Open space and recreation plan for the Town of Stratham

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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Rockingham
Planning 121 Water Street, Exeter, N.H. 03833 (603)-778-0885
Commission

REGIONAL
PLANNING

SB
483 0 00
S83
i63
1989

- - - @?T& p

OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION PLAN

for the

TOWN OF STRATHAM
June, 1989 U S DEPARTMENT OF C
COASTAL SERVICES r"
2234 SOUTH HOSSC@-
CHARLESTON SC

Prepared for the

CONSERVATION COMMISSION

and the

PLANNING BOARD

by the

ROCKINGHAM PLANNING COMMISSION

co Property of Library

The New Hampshire Coastal Program provided a grant f or the preparation of this
report which was financed in part by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,
as amended, administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of
Commerce.

PREFACE

"What are the natural features which make a township handsome? A
river, with its waterfalls and meadows) a lake, a hill,, a cliff or
individual rocks, a forest, and ancient trees standing singly. Such
things are beautiful; they have a high use which dollars and cents
never represent. If the inhabitants of a town were wise, they would
seek to preserve these things ... for such things educate more than
any hired teachers or preachers ...

It would be worth the while if in each town there were a committee
appointed to see that the beauty of the town received no detriment.
If we have the largest boulder in the county, then it should not belong
to an individual, nor be made into door-steps.
As in many countries precious metals belong to the crown, so
here more precious natural objects of rare beauty should belong to
the public.
Not only the channel but one or both banks of every river should
be a public highway. The only use of a river is not to float on it."

Henry David Thoreau
1861

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1

II. OPEN SPACE - GENERAL DESCRIPTION............................................. 2

A. MULTIPLE RESOURCE VALUES............................................... 2

B. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS................................................ 2

III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND LAND USE........................................ 4

A. LOCATION AND SIZE...................................................... 4

B. GEOLOGY................................................................ 4

1. Bedrock Geology.................................................. 4

2. Surficial Geology ............................................... 4

C. TOPOGRAPHY............................................................. 7

D. SOILS.................................................................. 8

1. Development Suitability.......................................... 8

2. Agriculture and Forestry......................................... 10

E. LAND USE AND ZONING................................................... 10

1. Land Use......................................................... 10

2. ZONING........................................................... 13

IV. OPEN SPACE VALUES, INVENTORY, AND ANALYSIS..................................... 16

A. RECREATION ........................................................... 16

B. AGRICULTURE/FORESTRY................................................... 22

C. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION............................................... 27

1. Surface Water.................................................... 27

2. Wetlands......................................................... 32

3. Floodplains...................................................... 36

4. Shorelands....................................................... 37

5. Groundwater...................................................... 39

TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED

SECTION PAGE

D. HABITAT.... 42

Eo AESTRETICSo.ooooooo..o.o.o..oo....oooo..oo.o.ooo..o.** .... a ... 45

Fo EDUCATION/RESEARCH ......... o ................. o-oo ........ o .... 48

G. HISTORICARCHEOLOGICAL SITES.o ........... o.................. o. 49

V. OWNERSHIP OF OPEN SPACE LAND ........... * ......* .................... 53

A. PUBLIC ....... oo .................. 53

Bo QUASI-PUBLICooo ... 53

Co PRIVATE PROTECTED LAND.ooooo.o.o ... oooooo ..... oo.o.osooooooooo 53

D. LARGE TRACTSooooooooooo.o. oo ..... o.*.* ... o.o..o.o ...... o.oo-- 54

VIo GOALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....oo.oo ..... oo.o.oo.o ..... o.ooo.oo..ooo 56

VII. OPEN SPACE PLAN.oo..oo..oo.o ..... o.... oooo ... ooo.o ..... oo ...o... o.. 61

A. GENERAL ...... ooooooo.o ... 61

B. THE PLANo ....... o.o ........ o.o.o ....o...... ........... 63

B. METHODS FOR OPEN SPACE PROTECTIONo .......... o ......... o ....... 64

VIII. CONCLUSION ................................ o..... os ................ 70

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

TABLE 1 EXISTING LAND USE: 1953, 1974, 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

TABLE 2 SELECTED STANDARDS FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION
FACILITIES AND PRESENT NEEDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

TABLE 3 PRINCIPAL COMMERCIAL FARMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

LIST OF MAPS

MAP 1 LOCATION MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

MAP 2 FLOOD HAZARDS AND GEOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

MAP 3 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SEPTIC SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

MAP 4 FARMLAND SOILS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

MAP 5 EXISTING LAND USE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

MAP 6 ZONING DISTRICTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

MAP 7 PERENNIAL SURFACE WATERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

MAP 8 WETLANDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

MAP 9 AQUIFERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

MAP 10 OPEN SPACE VALUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

MAP 11 PROTECTED OPEN SPACE AND PUBLIC LANDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

MAP 12 OPEN SPACE PROTECTION PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I CURRENT LAND USE, 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

APPENDIX II FUNCTIONS OF WETLANDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

APPENDIX III RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

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I I. INTRODUCTION
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1. INTRODUCTION

The Town of Stratham possesses a rich legacy of forest and fields, streams and
marshes, hilltops and shores. Together, these exceptional natural resources
provide the Town's citizens with clean water, habitat for wildlife, protection
from flooding, aesthetic and recreational enjoyment, and, in general, a high
quality of environment.

But these features are being continually threatened by development, and their
conservation and recreational values will be lost if steps are not taken to
protect them. The unprecedented population growth of recent years is resulting
in increased traffic congestion on the roads, the development of forests and
farms, decreased recreation opportunities, and the loss of scenic views. These
trends will continue - to the detriment of both present and future generations
- unless a coordinated plan for natural resource preservation is adopted.

The following plan incorporates natural resource planning principles in order
to guide future development toward the most suitable lands, and away from
sensitive resource-rich areas with high open space value. It identifies the
Town's most important open spaces, and recommends strategies for their
protection. Used in conjunction with Stratham's Master Plan, this document
can serve as a useful guide for public officials and citizens in their efforts
to achieve a balance of community growth and protection of the natural
environment.

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I II. OPEN SPACE - GENERAL DESCRIPTION
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11. OPEN SPACE - CENERAL DESCRIPTION

A. MULTIPLE RESOURCE VALUES

This plan provides the Stratham Conservation Commission with a general
natural resources inventory of the Town. This inventory is used to examine
present conditions., and identify any resource problems or opportunities.
Using these areas of critical concern as a base, the plan presents
recommendations and strategies for their protection.

For the purposes of this plan, open space is defined as sites having natural
resources and features worthy of conservation or protection. It can be
comprised of areas that contain forests, farmland, floodplains, or
wetlands. Open space can also be scenic vistas, recreational areas, or
historic sites.

Too often open space is considered to be merely lands that are not currently
being used. The multiple resource values of open space lands are often
overlooked. Open space values can be categorized as follows:

1) recreation;
2) forestry and agriculture;
3) environmental protection, (e.g. erosion control, flood retention, ground-
water recharge);
4) habitat for flora and fauna;
5) aesthetics, (i*e., pleasant scenery, visual relief, maintenance of rural
character);
6) education/research; and
7) historic/archeological sites.

It is difficult to quantify all of the benefits which open space provides,
especially in monetary terms. Most public open space uses have a relatively
low economic return in the short-term, and a low frequency of use for any
one individual. Open space is usually considered to be a community
resource; therefore public action and control are often the most practical
sources of preservation efforts.

B. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

Traditional arguments favoring the preservation of open space have not
rested upon economic considerations. Instead they have been based upon
the need for conservation of natural resources, the need for public
recreation facilities, and the attractiveness of green spaces. However,
in addition to these factors, open space lands can produce substantial
economic benefits. Open space creates economic values in the following
ways:

1) Prevents public expenditures in the sense that other types of
development can have a net cost to the Town, especially residential
development;

2) Produces private income through commercial open space uses, including
golf courses, agricultural business and timber harvesting;

3) Adds value to adjacent properties; and

4) Maintains the various "natural process" values which if disrupted
may require enormous expenditures to restore. These values, which
may be considered "avoided costs", are further described below.

A common argument against open space preservation is that it results in
the loss of potential property tax revenues for the community. This
statement may be generally valid for industrial and commercial development,
but does not hold true for most residential development. For example,
the residents of new neighborhoods, having made substantial personal invest-
ments in their new homes, expect to receive adequate public services (e.g.,
educationt safety, road maintenance, etc.) in return for their property
taxes. So, the "increased tax base" argument assumes that "residential
development produces public revenues in excess of public costs." But,
according to a study by the American Farmland Trust, this assumption has
almost always proven false: "...the costs of the public services required
to serve new residential communities usually exceeds the tax revenues
generated by the them..." (source: Density - Related Public Costs, American
Farmland Trust, Washington D.C. P 1986). As a case study, the Trust
evaluated the municipal finances for Loudoun County in Virginia. For every
$1.00 of tax revenue generated by the Residential sector, $1.28 in
residential services was expended. The fiscal impacts of residential
development have been similar throughout New Hampshire. Theref ore, as
a general rule, conventional residential development rarely "pays for
itself".

Another factor to consider when assessing the economics of maintaining
open space is that once open space is developed, a wide array of private
and public benefits are lost. Open space can provide sustained economic
production which, over the long-term, may exceed those from development
options. Examples of open spaces which provide direct monetary returns
include a farm field, timber stand, campground, or golf course. In
addition, user fees charged for income-producing lands owned by the Town
could be contributed to a specific fund for open space acquisition.

An example of a less direct but measureable economic benefit is what has
been termed "location rent", which is the added property. value of a house
or lot situated close to protected open space. According to the National
Association of Home Builders, it is not uncommon for the value of building
sites to be enhanced by 15 to 20 percent in the vicinity of park and
recreation areas. The increased value to the landowner from preserved
open space is shared by the municipality as well. Because relative property
values are higher, assessed valuations and tax revenues are also higher.

In some circumstances, it is possible to express the "natural process
values" of open space in the dollar terms of traditional economic analysis.
For example, the value of fish production from a given water body can be
calculated. After a flood occurs, the negative value of houses built within
the floodplain can be determined by assessing the flood damage costs.
The value of an aquifer can be calculated by determining the replacement
cost (the cost of obtaining water elsewhere when the water supply has been
polluted or the recharge rate diminished). But the intrinsic values of
open space (e.g., scenic views, unique ecological areas, or historic sites)
are more difficult to quantify. Still, these intrinsic values are important
to consider because they are an integral part of the Town's character and
natural heritage.

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I III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS WM LJWD USE
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III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND LAND USE

A. LOCATION AND SIZE

Stratham is located within the "first tier" and "second tier" boundaries
of the New Hampshire Coastal Zone. It is bordered by Greenland, North
Hampton, Hampton, Exeter, Newfields, and Newmarket (see Map 1 - "Location
Map"). The Town boundaries encompass an area of 14.3 square miles (9,152
acres). A small portion of Great Bay is contained within Stratham, and
the tidal Squamscott River serves as the Town's western border. South
of N.H. Route 108, the Squamscott River corridor is part of the State's
second tier" coastal area.

B. GEOLOGY

Introduction

Topography and soils influence the suitability of land for various uses.
These land features are shaped primarily by surficial geology which in
turn is a product of the most recent glacial period. The f ollowing
discussion on geology is presented as a prelude to the Topography and Soils
sections.

1. Bedrock Geology

In southeastern New Hampshire, bedrock was f ormed from layers of sea
bottom sediments deposited and compacted over millions of years into
sedimentary rock. These rock formations were transformed through
uplifting, folding, and tremendous heat and pressure into what is
known as metamorphic rock. Virtually all of the bedrock in Stratham
falls into this category. Two types of metamorphic rock are found:
the Eliot formation running in a north/south direction through the
central part of Town and the Kittery formation running in bands along
the westerly and easterly boundaries. (See Map 2 - "Flood Hazards
and Geology".)

This geologic process was augmented by the rising of molten rock of
a volcanic origin from the earth's interior. Once cooled and hardened,
this material became igneous rock. Small traces of an igneous
formation are found on the Stratham border near the Winniconic Mill,
and near the Exeter/Hampton border.

2. Surficial Geology

The upper layers of geologic materials above bedrock forming the
earth's surface are known as surficial deposits. In southeastern
New Hampshire, these materials were deposited by a glacier more than
10,000 years ago. There are four types of surficial materials in
Stratham (described below).

Till. As the mile thick glacier advanced from the northwest, it
deposited layers of debris made of sand, silt, clay, and gravel known
as till. Roughly a third of Stratham's surficial geology is
characterized by till which is found on the hills and ridges of the
central part of Town. Till usually provides adequate loading capacity

'Location Map
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for foundations, indicating it is suitable for development. However,
if hardpan (an impermeable layer) is located within 18" to 24" below
the surface, conditions may not be adequate for septic systems.

Contact Deposits. As the glacier melted and retreated, sediments
were released forming layers of sand and gravel called ice contact
deposits. These deposits have good drainage and permeability with
a high bearing capacity and are easily excavated. This material is
also termed as "stratified drift". A band of stratified drifts
deposits crosses central Stratham from west to southeast. This forma-
tion may contain large quantities of water making it a potential source
for a municipal water supply. (See Map 8 - "Aquifers," and Section
IV.C for further discussion.)

Outwash and Shore Deposits. The glacial melt waters carried away
sands and fine gravels and deposited them along the shorelines of
ancient seas. A scattering of these deposits is located along Route
108. Because of their good bearing capacity and moderate permeability,
these materials are very suitable for development.

Marine deposits. The formation of these deposits resulted from the
following processes: melting glacier caused a rise in sea level and
the inundation of most of southeastern New Hampshire; marine sediments
were f ormed along the bottom of the ancient sea and its bays and
estuaries; the land elevation gradually rose, as the weight of the
glacier decreased, and the sea level retreated to its present position,
leaving the marine deposits in what are now upland areas.

In Stratham, marine clays are the predominant materials found in up
to sixty percent of the land area. They are found in the low-lying
areas along the Squamscott River and the drainage ways of Jewett Hill
Brook, Mill Brook and Winniconic Brook. Generally, these materials
are unsuitable or marginally suitable for development because of a
high water table with poor drainage and unstable conditions. In some
areas these limitations can be overcome with the provision of adequate
drainage and special engineering and design.

C. TOPOGRAPHY

The present day topography is generally a result of the underlying bedrock,
the effects of glaciation, and the weathering conditions that have occurred
since the most recent glacier. Erosion and deposition caused by the
glacier, and the formations created are the greatest factors in determining
today's topography.

Stratham's terrain is predominantly rolling with gentle slopes of 0-8
percent. The topography ranges from a low of slightly above mean sea level
at the Squamscott River's edge to a high of 290 feet at Jewett Hill.

The valleys between the uplands consist of pockets of wetlands and small
ponds and brooks on the eastern part of Town. To the west, the lowlands
stretching to the River's edge are characterized by alluvial plains and
tidal marshes.

