqBIETINARqIA AqBIETIqNA HYqDRqOqIqD ABqIEqTqIqMARIA ALEXADERI HYDROID AqBIETqINARIA TRASKI HYDRqOqIqD ACRYPTOLARIA HYDROID AGqLqAqOPNENIA HYDROID AGqLqAqOqPNENIA qDrqIEGENSIS qHYDROID AGqLqAqOqPqNENIA INCqOqNSPICUA HYDROID AGqLqAqOqPqMENqIA OCTOCAqRPA HYDROID CAq14PAMUqLARIA HYDRqOID CA14PAMULARIA VERTICILLATA HYDROID CANqPAqMUqLARIA VOLUqBILIS qHYDROID NALECIUM CqOqRRUGA0qU0qX qHYDROID LAFOEA ADMATA HYDROID LAFOEA DUMqM qHYDROID LAFOEA FRUTICOSA HYDROqIqD LAFOEA GqRACILLIqNA HYqDqRqOqIqD qMEqDqIASTER AE0qMALIS VERMILLOqN STAR PLqL0qMLARIA ALICIA HYqDRqOqIqD SERTULARELqLA, TURGqIqOA qHYqDROID THUIARA ROBUSTA HYDRqOqIqD APPENDIX G: INVERTEBRATE SPECIES IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF THE OLYNPIC NATIONAL PARX Invertebrate Species in the Coastal Areas of the Olympic National Park G-2 Prionitis lanceolata Prionitis lyallii Prionitis filiformis Erythrophyllum delesserioides Schzymenia pacifica Mastocarpus jardinii Mastocarpus papillatus "Petrocelis" Peyssonnelia pacifica Ahnfeltia gigartinoides Ahnfeltia plicata Gymnogongrus chiton Gymnogongrus linearis Plocamium cartilagineum Plocamium tenue Order Rhodymeniales Gastrooclonuim subartvulatum Fauchea laciniata Rhodymenia californica Order Ceramiales Callithaminon pikeanum Ceramium pacificum Ceramium washingtoniense Griffithsia pacifica Microcladia borealis Microcladia coulteri Ptilota asplenioides Ptilota hypnoides Crypotpleura ruprechtiana Crypotpleura lobulifera Crypotpleura violacea Delesseria decipiens Polyneuropsis latussuma Polyneuropsis stonlonifera Laurencia spectabilis neorhodomela larix Odonthalia washingtoniensis Polysiphonia hendryi Polysiphonia pacifica LICHENS Verruciria spp. Arthopyrenia halodytes ANIMALS PH. PORIFERA (SPONGES) Leucosolenia sp. Halichondria panicea Ophiltaspongia pennata Haliclona spp. Leptasterias hexactis Pynopodia helianthoides Henricia leviuscula Evasterias troschelii BRITTLE STAR Amphipholis squamata PH. UROCHORDATA: TUNICSTES Styela spp. Perophora annectens Metandrocarpa sp. Clayelina huntsmani Aplidium spp. Didemnum sp. VERTEBRATES: FISHES Gobies Blennies Cottids (sculpins) APPENDIX H: NAVY ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO SEALION ROCK I Navy Analysis of Alternatives to Bealion Rock 1=11 I DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY COMMANDER MEDUIM ATTACK TACTICAL ELECTRONIC WARFARE WING U.S PACIFIC FLEET NAVAL AIR STATION, WHIDSEY ISLAND OAK HARBOR, WASHINGTON 98276-6000 IN REPLY REFER TO 5800 SER 016/0510 14 February 1 From: Commander, Medium Attack Tactical Electronic Warfare Wing, U.S. Pacific Fleet To: Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet Via: Commander, Naval Air Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet Subj: SEA LION ROCK Ref: (a) P.L. 91-504. 84 STAT 1104 (B) 16 W.S.C. 1132 (C) COMMATVAQWINGPAC LTR SER 016/3778 OF 24 DEC 1990 (D) P.L. 100-627, 102 STAT 3217 (E) 16 U.S.C. 1401 (F) 16 U.S.C. 1362 (G) 16 U.S.C. 1372 (H) 16 U.S.C. 1531 ET. SEQ. (I) 16 U.S.C. 1536 (2) (J) 16 U.S.C. 701 ET. SEQ. ENCL: (1) ALTERNATIVE TO SEA LION ROCK (R-6707) (2) 1986-1990 SCHEDULING OF SEA LION ROCK (3) COMNAVAIRPAC LTR 5800 SER 011/7040 OF 31 AUG 1989 (4) NOAA LTR (TIPPIE LTR) DTD 8 APRIL 1990 (5) DRAFT MARINE MAMMAL LTR (TWISS LTR) UNDATED (6) DSFWS LTR (MARTIN LTR) DTD 9 APRIL 1990 1. In the last several months, it has become increasinglyu apparent that the Navy's use of Sea Lion Rock will be challenged by both other federal agencies and enciromentalists. As the only sea-based bombing target in the Pacific Northwest, Sea Lion Rock is considered an important training option for current and future Navy requirements. 2. SEA LION ROCK. Sea Lion Rock is an exposed reef of rock approximately 80 feet long and 30 feet wide and is located at high tide, Sea Lion Rock has no soil or vegetation and is not used by sea birds for nesting or egg laying. Despite its name (a Misnomer), Sea Lion Rock is only used by sea lions and harbor seals as an occasional haul out site for resting. No sea lions live on the rock. During a period of observation from 1984 to 1985, no sea lions and only sporadically, harbor seals were observed on Sea Lion Rock. Subj: SEA LION ROCK 18. ALTERNATIVES TO SEA LION ROCK. During discussions over the last two years, USFWS has proposed several possible alternatives to Sea Lion Rock. USFWS readily concedes that this is the Navy's only sea based target in the Northern Pacific. In addition they acknowledge that there are no other rocks which could be used for the same purpose. Instead USFWS suggested certain alternatives which we rejected as infeasible for financial practical, environmental and scheduling reasons. These alternatives included towed targets floating targets (including moored targets), out- of-area training and simulation (including cockpit simulation). Enclosure (1) was presented to USFWS as our opposition but they have persisted to state that we have not given serious consideration to these alternatives, On the contrary these suggestions were seriously considered but do not warrant more detailed and costly study. 19. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. Continued use of Sea Lion Rock by naval a1rcraft an a bombing target will depend upon not only the outcome of the current negotiations with USFWS but will be affected and influenced by several other environmental issues. These issues are discussed below. 20. By reference (d) Congress directed the Secretary of Commerce to designate an area off the coast of western Washington as a National Marine Sanctuary. Sea Lion Rock is located within the area now being referred to as the Olympic National-Marine Sanctuary. To date, the National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA) has submitted a preliminary draft Management Plan to concerned agencies including the Navy. The proposed prohibitions would appear to ban the bombing of Sea Lion Rock. Other Navy activities which may or may not be affected by the designation at described in enclosure (3). Currently the proposed management plan is being reviewed by OP-44EPI (POC: Mr. Tom Reeling) and Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (I&E) (POC: Cdr Tim Schnoor), and Office of the General Counsel (POC Capt R. M. Mollison). It should be noted that in April 1990 by enclosure (4), NOAA expressed concern about Navy's use of Sea Lion Rock. 21. The marine Mammal Commission established by reference (a) has also recently raised questions concerning the Navy's use of Sea Lion Rock. In an unsigned draft of a letter addressed to Assistant Secretary of the Navy (I&E), Jacqueline E. Schafer, R-0707 - SEA LION ROCK REQUIREMENTS The U.S. Navy has the requirement for a readily accessible target for use with practice and heavy inert ordnance near or within the confines of of a Warning area or Military Operation Area (MOA), so as to accomplish multiple mission training. The primary training to be conducted in this area is as follows: -War at Sea exercise; -Heavy ordnance carriage and release; and -Multiple aircraft tactical maneuvering. In addition, this target will serve as the primary alternate target for routine weapons delivery training when the Navy's primary Instrumented target (NTRF BOARDMAN. OREGON) is not usable. In this regard, historical data for NTRF Boardman indicates that the target is closed on an average of six days per month due to maintenance, upkeep and training and 3 days per month due to weather conditions such as high winds, fog and snow. Closure of NTRF BOARDMAN due to fog is more frequent during the Summer. Training requirements for aircrews of Naval Air Station. Whidbey Island, require a year round alternative to NTRF BOARDMAN. Delays in bombing training when squadrons are preparing for carrier deployments have a direct adverse impact on military NCL (1) readinosa. DUO to operating requirements and schedules, carrier based aircrows have even less flexibility in scheduling bombin# practice. CURRENT CAPABILITIES: Sea Lion Rock in an unmanned target located off the West coast of Washington, approximately 17 RM North of Pacific Beach Washington and 65 RM from Naval Air Station. Whidbey Isiand. Scheduling of Sea Lion Rock is controlled by the Operations Office. Commander Medium Attack Tactical Electronic Warfare Wing. U.S. Pacific ?loot. with at least two and one halt hours advance notice. The rock is located within the confines of B-6707 and within the Olympic MOA. to the East and contiguous with Warning Area, W-237A. Sea Lion Rock to the western-most rock offshore In the area. It to approximately 90 feet long by 30 feet wide. and at high tide It to either submerged or awash. POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES: Towed tarSets: Navy aircraft have used ship towed targets while operating at mea, in the vicinity of surface combatants. Theme targets are pontoon mounted. rI#Id structures. approximately 15 feet Ion$. which are towed 1000 to 1500 loot behind a host ship. Utilization of a towed target In the outer coast of the Pacific Northwest would require a minimum of 30 days advance notice to task a dedicated surface vtoseL. Storinq the target on the outer coast would reduce the time r*qui-red. but a considerable time would still be required. several dave to ov*r a week. to arranSo for a towing craft from the Puget Sound area. for it to transit to the area. and for it to prepare and tow the target. SchedulinS would depend on the availability and operatin* requirements ot surface vessels. The lack of credictabilltv ans flexibility in scheduling a towed target would preclude the use of this alternative as a viable training target and as a weather backup for NTRF BOARDMAN. This need for & readily available alternative to Boardman and a sea based target In a year round requirement. The lack of predictability and reliability in utilizing a towed target precludes its use. even on a seasonal basis. Although conceivably carriers could carry and tow targets. carrier operating requirements, including the launching and recovery of aircraft. preclude this as a reliable training option.' Floating tar4ets: This alternative would require the preparation and mooring of a target barge In the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Washington. within the confints of W-237A. Deep water moorIn$ of & barge would require that it be able to withstand the heavy sees and storms of this area. It would not be feasible to moor such a barge year round an the hazard to navigation and the danger to the environment should the bar#* break free of Its moorage would be too great. Instead & tug would be required to tow the barge to its target location. At least two to three days would be required for the target barge to be towed and moored. The initial and recurring costs would be substantial. At a minimum the estimated costs would entail the following: -Preparation of a target barge $50,000.00 -Installation of Deep Water Mooring $250,000.00 -Environmental documentation $50,000.00 -Towing ($9000 to $10,000 per day) $60.000.00(recur -ring) -TOTAL COST OF A SINGLE MOORAAGE $410.000.00 A moored target is not coonsidered feasible. Besides the considerable cost, the very real possibility that the barge could break free of Its mooring presents an unacceptable risk to navigation and the environment. A moored target vessel used off the, Pacific Missile Test Center. Point Mugu. California. broke free of Its morning became a hazard to navigation, and cost in excess of 3 million dollars to remove from San Miguel Island where it had washed shop. A buoy-sized target has been suggested. but is also not an acceptable alternative. While the costs would be substantially lose. the sin* would render it an unsuitable target. Target location, bombing and bomb scoring would be unworkable. In addition. a successful bomb strike could either sink the target. or break it free of its mooring, presenting a hazard to navigation. Finally, buoys and similar moored and marked objects in navigable waters would be used as a reference point by fisherman. Other target rocks: Based on the Navy's review of the area and discussion with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service representative, no other rocks so ideally suited for a target have been located off the Western Coast of Washington. The location of the rack relative to Naval Air Station, Whidbey Island, its distance from the coast and populated areas and the fact that Sea Lion Rock is not used by marine mammals or sea birds for breeding and nesting. Art factors in combination not characteristic of any other rock in the area. Simulation: A Weapons System Training flight simulator in available for A-6 aircrew training at Naval Air Station. Whidbev Island. Although this simulator is used for basic weapons delivery procedures. It cannot be used for multi-plane, tactical maneuvering or coordinated target timing. Use of computer generated technology will not simulate this actual conditions of bomb carriage and release, such as "G's" and aircraft handling associated with heavy ordnance. The current system is too old to be updated and no now A-6 trainer in planned as the plans itself will be phased out over the next 15 years. In addition flight simulation to only one portion of the training required for aircrew bombing proficiency. To adequately train an aircrew, it is necessary to actually drop bombs from the airplane. Even target simulation in an A-6, if the technology existed in the A-6 which it does not, would fail to train the crew for the real life scenario of dropping bombs on target. Moreover, cockpit bombing simulation in an A-6 would still require a real target, and would not obviate the need for Sea Lion Back. Out of area training and targets: The fundamental need is for a target to be used by Whidbey Island based aircrews. To integrate over the sea bombing training with all other phases of aircrew training, a target within the range of the A-6 must be available. When Whidbey based aircrews are deployed to other areas such as Southern California, they do use the targets available in that operating area. Such training is limited,by the availability of these targets and higher priority Battle Group training commitments that can only by accomplished in these areas. CONCLUSION The Navy must have access to Sea Lion Rock on a continuing basis for over the sea bombing practice. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF TME NAVY (INSTALLATIONS AND ENVIRONMENT- WASHINGTON, D.C. 20260-5000 9 APR 1992 S_/yM?