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Sharks of North Carolina and Adjacent Waters QL638.9 .S39 1975 Sharks of North Carolina and Adjecent Waters Frank J. Schwartz and george H. Burgese Institute of Marine Science university of North Carolina morehead City, N.C. 28557 Illustrated By Lesile L. Miller Information Series North Carolina Department of Nartural and Economic Resources Division of Marine Fisheries 10 feburary 1975 Ql638.9 .S39 1975 0 INTRODUCTION The sight of a triangular fin slicing through the water Usually elicits im- mediate'llear, distress, or pa-nic in inan. Sharks - The Stindows in the Sea (McCormick, Allen, and Young, 1963) have long been depicted as evil, sinister culprits inhabiting 0U,- oceens. While it is true that sharks have ki!led or attacked people throughout the world, recent findings have shown that one is less likely to be attacked by a shark in the ocean man. having a serious accident at home or in a car (Baldridge, 1974; Coppleson, 1963; Schultz and Malin, 1963). Nevertheless, one should respect sharks for they are creatures remarkably well adapted to their en- vironment. Likewise, much confusion persists concerning the sharks of the middle western Atlantic with most simply being called "sand sharks." We, therefore, intend to briefly present some aspects concerning sharks, especially those encountered in North Carolina and the adjacent western Atlantic Ocean, how to distinguish the species caught, and where to find additional information on these fishes. What Is A Shark Sharks and sawsharks have many features which separate them from true bony fishes (Fig. 1). True fishes have only one gill slit, a bony skelton, and cycloid or ctenoid scales or are scaleiess. Elasmobranchs are fishes which include two main assemblages: sharks and sawsnarks, as opposed to the skates, sawfishes, and rays. Skates, sawfishes, and rays can be readily recognized in having a flattened body, gills that open entirely on the underside of the body, pectcral fins that attach to the sides of the -head anterior to the gill openings, upper margins of the orbits which are not free from the eye, and lack anal fins. The sawfish is erroneously called a shark since it possesses features described for the skates and rays, the Crouping to whll'(.h;t is assbgned. Actually onemay think;of the sawfish as a link between the two main assemblages of Elarmnobranchs, Fig. 1. Outilns, drawinp of the mouth and body of a shark, slightly modifled, to Include Im- portart fastures mentioned in the text. 0 Sharks and sawsharks are cartilaginous skeletoned fishes which have five to seven gill openings located on the sides of the head, a skin which i covered with placoid scales called clenticles, tho edges of the pectoral firis not attached to the sides of the head anterior to the gill openings, and the upper margins of the orbits free from the eyes. Sawsharks, which have body features and a toothed blade-like snout similar to that of a sawfish, are not included with the skates and rays since their gills are located laterally on the head. Sawsharks also lack anal fins, a feature similar to the sawfishos and sualoid sharks, and possess barbels located on the ven- tral surface of the toothed snout. Sawsharks have until recently been known only from Southeast Africa to Australia and the East Indies. In 1960 a sawshark, Pristiophorus schroederi, was discovered in 350-520 fm (640-952 m) in the Bahamas (Springer and - Bullis, 1960). Further explorations of the deep ocean waters will determine whether they occur off North Carolina. Numbers and Kinds of Sharks Some 250 species of sharks roam the world's oceans of which less than 30 species are known to attack man, boats, or other objects (Garrick and Schultz, 1963). The majority (103) of the sharks known fall into the group referred to as the reuiem sharks of the genus Carcharhinus (Garrick, 1967). The true number of shark species will probably be reduced from that known today with further study. Review of poor descriptions ascribed to sharks may reveal that similar appearing forms are often of the same species which may freuent more than one ocean system. For example, of the sharks of the genus Carcharhinus found in North Carolina and western Atlantic waters, the bignose shark (Carcharhinus altimus). silky (C. falciformis), bull (C. leucas), blacktip (C. fimbatus), oceanic whitetip (C. lorgimanus), sandtar (C. milbarti), dusky (40. obscurus), blacknose (C. acronotus), and spinner (C. macuhpirlls), only the blacknose is restiricted to the Atlantic Ocean. The spinner is found in the Indian Ocean aS well as on both sides of the Atlantic, and the rest are equally at honie in the Atlan- tic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. 2 GENERAL COrAIMENTS ON SHARKS Sharks are usually associated with the open oceans but some, SLich as the bull shark (C. leucas), penetrate estuaries (Schwart2, 1959, 1960) and freshwater lakes (Thorson, 1971). Sharks abound in the warmer temperate and tropical seas but also inhabit Arctic and Antarctic waters, e.g. the basking shark (Cetorhinus n7aximus) and porbeagle (Lamna nasus) prefer the North Atlantic waters around Newfoundland to Iceland (Leim and Scott, 196,6). Sharks have been captured in shallow waters only a few meters deep (a North Carolina example is the Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae) to 2743 m (9000 ft) (Bigelow and Schroeder, 1948) and observed as deep as +4000 m (13,124 ft) (Grey, 1256). Deep water examples, in North Carolina, are dogfish sharks of the genus Etmopterus. The oceanic whitetip shark, C. longt*manus, is an example of an open ocean inhabitant while the Atlantic-angel shark, Squatina dumerili prefers to hug the bottom. Some sharks, such as the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) are swift and powerful swimmers while others such as the basking shark and the whale shark, Rhiniodon typus, are slow and sluggish swimmers. Thus, sharks are found in a wide variety of conditions and niches. Most sharks bear living young but some. such as the whale and chain clogfish (Scyliorhinus refiter) are known to lay leathery egg cases in which the young develop. The tail of most sharks comprises one-third of the body length. Thresher sharks, which reach nearly 5 m (16.5 ft) total length, are conspicuous in having a tail of nearly half their body length. Hammerhead sharks, while typical in tail lenoth, possess lateral expansions of the head, a condition found in no other sharks. Although sharks are Usua!ly slate gray above to white loplow, they may also be brown, blue, yellow, or bla-1k in coloration. Rarely have either albinos or ali white sharks been reported (Nakayama, 1973). To date, the scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, has been the single Atlantic Ocean shark found exhibiting a complete albino condition (McKenzie, 1970). Spinal and cranial deformities have been notpd on a few occasions for Atlantic Ocean sharks. These were in the bull shark, C. leucas, sand- bar shark, C. milberti, and spiny dogiish, Squalus acanthias (Schwartz, 1973). FOSSIL SHARKS Sharks and shark-like ancestors have existed from the middle or perhaps early Devonian to the recent with few changes (Schaeffer, 1967). A more thorough discussion of fossil sharks and the early evolution of sharks is found in Compagno (1973), Miles (1971), and Zangerl (1973). The largest fossil shark tooth measures some 21 cm (8 1/4 in) high and weighs over I kg (2.2 lb) and has been attributed to Carcharodon megalodon (Case, 1967). This shark has been depicted as being 20-23 m (65-75 ft) in length; Randall (1973), however, recently showed it to have been only about 13 m (43 ft) long. A Maryland example depicted in Fig. 2a measures 12.8 cm (5.0 in) by 10.9 cm (4 1/4 in). Since most of the eastern Atlantic seaboard has been inUndated ty the sea several times over the past million years (Richards, 1962) it is not sur- 3 prising to find dense deposits of fossil sharks teeth in the geological marine Miocene or Pleistocene deposits from Maryland to Florida (Leriche, 1@-42; Vokes, 1957). In North Carolina, fossil sharks teeth abound in the quarries and borrow pits near New Bern, Maysville, Cherry Point, Aurora, Bogue Banks, and Southport. One can readily find sharks teeth in the dense marine deposits at Calvert and Scientists Cliffs, Maryland and the Ashley phosphate beds of South Carolina. There one can encounter fossil teeth which belong to sharks having similar but smaller living present day.representatives, These are fossils of the sand tiger Odontaspis, hammerhead Sphyrna, white Carcharodon, tiger Galeocerdo, mako Isurus, angel Squatina, Hemil'Pristis, and porbeagle Lamna sharks, some of which are i"ustrated in Fig..2b. In North Carolina most teeth seem to belong to Carcharodon rondeleti, Prionodon egertoni, and Heinipristis serra (Leriche, 1942). A Fig. 2a. Fossil Carcharodon megatodon tooth from Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. 12.8 cm high by 10.9 cm wide. 4 J Fig. 2b. Typical fossil shark teeth of the genera Carcharodon (upper three), Oxyrhina (2 large lower), and Her-71pristis (3 small lower) collected from Miocene cliff deposits of Maryland. GENERAL SYSTEMA 71C AN'D SURVEY STUDIES OF VIESTERN ATLANTIC S11ARKS while man has always 'been preoccupied with the denizens of the sea, .especially sharks, little comprehensive work on any of the varicus groups of sharks took place until this century. Garman@s (1913') monumental work on sharks, skates, and rays set the stage for the later thorough work on sharks by Bigelow and Schroeder (1948). The latter remains the. best single compilation on western Atlantic sharks. These works were followed by many excellent studies on several species and groups, including the oceanic whitetip shark (Backus, Springer, and Arnold, 1956), the genus Carcharhinus (Garrick, 1967a; Garrick and Schultz, 1963; Springer, 1950, 1951, 1960), squaloid sharks (Bigelow and Schroeder, 1957; Springer, 1959), hammerheads (Gilbert, C., 1967a,b), cat sharks (Springer, 1966; Springer and Sadowsky, 1970), the genus Isurus (Garrick, 1967b), the genera Scofiodon, Loxodon, and Rhizoprionodon (Springer, V., 1964) and the marbled cat shark, Galeus arae (Bullis, 1967). Regional surveys along the entire coast of the western Atlantic have yielded much in relation to distribution, seasonality, and the bio!ogy of western Atlantic sharks. Important among these were: for the entire western Atlantic (Jordan and Evermann, 1898), Canadian waters (Leim and Scott, 1966; Templeman, 1966), Gulf of Maine (Backus, 1957; Bigelow and Schroeder, 11953; Bigelow and Welsh, 1925), New England and Mid- dle Atlantic Bight (Casey, 1964; Mather and Gibbs, 1957), Connecticut 5 (Thompson, Weed, and Taruski, 1971), New Jersey (Fowler, 1905), Chesapeake Bay (Hildebrand arid Schro-eder, 1928). Delmarva poninSUla of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (Schwartz, 1961, 1964), Virginia (Hoese, 19621 Richards and Caslagna, 1970), North Carolina (Smith, 1896, 1907), South Carolina (Bearden, 1965a,b; Burton, 1935), Florida (Clark and von Schmidt, 1965; Heernstra, 1965), southeastern Atlantic (Bullis and Thompson, 1965; Struhsaker, 1969), the Bahamas and Carib- bean (Bigelow and Schroeder, 1945; Bbhlke and Chaplin, 1968; Randall, 1968), and Gulf of Mexico (Bigelow, Schroeder, and Springer, 1953). Deep water sharks were noted by Bigelow and -Schroeder (1953. 