Offshore oil and coastal energy facilities study interim report

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

1,1,01q

Environmental Systems Section

OFFSHORE OIL AND
COASTAL ENERGY FACIt ITIES STUDY:
INTERIM REPORT

Middlesex County Planning Board
TD New Brunswick, New Jersey
195
.P4
m54
1977

COASTAL ZONE
INFORMATION CENTER

OFFSHORE OIL AND COASTAL ENERGY FACILITIES STUDY:

INTERIM REPORT

AUGUST, 1977

Property of CSC Library

Prepared By The

Middlesex County Planning Board

Environmental Systems Section

New Brunswick, New Jersey

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOOA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

The preparation of this report was supported by funds granted to the
Middlesex County Board of Chosen Freeholders by the New Jersey State
Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Coastal Zone Manage-
ment and the U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration as authorized by Section 305 of the Federal
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION PAGE
The Study of Offshore Oil anc Coastal Energy Facilities
The Audience
Statement of Purpose
Objectives
I. Existing Energy Facilities: Components in a Regional
Pattern of Energy Supply
A. The Current Pattern of Supply
1. The United States
2. The North Atlantic Region 2
B. Inventory of Existing Facilities in Middlesex County 4
1. Petroleum Refineries 4
2. Marine Terminals 10
3. Pipelines and Pipeline Terminals 13
4. Petrochemical Industry 16
II. Outer Continental Shelf Activities 18
A. Phases of OCS Oil and Gas Activity 21
B. Description, Impacts and Requirements
Facilities 23
1. Temporary Service Bases 23
2. Permanent Service Bases 24
3. Steel Platform Installation Support Bases 2 5
4. Repair and Maintenance Yards 26
5. Transportation 27
6. Pipeline Installation Support Bases 29
7. Partial Processing Plants 30
8. Gas Processing Treatment Plants 31
9. Refineries 32
10. Platform Fabrication Yards 34
11. Pipe Coating Yards 37
12. Tank Farms 38
C . The Potential for OCS Related Facilities Locating in Middlesex 39
County
1. High Development Projection 42
2. Medium Development Projection 48
3. Low Development Projection 50
4. Summary 51
III. The Demand for Petroleum and Petroleum - Related Facilities 52
A. Projections of Future Energy Demands 52
B. The Potential for New Growth in Petroleum - Related 56
Facilities

IV. Development Opportunities for OCS and Energy Facilities 71
A. Areas Meeting Industrial Siting Criteria of Petroleum 73
Related Facilities

V. Appendices
A. Tentative Table of Contents for Final Report A-1
B. Map: Industrial Zoned Lands B-1
Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The Study of Offshore Oil and Coastal Energy Faciliti-es

Middlesex County's Offshore Oil and Coastal Energy Facilities Planning
Study is part of a joint State/Federal government effort to develop
comprehensive policies and programs for the management of coastal areas.

The coastal zone is an area in which industry, trade, recreation, waste

disposal, and conservation interests all press most. sharply on the limited

resources of the environment. The rapidly increasing pressures in the
coastal zone are created,by the problems of conflicting use, as evidenced

by the continuing destruction of valuable coastal wetlands and beaches.

These competing pressures are best dealt with by a management system which

permits conscious and informed decision-making to be made from among develop-

ment alternatives. The United States Congress enacted the Coastal Zone
Management Act (CZMA) oil 1972 (Public Law No. 92-583; 90 Stat. 1013) to help

institute such a management system for coastal areas.

Section 305 of the CZMA authorizes funds for the development of state

coastal zone management programs to each coastal state. New Jersey's Depart-

ment of Environmental Protection Office of Coastal Zone Manaaement

(NJDEP/OCZM) is in the midst of its third year CZMA authorized grant. As
part of its third year program NJDEP/OCZM contracted with eleven coastal

county planning boards and one county environmental agency to begin Pre-
liminary planning for the onshore impacts of offshore oil and other coastal

energy facilities.

The Middlesex County Planning Board's Offshore Oil and Coastal Energy

Facilities Planning Study is funded with a grant from a DEP/OCZM contract.

Under the contract, the Planning Board is expected to: 1) analyze the

capability of local governments to respond to the opportunities and cone

with the problems of offshore oil and energy facility develoPment; and 2)

identify from the local and county government perspective, the geographic

areas suitable of unsuitable for specific eneray facilities. This document

is an interim report which has been prepared to provide information and to

stimulate communication between the municipalities, the County, and the

public. This interim report is intended to serve as a basis for further

discussion; it is the foundation for communication, coordination, and

cooperation.

The Audience

This report is primarily addressed to municipal and county officials

who may soon be faced with decisions regarding the development of offshore

oil and coastal energy facilities. The report Provides these officials, the

public and all interested groups with information on: 1) existing petroleum

related facilities and; 2) the types, requirements, and impacts of new

facilities that may seek to locate in Middlesex County. This facility

information is presented for use by all parties interested in evaluating

current energy facility siting policies and then in developing new plans

and policies that suit the desires and needs of communities in Mliddlesex

County.

Statement of Purpose

It has been estimated that the amount of energy demanded by the North

Atlantic Region will increase by more than 100 percent between 1975 and 2000.

This increasing demand will result in changes in the number and types of
energy facilities needed in the region, The interim report identifies the
ranges (in number and type) of the petroleum-related facilities that may seek
to locate in the North Atlantic Region and, specifically, in Middlesex County.
The report does not attempt to answer the questions of whether or where

the facilities should locate in Middlesex County. Rather, the main purpose
of this report is to provide the municipalities, the County, and the Public
with information that they can use to collaboratively arrive at decisions
concerning the development of offshore oil, and other coastal energy facilities
in the County. The report has been presented in an interim form to allow
decision makers and interested parties to begin to convey their preferences
and concerns as to the types and location of various facilities.

Objectives

The Interim Report has the following objectives:
1. To identify the type, number, and location of energy
facilities already existing in Middlesex County;
2. To introduce interested parties and decision makers to the

types and impacts of facilities associated with offshore

oil and gas activities and other petroleum related

activities (i.e., importing, storage and distribution

of crude and refined petroleum products);

3. To discuss the potential for development of petroleum re-

lated facilities in Middlesex County;

iii

4. To identify areas in Middlesex County that satisfy the
industrial siting criteria for Petroleum related facilities;
S. To provide municipal and county officials and all interested
parties with information useful in determining the suitability
of a range of sites for the development of various facilities.

EXISTING PETROLEUM-RELATED FACILITIES: COMPONENTS IN A REGIONAL
.PATTERN OF-ENERGY SUPPLY

A. The Current Pattern of Petroleum Supply

1. The United States

The United States uses more energy per person than any other

nation in the world. Petroleum is the nations primary energy source,

accounting for 45% of the nation'sconsumption. In the past twenty

years, oil consumption in the U.S. has nearly doubled. As our nation's

hunger for petroleum has been steadily rising, domestic production,

having reached a peak of 11.2 m-illion barrels per day (MB/D) in 1970,

has been steadily declining. To fill the increasing gap between demand

and domestic supply, foreign oil is being imported in ever increasing

quantities. Figure I-1 shows these trends in U.S. oil consumption.

FIGURE I-1
20- U.S. O_IL__@@O_SUMPTICN

IMPORTS

2,4 . . . .N
DOMESTIC
15 -

23%/ 43%

21%,
10-
OR
/19%/
@5%/
A
........ ..
2

79'% 5 f
5- 1
.@; 8i%- 7 7 %
85%

&
WN

0.
1955 196o 1965 1970 1976

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of mines

Foreign oil imports have increased significantly since
1970, when domestic production first began declining. Between 1955

4S
and 1970, the amount of foreign oil imported to thl Country increased
by 2.1 MB/D. Since 1970 foreign imports have increased by 3.9 MB/D.

2. The North Atlantic Region

The East Coa st of the United States, which comprises the

Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) District I, and the North
Atlantic Region, which comprises the northern extent of PAD I, are
shown in figure 1-2. The North Atlantic Region includes the greater
portion of a Northeastern megalopolis which ranges from Boston,
Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia. The vast concentration of popu-
lation, industry, and related economic activity located within this
region represents one of the largest markets for petroleum products in
the world. The North Atlantic Region, however, is currently an area almost
entirely lacking in any petroleum resources of its own and is therefore
most dependent on imports of oil from both foreign sources and other
regions of the country, particularly the Gulf Coast. The majority of
oil delivered to the North Atlantic Region comes in the form of refined
petroleum products (65%). Originating from both domestic and foreign
sources and processed at refineries outside of the PAD I district, these
refined products are transported via tanker and pipeline to terminals
in the North Atlantic Region where they are temporarily stored and then

distributed to final market.
The remaining oil imported to the North Atlantic comes in the
form of crude oil an d is transported primarily from foreign sources Via

FIGURE 1-2

IV ...

NORTH ATLANTIC REGION

REMAINING EAST COAST PAD I
..........

NORTH ATLANTIC REGION and PETROLEUM
ADMINISTRATION for DEFENSE (PAD) DISTRICTS

tankers to refineries located in the region where it is processed
to obtain fuels (i.e., gasoline, jet fuel, heating oil, and resi-
duall oil used for electricity generation), feedstocks for petro-
chemical products such as plastics and fertilizers, waxes, lubricants,

coke, and asphalt.

The following section discusses the various energy facilities
that are the physical components in the regional pattern of energy
supply which to date has had profound impacts on the landscape, envi-

Ironmental quality, and social and economic character of Middlesex

County. Facilities "located in Middlesex County are specifically iden-
tified and described and their relationships to the overall regional
network of energy facilities and the current pattern of energy supply

are examined.
3

B. Inventory of Existing Petroleum Facilities in Middlesex County.

1. Refineries

The modern refinery consists of a series of units designed

to produce a number of petroleum products by physically and chemically

altering all or part of the crude oil stream. The complexity of the
system depends on the type of crude being refined and the number and

characteristics of the products being refined. In addition to the

processing units, other components of the refinery include storage

tanks, influent and effluent water treatment facilities, ancilliary

buildings and services (administration building, machine shop, storage

and warehouse, electrical substation, firehouse, pumping stations,
truck loading terminals, etc.) transportation systems (road, marine
terminal, pipeline, railroad spurs, parking lots, etc.) and a buffer

zone.

According to the Bureau of Mines, as of 1976, there were

15 refineries with a combined total capacity of 1,614,200 barrels of
oil per day in the North Atlantic Region (Table I-1). Refineries

in the Middlesex and Union County/Arthur Kill area (32%) and the Dela-

ware River area (62%) constitute the largest concentrations of this
existing capacity, producing a wide range of products including asphalt,

coke, lubricants, and wax, but primarily refinery gasoline, jet fuels,

and heating oils for the regional market (Figure 1-3). The only other

major.reflinery over 50,000 barrels/day in the North Atlantic region is
along the York River in Virginia (3%). Three small asphalt refineries,

one located in East Providence, R.I. and two in Baltimore, Md. account

for only 2% of the regions' total capacity..

TABLE I - 1

REFINERY CAPACITY IN THE EAST COAST (PAD 1)
January ;, 1976

CAPACITYM
REGION/STATE COMPANY LOCATION (1,00 barrels/day) PRODUCTS(')

North Atlantic Region
(Middlesex & Union Amerada Hess Corp. Woodbridge 67.9(2) G
Co./Arthur Kill) Chevron Oil Co. Perth Amboy 160.0(3) G-A
New Jersey Exxon Co. Linden 295.00) G-A
Subtotal 522.9

(Delaware River)

New Jersey Mobil Oil Corp. Paulsboro 98.0 G-K-L-W
Texaco, Inc. Westville 88.0 G

Eastern Penn-
sylvania Atlantic Richfield Co. Philadelphia 185.0(4) G-A
BP Oil Corp. Marcus Hook 143.0 G
Gulf Oil Corp. Philadelphia 174.3 G
Sun Oil Corp. Marcus Hook 165.0 G-A-L-W

Delaware Getty Oil Co. Delawar lit 140.1 G-K
Su@totaZ
993.3

(Remaining Region)
Virginia Amoco Oil Co. Yorktown 53.0 G-K

Maryland Amoco Oil Co. Baltimore 15.0 A
Chevron Asphalt Co. Baltimore 13.5 A

Rhode Island Mobil Oil Corp. E. Providence 7.5 A
New Hampshire A. Johnson & Co. Newio_2@on 9.0 (NA)
Subtota 98.0

NORTH ATLANTIC REGION TOTAL 1,614.2

Remaining East Coast

New York Ashland Oil Inc. N. Tonowanda 64.0 G-A
Mobil Oil Corp. Buffalo 43.0 G-A

Western Penn-
sylvania Pennzoil Co. Oil City 10.0 G-L-W
Pennzoil-Wolf's
Head Reno 2.1 L-W
Quaker State Corp. Emlenton 3.3 G-L-W
Quaker State Corp. Southport 6.5 G-L-W
United Refining Warren 52.0 G-A
Va@voline Oil Co. Freedom 6.8 L-W
Witco Chem. Corp. Bradford 9.0 G-L

West Virginia Pennzoil Co. Falling Rock. 4.9 G-L-W
Quaker State Corp'. Newell 9.7 G-L-W
Quaker State Corp. St. Marys 5.0 G-L-W

Georgia Amoco Oil Co. Savannah 13.0 A
Young Refinery Corp. Douglasville 5.0 A

Florida Seminole Asphalt
Refinery, Inc. St. Marks 6.0 A

REMAINING EAST COAST TOTAL 240.3

TOTAL REFINERY CAPACITY EAST COAST (PAD 1) 1,854.5

Source: U.S. Bureau o-i- Mines. %Tinerai industry Sur-.rey "Perrole-um Refinerfes in t@le
United States and 11aerto Rico january 1, 1,97b"
(')Crude oil distillation capacity
(2) Shutdown i,@ 19711, but operable
(3 Up-to-date catac`ty information was obta4red direct" from two comtanys
(4@ 60,000 barrels/day. Shu-,down-, but orerable iy
(5) Products: G-Gas and Oil; A-Asphal@@; K-Coke; L-Lubr'

FIGURE 1-3

750 7.20 69,

420

690

MAQS4CHUSETrS
fHODE
ISL

CGNIVEcricUT
NEW YORK

42 NEW
PENNSYLVANIA JERSEY

Middlesex and Union Counties/ Arthur Kill Area
Capacity .52 MBID

39o

Delaware River Area
Capacity .99 MBID

ATL.4,V71C
OCEAN

390 V,4P'/L,4.

0 50 100
360

VIRGIN14

-NORrH CAROLINA

72,0
75o
36 780

REFINERIES

LOCATION of EXISTING REFINERIES
AST
on the NORTH ATLANTIC CO !7

Middlesex County is the site of two of the five existing
refineries in New Jersey (See map on pg. 9. ). The Amerada Hess

Corporation refinery in Woodbridge Township was constructed in 1958.