_ Mr. Richard Smith Deputy Director U.S. Fish and wildlife service Department of Interior Washington,.D.C. 20240 Dear Mr. Smith: We were pleased to meet with you on 3 March 1992 to discuss the Department of the Navy's (DoN) use of Sea Lion Rock within Copalis National Wildlife Refuge as an inert bombing target. As explained below, the DoN believes that the public interest is best served by allowing continued us* of Sea Lion rock for training vital to the national defense pursuant to the existing letter of permission from the Secretary of the Interior. The careful studies already conducted do not reveal any significant impact. There is simply no site specific evidence that the DoN activities have materially impaired the purposes of the refuqe. Although we expect that both the DoN and the U.S. Fish and wildlife Service will continue to monitor the situation carefully, we do not believe any change to the existing letter-of permission is required at this time., A DoN review conducted as a result of our meeting concludes that Sea Lion Rock remains an essential training asset because it is the only inert bombing target off the Northwest CIdast available when conditions at land-based targets are unfavorable or when a sea-based target is required. To aircrews, the closer the training approaches the mission requirements under actual conditions, the higher the quality of training. Training requirements for A-6 aircrews include practice weapons deliveries against sea based targets, consisting of coordinated strikes against ships or task groups. Using Sea Lion Rock as a target, aircraft operating in coordination can attack an actual sea based fixed object. Thus, aircrews are able to experience approaching a sea based target and releasing ordnance under ocean wind/weather conditions and water/land contrast. Sea Lion Rock also serves an a land based backup target when Navak Weapons System Training Facility (NWSTF) Boardman is not available, providing a readily accessible target within range of aircraft taking off from Naval Air Station (NAS) Whidbey Island. Z05 %. U NWSTF Boardman is unavailable an average of nine days per month due to weather or other conditions. Sea Lion Rock, as an alternate target, allows aircrews to complete training of a particular evolution within a limited period of time. In times of national crisis when the tempo of deployment training increases and adhering to schedules becomes even more critical, a backup target becomes invaluable. The unique location of Sea Lion Rock along the Northwest Coast permits' ideal bombing practice involving evasion,tactics training because of its proximity to Warning Area W-237A and the Olympic Military Operating Area (MOA). Aircraft can release their inert weapons and, before returning to NAS Whidbey Island, engage in defensive air combat maneuvering critical to survivability. The airspace required for such training is not available at NWSTF Boardman, but is available at Sea Lion Rock within the Olympic MOA. Sea Lion Rock is also ideally situated for aircraft carriers conducting training in the waters off the Northwest Coast. NWSTF Boardman usually is not within range of the embarked aircraft, however, Sea Lion Rock is available within the cyclic flight operations schedule of the aircraft carrier with no requirement for inflight refueling or Federal Aviation Administration interface. The importance of Sea Lion Rock is further enhanced by the homeportinq of the USS NIMITZ in the Pacific Northwest and the likelihood that fleet operations will continue to require a sea based target. Efforts have been made to investigate alternative bombing options, including the use of towed targets, floating targets (barges and buoys), smoke floats, small reflector targets, other target rocks, simulation, and out of area.training and targets. These alternatives are not feasible because of logistics and/or cost constraints. As budget reductions become greater, the cost of maintaining and operating alternate portable targets becomes very important. Sea Lion Rock is part of a diminishing supply of assets available for DoN training. If Sea Lion Rock is given up outright or its use so limited that it is essentially forfeited, the training opportunities it provides will be forever lost. The DoN shares your concerns over protection of the refuge.' We believe, however, that the results of the 1984-85 study conducted by the Washington Department of Game for DoN supports our conclusion that A-6 aircraft operations, conducted according to the operations Plan, do not significantly impact the resources associated with Sea Lion Rock. The DoN will continue to ensure compliance with the Operations Plan and is exploring additional measures to ensure compliance. I have requested that personnel at NAS Whidbey Island meet with representatives of your regional office at their request to discuss these additional measures. The DoN point of contact in Commander J.J. Stonier at 206/257- 2470. We look forward to working together to solve our mutual concerns. Sincerely, JA@QU@ELINE APPZNDIX I: SANCTUARY DESIGNATION PROCEMS I N Sanctuaxy Designation Process 1-1 Sanctuary Development Process FLAW414CIPRELIMINARY DEVELOMILM - Coordinatin w16 L4=L Sale A Fedstal I - - A MINDATION FOR AMON . wakift am 4wk suppod (IML walmook WdO04 %W074601 b"d" baped ftwinn" MW raw a K"""Now pba MUMM"M ran SMWMAW DREIGIUMN CMUMW 4becodw-9 Came&* Bw,,d 2 3 C101160000 -- 001"Mor of A111101011 SWB Mis" a 416re(Condimasso3micinef0wrosew VOMMATMOAUMM -W 414imponess Al- VAwbwdwT0rnw@(Dw*msfi= MEJUINARY $COPING -DmCdbdkm -1comm"misome go i 0 Public Souping Meetings At CWMM bra . infunnod" -PaboW Ahm=dm Abormedwa W*dLbg 0MVP 8 Tergew I" -ActimPleas -AedmPkwas -,OdM&3@MdM A)M r 0) .' -COOP i & - .41PAYPAWAV"Coanwinift :j0,ftPbwA#wft7jbAwPAWw 11111MIAMMATIONOPMANAGEMENTF!" -CoanwaftwhwedudlowwporsadhOPM Find P*k Sao and Fadird Iteriew ANDROGMATIOM L q Coogdiff'," APPENDIX J: FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, TRIBAL AND IN-TERNATIONR AUTHORITIES-APPLICABLE TO THE SANCTUARY AREA I .Federal. Otate, Local. Tribal and International Authorities ARRlicabla to the SanctuaKy Area I J-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION STATE JURISDICTION A. State Statutes 1. Aquatic Lands Act (RCW 79.90) ..................... 2. Clean Air Washington Act (RCW 70.94) .............. 3. Energy Facility Siting Act (RCW 80.50) ............ 4. Environmental Coordination Procedures Act (RCW 90.62) .................... o ....o..... o....... 5. Fisheries Code (RCW 75) ................ o .......... 6. Growth Management Act (RCW 36.70A) ............... 7. Hazardous Waste Management Act (RCW 70.105) ....... 8. Marine Recreation Land Act (RCW 43.99) .... 00..0.0. 9. Noise Control Act (RCW 70.107) .................... 10. Ocean Resources Management Act (RCW 43.143) ....... 11. Oil and Gas Conservation Act (RCW 78.52) .......... 12. Oil and Hazardous Substance Spill Prevention and Response Act (RCW 90.56) .................. o....... 13. Oil Spill Response System - Maritime Commission Act (RCW 88.44) ......................... o ......... 14. Planning Enabling Act (RCW 36.70) .............. o.. 15. Public Lands Act (RCW 79) ......................... 16. Puget Sound Water Quality Management Act (RCW 90.70) ....................................... 17. Seashore Conservation Area law (RCW 43.51.650) .... 18. Shellfish Sanitary Control Act (RCW 69.30)o ....... 19. Shoreline Management Act (RCW 90.58) .............. 20. State Environmental Policy Act (RCW 43.21) ... o .... 21. Water Pollution Control Act (RCW 90.48) ........... 22. Wildlife Code (or Game Code - RCW 77)..o ...... B. Landmark Judicial Decisions 1. United States v. State of Washington (The Boldt Decision on tribal fishing rights), 1974 .............................................. C. Cooperative Agreements 1. Crabber-Towboat Agreement ......................... 2. Timber, Fish, Wildlife Agreement... ............... D. State Agencies and Local Authorities 1. Cities and Counties ............. o................ 2. Department of Agriculture ............ o............ 3. Department of Ecology ............................. 4. Department of Fisheries ........... oo ....o......... 5. Department of Health .............................. 6. Department of Natural Resources ................... 7. Department of Transportation ....... o.............. S. Department of Wildlife ............................ 9. Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council ........... J-3 10. Office of Marine Safety ........................... 11. Parks and Recreation Commission ................... 12. Puget Sound Water Quality Authority ............... III. FEDERAL JURISDICTION A. Federal Statutes 1. Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships ............... 2. Clean Air Act ..................................... 3. Clean Water Act ................................... 4. Coastal Zone Management Act ....................... 5. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ................... 6. Endangered Species Act ............................ 7. Federal Aviation Act .............................. S. Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 ..................... 9. Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ................ 10. Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act.. 11. Marine Mammal Protection Act ...................... 12. Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (Title I) ..................................... 13. Migratory Bird Treaty Act ......................... 14. National Aquaculture Act .......................... 15. National Environmental Policy Act ................. 16. National Historic Preservation Act..; .............. 17. National Park service organic Act ................. 18. National wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 ....................................... 19. Oil Pollution Act ................................. 12. Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act ................. 21. Ports and Waterways Safety Act .................... 22. Rivers and Harbors Act ............................ 23. Submerged Lands Act ............................ ;.- 24. Wilderness Act ...................................... B. Federal Agencies and Authorities 1. Army corps of Engineers ......... oo ........o ....... 2. Coastal States Organization .......... o.......... o. 3. Department of Commerce ............................ 4. Department of Defense ............................. 5. Department of Interior ................ o ........... 6. Department of Transportation ................... - 7. Environmental Protection Agency ................... 8. Federal Aviation Administration- ................. 9. Federal Maritime commission... o ................... 10. National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ... 11. National Park Service .................... o ........ 12. US Coast Guard ..... o 13. US Fish and Wildlife Service ............... o ...... IVo TRIBAL AUTHORITIES A. Makah, Quileute, Hoh, and Quinault Indian Tribes J-4 V. INTERNATIONAL AUTHORITIES A. U.S.-Canada Salmon Interception Treaty ................. B. International Halibut Commission ....................... C. Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management System ........... I. INTRODUCTION Presented below is an overview of various State, Federal, Tribal and international management authorities which have statutory responsibility for protecting marine resources in the Olympic coast National Marine Sanctuary study area. This discussion includes a description of relevant legislative mandates and, in some cases, the administrative measures taken to accomplish them (Some additional information is provided in the FEIS/MP). II. STATE JURISQICTION A. State Statutes 1. The Aquatic Lands Act (ALA, RCW 79.90) provides the policies under which the Department of Natural Resources manages all state-owned aquatic lands, emphasizing a balance of benefits to all state citizens, water-dependent uses, and environmental concerns. ALA establishes the multiple use concept, which provides for several uses, either simultaneously or in planned rotation, on a single tract of aquatic land. The Act governs sales and leases of state aquatic lands, aquaculture, property rights and easements, administration of tidelands and harbor areas, rents and fees, dredge disposal, and archaeological research. 2. The Clean Air Washington Act (CAWA, RCW 70.94) declares that air pollution is the state's most serious environmental problem. The Act establishes a statewide program (1) to prevent the deterioration of air quality in areas with clean air and (2) to return the air quality in other areas to levels that protect human health and the environment. In some respects, CAWA is more stringent than the federal Clean Air Act. A State Air Pollution Control Board and Local Air Pollution Control Authorities are established and, together with the Department of Ecology, are empowered to regulate activities such as outdoor burning (of any kind), industrial emissions, commercial/residential burning, and motor vehicle emissions. This is a broad-ranging act that extends state jurisdiction over such coastal activities as offshore oil production emissions, slash burning in coastal areas, controlled burns of marine oil spills, at-sea incineration, concentrated vessel emissions, coastal industrial emissions, etc. The act also assures protection of scenic, aesthetic, and cultural aspects of the natural environment, including marine vistas, that are threatened by air pollution. J-5 3. The Energy Facility Siting Act (EFSA, RCW 80.50) creates and authorizes-the Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council, a quasi-judicial regulatory body. The council serves as a one-stop agency for permitting major energy facilities within the state. This act would also pertain to energy facilities in the coastal zone and potential discharges from those facilities into the air and marine environments. Legislative policy-states a desire to protect the ecology of state waters and their aquatic life through responsible site planning. 4. The Environmental Coordination Procedures Act (ECPA, RCW 90.62) establishes a procedural option to reduce the burden and confusion associated with multiple environmental permit requirements for certain private or corporate project proposals. It directs the Department of Ecology to develop and administer a "master application" process and, upon applicant request, coordinate all permit requirements for any project affecting the state's air, land or water resources. This, in effect, provides permit applicants the opportunity for one-stop- shopping. The Act also requires DOE and all county governments to establish environmental permit,information centers (EPICs) to provide information to the public regarding federal, state, and local permits which govern the use of natural resources and to assist applicants in the preparation of master.applications. Note: No applicant has filed a master application since the early 1980s because the changing nature of most project proposals complicates and nullifies efforts to coordinate permit procedures. 5. The Fisheries Code (RCW 75) provides management guidelines for food -fish and shellfish and authorizes the Department of Fisheries (WDF) to protect and manage recreational and commercial salt-water fisheries. The Act also authorizes the Department of Fisheries, jointly with the Department of Wildlife (WDW), to administer the Hydraulic Code (RCW 75.20), requiring that construction projects in state waters obtain a permit from either WDF or WDW to ensure protection of fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources of the state. 6. The Grovth Management Act (GMA, RCW 36.70A) mandates coordinated and comprehensive land-use planning by municipalities and counties to provide for future growth and protect air and water quality. one planning goal of the act is to maintain and enhance natural resource-based industries, including fisheries. Each coastal community must include in its comprehensive land use plan provisions for the preservation and conservation of coastal resources and water quality. 