1954, 1957), Bigelow, Schroeder, and Springer (1953) and Goode and Bean (1895). - For additional information on various aspects of the biology of sharks refer to Gilbert (1963), Gilbert, Mathewson, and Rail (1967), arid McCor- mick, Allen, arid Young (1963). Publications may also be found on the number ol vertebrae (Springer, V. and Garrick, 1969), teeth variation (Moss, 1967; Strasburg, 1963), and dangerous nature (Halstead. 1959, 1967). STUDIES DEALING WITH NOFF1TH CAPOLINA SHARKS The names of Bell, Brimley, Coles, Gudger, Radcliffe, Smith, Wilson, and Yarrow dominate the shark literature of North Carolina. Not only v,'ere they important pioneers of studies on North Caroiil-.a fishes during the first quarter of this century, but their daring was ofter, associated wilh the Cape Lookout-Beaufort shark fishery ol the Ocean Leather Corporation which flourished during 1919-1922. Gone are the days when Russell J. Coles (1915), ihe rncst active st'.1- dent of sharks at Cape Lookout, related "in 1905, while, out in a smal! skiff, harpooning turfles, a huge shark of more than 20 feet in length aPpeared alongside, within reach of my hand. it apparently had no fear Of us, as it struck the side of the skiff with some force, It then swam away for a dis- tance of several hundred yards, then turned and swam rapidly toward us. I was about to fire into it as a large loggerhead turtle rose to the surface and was attacked by the shark. The shark seized the turtle in its jaws arid botri disappeared beneath the surface. The next day I harpooned this turtle and found the upper shell for a width of nsarly 20 inches showing the mark of the shark's teeth. The edge of the shell and the right hind flipper had been torn away. In 1913 1 observed three of these sharks and succeeded in harpooning them, but my tackle was too light to hold them. While I was unable to postively identify these sharks, I believe they were maneaters." "My second adventure with the white shark OCCUrred some years later, and although it contained an instance of close infighting, yet it was Much less dangerous, for I was then trained and steadied by having won many knife fights with sharks and large rays. After trying for an hour to ap- proach within harpooning distance of a large man-eater which was swirn- ming in shallow water near the scene of my former encounter, I got over- board in a depth of five feet of water and had the boat retire to a distance of a hundred yards and with the coil of rope, which was attached to the 6 harpoon which I had with me. I also took with me a bushel of crushed and broken fish to attract the shark, which was then swimmina on or near the surface, half a mile. to leeward of me. Soon the shark could be seen zig- zagging its course toward me, by crossing and recrossing the line of scent from the broken fish, just as a bird dog follows up the scent of quail. With harpoon poised, I crouched low, trusting that its approach would be con- tinued in this manner, until, by a long cast, I could fasten my harpoon in its side. The scent of the broken fish, however, was so strong that they were definitely located, and the shark charged from a hundred feet away with a speed which has to be seen to be appreciated. I met the onrushing shark by hurling my harpoon clear to the socket into it near the angle of the jaw, and, as the iron entered its flesh, the shark leaped forward, catching me in the angle formed by its head and the harpoon shank, which caught me just under the right arm, bruising me badly, while my face and neck were somewhat lacerated by coming in contact with the rough tilde of the side of its head. As my right arm was free, it was a great chance for using the heavy knife, with which I was armed, had my @ackle been strong, but the force of the blow snapped the poorly-made harpoon at the socket and the shark escaped, although it carried its death wound. I never again employed the same blacksmith to forge my harpoon, but that poorly- made iron surely brought to a sudden ending to a most exciting situation." Brimley, in an address delivered April 1935 to the Zoology Field Club, Woman's College, University of North Carolina, related how he and his wife were surf fishing. "She had waded out and made a cast seaward, and was standing in the water, with her back to the shore, perhaps 60 or 75 yards from the line of beach. As soon as I had rigged my tackle. I waded out in the general line she had taken when, suddenly, a fair sized shark appeared between us, crossing her line of' travel. I stopped and made a quick cast in front of the swimming fish in the hope that he Would see the bait and take hold, but the act failed to register. My caiiing down was based on the stated belief that I had stopped to 'try to hook and have some sport with a ferocious man-eating creature that might have Eaten Up My lady friend while I was simply fishing for fun. I found it awfully difficult to get my scientific explanations received in the r;ght spirit." The vivid exploits of Coles and Brimley furnish interesting reading and a rare insight of these men and the history of the early efforts regarding sharks in North Carolina. However, we hope modern students of sharks will not employ such reckless and dangerous methods when dealing with sharks. Coles in a series of papers between 1910 and 1926 gave us our earliest detailed exposure to 16 species of sharks collected off Cape Lookoui, North Carolina. Brimley (1935a,b) reported the earliest occurrences of the basking and whale sharks in North Carolina. Bell and Nicho:s (1921) and Nichols (1921) studied the food habits of some of the same sharks cap- tured by Coles. Radcliffe (1913, 1914) noted some 20 sharks frequenting the Beaufort area. Gudger commented on tiger, hammerhead, and other sharks and expanded the list of known sharks from North Carolina in a deluge of papers published betvveen 1907 and 1948. Jordan (1886), Jor- dan and Evermann (1898), Jordan and Gilbert (1879), Jenkins (1887), 7 Yarrow (1877), and Wilson (1900) were others who studied the sharks nf 'North Carolina. Linton (1905") discussed tile parasites found On t;omo sharks. Hildebrand's (1941) list of sharks contained 11 species, some of which were new additions to the fauna. SPORT AND C01MMERCIAL FiSHERIES FOR SHARKS IN NORTH CAPOLINIA Sha rks have played a role in both the sport and commercial fisheries of North Carolina. Presently sharks are occasionally sought by sport fishin(; fleets out of Hatteras,.Ocracoke, Morehead- Beaufort, Wrightsville Beach, arid Southport. Fishing for sharks is discouraged, for safety sake, by tile operators of the 13 Ocean piers located between Naas Head and Carolina Beach. Nevertheless, sharks contribute heavily to 'the catches of pier fishermen during their spring and fall movements along the coast, Sporadic hook and line and trot line sport fishermen catch dusk-y, Atlantic sharpnose, and hammerhead sharks in the sounds near Morehead City. Only Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina has an ordinance (since 13 Oc- tober 1960) against shark fishing by sportsmen. In 1919 a commercial shark fishery was established by the Ocean Leather Corporation of New Jersey and was situated near the present un- used Camp Glen menhaden factory on Sogue Sound. The operalion wps directed by Captain E. Young. Originally a pier was built extending Cut into deep water. A skinning and dissecting platform was constructed on the pier to shield the sharks and their by-products 1rom the ho' sun. A. curing, storage, and by-product building was also constructed. Later a shark liver oil plant was established complete with a narrow gauge railroad from the end of the pier to the building and processing iacilities. A shark meat' and fertiiizer fac@lity was added which included a steam plant, chopper, grinder, steam cooker, and long heated tunnel-dryer. Total COST was $60,000, a large sum in tl@ose days. Three 10.7 m (35 ft) open cockpit dory-type motor driven boats equipped with mast and derrick to hold the shark nets. with a crew of four per boat, were utilized in this commercial fishery. Shark nets were 183 m (600 ft) by 10 mesh (5.2 m, 17 ft) deep arid set on the bottom about 8 km (5 mi) offshore. The bottom fine was weighted and anchored on both ends with 22.7 kg (50 lb) kedge anchors. The top line was fitted with 10 cm (4 in) corks. Sharks averaging 2.1 rn (7 ft) were captured at a rate ot 50-60 per day. Hides were skinned by a good skinner in 15 minutes, fleshed, and stored for about a week prior to Shipment. The fins, 2 pectorals, 1 dorsal, and caudal.were hung to dry. Livers were cut into pieces and cooked in 208 liter (55 gal) steel drums for their oil. The chopper did not work well and the quantity of carcasses was not sufficient to operate it steadily. The operation ceased in 1922. In July and August 1920, some of the Morehead City men carried on a substantial hook and line shark fishery at Nan- tucket, Massachusetts. The fertifizer plant was moved to Sanibel Island, Florida where it never operated. While proving unprofitable, the Morehead City-Ocean Leather Corporation venture helped develop bet',er shark fishing and processing methods (see Moresi, 1957). This corpora- tion founded by Mr. A. Ehrenbeich, later managed for 25 years by Mr. L. Moresi, is still in exi stence. 0 Cecil Nelson began a small shark fishery in 1936 and operated it for five years. 11 was reported, in one season between April and June, he caught 3000 sharks, all over 1.8 rn 16 111) long. He slNipped the @4*ins and livers to northern industries and sold the teeth for one cent each. The remainder of 'the shark was us,-.@d as fertilizer by the local farmers or was tossed over- board (Stick, 1958). Since then landings have varied sporadicaily (Table 1). The catch statistics oi 210,000-581,400 lb (95,254-263,713 kg) of sharks in North Carolina between 1937-1939 can apparently be aitributed to Nelson's fishery. YEAR UANTITY VALUE 1936 1,100 22 1937 231,600 772 1938 581,400 1,744 1939 210,000 693 1940 --- 1945 1200 72 1950 5:560 550 1951 6,600 390 No Landings 1952-1956 1957 16,000 -- 1958 4,214 210 1959 12,857 645 1960 2,309 115 1961 2,168 110 1962 2,556 15 2 1963 4,048 353 1964 13,891 1,389 1965 2,147 125 1966 2,507 149 1967 5,323 330 1958 5,488 357 1969 --- 1970 2,760 113 1971 2,000 60 1972 ---- --- 1973 ---- Table 1. North Carolina shari, landings (In pounds) and value (in dollars) between 1936 and 1973. Data from U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Annual Statistical Digests. SIZES OF SHARKS IN NORTH CAROLINA AND ADJACENT WATERS Sharks fOUnd in North Carolina waters vary in length (Org. 3) from a few centimeters (several inches) to nearly 12.2 rn (40 ft). The whale shark, a cosmopolitan species, is the largest recorded shark (Gudger, 1936). The North Carolina record was a specimen estimated at 12.2 rn (40 ft) which grounded 6 June 1934 at the uarantine Station located near the mouth of the Cape Fear River near Southport (Brimley, 1935a). To date no other whale shark has been reported in inshore waters of North Carol i na..Other large sharks, observed or captured, have been basking and sixgill sharks. Basking sharks are sighted each winter along the North Carotina coast. Two were entangled in shad nets set in Stumpy Point Bay, Pat-nlico Sound, 23 January 1971. The largest, a male, was 4.7 m (15.3 ft) total length and estimated at 818 kg (1800 8lb). Others of 5.5 m (18 ft) have been 9 ftmr-d- lip- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - wo-- sphy'- I.