One of the last two refineries built in the Northeast, it was shut

down in 1974 with an operating capacity of 67,900 barrels per day.

Cited in the decision to close the plant were expansion plans that

were necessary in order to produce a sufficient profit but that were

made "economically impractical" by delays caused by environmental law-

suits. Nevertheless, this refinery is still maintained and Hess oper-

ates a marine terminal and storage facilities there to handle the de-

livery of refined petroleum products. The capacity set aside in the

closing of this refinery was more than taken up in Hess's huge new

refinery in the Virgin Islands (595,000 barrels/day).

The Chevron Oil Company refinery has been in continuous

operation on a 325 acre site in Perth Amboy since 1950. It is on the

site of the old Barber Oil refinery built in the early 1900's. The

Chevron facility presently refines crude oil originating exclusively

from foreign sources. On the average one tanker is received at the

dock facilities every three days. The average tanker capacity is 500,

000 barrels. Larger size tankers that, when fully loaded, are unable

to navigate to the dock facilities because of inadequate channel depth

must weigh anchor in the New York Harbor area off the eastern shore of

Staten Island where barges unload just enough crude oil to allow the tan-

ker to reach the Perth Amboy waterfront.

The refinery operations are geared toward removing the high

amounts of sulfur found in the foreign crude oil. Pollution control

facilities treat the hydrogen and ammonia sulfides that occur as

a by-product of the refinery operation. In addition waste water

treatment facilities and oil spill containment equipment offer addi-

tional environmental safeguards.

Motor gasoline and No. 2 fuel oil are principal products

refined at this 160,000 barrel/day facility. Following environmental

impact assessment and various permit processes, Chevron has just com-

pleted an approximately 80,000 barrel/day expansion. Expansion plans

were predicated on projections of future demands for the Chevron pro-

ducts in its market region. The market region which this refinery

serves encompasses 13 states, stretching from Maine to Virginia.

Total storage capacity for the entire refinery complex is

approximately 8.0 million barrels. Of this total capacity, 1.5 million

barrels is for crude oil storage. Daily water needs of the operation

include 50 million gallons per day of brackish cooling water obtained

from the Arthur Kill. Two million gallons per day of fresh water for

making steam and-Flor potable purposes are obtained from the Middlesex Water
Company, The refinery employs 480. Because of its just completed expan-
sion, Chevron is paying $4 million in taxes Der Year to the Citv of Perth
Amboy,

The following map of 1977 Energy Facilities (page 9.) was
derived through interpretations of 1974 aerial photographs and direct
contacts with some of the companies that own facilities in the County.

a 4.

CHANNEL DATA 41
RARITAN RIVER Ward Point Secondary Channel
The contra I I In' '""' at Moan Law Water 0.9 Naut, Mi., 400 ft. w. -30 ft, MLW
we0tI " '1-@ Me"" 'SS
- Ifee for I width of 00 lost f;-,I1E'Q 1'4:
Washington Canal to the New Jeney Tur
Bridge; thence 9 feet for awidth of 100 feet 17. Navigation BK'a'ryker 046 SEE MAP ON REvERSE SIDE
to New Brunswick.
Ward Point Bend (west)
Northwest Reach
1.3 Naut. Mi.. 600-800 ft. w. - 35 ft. MLW
1.2 Naut. Mi.. 200 ft. w. - 15 ft. MLW 18. MayIga tion Marker 056
IS: Intercept with Raritan River Cutoff
1 2 3 20 Navigation Marker '2
--T 7
1. Navigation Marker $31 Outerbridge Reach
2Overhead Power Cable, Auth. Cl. 128 ft.
3: Navigation Marker 130 1.6 Naut. Mi., 600 ft. w. - 35 ft. MILW
Crab Island Reack ro -21 22
I Z Naut. Mi., 200 ft. w, - 15 ft. MLW ZO. Navigation Marker 02 C.@tij
3: 21. Outerbridge Crossing - WMrTdge,
Navigation Marker #30 No'..cl 675 ft.@ Vert. c@,,443 fV.,
4.Navigation Baby #25 22. Navigation Buoy #5 k
Red Root Rmcn
1.5 N.Ut. Mi_ 300 ft 25 ft. MLW k
4. Navigation Buoy #2
S. Navigation Marker #14

Titanium Reach
0.6 Maut. Mi.. 300 ft. 25 ft. MLW
7
0 LNG
6. Crossamn Dck
7. MEM Dock -A
S. Navigation Buoy #1
Kusby Ruch STATEN
0.9 Naut. Mi., 300 ft. - 25 ft. MLW I S LAP40
5'a9 10 -.01-
5/8 Navigation Marker #14/Mavl9stio. S"by #1
9. Governor Thoms E. Driscoll and Thamis
A Edison Bridges - Fixed Bridges, Nor.
ci. 199 ft .. Vert. cl. 134 ft. Port Socany Ruch
10. Victory Bridge - Swing Bridge, Nor. cl. 0
140 ft.. Vert. cl. 28 ft. 0.8 Naut. Mi.. 600 ft. w. - 35 W
IZ- "I igatlon Buoy 11. A,
iion Buoy #8 _ Interco Port
Send Point Reach U. Ray gat th
Socony ck approach
0.9 Naut. Mi., 300 ft. w. - 2S ft. 14LW M=?o Dock approach decrease$ I"depth
11 he Ida
Victory Bridge from 34 ft. MLW at min c ."I
Railroad Bridge - Swing Bridge, Nor. cl., to 11-1/2 ft. MLW at its ext,esm. If
fI
Nor h Or w 132 tNor co South or&. 24. Navigation Marker #11
ItVe . 1 8 f
33 f ., rtt;;rhead power N
cable Auth. cl. 135 ft. Port Reeding Redcl
South Amboy Ruch I 9"Naus . Mi.. SOO ft. w- 35 ft. MLW
24: avit k 1 7
gattla"n "M&arr :r ##1 21
13- Navig
1.2 Maur. Mi.. 300 ft. 25 ft. MLW k
11 12 13 Fresh Kills Reach '13
11. ::111rud Bridge G S
12. v gation Buoy, Raritan R11 vsr Cuto" 1.8-11aut. Mi., SOO ft. w@ - 35 ft. MLW
13. Navigation Marker 012. 2S.. Navigation Marker 121 19
26. Mvigatlon, Marker #30
Great Bad$ Ruch
0:6."a, . Mi. , 300 ft. .. - 25 ft. MLW Tremly Point Ruchr
13 vit ion Marker #4 SW ft.
14. Navigaattion Buoy #5 26.
Raritan River Cuto" 27. Navigation 0.uoy #35 A f
1 0 Haut. Mi., 600 ft. W. - 2D ft. MILW
12: me19. 'Joe Buoy, South Amboy Ruch
J
3I.Z;m,t with Ward Point Send (weIt)

RARITAN BAY/ARTHLIR KILL

Red Bank Ruch

1.2 Naut. Mi., 600 ft. 35 ft. MLW
16, Navigation Marker 035
17. Nav, gotion Marker.046
Ward Point Send
1.1 Male. Mic'n"Ka"rt"o ft. ft. MLW
17'NIIker 046
18. N:V119ation Marker 156

-4

r RR CESSING
@j
REFINERIES
Q1,
STORAGE

MARINE
TERMINAL

PIPELINE TERMINAL
RESEARCH
VA,
NUCLEAR
DISTRIBUTION
r OIL PIPELINE (R.O.W.)
GAS PIPELINE (R.O.W.)
INTERCONNECTION
PUBLIC UTILITIES

LNG
LNG FACILITY
SNG,&
SNG PLANT

ELECTRIC GENERATING STA. EGS 0
19 7 7 E N E Y FACILITIES Middlesex County, N. J.

V. S,
1-9
A44 6m@v=%- @
0

T@
ggg
0-0@
Mm
W..
27
E

LNG

W,
STATEN

0
I S L A N D

NJ
440

N
PROCESSING DISTRIBUTION

REFINERIES t".'
...... . OIL PIPELINE

GAS PIPELINE
Scale In Fee, STORAGE INTERCONNECTION

AOOO 8000
MARINE TERMINAL
Map prepared by the Middlesex County Planning PIPELINE TERMINAL PUBLIC UTILITIES
Board, June 1977. LNG FACILITY LNGN
RESEARCH SNG PLANT SNG,&
NUCLEAR ELECTRIC GENERATING STA. EGS 0

1977 ENERGY FACILITIES Middlesex County, N. J.

2. Marine Terminals

Tankers, barges, and marine terminals comprise the
mechanism by which refined petroleum products and crude oil travel
via water-borne transport. Marine terminals consist of berthing
capacity for vessels, unloading and/or loading equipment, storage
tanks, terminal control and safety equipment, and harbor and navi-
gation facilities. Terminals vary in their size, function, loading
facilities and processing equipment. In the North Atlantic Region,
existing marine terminals function to:

1) receive refined petroleum products from tankers
and store them for delivery overland to final
markets; and/or
2) receive crude oil from tankers for delivery
to nearby refineries.

Tankers transport about 74% of the petroleum supplied to
the North Atlantic Region. Petroleum storage capacity in the North
Atlantic Region's ports is shown in Table 1-2. The New York, N.Y./
N.J. harbor area surpasses all other areas in the number and capacity
of oil storage tanks. A large portion of this capacity is composed of
tanks associated with the marine terminals to which crude oil and
refined petroleum products are delivered. A scan of the N.Y./N.J. har-
bor area reveals that, by far, the majority of storage facilities are
located along the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, the waterways
bordering between New Jersey and Staten Island.

TABLE 1-2
NORTH ATLANTIC PORTS
PETROLEUM STORAGE CAPACITY

Port Number of Tanks Capac.ity (bbls)

Searsport, Maine 8 642,000
Portland, Maine 14 137,000
Portsmouth, New Hampshire NA NA
Salem, Mass. NA NA
Boston, Mass. 365 15,131,000
Fall River, Mass. 100 3,362,000
Providence, R.I. 442 8,616,000
New London, Conn. 38 1,050,000
New Haven, Conn. 182 6,362,000
Bridgeport, Conn. 58 1,871,000
New York, N.Y. & N.J. 3,428+ 93,775,000
Albany, N.Y. 249 11,031,000
Port Jefferson, L.I., N.Y. 53 850,000
Delaware Bay 1,809 61,508,000
Baltimore, Md. 493 14,910,000
P'otomac River, Md. NA NA
York River, Va. NA 680,000
Hampton Roads, Va. 363 9,610,000
(Norfolk and Newport News)

TOTAL 7,602+ 229,535,000+

MDoes not include numerous private facilities outside indicated port limits.

SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Interim Report Atlantic Coast Deep
Water Port Facilities Study. June 1973.

In Middlesex County, a total of nine marine terminals occupy

various waterfront acreage along the Arthur Kill and the Raritan River
in thenortheastern portion of the County (See map on pg. 9. ). Eight

of these terminals receive refined petroleum products from tankers

and barges and store them for overland delivery via tank trucks, rail
cars, and/or pipelines to final market. Although it is presently
handling refined petroleum products, the Hess Terminal in Woodbridge

is located at the site of the idle Hess refinery and at one time

received crude oil deliveries. The only marine terminal currently

receiving crude oil is part of the Chevron Oil Company refinery com-

plex in Perth Amboy.

Marine terminals in Middlesex County are as follows:

Location
Name Waterbody/Municipality Type of Oil

American Oil Co. Arthur Kill/Carteret Crude
American Oil Co. and
Phillips Petroleum Co. Arthur Kill/Carteret Refined Products
Chevron Oil Co. Arthur Kill/Perth Amboy Refined Products
General American
Transportation Co. (GATX) Arthur Kill/Carteret Refined Products
Hess Oil Co. (3) Arthur Kill/Woodbridge Refined Products
(at one time crude)
Arthur Kill/Perth Amboy Refined Products
Raritan River/Perth Amboy Refined Products
and Woodbridge
Royal Petroleum Co. Arthur Kill/Woodbridge Refined Products
Shell Oil Co. Arthur Kill/Woodbridge Refined Products

3. Petroleum Pipeline.s and Pipeline Terminals
Pipelines are the primary mode of overland transport for
petroleum products. Thcmajor pipelines serving the North
Atlantic Region are the Colonial Pipeline Company (the largest
in the U.S.) and the Plantation Pipeline Company, both of which

originate at the Gulf Coast and- transport only refined petroleum
products (Figure 1-4). Having a combined capacity of about 1.2 MB/D
these two pipeline system� transport about 26% of the petroleum supplied
to the North Atlantic Region. Products transported from the Gulf Coast
consist principally of motor gasoline and jet fuel (65%) and distillate

fuel oil (30%).
Storage tanks, office space, and a pumping station are the
basic components in a pipeline terminal. Upon reaching the North
Atlantic Region, oil piped from the Gulf Coast is temporarily stored at
pipeline terminals, from which it is eventually distributed to market.
Lesser pipelines transport oil from these pipeline terminals, as well as

from refineries and marine terminals in the Region, to final market
destinations. In particular, a number of pipeline systems transport refined
products from the Delaware River Area refineries to the Middlesex and
Union County/Arthur Kill Area. Additionally, product pipeline systems
transport oil products from both Middlesex and Union County/Arthur Kill

refineries and Delaware River refineries to market reaions in Western Penn-

sy.lvania and mid-state New York.
Five major petroleum product pipelines currently transect Middle-
sex County. (See map on page 9, Three of the pipelines transport oil
products to the Middlesex and Union County/Arthur Kill Area. They are:

13.