A group of six drumlins, all above 200 feet in elevation, are located within
Stratham. Drumlins are hills with smooth, rounded surfaces, consisting
almost entirely of glacial till deposits. Among these hills is the Town-
owned Stratham Hill (noted for its scenic vistas of Great Bay), Long Hill,
Jewett Hill, and Barkers Hill. Bunker Hill and Rollins Hill form a crescent
shaped ridge to the south. Stratham Heights and Pine Hill are relatively
smaller drumlins (180 and 160 feet, respectively) and are also located
in the southern part of Town (as depicted on Map 2 - "Flood Hazards and
Geology").

The hills of Stratham. add character and scenic beauty to the Town's land-
scape. These hills are part of the western divide of the entire New
Hampshire coastal area, and as pronounced examples of glacial formations,
are among the region's most unique landforms. Stratham's hills warrant
protection, and mechanisms for their preservation should be explored.

D. SOILS

Knowledge about soils is critical in making sound land use decisions.
With information regarding soil characteristics and limitations for develop-
ment, land alteration and building can be directed away from those areas
least suitable to areas with the capability to sustain development. For
example, residential development should be located away from areas with
unstable soil conditions, high water tables and slow percolation rates
because of the constraints for foundations and septic systems. Other soils
are better suited for agricultural use because of level topography, good
drainage and lack of stoniness - important considerations in defining and
establishing agricultural districts.

1. Development Suitability

The lack of a centralized sewer in Stratham has heightened the
importance of soil-based information in the land use planning process.
The dependence on on-site wastewater disposal requires careful
evaluation of soil conditions to ensure adequate wastewater disposal
and protection of groundwater, public health and the environment.

Poor soils and steep slopes cause severe limitations for on-site sewage
disposal systems, hence restricting development. Map 3 - "Soil
Suitability for Septic Systems" - depicts the general areas of Stratham
which have different soil potentials for septic system development.
Five categories were used based on assorted soil characteristics.
For example, soils with low and very low suitability typically have
limitations due to steep slopes or high water tables (as well as high
shrink-swell properties, short depths to bedrock and stoniness).

2. Agriculture and Forestry

Soils information has not only proven to be an excellent indicator
of general development suitability, but also of critical resource
areas such as wetlands, prime agricultural land, forest land, and
wildlife habitat.

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Important agricultural soils include "prime farmland" and "farmland
of Statewide importance". As defined by the U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation
Service, "prime farmland" soils include those that are best suited
for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. "Prime
farmland" has the soil quality, growing season and moisture content
needed to produce sustained high yields when managed according to
modern farming methods. It can be farmed continuously or nearly
continuously without degrading the environment and will produce the
most for the least amount of energy used. It requires the least
investment to remain productive and is not susceptible to the leaching
of fertilizer or pesticide applications (source: Soils of New
Hampshire; S.A.L. Pilgrim and N.K. Peterson; N.H. Agricultural
Experiment Station, UNH and U.S.D.A. SCS; December 1979). "Farmland
of Statewide importance" has many of the same attributes as "prime
farmland" but is generally of lesser quality.

As depicted on Map 4 - "Farmland Soils," Stratham contains an extensive
amount of agricultural soils. In fact, according to the 1985 Stratham
Master Plan, Stratham has the largest amount of land suitable for
agricultural use in Rockingham County. This corresponds to the fact
that Stratham has one of the highest percentages (60%) of agricultural
soil in the County (Newington has 64%, however much of this land is
located within Pease Air Force Base).

The U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service has also evaluated soils
according to their suitability for timber production. In general,
soils which are suitable for growing crops are suitable for growing
trees as well.

The soils information mapped in this section was taken f rom a soil
survey map for the Town of Stratham, which was prepared by the Soil
Conservation Service in March 1980, and digitized by the Complex
Systems Research Center (UNH). Soil maps are an important tool for
making generalized land use determinations. However, these maps are
not intended for site-specific evaluations due to their scale,
accuracy, and the likelihood of other soil types being found within
the broader classifications. For specific assessments, on-site field
investigation is necessary.

E. LAND USE AND ZONING

1. Land Use

The previous sections focused on the natural, pre-developed conditions
of land in Stratham and various open space land uses. These
conditions, however, are modified by man-made changes in land use.
For example, soils may be classified as suitable for agricultural
use, but once a shopping center is placed on them, they are no longer
suitable.

Approximately one-third of Stratham is forested, and about 15% is
in f armland. During 1953 to 1974, 6% of the Town's forested land
and 22% of the Town's farmlands were lost to development. Between
1974 and 1982, Stratham lost an additional 25% of forest land and
41% of farmland to development. Overall, about 120 acres per year

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were converted to urban uses between 1953 and 1982. This trend toward
urbanization, consisting primarily of residential development, has
led to a corresponding reduction in open space. Table 1 below shows
the estimated land use categories for those years.

Table I

EXISTING LAND USE: 1953, 1974, 1982

Town of Stratham, New Hampshire

% change
Land Use 1953 1974 1982 1953-198
Agriculture 3,490 2,650 1,670 -52
Developed 415 1,575 3,925 945.8
Forest 5,025 5,085 3,750 -25
Idle 465 115 95 -79
Other (marshland, etc.) 240 210 185 -22
Water 320 320 330 3
Total Acreage: 9,955

Source: Land Use Change: Rockingham County, New Hampshire, 1953-1982; Wm.
Befort, A.E. Luloff, M. Morrone; NH Agricultural Experiment Station, UNH, Durham,
NH; 1987.

Figure 1 - "Distribution of Land Use" - provides a graphic illustration
of the land use changes between 1953 and 1982.

Figure 1
Distribution of Land Use - Stratham, N.H.
1953 and 1982

Map 5 - "Current Land Use" - shows the general use of land in Stratham
in 1989. The map also depicts parcels for which development proposals
have been approved by the Planning Board but not yet built. These
parcels have been labelled as "future residential".

Stratham has had a very significant increase in residential units
between 1985 and 1989 (see Appendix I - "Current Land Use, 1985" -
for comparison with Map 5). Many new roads, serving residential
developments, have been constructed during the past four years. Most
of this new development has occurred along the eastern half of
Stratham. Commercial development, while expanding, has been primarily
confined to N.H. Route 101. The amount of land used for industrial
purposes has increased, with this growth taking place at the existing
industrial park at the southern tip of Town. This area is accessed
by N.H. Route 101D, and is served by Exeter municipal sewer and water.

2. Zoning

Another consideration for open space planning is the Town's zoning
districts. Stratham presently has nine zoning districts: Residential/
Agricultural, Manufactured Housing, Professional /Residential, Town
Center, General Commercial, Office/Research Park, Industrial, Wetlands
Conservation, and Shoreland Protection. These zoning districts, except
for the latter two, are depicted on Map 6 - "Zoning Districts".

The Wetlands Conservation and Shoreland Protection Districts are
overlay districts superimposed on all other districts. These
ordinances restrict the use of and encroachment on wetlands and shore-
lands (lands which abut all rivers and streams and Great Bay). The
wetlands and shoreland overlay districts are excellent mechanisms
for protecting fragile and beneficial open space lands.

Stratham's "Cluster Development" ordinance is another zoning mechanism
which promotes open space preservation. This ordinance allows a
development to concentrate a higher density of dwelling units in
exchange for committing an adjacent area to common open space in
perpetuity. Stratham's cluster ordinance provides flexibility in
the design of development so that fragile areas and other important
open space lands (e.g., floodplains, wetlands, hillsides, and farmland)
can be left undeveloped.

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I IV. OPEN SPACE VALUES, INVENTORY, AND ANALYSIS
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IV. OPEN SPACE VALUES, INVENTORY, AND ANALYSIS

As was mentioned in Section II, open space lands have many resource values.
For the purposes of this plan, the resource values of open space are:

A) recreation; B) forestry and agriculture; C) environmental protection;
D) habitat; E) aesthetics; F) education/research; and G) historic/
archeological sites.

Section IV describes each of the seven open space values, and provides
a descriptive inventory. For analysis, the Town's needs are evaluated,
and recommendations given.

A. RECREATION

1. Values

The importance of outdoor recreation is widely accepted. It is one
of the best ways to understand and appreciate the environment. For
many residents, the decision to live in Stratham is strongly influenced
by the diversity of opportunities to interact with the environment
through outdoor recreation. Overall, recreational opportunities are
of value for individual enjoyment, building of community through group
activities, and educating both children and adults about open spaces
and natural resources.

2. Inventory

Stratham. has many locations for outdoor recreation. Activities which
take place on general open spaces throughout Town include boating,
fishing, hunting, hiking, jogging, picnicking, bird watching, horseback
riding, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling. Many of
these activities also take place at Stratham's designated public
recreation facilities.

One of the unique recreational facilities in the Seacoast and the
State of New Hampshire is the 108-acre Stratham Hill Park. Located
on Portsmouth Avenue east of the Town Center, the park contains
woodlands, the second highest hill in Stratham. (elevation 286 feet),
extensive playfields, and picnic facilities.

Stratham Memorial School's nine acre site containing a playground
is located on Bunker Hill Avenue near Portsmouth Avenue. The one
and one-half acres Town Landing is located off River Road. It has
a boat ramp and provides public access to the Squamscott River.

There are two public recreational facilities in Stratham, however
neither is a Town-owned facility. They are the New Hampshire
Vocational Technical College recreation facilities located on
Portsmouth Avenue across from the Stratham. Hill Park, and the Fish
and Game access area to the Squamscott River and Great Bay at Chapman's
Landing. The access area is near the bridge over the Squamscott River
on Route 108. At the end of Stratham's Depot Road, in Greenland,
there is also a right-of-way to Great Bay.

It should be noted that the construction of a new elementary school
is currently under way, to be completed by September 1989. Thi s
37-acre site, located on Gifford Farm Road, will contain two baseball
fields, two "multi-purpose" fields, and two outdoor basketball courts.

The five recreation areas (as well as the playing area of the new
school) are marked on Map 10 - "Open Space Values" - and are further
described below.

a. Strathan Kill Park.

The developed part of the 108-acre park contains: two ballfields,
one paved basketball court, a concert shell, a skating rink area,
a horse pulling area, a natural amphitheatre, a barn, a garage,
two concession stands, three 4-H buildings (one of which is
enclosed), a fenced corral near the middle 4-H building, a
caretaker's building, a small house, toilet facilities, a
pavillion with picnic facilities consisting of two fireplaces
and 12 tables, an adjacent small children's climbing structure
area, and a parking lot. There is a part-time caretaker who
lives on the grounds.

The forested part of the park contains Stratham Hill. For 40
years the Lookout Tower was used by the State as a Forest Fire
Service Lookout Station. There are outstanding scenic views
from the Lookout Tower (as described in section IV.E).

The park is widely used as a recreation facility. Groups use
the playing fields for softball, Little League and soccer.
Numerous organizations use the whole facility for picnics and
recreation field days.

In 1973 a long-range woodland plan for Stratham Hill Park was
developed by the Rockingham County Extension Forest Service.
The plan focused on forest management for recreational use, actual
timber production, and wildlife management to improve the natural
habitat. Since the 1973 plan was completed, thinning of trees
has occurred in the recreation area and the recreation area has
been expanded. There has been no formal timber harvest and little
has been done to implement the plan.

b. Strathan rial School.

The elementary school site contains approximately 9 acres and
is owned by the Town. The playground is behind the school and
is fenced around the outer perimeter. A hot top area on the
lower level adjacent to the school contains several climbing
bars and a small game area near the parking lot. On the upper
level is the main play area. It contains a large ball field,
a traditional swing set with four swings, an extensive tire play-
ground area with swings, climbing sections, and rings, and several
hilly areas. The playground is widely used in the summer and
after school for recreation. Softball, Little League and soccer
games are played at the field on the upper level.

C. Town Landing.

The Town of Stratham owns 1 1/2 acres of land at the end of River
Road which provides access to the Squamscott River. The landing
is one of two public access points on the River in Stratham.
The boat ramp area is not paved. There is room for parking
several trailers and vehicles. Since the river is tidal, the
access and use are limited. There are no picnic tables or
facilities at the site.

d. New Hampshire Vocational Technical College.

The New Hampshire Vocational Technical College in Stratham was
completed in 1984. on the 91 acre campus, several ball fields
were constructed behind the college buildings. The fields include
one hardball field, two soccer fields and two softball fields.
One soccer field overlaps with the softball fields, so all fields
cannot be in use simultaneously.

These fields complement the picnic area which has five tables
and an outdoor fireplace near the college buildings. There
is an informal volleyball court in the picnic.area too. According
the Dean's Office, these recreational facilities are available
to be used by Stratham residents as well as the students.

e. Chapman's Landing.

Acquired on December 7, 1984 as a U.S. Fish and Wildlife project,
the State of New Hampshire bought Chapman's Landing to provide
a boat launch facility with parking on the tidal Squamscott River
near Great Bay. The seven-acre site has a concrete boat launch
area, about an acre of parking, and a chemical toilet.

3. Analysis

The New Hampshire Office of State Planning has established guidelines
to assist communities in recreation planning. Table 2 - "Selected
Standards for Outdoor Recreation Facilities and Present Needs" - lists
certain standards from the OSP's 1989 State Comprehensive Outdoor
Recreation Plan. Standards for recreational facilities are helpful
in evaluating town needs for playfields, ball courts, and playgrounds,
and can be used for preliminary planning. However, standards can
be unresponsive to any special needs a town may have.

Table 2

Selected Standards for outdoor Recreation Facilities and Present Needs

Town of Strathan, New Hampshire
Standard Pera Strathamb Existing Facility
Facility 1000 Persons Standard Facilities Needs

Baseball Diamond 1.1 4-5 4 0-1
Basketball Courts 0.8 3-4 1 2-3
Boat/Fishing Access 1.8 7-8 2 5-6
Ice Skating Area 0.14 0-1 1 0
Open Space/Natural Areas (acres) 51.0 222 197c 25
Parks, Community (acres) 6.0 26 108 0
Playgrounds (town and school) 0.5 2-3 3 0
Soccer Fields 0.16 0-1 2 0
Tennis Courts 0.95 4-5 0 4-5
Trails, Hiking (miles) 2.2 9-10 1 8-9

a Source: New Hampshire Outdoors 1988-1993; N.H. State Comprehensive Outdoor
Recreation Plan; Office of State Planning and Department of Resources and Economic
Development; 1989.
b Based on a Town population of 4,345 (Source: Stratham Master Plan Update 1989;
estimated using housing data).
C Sum total for: land next to the new elementary school (86 acres); the non-developed
area of Stratham. Hill Park (105 acres); a two-acre Town parcel along the Squamscott
River; and land owned by the N.H. Fish and Game Department (6 acres).