7. The Hazardous Waste Management Act (HWMAI RCW 70.105) establishes "a comprehensive state-wide framework for the planning, regulation, control, and management of hazardous waste (to] prevent 1and, air, and water pollution and conserve the J-6 natural, economic, and energy resources of the state-" HWMA grants broad powers of regulation to the Department of Ecology in matters related to hazardous-waste regulation, management and disposal. The Act also gives DOE "preemptive authority" for the siting of hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and incineration facilities. This law affects the 3-mile offshore jurisdiction of the state and regulates any activities that introduce hazardous materials into that area. 8. The Marine Recreation Land Act (MRLA, RCW 43.99) allocates funds from the state marine fuel tax assessment for the acquisition and improvement of marine recreational land and for the preservation and conservation of open space in the coastal zone. 9. The Noise Control Act (NCA, RCW 70.107) authorizes the Department of Ecology to establish maximum permissible noise levels for identified environments "in order to protect against adverse effects of noise on the health, safety and welfare of the people, the value of property, and the quality of environment." DOE can implement performance standards, evaluation criteria, and rules to carry out this chapter. The department can also establish use standards, regulating the time and place of occurrence for an operation that produces noise above specified levels. 10. The Ocean Resources Management Act (ORMA, RCW 43.143) recognizes conflicting use demands in Washington marine waters and directs that "priority shall be given to resource uses and activities that will not adversely impact renewable resources over uses which are likely to have an adverse impact on renewable resources.11 ORMA establishes planning and project review criteria to evaluate uses and activities that adversely impact renewable resources and associated industries in coastal waters. The Act further states that "there is not enough information available to adequately assess the potential adverse effects of oil and gas exploration and production off Washington's coast." In accordance with this finding, it directs the Department of Ecology (DOE) to produce an oil and gas leasing analysis and places a moratorium on the leasing of state marine lands for oil or gas activities until July 1, 1995. At that time the Legislature will decide whether to continue or terminate the moratorium based on the analysis provided by DOE. Other provisions of the Act are codified in the Revised Code of Washington (RCW) as follows: Transport of Petroleum Products - Financial Responsibility (RCW 88.40) prescribes financial responsibility requirements for vessels that transport petroleum products across the waters of the state." Oil cargo vessels exceeding 300 gross tons must provide evidence to the Department of Ecology of financial liability and responsibility for a potential spill in the marine waters of the state. J-7 11. The Oil and Gas Conservation Act (OGCA, RCW 78.52) provides for extensive regulation of oil and gas drilling, production, storage, transportation and refining operations within Washington State. The Act requires preparation of an environmental impact statement (EIS) for any proposed drilling operation through or under any surface waters of the state. The Department of Ecology is directed to review EIS documentation and submit recommendations for approval or denial of drilling permits to the Oil and Gas Conservation Committee. 12. The Oil and Hazardous Substance Spill Prevention and Response Act (RCW 90.56) superceded and consolidated previous legislation concerning oil spill prevention and response. It also expanded state authority over spill prevention and response and granted additional powers to the Department of Ecology to enforce the provisions of this act. The provisions of the Act are codified in the Revised Code of Washington (RCW) as follows: oil and Hazardous Substance Spill Prevention and Response (RCW 90.56) This chapter includes the major themes and core provisions of the original Act. It is based on the Legislature's determination that prevention is the best method to protect the marine environment from oil and hazardous substance spills. In order to establish a comprehensive prevention and response program to protect the state's waters and natural resources from spills of oil, the chapter (a) provides broad powers to the Department of Ecology relating to spill prevention and response; (b) supports and compliments the federal Oil Pollution Act; (c) requires the development, adoption, and execution of a state-wide master spill prevention and contingency plan; (d) requires spill prevention and contingency plans from oil storage and transfer facility operators; (e) provides for state spill response and wildlife rescue planning and implementation; (f) ensures that responsible parties are liable and have the resources and ability to respond to spills and provide compensation for all costs and damages; (g) establishes the Oil Marine Oversight Board as an independent authority to assess adequacy of prevention and contingency planning; and (h) establishes a state oil spill response account. office of Marine Safety .(RCW 43.211) This chapter creates the office of Marine Safety as a state agency to "provide leadership and coordination in identifying and resolving [a] threats to the safety of marine transportation and [b] the impact of marine transportation on the environment." The Office is to serve as a center for expertise in marine transportation issues. Vessel Oil Spill Prevention and Response (RCW 88.46) This chapter assigns specific duties and powers to the Office of Marine Safety (OMS). It directs OMS (a) to establish a state tank vessel inspection program; (b) to establish and enforce standards for tank vessel spill prevention plans; (c) to establish and enforce rules and standards for the preparation of contingency plans concerning the containment and cleanup of oil spills from covered vessels (tank, cargo, and passenger vessels); J-8 (d) to establish and supervise Regional Marine Safety Committees for the purpose of planning for the safe navigation and operation of all vessel traffic in state waters; (e) to develop an emergency response system for the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Pacific Coast; and (f) to define requirements for containment and recovery equipment aboard tanker vessels and at refueling, bunkering, and lightering stations. The chapter abolishes the office of Marine Safety effective July 1, 1997 and transfers all its powers, duties and functions to the Department of Ecology. 13. The Oil Spill Response System - Maritime Commission Act (RCW 88.44) creates the Washington State Maritime commission to prepare comprehensive oil spill response plans for all state waters. The Act also requires the development of a data base from existing information sources of accidents, groundings, near misses, and oil discharges of all cargo and passenger vessels entering state waters and report such information to the Office of Marine Safety. The Commission is granted broad powers to make rules, and enter into contracts to assure a complete response in the first 24 hours following a spill event. The Commission.is also given authority to assess vessels transiting the waters of the state, to collect such assessments, investigate violations, and enforce the provisions of the act. 14. The Planning Enabling Act (PEA, RCW 36.70) enables counties to form planning commissions and counties, cities and others to form regional planning commissions. Comprehensive planning and zoning requirements are established. Among the elements of the comprehensive plan are land use, circulation, conservation, recreation, transportation, and public services and facilities. 15. The Public Lands Act (PLA, RCW 79) authorizes the Commissioner of Public Lands to lease or not lease state-owned lands (including those within 3 miles of shore); the Act sets terms and conditions of leases, provides for conservation areas and natural area preserves, and defines property rights and governmental authority over tidelands and shorelands of the state. Within the Public Lands Title of the Revised Code of Washington (RCW 79) are sections governing oil and gas leases on state lands, natural area preserves, natural resources conservation areas, marine plastic debris, and aquatic lands. 16. The Puget Bound Water Quality Management Act (PSWQMA, RCW 90.70) restructured the Puget Sound Water Quality Authority (PSWQA - originally established in 1983) and directed it to develop and oversee a comprehensive plan for the restoration and protection of the biological health and diversity of Puget Sound waters. The Puget Sound Water Quality Management Plan primarily addresses issues that impact water quality. The scope of planning includes all the waters of Puget Sound north to J-9 the Canadian border, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and, to the extent that they affect water quality in Puget Sound, all waters flowing into the Sound, and adjacent lands. Lead state agencies and local governments are responsible for implementing individual plan components. These existing governmental authorities are required to evaluate and'incorporate applicable provisions of the plan into their policies and activities. The Puget Sound Water Quality Board is responsible for setting goals and policy for the PSWQA. The Board is chaired by the Director of the Department of Ecology. 17. The Seashore Conservation Area law (RCW 43.51.650) declares all Washington Pacific Coast beaches (under state ownership or control) to be a conservation area for public recreation. The law restricts non-recreational uses of Pacific beaches and assigns priority consideration to preserving such areas in a natural condition. Recreation management plans are required for ocean beaches within the conservation area. The law is administered by the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. 18. The Shellfish Sanitary Control Act (RCW 69.30) instructs the State Board of Health to monitor the sanitation of shellfish growing areas, processing facilities and operations and to establish health requirements for the safe harvesting and processing of shellfish. The State Department of Health has authority to enforce the standards established by the Board and issues certificates of approval for all commercial growing, harvesting, and processing operations and facilities. The department has authority to revoke operating permits and close shellfish beds from harvest when it determines that unhealthy conditions exist. 19. The Shoreline Management Act (SMA, RCW 90.58) is administered by the Department of Ecology (DOE) and sta:nds as benchmark legislation for the conservation of marine resources in Washington State. The Act provides a framework and a uniform set of rules to guide planning and management of human activities and development in the coastal zone. SMA emphasizes governmental protection in the management of state-owned aquatic lands, with a preference for long-term over short-term benefits. It applies from the shoreline seaward 3 miles and inland for 200 feet. Detailed zoning, implementation, and enforcement is a local governmental responsibility. Shoreline municipalities and counties develop local master plans that must be reviewed and approved by DOE. These plans are then incorporated into state law as components of the state Coastal Zone Management Plan. The Department of Ecology maintains supervisory authority and monitors permits issued by local governments. In 1983, the SMA was amended to provide DOE with authority for issuing permits for oil or natural gas exploration activities conducted from state marine waters. The SMA is an approved program under the federal J-10 Coastal Zone Management Act and is therefore protected by federal consistency requirements (i.e., no federal activity can violate any provision of an approved shoreline master plan). 20. The State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA, RCW 43.21) requires that an environmental impact statement (EIS) be conducted for any proposed legislation or activity that has a probable, significant adverse impact upon the natural environment. The Act is intended to ensure that government makes informed environmental decisions before issuing approval for any project. It requires government agencies to "utilize a systematic, interdisciplinary approach which will insure the integrated use of the natural and social sciences and the environmental design arts in planning and decision making which may have an impact on (the] environment". The Act is binding on all state agencies and is usually administered and enforced through local governmental permit authorities such as city and county planning departments. 21. The Water Pollution Control Act (WPCA, RCW 90.48) designates the Department of Ecology as lead state agency for implementation of federal Clean Water Act provisions. DOE is given extensive rule-making and enforcement authority to control and prevent the pollution of all surface and underground waters of the state. The Act authorizes the department to (a) regulate various types of discharge (e.g. oil, chlorinated organics, and agricultural runoff); (b) issue waste disposal permits and regulate treatment facilities; (c) delineate and monitor sewage drainage basins; (d) issue water quality protection grants; and (f) regulate forest practices that affect water quality. The department is also authorized to recover damages for the destruction of any natural resource(s) due to violations of the Act. This act, together with the Puget Sound Water Quality Management Act and the federal Clean Water Act, form the basis of a comprehensive Water Quality Program at DOE. 22. The Wildlife Code (Also referred to as the Game Code, RCW 77) is the assimilation of all state laws that directly regulate fresh-water fisheries and upland wildlife resources in the State of Washington. WDW is given paramount responsibility by the Legislature "to preserve, protect, and perpetuate all wildlife species" in the state - both game and non-game. In addition to its primary authority over fresh-water fisheries, WDW regulates all non-game marine invertebrates (e.g. snails and barnacles) and some anadromous fish species. It is also the lead state agency with oversight responsibility for marine mammals. The Wildlife Code regulates fishing; hunting; trapping; transfer, transportation, and importation of game; sale of wildlife; and wild land and wildlife restoration. Section 16.120 of the code authorizes the State Wildlife Commission to extend special protection to individual fish and wildlife species. This section is the basis of authority for the state "Endangeredel and J-11 "Threatened'$ SPOCieg Lists. The Code also regulates tidelands used as public shooting grounds, protects bald eagles, and extends WDW enforcement jurisdiction throughout all marine areas of the state. B. Landmark Judicial Decisions 1. United States v. State of Washington, 1974 (The Boldt Decision, 384 F. Supp. 312, 1974) was a landmark case in the State of Washington concerning the State's ability to condition or limit tribal fishing rights. This is an expansive and complex case. Several important supplemental judgements have been issued since the 1974 decision and, as of February 1993, forty subproceedings of this case were still outstanding. The original suit was filed by the United.States, on its own behalf and as trustee for several