INFORMATION FROM THE WIN, protect ourearth

NEW JERSEY

OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

DIVISION OF MARINE SERVICES
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
BOX 1889, TRENTON, N.J. 08625 609-292-9762

FIGURE 1-4

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS PIPELINE SYSTEM

N H@
T@

AlcH

Itt.
'70 OHIO PENN
PHItA.

V-
MO

TE N.C.

ALA.
/m-, s -s
S. C.
...........

GA.
T VC.

RCEANS
NEW ORLEANS
HOUSTON
FLA.

GULF OF MEXICO

0 5.

PIPELINE NAME SIZE MAXIMUM CAPACITY (bbl/day_) TOTAL MILEAGE ORIGIN-DESTINATION

Colonial 3011 828,000 1,600 Pasadena, Texas-
Woodbridge, NJ

Sun 1411 86,000 90 Marcus Hook, PA-
Newark, NJ
Sohio (Harbor) 16" 144,000 81 Phila., PA-New York
Harbor

The Colonial pipeline terminates in Middlesex County at a pipe-
line terminal consisting of twenty-five storage tanks and pumping fac-

ilities located in Northern Woodbridge Township. Smaller pipelines '

connect this terminal with Shell and Chevron facilities in Woodbridge
and Perth Amboy, respectively. T he Sun Pipeline Co. maintains a relatively
small pipeline terminal in Piscataway, consistinq of two small storage tanks
&nd functioning as a dropoff and regional distribution point.

The two remaining refined petroleum pipelines in Middlesex
County transport products from the Middlesex and Union County/Arthur
Kill Area to Pennsylvania for distribution in that area: They are:

PIPELINE NAME SIZE MAXIMUM CAPACITY (bbl/dayj TOTAL MILEAGE ORIGIN-DESTINATION
Buckeye (2) 16:: 151,000 33.4 Linden, NJ-Macungie,
20 230,000 33.4 PA

Getty (Tide-
water) (2) 611 7,800 115 Bayonne, NJ-Williams-
port, PA

The Getty pipeline has located along its right-of-way,in
South Plainfield,a pipeline terminal consisting of two small storage

tanks.

In addition to the five-major pipelines located in Middlesex
County, a number of shorter pipelines transport oil products between
the various pipeline terminals, marine terminals, and refineries located
in the Northeastern portion of Middlesex County and neighboring

Union County.

4. Petrochemical Industry

The word "petrochemical" is used to describe those chemicals derived

from petroleum and natural gas liquids. Petrochemical producers utilize

these raw materials to manufacture a broad array of primary chemicals and

intermediates; through further chemical processing, these intermediates are

converted into an even wider range of chemical derivatives.

Most of the petrochernical industry's products, both primary and inter-

mediate organic chemicals and ti,?ir derivatives, are practically unknown to

the consumer because the average person never sees or buys them. The

customers of the petrochemical industry are, in general, other industries,

which use petrochemicals as the raw materials for the manufacture of thousands

of industrial and consumer products. Packaging material made from plastics
is the largest end use followed by building materials, "Cires, clothing,

transportation equipment, home furnishings, housewares, furniture, appliances,
and toys. There are others such as fire retardants and solvents, perfumes,
cosmetics and medicines, dyes, antifreeze, adhesives, and many, many more.
New Jerseyleads the nation in manufacturing chemicals and synthetics,
and Middlesex is one of the leading chemical manufacturing counties in the
State, (See Table 1-4). Petrochemical products constitute the largest portion

of chemical industry operations. The predominance of petrochemical industries

in Middlesex County can be explained easily by the primary siting factor for

such operations: i.e, the availability of raw materials. In Middlesex County,
the heavy concentration of such petroleum related facilities as refineries,

4
marine terminals, and pipelines represent sources of raw mater;als. It
follows that petrochemical industries seek sites in proximity to such

facilities. New Jersey Department of Labor and Tndu
strv statistics indicate
that approximately 100 chemical companies, employing 20,700, are located in
Middlesex County.

TABLE 1-4
1976 EMPLOYMENT IN CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES IN NEW JERSEY(l)

Labor Market Areas Chemical Industry Employment % of Total State
(SIC 28) Chemical Industry
Employment

Atlantic County 400 0.3%

Bergen County 13,200 10.8%
Camden SMSA(2) 4,900 4.0%
(Comprised of Camden, Burling-
ton, & Gloucester Counties)

Cumberland County 300 .3%

Hudson County 6,800 5 . 6 0%

Mercer County 3,800 3.10%,

Middlesex County 20,700 17.0%

Monmouth. County 1,600 1.3%
Newark SMSA(2) 48,700 40.0',"
(Comprised of Essex, Morris,,
Somerset & Union Counties)

Passaic County 9,700 8.0%

Remainder of State 11,700

STATE OF NEW JERSEY TOTAL 121,800 100.0%

MAll figures are for employees covered under the State unemployment insurance
system.
-(2)SMSA is abbreviation for Standard Metropolitan StatiStiCdl Area; a U.S.
Census reporting classif-Ication for high population urban areas.

SOURCE: New Jersey Department of Labor and Industry, telephone interview
July 27, 1977.

.17

II. OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES

Offshore operations of the pet,-,oteum industry began as extensions
of onshore exploration, development and production. The earliest offshore
production in the United States was developed off Summerland, California,
in 1896. The offshore portion of the field was an extension of an onshore
discovery made prior to 1894. Similarly, most of the early activities in

areas covered with water were carried out to recover oil from reservoirs
that had already been discovered and defined through onshore exploration.
Gradually, as technology has advanced, exploration and development
activities have been moving further offshore to areas with greater water
depths and more hostile environments. For example, production has begun
in the cold and stormy waters of the North Sea, and seven exploratory wells
have been drilled in the Santa Barbara Channel, off California, in water more

than 1,200 feet deep.

Most exploratory and development drilling activities have been con-

ducted in the geographical areas known as the continental shelf. The legal
and physiographic definitions of the continental shelf differ slightly, but
the general phrase cont@nentfLZ shet' refers to the shallow submarine plain
of varying width that forms a border to a continent and typically ends in a
steep slope to either a more gently sloping continental rise or
the oceanic abyss. Off the coastc of the United States,the shelf is very
broad in the Gulf of Mexico and around western and northern Alaska, moderately

at4
wide along much of the Atlantic Coast and rel Ively narrow along the Pacific

Coast.

Most of the subsea continental shelf lands adjacent to the United States
are under the jurisdiction, ownership and control of the United States

Government. The phrase Outet Cont_bieyttc@P_ She16 (OCS) was defined in

the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1953 (67.Stat. 462; 43 U.S.C.

1331-1343, 1964) as the subsea lands lying seaward of the territorial

limit of the states and extending to the boundary of federal and inter-

national claims of jurisdiction. This Act, The Submerged Lands Act of

1953 (67 Stat. 29; 43 U.S.C. 1301-1315), and a series of United States
Supreme Court cases establish federal control, ownership and jurisdiction
over the sea bed and subsea soil beyond the three mile territorial limiti

of the states. Thus, the coastal states retain control, ownership, and

jurisdiction over, and consequently the right to develop 'the mineral resources of,

the subsea 'lands extending out to the territorial li'mit.

The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act also authorizes the Secretary

of the Interior to establish rules and regulations implementing the Act and

to lease offshore tracts for mineral and resource exploration and exploita-

tion. Between 1954 and 1974 the U.S. Department of the Interior sold 2,384
oil and gas leases comprising 10,884,624 acres. The following map (Figure
II-1) indicates the general areas of OCS lands for which lease sales have
been proposed. Lease Sale No. 40, or the first Balitmore Canyon lease sale,
was held in August, 1976. But on February 17, 1977 -the United States District

Court of the Eastern District of New York enjoined all related activities of Lease

Sale No. 40. The Court held 'that the Department of the Interior had
not met the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act. Figure
II-1 also shows the location of seven proposed Atlantic Ocean lease sales;
these include: The North Atlantic or Georges Bank Lease Sale (No. 42), the

l.The territorial limit is approximately 12 miles in the case of Texas
and the Gulf Coast of Florida.

FIGURE II-1
Areas of the OCS Under Consideration for Leasing

WASHINGTON-
OREGON

NORTH
ATLANTIC

NORTHERN GEORGES 42
CALIFORNIA BANK 52
MID ATLANTIC

SANTA BALTIMORE 40
BARBARA CANYON 49 SALE
CHANNEL 59 NUMBERS

SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA SOUTH
ATLANTIC
BLAKE PLATEAU 54
S.E. GEORGIA 43
EMBAYMENT 56
CHUKCHI BEAUFORT CENTRAL
SEA BASIN GULF
HOPE BASIN WESTERN EASTERN
HORTON BASIN GULF GULF
NAVARIN
BASIN

ST.GEORGE
BASIN BRISTOL
BASIN

ALEUTIAN SHELF KODAK GULF OF
BASIN ALASKA

LOWER Continental Margin showing
COOK INLET areas of leasing potential

SOURCE: Leasing and Management of Energy Resources on the Outer Conti-
nental Shelf, Bureau of Land Management U.S. Geological Survey,
1976.

South Atlantic or Southeast Georgia Embayment Lese Sale (No. 43), the
second Mid-Atlantic or Baltimore Canon Lease Sale (No. 49), the second
South Atlantic or Blake Plateau Lease Sale (No. 54), the second North
Atlantic Lease Sale (No. 52), the third South Atlantic Lease Sale (No. 56),
and the third Mid-Atlantic Lease Sale (No. 59).

It is highly probable that the development and production of the oil
and gas in these lease sales will have significant impact on New Jersey
and Middlesex County. This chapter will discuss the following:(1) the
phases of OCS oil and gas activity; (2) the types of OCS facilities and
their requirements and impacts; and (3) three projections of potential
development of OCS facilities in Middlesex County.

A, PHASES OF OCS OIL AND GAS A&IVITY
The process of offshore od and gas activity is commonly divided into five phases: (1) leasing, (2) exploration, (3) development, (4)
production, and (5) shutdown. For@i given petroleum field, the phases may encompass a period ranging irom to 40 vears. Figure 2
showed the phases in the life of a hyoothetical oil andlor gas field and illustrated the fact that these phases mav overlap considerably.
For example, exploration activities c@ntinue after development activities have begun, and oroduction w fll be,,in befo re developme@t
is completed. Continuation beyond the exploration priase, however, is entirely dependent upon the discovery of economically
recoverable reserves of oil or gas.
The five phases of OCS oil and gas activity are described below as they relate to time involved, industry activities, federal
govemnient activities, state and local activities and potential onshore facilities.

1. Leasing 2. Exploration Phase
Time: Time:
Approximately 19 months from "call for nominations" to One to seven years from lease sale: an average of two
the actual lease sale: geophysical exploration (by industry) years for discovery of economically recoverable oil or gas
may have begun many years before. reserves and five years or more for @clentification of size and
area of the find; Lip to five years until lease abandonment if
Industry Activities: no discovery is made.
Preparation of intemal market and capability analyses;
preliminary geophysical exploration (under per-mit from Industry Activities:
USGS); nomination of tracts for consideration in the lease Additional geophysical surveys to locate geological struc-
sale; pre'-:-.*nar-v lo-ation analysis for sta-ing areas; and c' o '
1 0 tures favorable for oil arid gas; exploration plans submitted
possibly onshore site acquisition. to USGS and "notices" 01 Sullport activities submitted to
rederal Goveniiiient Activ-lt'ies: appropriate Coverr,3,-:3; c:@@13ratory drdlin- by cir"I"ing
The leasing process, managed by the Bureau of Land companies (under contract to the oii companies whichlease
Management (BLNI), includes: environmental baseline tracts); if discovery is made, intense supplementary explo-
studies; "call for nominations" by the ciiii and gas industry ration, possibly for many years, to establish the area and
of tracts it believes hold the -reatest r)romise for oil and aas; size of the field, and to ensure that all possible geological
draft (DES) and final environmental statements (FES.) pre- structures containing oil and gas have been located; prepa-
pared by BLM in cooperation with USGS and the Fish and ration of internal development projections, prelirni@riary
Wildlife Service (FWS); these are submitted to the Council field development plans and financial, estimates. If no
on Environmental Quality (CEQ) and made available to the commercial discovery is made, industry will abandon the
public; a decision to lease is made by the Secretary of the lease and onshore service bases.
Interior based on the FES and an internal decision docu-
ment; at the lease sale itself tracts of the OCS are offered to Federal Government Activities:
the "highest responsible qualified bidder," with or without . USGS supervises operations: reviews, accepts and ap-
stipulations. Any bid may be rejected. proves exploration plans, issues drilling permits, monitors
the drilling procedures; Environmental Protection Agency
State and Local Activities: o I
Participation in the call for nominations, in which state (EPA) issues pollution contr---! permits; the Corps of En-
and local governments-and cit;zens-mav identify tracts gineers (COE) and U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) regulate
which should not be considered for lea@ing ("n Iegative navigation.
nominations") or upon which special conditions should be State and Local Activities:
imposed; participation in tract selection meetings and re- Assume regulatory -arid per-mitting authority over the
view and comment on draft environmental statements 0 portioris of opera-
siting and operation of service bases and
(DES). Planning may begin for siting and providing public tions within the hmits of state waters; plan for sitirg of
services in future phases. potential onshore facilities if discover-y is made, mitigating
a
Onshore Facilities: employment and environmental impacts, and for provid-
Geophysical and geological exploration vessels will use ing and' financing public services. (Nlay be invoived in
eiisting ports. planning and permits for anticipatory siting-see below).