The recreational activities which take place in Stratham have been
grouped into five categories: a) organized sports; b) family-related
recreation; c) water-related recreation; d) trail-related recreation;
and e) hunting.

a. Organized Sports. This category includes activities such as
baseball, softball, basketball, tennis, and the like. With the
facilities located at Stratham Hill Park and the Vocational
Technical College, the Town has a good stock of playing fields.
However, according to the the figures from Table 2, there is
a need for two to three basketball courts, and four to five tennis
courts. (The need for basketball courts will be met by the
facilities at the new school.)

b. Family-Related Recreation. This category involves facilities
such as playgrounds, skating areas, and picnic tables. Both
Stratham Hill Park and the Stratham Memorial School serve to
fulfill most of these needs. However, in April of 1984, a
University of New Hampshire report recommended that two additional
picnic areas be established within Stratham Hill Park (source:
Management Plan for Stratham Hill Park - Stratham, New Hampshire;
Forest Management Seminar, UNH; April 1984).

C. Water-Related Recreation. Relative to other towns within
Rockingham County, Stratham has many streams and rivers. The
Town also contains a portion of Great Bay. Water-related
recreational activities include fishing, boating, swimming, and
skating.

The Squamscott River, Winnicut Mills Pond, and Mill Pond are
the most commonly fished water bodies in Stratham. (These waters
are used for skating as well.) The Squamscott River and Great
Bay are currently being stocked with anadromous fish by the N.H.
Fish and Game Department as part of a Statewide restoration
program. This program involves stocking the River with game
fish such as rainbow smelt, river herring, American shad, Pacific
salmon, steelhead, brown trout, and Atlantic salmon.

The Squamscott River and Great Bay are also the most suitable
waters for boating. Canoeing and motor-boating are particularly
popular (as well as sculling by Phillips Exeter Academy crew
teams) along the Squamscott River. As previously described,
Stratham has two public access areas: the Town Landing and
Chapman's Landing. Table 2 indicates that the Town is in need
of more boating/fishing access areas.

There are no waters within Stratham that are of sufficient volume
or quality to be suitable for public swimming. According to
the New Hampshire Water Quality Report to Congress 305(b), the
Squamscott River does not meet its legislative classification
for water quality of "B" (source: N.H. Department of Environmental
Services, Water Supply and Pollution Control Division; April
1988). Although a classification of "B- or "C" means that the
water is fishable, swimming is not advisable in "C" class waters.
The report states that the water quality problems of the
Squamscott River are caused by the Exeter Wastewater Treatment
Facility. The treatment plant is presently being upgraded, which
will mitigate its impact to the River.

All water-related recreation requires high water quality for
an ideal experience. Poor quality affects the safe enjoyment
of water recreation and impairs its aesthetic appeal. Stratham
must safeguard its surface water quality, particularly that of
the Squamscott River and Great Bay, in order to provide the
opportunity of sports fishing, boating and swimming for present
and future townspeople.

d. Trail-Related Recreation. There are many examples of small
communities creating trail systems accessible to the public.
These trails can be used for hiking, walking, jogging, bicycling,
cross-country skiing, and horseback riding. Trails can also
be segregated for recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles.

In the Seacoast Region, the Town of Hampstead provides the best
example of a multi-purpose trail system, developed and managed
by the community. This system consists of a public trail network
which offers a variety of recreational, environmental, and
educational opportunities within reasonable reach of every
resident's home.

An interpretive guide, which describes points of interest through-
out the trail system, is available. For more information on
developing a public trail system, see the Feasibility Study Report
- A Town-wide, Multi-purpose Trail System for Hampstead, New
-Hampshire (by E.B. Shore, in collaboration with the Hampstead
Trails Committee, and the Hampstead Recreation Commission; May
1988).

Much of Hampstead's efforts involved contacting private landowners
to gain access across their land to expand the trail system.
Landowners have opted to donate their land, sell or donate ten-
foot strips across their land (outright or by easement), or sign
an agreement which "permits passage". Under the latter agreements,
landowners have the option to revoke that permission if the trail
is ever misused or the land is vandalized. In terms of liability,
there are N.H. statutes which legally protect landowners who
allow the public to use their land for recreational purposes.
These landowners cannot be sued for injuries if they do not charge
a fee and are not willfully negligent.

At present, Stratham Hill Park contains approximately one mile
of trails. Relative to State standards, the Town should have
eight to nine more miles of hiking trails. Table 2 also indicates
that Stratham should have 25 acres of "open space/natural areas."
These areas typically provide the best conditions for trail
systems.

Even with the substantial population growth of the 80's, the
Town of Stratham still has numerous locations on which to create
a greenbelt/trail network. The Town should focus its attentions
in the following areas: 1) along the Squamscott River and Great
Bay; 2) through or along publicly owned parcels such as Stratham
Hill Park, the Memorial School, etc.; 3) along quasi-public lands,
such as utility easements and railroad corridors; and 4) along
areas that would link important open spaces throughout Town such
as Stratham Hill, Jewett Hill, Long Hill, and other scenic areas.
(See Map 11 - "Protected Open Spaces and Public Lands" - for
parcel identification.) In addition, the Planning Board should
seek to establish trail corridors when reviewing cluster
development proposals.

e. Hunting. The Great Bay estuary is an important way-station on
the Atlantic waterfowl "fly way" which has resulted, for
generations, in excellent bird-hunting opportunities. Other
types of game that are hunted in Stratham include deer, coyotes,
raccoons, rabbits, and turkeys. The large undeveloped tracts
throughout Stratham (depicted on Map 11) are the Town's prime
hunting areas.

"Open space/natural areas" are well-suited for hunting. Table
2 indicates that Stratham falls short of the State standard for
open space/natural land by 25 acres. Increasing these areas
would provide expanded hunting opportunities for townspeople.

It can be stated generally that, as Stratham grows, the Town needs to
maintain and expand its recreational opportunities. The Town should
consider its projected population growth and, in turn, plan for and protect

its critical open space lands. Otherwise, existing open space areas and
facilities will become overused, to the detriment of all users and to the
environment.

B. AGRICULTURE/FORESTRY

1. Agriculture

a. Values

Aside from its obvious agricultural importance, farmland has
value as a scenic and recreational resource, as wildlife habitat,
and as an area for aquifer recharge. Farming also has economic
and social importance, especially to the local and regional
economy.

1) Recreation and Scenic Quality

Farmlands are typically wide open areas of rolling fields
and pastures. They provide pleasant scenery and act to
maintain a town's rural character. In addition, farmlands
are well-suited for many types of recreation, including
hunting, cross-country skiing, and birdwatching. But crop-
land and open fields are frequently the most imperiled areas
in a community because these lands are the easiest to
develop. It is ironic that the attractiveness of a town's
rural character threatens its existence, as farmlands are
developed into residential neighborhoods.

2) Wildlife

The habitat requirements of many wildlife species, e.g.,
pheasant, grouse, songbirds, mice, rabbits, woodchucks,
foxes, and deer, include open fields and the edges between
fields and woodland. The loss of farmland thereby restricts
the habitat and range of resident wildlife.

3) Aquifer Recharge

Groundwater supplies are replenished by the infiltration
of water through the ground. Infiltration cannot occur
if the ground surface is overlain with impervious material
such as roofs and pavement. Agriculture-is a desirable
land use in an aquifer recharge zone, as it permits the
unimpeded flow of water into the ground. Moreover, the
soils which are most suitable for agriculture - those which
retain moisture for plants - function also as water filters,
and thus provide ideal recharge conditions. The loss of
farmland to development means both the loss of critical
recharge surface area and the loss of water volume, as runoff
is artificially directed away from the development.

However, some agriculture practices, the use and storage
of highly concentrated fertilizers and pesticides, can have
serious negative impacts on groundwater resources. Proper
agricultural management will prevent nutrient, bacterial,
or chemical contamination to the groundwater.

4) Economic and Social

Farming as an industry and as a land use have direct and
indirect economic values. The local production of food-
stuffs reduces the costs of transporting the goods to the
markets, while delivering fresher products to the consumer.
With local businesses as the marketplace, the retail trade
income is enhanced, while consumer prices are kept low.
Finally, the operation of a farm requires support industries
such as farm equipment sales and service, and the sale of
feed, fertilizer, and other supplies.

As discussed in Section II.B, the indirect economic benefits
of farming relate to the value of the farmland itself
compared to the cost of providing public services to
residents. When a residential subdivision consumes farmland,
the cost to the Town to provide services to additional
families is typically greater than the increased property
tax revenue.

b. Inventory

Many areas throughout Stratham are currently being used for
agriculture. These areas are depicted on Map 10 - "Open Space
Values". In Town, agricultural lands are used to grow the
following: hay, vegetables, feed corn (for silage), and forage
crops (for grazing). To a lesser degree, other agricultural
products are grown, such as fruits, grains, and flowers. Another
agricultural use is horse farming, which can involve horse
rearing, boarding, and trading. Most horse farms also provide
riding lessons.

Table 3 - "Principal Commercial Farms" - lists Stratham's
significant commercial farms, including their general classifi-
cation and contiguous land area. The farm locations are depicted
on Map 10.

Table 3

PRINCIPAL C%1MERCIAL FAR14S

Town of Strathan, New Hampshire
Estimated
Farm Name Type Contiguous Acreage

Scamman Farm Dairy 210
Stuart Farm Dairy 180
Wiggin Farm Vegetable 115
Mill Valley Farm Vegetable, Fruit 100
Barker Farm Vegetable 85
Centerton Farms Horse 30

C. Analysis

As in other parts of Rockingham County, the contribution of
agriculture to the Town's economy and work force has been steadily
declining. This trend was discussed in Section III.E. if
agricultural land conversion continues at past rates, then the
future of farming in Stratham looks bleak.

However, there are currently several mechanisms designed to aid
the farmer and save farmland. These include the current use
assessment program; the Trust for New Hampshire Lands program;
and the Development Rights Program of the N.H. Department of
Agriculture. (These mechanisms, and otherst are described in
Section VII.C - "Methods for Open Space Protection.")

Acquisition of development rights is one of the most effective
means of preserving farmland. After conveying these rights,
the farmer still retains ownership and has full farming rights
to his land. Additionally, by receiving the cash value of the
land's development rights, the farmer realizes the full market
value of his land over time. The farmer can eventually sell
his land to another farmer at an affordable price. Hence, the
land and the industry are both preserved. The Stuart farm
(depicted on Map 10) provides the best example of farmland
preservation, through the acquisition of development rights,
in Stratham as well as in the Seacoast Region. In 1981, the
Stuarts sold the development rights of 173 acres to the N.H.
Department of Agriculture.

Obviously, purchasing development rights is costly and cannot
be applied to every situation. In the absence of unlimited
financial resources there are several land use controls which
provide varying degrees of protection: a) cluster development,
b) agricultural zoning, and c) floodplain conservation zoning.

a) Stratham has adopted a cluster development ordinance, which
is an example of a relatively creative land use control
mechanism. This ordinance promotes the preservation of
agricultural land by allowing all buildings to be clustered
on a specified miuimum acreage of the development, while
keeping the rest of the site open. A cluster approach to
farmland preservation does not require either large public
expenditures (to purchase development rights to farmland)
or large private sacrifices. With a cluster ordinance,
farmers who view their land as their "pension" need not
destroy their farms in order to retire with a guaranteed
income. In fact, they can pass on the farm house, barns,
silost and a large portion of the agriculturally productive
land to the next generation. The majority of original fields
could continue to be farmed on a lease-back system from
the community association which controls the open space
as a permanent conservation area.

b An agricultural district is intended for working farms which
have demonstrated a long range commitment to agricultural
use* Commitments may include the selling of development

rights, the placement of property in current use, and the
ongoing use of the land in crops, pasture, or tree farms.
An agricultural district serves to protect agricultural
areas.

Keeping agriculture in Stratham is important to the
residents. But residential development next to farms can
create conflicts in use. For example, many of the "side
effects" of farming - the odors of fertilizers and manure,
and the noises of machinery - can be offensive to nearby
homeowners. By defining agricultural areas and addressing
the needs of farmers, future conflicts may be avoided.

c) Floodplain areas typically contain high quality farmland
soils. Floodplain conservation zoning would prohibit
building, but would allow agricultural uses on floodplains.
Protecting floodplains from development can be justified
on the basis of protecting public health and safety.

In Stratham, and throughout the Seacoast Region, there is a lack
of public knowledge regarding the need for farmland protection,
as well as the laws and programs available for protection. There
is also a lack of public support (including support from farmers)
for farmland preservation efforts. Clearly, Stratham has many
opportunities to protect its agricultural land resources and
to encourage the farming industry. Without a concentrated and
coordinated effort to preserve farmland by the Town, landowners,
and developers, farmland resources will continue to dwindle until
active farms become more like museums than integral parts of
the Town's economy and landscape.

2. Forestry

a. Values

Forest land is a major renewable resource, providing both
commodities (e.g. , wood products and maple syrup), and
non-commodity benefits (e.g., watershed protection, air quality
and energy conservation, wildlife habitat, recreation, and scenic
quality. In general, forested lands have values similar to those
of agricultural lands.

1) Economic

Most woodlots in the Region are privately-owned, and many
are managed for financial gain from the sale of timber
products. There are examples of publicly-owned woodlots
as well. The sale of timber from public lands can provide
a town with money to cover the cost of managing the timber
stand, while helping to increase the future yield of forest
products.

2) Watershed Protection

The broad category of watershed protection includes water
conservation, flood control, erosion control, and water

quality protection. Forests have a significant effect on
the rate at which water will reach the ground, run off into
surface waters) and infiltrate the ground surface. By
slowing the rate of runoff, forests serve to reduce flood
levels, prevent the erosion of soils, and filter pollutants
from runoff.

3) Air Quality and Energy Conservation

Forests act to moderate temperatures in their immediate
vicinity and can provide nearby houses with cooling shade
in the summer and can slow the cold winds of winter. Hence,
forests can reduce home heating and cooling costs. In
addition, forests act as filters by removing particulates
and absorbing carbon-dioxide from the air.

4) Wildlife

A rich forest wildlife habitat has a variety of vegetative
cover types for browsing, resting, nesting, and hiding.
Most animals inhabit several different landscape types,
including meadows, dense underbrush, and open woods, from
which it obtains food and shelter. The greater the number
of interfaces between landscape types, the greater abundance
of wildlife habitat. Conversely, in a densely canopied
forest, where deep shade inhibits the growth of understory
plants, the variety of animal species is reduced. Thus,
a forest management program to improve the wildlife habitat
increases the number of vegetative types and landscape types*

5) Recreation and Scenic Quality

Throughout Stratham, the pattern of forested land alternating
with farmland and developed land gives the Town its rural
character. The complexity and diversity which determine
the wildlife value of a forest also determine the scenic
and recreational value (e.g., for bird watching and hunting.
The scenic quality of a forest can be improved by increasing
the diversity of plant species and cover types, which will
in turn enhance the wildlife value.

b. Inventory

According to the Rockingham County Extension Service, there are
three significant "managed woodlands" in Stratham. These areas
are shown on Map 10 - "Open Space Values". The predominant tree
species are Spruce, Douglas Fir, and Scotch Pine. Each forested
area is managed for multiple-use purposes, i.e., woodland wildlife
and wood products.