- M@p- sp@,- 4g-- N AT-- CN,h,- b@-- - - - - - - - 0 1 1A PK ..... .I ... - - - - - - - C=h.,h,n- 1-1- Cdort-PiS fa,- - - - - L-- Carclisrhenus laucas - - - - - - Elhv-h- carcharhtnus Pmbw- - - - C-1-h"'S --hpm- Carcharhinus Wlberf, Hyp@pr- @,g-l.@ C-b"h'- SQ-1- .... m- Sphy,na ffb- C-11-yl,- llb- Apfi-d.n ..d- Ap-l.- Apralul. pW.1d.,,. D-ni. p-f-d.,- Ef-pt-,. r@W@, Et-p-- g-d,@,,- Ermoptelus bull's, 28 J6 40 1- Fig. 3. Maximunt recorded total lengths of sharkc found In North Carolina and the western Atlantic Ocean. Noto severet North Carolina shark lengths exceed published lengths for the species from the western AttantIc. 10 seen at the surfline at Emerald Isle, Bogue Banks, in February. The only sixgill shark, Hexanchus grisuus, kncwn from North Carolina, 3.1 m (10 it 2 in), was landed at Currituck Inlet life saving station in March 1886 (Srnith, 1907). While the whale, basking, and sixgnI sharks aie the large sharks of the area, others such as the white, thresher, and some harnmerhead sharks reach lenoths of 4-5 m (13-16 it). The most abundant and common species, however, usually are 1-2 m (3-7 it) in iength. Dominating the shelf, inshore, and estuarine waters of North Carolina and adjacent areas are members of the requiem shark genus Carcharhinus. Their sizes vary (Fig. 3) from about 1.2-4.3 m (4-14 it). Smaller among the sharks is the 1.1 m (3.5 it) Atlantic sharpnose shark, which frequents inshore and estuarine areas, especially the Newport and lower Cape Fear River complexes. OL]r smallest sharks are the brown or black sharks of the genera Etmopterus (0.2-0.4 m, 8-16 in), Deania (0.3 m, 12 in), Centroscyllium (0.3 m), and Scyliorhinus (0.2 m) which are USUally unseen by the average fishermen since they inhabit the outer continental shelf of 50 or more fathoms (92 m) and abyssal depths. All North Carolina sharks should be respected not only for their dis- position and bite, but also because their size and denticulate skin can cause harm. One is ill advised to ride or grab a shark since one quick arch of its body will place the swimmer within easy reach of the shark's mouth, regardless of size. In addition, even light contact with the abrasive skin often results in severe lacerations. Especially dangerous large sharks are the tiger, white, bull, mako, blue and hammerhead sharks. Two of the most docile local sharks are the whale and basking sharks which have short needlelike teeth. Yet, despite their docile habits, they should be given a wide berth, for their size and z;peed of reaction ar(i great and a single flip of their tails could cause damage. SHARK ATTACKS North Carolina has had only two recorded shark attacks (Baldir"doe. 1974). The firsi, in September 1935, involved Jere Fountain who was swimming near Brown's Inlet near New River, Onslow County (34038'N, 77012'W). A second swimmer, Rupert @,%Iade, was attacked 16 July 1957 while swimming well off Atlantic Beach, Carteret County (341139'N, 77006'W). His injuries, according to A. F. Chestnut, consisted of a large tri- angular portion of approximately 75 mm (3 irt) wide and 50-75 mm (2-21 in) deep missing from the posterior mid-thigh region and damage to the c-a!f musculature. The Inner portion of the upper thigh had several deep lacerations. Both Fountain and Wade succurnbed to tileir wounds. Sur- prisingly no other authentic attacks, other than those attriouted to bluefish or barracudas, have occured despite the increased use of the seashore areas by thousands of people between March and November. The victim of the most recent attack in nearby waters was a teenage., who was crab- bina in four feet (1.2 m) of water near Virginia Beach, Virginia, 16 August 191'3. Subsequent investigations suggested that the attack was by a blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus. Two attacks have occured in near- by Virginia waters, while 23 are known from South Carolina waters, in the last 50-60 years (Baldridge, 1974). SHARKS FOUND IN NORTH CAROLINA AND ADJACENT ATLANTIC OCEAN WATERS Sorne 35 species of sharks are known from the estuarine, shelf, and deep ocean waters of North Carolina. With further sampling 10 othors, which have been taken in the western Atlantic to the. north or south of North Carolina (Delaware to northern Florida), are expected to be in- cluded as part of our fauna. The known and expected sharks from North Carolina or adjacent western Atlantic Ocean waters are listed in Table 2. Table 2. Known and expected sharks from North Carolina and adjacent western Atlantic Ocean waters. STATUS KNOWN RECORDED COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME FROM NC NEARBY Sixigll shark Hexanchus griseus x Nurse shark Ginglyrnostoma cirraturn X Whale shark Rhiniodor typus x Sand tiger Odontaspis taurus X Bigeye thresher Alopias superciliosus X Thresher shark Alopias vufpinus X White shark Carcharodon carcharias X Basking shark Cetorhinus maximus X Shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus X Porbeagle Lamna nasus New Jersey, So. Car. Apristurus laurussoni Delaware Apristurus proluidorurn Virginia, Caribbean Marbled cat shark Galeus arae South Carolina Chain clogfish Scyliorhinus retifer X Finetooth shark Aprionodon isodon X Elacknose shark Carcharhinus acronctus x Rignose shark Carcharhinus altimus Northern Florida Silky shark Circharhirus falciformis X Bull shark Carcharhinus foucas X Blacktip shark Carcharhinus fimbatus X Oceanic whitetip shark- Carcharhinus Jongimanus X Spinner shark Carcharhinus maculipinnis X Sandbar shark Carcharhinus milberti X Dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus x Tiger shark Galeocardo cultied X Night shark Hypoprion signatus South Carolina Smooth dogfish Mustolus canis X Florida srnoothhound Mustelus norrisi Northern Florida Lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris x Blue shark Prionace glauca X Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizo 'prionodon terrenovae X Scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lowini X Great hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran X Bonnethead Sphyrna fiburo X Smoothammerhead Sphyrna zygaena x Black dogfish Centroscyllium fabricii Virginia Deania profundorum X Bramble shark Echinorhinus brucus Virginia Etmopterus buffisi x Etmopterus gracilispinis Virginia, N. Fla. Etmopterus hilliaous x Spinydogfish Squalus acanthias X Blainville's dogfish Squalus blainvillei x Cuban clogfish Squalus cubensis x Atlantic angel shark Squatina durnerili x 12 POW' TO USE TIHE KEYS Two methods are presented to help the reader identify a shark: a rapid pictorial distinguishing method and a lenghtier dictomous key, 'which con- tains more finite features. Pictorial method: Western Atlantic Ocean sharks can be grouped into several natural groupings based on important obvious features. These are: flattened body, six gills versus five, barbels, no anal fin and usually with spines in dorsal fins, head expanded laterally, first clor'sal fin positioned behind midpoint of body, tail half or more of body length,, well developed lateral keels on caudal peduncle or tail, ridge present between dors,_1 fins, and no ridge present between dorsal fins. Follow this sequence, noting which characters the shark possesses, to arrive at the section that deals with similar appearing sharks. Remember, as one pro- ceeds, that several species may have more than one of thise important characteristics. Turn to the appropriate section and identity the shark by a process of elimination, utilizing a combination of the distinguishing features and line drawing. Dicotomous Key Method: A dicotomous key is a series ol couplets in which one seiectG between two alternatives. Eventual identification is achieved by following through the key in a step-by-step manner. For example, a tiger shark can be determined by following the choices in couplets 1b, 2b, 3b, 12a, 13b, 14b, 15a, and 16a. We pUrposely refrained from using tooth count and/or shape (whic- specific for each species) as primary characters in the dictomous '-7.,y since one usually does not have time or the ability to --heck the teeth of a thrashing shark. Only stable color patterns have been noted since body colors citen vary within individuals of a given species and usually chainge asthe fish strug,,gles in capture or upon death. We ca-urion not to Q:acr; too much attention to the presence of dusky or black tips on tine pecioral fins, since rnany sharks may have this characteristic. FIELD KEY TO NORTH CAROLINA SHARKS 1 a. Body flattened dorso-ventrally .................................... p. 18, Squatina durnerifi*, Atlantic angel shark 1 b. Body round in cross section ................................... 2 2a. Six gill openings ......... p. 18, Hexanchus griseus, Sixgill shark 2b. Five gill openings .............................................. 3 3a. Anal fin absent ................................................. 4 3b. Anal fin present ......... I ....................................... 12 4a. No spines on dorsal fins .................................... p. 20, Echinorhinus brucus, Bramble shark 4b. Both dorsal fins with spines .................................... 5 5a. Midbases of pelvic fins located approximately halfway between rear base of first dorsal fin and origin of second dorsal fin .... * .... 6 5b. Midbases of pelvic fins located much nearer to the origin of second dorsal fin than to rear base of first dorsal fin ................. 8 6a. First dorsal spine over or posterior to inner corners of pectoral fins; midpoints of bases of pelvic fins much nearer to origin of second dorsal fir, than rear base of first dorsal fin ....................... p. 24, Squalus acanihias, Spiny dogfish 6b. First dorsal spine about over midpoints of inner margins of pectoral fins; midpoints of bases of pelvic tins about midway between rear base of first clorsal fin and origin of second dorsal fin ........ 7 7a. Inner margins of pectoral fins deeply concave, inner corners acutely pointed ........ ........ p. 24, Squalus cubensis, Cuban dogfish 7b. Inner marains of pectoral fins weakly concave, inner corners at ap- proximately right angles .......................................... p. 24, Squalus blainvillei, Blainville's dogfish 8a. A noticeable flap of skin located medially between pelvic fins and lower caudal lobe .................... p. 20, Deania profMdorum 8b. Dermal flap absent ............................................. 9 9a. Rear bases ol pelvic fins lie nearly even with midbase of second dor- sal fin; prominent Mucous pores absent on lower surface of snout ................ p. 20, Centroscylliurn fabricii, Black dogfish 9b. Rear bases of pelvic fins lie even with or in advance of origin of sec- ond dorsal fin; prominent mucous pores present on lower surface of snout ........................................................... 10 10a. Distance between rear base of first dorsal fin and origin of second dorsal tin is as long as the distance from 'Lip of snout to origin of pelvic fins ............................ p. 22, Etmopterus hillianus 1 Ob. Distance between rear base of first dorsal fin and origin of second dorsal fin is Much shorter than distance from tip of snout to first gill opening ........................................................ 