Washington native tribes, against the State of Washington and others, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief concerning off-reservation treaty fishing rights. Judge Boldt (Senior District Judge of the US District Court, Western District of Washington) ruled that (1) Washington State has the legal authority to regulate the exercise of native tribes' off-reservation treaty right fishing only to the extent necessary for conservation of fishery resources, (2) any one of the plaintiff tribes was entitled to exercise its governmental powers by regulating the treaty right fishing of its members without any state regulation thereof, provided the tribe had and maintained certain specified qualifications and accepted and abided by certain delineated conditions, and (3) certain Washington statutes and regulations, delineated in the opinion, failed to meet the standards governing their applicability to the native exercise of treaty fishing rights and therefore could not lawfully be applied to restrict members of tribes having such rights from exercising same. A significant result of this case is the guarantee that treaty right fishermen may take up to 50% of the harvestable number of fish at usual and accustomed grounds and stations. (West's Federal Supplement) C. COORerative Agreements 1. The Crabber-Towboat Aqreement, formally termed the "Towboat/Fishing Lane Negotiations," applies to most of the west coast of the United States. Due to mutual interference between West Coast crab fishermen and towboats with tows, a non-binding agreement was reached in 1971 to provide towing lanes for towboats along a major portion of the West Coast. Almost every year since, a meeting has been held to review these towboat lanes; some significant changes have been made. The general agreement is that crab fishermen will not put crab pots in the designated lanes. If they choose to do so, they forfeit the right to complain if tugs and tows destroy their pots. The towboaters agree to stay within the designated lanes, or well outside the fishing areas, as long as weather and ship J-12 safety allow. The facilitator of negotiations publishes and distributes a series of charts delineating the towboat lanes in the affected areas and issues revisions when negotiated changes are made. Regulatory authorities recognize the existence of this voluntary agreement and have elected not to regulate the activity as long as the two industries - fishing and towing - can resolve conflicts through mutual agreement. Prior to 1990, negotiations were led by the Oregon State University Sea Grant Extension Program. In January 1990, the Northwest Towboat Association agreed to organize annual lane negotiation meetings and assume responsibility for chart production and distribution. The costs of the mutual agreement are shared by the towboat and crab fishing industries. 2. The Timber, Fish, and Wildlife Agreement (TFW) of 1987 was a non-binding mediated resource management plan between forest land owners, native tribes, natural resource management agencies, and environmental groups. Following passage of the Forest Practices Act of 1974 (RCW 76.09) by the Washington State Legislature, conflict over timber harvests escalated dramatically. TFW evolved to break the deadlock of litigation and conflict surrounding forest practices on non-federal land in Washington State. It has no formal or legal status, and thus depends on the good faith of the TFW cooperators and the adopted rules. The agreement establishes "interdisciplinary (ID) teams" to assess proposed timber harvest sites on a case-by-case basis to determine the harvest method and conditions that best minimize environmental, ecological, and cultural damage. Teams consist of resource managers, harvesters, biologists, and tribal representatives to develop integrated, balanced plans for each site. The Department of Natural Resources retains final authority for approving all harvest plans but coordinates with the ID teams to work out problems. TFW is designed to resolve such conflicts as clear cutting and over-siltation of rivers and estuaries. The agreement identifies and protects spawning areas, wildlife corridors and other sensitive habitat through land set- asides known as Riparian Management Zones and Upland Management Areas. It also contains a research component to investigate impacts of forest practices on the environment. TFW indirectly affects the marine zone through its impact on anadromous fisheries and through reduction of siltation in estuaries. The TFW Agreement has a stated lifetime of eight years, at which time the parties will assess the effectiveness of the program and decide whether or not to continue the agreement. D. State Agencies and Local Authorities 1. cities and Counties have primary responsibility for administering shorelines master programs and adopting other land use regulations. counties and cities protect marine resources through shoreline development permitting; development of comprehensive growth management plans; and ordinances J-13 regulating zoning, sensitive areas protection, grading and clearing, and drainage. In addition, local governments may use SEPA to protect wetlands and other sensitive areas. 2. Department of Agriculture coordinates aquaculture interests in the state. 3. Department of Ecology is the state's primary environmental agency to manage, protect, and enhance the state's air, land, and water resources. The responsibilities and opportunities for protecting habitat are legislatively mandated as well as delegated by the federal government. DOE administers permit programs under the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. The Department has extensive authority in all matters concerning pollution and hazardous waste in the state and monitors the health and welfare of the state's natural resources. DOE also administers the Shoreline Management Program at the statelevel, conducts environmental research and investigations, and provides expert advice to the Governor and Legislature on environmental matters. 4. Department of Fisheries protects and manages the state's food fish and shellfish resources. Under that general authority, the Department manages major recreational and commercial marine fisheries and protects fishery habitat. WDF reviews all proposed construction plans in coastal waters for impacts to fisheries and fishery habitats and may approve, condition or deny such projects through the Hydraulics Permit program. The Department's Habitat Investigation Division is responsible for the pro-active assessment and protection of marine habitats critical to the marine fish resources of Washington. The Shellfish Program is responsible for management and protection of classified shellfish resources on public lands. WDF has a marine law enforcement division to assure compliance with the provisions of the state fisheries code. 5. Department of Health has authority over shellfish beds, processing, and distribution. The Department monitors shellfish beds for signs of contamination that pose a health risk to the public and has the authority to order closures when unsanitary conditions exist. 6. Department of Natural Resources manages most of the state's marine and upland property holdings. The properties are managed as a public trust. Marine lands are managed for maximum public benefit, while uplands are managed to provide revenue to the state's schools. The state owns approximately 11 square miles of harbor area, 140 square miles of shorelands, and 206 square miles of tidelands. The state also owns the beds of all navigable waters (marine lands below mean lower-low water to three miles offshore, and navigable lakes and rivers). DNR administers aquatic lands under a variety of programs. DKR is J-14 authorized to issue leases, rights of way, and easements. It also may sell resources from aquatic lands. 7. Department of Transportation, Marine Division manages the state's ferry fleet. The director of the Marine Division also serves as chair of the State Board of Pilotage commissioners which prescribes requirements for pilotage and licensing of marine pilots in Washington. S. Department of Wildlife is given paramount responsibility by the Legislature "to preserve, protect, and perpetuate all wildlife species" in Washington State - both game and non-game. The Department has primary authority over fresh- water fisheries, but also regulates all non-game marine invertebrates (e.g. snails and barnacles) and some anadromous fish species. It is also the lead state agency with oversight responsibility for marine mammals and administers a bald eagle protection program. WDW reviews the status of all wildlife species in Washington and selects certain species for special protection under state law by including them on state endangered and threatened species lists. The Department's Habitat Administration Program maintains information bases on upland habitat, stream habitat, and critical habitat areas. WDW, together with the Department of Fisheries, evaluates proposed water-side construction projects for impacts to fisheries habitats and grants, conditions or denies Hydraulics Permits based on its findings. The Department regulates fishing; hunting; trapping; transfer, transportation, and importation of wildlife; sale of wildlife; and wild land and wildlife restoration. 9. Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council includes representatives from 13 state agencies. The Council was created as a one-stop agency for permitting major energy facilities within the state. It is a formal regulatory body which acts as the lead agency for the state EIS process for energy facilities, conducts quasi-judicial reviews of project proposals, and makes formal recommendations for gubernatorial action on these matters. 10. Office of Marine Safety was created by the Legislature to "provide leadership and coordination in identifying and resolving threats to the safety of marine transportation and the impact of marine transportation on the environment." OMS is responsible for developing standards and programs for'oil tank vessel inspection, maritime oil spill prevention and response, and safe transport of oil through Washington waters. The Office is to provide expert analysis of marine transportation issues to the executive and legislative branches of government. 11. Parks and Recreation Commission provides recreation opportunities for Washington citizens, preserves J-15 natural heritage areas and conservation areas, and manages 104 developed park properties. The Commission manages several developed state parks in the coastal area for recreation and preservation and is the managing agency for the seashore conservation area - a recreation zone that protects the Pacific Coast beaches of Washington for public enjoyment. The agency has three divisions - Administrative Services, Operations, and Resources Development - which are responsible for land acquisition, park development, scenic rivers, and environmental protection programs. 12. Puget Bound Water Quality Authority was established by the Legislature to develop and oversee a comprehensive plan for the restoration and protection of the biological health and diversity of Puget Sound waters. The Authority also co-manages the Puget Sound Estuary Plan with the US Environmental Protection Agency. PSWQA's primary mandate is to collect data on the status of the inland waters of Washington, monitor water quality in the Sound and adjacent waters, to prepare a comprehensive plan to address water quality degradation from point source and non-point source emissions, to educate the public about threats to watersheds and the marine environment, and to coordinate with existing state, federal, and tribal authorities to implement and enforce the provisions of the comprehensive management plan for the Puget Sound Basin. The Director of the Department of Ecology chairs the Puget Sound Water Quality Board; however, the Authority maintains a great degree of autonomy III. FEDERAL JURISDICTION A. Federal Statutes Like State authorities, Federal programs vary greatly in approach and scope, ranging from fairly broad-based legislation for resource conservation and environmental protection (e.g., The National Environmental Policy Act and Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act) to regulation of specific activities and resources. 1. The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS, 33 USC � 1901 et p&q.) The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, and the Oil Pollution Act of 1961 have been superseded by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the 1978 Protocol relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78) and implemented by the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, 1980, as amended in 1982, 1987 (APPS). APPS, in implementing Annex I of MARPOL 73/78, regulates the discharge of oil and oily mixtures from seagoing ships, including oil tankers. APPS, in implementing Annex II of MARPOL 73/78, regulates the discharge of noxious liquid substances from seagoing ships. Enforcement of J-16 the Act is the responsibility of the USCG. when more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land, any discharge of oil or oily mixtures into the sea from a ship subject to APPS other than an oil tanker or from machinery space bilges of an oil tanker subject to APPS is prohibited except when: 1) the oil or oily mixture does not originate from cargo pump room bilges; 2) the oil or oily mixture is not mixed with oil cargo residues; 3) the ship is not within a Special Area (the study area is not a Special Area for purposes of APPS); 4) the ship is proceeding en route; 5) the oil content of the effluent without dilution is less than 1000 parts per million (ppm); and 6) the ship has in operation oily-water separating equipment, a bilge monitor, bilge alarm or combination thereof (33 CFR 151.10(a). The restriction on discharges 12 nautical miles or less from the nearest land are more stringent. When within 12 nautical miles of the nearest land, any discharge of oil or oily mixtures into the sea from a ship other than an oil tanker or from machinery space bilges of an oil tanker is prohibited except when: 1) the oil or oily mixture does not originate from cargo pump room bilges; 2) the oil or oily mixture is not mixed with oil cargo residues; 3) the oil content of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15 ppm; 4) the ship has in operation oily-water separating equipment, a bilge monitor, bilge alarm, or combination thereof; and 5) the oily-water separating equipment is equipped with a 15 ppm bilge alarm. NOTE: In the navigable waters of the U.S., the CWA, section 311(b)(3) and 40 CFR 110 govern all discharges of oil and oily mixtures (33 CFR 151.10(b). A tank vessel subject to APPS may not discharge an oily mixture into the sea from a cargo tank, slop tank or cargo pump bilge unless the vessel: 1) is more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest land; 20 is proceeding en route; 3) is discharging at an instantaneous rate of oil content not exceeding 60 liters per nautical mile; 4) is an existing vessel and the total quantity of oil discharged into the sea does not exceed 1/15,000 of the total quantity of the cargo that the discharge formed a par (1/30,000 for new vessels); 5) discharges, with certain exceptions, through the above waterline discharge point; 6) has in operation a cargo monitor and control system that is designed for use with the oily mixture being discharged; and 7) is outside the Special Areas (33 CFR 157.37.) APPS is amended by the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 (MPPRCA), which implements Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 in the U.S. The MPPRCA and implementing regulations at 33 CFR 151.51 to 151.77 apply to U.S. Ships (except warships and ships owned or operated by the U.S.) everywhere, including recreational vessels, and to other ships subject to MARPOL 73/78 while in the navigable waters or the Exclusive Economic Zone of the U.S. They prohibit the discharge of plastic or garbage mixed with plastic into any waters and the discharge of dunnage, lining and packing materials that float within 25 nautical miles of the nearest land. Other unground garbage may be discharged beyond 12 J-17 nautical miles from the nearest land. Other garbage ground to less than one inch may be discharged beyond three nautical miles of the nearest land. Fixed and floating platforms and associated vessels are subject to more stringent restrictions. "Garbage" is defined as all kinds of victual, domestic and operational waste, excluding fresh fish and parts thereof, generated during the normal operations of the ship and liable to the disposed of continuously or periodically except dishwater, graywaters and certain substances (33 CFR 151.05). 