As described in Section IV.A, Stratham Hill Park is a 108-acre
tract owned by the Town. Approximately 105 acres of this park
is forested. As previously cited, a forest management plan for
the Park was drafted in April 1984. This report provides a forest
inventory from 1978, and various recommendations including forest
thinning, timber stand improvement methods, and a commercial
harvest in one area. Moreoverl recommendations regarding wildlife
were made such as thinning the White Pine, leaving slash, and

adding plantings near the tower. The report points out that
the income from a commercial harvest sale could be used to make
other improvements in the Park.

C. Analysis

Much of Stratham is currently forested with mature trees, (over
40 feet tall and harvestable). As discussed in Section III-E,
the acreage of forest land in Town has decreased over the years.
Even though forestry is not as important to the Town's economy
as farming, forested lands provide important saleable wood
products such as saw logs and cordwood. As with farmland, there
are currently methods which help to preserve forest land. These
include tax incentives (e.g., the current use assessment program),
and the Trust for New Hampshire Lands program.

As stated in the previous section regarding farmland, the Town
has played an active role in promoting natural resource protection
by adopting a cluster ordinance. With buildings being clustered
in a certain area of the development, forest management practices
can be implemented on the remaining open space.

In regard to public land, the Town should consider taking a more
active role in the management of Stratham. Hill Park. Proper
management would allow multiple forest uses. For possible future
expansion, municipal officials should monitor the lands
surrounding Stratham Hill Park in the event that this land becomes
available for Town acquisition.

As is true for farmland, development pressure on Stratham's
forested areas will continue to intensify. The Town should seek
to have forest lands of manageable size (greater than ten acres)
preserved through sound, long-term forest management programs
which provide for all forest benefits, including watershed
protection, wildlife habitat, recreation, and aesthetics.

C. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

1. Surface Water

a. Values

As with all natural resources, surface waters have multiple,
interrelated values. Surface water is a key resource for fish,
wildlife habitat, recreation, aesthetics, and groundwater
recharge.

1) Fisheries and Wildlife

Water is an essential element in any wildlife habitat.
Ponds, streams, and rivers (and Great Bay) provide food,
water, and protection for waterfowl, songbirds, and birds
of prey (e.g., the Great Blue Heron and the Double-crested
Cormorant), and for many small animals and game species.
Obviously, clean surface water is important for a healthy
and diverse fish population.

2) Recreation and Aesthetics

Areas that have good fisheries or wildlife habitat also
have a high recreational value for fishermen and hunters.
Other recreational pursuits include swimming and boating,
which require sufficient area, clean water, and adequate
access. Moreover, water bodies provide some of the highest
quality scenic views. Examples of scenic waters range from
the meandering stream on up to the expanse of Great Bay.

3) Groundwater Recharge

The quantity and quality of surface water and groundwater
are closely related. When there is little rain, groundwater
is released to maintain streamflow. When flooding occurs,
excess water soaks back into wetlands, woodlands,, and
grasslands to recharge groundwater. Pumping of wells lowers
the groundwater locally and can draw water to the wells
from nearby ponds and streams through the process of induced
infiltration. Since the quality of surface water has a
bearing on that of groundwater, actions to protect one will
provide some degree of protection to the othe r.

b. Inventory

Stratham has approximately 330 acres of surface water, which
is equivalent to 3.3 percent of its total acreage (see Table
1). The Town contains three regional watersheds - the drainage
areas for the Squamscott River, Great Bay and the New Hampshire
Coast. These watersheds were identified on the "New Hampshire
Hydrologic Unit Map" (source: U.S. Department of Agriculture,,
Soil Conservation Service, May 1982). The watershed boundaries
shown on Map 7 - "Perennial Surface Waters" - were delineated
by the Rockingham Planning Commission using topographic maps
(source: Exeter, Newmarket,, and Portsmouth 7.5 minute topographic
maps; U. S. Geological Survey).

As discussed in Section IV.A, Stratham is fortunate to have many
streams and rivers. The Town also contains a portion of Great
Bay. In addition, ponds make up part of Stratham's surface water
system. These water bodies are described below, and depicted
on Map 7.

1) Great Bay

The northwestern border of Stratham is within Great Bay.
It is generally agreed that the mouth of the Squamscott
River ends, and the shores of the Bay begin, at the Boston
& Maine railroad bridge. The total water surface of Great
Bay covers 5,696 acres (8.9 sq.mi.) at mean high water and
2,688 acres (4.2 sq.mi.) at mean low water (source: Great
Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan
- Draf t; N.H. Office of State Planning; January,, 1989).
Ipproximately 50% of the aerial surface of Great Bay is
exposed as mudflat at low tide. The total length of
shoreline along Great Bay within Stratham remains at 0.6
miles.

Map 7
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Great Bay is an outstanding resource for the citizens of
Stratham. The Bay supports recreational and commercial
shellfishing for oysters and, to a lesser extent, clams.
Great Bay is also a prime area for recreational boating.

2) Rivers and Streams

Stratham has a total of 22 flowing water bodies. These
perennial streams and rivers include: Marsh Brook, Winniconic
Brook ,Brackett Brook, Foss Brook, Thompson Brook, Willow
Brook, Winnicut River, Dearborn Brook, Mill Brook, Jewett
Hill Brook, Parkman Brook, Wheelwright Creek, Squamscott
River, and nine unnamed streams.

The tidal Squamscott River is the Town's largest river,
and is among the largest of the Seacoast Region. A unique
feature of the Squamscott River is its oxbow, a landform
created by the meandering path of the River. In 1880, the
Oxbow was cut through to create a straight channel for
shipping (source: The Exeter-Squamscott River of Many Uses;
0. Tardiff; printed by CGC, Rye, N.H.; 1986). At that time,
and during subsequent dredgings of the River, the Oxbow
was substantially filled with dredging spoils. Today, a
canoe-sized boat can travel the Oxbow, but only during high
tide.

3) Ponds

Stratham contains five sizeable ponds: Winnicut Mills Pond,
Mill Pond, and three unnamed ponds. The unnamed ponds are
located adjacent to the drumlins Jewett Hill and Stratham
Hill. These ponds are depressions formed by the glacier
which also formed the hills.

4) Water Quality

In Town, only the Squamscott River does not meet its
legislative classification of "B" for water quality
(source: New Hampshire Water Quality Report to Congress
305(b), N.H. Department of Environmental Services, Water
Supply and Pollution Control Division; April 1988). Class
"B" waters are swimmable and fishable, but would not be
potable without treatment. As previously stated in Section
IV.A, the water quality problems of the Squamscott River
are caused by the Exeter Wastewater Treatment Facility.
The treatment plant is presently being upgraded, which will
mitigate its impact to the River.

b. Analysis

The Great Bay estuarine system, covering approximately 17 square
miles is one of the largest and most pristine estuaries along
the east coast of the United States. This system is formed by
the convergence of seven rivers: the Salmon Falls, Cocheco,
Bellamy, Oyster, Lamprey, Squamscott, and Winnicut.

This estuarine system will soon (expected in late 1989) be
designated as the Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve

by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
The Great Bay reserve will be one of 17 throughout the country.
The research reserve system is a non-regulatory federal program
that emphasizes research, education, and land protection. The
Office of State Planning has provided the initiative in
establishing the program in New Hampshire, although once under
full implementation, the State Fish and Game Department will
assume program responsibility.

Another organization committed to conserving the land and water
resources of Great Bay is the Great Bay Estuarine System
Conservation Trust (GBESCT). The GBESCT is a private, non-profit
citizen's group whose membership is drawn largely from the
Seacoast area. Although originally organized as a local land
trust, the GBESCT also has worked to protect water quality, as
well as air quality and critical marine habitat.

All of Great Bay's tributaries are now closed to shellfish
harvesting because of improperly treated or untreated sewage.
Another threat to the Bay comes from development and unwise
construction of buildings. To promote the protection of the
Great Bay Estuary, the Town should work with the abutting land-
owners, the Office of State Planning, the GBESCT, the Water Supply
and Pollution Control Division, the Fish and Game Department,
the Rockingham County Conservation District, and the Rockingham
Planning Commission on wise land stewardship of the watershed.

Furthermore, in order to prevent further degradation to the water
quality of the Squamscott River and Great Bay, the Town should
avoid any conditions which precipitate the need for a wastewater
treatment facility (using surface water disposal).

Surface waters are important because they provide ecological,
scenic and recreational value to the Town and are often
hydrologically related to groundwater. In general, there is
a direct relationship between land use and water quality. Uses
in areas with poor suitability can degrade and contaminate both
surface and groundwater, increase flood hazards, destroy water-
based wildlife, and interfere with scenic and recreational
values. It is the responsibility of the Town to take precautions
to protect all water resources from incompatible uses and, in
so doing, protect the health and general welfare of the community.

As a final note, the Oxbow is a prime asset for Stratham and
the Region. It is a unique and scenic land form with educational
value and high visibility (especially from N.H. Route 101).
The Oxbow also has significant recreation potential. It would
be beneficial to many if the Oxbow was dredged (enough for at
least canoe travel at low tide). Although this ambitious endeavor
seems unlikely in today's economic climate, it is recommended
that the Town coordinate its efforts with the Town of Exeter
before approaching State and federal agencies with this long-term
goal.

2. Wetlands

a. Values

Wetlands are lands where saturation with water is the dominant
factor determining the nature of soil development and indigenous
plant and animal communities. Marshes, swamps, and bogs have
been well known features of the landscape for centuries, but
only relatively recently have attempts been made to group these
landscape units under the single term of "wetlands."

Historically, wetlands have been considered to be wastelands
of little value to society and have been subject to dumping,
filling, and draining with little thought given to the
consequences* But the role of wetlands in maintaining and
improving environmental quality has recently become more fully
understood. And, as more land gets developed, the benefits that
wetlands provide become more significant. With increased
development, the demand for clean water supplies, flood
protection, wildlife habitat, and recreation also increases.

Wetlands pose considerable development constraints. They severely
restrict all types of building development because of high water
table conditions, poor drainage, slow percolation rates for septic
systems, highly unstable conditions for foundations, and suscept-
ibility to flooding. Costs to overcome these limitations and
the potential environmental damage can be prohibitive.

Wetlands are important, valuable natural resources and are worthy
of protection from inappropriate use. They have been found,
in general, to provide critical ecological and socially valuable
functions, including:

1) act as flood water storage areas;
2) absorb and filter pollutants and sediments;
3) help maintain groundwater and surface water levels;
4) provide habitat and reproduction areas for plants,
fish, and wildlife;
5) provide opportunities for recreation and education;
and
6) contribute to scenic value.

These values are described further below. (Also see diagrams
in Appendix I - "Function of Wetlands".)

1) Flood Control

Wetlands are natural flood storage areas which reduce peak
flood levels and the likelihood of flash flooding by storing
and slowly releasing flood waters. For example, when a
stream overflows its banks, flood waters spread horizontally
into the surrounding wetlands where the vegetation acts
to temporarily detain the water. The protection of all
wetlands in a predominantly rural community wisely antici-
pates future development which causes increased runoff,
higher flood levels, and greater likelihood of flooding.

2) Water Quality

Along with controlling flood waters, wetlands also serve
to maintain water quality. They have a "self-cleaning"
ability which, if not overtaxed, can filter or absorb
pollutants from runoff before they enter an adjoining water-
course. In many respects, wetlands function much like
sophisticated sewage treatment plants by removing nutrients
and other pollutants prior to discharge to a waterway.
This is done at virtually no cost to the taxpaying public.
In addition, a wetland acts as a buffer zone to trap
sediments resulting from natural and man-induced erosion.

3) Water Supply

The flood storage function of wetlands also serves to collect
surface runoff and route it into the ground, thereby
recharging the groundwater. During low-flow periods this
stored groundwater can then replenish nearby surface water.

4) Habitat

Wetlands represent a critical link in the life cycles and
food webs of fish and wildlife. Wetlands are nutrient rich
habitats which supply food, shelter, and,spawning grounds
for many fish and wildlife. Coastal wetlands also provide
critical habitat for shellfish and wading birds (e.g., herons
and sandpiper's).

5) Recreation and Education

Wetlands offer unspoiled, open space for the aesthetic
enjoyment of nature as well as activities such as bird
watching, hiking, fishing, hunting, photography, and
environmental education. High quality wetlands can also
be used for biological research or as outdoor classrooms
for students of all ages.

6) Aesthetics

Wetlands add to the Town's scenic landscape. The relatively
flat landform and diversified vegetation of wetlands create
a distinctive visual character. Wetland vegetation provides
unusual seasonal variations in color. Visible wildlif e
also contributes to wetlands' character.

b. Inventory

Wetland types found in Stratham include shrub swamps, shallow
and deep marshes, meadows, and forested swamps. Lands with soil
having a seasonally high water table, and classified as poorly
or very poorly drained soils by the U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation
Service, are also considered to be wetlands.

Stratham's area of wetland soils is approximately 3,275 acres,
which is 35.8 percent of the Town's total land area. Map 8 -
"Wetlands" - depicts these areas as poorly drained and very poorly
drained soils. Very poorly drained soils can be categorized
as muck, peat, ponded, or "other". Many of the wetland areas
in Stratham are adjacent to rivers and streams. Significant
areas of wetlands are located in the following parts of Town: east
of Stratham Heights Road; along Parkman Brook; between High Street
and Long Hill; along the Squamscott River and Great Bay; and
just south of Stratham Hill. The latter area contains an
important White Cedar Swamp. Located adjacent to the new
elementary school, this wetland can provide many educational
opportunities for Stratham students.

The salt marsh along both sides of the mouth of the Squamscott
River represents approximately one half of all the marsh in the
Great Bay estuarine system - over 400 acres (source: 'Great Bay
National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan - Draft;
N.H. Office of State Planning, Concord, NH; January 1989). This
complex of extensive salt marsh and adjacent farmland is prime
habitat for migratory waterfowl. In addition, four rare and
endangered plants have been identified in this area by the N.H.
Natural Heritage Inventory (see. Section IV.D for further
discussion).

C. Analysis

The filling of and use of wetlands for building construction
not only destroys wetlands and their benefits, but may lead to
groundwater contamination as well. Leaching fields constructed
in filled areas are likely to be placed too near the seasonal
high water table below and to have an inadequate receiving layer
for proper treatment of the septic system's effluent.

There is an ongoing need to protect wetlands in Stratham.
Statewide, wetlands are under increasing development pressure
due to the depletion of the most developable land. Although
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the State of New Hampshire
have laws and regulations governing wetlands, they do not always
provide the degree of protection needed. Existing regulations
look at each dredge and fill request as a separate application,
resulting in a piecemeal approach. In addition, the inadequate
number of federal and State inspectors means that some wetlands
are not sufficiently protected. A local wetlands ordinance
enables the community to protect wetlands in a Town-wide context.
Unlike State and federal rules, local regulations can give the
Town control over the location of structures and septic systems
in relation to wetlands.