11 11a. Distal margins of pectoral fins lia. even with origin of first dorsal fin@ body flank markings long and narrow ... p. 22, Etmoplerus buIksi 11b. Distal margins of pectoral firts fail to reach crigin of first dorsal fin; body flank markings are broad and wing-shaped ................. p. 22, Etmopterus gracil;spinis 1 2a. Caudal peduncle; with one or more keels or ridges ........... 13 12b. Caudal pecluncle without keels or ridges ...................... 19 13a. Two keeis on caudal pecluncle .. p. 36, Lamna nasus, Porbeag!e 13b. One keel or ridge on caudal pecluncle ........................ 14 14a. lAouth on tip of snout; coloration a series ol round spots and narrow transverse stripes; three to four large ridges along back and sides p. 35, Rhi;niodon typus, Whaie shark 14b. Mouth inferior; color not as above; no such ridges along back and sides ........................................................... 15 15a. Keel on caudal peduncle a weakly developed ridge .......... 16 15b. Keel on caudal pedUncle well developed ...................... 17 14 16a. First dorsal fin originates, even vvith rear bases of pectoral fins; coloration irtegular bands or elongated spots .................... p. 32, Galoocerdo cuvieri, Tiger shark 16b. First dorsal fin originates well past rear bases of pectoral fins; coloration uniformly deep blue ................................... p. 30, Prionace olauca, Blue shark 17a. Gill sll'ts long, extending almost 'lull height of head .............. p. 34, Cetorhirius maximus, Basking shark 17b. Gill slits shorter, not extending full height of head ............ 18 18a. Origin of anal fin placed well behind rear base of second dorsal fin; black spot usually present in axils of pectoral fins; teeth strongly serrated ............ p. 36, Carcha; odon carctiarias, White shark 18b. Origin of anal fin placed at the base of the second dorsal fin; black axil spot always lacking; teeth smooth ........................... p. 36, Isurus oxyrinchus, Shortfin mako 19a. Head flattened dorso-ventraily and expanded laterally ........ 20 19b. Head not flattened and expanded ............................. 23 20a. Head shovelshaped ......... p. 26, Sphyrria tiburo, Sonnethead 20b. Head hammer shaped ......................................... 21 21a. Front margin of head riot notched at midline .................... p. 26, Sphyrna zygaana, Smooth hammerhead 21b. Front margin of head notched at midline ...................... 22 22a. Free rear tip of second dorsad fin longer than vertical height of fin; mouth symphyses in advance of rear margin of head ........... p. 26, Sphyrna Iswini, Scalloped hammerhead 22b. Free rear tip of second dorsal fin shorter than vertical height of fin; mouth symphyses even with rear maro-in of h1end ................ p. 26, Sphyrna mokarren, Great harnmerhead 23a. Dorsal lobe of caudal fin greatly elongated, b6ing nearly as long as the distance froryi tip of snout to p,-ecaudal pit ................ 24 23b. Dorsal lobe of caudal fin not elongated, being much shorter, than the distance from tip to snout to precauda! pit ..... .............. 25 24a. Eye large, horizontal diameter is less than vertical diameter; teeth 10-11 on a side .... p. 321, Alopias superciflosus, Bigeye thresher 24b. Eye smaller, horizontal diameter is approximately equal to vertical diameter; teeth 20 on a side ... p. 32, Alopias vulpinus, Thr-cs1her 25a. Origin of first dorsal fin lies behind origins of pelvic fins ..... 26 25b. Origin of first dorGal fin lies even with or in advance of pelvic firls origins .......................................................... 29 26a. Origin of first dorsal fin lies posterior to rear bases of pelvic fins; sides with series of chain-like markings .......................... p. 30, Scyliorhinus retifer, Chain drgfish 26b. Origin of first dorsal fin lies anterior to rear bases of pelvic fins; no chain-like markings present ................................... 27 27a. Lateral body coloration is rows of blotches and spots ........... p. 30, Galeus arae, Marbled catshark 27b. Coloration uniformly black or dark brown ..................... 28 28a. Denticles on and near upper margin of dorsal lobe of caudal fin closely packed, forming a crest; denticles on the lateral surfaces of caudal fin widely spaced .......... p. 28, Apristurus profundort.im 28b. Denticles on upper margin and lateral surfaces of caudal fin nearly identical in shape, size, and density .............................. p. 28, Apristurus laurussoni 2 9 L-.. Two dorsal fins of almost equal size .......................... 30 29b. Two dorsal fins unequal in size ................................ 34 30a. Low dermal ridge on midline of dorsal surface between first and se- cond dorsal fins .................................... I ............ 31 30b. No dorsal ridge present ....................................... 32 31 a. Corner of lower lobe of caudal fin pointed and directed rearward; distal margin of pectoral fin ceeply concave ...................... p. 38, Mustelus norrisi, Florida smoothhound 31 b. Corner of lower lobe of caudal fin broadly rounded; distal margin of pectoral fin nearly straight ..................... p. 38, Mustelus Canis, smooth dogfish 32a. Head pointed; large pointed teeth protrude,from mouth ......... p. 42, Odontaspis taurus, Sand tiger 32b. Head blunt; teeth pointed but not protruding ................. 33 33a. Barbel on margin of each nostril ................................. p. 18, Ginglymostoma cirratum, Nurse shark 33b. No such barbe!s present .......................................... p. 28, Negaprion brevirostris, Lemon sharK 34a. Dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins tipped with white; first dorsal fin broadly rounded; pectoral fins large with rounded tips .......... p. 40, Carcharhinus longirnanus, Oceanic whitetiP shark 34b. Fins not white tipped ....................... 35 35a. Anal fin origin in advance of second dorsal f I in origin ............ p. 42, Rhizopriorodon terraenovae, Atlantic sharpriose shark 35b. Anal fin origin behind or even with second dorsal origin .. ... 36 306a., Low ridge present between first and second dorsal fit-is ...... 37 36b. Low ridge absent between first and second dorsal fins ....... 41 37a. First dorsal fin large, vertical height greater than 10% of total length .............. p. 40, Carcharhinus milberti, Sandbar shark 37b. First dorsal fin smaller, vertical height less than 10% of total length .......................................................... 38 38a. Length of free rear tip of second dorsal fin more than two times the vertical height of the fin; first dorsal fin rounded ................. p. 40, Carcharhinus falciformis, Silky shark 38b. Length of free rear tip of second dorsal fin two times or less than the vertical height of the fin; first dorsal fin not rounded ......... 39 39a. Snout moderately long, distance from mouth to tip of snout less than the width of the mouth ............................................ p. 40, Carcharhinus obscurus, Dusky shark 39b. Snout long, distance from mouth to tip of snout equal or loncer than mouth width .................................................... 40 16 40a. Diameter of eye is one-half height of first gill opening; cusps of up- per jaw teeth serr3ted ............................................ p. 38, Carcharhinus aftimus, Bignose shark 40b. Diameter of eye is equal to hnight of first gill opening; cusps of upper jaw teeth smooth ......... p. 33, Hypopo .on si.gnatus, Night shark 41 a. Snout short and broadly rounded, distance from tip of snout to line connecting nostrils not more than 1/2 the distance between inner ends of nostrils ........... p. 44, Carcherhinus leucas, Bull shark 41b. 'Snout longer, distance from tip of snoutto line connecting nostrils at least 2/3 the distance between inner ends of nostrils ......... 42 42a. No black or dusky tips on fins; teeth erect, symmetrical, and smooth p. 42, Aprionodon isodon, Finetooth shark 42b. Black or dusky tips on fins; teeth definitely serrated .......... 43 43a. Black or dusky spot on tip ol snout .............................. p. 44, Car-cherhinus acronotus, Blackncse shark 43b. No such spot on tip of snout .................................. 44 44a. Snout long, vertical height of first dorsal fin approximately equal to distance between tip of snout and eye; eye small, horizontal diameter is 1 !4 or less than the length of the first gill opening . . p. 44, Carcharhinus maculipinnis, Spinner shark 44b. Snout shorter, verticai height of first dorsal fin much greater than distance between tip of snaut and eye; eye larger, horizontal dia- meter is 1/3 or greater than the length of the first gill opening p. 44, Carcharhinus ffirlbatus, B'Iack-tip shark BODY FLATTENED DORSO-VENTRALLY Atlantic angel sharic - Squalina dumorili Lesueur Distinguishing features: Only shark flattened dorso-ventrally like skate, from which it dilfers in h@aving gill cii's positioned partially on side of head., pectoral fins separate from head and pelvic fins; protrusible jaws; no anal fin. Occurrence: A common coastal inshore winter transient (December to April). Large September catches in 73 m (40 fm) suggest abUndance in offshore waters during other seasons. Nowhere abundant in North Carolina. Best catches in January-March near Cape Lookout and Beaufort Inlet while trawling for weakfish (gray trout), Cynoscion regalis. SIX GILLS Slxfjlll shark, - Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre) Distinguishing features: Six gill slits; single dorsal fin. Occurrence: A worldwide and South Atlantic deep water species known in North Carolina from a single specimen captured March 1886. BARSELS PRESENT ON NOSTRILS Nurse shark - Ginglymostorna.cirraturn (Eonnaterre) Distinguishing features: Ventral pair of barbels found on anterior margin of each nostril; groove connects each nostril with mouth. Dorsal fins iar back on body and nearly equal in size. Long upper, no lower caudal fin lobe. Color yellow or brown; young with small black spcts, adults often with two dark spots high on sides anterior to dorsal fin. Occurrence: Known in western Atlantic from Rhodo Island to Brazil. Most abundant in tropical waters but a sporadic summer visitor in inshore waters or inlets south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. 18 Atlantic Angel Shark Squatina dumerili Sixgill Shark Hexanchus grisous Nurse Shark Ginglymostoma cirratum 19 NO ANAL FIN AND USUALLY WITH SPINES IN DORSAL FINS (pages 20-25) Bramble shark - Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre) Distinguishing features: No anal fin; no spines at front of dorsal fins; heavy buckler-like denticles giving warty appearance to body. Occurrence: Cape Cod, Brazil, and 78.2 kg (173 lb), 2.2 m (7.2 ft) specimen captured 20 January 1968 at 371138'N, 74015'W in 187 m (102 fm) off Virginia (Musick and McEachran, 1969); none from North Carolina. Deania profundorum (Smith and Radcliffe) Distinguishing features: Spine with lateral grooves on each side; lower lobe of caudal- fin with subterminal notch; dorsal fin located over pectorai fin. Ridge present between pelvic and caudal fin. Color black. Occurrence: Only North Carolina collection, as Deania oiegans (Springer, 1959), at 34040'N, 75032'N in about 366 m (200 fm) 23 February 1958. Black dogfish - Centroscyllium fabricii (Reinhardt) Distinguishing features: Spines with two lateral grooves on each side; subterminal caudal fin notch. No lateral ridge between pelvic and caudal fins. Color brown to black. Occurrence: Grand Banks to Virginia. No North Carolina specimens but expected in deep waters near edge of continental shelf. 