2. The Clean Air Act (CAA, 42 USC � 7401 gt geg.) sets general guidelines and minimal air quality standards on a nation'wide basis in order to protect and enhance the quality of the Nation's air resources. States are responsible for developing comprehensive plans for all regions within their boundaries. Thus, as noted above, discharges of air pollutants over Washington State waters are subject to the control of the Washington Air Quality Control Board. Per the CAA Amendments of 1990, section 328(a)(1) of the CAA provides that the Administrator of the EPA, following consultation with the Secretary of the Interior and the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard, "by rule, shall establish requirements to control air pollution from OCS sources located offshore of the States along the Pacific ... Coast ... to attain and maintain Federal and State ambient air quality standards and to comply with part C of title I ... New OCS sources shall comply with such requirements on the date of promulgation.,' 3. The Clean Water Act (CWA, (The Federal Water Pollution Control Act) 33 USC � 1251 et leg.) was passed by Congress to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters. To varying degrees, navigable waters of the United States, the contiguous zone, and the oceans beyond are subject to requirements of the CWA. The CWA's chief mechanism for preventing and reducing water pollution is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Under the NPDES program, a permit is required for the discharge of any pollutant from a point source into the navigable waters of the United States, the waters of the contiguous zone, or ocean waters. Within Washington State waters, EPA has delegated NPDES permitting authority to the Washington Department of Ecology. Indian Tribes, however, attain permits directly from EPA. Since oil and gas development pursuant to Federal lease sales occur beyond State waters, an NPDES permit from EPA is required for discharges associated with this activity. EPA generally grants NPDES permits for offshore oil and gas developments based on published effluent guidelines (40 CFR Part 435). Other conditions beyond these guidelines may, however, be imposed by the Regional Administrator on a case-by-case basis. The CWA prohibits the discharge of oil or hazardous J-18 substances in quantities that may be harmful to the public health or welfare or the environment, including but not limited to fish, shellfish, wildlife, and public and private property, shorelines and beaches into or upon the navigable waters of the U.S., adjoining shorelines, or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone, or in connection with activities under the outer Continental Shelf Lands Act or the Deepwater Port Act of 1974, or which may affect natural resources belonging to, appertaining to, or under the exclusive management authority of the U.S., except, in the case of such discharges into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone or which may affect the above-mentioned natural resources, where permitted under the Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from ships. When harmful discharges do take place, the National Contingency Plan (NCP) for the removal of oil and hazardous substance discharges (40 CFR Part 300), which is designed to minimize the impacts on marine resources takes effect. The USCG, in cooperation with EPA, administers the NCP. The NCP establishes the organizational framework whereby oil and hazardous substance spills are to be cleaned up. To carry out the NCP, regional plans have been established; the USCG has issued such a plan for Federal Region IX which encompasses the study area. Under the plan, Coast Guard personnel are to investigate all reported offshore spills, notify the party responsible (if known) of its obligation to clean up the spill, and supervise the,clean-up operation. The Coast Guard retains final authority over the procedures and equipment used in the cleanup. If the party responsible for the spill does not promptly begin cleanup operations, the Coast Guard may hire private organizations. The CWA also requires that publicly owned sewage treatment works meet effluent limitations based on effluent reductions attainable through the application of secondary treatment by July 1, 1977 (33 USC � 1311(b)(1)). EPA does have authority, however,, to waive the July 1, 1977 deadline for secondary treatment for discharges into marine waters under certain circumstances (33 USC �1311(h)). There are no wastewater effluents currently being discharged into the Olympic Coast Sanctuary study area. However, the Makah Bay Tribe is studying alternatives for discharging effluents from a planned sewage treatment facility located at Makah Bay. Permits from the Army Corps of Engineers, (COE) which are based on EPA guidelines, are required prior to the discharge of dredged or fill materials into navigable waters that lie inside the baseline from which the territorial sea (defined to be three nautical miles of shore) is measured and fill materials into the territorial sea (33 USC � 1344; 40 CFR 230.2). Finally, the CWA requires vessels to comply with marine sanitation regulations issued by EPA and enforced by the USCG (33 USC 1322). J-19 4. The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA, 16 USC � 1451 gt gM.) was designed to protect the environmental integrity of coastal areas by providing for state and local planning and management of human alterations to the coastal zone. The Act requires that federal actions be consistent with approved state coastal management programs. The consistency review provision of the law gives states a powerful tool to influence federal activities that impact state waters and coastal areas (e.g. offshore oil development). The Act is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM), National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The Act uses financial incentives to encourage states to develop coastal zone management plans, then guarantees that all federal activities that directly affect a state's coastal zone will have to be consistent with the federally approved state coastal programs. In 1976, the State of Washington was the first state to have a Coastal Zone Management Plan approved under this Act. 5. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, 42 USC � 9601 et gLeq.), whose principal purpose is the cleanup of hazardous waste sites, consists of four fundamental elements. First, it creates an information-gathering and evaluation system to help Federal and state governments categorize hazardous waste sites and prioritize responses. Second, CERCLA provides Federal authority to respond to releases of hazardous substances. Response actions are carried out pursuant to the National Contingency Plan (NCP). Third, CERCLA establishes a Hazardous Substance Trust Fund to pay for removal and remedial actions and related costs. Finally, CERCLA makes persons responsible for hazardous substance releases liable for costs of removal or remedial action incurred by the Federal or state government; other necessary costs of response incurred by others; damages for injury, destruction or loss of natural resources; and costs of any health assessment or health effects study carried out pursuant to the Act. 6. The Endangered Species Act (ESA, 16 U.S.C. � 1531 gt geg.) provides protection for listed species of animals and plants in both State waters and the waters beyond. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) determine which species need protection and maintain a list of endangered and threatened species. One of the most protective provisions of the Endangered Species Act is the prohibition against takings. The term "take" is defined broadly to mean "harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, collect, or attempt to engage in any such conduct" (16 USC � 1532 (19)). The FWS regulations define the term "harm" to mean an act which actually kills or injures wildlife, including significant habitat modification or degradation where it actually kills or injures wildlife by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, feeding or sheltering. The regulations define the term "harass" to mean "an intentional J-20 or negligent act or omission which creates the likelihood of injury to wildlife by annoying it to such an extent as to significantly disrupt normal behavioral patterns which include, but are not limited to, breeding, feeding or sheltering" (50 CFR 17.3). The ESA also provides for the indirect protection of endangered species and their habitats by establishing a consultation process designed to insure that projects authorized, funded or carried out by Federal agencies are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of endangered or threatened species, or "result in the destruction or adverse modification of habitat of such species which is determined... to be critical" (16 USC �1536). Critical habitat areas for endangered species are designated by the FWS and NMFS. The 1978 amendments to the Act establish a Cabinet level committee authorized to exempt Federal agencies (through an elaborate review process) from compliance with their responsibilities with regard to the jeopardy standard and critical habitat.. Several species of marine mammals found in the study area are listed as endangered or threatened species. These include: 1) sea otter; 2) gray whale; 3) fin whale; 4) right whale; 5) sei whale; 6) blue whale; 7) humpback whale; and 8) sperm whale. Species of birds listed as endangered or threatened found in the study area include: 1) California brown pelican; 2) American peregrin falcon; 3) short tailed albatross; 4) Aleutian Canada goose; 5) American bald eagle. In addition the State of Washington lists the snowy plover as an endangered species, as well as the marbled murrelet. 7. The Federal Aviation Act (49 USC � 1301 et seg.) gives the Secretary of Transportation broad powers to promote air commerce and to regulate the use of navigable airspace to ensure aircraft safety and efficient use of such airspace. In furtherance of the mandate, the FederalAviation Administration, within the Department of Transportation publishes aeronautical charts which provide a variety of information to pilots, including the location of sensitive areas which should be avoided. S. The Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 USC 742a- 742j; 70 Stat. 119 as amended) Public Law 84-1024 initially established the Fish and Wildlife Service under the Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and a Commissioner for Fish and Wildlife. The Service consisted of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and a Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, each having a Director. In 1970, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries was transferred to the Department of Commerce. The Act was amended by P.L. 93-271 to abolish the office of commissioner and establish the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under a Director. Under this Act, the Secretary is authorized to take such steps as may be required for the development, advancement, management, conservation, and protection of fish and wildlife resources J-21 including but not limited to research, development of existing facilities, and acquisition by purchase or exchange of land and water or interest therein. The Act also authorizes the Service to accept gifts of real or personal property for its benefit and use in performing its activities and services. 9. The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (16.U.S.C. � 661 et "e .) authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to, among other things: (1) provide assistance to, and cooperate with, Federal, State, and public or private agencies and organizations in the development, protection, rearing, and stocking of all species of wildlife, resources thereof, and their habitat, in controlling losses of the same from disease or other causes, in minimizing damages from overabundant species, in providing public ... fishing areas, including easements across public lands for access thereto, and in carrying out other measures necessary to effectuate the purposes of this Act; (2) make surveys and investigations of the wildlife of the public domain,'including lands and waters or interests therein acquired or controlled by any agency of the United States'; and (3) accept donations of land and contributions of funds in furtherance of the purposes of this Act. Such areas made available to the Secretary of the Interior pursuant to this Act are administered by the Secretary directly or in pursuant to cooperative agreements in accordance with such rules and regulations for the conservation, maintenance, and management of wildlife, resources thereof, and its habitat thereon, as may be adopted by the Secretary of the Interior and the head of the department or agency exercising primary administration of such areas. 10. The Magnuson Fishery conservation and Management Act (MFCMA, 16 USC � 1801 et gAg.) provides for the conservation and management of all fishery resources between 3 and 200 nm (5.6-370 KM) offshore. The National Marine Fisheries service (NMFS) of the Department of Commerce is charged with establishing guidelines for and approving fishery management plans (FMPs) prepared by regional fishery management councils for selected fisheries. These plans determine the levels of commercial, sport and tribal fishing consistent with achieving and maintaining the optimum yield of each fishery. The waters of the study area are within the jurisdiction of the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC). in addition to non-benthic fishery resources located outside state waters, benthic continental shelf fishery resources located outside state waters such as crabs and sea urchins are also subject to management under the MFCMA. Within Federal waters the MFCMA is enforced by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and NMFS. The Act empowers the Secretary of Commerce to enter into agreements with any State agency for enforcement purposes in State waters. Such an agreement exists between the WDF and NMFS whereby both parties have been deputized to enforce each other's laws. As a J-22 result, PFMC fishery plan enforcement personnel can now enforce State law within 3 nm (5.6 km) and State officers can enforce Federal laws between 3-200 nm (5.6-370 km). 