For these reasons, local control over the use of wetlands should
remain in effect indefinitely. The Town of Stratham has
recognized the importance of preserving wetlands, and has acted
accordingly by establishing a Wetlands Conservation District
ordinance.

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3. Floodplains

a* Values

Flooding is a natural feature of the riverine system and adjacent
wetland network. Periodic flooding fertilizes the floodplain
soils, maintains their productivity and that of the river
corridor, and provides habitat for the animals and plants that
have adapted to live there.

During flooding, enormous quantities of water are stored
temporarily on and in floodplain soils, and within tributary
wetlands. At these times, the groundwater reservoirs are
recharged. As the flood levels decline, the stored water is
slowly released back into the river. Natural vegetation slows
the flow of water during the flood and helps prevent erosion.
In this way, the wetlands and floodplains naturally moderate
the extremes of the flooding river.

In fact, floodplains are often closely linked to wetlands. Both
function to reduce peak flood levels by storing and slowly
releasing f loodwaters. The most significant difference between
floodplains and wetlands is that floodplains are associated with
a river or stream, whereas wetlands can be more isolated.

b. Inventory

In 1988, the Federal Emergency Management Agency mapped the flood
hazard areas in Stratham for use in the National Flood Insurance
Program. This flood zone was designated for the 100-year storm
based on topography and previous flooding history.

As is true for the Town's wetlands, the 100-year flood zone
surrounds the major water courses flowing through Stratham.
These areas are depicted on Map 2 - "Flood Hazards and Geology".
The largest zone lies adjacent to the Squamscott River. Another
large flood area surrounds Dearborn Brook.

C. Analysis

At the 1989 Town Meeting, the Stratham voters adopted a Floodplain
Management District ordinance, which establishes land use control
measures for Stratham's flood prone areas. This ordinance was
necessary to keep the Town in good standing with the National
Flood Insurance Program, and remain eligible for flood insurance.

Even with a floodplain management ordinance in place, the Town
should encourage landowners and State and private agencies to
negotiate the purchase or donation of lands, or conservation
easements, for floodplain areas; especially those along the
Squamscott River and Great Bay. This action would help to
preserve the ecological and scenic integrity of Stratham's portion
of the Great Bay estuary.

Floodplains are not suited for development. Buildings should
be located away from these low-lying areas because of the

potential for flooding and the unstable soil conditions.
Development encroaching on a floodplain may also lead to surface
water contamination caused by flooding damage to septic systems,
and the general flushing-out of materials around a house or
parking lot, such as trash, paint, gasoline, oil, etc.

Areas prone to flooding need to be protected in order to maintain
their capacity to absorb, store, and transmit runoff and
floodwater. Floodplains are part of a river or stream, and should
be respected as such.

4. Shorelands

Shorelands are herein defined as those lands located along the water's
edge of a stream, river, or Great Bay. Much of the discussion below
pertains to the riparian corridors of rivers and major streams. For
ease of discussion, the term "river" will also include major streams
(such as those which flow year-round and are depicted on a U.S.G.S.
topography map).

a. Values

A river corridor serves many functions and has significant
ecological and aesthetic values, as described below.

1) Wildlife

In general, river corridors provide one of the richest
habitats for fish, wildlife, and plants. Many f ish and
wildlife populations cannot survive within limited habitat
areas. Wildlife must have travel lanes within their range,
and waterfowl and other birds need ground-level nesting
habitat. Protection of these linear river corridors is
essential to the stability of wildlife populations. (See
Section IV.D for further discussion.) This concept is in
contrast with what have been called "habitat islands" where
wildlife refuge areas are separated by development, with
no way for animals to travel from one area to another.

2) Floodwater Storage

The flood absorption function of shorelands and floodplains
was discussed in the previous section (IV.C.3 -
"Floodplains").

3) Pollution Abatement and Filtration

Natural corridors along a river have been termed as "filter
strips" because the shoreland vegetation acts to filter
out sediment and pollutants from surface water runoff.
Many scientific studies have repeatedly confirmed the need
to retain a naturally vegetated buffer strip adjacent to
the water line, to filter out pollutants from lawn
fertilizers, and agricultural pesticides. An absolute
minimum of 50 ft. (preferably 75 ft. or more) is needed
to protect rivers and marshes from these substances,

according to research results f rom North Carolina, recently
published by the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
(source: Planning for the Changing Rural Landscape of New
England: Blending Theory and Practice; New England Center,
UNH; November 1987).

River corridors can be environmentally sensitive as well.
In many instances, these areas consist of coarse-grained
soils which have a limited ability to trap and hold
contaminants. This can lead to water quality problems
especially when septic systems are constructed too close
to a riverbank. During low-flow periods, the contaminated
groundwater can then seep into the river.

4) Riverbank Stabilization

Riverbanks denuded of vegetation can be vulnerable to
erosion. The roots of trees and other plants along a natural
shoreline stabilizes the banks from the erosive forces of
wave action, flood flows, and overland runoff.

5) Recreation

River corridors can provide some of the best recreational
opportunities in the Region. Examples include canoeing,
hiking, fishing, birding, picnicking, horse trails, and
cross-country skiing.

6) Aesthetics

The changes in flow, the diversity of vegetation, and the
associated variety of wildlife, all contribute to the scenic
qualities of a river corridor. River corridors are prime
areas for interacting with the natural environment.

7) Unique Natural Features

Examples of unique natural features along a River include
waterfalls, rapids, meanders, and oxbows. In addition,
rare and endangered plant species are often located along
river corridors.

b. Inventory

As previously stated, shorelands are found along surface water
bodies. Stratham's water bodies are shown on Map 7.

There is no set width for "shoreland." As a general rule, the
shoreland values described above diminish as the distance between
development and the water's edge decreases. Literature on this
subject indicates that shoreland widths range from 50 to 200
feet.

Aside from numerous road crossings, and some buildings along
N.H. Route 101 and the Squamscott River, Stratham continues to
maintain many miles of natural shoreland.

C. Analysis

Shoreland corridors are very important in terms of water quality,
wildlife habitat, recreational opportunities, and scenic beauty.
However, with "shorefront" property being at such a premium,
these fragile lands are under intense development pressures.
Once natural shoreland is developed, its social and ecological
benefits are greatly diminished. Moreover, it is inequitable
for a private developer to gain value from a river (a public
resource) and at the same time exclude the public from using
the river by blocking physical and/or visual access.

Fortunately, the Town of Stratham has recognized the importance
of protecting shorelands and has established a Shoreland
Protection District. This ordinance establishes a shoreland
overlay district with construction setbacks from the seasonal
high water mark and restriction on the removal of natural
vegetation (i.e., no clearcutting) within a buffer zone adjacent
to the water.

The establishment of a Shoreland Protection District promotes
the following objectives:

1) Discourage development in flood hazard areas;
2) Protect public waters from pollution;
3) Prevent erosion;
4) Conserve and protect aquatic and terrestial habitat
associated with riparian areas; and
5) Preserve and enhance those recreational and aesthetic values
associated with natural shorelines and river environment.

Stratham's Shoreland Protection District not only promotes the
above objectives, but also preserves the option for future
acquisitions and easements by the Town.

5. Groundwater

a. Values

Groundwater provides the primary supply of potable water for
the Region. Favorable groundwater potential is typically found
in areas of unconsolidated sediment and, to a lesser extent,
bedrock fractures. Because of its high porosity, transmissivity,
and hydraulic conductivity, areas of "stratified drift" (as de-
fined in Section III.B) can yield the greatest volumes of water
when pumped. The term "aquifer" is herein defined as earth mater-
ial containing sufficient quantities of groundwater for pumping.

The primary value of groundwater is as a source of water supply
for individuals and for community water systems. Because of
the great difference in treatment costs, municipalities more
frequently choose to develop public water supplies from ground-
water. Groundwater supplies are less costly to develop than man-
made surface water supplies, in terms of land-taking, engineering,
and maintenance.

Groundwater has an additional environmental value, in the recharge
of surface water bodies and wetlands. A seasonally high water
table may rise close to or above the ground surface, creating
a wetland during the wet months of the year, and providing mois-
ture to the wetland vegetation.

b. Inventory

As previously discussed, the groundwater occurrence in Town can
be based on surficial geology, especially in areas of stratified
drift. The latest and most reliable source of information concern-
ing stratified drift aquifers is from the N.H. State Geologist
Office, which has recently finalized the surficial geology maps
for the Exeter, NH, Newmarket, NH, and the Portsmouth, NH/ Kit-
tery, ME quadrangles. These maps identified Stratham's "aquifer"
as a stratified sand and gravel deposit. This stratified drift
formation is approximately one-half mile wide and generally fol-
lows Bunker Hill Avenue. This area has been depicted on Map
9 - "Aquifers."

C. Analysis

Groundwater is a very valuable resource for the Town of Stratham"
It has the potential to provide the Town with drinking water
for many generations to come. However, the resource is vulnerable
to contamination or depletion if not properly managed and protec-
ted.

Groundwater quality can be impaired by a variety of materials.
Sources of groundwater contaminants include landfills, commercial
and industrial wastes., agriculturual fertilizers, human sewage,
road salting, etc. Groundwater quantity is reduced by contamina-
tion of available groundwater supplies, over-pumping in the aqui-
fer zone, and increasing impervious surfaces such as roof tops
and parking lots, thereby preventing recharge of the aquifer.

The Town should adopt an Aquifer Protection District. The ordi-
nance would establish an aquifer overlay district with certain
use regulations, in order to protect the Town's present and future
water supply.

In the meantime, the Town should: 1) reduce its use of road salt
along Bunker Hill Avenue and other roads which overlay the Town's
aquifer; and 2) discourage the placement of community septic
systems within the aquifer area.

Map 9
AQUIFERS

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D. HABITAT

This section describes the natural habitat for wildlife and for rare and
endangered plants.

1. Values

All wildlife have three basic requirements for survival: food, cover,
and water. Fish, amphibians, and waterfowl require the presence of
water for spawning and egg laying. Vegetation provides the necessary
cover to serve as nursery habitat. Water also serves as spawning
grounds for insects, which, in addition to vegetation, provide food
for various animals. Furbearers such as muskrat,, otter., mink) and
beaver utilize wetlands as habitat. Coastal and inland marshes serve
not only as breeding grounds for waterfowl but also are critical
resting and feeding areas druing spring and fall migration.

The value of an area as habitat depends on a number of,factors includ-
ing size, contiguity with similar areas, and amount of edge. Edge
is the transitional area between habitat types and consists of under-
story plants and early successional types of vegetation which provide
both forage and cover for numerous species of birds and mammals.
Edge can be created by utility transmission rights-of-way, crop and
pasture land practices, regrowth of old fields, and similar types
of clearings. The habitat value and edge effect of an area may be
significantly reduced if adjacent land uses and encroachments by man
create barriers or threaten the integrity of that area.

Plants also require certain environmental conditions for survival.
Wetland vegetation provides a good example of plants requiring a speci-
fic set of conditions, i.e., soil type and water table elevation.

2. Inventory

a. Wildlife

As discussed in Section IV.C.1, the Great Bay Estuary provides
prime habitat for many wildlife species. According to a N.H. Fish
and Game study, more than 90,000 birds reside in the estuary
(source: Inventory of the Natural Resources of Great Bay Estuarine
System; N.H. Fish and Game Department; December 1981). Thousands
of Canada geese and black ducks rest and feed in the fall. Osprey
are common in the spring and fall migration. Three rare and
endangered animal species which live within in the estuary include
the bald eagle, common tern, and the common loon.

Terrestrial mammals which utilize Great Bay include raccoonsl
whitetail deer, red fox, woodchuck, muskrats, chipmunks, grey
squirrels, cottontail rabbits, mink, otter, and beaver.

A complete inventory of all animals (and plants) which live in
the Great Bay is contained in the Fish and Game study cited above,
as well as in the Great Bay National Estuarine Research Resere
Management Plan (previously cited in Section IV.C.1).

In addition to excellent coastal habitat, Stratham also has impor-
tant inland habitat areas. Examples include: wetlands; river
and stream corridors: forests such as coniferous, hardwood, and
mixed woodlands; and open lands comprised of meadows and fields.
These habitat types support a wide range of animals including
game species such as deer, coyotes, raccoons, rabbits, and
turkeys.

Stratham's prime wildlife habitat areas include the Squamscott
River corridor and an extensive tract surrounding the Winnicut
River.

b. Vegetation

Natural plant communities in Stratham are typical of coastal
New Hampshire, with vegetative patterns reflecting soils and
moisture conditions. However, the N.H. Natural Heritage Inventory
has identified six rare and endangered plant species which grow
in the Town. The common names of these plants are: Small Spike-
rush, Sharp Flowered Manna-grass, Engelmann's Quillwort, Marsh
Elder, Exserted Knotweed, and Stout Bulrush. All of these spe-
cies, except for Small Spike-rush, are "imperiled in the State
because of rarity". Small Spike-rush is critically imperiled
because.of "extreme rarity." These terms are explained more
fully in Appendix III - "Rare and Endangered Plants." The areas
in which these plants grow are shown on Map 10 - "Open Space
Values."

3. Analysis

a. Wildlife

As contiguous tracts of open space become splintered with develop-
ment, wildlife can no longer move easily from one natural area
to another, and some must move away from the area's boundaries
into the more protected center. This can be harmful to wildlife
if the size of the habitat is related to f ood supply or to the
amount of genetic diversity necessary for a healthy population.
It is well known that some species of wildlife require fairly
large areas of habitat to survive. (The ranges for pine marten
and white tail deer are roughly 640 acres.) Plant species also
require contiguous areas to proliferate.

In additionP small, isolated habitats have less diversity of
plant and animal species than those that are large and contig-
uous. Each species has its own mix of habitat needs for water,
food, nesting or resting, breeding and cover. A species may
require low wetland areas for one use and upland areas for
another. If both types of areas are not accessible because land
is developed between them, the species can no longer flourish.

Overall, large contiguous tracts of conservation land are neces-
sary to protect the Town's current diversity of plant and animal
species from the impact of habitat isolation and fragmentation.
It is thus important to consider conservation lands not only
as individual parcels, but also in relation to other protected

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lands. For these reasons, the Town should endeavor to acquire
lands which are contiguous to publicly-owned or otherwise
protected parcels. Therefore, the Town should seek to preserve
corridors that link large tracts of open space in order to main-
tain habitat integrity. (The Town's large contiguous tracts
are shown on Map 11 - "Protected Open Space and Public Lands.")

b. Vegetation

Six rare and endangered plants have been identified in Stratham.
There are important biological and ecological reasons for protec-
ting these plants. By preserving different types of vegetation,
the diversity of ecosystems are maintained. If a species is
lost, the overall biological complexity of the habitat is
reduced. Hence, the Town should seek to protect these areas in
order to preserve this piece of Stratham's natural heritage.