SOURCE: The Conservation Foundation, David C. Williams and Jeffrey A. Zinn, (ed.)
Source Book: Onshore Impacts of Outer _Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Development,
May, 1977, pp. 8-9.

Onshore Facilities:
Temporary service bases are established, generally lo-
cated in existing developed harbors, with associated repair
and maintence yards and general shore support (heli-
ports may be established at existing airports); as a rule no
new facilities ar constructed but industry may anticipate
discovery and plan for an option land for permanent serv-
ice bases; options for pipe coating yards and platform
fabrication yards may also be taken; state and lcoal govern-
ment may be involved in permits for these facilities.

3. Development Phase
Time:
Four to nine years-starting with the discovery of eco-
nomically recoverable resources and extending through ini-
tial pipeline installation or tanker operations.

Industry Activities:
Application to USGS and COE for development drilling
permits; Field Development Plans submitted to adjacent
states; development drilling and production platforms put
in place.

Federal Government Activity:
USGS reviews and approves field development plans,
and issues permits for development drilling and OCS
gathering lines; COE issues permits for drilling structures
and pipelines in navigable waters; BLM issues permits for
pipelines rights-of-way on the OCS; the Office of Pipeline
Safety (DOT), Federal Power Commission (FPC) and In-
terstate Commerce Commisssion (ICC) are involved in regu-
lation of common carrier piplines. EPA and the Occupa-
tional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issue
permits and regulate operating activities.

State and Local Activities:
Issue permits for nearshore and onshore pipeline
rights-of-way, land use, and construction of onshore and
nearshore facilities; regulate water and other resource uses
hazards to the environment, and other activities; plan siting
of service bases and other onshore facilities listed below
(service bases generally are not federally regulated); pro-
vide public services for employees and induced population,
many of them at a temporarily high level for the relatively
short-term development phase.

Onshore Facilities:
Permanent service bases
Repair and maintenance yards
General shore support
Platform fabrication yards
Platform installation service bases
Pipelines and landfalls
Pipelines installation service bases

Pipe coating yards
Partial processing plants
Gas processing and treatment plants
Marine terminals
Esentially all major facilities for the production phase are
installed during the development phase.

4. Production Phase
Time:
Ten to 25 or more years-from first petroleum landing
onshore to field shutdown.

Industry Activities:
Operation of facilities constructed during the develop-
ment phase; activities to maintain and improve the rate and
volume of production: construction of additional produc-
tion platforms, new wells and well "workover," additional
pipelines, storage facilities; and regular servicing of wells
and platforms.

Federal Government Activities:
Monitoring and regulating of routine operations, by
USGS, COE, USCG, EPA, BLM, OSHA, FPC, DOT and
ICC, and others; respond to oil spills; possible additional
leasing.

State and Local Activities:
Provision of public services for onshore facilities and
added population; monitoring onshore petroleum opera-
tions; anticipation of employment decline during produc-
tion phase and eventual shutdown.

Onshore Facilities:
Additional pipelines (see Development Phase)

5. Shutdown Phase
Time:
One to three years from end of production phase; repre-
sentative cumulative time from lease sale-25years.

Industry Activities:
Dismantling offshore facilities and sealing all wells with
cement 15 feet below the surface of the seabed; closing or
reducing onshore facilities as production ceases.

Federal Government Activities:
Monitoring and enforcing abandonment regulations, by
USGS.

State and Local Activities:
Mitigataing past impacts, covering the loss of accustomed
revenues, and efforts to maintain the economic base.

Onshore Facilities:
Facilities identified above are closed or shifted to other
uses.

B. Description. Impac@s and Requirements of Onshore Facilities2
There are various types of onshore facilities that are directly

associated with OCS oil and gas activities. These facilities carry out
many different functions including: supporting and servicing offshore
activities, transporting, storing, treating, and processing of oil and
natural gas. This sub-section will present a brief description of each
facility and some of the impacts and requirements of each facility.

1. Temporary Service Bases
Temporary service bases serve as a logistical link between

onshore and offshore activities. These bases generally support

initial exploratory drilling operations and their main activity is

the transfer of materials and workers between onshore and offshore

041
operations. Service bases may be established by the 1 companies,
or service companies that supply drilling fluids and muds, tools

and other items. A typical base would include:

� berth space for supply and crew boats
� dock space for loading and unloading
� warehousing and open storage areas
� a helipad
� space to house supervisory and communication
personnel
A typical temporary service base exhibits the following impacts

and requirements.
Land 5-10 acres on all weather harbor
Iviarehouse: 1/2 acre/rig; open
storage: 1 acre/rig; operations and
office space; helipad; 1 acre/rig
(may be elsewhere); parking area.

Waterfront 200 feet of wharfl/rig; 15-20 feet
water depth at pier.

2. Most of the information used in this sub-section was derived from Factbook:
Onshore Facilities Related to Oil and Gas Development published in 19706 by
the New England River Basins Commissions (NDR-SC-Funder agreement with the
Resour(fe and Land Investigations (RALI) Program of U.S. Department of the
Interior's Geological Survey. See also, The United States Con-ress Office
C INIoLrkinq @Pa Coastal Ef I
Qf Technology Asses ment, ers: fects 0." dffshore Enerqy.
re !R Fol' ion, Source SM1. Onshor-n
@;ystems, November T9766 and Ine onservatio'n , unCld@
T-mnAFF- nf nr@ Oil and Gas Development. 19.7, 22

'Water 5.2 million gals/rig/year for supply
boats; 13,272 barrels of 'luel/rig/
year at drilling site.

Labor 45 onshore service base jobs/rig

CoMpoSit4
Uion 75% local jobs

Wages Approx. $7350,000/year; $17,000 average
wage.

Capital Investment S150,000 - 5250,000 for land leasing
and construction

Air Emissions Hydrocarbons from fuel storage tanks
and vehicle operation

Wastewater Contaminants Hydrocarbons, heavy metals from bilge
and ballast-water

Noise Up to 85 decibels, 24 hours/day

Waste Up to 6 tons/day including oil con-
taminated drill cuttings

2. Permanent Service Bases

Permanent service bases perform the same functions as temporary bases,

but differ primarily in size, intensity, activity and ownership. They

generally operate during development drilling and provide the same types

of goods and services as those needed during exploratory drilling.

Permanent bases are usually established by oil or service companies. They are

usual ly I ocalted at or close to temporary bases and @.,ii thi n 2000 r-,,i 1 es of ri gs.

IMPACTS AND RE-QUIREMIENTS:

Land 25-50 acres on all-weather harbor; 10,000
square feet for permanent off-ice and com-
munications space; 1 acre/platform for
helipad; remainder for warehouses and open
storage.

Waterfront 200 ft. of wharf/platform; 15-20 ft.
water depth ar, pier.

Water 8.2 million gallons '/plat-form/year durinq
development drilling. Little during
production.

Fuel 54,000 barrels of fuel/platform/year
during development. 19,200 barrels of
fuel/platform/year during production.

Labor 50-60 jobs/platform during drilling; 50%
4
local initially, rising to 30% local.

Wages Approximately $1 million; average wage
$17,000.

Capital Investment $1-3 million.

Air Emissions Hydrocarbons from fuel storage and
vehicle operations.

Wastewater Contaminants Hydrocarbons, heavy metals from bilge
and ballast water.

Noise Up to 850 decibels; 24 hours a day.

Solid Waste Up to 6 tons/year during drilling.

3. Steel Platform installation Support Bases

Steel platform installation support bases are very similar to tem-
porary service bases. They perform services for installation of platforims

and are normally established by companies involved in platform installation.

They are usually located as close as possible to areas of installa-f-lic n

and other service bases.

2 5

IMPACTS AND REQUIREMENTS:

Land Approx. 5 acres of waterfront land.

Wharf Space 200 feet/4 platforms installed.

Water Depth 15-20 feet at pier.

Sea Access Clearances Channel roughly 5 times width of
largest barge. Vertical clearance
roughly the length of the platform
base.

Fuel Diesel fuel requirements:
100,000 gals/derrick barge/month;
150,000 gals/tug/month.

Transportation 1 supply boat/platform;
1 crew boat/platform;
1 helicopter/platform.

Offshore Labor Approx. 100/installation spread;
25% local Jobs

Offshore Wages Average wage $18,000

Onshore Labor 25 workers/installation spread;
50% local jobs

Environmental Impacts Roughly the same as temporary service
base.

4. Repair and Maintenance Yards

Repair and maintenance yards consist of many firms of varying capa-

bilities which provide services to operators of vessels and equipment

involved in OCS development. Most medium-sized vessels can be serviced

in harbors that customarily handle large fishing fleets while larger.

vessels and semd-submersible rigs must be serviced in major shipyards.

A repair vard catering specifically to the petroleum industry

is not likely to be sited on a new site in a frontier area. Most

services can be provided by existing,repair facilities in fishing

ports and larger ports.

5. Transportation Facilities

There are two major types of transportation facilities involved

in the movement of oil and natural gas--pi.peline systems and tanker

1 4
systems. These types oil faci ]ties may be used sept-rat-ely or in com-

bination. Pipeline systems may include the following components:

pressure source, gathering stations, a landfall and an onshore dest-in-

ation. An oil company may construct its own pipeline, or a consortium

of oil companies may construct a common carrier pipeline. Tanker

systems are composed primarily of tankers and marine temminals. Marine

terminals consist of berthing capacity for vessels, load-Ing and/or

unloading equipment, storage tanks, terminal control and safety equip-

ment and harbor and navigation facilities.

IMPACTS AND REQUIREMENTS:

(1) Pipelines and Landfall Facilities

Route Shortest distance, as modified by anchor-
ages, active ifaults, shifitinq bottom
sediments, rock outcrops, areas environ-
mentally sensitive.

Shore Approach Gently sloping sand or shingle pre-
ferred, avoid shifting currents and
sediments.

Landfall 50-100 foot riqht-of-way. 40 acres of
4
, If required. 60 acres 'oi-
pumping station
terminal , if requi red .

Offshore Labor 250-300 jobs per lay barge spread.

Offshore Wages S5.5 million annually per lay barge
spread. Average unskilled wage: $7,57,000.
Average skilled waqe: S25,000.

4-
Onshore Labor Negligible - 20 workers; 15 local to
operate terminal or pumping station.

Onshore Wages $16,000 average annual.

Capital Investment Varies with pipe diameter from S@700,000/
mile for 3" pipe to $2 million/mile for
42" p@pe. Shere terminal - S2.5 million.

Air Emissions Minimal; chiefly hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides and sulfur,oxides from compressors
along route.

Noise 90-100 decibels from compressors; 140
decibels from annual pipeline venting.

(2) Tanker Systems Marine Terminals

With most of the land taken up by storage tanks, the size of a terminal
depends on the throughput from offshore, the number of berths at the
terminal, the size and frequency of tankers, and the extra storaqe needed
to provide for loading downtime. Data below are for a 250,000 bGl/day
throughput mid-depth terminal with storage capacity of I million barrels
in four 250,000 bbl tanks.

Land Approx. 30 waterfront acres, assuming
no processing, larqely for storage
tanks.

Water Depth 50-60 feet sheltered water at mid@depth
pier or mooring buoy.

Fresh Water Limited, assuming no processing.

L tank 'arm
Energy 8 million kwh/year al- I
l million kwh/year at terminal
11,800 barrels of fuel/year

Construction Labor 560 workers, 200Z local jobs

Construction Wacies $19,600 average annually.

Operation Labor 10-90 (depending on degree of contract
labor used), 70% local jobs

Capital Investment. Approx. $50 million

Air Emissions Hydrocarbons f.rom tanks and transfers,
exhaust emissions from vessels and com-
pressors.

Wastewater Contaminants BOD;COD; suspended solids; oil and
grease from bilge, ballast, and storm
water; chronic small spills; potential
for large spills.

Solid Wastes Contaminated sludge and sediments.

6. Pipeline Installation Support Bases

Pipeline installation support bases are required to serve in the

installation of pipelines. These waterfront bases are established by

oil or service companies during exploration and can be used to serve

many installation activities. Some of the vessels serviced include

barges and tug boats. These support bases usually operate for a short

period of time unless a large volume of pipelaying is expected.

!MPACTS AND REQUIREMENTS:

Land Approx. 5 acres (pipe is stored at the
pipecoating yard).

Waterfront 200 foot wharf/spread; 15-20 fool.- depth;
wide enough channel to maneuver barges
(5 times width of barge).

r
F'uel 50,000 gallons/lay barge; 180,000
gallons/jet barge.

Labor Approx. 20' onshore jobs ; 50% local jobs

Wages Approx. $425,000 annually. Average
wage $17,000. (In cold climates, labor
and 'wages are likely to be seasonal).

Environmental Impacts Site alteration and construction impacts,
air emissions , wastewater, noise, solid
wastes and aesthetic impacts are similar
to temporary service bases.

7. Partial Processing Plants

Partial processing plants remove impurities from the oil well stream.

Natural gas is usually separated at the production platform. Partial

processing plants reduce water and sediment content of oil well stream,

to approximately 10%. They may be located offshore or onshore depending

on the relative costs, mode of transportation and nature of the well-

stream.

IMPACTS AND REQUIREMENTS:
(Most figures for plant processing 100,000 bbls/day gross fluids)

Land 15 acres/100,000 barrels processed;
33% oil treatment and storage;
49/10 gas treatment and liquid petroleum gas storage;
9% water treaL-Iment;
9'/0' metering and recording unit.

Waterfront Not required.

Water 10,000 qals/month.

Energy 1.5 million cu. ft./day gas;
400,000 kwh/month.

Labor 150 construction jobs for 15 months;
10 jobs during operation.

Wages $14,400/year average @,qage.

Capital Investment $13 million.