11. The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA, 16 USC � 1361 et ge - A.) provides protection to marine mammals in both state waters and the waters beyond. It is designed to protect all species of marine mammals. As specified in the MMPA, the Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and wildlife Service (FWS), is responsible for the management of polar bears, walrus (a pinniped), northern and southern sea otters, three species of manatees, and dugong; and Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), is responsible for all other marine mammals. The Marine Mammal Commission advises these implementing agencies and sponsors relevant scientific research. The primary management features of the Act include: 1) a moratorium on "taking" of marine mammals; 2) the development of a management approach designed to achieve an "optimum sustainable population" (OSP) for all species or population stocks of marine mammals; and 3) protection of populations determined to be "depleted." MMPA defines "take" broadly to include "harass, hunt, capture, or kill, or attempt to harass, hunt, capture, or kill any marine mammal" (16 USC � 1362(12)). The term "harass" has been interpreted to encompass acts unintentionally adversely affecting marine mammals, such as operation of motor boats in waters in which these animals are found. The MMPA allows certain exceptions to the moratorium. First, the Secretary may issue permits for public display or scientific research. second, the Secretary may grant exemptions for takes of small numbers of marine mammals incidental to their lawful activities. Third, the Secretary may make a special waiver of the moratorium on taking for particular species of populations of marine mammals provided that the species or population being considered is at or above its determined optimum sustainable population. No such waiver, however, has been granted concerning any marine mammal found in the area under consideration. marine mammal species whose population is determined to be depleted receive additional protection. Under only limited circumstances may permits be issued for the taking of any marine mammal determined to be depleted, including but not limited to scientific research and enhancing the survival or recovery of a species or stock of depleted species. Marine mammals listed on the Federal threatened and endangered list include grey, right, fin, sei, blue, humpback, and sperm whales, and the northern (Stellar) sea lion. The 1988 amendments to the MMPA added requirements that observers be carried aboard commercial fishing vessels to determine levels of incidental take of marine mammals. Commercial fishing activities are divided into categories on the basis of gear-type and associated levels of potential incidental take of marine mammals. For example, Category 1 vessels such as gillnetters may have to carry an observer if requested by NMFS J-23 and the Secretary of Commerce may place observers on vessels in Categories 2 and 3 with the consent of the vessel owner. This observerprogram has been in operation since early 1990 and although the authority for its management is with the NMFS the day-to-day operational management may be delegated to state and local authorities. 12. The marine Protections Research, and Sanctuaries Act (Title 1) (MPRSA, 16 USC 1431 � it gM.), also known as the Dumping Act, prohibits 1) any person from transporting, without a permit, from the US any material for the purpose of dumping it into ocean waters (defined to mean those waters of the ocean seas lying seaward of the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured) and 2) in the case of a vessel or aircraft registered in the US or flying the US flag or in the case of a US agency, any person from transporting, without a permit, from any location any material for the purpose of dumping it into ocean waters. Title I also prohibits any person from dumping, without a permit, into the territorial sea or the contiguous zone extending 12 nautical miles seaward from the baseline of the territorial sea to the extent that it may affect the territorial sea or the territory of the US, any material transported from a'location outside of the US. EPA regulates, through the issuance of permits, the transportation for the purpose of dumping, and the dumping of all materials except dredged material; COE regulates the transportation, for the purpose of dumping, of dredged material. The COE permits are subject to EPA review and approval. Title I also makes it unlawful for any person to dump into ocean waters, or to transport for the purposes of dumping into ocean waters, sewage sludge or industrial waste. 13. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA, 16 USC � 703 et sea.) The essential provision of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, which implements conventions with Great Britain, Mexico, the USSR, and Japan, makes it unlawful, except as permitted by regulations, "to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill ... any migratory bird, any part, nest or egg" or any product of any such bird protected by the Convention (16 USC � 703). The Secretary of the Interior is charged with determining when, and to what extent, if at all, and by what means to permit these activities. Each treaty establishes a "closed season" during which no hunting is permitted. A distinction is made between game and nongame birds. The closed season for migratory birds other than game birds is year-round. The game birds found in the study area are ducks, geese, mergansers, and brants. As specifically permitted by the Act, the Washington Department of Wildlife has supplemented this authority with its own regulations (see Fish and Game Code Discussion above). 14. The National Aquaculture Act (16 USC � 2801 et geq.), as amended, encourages the development of aquaculture in- the US by 1) declaring a national aquaculture policy, 2) J-24 establishing and implementing a national aquaculture development plan, 3) directing the Department of Agriculture to act as the lead federal agency for promoting and assisting aquaculture development in the public and private sectors of the economy, and 4) establishing a National Aquaculture Information Center within the Department of Agriculture. The Act primarily instructs USDA to collect information through various means on the status and needs of the aquaculture industry in the US and prepare recommendations to the Congress on actions necessary for the growth and expansion of this industry. 15. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA, 42 USC � 4321 et se .) was.enacted "to ensure that environmental considerations are considered and weighed appropriately in government planning, policy making, and action." NEPA directs federal agencies to use an interdisciplinary approach in making decisions that may have an impact on the environment. In proposing a major federal action that significantly affects environmental quality, a federal agency must consult with other federal agencies that have jurisdiction over any environmental aspect of the proposed action. The agency must prepare a detailed Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) describing the anticipated effects of the proposed action, any adverse environmental effects that cannot be avoided, and alternatives to the proposed action. The EIS must discuss the relationship between local short-term uses of the environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity. It must also describe any irreversible and irretrievable resource commitments that the proposed action would entail. One of the Act's most important features is that it provides substantial opportunities for the public to review and comment on actions by federal agencies that have significant environmental impacts. Federal agencies are required to circulate NEPA documents for review and comment to federal, state, and local environmental agencies as well as to the President, the council on Environmental Quality, and the public. In addition, federal agencies are required to hold public hearings in the affected area to receive public testimony, and formally respond to all comments received on EISs. 16. The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA1 16 USC S 470 et se .) authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to maintain a National Register of "districts, sites,, buildings, structures, and objects significant in American history, architecture, archeology, and culture." Sites have been listed on the National Register which include or are composed entirely of ocean waters and submerged lands within state waters or on the Outer Continental Shelf. Any federal agency conducting, licensing, or assisting an undertaking which may affect a property listed or eligible for listing on the National Register must prior to the action take into account the effect of the undertaking on the property and J-25 provide the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation a reasonable opportunity.to comment on the proposed action (16 USC � 470f). The Basic criteria applied by the Council is whether the undertaking will change the quality of the site's historic, architectural, archeological, or cultural character (36 CFR Part 800). 17. The National Park Service Organic Act of 1916 (16 USC �� 1, 2-4) established the National Park'Service within the Department of Interior to "promote and regulate the use of the federal areas known as national parks, monuments, and reservations." The Act states that the purpose of national parks is to "conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." The Olympic National Park was established and placed under the governance of this act by a legislative amendment of 1938. 18. The National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 (16 USC �� 668dd-668ee; 80 Stat. 927, as amended) Public Law 89-669 defines the National Wildlife Refuge System as including wildlife refuge s, areas for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife which are threatened with extinction, wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas. The Secretary is authorized to permit any use of an area provided such use is compatible with the *major purposes for which such area was established. The purchase consideration for rights-of-way go into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund for the acquisition of lands. By regulation, up to 40 percent of an area acquired for a migratory bird sanctuary may be opened to migratory bird hunting unless the Secretary finds that the taking of any species of migratory game birds in more than 40 percent of such area would be beneficial to the species. The Act requires an Act of Congress for the divestiture of lands in the system, except (1) lands acquired with migratory bird funds may be divested upon approval of the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission; and (2) any lands can be removed from the system by land exchange, or if brought into the system by a cooperative agreement then pursuant to the terms of the agreement. 19. The oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA, P.L. 101-380, .33 USC � 2701 et m-e-q.) creates a comprehensive prevention, response, liability, and compensation regime for dealing with vessel and facility-based oil pollution. The OPA provides for environmental safeguards in oil transportation greater than those existing before its passage by: setting new standards for vessel construction, crew licensing, and manning; providing for better contingency planning; enhancing Federal response capability; broadening enforcement authority; increasing penalties; and authorizing multi-agency research and development. A one billion J-26 dollar trust fund is available to cover clean-up costs and damages not compensated by the spiller. Title I creates a liability and compensation regime for vessel and facility-source oil pollution. Any party responsible for the discharge, or the substantial threat of discharge, of oil into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines or the Exclusive Economic Zone is liable for the removal costs and damages, including assessment costs; for injury, destruction, loss or loss of use of natural resources, injury to, or economic losses resulting from destruction or real or personal property; subsistence use of natural resources, net lost government revenues, lost profits or impairment of earning capacity; and net costs of providing increased or additional public services during or after removal activities. NOAA has the responsibility for promulgating damage assessment regulations and following the regulations will create a rebuttable presumption in favor of a given assessment. Sums recovered by a trustee for natural resource damages will be retained in a revolving trust account to reimburse or pay costs incurred by the trustee with respect to those resources. Title II makes numerous amendments to conform other Federal statutes, particularly section 311 of the Clean Water Act, to the provisions of the Oil Pollution Act. Title III encourages the establishment of an international inventory of spill removal equipment and personnel. Title IV is divided into three subtitles: A) Prevention; B) Removal; and C) Penalties and Miscellaneous. Subtitle A gives added responsibility to the Coast Guard regarding merchant marine personnel, including the review of alcohol and drug abuse and review of criminal records prior to issuance and renewal of documentation. It also amends the Ports and Waterways Safety Act to: require the Coast Guard to "require appropriate vessels which operate in an area of a vessel traffic service to utilize or comply with that service," and 2) authorize the construction, improvement, and expansion of vessel traffic services. Further, Subtitle A establishes double hull requirements for tank vessels. Most tank vessels over 5,000 gross tons will be required to have double hulls by 2010, while vessels under 5,000 gross tons will be required to have a double hull or double containment systems by 2015. All newly constructed tankers must contain a double hull (or double containment systems if under 5,000 gross tons), while existing vessels are phased out over a period of years. Subtitle B amends subsection 311(c) of the Clean Water Act, requiring the Federal Government to ensure effective and immediate removal of a discharge, and mitigation or prevention of a substantial threat of a discharge, of oil or a hazardous substance into or on the navigable waters, on the adjoining shorelines, into or on the waters of the Exclusive Economic Zone, or that may affect natural resources belonging to, appertaining to, or under the exclusive management authority of the U.S. it also requires a revision and republication of the National J-27 Contingency Plan within one ye ar which will include, among other things, a Fish and Wildlife response plan developed in consultation with NOAA and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Nothing in Subtitle B preempts the rights of States to require stricter standards for removal action. Subtitle C alters and increases civil and administrative penalties for illegal discharges and violations of regulations promulgated under the Clean Water Act. Title VII authorizes an oil pollution research and technology development program, including the establishment of an interagency coordinating committee that is chaired by Department of Transportation and composed of representatives from the Departments of Energy, the Interior, Transportation, Commerce (including NOAA), and Defense, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, as well as such other Federal agencies as the President may designate. Title IX amends the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund and increases from $500 million to $1 billion the amount that can be spent on any single oil spill incident, of which no more than $500 million may be spent on natural resource damage, assessments and claims.' 