E. AESTHETICS

1. Values

Open space maintains a Town's rural character by providing pleasant
scenery and visual relief from developed lands. It provides natural
buffers against noise and reduces "overcrowding of land." In general,
scenic resources contribute to the quality of life for townspeople
and is a key element of the Region's tourist economy.

Visual-cultural values of such areas consist of an array of inter-
related, intangible values which benefit the public. Wetlands, for
example, contribute directly to the scenic value of landscapes and
add to landscape diversity. This value of aesthetics is achieved
through direct recreational usage and from distance viewing. The
recreational values vary greatly according to user and landform type.
Recreational activities may range from bird watching and picnicking
to walking, canoeing, hunting, and fishing.

In general, aesthetic values are difficult to measure. Researchers
have attempted to measure the values of scenic views through preference
studies. Most of these studies have indicated that natural landscapes
are preferred over landscapes which contain obtrusive structures
(source: A Proposed Method for Coastal Scenic Landscape Assessment;
H. Dominie and M. Droege; Maine State Planning Office; October 1987).

A
2. Inventory

Stratham's visual character is one of its most priceless assets.
The diversity of landforms of farmland, rolling hills, forested areas,
marsh, river corridors, and Great Bay add to the uniqueness and rich-
ness of Stratham's character. The Town has many significant scenic
views. Scenic landscapes are viewed mostly from Town and State roads
by residents and visitors.

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A "scenic road" is typically a rural Town road, which has a relatively
low volume of traffic. The term "scenic road" as used in this plan
is not to be confused with Scenic Road Designation, RSA 231:157.)
A scenic road can derive its aesthetic qualities from the contrast
of open fields and woodland, architectural features, stone walls,
and occasional vistas.

The Town's scenic roads and most outstanding scenic views have been
identified on Map 10 - "Open Space Values". A brief description of
each is provided below. ( With the exception of Stratham Hill, all
scenic views are seen from public roads.)

a. Scenic Views

- Scamman Farm. Looking west from N.H. Route 101, an outstanding
view of rolling farmland (with cows often grazing), with impres-
sive sunset views. This is one of the most scenic views in the
Seacoast Region and is seen by thousands of people each day
(the average daily traffic along this part of Route 101 exceeds
20,000 cars as of December 1988). On the other side of the high-
way there is another scenic view, with expansive, rolling farm
fields. (Selective cutting of trees would significantly improve
this view.)

- Squamscott River. There are two bridges for State highways
which cross the River - N.H. Route 101 and 108. From these bridg-
es, in both directions, there are prime views of the Squamscott
River Corridor containing tidal marsh and trees. These are .. gate-
ways" into Stratham.

- Stratham Hill. One of the Region's most (if not the most)
panoramic views. Much of the Great Bay Estuary, as well as sur-
rounding communities, can be seen from the top of Stratham, Hill.

- Winnicutt River. This is a large area along Winnicut Road
at the North Hampton town line. Looking west, and descending
along Barton Hill into Stratham, there are scenic views of the
Winnicut River, farmland, and forested areas.

- Stratham Heights. At the highest elevation of Stratham Heights
Road, looking south into the Town of Exeter, there is a panoramic
view of rolling fields and trees.
'A - Jewett Hill Brook. As Squamscott Road crosses the brook, there
are scenic views in both directions of the Jewett Hill Brook
corridor and associated wetlands.

b. Scenic Roads

Stratham Heights Road. From the intersection of Bunker Hill
Avenue to almost Route 101, there is pleasant scenery with ample
views of farmland and forest land; especially looking south.

Winnicut Road. From the North Hampton town line to the inter-
section of Union Road, there are many views of farm fields, forest-
land, and the Winnicut River corridor.

3. Analysis

One of the Town's most valuable resources is the scenic quality of
its landscapes. These scenic resources provide a unique visual
experience for residents, and help to attract tourists - who in turn
contribute to the Town's economy. For the most part, Stratham's scenic
landscapes are privately owned. Nevertheless, the public "uses" the
visual landscape. A tangible public benefit is thereby derived from
these private properties. Outstanding scenic views, therefore, deserve
protection whenever possible.

In general, agricultural land is the primary contributor to the high
landscape quality of Stratham and the Region. However, farmland is
particularly vulnerable to development. It is common for development
to be proposed in open areas, which were once farm fields, due to
good soils, lack of clearing costs, and extensive panoramic views
from the subdivided parcels. This type of development is highly
visible and severely detracts from the aesthetics of the original
farmland.

There is a great need to protect the scenic views which serve as .. gate-
ways" to the Town. As people enter into Stratham, the scenic quality
of th e immediate surroundings greatly influences the observer's impres-
sion of the Town. This open space also acts as a visual buffer between
towns by interrupting what may one day be a road lined with buildings.

Stratham should protect its prominent scenic views from obtrusive
development. Scenic resource protection measures include encouraging
cluster development as well as the purchase of visually important
land or scenic easements to those lands. The Town should also consider
selectively clearing roadside vegetation in order to open views of
scenic fields and hillsides.

F. EDUCATION/RESEARCH

1. Values

By using open space lands as outdoor classrooms, people of all ages
can learn about the natural world. Many areas (e.g., wetlands, forest
land) can serve as areas of scientific research and as outdoor
educational exhibits which demonstrate the dynamics of ecological
relationships. Interpretive hiking trails also provide an excellent
means of teaching cultural and environmental lessons to the general
public. As environmental education and the natural sciences become
more common in primary and secondary schools, natural areas will become
even more valuable for education.

2. Inventory

The most significant area in Stratham that is used for education and/or
research is that part of Town within the Great Bay estuary. The unique
qualities of the estuary have attracted many different organizations
and government agencies which have conducted scientific and educational
activities. The University of New Hampshire, at the Jackson Estuarine
Laboratory, has been the primary agency to conduct research and educa-

tion on the Great Bay estuary. Other such agencies and organizations
include: the N.H. Department of Fish and Game; the Piscataqua Gundalow
Project; the Great Bay Estuarine System Conservation Trust; the Audubon
Society of New Hampshire; the Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans,
and Space; the N.H. Office of State Planning; and the N.H. Department
of Environmental Services, Water Supply and Pollution Control Division,
and the Rockingham Planning Commission. (For a more complete
description of these programs, see the Great Bay National Estuarine
Research Reserve Management Plan, previously cited.)

As discussed throughout this plan, there are many open space lands
Stratham with educational potential. The primary site which is
actively being used for educational purposes is Stratham Hill Park.
Since Stratham Hill is one of New Hampshire's finest drumlin forma-
tions, the University of New Hampshire uses the Park to demonstrate
the effects of glacial movement and its impact on the Seacoast Region.
Various farms throughout Town also provide educational field trips
to pre-school and kindergarten classes from Stratham and surrounding
towns.

3. Analysis

Environmental education is the study of contemporary conservation
issues, ecology, biology, and the overall study, enjoyment, and under-
standing of the natural environment. Programs have been successfully
implemented throughout the country for groups of all ages.

In April 1984, a Forest Management Seminar at the University of New
Hampshire produced a report entitled Management Plan for Stratham
Hill Park (cited in Section IV.A). The report explores a variety
of environmental education and recreation uses which could be
compatible in an integrated use park. The report recommends environ-
mental education through class programs and self-taught
demonstrations. It notes that geology, weather, soils, biology,
forestry, wetlands, wildlife, chemistry, and environmental issues
could be studied at the park.

The Town should promote increased conservation awareness and education
at the primary and secondary school levels. The Conservation Commis-
sion could work with the School Department in arranging for conserva-
tion-related field trips, workshops, and lectures. Potential sites
for educational field trips include: Stratham Hill Park, the Squamscott
River, a farm, a managed forest, or a prime wetland area.

Moreover, the Town should work with the N.H. Fish and Game Department
toward developing opportunities for education and research within
the Great Bay estuary. The Town can thereby play an active role in
this important function of the Great Bay Estuarine Research Reserve
program.

G. HISTORIC/ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES

1. Historic Sites

Since this plan focuses on open space lands, this section will discuss
only historic sites, rather than historic structures.

a. Values

Although historic sites enhance town character, the ultimate
value of preserving them is educational. Historic sites are
an important part of the Town's historical and cultural heritage.
It is important for the townspeople to be aware of the events
in history which have shaped the Town's present condition, and
society in general. If development occurs on these sites, their
value is lost and cannot be replaced elsewhere.

b. Inventory

This plan identifies two historic sites (see Map 10):

1. Town Landing: The landing site of the first Colonial people,
at Sandy Point in 1633; on what was to be incorporated as
the Town of Stratham.

2. The Thomas Wiggin gravesite: Thomas Wiggin was the first
settler in Stratham. This site is located above five hundred
yards west of the old Depot on the south side of the railroad
tracks.

(Source: Historic Districts; Southeastern New Hampshire Regional
Planning Commission; Exeter, NH; June 1973).

C. Analysis

The sites described above contribute to Stratham's unique history
and cultural heritage. It is therefore, in the public interest
to protect them. For privately owned sites (e.g., Thomas Wiggin
gravesite), negotiations for easements may be the best means
of protection.

2. Archeological Sites

a. Values

New Hampshire contains a wide array of archeological sites worthy
of protection. Such sites represent nonrenewable resources which
contain the unique record of human achievements spanning at least
10,000 years of prehistory. This period spans the age f rom the
first occupation after the retreat of the glaciers (at the end
of the Ice Age) through the displacement of Native American Indian
culture by European explorers and colonists. For most of this
period, archeological sites are the only sources of information
about the Native American cultural tradition. For the historical
period of the Euro-American cultural tradition, archeological
sites provide an important dimension for the understanding of

history. Archeological sites may balance, expand, corroborate,
or contradict the written and oral record of history and, together
with our architectural heritage, provide physical reminders of
the past.

Generally, prehistoric sites are most likely found in areas with
the following characteristics: proximity to water (both potable
water, and waterways for travel), sandy and gravelly well-drained
soils; level ground; exposure; proximity to raw material sources
(especially suitable rock for the making of tools); and proximity
to food sources (such as estuarine environments for shellfish
6e-ds, falls and 'rapids for restricting the passage of anadromous
fish) freshwater marshes and thickets for other shellfish and
small game, and pockets of farmable soils, important to late
prehistoric horticulturalists).

b. Inventory

Two prehistoric sites have been recorded in Stratham by the N.H.
Division of Historical Resources. One site is located in the vicinity
of the confluence of Jewett Hill Brook and the Squamscott River, and
the other is near the confluence of Mill Brook and the Squamscott
River (see Map 10). According to the State Archeologist, these sites
were used as semi-permanent villages or seasonal camps by Native
Americans, and are probably about 1,000 years old.

Within the Coastal Region, the distribution of recorded prehistoric
archeological sites is as follows: 52% in the Upper Riverine System;
6% in the Lower Riverine System; 9% in the Riverine Tidal System;
20% in the Estuarine System; 5% in the Marine System; 5% in the
Lacustrine System (lakes); and 3% within the Palustrine System (marsh,
bog, swamp). The sites in Stratham have been recorded in the Riverine
Tidal System.

C. Analysis

The following is a paraphrased excerpt from a memo written by Gary
Hume, State Archeologist, regarding archeological sites in the Seacoast
Region.

Most recorded sites in the Coastal Region are located on flat,
dry areas within 125 meters of various water bodies. Because
of the recreational and residential development which has taken
place on waterfront areas in the Region, many potential
archeological areas have been disturbed and destroyed. However,
a number of small, undisturbed pockets may remain in the midst
of developed areas. Large tracts of undisturbed land have high
archeological potential.

The DHR recommends that before development takes place along
the Region's waterfront areas, builders and/or planning boards
check with them to see if the development may be disturbing
potential archeological sites. Early consultation is preferred,
so as to allow time for archeological studies and/or redevelopment
of proposed projects. According to RSA 290, it is illegal under
most circumstances to disturb human remains without a permit.

According to RSA 227-C:8, when unmarked human remains are
discovered, excavation must be discontinued. The discovery should
be reported to the local police who will, in turn, notify a
medical examiner and the State Archeologist when it is
appropriate.

The Coastal Region is an area rich in archeological sites. Due
to ideal conditions, the Native American Indians located their
settlements on the shores of our various water bodies. They
left behind them many sites which can yield information about
their culture. Archeologists have just begun this study. Unfor-
tunately, the rapid development which has taken place in the
Coastal Region has destroyed many sites. Based upon a field
check in 1986 of recorded sites, the attrition rate from develop-
ment in the past ten years has been a staggering 25%1 By making
people more aware of the fact that archeological sites do exist
in the Coastal Region, it may be possible to prevent destruction
of these valuable nonrenewable resources.

As with its historic sitesP Stratham should work toward protecting
the only two known archeological sites in Town.

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I V. OWNERSHIP OF OPEN SPACE LAND
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V. OWNERSHIP OF OPEN SPACE LAND

This section briefly describes the sizeable publicly-owned and protected
lands in Stratham. These parcels, as well as other incidental parcels,
are depicted on Map 11 - "Protected Open Space and Public Lands." It should
be noted that even though a parcel is publicly-owned, it is not necessarily
protected forever. The Conservation Commission should encourage the Board
of Selectmen to put covenants (land restrictions) on critical Town-owned
open spaces. This concept applies to State-owned lands as well. If the
State is not interested in any permanent means of protection, the Commission
should pursue an option or right of first refusal for the land. The
following is an inventory and description of public and protected lands
in Stratham (shown on Map 11).

A. PUBLIC

1. Town

The Town of Stratham owns a significant amount of open space, most
of which is located in the vicinity of Stratham Hill. The Town's
major land holdings include: Stratham Hill Park (108 acres); the
"Gifford" land, adjacent to Stratham Hill Park (86 acres); the site
of the new elementary school (37 acres); atid the conservation land
which lies between Lovell Road and Gifford Farm Road (13 acres).

2. State

The State of New Hampshire owns two parcels in Town, both of which
are located adjacent to the Squamscott River at Chapman's Landing.
This site has a total area of about seven acres, and is managed by
the N.H. Fish and Game Department.

B. QUASI-PUBLIC

In Stratham, quasi-public lands include those which are owned by the Boston
and Maine Railroad; and transmission-line easements owned by the Public
Service Company of New Hampshire for electricity, and by Northern Utilities
for gas. These corridors can provide important links to open space lands.

The 91-acre site of the New Hampshire Vocational Technical College is also
included in this category. As discussed in Section IV.A, this tract
contains several playing fields available for public use.

C. PRIVATE PROTECTED LAND

In Stratham, there are generally two types of mechanisms which have
protected privately-owned open space lands: 1) conservation easements;
and 2) cluster development.

1. Conservation Easements

a) Stuart Farm. This site is located in northwestern Stratham,
and is bisected by Mill Brook. At 173 acres, this is the Town's

largest tract of protected land. As discussed in Section IV.B,
the conservation easement (development rights) is held by the
N.H. Department of Agriculture. Public access is allowed by
permission only.

b) Wiggin Conservation Land. This 37-acre parcel is located adjacent
to Jewett Hill Brook. This land is ecologically important -
containing rare and endangered plants, and comprising a portion
of the tidal wetland system of the Squamscott River. The
conservation easement is held by the State of New Hampshire.
Public access for transitory recreational purposes is allowed.