Air Emissions Hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur
oxides, nitrogen oxides.

Wastewater Contar,.-,inants Suspended solids, oil and grease, heavy
metals, phenols, halogens, chromium.

Noise 80-90 decibels from pumps;
81-96 decibels from flarestacks;
81-96 decibels from treati-ng vessels.

8. Gas Processing Treatment-Plants

Gas processing treatment plants recover liquifiable hydrocarbons not

removed by normal separation methods from the raw gas stream, before it

enters a commercial transmission line. There are no standard sizes or

designs for gas Plants, single plants are specifically designed for the

particular gas stream they process.

IMPACTS AND REQUIREMENTS:
(For a 1 billion cubic feet/day facility)

Land 50-75 acres.

Water 200,000 oals/day.

E'n e r g y 5.4 million kwh/month;
360 million cu. ft./mionth natural
gas from fleedstock.

Construction Labor 500 workers for 1 112 years.

Operation Labor 45-55 workers; 050% local jobs

Operation Wages Approx. $750,0001year.
$15,0500 average annually'.

Capital Irives tment $85 million.

Air Emissions Hydroq--n sulfide, sulfur oxides,
hydrocarbons, particulates, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides.

Wastewater Contaminants Dissolved hydrocarbons, sulfuric acid,
chromium, zinc, phosphates, bases, sul-
fite.

Noise 80-100 decibels from boilers, compres-
sors and flarestacks; 24 hours/day.

Solid Wastes Sludges, scale, s 'pent dessicants,
filtration media, oil absorbants.

9. Reflinaries

Refineries consist of a series of units designed to produce a number

of petroleum products by physically or chemically altering all or part

of a crude oil stream. The complexity and scale of a refinery depends

on the type Of Crude oil being refined and the number and charact-eristics

of the products desired, Other refinery component-s include: storage

tanks, influent and effluent water treatment.

The principal factors influencing the industry's decision to

establish a new refinery are the nature of the market--, the source of crude

and the available water depth. A site that is located in a strong petro-

leum market, close to a guaranteed source of crude oil (import or local)

and along a navigable waterway will usually be an attractive site

to refiners.

IMPACTS AND REQUIREMENTS:
(Moderately complex 250,000 bbl/day refinery)

Land 1000-1500 acres clear, flat, indus-
trially zoned land.

Water 10.5 million gals/day withdrawn;

Energy 1.45 million kwh/day;
19,800 bbls/day fuel oil.

Construction Labor 1800 average over 3 years;
3500 peak, employment;
70% local jobs

Construction Wages $38.5 million; $18,000 average annual.

Operation Labor 410; 80% local jobs

Operation Wages $6.5 million ; $l5,250 average annual.

Captial Investment $500-750 million.

Air Emissions Carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nirto-
gen oxides, hydrocarvons, and particulates
from processing, process machinery, leaks
from valves, seals, and storage tanks,
and vehicle emissions.

Wastewater Contaminants Thermal effluent, anti-fouling cheimicals,
a variety of contam-Inated process waters,
BOD, COD, etc.

Noise 50 decibels at boundary.

Solid Waste Contaminated process solids and effluent
solids requiring special handling, variety
of general packaging and domestic solid
waste.

10. Platform Fabrication Yards

Platform fabrication yards are large waterfront sit-es on which drilling
and production platforms are entirely or partially constructed. There

are two major types of platform; fabrication yc@rds-steel platform fab-
rication yards and concrete platform fabrication yards. These yards are
purchased and constructed IIDY platform construction companies. The layout-,
size, requirements and impacts of these yards are determined by the com-

plexity and number of platforms beisna constructed.

a. Steel Platform Fabrication Yards

These are large waterfront facilities consisting mostly of

cleared land, warehousing, machine shops, and administrative offices.

IMPACTS AND REnUIR2,1ENTS:

Land 200-1000 acres on navigable waterway.

k
Waterfront 15-30 ft. depth at pier.

Sea Access 210-350 ft. (horizontal clearance and
verticall).

Water 100,000 gallons/day (for 9 plat'-forms
and no steel rolling); 1.24 million
gallons/day (for 2-4 platforms with
steel rolling).

p I a..L
Labor 25e-500 workers/steel Lform; 80%
local jobs

Wages Average wage $19,000.

Capital Investment $30-60 million (start-up capital only).

Wastewater Contaminants HeavY metals, particulates.

Solid 1.4aste Packaging materials, metal scraps,
debris.

Air Emissions Sand and metal dust from sand blasting;
hydrocarbons and organic compounds from
pa4
Int evaporation; carbon monoxide, sul-
fur oxide s, nitrogen oxides from vehicles.

Noise 80-100 decibels; 24 hours a day.

b. Concrete Platform Fabrication Yards
Concrete platform, fabrication yards are constructed on waterfront si-'Ces

with considerable open space. The platforms are built in large, deep

dredged dry dock basins, separated from deep adjacent water by a dam.

IMPACTS AND REQUIREMENTS:

Requirements of concrete platform fabrication yards in some ways differ
markedly from steel. The 30-80 foot bases are constructed in dry dock
and then floated a few hundred yards at most to very deep (150-300 feet)
water for construction of the tall pillars upon which the deck section
is attached. Thus the single most important requirement is a large open
site with immediately adjacent very deep water.

Land Minimum 50 acres/platform.

Water Depth 35-50 feet at pier; 150-300 feet
adjacent.

Sea Access Clearances Over 400 feet (vertical).

Water 40,000 gal/day at a one-platform yard;
165,000 gal/day at peak activity.

Energy 3 megawatts: 45,000 gal. diesel fuel stocked;
11 tons gas stocked.

Labor 350-450 average; 600-1200 peak;
85-90% local jobs

Wages $8.8 million annually; $19,500 average
wage.

Air Emissions Sand, cement, and metal dust; hydro-
carbons and organic compounds; carbon
monoxide; sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxides
from vehicles and equipment.

Wastewater Particulates, heavy metals, chemicals.

Noise 80-100 decibels, 24 hours.

Solid Waste Packaging materials, metal scraps, con-
taminated and uncontaminated debris,

11. Pipe Coating Yards

Pipe coating yards are industrial facilities that coat steel

pipe with mastic (a protective coating or cement) and weight it with concrete

before it is submerged. This process helps prevent corrosion and overcome flotation.

There are two types of pipe coating yards--permanent plants that

consist of about 100-150 acres and "Portable plants" or "railhead

operations" that can be built on 30 acres of land. Approximately 95%

of a yard is used for outdoor storage of pipe.

IMPACTS AND REQUIREMENTS:

Land 100-150 acres on waterfront.
30 for portable facility; 95%
storage, 5% operations.

Marginal Wharf 750 feet.

Water Depth 20-30 feet at pier.

Water 3000-15,000 gals/day.

Energy 1 million KWH;
12-13 million cu. ft./yr. gas.

Capital Investment $8-10 million
$1 million for portable plant.

Air Emissions Particulate matter, nitrogen oxides,
sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydro-
carbons.

Wastewater Contaminants Hydrocarbons, alkaline substance,
particulates, metal fragments.

Noise 90-100 decibels (uncontrolled).

Solid Waste Concrete, metal scraps, contaminated
and uncontaminated debris.

Labor 100-200 workers during season (March-
September).

Wages $2 million (assuming 175 workers);
average wage 11,500.

12. Tank Farms

The tank farm is a portion of a system that receives, transports
temporarily stores, blends, and sistributes petroluem, raw materials,
petroleum products, and related substances. Tank farms may be located
adjacent to refineries, marine terminals, or piplines.

The storage vessels used at tank farms may be characterized as
closed storage vessels and open storage vessels. The closed storage
vessels include fixed roof tanks, pressure tanks, floating-roof tanks
and conservation tanks; open storage vessels include open tanks, reservoirs,
pits and ponds.

Land Tank Farm Capacity Land (ACS.)
1,000,000 17
2,000,000 37
3,000,000 50
3,500,000 58

Freshwater Limited (assuming no processing)

Energy 8 million KWH/year for a tank farm
with a 1 million barrel capacity
(in four 250,000 barrel tanks)

Air Emissions Hydrocarbons from evaporation from
storage tanks and transfer operations.
Exhaust emissions from vessels and
compressors.

Wastewater Contaminants BOD, COD, suspended solids.

Solid Waste Contaminated sludge precipitated
during storage.

C. The Potential for OCS ReLated Facilities LocatinQ in Middlesex County_

This section will present and discuss three projections of OCS-

related facility development--high development, medium development, and low

development possibilities.The projections are based cn different assumptions

of: (1) the amounts of oil and gas discovered, and their production rates

and (2) the effects of the permi-11- procedure of 'he Coastal Area Facilities

Review Act (CAFR.A) and other state and local regulatory policies on develop-

ment in other coastal counties. The discuss-ion of each projection will

contain a tentative allocation of the numbers and kinds of facilities that

are likely to locate in Middlesex County.

These tentative allocations are not int'.ended to be predictions but

rather are presented to provide a picture of onshore development as it might

occur under each set of assumptions. These allocations of OCS-related deve-

lopment in Middlesex County will be carried out judgementally from projections

made by the Bureau of Land Management" (BLM) of the U.S. Department of the

Interior and other organizations such as the Office of Technology Assessment
(OTA), the Council on Environmental Quality (rEQ), and the American Petroleum
L

4n 7_ble
Institute (API). These projections are disPlaye- !1-2. The great

t 4
variance between different proJec Ions is caused by the uncertain nature of geo-
logical estimates and the different methods use-d to det-ermine the number of
facilities needed to support OCS exploration, development drilling and pro-

duction activities.

The number of facilities that will be required and developed depends on
many factors including: (1) the quantities of oil and gas found; (2) how

many strikes are made, and by whilch compainies; (13) where the strikes occur
and;(4) the rates of production. The production rate factor, although very

3
important, is very difficult- to predict. Peak production rates for the
3. For example, past product'-ion wells have exhibited rates ranging 1from 250
to 950 barrels off oil per day.

3 9

TABLE 11-2
PROJECTIONS OF OCS-RELATED FACILITIES GENERATED BY
ATLANTIC COAST ACTIVITIES

BALTIMORE CANYON GEORGES BANK SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
ATLANTIC EMBANKMENT
COAST OCS SALE NO. 40
BLM/FEIS ULM-/DEIS
CEQ API USGS 1975 SALE, NO. 40 OTA SALE, NO. 42 BLM/DEIS BLM/DEIS
Undiscovered USGS* & No. 43 SALE NO. 42 SALE NO. 43
Recoverable Resources
Oil
(Billion Barrels) 0-6 6.0 3-5 2.6 1.8-4.6 0.4-1.4 0.18-0.65 0.28-1.0
Undiscovered Recov-
erable Resources
Gas (Trillion Cubic
Feet) 0-22 32.0 15-25 12.8 5.3-14.2 2.6-9.4 1.2-4.3 1.9-6.8
Peak Production
Rate Oil (Million
Barrels Per Day) - 0.5-1.5 1.1 - 0.74 0.3-0.7 0.32 0.053-0.181 .056-0.170
Gas (Billion Cubic
Feet Per Day) - 1.8-3.6 8.0 - 4.4 0.9-2.0 3.08 0.4i-1.54 0.47-1.4
Rigs
Exploratory - 4-10 15 - 10 5-10
Development - 11-24 80 - 15 11-24
cD Platforms - 30-74 180 - 10-50 25-52 10-25 20-75
Support Bases - - 5.5 - 4 - 273 1-3
Pipeline - - 4 2 Offshore: Offshore: Offshore:
(Tot. 810 (80 mi. ea.) 100-450 mi. 500-750 mi. 160-320 mi.
miles)
Onshore: Onshore:
35-120 mi. 25-50 mi.

Pipeline Ter-
minals/Tank Farms 8 - 1-4 2/2 - ,0-1 1-2
Platform Fabri-
cation Yard Brown & Brown A Brown & Root's 1100 Acres for
Root's Va. Root's Va. Va. Proposal possible platform
Proposal Proposal Cited (980 fabrication. In
Cited. (980 Cited.(980 Acres) addition to,plan-
Acres) Acres) ned Brown & Root's
proposal
Gas Processing
Plants 4 8 .1r 8 3-7 3-8 1-3 1 -2
(0 5 BC (1 BCFGPD) (0.5 BCFGPD) (0.3-0.5 BCFG (0.3-015 BCFG (d.3-0 5 (o.3-0`5 BGFGPD)
FC@D) PD) PD) BCFGPDj
Refineries Additional
Capacity
of 0.56-
1.68 MMBO
PD by 2000

Petrochemical 1-6
Complexes (I billion
lb./hr.
olefins
complexes)

*USGS, Geological Estimates of Undiscovered Recoverable Otl and Gas Resources in the U.S., 1975.

Baltimore Canyon tracts have been projected to range from 0,3 to 1.5
.million barrels of oil per day and from 1.8 to 9.0 billion cubic feet
of natural gas per day. The actual production rates cannot be predicted
at this- time, however, the rates will have a major effect on the timing,
pace and inten:sity of development and production. This section will employ
a different range of production rate for each projection.

1. HIGH! DEVELOPMENT PROJECTION

The high development projection is based on two fundamental a SSuMp14 ons.

The first assumption is that there will be a relatively high find of oil and

gas reserves in the Baltimore Canyon and the other Atlantic lease salle tracts.