20. The outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA, 14 USC � 1331 et sea.), as amended in 1978 and 1985, establishes federal jurlseiction over the mineral resources of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) beyond 3 nm (5.6 km) of shore and gives the Secretary of Interior primary responsibility for managing OCS mineral exploration and development. The Secretary's responsibility has been delegated to the Minerals Management Service (MMS). MMS is charged with supervising OCS oil operations, including approval of exploration, development and production plans and applications for pipeline rights of way on the OCS. Lessees are required to include in exploration, development and production plans specific information concerning emissions and their potential impacts on coastal areas. Such authority includes the enforcement of regulations made pursuant to the OCSIA (30 CFR Parts 250 and 256) and the enforcement of stipulations applicable to particular leases. In unique or special areas, the,MMS may impose special lease stipulations designed to protect specific geological and biological phenomena. These stipulations may vary among lease- sale tracts and sales. In addition to DOI, both the Army Corps of Engineers (COE) and the US Coast Guard (USCG) have responsibility over OCS mineral development to the extent that such development affects navigation (43 USC 1333). COE is responsible for ensuring, through a permit system, that OCS structures,-including pipelines, platforms, drill ships and semi-submersibles do not obstruct navigation. USCG assures that structures on the OCS are properly marked and that safe working conditions are maintained J-28 onboard. 21. The Ports and Waterways Safety Act (PWSA, 33 USC � 1231 et sea.) as amended by the Port and Tanker Safety Act of 1978 (and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990), is designed to promote navigation and vessel safety and the protection of the marine environment. The PWSA applies both in state waters and the waters beyond out to 200 nautical miles. The PWSA authorizes the U.S. Coast Guard to construct, operate, maintain, improve or expand vessel traffic services and control vessel traffic in ports, harbors, and other waters subject to congested vessel traffic. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 amends the PWSA to mandate that the USCG "require appropriate vessels which operate in the area of a vessel traffic service to utilize or comply with that service." The USCG, in conjunction with the Canadian Coast Guard operates a Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) and a Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) in the Strait of Juan de Fuca to service the tankers, barges, fishing vessels and ferries. In addition to vessel traffic control, the USCG regulates other navigational and shipping activities. It has promulgated numerous regulations relating to vessel design, construction, and operation designed to minimize the likelihood of an accident and reduce vessel source pollution. The 1978 amendments of the PWSA establish a comprehensive program for regulating the design, construction, operation, equipping, and banning of all tankers using U.S. ports to transfer oil and hazardous materials. These requirements are, for the most part, in agreement with protocols (passed in 1978) to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and the International Convention on Safety of life at Sea, 1974. The USCG is also vested with the primary responsibility for maintaining boater safety, including the tasks of conducting routine vessel inspections and coordinating rescue operations. 22. The Rivers and Harbors Act (33 USC � 401 et S&q.) prohibits the unauthorized obstruction of navigable waters of the- United States. The construction of any structure or any .excavation or fill activity in the navigable waters of the U.S. is prohibited without a permit from the COE. Section 13 (33 USC � 407) prohibits the discharge of refuse into navigable waters of the U.S., but has been largely superseded by the CWA, discussed above. 23. The Submerged Lands Act (SLA, 43 USC � 1301 et sea.) distributes between the states and the federal government title to offshore lands and natural resources (including minerals and all living resources). The Act grants to the states title and ownership of the seabed from the coastline to 3 geographical miles (nautical miles) offshore in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and to 3 marine leagues (approximately 10 miles) in the J-29 * Gulf of Mexico. States thus have "the right and power to manage, administer, lease, develop and use the said lands and natural resources all in accordance with applicable state law... The federal government retains the constitutional right "to regulate or improve navigation, (and] to provide for flood control or the production of power... 11 within state waters. 24. The Wilderness Act of 1964 (16 USC �� 1131-1136; 78 Stat. 890) directs the Secretary of the Interior to review, within ten years every roadless area of 5,000 acres or more and every roadless island regardless of size within the National Wildlife Refuge System and to recommend to the President the suitability of each such area for formal preservation under a special act of Congress. The Wilderness Act stipulates that management of designated areas should be such as to "leave them unimpaired for future use and enjoyment as wilderness, and so as to provide for the protection of these areas .... 11 To this end, the Act generally prohibits any construction of roads or facilities, logging, any use of motorized vehicles, motorized equipment or motorboats. The Act also provided for termination within designated Wilderness areas of any new entry under the Mining Law of 1872 after December 31, 1983, although valid mineral rights existing as of that date are maintained. The Act's definition states, in Part that "A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." Further, the definition lists as one of an area's attributes that it "has outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation." Wilderness is the most protective form of designation that can be applied to Federal resource lands, given the prohibitions spelled out in the authorizing Act.(Siehl, George. 1991. "Natural Resourbe Issues in National Defense Programs. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. The Library of Congress.) B. Federal Agencies and Authorities 1. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) must approve any plans for development within navigable waters of the United States. This authority was granted by the Rivers.and Harbors Act of 1899 and was primarily intended to assure efficient and safe commerce through the nation's waters. The review process now involves socio-economic and environmental impact reviews. The Corps thus has authority over such activities as dredging, ocean dumping, offshore oil platform installation, breakwater construction, marina construction, harbor development, marine outfall installation, etc. 2. Coastal States organization (CSO) promotes the J-30 interests of 35 coastal state and territorial governors in United States coastal affairs. 3. Department of Commerce (DOC) regulates international maritime trade through the sanctuary area. However, the Department's most direct influence in the marine sector is through the activities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA conducts oceanic and atmospheric research and monitoring on.behalf of the federal government, charts the nation's coastal waterways, operates the National Weather Service, manages fishery resources within the nation's 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), provides expertise in marine pollution prevention and clean-up, administers the federal Coastal Zone Management Program, and enforces marine mammal and fishery protection laws. The National Marine Fishery Service (NMFS) is the branch of NOAA responsible for enforcing US fishery regulations and tracking the health and population status of commercial fishery stocks. NMFS also inspects seafood products and processing facilities for compliance with health standards and enforces the Marine Mammal Protection Act. 4. Department of Defense (DOD) conducts on-going activities in the sanctuary area - primarily surface and air military exercises. Some testing and underwater research is also conducted in the area. DOD is exempt from certain regulatory requirements due to national security reasons. 5. Department of the Interior (DOI) manages for the federal government a significant amount of tidelands and coastal uplands abutting the eastern sanctuary boundary. The National Park Service manages federal coastal lands on the western Olympic Peninsula and the US Fish and Wildlife Service manages all coastal islands and rocks in the area. 'The Department has complete police power over the lands of the Olympic National Park and the Washington Islands National Wildlife Refuge. In addition to the above lands, the Department manages all submerged lands and mineral resources from 3 nautical miles offshore to the edge of the continental shelf. The Minerals Management Service has authority to lease federal offshore tracts for oil exploration and development; however, the 1992 reauthorization of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act permanently banned all oil extraction activities within the final boundaries of the sanctuary. 6. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulates occupational safety and health on commercial offshore structures. Through the US Coast Guard, it responds to maritime emergencies, inspects vessels, recommends shipping lanes and "areas to be avoided" to the International Maritime organization, and officiates as on-scene coordinator for oil spills at sea. The Coast Guard regulates and administers vessel licensing, maintains J-31 aids to navigation, conducts maritime law enforcement, and provides coastal defense to the nation. The Coast Guard has broad authority to enforce many laws within the marine environment, including wildlife protection. 7. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for the control and abatement of pollution in the categories of air, water, solid waste, pesticides, radiation, and toxic substances. The Agency uses a variety of research, monitoring, regulatory and enforcement activities to carry out, its mission. It has direct regulatory authority nationwide for many aspects of waste treatment and disposal. EPA is the lead federal agency for implementing and enforcing the provisions of the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. The Agency has authority over offshore dredge disposal, marine sewage outfalls, point source effluent discharges, air pollution in nearshore areas, and hazardous spills on land in the coastal zone. 8. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has authority over commercial and civil aviation matters in the sandtuary area and regulates such factors as minimum flight altitude and landing areas. 9. Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) regulates the waterborne foreign and domestic offshore commerce of the United States, assures that United States international trade is open to all nations on fair and equitable terms, and protects against unauthorized, concerted activity in the waterborne commerce of the United States. This is accomplished by maintaining surveillance over steamship conferences and common carriers by water; assuring that only the rates on file with the Commission are charged; reviewing agreements between persons subject to the Shipping Act of 1984 and-the Shipping Act of 1916; guaranteeing equal treatment to shippers, carriers, and other persons subject to the shipping statutes; and assuring that adequate levels of financial responsibility are maintained for indemnification of passengers. 10. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) See Department of Commerce. 11. National Park Service (NPS) See Department of Interior. 12. US Coast Guard (USCG) See Department of Transportation. 13. US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) See Department of Interior. J-32 ,IV. TRIBAL AUTHORITIES A. Treaty of Neah Bay and the Treaty of Olympia (1855) The Stevens Treaties of 1855 include the Treaty of Neah Bay (January 31, 1855. 12 Stat. 939) with the Makah Indians and the Treaty of Olympia (July 1, 1855. 12 Stat. 971) whose signatories include the Quinault, Quileute and Hoh Tribes. These treaties secure for these coastal Indian tribes the right to fish and hunt in their usual and accustomed fishing grounds. The Treaty of Neah Bay included the guaranteed right of the Makah to hunt and collect whales in their usual and accustomed harvesting areas. The Treaties also secure access to Tribal lands for Treaty Tribes. The usual and accustomed fishing areas were delineated by the Boldt Decision in 1974 which concluded that indian tribes of Puget Sound and coastal Washington have the right to an opportunity to take up to 50 percent of the total number of harvestable salmonids, as well as the right to regulate their own fishers (United States v. Washington, 384 F. Supp. 312, 1974). All of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary waters are designated as Usual and Accustomed Fishing areas. Aboriginal and treaty-secured rights can only be abrogated if there is clear evidence that Congress actually considered both the conflict between its intended action and Indian treaty rights and chose to resolve the conflict by abrogating the treaty. Regulations which restrict the exercise of treaty-secured hunting and fishing rights are lawful only if they are "reasonable and necessary" to "prevent demonstrable harm" to a harvested species or stock (United States v. Washington, 384 F. Supp. 312,342, 415 (W.D.Wash. 1974) aff1d, 520 F.2d 676 (9th Cir. 1975) and are the least restrictive alternative for achieving this purpose (United States v. WAshington, 384 F. Supp. at 342. V. INTERNA.TIONAL AUTHORITIES A. Tne U.S.