C) Turnberry Open Space. This land is the open space portion of
the Turnberry Condominium development. It is a 61-acre tract
located next to the Wiggin parcel (described above), adjacent
to the Squamscott River. It also contains a significant amount
of tidal wetlands. The easement is held by the Society for
Protection of New Hampshire Forests. Public access is allowed
by permission only.

d) Salt River Open Space. This 51-acre tract is the open space
portion of the Salt River Condominium development. Like the
parcels described above, this land has ' ecological importance
and contains tidal wetlands. The easement is held by the
Rockingham County Conservation District, and public access is
permitted.

2. Cluster Development

In 1983, the Town of Stratham, adopted a cluster development provision
in its Zoning Ordinance. The cluster ordinance has led to many tracts
of open space being protected, in perpetuity, especially along the
Squamscott River.

The following is a list of the cluster developments which have set
aside significant tracts of open space to remain undeveloped, in
perpetuity:

Glengarry The Meadows
Pheasant Run Thornhill
Aberdeen East Stratham Woods
Aberdeen West Peninsula
Balmoral Stratham Green
Lamington Turnberry
Muirfield Salt River
Montrose

D. LARGE TRACTS

Map 11 depicts the locations of Stratham's remaining tracts of contiguous
open space (labeled as "undeveloped contiguous parcels"). Significant
concentrations of open space are located along the Squamscott River, between
N.H. Route 101 and Jewitt Hill, and in the central and southern parts of
Town.

Large tracts of open space are important to consider when planning for
the Town's future open space needs. In general, the larger tracts of open
space land are of greater value in terms of open space benefits, e.g.,
farming, forestry, recreation, wildlife habitat, aesthetics, etc. For
this reason, the Town should endeavor to acquire and/or protect those large
lots which are contiguous to publicly-owned or otherwise protected parcels.

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I VI. GOALS AND RECOMMMATIONS
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V1. GOALS AND RECOKKEND&TIONS

In January, 1989, the Stratham Conservation Commission developed long term
goals and objectives to aid in guiding the Commission's activities and
in determining yearly goals. The Commission should be applauded for
carrying out this exemplary process. These goals, as well as those in
the Master Plan, were incorporated into the formulation of the following
- which create a framework within which to operate and prioritize areas
on which to focus energies. Objectives were then set forth as actions
to be taken in order to incrementally achieve long range goals. Goals
are established and described below - ordered according to Section IV of
this plan.

IV. OPEN SPACE VALUES, INVENTORY, AND ANALYSIS

A. RECREATION

Goal: To maintain and enhance present recreation lands and
facilities; to expand recreation opportunities by securing
additional lands and by adding or expanding facilities.

Recommendations:

-- Planning Board should seek to establish trail corridors when
reviewing cluster development proposals.

-- Seek funding sources for additional facilities in order to
meet State standards for outdoor recreation facilities.

-- Designate funds for recreational facility improvements through
capital improvement programming.

-- Develop a long range plan for the Stratham Hill Park and adja-
cent Town property.

- Conduct an inventory of possible recreation land sites that
may become available for donation/acquisition and target those
that are most desireable for public acquisition.

-- Encourage developers of large subdivisions to donate a portion
of their parcels for use by the residents of the Town.

-- Seek to establish a public hiking trail (see Map 12) by
interconnecting, through easements and other agreements with
landowners, a network of trails linking public conservation and
recreation lands.

B. AGRICULTURE/FORESTRY

Goal: To preserve significant farm and forest land for resource
production and preservation of rural character.

Recommendations:

1. Agriculture

Conduct an inventory of possible agricultural lands that
may become available for donation/protection.

Contact landowners regarding possible preservation
techniques (e.g., LCIP, donation of conservation easements,
purchase of development rights).

-- Provide Current Use Assessment information to farmland
owners who qualify, to make retention of agricultural lands
more economically feasible.

-- Educate farmland owners about creative development
techniques so that, if necessary, financial needs may be
met while preserving important farmland.

2. Forestry

-- Write and implement a management plan for Stratham. Hill
park with assistance from the County Forester.

Monitor lands surrounding Stratham, Hill Park as to their
availability for Town purchase; and establish a Town Forest.

Seek to have forested lands of manageable size (greater
than ten acres) preserved through sound, long-term forest
management programs which provide for all forest benefits,
including watershed protection, wildlife habitat, recreation,
and aesthetics.

C. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Goal: To protect all environmentally sensitive areas by preventing
detrimental alteration, development, or pollution.

Recommendations:

1. Surface Water

-- Work with other municipalities abutting the Squamscott
River and Great Bay to develop a regional protection plan
for coordinated shoreline protection and wise land
stewardship.

Seek funding sources (e.g., Trust for New Hampshire Lands)
to acquire/protect lands abutting the Squamscott River and
Great Bay according to priority.

Review Town ordinances and regulations to ensure
compliance with standards as those for erosion and
sedimentation controls and pollution controls.

-- In order to prevent further degradation of the Squamscott
River water quality, avoid any conditions which precipitate
the need for a wastewater treatment facility (using surface
water disposal).

2. Wetlands

-- Perform a wetlands evaluation and adopt Prime Wetlands
designation for the municipality's most important wetlands.

Encourage the enforcement of current zoning, subdivision
and site plan review regulations, as well as state and
federal rules/laws pertaining to wetlands.

-- Review Town ordinances and regulations to see that they
adequately protect wetlands.

Continue to review Dredge and Fill applications.

Protect the most important wetlands by easement and/or
acquisition.

3. Floodplains

- See that the Town, as a participant in the National Flood
Insurance Program, keeps its floodplain ordinance up to
date and consistent with the program's requirements.

Attempt to acquire lands or interest in lands in flood-
plain areas - especially those along the Squamscott River
and Great Bay.

-- Review proposed developments or alterations in floodplains
for compliance with local, state, and federal requirements
- especially with respect to waste water disposal and
erosion.

4. Shorelands

-- Improve public access to the water bodies in Town by
acquiring more shorefront land or easements.

-- Maintain Shoreland Protection District to prevent
detrimental alteration of the land close to the shores.

5. Groundwater

-- Perform an inventory of well water quality and continue
to monitor.

-- Perform an inventory of possible future public water
sources and adopt an aquifer protection ordinance.

Conduct an inventory of all underground storage tanks.

D. HABITAT

Goal: To preserve and protect populations, or habitats, of rare
or endangered plant and animal species, natural habitats of high
productivity, and migration corridors for wildlife.

Recommendations:

Hire a consultant to identify and inventory habitats for game
and non-game wildlife populations that are valued but not rare;
these may include deer yards, freshwater riparian habitats, and
saltwater wetlands associated with estuarine systems. In
addition) important migration corridors for wildlife should be
identified.

Seek to protect habitat areas for rare and/or endangered
species through conservation easements or fee-simple acquisition.

Attempt to preserve corridors that link large tracts of open
space in order to maintain habitat integrity.

E. AESTHETICS

Goal: 'To retain scenic vistas and natural areas to enhance the
aesthetic quality and character of the Town.

Recommendations:

Protect high quality scenic views along public roads through
easements (or acquisition).

F. EDUCATION/RESEARCH

Goal: To provide adequate opportunities for education and
research by protecting existing unique sites and acquiring areas
which will offer expanded opportunities.

Recommendations:

- Work with the N.H. Fish and Game Department toward developing
opportunities for education and research within the Great Bay
estuary.

-- Promote increased conservation awareness and education at
the primary and secondary school levels. The Conservation Commis-
sion should work with the School Board in arranging for
conservation-related field trips, workshops, and lectures.

G. HISTORIC/ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES

Goal: To preserve historical archeological sites of significance
and provide public education about them as they are an important
and irreplaceable part of Stratham's cultural heritage.

Recommendations:

-- Pursue permanent protection of the identified significant
historic/archeological sites in Town.

Work with the N.H. Department of Historic Resources to
inventory archeological sites of significance.

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I VII. OPEN SPACE PLAN
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VII. OPEN SPACE PLAN

A. cENERAL

Stratham is fortunate to have many high-quality natural resources and open
spaces* Section IV evaluated the Town's land according to the seven
identified resource values of open space. These types of open space were
then depicted on a series of maps. Through this process, specific areas
have been designated which possess multiple resource values and warrant
protection. These areas include wetlands, floodplains, shorelands, aquifer
recharge areas, unique scenic views, prime farmland, rare habitat, and
sites of recreational, educational, historical, or archeological
significance.

What this process has proven is that even with extensive protection of
the identified environmentally sensitive areas and high quality open space
lands, there is ample land available throughout Town for future development.

Map 11 shows the publicly-owned State and Town lands, power line and rail-
road rights-of-way, and parcels protected by easements or covenants.
Benefits from these open spaces can be maximized through greenbelt linkages
and trail systems.

For this reason, Map 12 - "Open Space Protection Plan" - proposes a trail
network which links important open space areas throughout Stratham using
some sections of the PSNH power line and Northern Utilities gas line ease-
ments. This trail system would provide superb recreational and educational
opportunities to the townspeople. It should be noted that utility easements
do not necessarily give the public a right of passage. Theref ore, in
creating a trail network, the easement owners as well as landowners along
the easement must be contacted.

It would be unrealistic to expect to preserve all of the identified areas
in their natural state; therefore some decisions were made regarding
recommendations for parcel protection. The process of prioritizing areas
for cons ervation/protection was carried out by evaluating the findings
of this plan (e.g., type of resource value, location, Town's specific open
space needs).

The Conservation Commission, the Planning Board, the Board of Selectmen,
and Town Meeting can use this plan to make strategic decisions regarding
recommended parcels. The plan will also be useful to the Recreation
Commission in their efforts to expand and improve recreational facilities.
For example, if land is proposed for development, the Planning Board can
use this plan to evaluate the design of the development. The Town, by
using this plan, can target areas for protection. Once targetted the
Conservation Commission and Selectmen should actively pursue their
protection, either through conservation easements or outright acquisition.

It would be very helpful to inventory all open space areas in Town. A
property study - including such information as tax map lot number, name
and address of owner, acreage, appraised value, and a map showing property
boundaries - would be a valuable tool as a starting. point for landowner
contact and parcel protection. In 1988, the Rockingham Planning Commission
performed an inventory of sizeable properties along the Squamscott River

A
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in Stratham, Exeter, and Newfields (see Squamscott River Property Study,
Rockingham Planning Commission, 1988). It is recommended that Stratham,
with assistance from the RPC, conduct such an inventory of all valuable
natural resource areas in Town.

B. THE PLAN

The areas shown on Map 12 consist of parcels already protected and areas
designated to become part of Stratham's open space system. They are
categorized as follows.

Existing Public and Protected Open Space. As discussed in Section
V, these areas include: Town and State owned lands,, open space
protected through cluster development,, and lands protected by
conservation easements. These areas are depicted on Map 11 as well.

Quasi-Public Lands. Also discussed in Section V, these lands
include: the Boston and Maine Railroad right-of-way; the Public Service
Company of N.H. power line easements; the Northern Utilities' gas
line easement; and the land owned by the N.H. Vocational Technical
College (depicted on Map 11).

Proposed Protected Open Space. These are areas which are recommended
for cons e rvat ion/prote cti on because of their multiple resource values.
Fee simple acquisition is the optimal method of protection,, howeverP
for financial reasons,, conservation easements will most likely be
the most practical mechanism for land protection. The f ollowing
section,, VII.C - "Methods for Open Space Protection" presents a wide
array of methods to protect open space.

Proposed Trail. The concept of a public trail system was described
in Section IV.A.3. As stated earlier, community trails would provide
� variety of recreational and educational opportunities. If developed,
� trail system would be an incredible asset to the Town.

LCIP Target Area (Partial). This information was obtained from an
overlay map drafted by the N.H. Office of State Planning and the UNH
Complex Systems Research Center in 1988. This map is used in
conjunction with the Land Conservation Investment Program (LCIP),,
funded through the Trust for New Hampshire Lands (see Section VII.C.
for further discussion). This overlay was based on information
contained in the U.S. Geological Survey topography maps (photorevised
1973). Map 12 does not show all of the areas on the LCIP map due
to the following reasons:

1) The map was prepared using the 1973 USGS maps. Some areas on
the USGS map, where development was not shown, were included
on the LCIP map; but some parcels have been developed since 1973,
and are no longer suitable for conservation purposes; or

2) some parcels have already been protected through full acquisition,
or through conservation easements, by the Town or State (see
Section V for a discussion of protected parcels).

Open Space Areas Proposed for Protection

The following is a brief discussion of the areas designated on Map 12 as
.'proposed protected open space". The numbered paragraphs below correspond
to the numbers shown on the map.

1. Shoreland Easement. By protecting these shoreland corridors,
views could be m ntained and a future trail system could be
developed. These areas also contain floodplains and wetlands.
In the northwestern part of Town, the designated tract would
serve as a link to existing protected areas.

2. Trail Links. These areas are shown in various locations along
.. proposed trails." The areas would be needed to link important
open space areas throughout Town. The trail widths shown on
Map 12 are not necessarily drawn to scale. The optimal width
will vary on a case-by-case basis (e.g., 150 to 300 feet may
be desirable along the Squamscott River). In general, a wide
trail corridor is more effectively buffered from surrounding
uses than a narrow one. Nevertheless, easements for public trails
through private lands typically range from 10 to 30 feet in width.

Potential scenic outlooks along these trails would be from Long
Hill, in the vicinity of Winnicut Road and from the banks of
the Squamscott River (as depicted on Map 12).

3. Rare and Endangered Plants. This area, located along the mouth
of Jewett Hill Brook, SK-o-uld be protected in order to preserve
the rare and endangered plant species described in Section IV.D.
The N.H. Natural Heritage Inventory should be consulted for
assistance toward this goal. Moreover, this area contains: an
important archeological site warranting protection (see Section
IV.G); scenic views (see Section IV.E); and floodplains (see
Section IV.C.3).

4. Scenic Views. These areas provide outstanding scenic views from
public roads for both residents and visitors, and should be
protected from development to the greatest extent possible.
These areas include: the Winnicut River Valley along Winnicut
Road (containing floodplains and wetlands), at the "entrance ..
to Stratham. from North Hampton; and the expansive, rolling farm-
land along N.H. Route 101 (containing a large area of wetlands).

5. LCIP Target Area (Partial). Because of their outstanding natural
resource values, the Town should work with the Land Conservation
Investment Program toward protecting these areas.

C. METHODS FOR OPEN SPACE PROTECTION

The previous section described the open space lands which are recommended
for protection. The next step is to present the various methods available
to protect open space for plan implementation.