The Baltimore Canyon lease sale No. 40 will be assumed to hold approxi . mately

1 to 2.6 billion barrels of recoverable resources of oil and 6 to 9 trillion

The h4
cubic feet of recoverabie resources of natural gas. I igh figure is

taken from'an early projection made by the Bureau of Land Managei-iient. The

entire Atlant-1c Coast will be assumed to hold approximately 4 to 6 billion

barrels of recoverable resources of oil and 14 to 22 trillion cubic feet of

recoverable resources oil natural gas. Lease Sale No. 40 production rates

will be assumed to range from 0.5 to 0.7 million barrels of oil per day and

2.0 to 4.0 billion cubic feet of gas per day. For the purposes of all three

projections it will be assumed that 'the amount of crude oil entering Middlesex

and Union Counties from the Atlantic tracts will range from 0 to .594 million

barrels of oil per day (MB/D). This assumption is based on projections that
all of the oil (or 0. - .181 MB/D) from the Georges Bank Sale No. 42, 4 and

5
one half of the oil (or .0 to .370 MB/D) from Balti-nqore Canyon Sale No. 40,

and one fourth of the oil (or .0 to .043 MB/D) from Southeast Georgia Embay-

ment Sale No. 43 will be shipped to refineries, in Middlesex and Union Counties.

Under the high development projection it will be assumed that .396 to .594

MB/D of oil will be transported to refineries in Middlesex and Union Counties.

4These figures are derived from United States Department of the Interio,,
Draft Environmental S.t.atefrient, OCS Sale No. 42, and Final 'Environmental
Statement, OCS Sale No. 40

5.
This projection is based on an assumption that one-hal-F of -the oil from
lease sale No. 43 will be shipped to the refineries in the Delaware
River Region and that one-half of this oil will be shipped to refineries
in Middlesex and Union Counl.-ies.

a 4 1 y
it will also be assumed that one-half of the d peak production of gas
(or 1 to 2 billion cubic feet of gas per day) will,be piped to Middlesex County

for processing.
The second assumption is that the CAFRA permit procedure will significantly
limit the development of OCS-related facilities in the coastal zone areas wi-t-hin
the jurisdiction of the act and, consequently, facility developers will tend to
locate in non-CAFIRA areas Such as Middlesex County. This assumption is related to
a pre-supposition that coastal towns in CAFRA will seek to limit development of
activities that might jeopardize their existing tourist' based economies.

(a) Probable Offshore Activities
1. ExQloration EExplorattory drilling will probably begin
shortly after the legal problems of lease sale No. 40
are resolved. Various sources have projected different
figures for exploratory rigs, but most Sources seem to
agree that 4 to 10 rigs will be used for the lease
sale 40 tracts.

2. DeveloDment - Development dr 411
I inq rigs will probably
be 1F@stalled approxim-a-tely 2 to 31-years following the
first discovery. The sources are also in disagreement
on the number of' d-evelopment rigs needed, but the
projections range from 5 to 15 rigs for lease sale
No. 40. Similarly, the projections of needed platforms
vary greatly, but generally range from 10 to 50.
3. Transportation of Oil and Gas - Alternative methods
for transporting the oil ana-gas to onshore processinq
facilities will be analyzed several years before 'pro-
P i p e 1 4
duction begins. Ines appear to be the most
probable method of transport from 'Che Baltimore Canyon.
M4
The most recent BLM figures Droject 450 Iles of offshore
pipelines and 50 miles of onshore pipelines for the high
find projection.

(b) Probable Onshore Falcilities

V 4 +
The level of onshore acti I" is closely related to the level
of offshore activity. Exploration will be the mia 4or offshore
J

activity during the first several years of the high development

p
j
rojection. Development drilling and production activit-les
may continue for as long as 30 years during vihlch, time perman-

C@ 4 V-'
ent service bases and other a 1-1 Ities @,,iill develop and operate.

Some facilities will onerate to serve the activities in

other lease sale areas such as the Georges Bank and the

Southeast Georgia Embayment. For example, refineries,

marine terminals, and petrochemical plants in Middlesex

County may be used to store and/or process oil products

from other OrS lease sale tracts.

This subsection will discuss the onshore facilities

that are likely to be generated by activities in the

Baltimore Canyon and other Atlantic lease sale tracts

and make tentative allocations of the number and types of

facilities that may locate in Middlesex County.

1. Temporary Service Bases - A temporary service
base has already been established in Rhode Island
and will probably be sufficient to support most
exploration activities in the Baltimore Canyon and.
the Georges Bank.

2. Permanent Service Bases - As discoveries are
made permanent bases will be established. BLM
originally projected a need for 4 bases, but these
figures may be subject to change due to the reduced
projections of likely finds. Presumably 3 or 4
permanent service bases will be needed to support
a relatively high find of 1.4 billion barrels. If
one or two bases locate in Maryland or Delaware and
one base in Southern New Jersey then one or two
bases could locate in the Middlesex County area.

3. Pipeline and Platform Installation Support Bases
Most sources have not projected numbers of pipeline
and platform installation support bases that will be
generated by Baltimore Canyon activity. In Estimates
for New England the Resource and Land Investigations
(RALI) project estimated a need for 2 pipeline
installation service bases and 2 platform installation
service bases for an expected find in the Georges
Bank of 2.4 billion barrels of' oil and 12.5 trillion
cubic feet of natural gas. Reasoning by analogy, at
least 1 pipeline installation service base and I
platform installation service base will be needed to
support Baltimore Canyon activity. Under the high
impact projection it is possible that both would locate
in Middlesex County.

IR ep a
Repair and Maintenance Yards ir arid- Maintenance
Yards" is a phrase that refers loosely to the many firms
that provide repair services for OCS-related vessels.
Existing repair facilities are usually employed and
therefore it is likely that CUAFRA will not barl repair
activities from existing yards (if any) in the coastal
zone. Middlesex County repair and service facilities
will presumably service a significant number of mid-size
vessels.

5. PiPe Coating Yards - Most sources make no projections
of the number of pipe coating yards that will be
needed to support the Baltimore Canyon activities.
The RALI estimates for New England project a need for
2 pipe coating yards to support the laying of 2,000
miles of offshore pipe. Existing New Jersey plants
should be able to Supply the 450 miles of pipe needed
for lease sale No. 40 under the high impact projection.
In this case a 25-30 acre "railhead operation" might be
I -he other
located along the Raritan or Arthur Kill. On 4L L
hand it is possible that a new full scale pipe coating
yard would seek to locate along either channel.

6. Pipeline Landfalls - The BLM has -estimated a need
for I to 4 pipeline landfalls for the Baltimore
Canyon. Gas pipeline landfalls tend to locate
close to the nearest transmission line. Oil pipe-
line landfall sites will probably be influenced by
proximity to refineries. Considering the existing
SS4
gas transmi )on lines and refineries in Middlesex
County it is possible that one gas landfall and
one oil landfall would seek to locate in the county.

7. Tank Farms - Tank farms are oil and petroleum pro-
duct storage facilities that are located near pipe-
lines, marine terminals or refineries. If an oil
pipeline is landed in Middlesex County then 1 or 2
tank farms may seek to locate near the landfall and/or
a refinery and/or a partial processing treatment
plant.

A marine terminal may be built in Middlesex County
to receive crude oil from non-Baltimore Canvon
Atlantic lease sale tracts. A tank farm might be
colocat,ed with the terminal.

8. Platform Fabrication Yards - Brown and Root, Inc.
a platform fabrication com pany has purchased a large
tract of land and has begun to construct a plat, -
form fabrication yard in Virginia. The Bureau of
Land Management has concluded that an additional
yard will be needed to support the activities in
the Southeast Georgia Embayment.

The Virigina yard will be able to supply the plat-
forms needed in the Baltimore Canyon. A new yard
will not be developed in Middlesex County because
there are no sites that meet industrial location
requirements. 45

9. Gas Processing Plants - Gas processing plants are
generally located somewhere between the pipeline
landfall and the gas company's transmission lines.
The capacity of gas 'processing plants range from
two million to two billion cubic feet per day. The
size and specifications of an individual facility
depend on several factors, includinq the size of'
the gas deposit, the expected rate of production,
the composition of the gas and the market prices of
the various hydrocarbon products.

The BLM has concluded that 3 to 8 plants with
capacities ranging from 0;3 to 0.5 billion cubic
feet of gas per day will be needed to process gas
from lease sale 40. If eight are needed, and gas
pipelines are landed in Middlesex County, then 1-3
gas processing plants will probably seek to locate in the
county.

10. Refineries - There are many complex factors that
influence decisions to construct new refineries.
The discovery of oil in the Baltimore Canyon and
other Atlantic lease sale areas merely adds the
factor of a local supply to this decision-making
process.

If this local supply of crude oil is used to
replace imported oil,6 then it will not have a
significant affect on decisions to build new
refineries or to increase the capacity of existing
refineries. If barrel for barrel replacement does
not occur, then new refineries and/or additional
capacity may be needed. (For a further discussion
of these assumptions, see chapter III.
It is also difficult to predict the -exact location
of any new refineries. it is arguable, however, that
Middlesex County will be attractive to the oil indus-
try as a location forrefineries. This agrument is
eased on the grounds that the county: (1) has
the transportation facilities needed by refineries,
and (2) is located in the center of the northeast's
market area.

For the purposes of the high development projection
it will be assumed that a refinery capacity will
increase in Middlesex County by .396 to ;594 "B/D
to refine crude oil supplies from the Baltimor-e Canyon
and other Atlantic lease sale areas.

6.This assumption of barrel for barrel replacement was made by BLM in
the Draft Environmental Impact Statement of OCS Sale No. 40.

11. Marine Terminals - Under the high development projection
it is assumed that there All be high -finds in the
t T f
Georges Bank and the South;ast Geor'gia Embaymen' -
this occurs then tankers @aiill probably be used to shi'o
crude oil to the ",lid-Atlantic states for refining. Some
of this crude oil will presumably be processed at the
refineries in and near Middlesex County and in this case
at least one marine terminal will be built in iNliddlesex
County. Another may be built in the Delaware River
Philadelphia area.

12. Partial Processing Plants - If crude oil is transported
by tanker from the Georges Bank and the 'Southeast Georgia Embay-
ment, then it will probably be partially processed
offshore. Crude from lease sale 40 tracts will probably
be transported by pipeline and partial processing may
take place onshore. In this case, partial processing
plants with a total output of up to 370,000 barrels
of oil per day will be needed in or near Middlesex
County. This quantity refers to the amount of oil pro-
duced after partial processing. When processing occurs
onshore pipelines actually carry many more barrels of
gross unprocessed fluids containing gas, oil and water.
Considering the high daily production rate under this
projection and the fact that the EXXON refinery is 10-
cated'in Union County and the Chevron and inactive Hess
refinery are located in Middlesex County seems likely
that partial processing plant(s) with a to-@Cal capacity
of 370,000 BOPD will seek to locate in Middlesex County.

Table 11-3 summarizes the number and types of onshore facilities

that may Tocate in Middlesex Countv if-the assumPtions of the hiah

development Projection hold.

TABLE 11-3
ONSHORE FACILITIES THAT MAY SEEK TO LOCATE IN,
MIDDLESEX COUNTY - HIGH DEVELOPMENT PROJECTION-

1-2 permanent service base
1 pipeline installation support base
1 platform installation support base
1-2 pipeline landfalls
2 tank farms
1-3 gas processing treatment plants
0-1 refinery
1 marine terminal
Partial processing Plant(s) Total Output
Capacity of up to 370,000 BOPD

2. MEDIUM DEVELOPMENT PROJECTIOixi

The medium development projection is based on two assumPtions. The

first assumption is that there will be a medium sized find of recoverable

resources of oil and gas in the Baltimore Canyon and the other Atlantic

lease sale tracts. The Baltimore Canyon lease sale No. 40 will be assumed

to hold approximately .4 to 1 billion barrels of recoverable resources of

oil and 2.6 to 6 trillion cubic feet of recoverable resources of natural

gas. The entire Atlantic coast will be assumed to hold approximately 2 to 4

billion barrels of recoverable resources of oil and 6 to 14 trillion cubic

feet of recoverable resources of natural gas. The low values of these ranges
are the quantities associated with a 25 percent probability (1 in 4 chance)

that at least these amounts will be found. The high values are the quantities

associated with a 7' percent probabilit L
0 1 _y (3 in 4 chance) that at least these
amounts will be found.7 Lease Sale No. 40 production rates will be assumed

to be 0.2 to 0.5 million barrels of oil per day and 1.0 to 2.0 billion cubic

feet of gas per day. It is likely that .198 to .396 million barrels of oil

per day and .5 to 1. billion cubic feet of gas per day will be transported

to Middlesex and Union Counties. The second assumption is that the CAFRA

permit procedure and local regulations will only place moderate limits on the

development of OCS-related facilities in the coastal zone areas within the

jurisdiction of the act and consequently some facilities will be able to

locate in counties within the CAFRA coastal zone.

Probable Onshore Facilities

Under the assum-,!ptions of the medium development projection it seems

likely that most OCS-related facilities would locate in other states or in

7These and other figures have been drawn from Geological Estimates of Undis-
covered Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources in the United Statesi Geological
Survey Circular 725, 1975, pp. 28-31.

other coastal counties of New Jersey. Some of the facilities that would , probably

not seek to locate in Middlesex County include temoorarv,and permanent service bases

and platform fabrication yards.

Table 11-4 summarizes the number and types of onshore facili-

ties likely to be built in Middlesex County ill the assumptions of the medium

impact projection hold true.

TABLE 11-4
ONSHORE FACILITIES THAT MAY SEEK TO_-LOCATE IN
MIDDLESEX COUNTY - MEDIUM IMPACT DEVELO_PM'_NT PROJECTION

1 gas processing treatment plant
1-2 pipeline landfalls
1 pipeline installation support base
1 marine terminal
Partial processing plant (Total output
capacity of up to 247,000 BOPD)

3. LOW DEVELOPMENT PDOJECTION

The low development Projection is also based on two assumptions. The

first assumption is that there will be a low sized find of recoverable oil

and gas resources in the Baltimore Canyon and the other Atlantic lease sale

tracts. The Baltimore Canyon lease sale No. 40 will be assumed to hold

approximately 0 to .4 billion barrels of recoverable resources of oil and

0 to 2.6 trillion cubic feet of recoverable resources of natural gas. The

entire Atlantic Coast will be assumed to hold approximately 0 to 2 billion

barrels of recoverable resources of oil and 0 to 6 trillion cubic feet of

recoverable resources of natural gas. Baltimore Canyon production rates

will be assumed to range from 0 to 0.2 million barrels of oil per day and 0

to 1. billion cubic feet of gas per day. It will also be assumed that 0 to

.198 billion barrels of oil per day will be shipped to refineries in Middlesex

and Union Counties from all of the Atlantic 1--ase sale tracts. Natural gas,

however, will be processed in other counties that are closer to the lease

sale 40 tracts. The second assumption is that CAFRA and other state and

local regulations will not significantly prohibit or limit development of

OCS-related facilities in the other coastal counties of New Jersey.