20 4, 0 Brarr')Ie Shark Echinorh;nus brucus oeania profundorum Black Dogfish Centroscyllium fabricii 21 Etmopterus buffisi Bigelow and Schroeder Distinguishing features: Dcrsal fin spines with lateral groove@,. Interspace between dorsal fins less than distance from tip of snout to first gill slit. Distinct elongate fiank marking.s. Pectoral fin reaches level first dorsal fin origin. No ridge on caudal peduncle. Occurrence: Western Atlantic from North Carolina to the Caribbean. Only North Carolina specimens taken in February in 366 m (200 fm). Etmopterus gracilispinis Krefft Distinguishing features: Dorsal fin spines with lateral grooves. Inters 'pace between dorsal fins less than distance@ from snout to first gill Sht. Distinct wing-like flank markings. Pectoral fin ends far short of dorsal fin origin. No ridge on caudal peduncle. Occurrence: In western Atlantic known from Virginia, off Jacksonville, Florida, and in the south Atlantic. None from North Carolina, expected in deep water. Etmopterus hillianus (Poey) Distinguishing features: Dorsal fin. spines with lateral grooves. Interspace between dorsal fins more than distance snout to first gill slit. Slight or i!l- defined flank markings. Pectoral fin ends far forward of dorsal fin origin. No ridge on caudal peduncle. Occurrence: Virginia to the Caribbean. Found year round in deep water 110 m (150 fm) or more. 22 ............ :7 Etmoptorus bullisi Etmopterus gracilispiriS . ....... .. ... ............. Elmopterus hillianus 23 Spiny dogfish - Squalus acanthias Linnaeus Distinguishing features: Often confused with S. cubensis and S. blainvill. No anal fin; caudal peduncle with lateral ridge; dorsal fins posioned well behind pectoral and pelvic fins; distance from fifth gill slit to tirst dorsal spine about equal to distance from front of eye to fifth gill slit. No lateral grooves in fin spines. Pectorals concave. Anterior nostril flap single. Gray with white spots often or. body or along lateral line. Occurrence: Labrador to South Carolina. Occurs in North Carolina coastal and deep waters November to April or until water temperatures reach 120C (540F). Blainville's dogfish - Squalus blainvillei Risso Distinguishing features: Confused with S. acar and S. cubensis and previously included in sharks referred to as nandinus. No anal fin; caudai peduncle with lateral ridge; first dorsal hr, positioned over pectoral fin; distance from fifth gill slit to first corsal fin spine equal to distance from eye to second gill slit. No lateral grooves on dorsal fin spines. Pec- torals moderately concave. Anterior nostril flap double or bilobed. Dusky on caudal and first dorsal fin, no spots on body, brown or cray body. Occurrence: Found ccsmotropically. North Carolina specimens taken only in June in 330-366 rn (180,200 fm). Cuban dogfish - Squalus cubensis Howell-Rivero Distinguishing features: Confused with S. acanthias and S. blainvillei. No anal fin, caudal pecluncle with lateral ridge; first dorsal fin positioned over pectoral fin; distance from fifth gill slit to first dorsal tin spine less than dis- tance from eye to first gill slit. No lateral grooves in dorsal fin spines. Pec- torals concave. Anterior nostril flap double. Dorsal and caudal fins may be black, no spots on brown body. Occurrence: North Carolina to Cuba in western Atlantic. Known oc- casionally in April-November in North Carolina in 3111-457 rn (170-250 fm). 24 IM Spiny Dogfish. SqUalus acanthias i3lainvifle's Drgfish Squalus blainvillai Cuban Dogfish Squalus cubansis 25 HEAD EXPANDED LATERALLY Scallopsd hammerhrad - Sphyrria lawini (Griffith and Smith) Distinguishing features: Center FnWrlor margin of hammer shaped head notched. Outer lateral rear edges of head, viewed ventrally, end on level behind corner of ght. mouth (see figure). Distal margins of pectoral fins strai Occurrence: In western Atlantic, New Jersey to Brazil. Year round in Gulf Stream off North Carolina, inshore in March-November. Exhibit inshore-of I shore seasonal movement patterns. Most common hammerhead in North Carolina, Great hammerhead - Sphyrna mok-arran (Ruppell.) Distinguishing features: Head hammer shaped; anterior margin straidht but with notch. Outer lateral rear edges of head, viewed ventrally, end on level of mouth symphysis (see figure). Distal margins of pectoral fins falcate. i -e: North Carolina to Brazil. Uncommon; found Occurren, in all North Carolina waters June-AugusL. Bonnethead - Sph'yrna tibura (Linnaeus) res: Head round and spade shaped, /4 Distinguishing featu about as wide as long. Distal margins of pectoral fins I straight. Occurrence: Massachusetts to southern Bra7ij. OC- casional in inshore and estuarine waters June-November, not known from deep waters. Smooth hammerhead - Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus) Distinguishing features: No notch to front margin of head. Outer lateral rear edges of head, viewed ventrally, end behind level of mouth symphysis (3ee figure). Distal margins of pectoral fins straight. Occurrence: Nova Scotia to northern Argentina. Uncom- mon in June-October in shallow inshore North Carokna waters, year round resident in warm open ocean waters. 26 -iO Scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lowini Great hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran Bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo Smooth hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena 27 FIRST DORSAL FIN BEHIND NOMPOINT OF BODY (pages 28-31) Lemon shark - Neqaprio.,-7 brevirostris (Poey) Distinguishing features: Two large dorsal fins of nearly equal size; head blunt and wide. No mid-dorsal ridge; dorsal precaudal pit present, absent ventrally. Color brown or yellow. Occurrence: New Jersey to northern Brazil primarily in warm tropical waters. A summer straggler to North Carolina inshore waters in July- September. Apristurus laurussoni (Saernundsson) Distinguishing features: No space between second dorsal and caudal lins. Spiracle present. Denticles on dorsal edge of caudal fin not conspicuous as crest. Nostril flap present. Gill filaments often exposed !in gill slits. Occurrence: A deep water shank, Iceland, Massachusetts to Delaware, and Gulf of Mexico. So far no North Carolina records, expected. Aspristurus profundorum (Goode and Bean) Distinguishing features: No space between second dorsal and caudal fin. Spiracle present. Denticles on dorsal edge of caudal fin conspicuous as a crest. Nostril flap present. Gill filaments often exposed in gill slits. Occurrence: Nova Scotia to Delaware and Caribbean. A deep water shark. No North Carolina records as yet, expected. 28 Ler-on Shark Negaprion brevirostris Apristurus iaurussoni Apristurus profundorum 29 N'llarbiled cat slmrk - Gateus arae (Nichols) Distinguishing features: Distance from tip srout to cloaca greater tInan remainder of body and tail length. Caudal crest of denticles evident; spiracle present. Space exists behveen second dorsal and caudal fin, Body yellow-brown, sides, back, dorsal fins, and upper caudal lobe marked with brown blotches and spots; dark streak present from snout to eye. :)ccurrence: South Carolina to Columbia and Gulf of Mexico. Expected in deep water off North Carolina. Chain dogflsh - Scyliorhinus retifer (Garman) Distinguishing features: Distance from tip snout to cloaca equals remainder of body and tail length. No enlarged denticles forming crest on upper lobe of caudal fin. Spiracie present. Space exists between second dorsal and caudal fin. Body light colored with brown chain-W-ke markings. Occurrence: George's Bank to Caribbean. Year round resident of deep water 90 m (49 fm) or more in North Caro!ina. 8Iu3 shark - Prionace glauca (Linnaeus) Distinguishing features: Long snout; long falcate pectoral fins; dorsal and ventral precaUdal pits present; no mid-dorsal ridge between dorsal fins. Deep blue body color. Wealdy developed lateral ridge on caudal pedun- cle. Occurrence: Newfoundland to Brazil. Pelagic off North Carolina year round. 30 Marbled Cat Shark Gafous arao o, Chain Dogfish Shark Scyliorhinus retisfer Blue Shark Prionace glauca 31 TAIL LONG AND POINTED, ONE-TH1111D TO ONE-VALF OR MORE BODY LENGTH Tiger shark - Galeocerdo cuvieri (Peron and Lesueur) Di,,ztinguishing features: Low ill-defined ridge and fu(row between dorsal fins, slight keei on caudal peduncle; upper lobe ot caudal fin long, pointed, one-third of body length. Snout short and broadly rounded, head flattened above. Body spotted in young and barred in adults. Occurrence: Massachusetts to Uruguay. Inshore in North Carolina April- December, year round offshore. 131geye thresher - A!opias superciliosus (Lowe) Distinguishing features: Eye large, ovate, higher than long. Head in adults grooved, giving helmet (see figure). Position. of dorsal fin in relation to pelvic fins variable but closer to pelvics than pectorals. No ridoes on body or tail. Upper lobe caudal fin nearly half body length. Body not spotted. Occurrence: Known from New Jersey to Cuba. North C2.rolina specirne, collected off Cape Hatteras 35039'N, 74027'W on 26-27 February 1963 (Fitch and Craig, 1964). Thresher shark - Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre) Distinguishing features: Eye smaller than in bigeye thresher -and nearly round. No grooves on head in adult. Dorsal fin closer to pectoral fin than pelvic fin but character variable. No ridges on body or tail. Upper lobe of caudal fir, more than halt body length. Body not spotted. Occurrence: Gulf of St. Lawrence to Argentina. A July-August continental shelf inhabitant in North Carolina waters; a year round resident in offshore oceanic waters. 32 Tiger Shark Galeocardo cuvieri Bigeye. Thresher Alopias sopercilosus Thresher Shark Alopias vulpinus 33 WELL DEVELOPED LATERAL KEELS ON CAUDAL PEDUNCLE (pages 34-37) Whalle shark - Rhiniodon typus Mihi. Distinguishing features: Size large. Mouth at tip of snout on horizontal plane. Head blunt. Distinct keel on caudal peduncle. Three of more lateral ridges on body. Body spotted. Occurrence: Cosmopolitan; in western Atlantic from'New York to Brazil. Known in North Carolina from a specimen washed ashore 6 June 1934. Name corrected from Rhincodon to Rhiniodon by Per-rith Basking shark - Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus) Distinguishing features: Size large. Enormous gills extend from top of head to throat. Head pointed. Teeth minute and needle-like. Body b!ack, interior of mouth sncwy white. Occurrence: A northern species found from Newfoundland to Gulf of Mexico. Found offshore in deep waters off North Carolina in December, move south and onshore, often into the surf, until February or March, and retreat northward as waters warm above 100C (500F). 