Voluntary Land Protection Techniques

a. Land Purchase (fee-simple interest): Purchase of land will give
the Town ultimate control over its use, but may also be the most
expensive means of land acquisition. However, federal and State
matching grants (discussed in Section 3 below) can greatly reduce
purchase costs. The Town should use its "Land Conservation"
fund as capital to purchase critical open space lands.

b. Option: In some cases where landowners are not interested in
any permanent protect method, they may be willing to grant or
sell an option to the Town for purchase of the property. The
two parties would then agree on a purchase price and a specified
amount of time during which the Town could purchase the land
at that price. Sometimes an option will require a percentage
of the purchase price up front, which can be used toward the
price if the parcel is bought. This mechanism is useful in
situations where a landowner wants to sell, but the Town needs
time to secure funding. If the parcel is not purchased within
the specified time frame, the option expires and the land can
go on the market.

C. Right of First Refusal: This method is similar to an opti on
except that it simply guarantees the Town the opportunity to
purchase the land for a price equal to a bona fide offer from
another party. Once the Town acquires rights of first refusal
on the high priority parcels, they will then have a means to
become aware of potential sales and the opportunity to respond.

d. Purchase and Resale (also known as "limited development"): An
increasingly necessary option is the purchase of a property and
its subsequent resale, of all or part, with restrictions or
limited development opportunities. In this way, the Town may
be able to recoup more than its purchase cost through some
creative planning and tasteful development on that part of the
land not critical to open space benefits.

e. Bargain Sale/Purchase: Buying the land for less than its fair
market value reduces the purchase price for the Town and offers
tax deductions to the seller. The difference between the fair
market value and the bargain sale price may be used as a
charitable donation by the landowner. Used in concert with the
Trust for New Hampshire Lands, Land and Water Conservation Funds,
or Pitman-Robertson funds (administered through the Department
of Resource and Economic Development), a bargain sale of 50%
could eliminate any expense for the Town.

f. Easements (less-than-fee interests):

Conservation easement: Sometimes called a conservation
restriction, this mechanism is a practical way for private
landowners to protect environmentally significant land while
retaining their ownership. Easements provide permanent
protection from uses of land that could damage or destroy
its scenic, ecological, and natural resource values.
Generally, easements are donated (but they may be sold)

to a non-profit conservation organization or public agency
which enforces the restrictions in perpetuity. The terms
of the easement run with the land and apply to all future
owners. Each easement is tailored to fit the natural
characteristics of the land, the personal needs of the
owners, and the objectives of the organization or agency.
Whether purchased or received as a donation, an easement
is a less expensive method of protection than fee-simple
purchase.

Purchase of Development Rights: If a conservation
organization or government body is interested in purchasing
it, a landowner may sell his easement. See Section 3.b
below.

Both of these methods provide tax benefits to the landowner by
decreasing the. assessed value. In addition., donation of a
conservation easement usually qualifies as a charitable donation
and allows for a deduction for federal income taxes (see the
following Section "Tax Incentives").

g. Tax Incentives:

- Donation: . Landowners who donate their land, or easement
restrictions, can receive tax benefits in the form of federal
income tax deductions, potential estate tax benefits, and
relief from property taxes.

- Current Use Assessment Program: Authorized by NH RSA 79-A,
this property tax abatement program generally provides for
reduced property assessments on parcels of field, farm,
forest and wetland of 10 acres or more or on "natural
preserves" of any size, recreational land of any size, or
farmland generating more than $2,500 annually. Once in
the program, a landowner cannot develop his parcel without
paying a penalty. The current use status remains with the
land even if it is sold. If the land is ever developed,
the current owner is assessed a land use change tax equal
to 10% of the fair market value of the property at the time
the land use change occurs. While this mechanism provides
an incentive for landowners to avoid developing their land,
it does not protect or preserve parcels because current
use is an optional designation.

Landowners who have active farmland in current use may
qualify for a further reduction in their tax assessment
under the 1988 changes in RSA 79-A:5. These changes allowed
the soil potential index (SPI) to be used in computing
property taxes. The Rockingham County Conservation District
has further information on this program.

2. Regulation and Zoning

Through land use regulation, Stratham can conserve open space areas
in the interest of environmental quality and public health and
welfare. Zoning helps the Town keep one person's development from

putting a tax burden on others. Stratham's Wetlands Conservation
District and Cluster Development ordinances are good examples of
protecting open space through zoning. As discussed in Section IV
B, a cluster development ordinance allows houses to be grouped
together, while maintaining the Town's overall housing density. This
is possible because more open land is preserved giving the developer
the opportunity to save valuable groups of trees, wetlands, shorelands,
etc., while building the same number of housing units. The resulting
open space amenities of cluster developments can lead to significant
increases in property values. At the same time, service and
development costs are lower than for conventional, sprawling
developments because utility lines and roads are not as extensive
and site preparation costs are reduced by cutting fewer trees, less
site grading and so on.

3. Public Program :

a. Designation of Prime Wetlands: This program would permit the
Town to designate some wetlands within its borders as "prime
wetlands" because of their size, unspoiled character, fragility
or uniqueness. Once prime wetlands are designated, the NH
Wetlands Board is required to give special consideration to these
areas. The Wetlands Board will not issue a dredge and fill
permit: 1) without a public hearing; and 2) if the proposed
project impairs the value of the wetland.

b. Acquisition of Agricultural Land Development Rights: This program
is administered by the Agricultural Land Preservation Committee
(ALPC) within, the NH Department of Agriculture and is designed
to save important farmland throughout New Hampshire.

If the ALPC designates a farmland parcel as an "agricultural
preservation restriction area," the state will purchase the land's
development rights in order to limit the land's use to
agricultural production. Criteria used to make this designation
include:

1) soils potential and suitability;
2) threat of development;
3) cost of development rights;
4) present status of land.

The State of New Hampshire appropriated $3 million in 1979 and
$2 million in 1985 to purchase development rights on important
agricultural land in the state.

C. Trust for New Hampshire Lands: This is a private non-profit
corporation formed in October, 1986 by representatives from the
business, conservation, and government sectors. Funded by grants
and private donations, the Trust has two primary goals: 1) to
protect up to 100,000 acres of prime natural land throughout
the state for conservation and recreation purposes; and 2) to
enable towns to identify and retain important natural landscapes
that enhance the community's character. The Trust is
accomplishing its land preservation goals through voluntary
negotiation with landowners, and relies on land protection methods

such as fee-simple acquisition, bargain sales, conservation
easements, and purchase of development rights.

In May 1987, the Legislature created the Land Conservation
Investment Program (LCIP), a state program within the Office
of State Planning. As the public arm of the Trust, it receives
all monies appropriated by the Legislature and uses them for
the land acquisition. In 1987, $20 million was appropriated;
and in 1989, $18 million. The program provides funding which
must be matched by Towns in the form of cash, land, or interest
in land. All administrative costs (e.g., salaries) are paid
by the Trust. There are six land agents throughout the State
to assist municipalities with landowner contact and the
application process.

In May 1989, Stratham received funding from the LCIP and the
Federal Research Reserve Program to protect a 30-acre parcel
on Squamscott Road (cited as the Wiggin Conservation Land in
section V.C). In June 1989, the Town applied to the LCIP for
funding to protect a 39 acre parcel at the mouth of the Squamscott
River.

d. Federal Grants: There are two federal grant programs for the
purchase of conservation land: 1) The Land and Water Conservation
Fund offers grants of up to 50% of the fair market value of lands
acquired by governmental units or public recreation (funding
maximum is $25,000). Conservation lands could qualify; 2) The
N.H. Department of Fish & Game receives Pitman-Robertson Funds
which cover 75% of the fair market value of lands acquired by
the Department for Wildlife Protection.

4. Conservation Commission

The Conservation Commission., as well as the Selectmen, play a critical
role in the conservation and preservation of open space in Stratham.

Conservation Commissions typically provide information and instruction
to other town officials regarding the open space protection methods
described above. In addition, they are the people most often
implementing them.

Chapter 36-A of the RSA's establishes the right of a municipality
to create a conservation commission for the purpose of "proper utiliza-
tion and protection of the natural resources and for the protection
of watershed resources of said town". The commissions also inventory
open space; natural, aesthetic, and ecological areas; marshlands;
swamps; and other wetlands and make recommendations to the selectmen,
on the use of such lands. In addition, RSA 36-A:4 allows the conserva-
tion commissions to receive gifts of property or money that are in-
tended for conservation purposes, subject to the approval of the select-
men. The commission is then responsible for managing the acquired
land.

It is recommended that the Conservation Commission petition the Select-
men (signed by at least ten registered voters) to insert into the
Town Meeting warrant the following articles:

1 Place all "current use" program penalties in the conservation
f und. This fund is used for conservation purposes i.e., land
acquisition, purchase of development rights, etc.

2. Authorize the Conservation Commission to retain the unexpended
balance of its annual appropriation, said funds to be placed
in a conservation fund as authorized by RSA 36-A:5.

RSA 36-A:5,,I was amended in July, 1987 to allow Conservation
Commissions by majority vote, to expend monies from the conservation
fund without further approval of Town Meeting.

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I VIII. CONCLUSION
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VIII. CONCLUSION

The open space resources of Stratham constitute an important component
of the Town's landscape. Open space provides the basic visual identity
of the commmunity and provides recreational and ecological values as well.
Without adequate openspace, the quality of life of the community would
be reduced.

The open space plan has been prepared in order to guide the community in
protecting its open space and recreational resources. The Plan is not
a regulatory document. Rather it contains recommendations that, if acted
upon in a timely manner, can help ensure that important open space lands
are protected and preserved in the future as the Town continues to develop.
The Plan should be adopted as part of the Stratham Master Plan so that
the Planning Board can use it when making development decisions.

In addition to presenting a natural resources inventory for Stratham, the
plan establishes a logical network of protected open space. The Plan of
protected open space (as depicted on Map 12 and described in Section VII)
is based on four objectives: to protect critical natural resources, to
create an interconnected trail system for recreational use, to link
important habitat areas through wildlife corridors, and to build on the
existing base of protected open space land.

In order to carry forth the recommendations of this Plan, the Town should
carefully consider the methods of protecting open space lands, contained
in Section VII.C.

The conservation of valuable and unique natural resources and the
preservation of open space is important to Stratham. It is one way to
maintain the community's character in spite of its continued growth. All
the Town boards, but especially the Conservation Commission and Planning
Board, should play an active and ongoing role in this endeavor.

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I APPENDICES
I APPENDIX I - Current Land Use, 1985
APPENDIX II - Functions of Wetlands
I APPENDIX III - Rare and Endangered Plants
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1
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SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENTIAL
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03633 Eu COMMERCIAL- RETAIL
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-4141 $he Ake--"....
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es ED
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4000 0 1000 2000 3000 OPEN SPACE

SCALE: I iftch - 1000 feet
p TOO

FUNCTIONS OF WETLANDS

ooiAdtl A4 r% 0-6116,

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Source: 'Open Space and Recreation Plan Bedford., prepared by.
W@14
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Environmental Collaborative, Cambridge, Mass.

Status Town of Stratham
SRa'nk GRank Feder'al 'State -Scientific Name qc=on Name
Si G5 ST ELEOCHARIS PARVULA SMALL SPIKE-RUSH
S2 G5 SE GLYCERIA ACUTIFLORA SHARP FLOWERED MANNA-GRASS
S2 G4 ISOETES ENGELM&NNII ENGELMANN'S QUILLWORT
S2 GST5 ST IVA FRUTESCENS VAR. ORARIA KARSH ELDER
S2 G7 ST POLYGONUM EXSERTUM EXSERTED KNOTWEED
S2 -G? ST POLYGONUM EXSERTUM EXSERTED KNOTWEED
S2 G5 ST SCIRPUS ROBUSTUS STOUT BULRUSH

THE RANKING SYSTEM DEVELOPED BY THE NATURE CONSERVANCY AND USED BY
ALL STATE NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAMS FOR "ELEMENTS" OF NATURAL DIVERSITY
(RARE SPECIES AND EXEMP LAR Y NATURAL COMMUNITIES)

Each element is assigned a single global rank- by specialists under
the guidance of the national Science Department of The Nature
Conservancy. . State:ranks within each state, in which the element
occurs, are assigned by the state Heritage Program and will vary from
state to state.

GLOBAL ELEMENT RANKS:
G1 Critically- imperiled globally because of extreme rarity
(5 or-fewer-occurrences,-or very few remaining individuals or
acres) or because of some factor of its biology making it
especially.,vulnerable to.extinction. [Critically.endangered
throughout range.]-

G2 Imperiled globally-because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences
or few-remaining individuals or-acres) or because of other
factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable to extinction
throughout,its range. jEndangered throughout-range.3-
G 3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range or found
locally (even abundantly at-.some of its locations) in a
restricted range (e.g., a single state, a physiographic region)
or because of other factors making it vulnerable to extinction
throughout-its range; in terms of occurrences,- in the ra-Tige of
.21 to 100. [Threatened throughout range].

G4 = Appa. rently secure globally, though it may be quite rare
in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.

G5 = Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare
in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.--'-'-

GA ='Accidental in North 'America (not part* of'the established
biota; usua-lly a_species of bird).

G E An exotic species established'i-n North-. Amer-Ica..
(e.g., Japanese Honeysuckle).

GH Of historical occurrence throughout its range i.e. formerly
part of the established biota, with the expectation that it may
be rediscovered-(e.g., Ivory-billed Woodpecker).'_

The New Hampshire Natural Heritage Inventory does not inventory GA or
GE species.

STATE ELEMENT RANKS:
S1 = Critically imperiled in state because of extreme rarity
(5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals or
acres) or because of some factor of its biology making it
especially vulnerable to extirpation from the state.
[Critically endangered in state.)

S2 = imperiled in'state because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences
or few remaining individuals or acres) or because of other
factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable to
extirpation from the state. [Endangered in state).

S3 = Rare in state (on the order of, 20+ occurrences)
(Threatened in state].

S4 = Apparently secure in state.

S5 = Demonstrably secure in state.

SA = Accidental' in state,including species which only
sporadically breed in state.

SE = An exotic snecies established in state; may be native
elsewhere in North America (e.g., house of finch).

SH = Of historical occurrence in the state with the expectation
that it may be rediscovered.

SU = Possibly in peril in state but status uncertain; need more
information.

SX = Apparently extirpated from state.

The New Hampshire Natural Heritage inventory primarly inventories
elements in the S1 and S2 categories plus several selected elements
ranked S3.

Key to Status

NH Native Plant Protection Act: RSA 217-A:3,III (endangered plants)
and RSA 217-A:3,X11 (threatened plants). State protected animals:
Fish & Game Rules Chapt. Fis 1000 Conservation of endangered
Species. Part Fis 1001.01 (endangered animals) and 1001.02
(threatened animals) .

SE = State Endangered
ST = State Threatened

Federal Endangered Species Act, 1973. Public Law 93-205, as
amended.

LE = Federally Endangered
LT = Federally Threatened
FC = Federal Candidate Species
PE = Proposed Endangered
PT = Proposed Threatened

DATE DUE

GAYLORDINo. 2333

I FIR III
2 61668 14106 8058