Probable Facilities

Under the assumptions of the low development projection it is likely

that no support bases, gas processing plants, partial processing plants,

pipeline landfalls, or refineries will be built in Middlesex County. A

marine terminal, however, may be needed to unload and store crude oil tankered

in from lease sale 40 tracts. Tankers will probably be used because the

production rate will not justify construction of a pipeline. Under this

projection local repair and maintenance yards ma1v increase their activity.

4. SUMMARY

.The following table (Table 11-5) summarizes the onshore facilities
that will probably be generated if the asSUMptions of the various projections

hold true.

TA3LE 11-5
SUM!"WRY OF DEVIL00-HE@11'

ONSH,"E FACIL[T[ES LIKELY TO
NVELOPXE@J PROJECT!0111S ASSUMPTIONS LOCATE IN MTOOLFSEX COU:J'r
I High Impact a - High find of recoverable oil and gas I or 2 perm--In'ent service bases
Sale No. 40 - 1.0 to 2.6 billion I pipeline installation support base
barrels of oil I platform installation Support oase
6.0 to 12,8 trillion 1 or 2 pipeline landfalls
cubic feet of oas 2 tank farms
Atlantic Total - 4. to 6. biilion, 1-3 gas Processing treatment plants
barrels of oil Refinery (capacity of .396-.@194)
14 to 22 trillion I marine terminal
cubic feet of gas Partial processing plant (Up to 370,000
Production Rates 0.5 to 0., BOPD Capacity needed)
million B0PD
2.0 to 4.0
billion C@G?D
Middlesex Union
Counties .336-594 million
BOPO
1.0 to 2.0 billion
CFGPD
b. State and local policies signifi-
cantly limit developn:@@nt of OCS-
related facilities in t.he CAFRA
coastal zone.

2. Medium Impact a. Medium find of recoverable oil and I gas processing treitrient 'o]ant
gas I or 2 pipeline lan'@falis
Sale No. 40 - 0.4 to 1.0 billion I pipeline installation support base
barrels of al] I marine tprpiin.31.
2.6 to 6.0 trillion Par:ial processing plant (UP to 24/,000
cuLic feet of gas NZ;_0 cdpacl.CY flceo@--d)

billion harrels
of oil
6.0 to 14 trillion
cubic feet of Ws
Production Rates - 0.2 to 0.5
mil I ion SOPD
1.0 to 2.0
billion CFGPD
Mi"dlesex & Union
Counties .198 to .3*36 million
SOPO
.5 to 1.0 billion
CFGPO
b. State and local policies ,:oderatelv
limit d,@v,@lwmcnt of OCS-related
facilities in the CAFPA coastal zone,

3. Low Impact A. No or loa find of recoverable oil I marine terminal
and gas
Sale No. 40 - 0. to .4 billi 'on
barrels of oil
0. to 2.6 trillion
cubic feet of gas
Atlantic Total - 0. to 2.0 billion
barrels of oil -
0. to 6.0 trillion
cubic feet of gas
Product-ion Rates - 0 to 0.2 million
B"-)PD
0 to 1.0 billion
CFGPD
Middlese x & Union
Counties - 0 to .193 million BOPD
NO gas
b. State and local policies do not sig-
nificantly limit develop,,;ent of rCS-
related facilities in the CAc.@@"% coas-
tal zone.

III. THE DEMAND FOR PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM-RELATED FACILITIES

A. Projections of Future._Energy and Petroleum Demands

The discussion in Chapter I of current petroleum supply and demand for

the United States as a whole, -the North Atlantic Coast, and Middlesex

County in particular, clearly indicates the existing patterns of oil

transport, processing, and delivery. Cha.pter II identifies the range of

facilities associated with OCS activities and the potential for OCS re-
lated facilities locatina in Middlesex County. It is not only appropriate
but essential to investigate future petroleum demand in order to fully exam-
ine the potential range o rfuture growth of petroleum related facilities
that might occur in Middlesex County. Projections of future petroleum
demand for the North Atlantic Coast are shown in the bottom portion of the

graph in Figure III-1. Petroleum, as of 1975, was being supplied to the
region in the form of crude oil (35%) and refined petroleum products (65%).
The upper portion of Figure III-I shows the projected demands for total

energy for -the North Atlantic Coast. It is assumed that future total energy
demand will be met by the five basic energy forms that are meeting current
demands. The following chart presents these basic energy forms and their

percentage of total 1975 energy demand.

% of Total
Energy From: Demand -1975

Oil 66%
Coal 15
Natural Gas 14
Nuclear 3
Hydropower 2

FIGURE I-I

PROJECTED DEMAND FOR TOTAL ENERGY AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC COAST REGION

-15

-14

-13

-12

-11

z TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND
uj -10

D
-9

cc -8
Lu
IL

C)
u-
0

=-6
cc
x
<
Im C)
M'j) C 0 PETROLEUM DEMAND
u- =: < .5
<

z
0
-j = . -4
-j 0

u
-3

1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
YEAR

SOURCE : Graph data from U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessrnent(@ @orking_fapers:) Coastal
Effect of Offshore Energ,@_Systern ,November 1976

Both the upper and lower portions of the graph shown in Figure III-1
consist of three separate projections, two by the U. S. Federal Energy
Administration (FEA) and one formulated by the Bureau of Mines (BOM)

of the U. S. Department of Interior,

Originally formulated as part of the 1976 National Energy Outlook,the

FEA's projections are based on the agency's econometric model and reflect

variations in such broad types of energy demand determinants as energy
prices, economic conditions, population, and the potential for energy conser-

vation. One scenario, the reference case, assumes "business as usual"

economic conditions and does not include conservation measures of the type
likely to be prompted by governmental intervention, although it does reflect

some conservation resulting from higher energy prices and new natural gas

prices.

The FEA conservation scenario assumes that stringent government con-

servation policies and programs will be instituted. Improved auto efficiency, van

pooling programs, increased airline load factors, better conservation, and

peak load management by utilities are all assumed as means to limit the

demand for petroleum. On the supply side, major assumptions include: (1) restric-
tions on nuclear power plantconstruction (no projects beyond currently

granted constructior permits) and, (2) environmental restrictions on mining and

burning coal.
Even with the institution of government conservation policy and programs
as assumed in the FEA conservation scenario, petroleum and total energy demand
will continue to rise. In fact, petroleum demand under FEA's conservation
scenario is actually projected to be higher by 1985'than the projection of

petroleum demand under FEA's reference scenario. Since the development

of nuclear and coal fuels is restricted under the conservation scenario,

petroleum demand is deduced to be higher than in the reference case which

does not assume stringent limitations on other fuel sources.
The projection made by the Bureau of Mines (BOM) (originally published
in 1975 in Energy through the Year, 2000), is essentially an extrapolation
of present trends in energy consumption, with judgement imposed to reflect
expectations about limitations to supply. Deregulation of oil and gas is
assumed. The potential for conservation was not considered in their forecast,
although a projection of a declining trend in energy per value ad ded ratios

does inject some measure of increased efficiency.

B Th e Po te n t i a I f or INew Growth i n Pe trol eum- Re 1 a ted Fac i I i t i e s

The graph shown in Figure iI-I presents recently published estimates

of the future demand for petroleum and other energy sources in the North

Atlantic Region. It is evident that petroleum demand is expected to increase

greatly by the year 2000. The following discussion focuses on the possible

modes by which petroleum might be supplied to the North Atlantic Region in

the future. The purpose of this section is to establish ranges of future

energy facility growth and to illustrate and dimensionalize the potential

demand for energy facilities. This illustration of the range ol possibilities

concerning petroleum-related facilities, including OCS facilities, is tenta-

tively presented to generally protray the North Atlantic Region's energy future

M4
and the facilitieswhich Ight locate in Middlesex County.

The 1976 supply of petroleum to the North Atlantic Region totaled 4.6

MB/D and consisted of 1.6 MB/D in cru-de oil and 3.0 MB/D in refined petroleum

products. The amount of crude oil supplied to the Region is approximately

equivalent to the regional refinery capacity. By the year 2000 petroleum

demand is expected to increase by 1.9 MB/D so that the total amount of petro-

leum needed to supply the Region would rise to 6.5 MB/D. Future petroleum

demand will be satisfied through one of the three possible arrangments:

1) increasing the amount of crude oil supplied to the Region; or

2) increasing the amount of refined petroleum products supplied to the
Region; or

3) increasing the amount of both crude oil and refined petroleum products
supplied to the Rbgion.

Presently, crude oil facilities consist of refineries, associated marine

terminals, storage tanks, and distribution facilities such as railroad tank

cars, tank trucks, and product pipelines. The present system of refined

petroleum Product facilities consists of marine terminals, storage tanks,

major product transmission pipelines and pipeline terminals, and distribution

facilities such as railroad tank cars, tank trucks, and product pipelines.

To meet'. future demand, either one of these systems of facilities, or both,

might expand in capacity and number of facilities. In addition, with the

imminent exploration and potential development and production of oil and

4-
gas off the Atlantic Coast, facilities associated with such OuUer Continental

Shelf (OCS) activities can be expected to locate in the Region, and oil, if

found, could contribute to the Region's future petroleum suppIly.

Offshore oil and gas related facilities may be categorized into two

basic groups. The first groupconsists of those facilites previously unknown

in the Regior,such as facilities engaged in the exploration and construction

phase of OCS activities, but also including some processing facilities associated

with the production phase.

TABLE III-I
OCS-Related Facilities new to the North Atlantic Region

exploration and permanent service buses
construction phase pipeline support base
platform installation support base
platform fabrication yards

---------------------------------------------------------------

production phase offshore crude oil pipelines
partial processing plants
gas processing plants

The second group consists of facilities which already exist in the

Region, plus refineries and petrochemical firms which may expand their

operations as a result of offshore oil.

TABLE 111-2
OCS-Related Facility Types Already existing in
the North Atlantic Region

exploration and refineries
construction phase petrochemical industries

The following section will discuss the possible means by which petroleum

demand may be met in the future. The discussion will consist of three

separate scenarios, each with different assumotions reqarding:

1) the replacement or non-replacement of offshore oil for the
crude oil that is presently being imported into the North
Atlantic Region;

2) the growth in refinery capacity in Middlesex County and
the North Atlantic Region; and

3) the growth in the capacity of those facilities that trans-
port, store, and distribute refined petroleum products to
the North Atlantic 10\bgion.

SCENARIO 1

Under this scenario it is assumed that: (1)"barrel-for-barrel replacement"

of offshore oil for crude imports will occur; (2) the refinery capacity in the

County or Region will not change, (3) the capacities of the Reaional

facilities to transport and store refined petroleum products will increase to

accommodate an additional 1.9 MB/D. Figure 111-2 indicates the changes in

relative amounts of crude and refined petroleum and the facilities that will

be associated with these changes. .

Under these assumptions, 0-.594 MB/D of Atlantic OCS oil may be transported

to Middlesex and Union Counties for refining. This crude oil would replace an

equivalent amount of imported crude and no additional refinery capacity would be

needed. Various OCS facilities may locate in Middlesex County to support the
development, production and transportation of OCS crude oil. (See Chapter II.)

If the find of recoverable resources of oil off the Atlantic Coast is very

low and state and local regulations do not significantly inhibit the development

of OCS facilities in other counties in New Jersey, then no or very few facilities

will be developed in Middlesex County. The number of OCS facilities likely to

locate in Middlesex County will increase proportionately with increases in the

amount of discovered recoverable resources of oil and the effectiveness of state

and local regulations in limiting development in other coastal counties.

Figure 111-2 also indicates that various new regional facilities wou ld be

needed to transport, receive,and store 1.9 millidn barrels per day of refined

petroleum products. The County Planning Board has not estimated the number of

these facilities thatwould locate in Middlesex County. It is likely, though, that the

Countywould experience some development since it is already a major port and

transshipment point for petroleum products supplying the New York and North

Atlantic Region market.

FIGURE 111-2
FUTURE DEMAND FOR PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM RELATED FACILITIcS
SCENARIO I

Assumptions:

1) Barrel for barrel replacement of offshore oil for
existing crude oil imports

2) Refinery Capacity: No change in Middlesex County or
the North Atlantic Region
3) Refined Petroleum Faciliti!s 1a,,aci,,,ty: Increase in
t,o I
the North Atiantic Region _cco ate an additional
1.9 MB/D

@'Number or Caoacity of OCS
Facilities Like:,,to Locate
CRUDE in Middlesex county
6 IMPORTS Gas Processing
Plants 0 3
0- - C54 OCS Partial Pro-
CRUDE cessing Plants 0 .37 MB/0
Capacity

Tank Farms 0 2
_@'\INCREASE Pipeline
Landfal Is 0 2
IN REFINED
PETROLEUM Marine
w PRODUCT Termi nal s 0 1
C_ IMPORTS
V) Perma nent
_j Support Base 0 2
LU
3 Pipeline
Sun@ort Base 0 1

U_ Pl@tfor,
C) CURRENT Support Sast 0 1
2 LEVEL OF
Ln REGIONAL FACILITY DEMAND
REFINED
PETROLEUM Refined Products Transportation
PRODUCT and Storage Facilitir@s:
IMP11T1 ma rine terminals (deepwater ports)
storage. tanks
\1 - pipelines & pipeline terminals

19 76 1985 20001

YEAR

Table IT 1-3 summarizes the land, water supply, energy, and employment

requirements of the OCS-related facilities likely to locate in Middlesex County

if the high impact development projection were to occur. Table 111-4 summarizes

the environmental impacts of these facilities under the same high impact develop-

ment projection.