-Canada Pacific Salmon InterceRtion Treaty (Pacific Salmon Treaty) The Pacific Salmon Treaty was signed on January 28, 1985 to provide a means to manage, conserve and rebuild stocks of the five species of salmon that inhabit coastal waters of Oregon, Washington, Alaska and Canada. The primary purpose of the Treaty is to equitably address the problem of "interceptions" -- that is, the harvest of one country's salmon by foreign fishermen. The Treaty requires the U.S. and Canada to prevent overfishing and to provide for optimum production while ensuring that each country receives compensation equal to the salmon originating in its waters. The Treaty does not affect or modify existing aboriginal rights established by treaty or Federal law. J-33 The Treaty established the Pacific Salmon Commission as its decision-making body. Implementing the Treaty involves international rules, numerous parties and several competing interests. The Commission deals with five species of salmon, three major commercial gear groups, plus sport and Indian fishermen. In addition, the commission deals with four governments and various Indian tribes with a treaty right to a share of the harvestable fish passing their traditional fishing grounds. The Commission itself does not regulate the salmon fisheries, but provides regulatory advice and recommendations to the two countries. Pursuant to the Treaty, each party is required to conduct joint research on migratory and exploitation patterns and extent of interceptions. Further, the parties must share data on proposed enhancement programs. B. The 1979 Protocol to the Halibut Convention of 1953 The International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC), formerly the International Fisheries Commission (IFC), was established in 1923 by a Convention between Canada and the United States for the preservation of the Pacific halibut fishery of the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. The Commission's authority was gradually expanded and revised by successive Conventions: namely the 1930, 1937, and 1953 Conventions. The 1953 Convention.was amended by the Protocol of 1979. In the spring of 1982, the United States passed the necessary legislation to give effect to the 1979 protocol and to repeal the previous enabling legislation; the amended Northern Pacific Halibut Act of 1937. The Halibut Convention requires that the Commission allocate halibut between U.S. and Canadian fisheries, but in not explicit on domestic allocation. The Commission assumed limited allocative responsibility, but made allocative decisions only. after consulting with representatives of the national governments. In 1987, the U.S. National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration determined that regional fishery management councils should undertake allocating halibut among various domestic user groups. The Commissions jurisdiction is divided into statistical areas or units delineated by lines spaced 60 nautical miles apart. The Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary lies in subarea 2A. Allocation recommendations for area 2A are made to the Secretary of Commerce by the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) for treaty Indian fisheries and non-treaty sport -and commercial fisheries. Representatives of the tribes, the states of Washington and Oregon, the U.S. government, and the IPHC participate in work groups to develop recommendations to the council. council recommendations pass through the IPHC for approval. (Trumble, Robert et. al. 1991. "Evaluation of Pacific Halibut Management for Regulatory Area 2A).11 Scientific Report No. 74. International Pacific Halibut Commission, Seattle Washington). J-34 C. Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management System (CVTMS) The Cooperative Vessel Traffic Management System (CVTMS) is a maritime traffic control program jointly managed and operated by the United States and Canada in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and San Juan Island areas. The system is designed to enhance safe and expeditious vessel traffic movement, to prevent groundings and collisions, and to minimize risk of property damage and pollution to the marine environment. It is operated by the US Coast Guard and the Canadian Coast Guard. Vessel Traffic Management Centers of the CVTMS monitor ship movements using radar and radio equipment and issue directions and warnings to control and supervise traffic. The CVTMS area is divided into zones, each of which is administered solely by the United States or Canada. The appropriate Vessel Traffic Management Center administers, within its zone, the regulations issued by both nations. Each set of regulations applies only to the waters over which the issuing nation has jurisdiction and each nation will enforce only its own set of regulations. The United States regulations (33 CFR 161.200-.266) apply in the CVTMS area to 1) each vessel of 30 meters or more in length and 2) each vessel that is engaged in towing alongside or astern, or in pushing ahead, one or more vessels or objects, other than fishing gear (where the combined length of the vessel and tow exceeds 44 meters, or the vessel or tow individually exceeds 19 meters). Participation with CVTMS is mandatory for most vessels. A critical component of the system is the joint designation by US and Canadian authorities of a vessel traffic separation scheme to route inbound and outbound traffic. The vessel traffic lanes are printed on both US and Canadian navigational charts. The Vessel Traffic Management Centers can thus issue instructions to keep traffic within the appropriate lanes and reduce congestion and the risk of collision. The CVTMS - through its use of regulation, vessel surveillance, traffic control, and separation lanes - has been quite successful in averting collisions and groundings. It also contributes valuable assistance during emergency and search-and- rescue operations. J-35 APPENRIX K: MEMORAMUM OF UNDERSTAMING BETWEEN ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR FISHERIES AND ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR OCEAN SZRVICES AND COASTAL ZONE MRNAGEMENT CONCERNING THE NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY PROGRAM Memorandum of Understanding between Assistant Administrator for Fisheries and Assistant Administrator for Ocean Services au4 Coastal Zone Xanagement Concerning tho National Marine SauctuaKy Proar Memorandum of Understanding between Assistant Administrator for Fisheries and Assistant Administrator for Ocean services and Coastal Zone Management Concerning the National Marine Sanctuary Program January 1992 William W. Fox, Jr. John J. Carey Assistant Administrator for Assistant Administrator Fisheries for Ocean Services and Coastal Zone Management AN AGREEMENT INTRODUCTION The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the National Ocean Service (NOS) play important roles in the conservation of the Nation's living marine resources. The National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) , administered by the Sanctuaries and Reserves Division (SRD) of NOS, seeks to identify and conserve areas of the marine environment of special national significance due to their resource or human-use values through coordinated management, research, and monitoring of these areas. NMFS conducts research on living marine resources and their habitats, seeks to protect marine habitats, and manages fisheries in federal waters in collaboration with eight Regional Fishery Management Councils ("Councils"). NMFS and NOS hereby agree to a process by which they can collaborate in achieving the goals and objectives of Title III of the Marine Protection,, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) , the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MFCMA), the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), the Endangered species Act (ESA), and the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA). A. NOS ROLE In order to facilitate NMFS assistancel NOS agrees to do the following in administering the National Marine Sanctuary Program: 1) Notify and provide NMFS with the opportunity to comment and/or concur at the following stages of the sanctuary designation process: a) review of the Site Evaluation List (SEL) b) selection of sites for elevation to Active Candidate status; C) development of draft and final environmental impact statements and management plans, particularly with respect to the following elements of these documents: i) consideration of present and potential activities affecting sanctuary resources; ii) evaluation of the adequacy of existing management authorities; iii) evaluation of the manageability of the area and enforceability of managment measures; iv) assessment of the negative impact of management restrictions; V) preparation of the resource assessment report; vi) estimation of enforcement costs. 2) Cooperate with NMFS in the consideration of fishing regulations in proposed national marine sanctuaries by doing the following: a) Before elevation of a site to Active Candidate status, consult with NMFS regarding the living marine resources, management measures, and living marine resource issues in the sanctuary study area; b) Upon elevation of a site to Active Candidate status, request NMFS assistance in briefing the relevant Fishery Management Council(s) regarding the site and the need for fishing regulations at the earliest opportunity and on a continuing basis as required; C) Request NMFS participation in discussions regarding living marine resource and habitat issues with the site and request that NMFS secure the participation of appropriate representation by the relevant Fishery Management Council (s) ; d) Provide a reasonable opportunity for comment and seek NMFS concurrence in recommendations to the Secretary regarding findings, determinations, and preparation of regulations as described in 16 U.S.C. 1434(a) (5). 3) Cooperate with NMFS in the consideration of management measures for species protected by the MMPA and/or the ESA ("protected species") in proposed national marine sanctuaries by doing the following: a) Before elevation of a site to Active Candidate status, consult with NMFS regarding protected species, existing management measures, and protected species issues in the sanctuary study area; b) Upon elevation of a site to Active Candidate status, seek NMFS concurrence in proposing sanctuary management measures for protected species; C) Request NMFS participation in discussions on protected species and habitat issues in the site; d) Provide a reasonable opportunity for comment and seek concurrence from NMFS on Secretarial decisions to list activities as subject to sanctuary regulation that may also be subject to regulation under the PIMPA and/or ESA. NOS will cooperate and seek concurrence from NMFS in the preparation of any regulations pertaining to 2 such activities. 4) In implementing sanctuary management plans, NOS will do the following: a) Cooperate with NMFS in the preparation of emergency response and contingency plans for national marine sanctuaries as these plans affect living marine resources and habitats of particular concern to species managed under the MFCMA, MMPA and ESA; b) Cooperate with NMFS in the evaluation of management measures in existing national marine sanctuaries in relation to the management of living marine resources under the MFCMA, MMPA and ESA; C) Cooperate with NMFS regarding amendments to the lists of species under the ESA; d) Review applications for permits issued under the MMPA or ESA for activities that may also be subject to prohibitions in national marine sanctuaries; e) Grant, condition, or deny permission for proposed activities in national marine sanctuaries under the MPRSA in coordination with NMFS denial, conditioning, or granting of requested permits under the authority of the MMPA or ESA. 5) NMFS concurrence or disagreement with NOS recommendations to the Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere described in A (2) (d) and A (3) (d) shall be noted in corresponding memoranda by the Assistant Administrator for Fisheries. 6) The NOS transmittal memorandum shall attach any NMFS concurrence or disagreement provided in accordance with section 5 above. NOS shall indicate on the transmittal memorandum a) the amount of time afforded to NMFS for review and response, and b) where disagreement is indicated, reference to an attached statement of the reasons therefor as provided by NMFS. 7) NOS will cooperate with NMFS in insuring that recovery plans for species listed under the Endangered Species Act. conservation plans under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, fishery management plans, and sanctuary management plans are mutually supportive to the greatest extent possible. 3 B. NMFS ROLE In carrying out its role, NMFS agrees to do the following:- 1) Cooperate with and provide information and recommendations to NOS at the stages of the sanctuary designation process identified in item A(l). 2) Cooperate with NOS in the consideration of fishing regulations in proposed national marine sanctuaries by doing the following: a) Before elevation of a site to Active Candidate status, provide NOS with information regarding the living marine resources, managment measures, and living marine resource issues in the sanctuary study area; b) Upon elevation of a site to Active Candidate status, assist NOS in briefing the relevant Fishery Management Council(s) regarding the site and the need for fishing regulations at the earliest opportunity and on a continuing basis as required; C) Participate in discussions regarding living marine resource and habitat issues with the site; d) Consult with NOS on its recommendations to the Secretary regarding findings, determinations, and preparation of regulations as described in 16 U.S.C. 1434(a)(5). 3) Cooperate with NOS in the consideration of management measures f or species protected by the ESA and/or MMPA ("protected species") occurring in proposed sanctuary sites by doing the following: a) Before elevation of a site to Active Candidate status, provide NOS with information regarding the protected species, existing management measures, and protected species issues in the sanctuary study area; b) Participate in discussions with NOS regarding protected species and habitat issues with the site; C) If the Secretary decides to list as subject to sanctuary regulation activities that may be subject to regulation under the MMPA and/or ESA, dooperate with NOS in the preparation of any regulations pertaining to such activities. 4) In assisting NOS in the implementation of sanctuary management plans, NMFS shall do the following: a) Cooperate with Nos in the preparation of emergency response and contingency plans for national marine 4 sanctuaries as these plans affect living marine resources and habit'ats of particular concern to species managed under the MFCMA, MMPA and ESA; b) Cooperate with NOS in the evaluation of management measures in existing national marine sanctuaries in relation to the management of living marine resources under the MFCMA, MMPA and ESA; C) Consult with NOS regarding amendments to the lists of species under the ESA; d) Provide NOS with copies of applications for permits issued under the ESA and MMPA for activities that may occur in national marine sanctuaries; e) Issue, condition, or deny requested permits under the authority of the ESA or MMPA in coordination w ith NOS denial, conditioning or granting permission i for proposed activities in national marine sanctuaries under the MPRSA. 5) In cooperation with NOS, periodically brief the relevant Fishery Management Councils regarding the national marine sanctuary program. 5 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE1 993-qMSSSM41 00 8 0 010 0 2051@41181011 [III - -3 6