34 Whale Shark Rhiniodon typus . . ......... Basking Shark Cetorhinus maximus 35 White shirk - Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus) Distinguishing features: Usually a black spot in axil of pectoral fin which may,fade with increase in body size. Strong single keel on caudal pedun- cle. Second dorsal fin in advance of anal fin.Caudal fin equally lobed and nearly lunate. Occurrence: Pelagic. Frequents inshore waters of one meter (3 ft) or more in April and possibly all summer. 'to Shorffln mat Isurus oxyrinchus (RafinesqUe) Distinguishing features: Broad keel on caudal pecluncle. Tail falcate and equally lobed. Snout short and sharply pointed; teeth often protrude. S--- cond dorsal fin positioned halfway over anal fin. Color blue or Gray. Occurrence: George's Bank to Caribbean. A summer visitor to Nlorth Carolina in all offshore waters south of Cape Hatteras, July-September. Porbeagle - Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre) Distinguishing features: Two keels on caudal fin, one on caudal peduncle. Caudal nearly equally lobed, but not as falcate as in mako and white sharks. Second dorsal fin over anal fin. Occurrence: Europe and Gulf of St. Lawrence to New Jersey, and possibly South Caroflna. No No-rth Carolina records. 36 Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias Shortfin Mako Isurus oxyrinchus Porbeagle Lamna nasus 37 RIDGE BETWEEN DORSAL FINS (pages 38-4 Smooth dogfish - Mustelus canis (Mitchill) Distinguishing features: Both dorsals nearly eqUal in size. Second dorsal fin ahead of anal fin. Lower lobe of caudal fin does not project acutely rearward. Occurrence: New Brunswick, Canada to Uruguay. Off North Carolina in less than 274 m (150 fm) frorn October to July, sometimes in large schools south of Hatteras while migrating seasonally north or south. Florida smoothhound - Mustelus norrisi Springer Distinguishing features: Similar to M. canis but rear tip of lower caudal fin lobe projects sharply rearward. Second dorsal situated ahead of anal fin. Occurrence: Known from northern Florida southward but eXpected in North Carolinian waters of moderate depths during spring. NIght shark - Hypoprion signatus Poey Distinguishing features: Second dorsal fin positioned over anal fin. Plead long, pointed, one-third of body length. Snout equal to or greater than mouth width. Eye bright green. when alive, and larger than in C. altimus. Occurrence: South Carolina to Caribbean. Expected in North Carolina waters over 183 m (100 fm). Bignone shark - Carcharchinus altimus (Springer) Distinguishing features: Snout long, equals or is greater than mouth width; prominent nasal channels. First dorsal fin set behind axil of pec.- toral fin, whereas is over axil in C. milberti. Occurrence: Known from northern Florida southward, but expected in deep waters off North Carolina. 38 Smooth Dogfish Muste1us ranis ......... ... C>' Florida Smoothhound Mustalus norrisi Night Shark Hypoprion signatus Bignose Shark Carcharhinus altimus 09 Silky shark - Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron) Distinguiching foatures: First dorsal lin leading edge curved and tip rounded. Second dorsal fin over anal fin; free rear tips of both long. Snout length approximately equal to mouth width. Occurrence: New England to Brazil. A May to October inhaillitant of all waters 183 rn (100 fm) or less south of Cape Hatteras. A year round resi- dent olfshore. Oceanic whitetip chark - Carcharhinus Icrigimanus (Poey) Distinguishing features: Broad rounded first dorsal fin. Some adults may be ridgeless between dorsal fins. Dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins tipped with white. Pectoral fins large, tips rounded. Occurrence: George's Bank to Uruguay. Year round in North Carolina in waters deeper than 183 m (100 fm). Sandbar chark - Carcharhinus rrif!herti (Valenciennes) Distinguishing featuros: First dorsal fin high, triangLilar, and situated over axil of pectoral fin. Second dorsal fin over anal. Snout length less th;:tn mouth width. Deep bodied. Occurrence: New England to southern Brazil. A common inshore shark in North Carolina south of Cape Hatteras from JLne to September. Dusky shark - Carcharhinus obscurus (Lesueur) Distinguishing features: Similar to C. fa!ciformis but first dorsal fin clearly triangular, Snout to mouth distance less than mouth width. Occurrence: George's Bank to southern Brazil. One of the most abundant sharks in North Carolina south of Hatteras, April to November; moving north or south with lower winter water temperatures. Penetrates estuaries and tolerates salinities as low as 10 0/00. 40 ------------------ U, Silky Shark Carcharhinus falciformis "J Oceanic Whitetip Shark Carcharhinus longirnanus Sandbar Shark Carcharhinus milbert! Dusky Shark Carcharhinus obscurus 41 HO RIDGE BETWEEN DORSAL FINS, DORSAL FIN AT OR BEFORE MIDPOINT OF BODY (pages 42-45) Finetooth shark - Aprionodon isodon (Valenciennes) Distinguishing features: Length of pectoral fin halt head length. Gill slits long, equal to 2/3 of snout to mouth drttance. Precaudal pits present. Body slender. Occurrence: New York, South Carolina to Cuba; rare, found inshore in April near Beaufort, North Carolina. Send tiger - Odontaspis taurus (Rafinesque) Distinguishing features: Dorsal fins large, equal in size. Dorsal precaudal pit present, absent ventrally. Teeth protrude from jaws. Usually gray, may be tinged with yellow. Light spots on body between pectoral and anal fins and occasionally on fins. Occurrence: Gulf of P..1aine to southern Brazil. A summer North Carolina inshore visitor June-September. Occurs offshore in deeper waters July- August. Atlantic sharpnose ehark - Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richar.dson, Distinguishing features: Second dorsal fin behind anal fin. Snout pointed. Rear margin of pectoral fins often white.. Occurrence: Bay of Fundy to Yucatan. Found in North Carolina year round in continental shelf waters, in estuaries October-May. One of the mest abundant North Carolina sharks. 42 Finetooth Shark Aprionodon isodon Sand Tiger Odontaspis taurus Sharpnose Shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae 43 Blacknose shark Carchprhinus acronotus (Poey) Distinguishing features: A distinct black mustache on tip of snout. Fresh coloration usually yellow-olive; fins dusky. Second dorsal fin over anal fin. Snout long. Eye diameter 2/3 of firs', gill slit length. Occurrence: North Carolina to Brazil. Rare north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, a summer inshore transient from June to August south of Cape Hatteras. Bull shark - Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes) Distinguishing features: Short, stocky body. High triangular first dorsal fin. Pectoral fins nearly as long as length from 'lip of snout to origin of pectoral fins. Broad "U" shaped snout. Occurrence: New York to Brazil, primarily tropical. In North Carolina, frequents shallow inshore waters July to September, offshore July to August. Glacktip shark, - Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes) Distinguishing features: Often confused with C. maculipinnis. Black or dusky tips usually on all fins; sides of fresh specimens may be olive- bronze with a white elongate "Z" coloration originating at the pelvics and projecting for-ward toward the pectoral fins. Eye more than 1/5 first gill @@;it length. Occurrence: Massachusetts to southern Brazil. A common summer, June to September, transient in North Carolina offshore as wall as inshore waters. Spinner schark - Carcharhinus maculipinnis (Poey) Distinguishing features: Similar to C. limbatus. Prominent black tips usually on all fins. Fresh specimens may be bronze with a white elongate 'T' coloration originating at the pelvics and projecting forward, on the sides, toward the pectoral fins. Snout long, sharp, pointed. Eye small, less than 1/5 first gill slit length. Occurrence: North Carolina to Cuba and Puerto Rico. Rare to Cape Hatteras, common frorn Cape Lookout, North Carolina southward on the continental shelf. Common inhabitant of inshore North Carolina waters June-September. 44 Blacknose Shark Carcharhinus acronotus MU Bull Shark Carcharhinus leucas Blacktip Shark Carcharhinus limbatus Spinner Shark Carcharhinus maculipinnis 45 GLOSSARY Abyssal - Areas at great depths below the ocean surface. N Axil - The "armpit" of fishes, the inner base of the pectoral fins. Barbel - A fleshy proces s attached to the nostrils or lower laws of fishes. Body Length - Distance from tip, of snout to precaudal pit. Buckler - Shield shaped. Caudal Peduncle - The body area lying between the posterior end of the anal fin and caudal fin base. Chondrichthyes - Class of fishes including the sharks, skates, and rays. Cloaca - Common exit in sharks for reproductive, excretory, and digestive systems. Continental Shelf - The shallow terrace that surrounds most continents and is terminated seaward by a relatively sharp increase in depth. Cosmopolitan - Distributed world-wide. Cosmotropically - Distributed in tropical areas throughout the world. Cranial - Referring to the dorsal region of the head. Ctenoid Scale - Thin disc-like in shape with obvious teeth (called ctenii) on exposed margin. Cycloid Scale - Smooth thin disc-like in shape without teeth on exposed margin. Denticulate - See placoid scale. Denticle - See placoid scale. Devonian - Geologic period about 345-39.5 million years ago. Dorsal Ridge - The raised portion of skin between the first and second dorsal fins. Estuarine - Referring to an estuary, ar. area where seawater is measurably diluted by fresh water influx and is subject to tidal fluctuations. Falcefte - Sickle-shaped, deeply concave with short middle rays and long exterior rays. Ganoid Scale - Hard, plate-like scales found in gars, sturgeons, and pacld@e- fishes. Inshore -- Landward waters less than approximately 20 fathoms. Interorbital -- Distance between eyes on top of the head. Keel - A lateral raised ridge on caudal peduncle or caudal lobe. Landward - Towards the land. Leeward - Situated away from the wind. Midbase - The midpoint of the base of a fin. Offshore - Seaward waters of greater than approximately 20 fathoms. Orbit - The eye socket. Pelagic - Free swimming in the open sea. Placoid Scale - Also called dermal denticle, tooth-like in appearance with disc- like basal plate and projecting cusp, found in Chondrichthyes. Precaudal Pit - The notch found on dorsal and sometimes ventral surfaces of the caudal peduncle of sharks. Protrusible Jaws - Jaws that are capable of being projected outwards. Seaward - Towards the sea. Serrated - Rough or saw-like. Shagreen - The prepared rough hide of sharks and rays with scales in place. Spiracle - Opening usually located posterior to the eye which serves to SLIpple- ment the gill openings. Symphysis - Meeting point of upper and lower jaws at corner of mouth. 46 ACKN0WLEDGEMENTS Many, over the years, have contributed help, interest, information, and encouragement to the completion of this production. Dr. A. Chestnut, Institute Director, provided support, facilities, and information on the early catch statistics and the 1957 shark attack. Institute of Marine Sciences Captains J. Wegener, T. Kellum, and 0. Lewis were most helpful in the field, as were mates J. Spencer, W. Willis, and A. Dudley, and Dr. J. Kohlmeyer assisted with several translations. W. Link, J. Dudley, K. MacPherson, and a host of student assistants have grown to know sharks better by participation with our Iona line efforts. Enthusiastic support, in the form of information and specimens, came from the Morehead City Area via Captains Ottis Purifoy, George Bedsworth. Woodrow Fulcher, Oliver Davis, Frank Swanson, and the entire sport and commercial fleets of Morehead City and Beaufort, North Carolina. Information from other parts of the coast came from A. Brown (Manteo), M. McBride (Morehead City), and D. Pigott (Southport). Knowledge of deep water sharks was made possible while on R/V Eastward cruises, ably assisted by G. New- ton, F. Kelly, J. Newton, and C. Olson. A. Powell, J. Sterling. and E. Bayer (N.C. Dept. Cons. Deve!.) provided material from R/V Dan Moore stations. Information on the old shark fishery operating out of Morehead City was furnished by 0. Phillips and the excerpts on the Ocean Leather Cor- poration, in part or whole, from the personal files of L. Moresi (Orange, N.J.). Dr. H. D. Baldridge (Mote Marine Laboratory, Florida) furnished data for the two recorded North Carolina shark attacks. Permission to modify drawings of Hexanchus griseus, Echinorhinus brucus, Cen- troscyllium fabricii, Phiniodon typus, Lamina nasus, Alopias supercilliosus, Galeus arae. Apristurus profundoruni, Carcharhinus longimanus, Squalus cubensis, and Apricnodon isodon from Volume 1 of Fishes of the Western North Atlantic was granted by Dr. Daniel Merriman (Sears Found. Mar. Res.), Deania profundorurn (=D. eiegans) by Stewart Springer (Mote Marine Laboratory. Florida), C. altimlis by Dr. J. Garrick (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand), Sphyrna mokarran and S. zygaena by Dr. C. Gilbert (University of Florida, Gainesville), Prionace glauca by Dr. W. Templeman (Memorial University. St. Johns, New- foundland); all other drawings are of specimens catalogued in the Institute's (UNC) fish collection. Figure 2a, b was made available by Melvin Beaven, who collected, and Mike Reber (Chesapeake Biological Laboratory), who photographed the fossil shark teeth taken from the Miocene deposits near Solomons, Maryland. Appreciation is extended Stewart Springer and J.A.F. Carrick for valUable comments concerning distribution, systematics, and the keys. Dr. G. Krefft, (Institute fur SeefiScherei, Hamburg) provided the paratype (ISH 1573/66) and a young specimen of Etmopterus gracifispinis, on which our drawing is based, and valuable comments concerning Et- mopterus species distinctions. Dr. J. Musick (Virginia Institute Marine Science, Gloucester) furnished data on the 1973 shark attack in Virginia waters. Dr. W. Wheeler (UNC-Chapel Hill) provided geological and fossil record background. Linda Burgess patiently retyped the keys, while Jane Garner, Brenda Bright, and Joyce Lewis typed several versions of the manuscript. 47 0 LITERATURE CITED Backus, R. 1-1. 1957, Notes on westarin North Atlantic sharks. Copeia,1957(3): 246- 246. S. Springar, and E. L. Arnold, jr. 1956. A contribution to the natural history of the white-tip shark. Pteroiamiops longimanas (Poey). Deer-Sca Ros. 3:178-188. Gaidridge, H. D. 1974. Shari, attack: a program of data reduction and anaysis Contr. Mote Mar. Lab. 11,-2):1-98. Bearden, C. M. 196.5a. Occurrence of s Diny dogfish Sualus acanthias, and other elasmobranclis it) South Carolina coastal waters. Copeia 1965(3):378. 1965b. Elasmobranch fishes ot South Carolina. Contr. Bears Bluff Lab. 42:1-22. Bell, J. C., and J. T. Nichols. 1921. Nc@e,, on the food of Carolina sharks. Copeia 92:17-20. Bigelow, H. B., and W. C. Schroeder. 1945. GLJide to commerical shark fishing in the Caribbean nrea. U. S. F;sh Wild]. Serv. Fi5h. Leaflet 135, 149 p. 1945. Pishns of 20o western north Atlantic, Lancelets, Cyclostornes, Sharks. Sears Found. Mar. Res., Mern. No. l(l), 576 p. 1G53. Fishe@@ of the Gulf of Plaine. U. S. Fish Wild[. Serv. gish. Bull. 741, 74): 1 -6 77. _. 1954. Deep water e'sasmobranchs and chimeroids from the northwestern Atlantic Slope. Bu1p1p Mus. Comp. Zool. 112(6):38-37. 1957. A study cf. the sha@ks of th'a suborder Sualoidea. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 117(l):1-150. and S. Springer. 1953. NGvi and iltt!e known sharks fruni 'the Atlantic and zj frorn tho Gulf of Mexico. Bull. 4Mus. Cornp. Zool. 140(3):213-276. and W. VV. 8Wol,@h. 1925. Fishe3 of !he Gulf of Maine. Bufl. U. S. Bur. Fish. Pt. 1, 567 p., (1924). Ddlilke, J. E., and C. C. G. Chaplin. 1968. Fishes oi the Bahamas ard adjac;@nt tropical waters. Livingston Puvii.,hing Co., Wynnewood, Pa., 771 p. [email protected], H. H. 1935a. Notes an 111.131 OCCUtrzince oi a whale shark (Rhincodorl typus) in the Cape Fear River, near, Souinport, N.C. J. Elisha Mitchs,11 Sci. Soo. 51:160-162. 1935b. Basking sharks (Cotorhinus miximus) in North Caro!ina waters. j. EI;Gha 8Mitcheil Sci. Soc. 51:311. Buliis, H. R., Jr. 1967. Depth sagregation and distribution of sex-maturity groups in the marbled catshark, Galeus arae, p. 141-174. In: P. W. Gilbert, R. F. Mathewson, and D. P. Rall (ei:13.), Sharks, skates, and rays. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. and J. R. Thompson. 1965. Collections by the exploratory fishing vessels Oregon, Silver Bay, Corribat, and Pelican made during 1956-1960 in the southwestern North Atlantic. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 510, 130 p. Burton, E. M. 1935. Shark attacks along the South Carolina coast. Sci. Monthly 40:279-283. Case, G. R. 1967. Fossil shark and fish remains of North America. Grafco Press, N. Y., 21 p. Casey, J. G. 1964. Angier's guide to sharks of the northeastern United States, Maine to Chesapeake Bay. Bur. SPort Fish. Wildl. Circ. 179, 32 p. Clark, Eugenie, and Katherine von Schmidt. 1965. Sharks of thp central Gulf coast of Florida. 0Bu4h. Mar. 4Sci. 158(l):103-483. 48 0 Coies, R. J. 1910. Observations on the habits and distribution of certain fishes taken on the coast of North Carolina. Buii. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 28.337- 348. 1915. Notes on the sharks and rays of Cape Lookout, N.C. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 28:89-94 (1@14). _. 1919. The large sharks of Cape Lookout, North Carolina. The white shark or maneater, tiger shark, and hammerhead. Copeia. 69:34-43. 1926. Notes on Cape Lookout (North Carolina) tishes - 1925. Copeia 151:105-106. Compagno, L. J. V. 1973. InterrGlationships of living elasmobranchs, p. 15-61. In: P. H. Greenwood, R. S. Miles, and C. Pattorson (eds.), Interrelationships of fishes. Academic Press, London. Coppleson, V. M. 1963. Patterns ol shark attacks for the world, p. 389-421. In: P. W. Gilbert (ed.), Sharks and survival. D. E. Heath Co., Boston. Fitch, J. E., and W. L. Craig. 1964. First records for the bigeye thresher (Alopias suporcifics,is) and slender. tuna (Aflothuonus fafla.,) from California., with notes on eastern Pacific. Scombrid oltoliths. Caiif. Fish Game 50(3):195-206. Fowler, H. W. 1905. Fishes of N,3w Jersey. Rep. N. J. St. Mus., Pt. 1, 477 p. Garman, S. 1913. The plagiostamia (sharks, skates, and rays). Nlem. Mus. Comp. Zoo. 36, 528 p. Garrick, J. A. F. 1960. Studies,on New Zealand Elasmobranchii Pt. XII. The species of Suaus from New Zealand and Australia, and a shark account and key to the N6vi Zealand Sualoidea. Tr. Roy. Soc. N. Z. 88(3):519-557. 1967. A broad view of Carcharh,@nus species, their systematics and dis- tribution, p. 85-91. In: P. W. Gilbert, R. F. Mathewson, and D. P. Rall (eds.), Sharks, skates, and rays. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. - and 'L. P. Schultz. 1963. A guide to the kinds ol potentially dangerous sharks, p. 3-62. In: P.'v%/. Gilbert (ad.), Sharks arid survival. D. E. Heath Co., Boston. Gilbert, C. R. 1967a. 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Pro.-. U. S. Nt. Mus. 115(3493):559-632. and J. A. F. Garrick. 1964. A survey of vertebrae numbers in sharks. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1116(34196)73-96. Stick, D. 1958. The outer banks of North Carolina. Univ. No. Car. Press, Chapel Hill, N.C.,352 p. Strasburg, D. W. 1963. The diet and dentition of Isistius brasifiensis, with remark-, on tooth replacement in other sharks. Copeia 1963(l):33-40. Struhsaker, P. 1969. Demersal fish resources: Composition, distribution, and commerical potential of the continental shelf stocks off southeastern United States. Fish Industr. Res. 4(7):261-300. Templeman, W.1966. Repartition des ret7uins dans Atlantic Canadien (et pluS particulierment dans les eaux de Terre-Neuve). Off. recher. pech. Canada, Buli.140, 83 p. Thompson, K. S., W. H. Weed, and A. G. Taruski, 1971. Saltwiter fishes of Connecticut. Conn. St. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 1105, 165 p. Thorson, T. B. 1971. Movements of bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, 'between Caribbean Sea and Lako Nicaragua demonstrated by tagging. Copeia 1971(2): 336-338. Vokes, H. E. 1957. Marine fossils of Maryland. Md. Dept. Geol. Mines Water Res. Bull. 20, 85 p. Wilson, H. V. 1900. Marine biology at Beaufort. Amer. Nat. 34:339-360. Yarrow, H. C. 1877. Notes on the natural history of Fort Macon, N. C. and vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. 29:203-218, Zangerl, R. 1973. Interrelationships of early chondrichthyans, p. 1-14. in: P. H. Greenwood, R. S. Miles, and C. Patterson (eds.), lnterrelationh;.0:7, of fishes, Academic Press, Lcndon. 52 INDEX Rage Albino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Ap6f6qionodon isodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 17, 42, 43, 47 Apristurus ourussoni . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 10, 12, 16, 28, 29 Aprisqturus profundorum . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 16, 28, 29, 47 Alopias superciqlqiosus . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 15, 32, 33, 47, 49 Aqlopias vuqlpinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 15, 32, 33 Carcharhinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5, 11, 12, 49, 51 Carcharhinus acronotus . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 10, 12, 17, 44, 45 Carcharhinus altimus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 10, 12, 17, 38, 47 Carcharhinus falciformis . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 10, 12, 16, 40, 41 Carcharhinus leucas . . . . . . . . 2, 3, 10, 12, 17, 44, 45, 51, 52 Carch arhinus fimbatus . . . . . . . . . . 2, 10, 11, 12, 17, 44, 45 Carcharhinus longimanus . . . . . . . . 2, 10, 12, q16, 40, 41, 47, 48 Carcharhinus maculipinnis . . . . . . . . . . 2, 10, 12, 17, 44, 45 Carcharhinus milberti . . . . . . . . . 2, 10, 12, 16, 38, 40, -q11, 51 Carcharhinus obscurus . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 10, 12, 16, 40, 41 Carcharodon .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5, 51 Carcharodon carcharias . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 15, 36, 37 Carcharodon magaqlodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4 Carcharodon rondeqleti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Centroscyq1qfqlum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Cenqtroscyqfqlium fabrict'l . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 12, 14, 20, 21, 47 Cetorhinusi n7axi'MUS . . . . . . . . . . 3,10, 12, 15, 34, 35, 43,50 Cynoscion regaqlis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Deania . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Dean,fa oqtaganqs . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2p0,47 Deania profundorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,12, 14, 20, 21, 47 Deformitie@z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Denticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Devonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Echinorhinus brucus . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 13, 20, 21, 47, 51 Elasmobran.-Iis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Etmopterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 11, 47 Etmopterus buqlqlisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 14, 22, 23 Etmopterus graciqlispl .qm.s . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 14, 22, 23, 47 Etmopqterus hqilqlianus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 14, 22, 23 Galeocerdo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ,, , 4 Galoocerdo cuvieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 15, 32, 33 Gaqleus erae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10, 12, 15, 30. 31, 4.7 Ginglymostoma cirratum . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 16, 18, 19 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Hemipristis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 Hemipisqtis serra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Hqexqanchuqs griseus . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 121, 612, 13, 18, 19, 47 Hypqopqr8qion sigqnatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 17, 38, 39 0qIsurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 Isquruqs qoxqrqoq;nqchuqs . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 610, 12, 15, 36, 37 53 Key Dicotomous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pictorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Lemna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . 4 Lamna nasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 12, 14, 36, 37, 47 Loxodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 52 Miocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5, 47 Musfelus cam .s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 16, 38, 39 Mustefus n orrisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 16, 38, 39 Negaprion brevirostris . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 16, 28, 29, 50 Nets Shad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 9 Shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Ocean Leather Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8 Odontaspis 4 Odontasp,,s taurus . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 16, 42,43 Oxyrhina . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Parasites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pleistocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Prionace glauca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 1 515, 30, 31,47 Prionodon egertoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Pristiopho, rus schroederi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 51 Rhincodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,50 Rhincodon typus . . . . . . . . . . . . I. . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Rhiniodon . . . . . . . . . 34 Rhiniodon typus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 12, 14, 34, 35, 47 RhIzoprion adon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 52 Rhi7oprioncidon terraenovae . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 12, 16, 42, 43 Sawfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 2 Sawshark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 2, 51 Scales Ctenoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 46 Cycloid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 46 Ganoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . 46 Placoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,46 Scoliodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 5, 52 Scyliorhinus re tife r.. . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 11, 12, 15, 30, 31, 52 Shark Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 12 Catch Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . 9 Fishery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Fishing Ordinance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Sharks Atlantic angel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4, 12, 13, 18, 19 Atlantic sharpnose . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 11, 12, 16, 42, 43 Basking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9, 11, 12, 15, 34, 35 Bignose .I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 17, 38, 39 Blacknose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 12, 17, 44, 45 54 11, 12, 17, 44, 45 Blacktip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 11, 12, 15, 30-1 31 Blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . 26, 27 Bonnethead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15, e Bramble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13, 20, 21 Bull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3. 11, 12, 17, 44, 45 Cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Dogfish Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 14, 20, 21 Blainville's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12, 114, 24, 25 Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 12, 15, 30, 31 Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 14, 2- 4, 25 Smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 16, 38, 39 Spiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 12, 24, 25 Dusky . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . 2, 12, 14, 40, 41 Finetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 17, 42, 43 Florida Smoothhound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 16, 38, 39 Hammerhead Great . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15, 26, 27 Scalloped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 12, 15, 26, 27 Smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15, 26, 27 Lemon . . . . . . . . I. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 16, 28, 29 Mako . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 11 Marbled cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 12, 15, 30, 31 Night . . . . . . . . C- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2, 17, 38, 39 Nurse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 16, 18, 19 Oceanic Whitetip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5, 12, 16, 40, 41 Porbeagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 12, 14, 36, 37 R e, q u Ii a m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 12 Sandbar . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 12, 16, 40, 41 Sand Tiger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 16, 42, 43 Shortfin Mako . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 12, 15, 36, 37 Silky 2, 12, 16, 40, 41 Sixgill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19 Spinner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 12, 17, 44, 45 Thresher . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 12, 15, 32, 33 Bigeye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15, 32, 33 Tiger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7, 11, 12, 15, 32, 33 Whale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9, 11, 12, 14, 34, 35 White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 15, 36, 37 Sphyma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Sphyrna lewini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 12, 15, 26, 27, 50 Sphyrna mokarran . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 10, 12, 15, 26, 27, 47 Sphyrna fiburo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 15, 26, 27 Sphyma zygaena . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 15, 26, 27, 47, 49 Squaloid . . . . . . . I . . . . . . ... . I. . . . . . . 2, 5, 48 Squalus acanthies . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 12, 14, 24, 25, 48, 51 Squalus blainvillei . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 10, 12, 14, 24, 25 55 Squqlus cahensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 14, 24, 25, 47 Squalus fernandinus .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Squatina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Squatina duincrik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 1 0,12, 13, 18, 19 Teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Fossil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4, 5, 47 Trout, gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Turtle, loggerhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Weakfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 FISH DRAWINGS Most sharks figured are based on fresh or preserved material catalogued in the Institute of Marine Sciences collection (UNC). The remainder are modified from the Fishes of Western North Atlantic (FWNA) Vol. 1, p. 1 or as noted. Page 19 Squaqfqina durnmeriqli, UNC 7809q0, 284 mm TL. Hexanchus griseus, FWNA, q(p. 80), 830 mm TL. Gingqlymostorna cqirraturn, UNC 7315, 365 mm TL. Page 21 -Echqinorhinus brUcus, FWNA (p, 527), 915 mm TL. Deania profundorum, Springer, S., Copeia 1959 (1):31, 315 mr-n TL. Centroscyqlqliuqm fabriz;ii, FWNA (p. 482), 640 mrri TL. Page 23 - Etmopterus bulql;si, UNC 4030, 200 mm TL. Etnopterus gracqhqispinis, ISH 1673/66, 130 mm TL. Ein7opterus hilliarus, UNC 4506, 242 mm TL. Page 25 Squalus acanthias, UNC 5230, 515 mm TL. Squlus 0qWainqviqllei, UNC 4060, 285 mm TL. Sqqaqlus cubensis, FWNA (p. 473), 672 mm T L. Page 27 Sphyrna qlewini, UNC 3466, 385 mqm TL. Sphyrna mokarran, Gilbert, C., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 119(3539):27. 673 mm TL. Sphyrna tiburo, UNC 2q303, 530 mm TL. Sphyrna zygaena, Gilbert, 4qC., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 119(3539):32, 687 mm TL. Page 29 Negaprqion brevirosqtris, UNC 4281, 635 mm TL Apristurus 4qlaurussoni, Springer, S., Fish. Bull. 65,13):614, 540 mm TL. Apr6qisturus pro6qtuqncqorum, FWNA (p. 222), 5160 nq)m TL 56q6 Page 31 Gaqleus arae, FWNA (p. 216). P24 mm TL. Scyqliorhinus re,'qlor, UNC 305, 204 mm TL. Prionace glauca, FWNA (p. 2821), 2175 mm TL. Page 33 Gaqleocerdo cuvl;eri, LJNC 8230, 878 mm TL. Aqlopqias superciqlqioolIs, FWNA (. 163), 1296 mm TL. Alopias vuqlpinus, UNC 4964, 1332 mm TL. Page 35 Rhiniodon typus, FWNA (p. 189), 5285 mm TL. 4Getorhinus maximus, UNC 4978, 4685 mm TL. Page 37 Carcharodon carcharias, UNC 9302, 1967 mm TL. Isurus oxyrinchus, UN8qG 7953, 600 mm TL. Lamna nasus, FWNIA (. 112), 935 mm TL. Page 39 Muste0lus canis, UNC 6455, 300 mm TL. Mustelus norrisi, FWNA (p. 257), 643 mm TL. Hypoprion signatus, F6qWNA (p. 316), 935 mm TL. Carcharhinus altimus, Kato, Springer, and Wagner, U.S. Fish Wiqldl. Serv. Circ. 271:13, 1579 mm TL. Page 41 Carcharhinus faqlciformis, UNC 4969, 720 mrn T4L CarcoiArhinus longimanus, FWNA (p, 354), 2060 nim TL. Carcherhinus milbert.', qUqN4qC 6373, 655 mm TL. Carcharff2qinus obscurus, UN0qC. 6013, 512 TL. Page 43 Aprionodon isodon, FWNA (p. 303), 504 m.-n TL. Odontaspis tqourus, UN4qC 4275, 1500 mm TL. Rhizoprior7odon terraenovae, UN0qG 3387, 324 imm T L. Page 45 Carcharhinus acronotus, UNC 2535, 400 m-r. T L Carcll7a[2p1p2peucas, UNC 9443, 2335 mm TL. Carcharhinus limbatus, UN2G 4715, 1260 mm TL. Carcharhinus macuqlipinnis, UNC 8596, 1000 mm TL. 57 I NJ,] I 11@1[ 1[ lp ,I] I gj@ J[ 1@1@ NT 11 1111 1 IINIllyll 36668 00004 4273 j