TABLE 111-3

SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS OF FACILITIES PROJECTED UNDER THE HIGH DEVELOPMENT PROJECTION

Re iement, LAND WHARF SPACK KATER FUEL and/or ELECTRICITY EMPLOYMENT (Approximately)
FaciliLY Total --50-0-1 Workers LocaT-
u Faci'i,4atfrll. _T2G-0T,-,--TF-,Tat_ 250-6DU
! # of Gallons 1@0-107 Workers
,e -7T-T2R9F_ forms (2 bases) during
n0ore Facilities Acres/ Total Feet Total Gallons/ Total Quantity/ Workers; Total

21r6 brels/yr. dur- 250-300/5 Plat-
Dish. ejO 7
214GY pot- r urja forms during drilling
s @ected Fa;!1,ity Acres Feet Fac,11,1t@
development nar d
serv c n5
:rmanen " ce
during develp. 1 9 evelp.
Be mae e 2M Y pot ble able
ses G 2 a -96.000 -192,000 drilling
.11 MGD dur- *.1-.224 76,800 76,000
ing OO5MGD MGD deve- barrels/yr. dur- barrels/yr. dur-
potable lopment ing production ing production
.005-.01MGD
potable
Pipeline Installa-1 5 5 200 200 N/A N/A 50,000 gals./mo. 230,000 gals./mo. 25/pipeline 25/pipeline 13
for Jay barges for I lay barge 250-300/lay 250-300
- barge spread
tion 110,000 gals./mo. and 1 burying bar
Support Base for burying bar- 9 -
ge' , deisel oil for
tugs
Pla M Install:- 1 5 5 2 0 200+ w/A NIA 100,000 gals. of 37,800,000 - 100 Too offshore 125 40
0 deisel fuel/der- 000,ooo gals/yr. 25 onshore
t
in tfop four rick barge/unnth
nsup ort B platforms 150,000 gals./tug
installed per month
Pipeli ne Landfalls 1-2 50-100 ft. 1-200 N/A N/A N/A N/A 17 onshore N/A
right-of-
way; 40 ac.
if Pumping N/A NIA N/A
station nee-
d d; 60 if
t:rminal
Tank Farms 1-2 needed 17-58 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
C 8 million KWH/yr.
apacity (Barrels) 17 17-34 or 14 million JUH/yr.
.1 000 000 37 37 or NIA N/A
2:000:000 50 50 or N/A N/A
3,000 000 58 58
3,500:000 N/A N/A
Partial Processing1 300-340 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Plant (250,000
BOPD capacity)
Gas Processing 1-3 50-75 50-225 .2MGD aver- .2 to .6 64.8 million KWH/yr. 64.8-175 million N/A N/A NIA
age MGD 360 million cu. ft. KWH/yr. 360-1080
Treatment Plant of gas/month from million cu. ft. gas,
plant month

a million KWHlyr. 9 million KWH/yr. i60 constr0yr.) 560 constr.(l Yr.) 112constructiOn yr.)
Marine Terminal 1 30 30 N/A N/A limited 11,800 barrels of operation operation 6-67 operation
(1 Million barrel assuming ta@k farm
no pr - I million KWH/yr. fuel/year 10-9 10-90
storage capacity) terminals
cessing 11,800 barrels of
fuel/year
negligable or zero
not available 9
rMil7i.n Gallons Per Day (MGD) figures have been calculated by averaging of month y and yearly fi ures
IThis yearly quantity will vary greatly depending on the number of platforms installed
SOURCE: NERBC, FACTBDOK and Estimates For New England, and the Conservation Foundation, Onshore Impacts of OCS Oil and Gas Development

TABLE 111-4

SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FACILITIES PROJECTED

UNDER THE HIGH DEVELOPMENT PROJECTION

Impacts of AIR EMISSIONS -- Sources & Tons/Year MAJOR WASTEWATER POLLUTANTS
Facilities Hydro- Partic- Sulfur Nitrogen Carbon Hydro- Hydro- Heavy Antifouling Suspended
Onshore Projected carbons ulates Oxides Oxides Monoxide gen Sulfide carbons Metals Substances Solids
Facilities

Permanent Service I Fuel Stor- Mobile Mobile Mobile Runoff
Base age 3.0 Sources Sources Sources

Pipeline Install- 1 Fuel Stor- Mobile Mobile Mobile
ation Support Base age 1.0 to Sources Sources Sources
3.0

Platform Install- I Fuel Stor- Mobile Mobile Mobile
ation Support Base age 15 to Sources Sources Sources
40

Pipeline Landfalls 1-2 Compressors Compres- Pumps Pumps
& Pumps sors

Tank Farms Two (1 Crude Stor-
million age tank
bbl cap.') evapora-
1 (2 mil- tion
lion bbl
cap.) Transfer
losses .1 lb./
barrel trans-
ferred stor-
age

Partia I Processing 1 Tank Evapor- Combustion of gas pumps for leakage, process process
Plant (250,000 BOPD ation oil - water water water
Capacity) Leakage Separator
Pumps Pumps
Mobile Mobile Mobile Mobile
Sources Sources Sources Sources

Gas Processing 1-3 Process leaks Sulfur Process Process Sulfur re@ Prpcess ..Cooling Cooling
Treatment Plants 11,498-56,913 recovery covery 142- Water Water Water
3 to .5 BCFGPD) (1958 data) process rocess boiler water
iassuming sulfer con- 580-2871 M58 data) Eoiler
tent of 0.9% by volume) water
Marine Terminal 1 Crude Stor- Runoff
(I million barrel age Tank Ballast
storage capacity) Evaporation Water

Transfer
losses .1
lb./barrel
transferred

SOURCES: NERBC FACTBOOK and Estimates for New England, and The Conservation Foundation, Onshore Impacts of
Imparts
Ons@re
@F liti s

Oil and Gas Deve lopment.

TABLE 111-4
SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FACILITIES PROJECTED
UNDER THE HIGH DEVELOPMENT PRUJECTIUN
(Continued)

"-,@mpacts of NOISE EMISSIONS SOLID WASTE
Facilities (decibels; source)
Onshore Projected
Facilities

Permanent 1 Up to 85; 24 hours/day-punips Up to 6 tons/year during drilling
Service Base 90-96-, pneumatic power tools
92-100; air compressors

Pipeline Install- I NA Up to 6 tons/year
ation Support Base

Platform Install- I Up to 85; 24 hours/day Up to 6 tons/year
ation Support Base

Pipeline Landfalls 1-2 90-100; compressors NA
140; annual pipeline venting

Tank Farms 1-2 NA Contaminated sludge and sediments

Partial Processing 1 80-90; pumps NA
Plant 81-96 at 20 feet; flarestacks
81-96; treating vessels

Gas Processino 1-3 92-100; air compressors Sludges, scale, spent dessicants,
h-edtillent PlanL 81-96 at 20 feet-, flarestacks: 24 hours/day filtration media, oil absorbants
90 at 6 feet; boilers

Ma ri ne I NA Contaminated sludge and sediments
h--i-minal

NA = Not Available
SOURCES: NERBC, FACTBOOK, and Est.imates for New England, and The Con!;ervation Foundation, Onshore Itiipacts-of OCS Oil and Gas Development.

SCENARIO 2

Under this scenario it is assumed that: (1) OCS oil will not replace crude

oil imports and that the amount of crude oil imported will not change,(2) 'refinery

capacity in Middlesex County will increase by 0 to .594 million barrels per day.

@br processing of OCS crude,and (3) the wacity of the North Atlantic Region's facilities
fortransport and storageof mfined petroleum products wil 1 increase to accommodate an

additional 1.3 million barrels per day. Figure 111-3 indicates the changes in the

relative amounts of crude and refined petroleum and the facilities that will be

associated with these changes.

Under those assumptions additional refinery capacity, stimulated solely by

offshore oil production, would be developed in Middlesex County. The increased

refinery capacity would stimulate an increase in the petrochemical industry

resulting in the establishment of 0 to 7 petrochemical complexes in the County.

In addition, Figure 111-3 indicates that various OCS related facilities may

develop in Middlesex County. The number of facilities that are developed

depends primarily on the amount of oil discovered in the Atlantic OCS and the

effect of state and local regulations in limiting development in other coastal

counties.

Figure 111-3 also indicates that various new regional facilities would be

needed to transport, receive and store 1.3 million barrels per day of refined

petroleum products. Some of these might include: marine terminals (a possible

deepwater port for refined petroleum products); storage tanks; and/or refined

product pipelines from southern refineries. It is likely that the County will

1 Arthur D. Little, Inc. report to the Council on Environmental Quality,
Potential Onshore Effects of Deepwater Oil Terminal-Related Industrial
Development Vol. II East Coast, pp. 2-12.

FIGURE 111-3
FUTURE DEMAND FOR DF@ROLEUM ANO PE 7
ROLEUM RELATED FACILITIES
SCENARIO 2

Assumptions:

1) No replacement of OCS oil "or existing crude oil imports
2) Refinery Capacity: 0-,594 MB/D increase in Middlesex
County induced by offshore oil

3 ducts Facilities Capacity: increase in
3) Refined Pro
North Atlantic Region to accomrrocate an additional 1.3
MB/D

Number or Capacity of GCS-
Pelated Facil4@4cs Likely
to Locate in Middlesex Councy

Refineries 0 .549 @!B/D
CRUDE Capacity
IMPORTS petrochemical
Ccmplexes 0 7

Gas Processing
Plants 0 3
OCS
<: 5
0-594 CRUDE Partial Pro-
P!@rt, .37 'MB/@
Capacity
Ld
C_ Tank Farms 0 2

INCREASE I N
Pipeline
C) 4 REFINED PET-\ Landfalls 0 2
U_ ROLEUM PRO- Marine
C) DUCT IMPORTS Term inals 0 1

Permanent
LU 01 Ser ic- Bases 0
v
< Pip-lin
3 Support Base 0 1
U_
CD Platform
Support Base 0 1
V)
Ty D7@!A@J@@
REGIONAL FPC!Lr,- 11, @

Refined Products Transportation
2- CURRENT
LEVEL 0. , and Storag,,@ Faci.ities:
IMPORTED mar'ne terminals (deepwater
REFINED PET- por@s)
storage tan@s
ROLEU@l PRO- pi pe I i nes p i pel i ne term na Is
DUCTS

1976 1985 2COO

YEAR

66
0
.5
-

experience some development of these facilities since it is a major port and

transshipment point for petroleum products supplying the New York and North

Atlantic Region market.

Table 111-5 summarizes some of the impacts associated with refineries and

petrochemical complexes likely to locate in Middlesex County under this scenario.

The impacts and requirements for the remaining OCS induced facilities can be

found in Table 111-3 and Table 111-4.

TABLE 111-5

Selected Impacts Associated with Refineries and Petrochemical Complexes

For a 250,000 bbl/day refinery

Land Requirement Employment Water Demand Environmental Impacts
1000-1500 Acres 410 Operation -10.5 mgd brackish Air quality (especially
80% Local hydrocarbon emissions)
Water quality
Noise
Solid waste

For 0-7 petrochemical complexes

Employment Potable Water Demand Environmental Impacts

0-29,000 0-162 mgd using present Air quality
Persons wastewater treatment Water quality
technology Noise
0-68 mgd using advanced Solid Waste
wastewater treatment
technology

Source: Arthur D. Little, Inc., report to the Council on Environmental
Quality, Potential Onshore Effects of Deepwater Oil Terminal-Related
.Industrial Development Vol. II East Coast.

SCENARIO 3

Under this scenario it, is assumed that: (1) refinery capacity in the

North Atlantic Region will increase by 1.9 million barrels to accomodate

both growth in market demand and OCS oil; and (2) the capacity of refined

products facilities will not change.

Figure 111-4 indicates the OCS and petroleum facilities that are likely

to be located in the region and Middlesex County if these assumptions hold

true. The graph illustrates that by 2000 approximately 1.9 million barrels

of crude oil per day will be entering the North Atlantic Region from the

Atlantic OCS tracts and foreign sources. This would require the development

of between nine and ten refineries in the Region, each with a capacity of

200,000 barrels of oil per day. Such an increase in refinery capacity would
stimulate the development of up to 13 petro@hewdcal complexes in the Region.2
In addition 6.6 MB/D of crude oil storage capacity would be required.3

Table 111-6 identifies some selected impacts from petrochemical com-

plexes and storage tanks. Impacts associated with refineries can be found

in Table 111-5. Impacts and requirements for the remaining OCS induced

facilities can be found in Tables 111-3 and 111-4.

2Arthur D. Little, Inc. report to the Council on Environmental Quality
Potential Onshore Effects of Deepwater Oil Terminal Related Industrial
OeVelopment Vol. II East Coa,st, pp. 2-14.

31bid.

FIGURE 111-4
FUTURE OEM NO FOR PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM REL'_ED c.!'@CILITTES
__SC @NARIC 3

Assumptions:

1) Refinery Capacity: Increase by 1.9 MS/D in 'he North Atlantic
Region induced by OCS oil and growth in market demand

2) Refined Products Facilities Capacity: Remains Constant

Regional Facility Demand

Refineries - 1.9 MB/D Capacity

Petrochemical Complexes - 13

Crude Oil Storage - 6.6 il.IB/D
CURRENT
6 LEVEL OF @Number of Capacity of OCS
CRUDE Facilities Likely to Locate
IMPORTS Middlesex County
@S Low High
Impact I mpac t

Gas Process-
ing Plants 0 3
U-1
C_ i / / INCREASE
IN CRUDE Partial Pro-
IMPORTS BY cessing
L 1.9 MB/D Plants 0 .37MB/O Capacity
Tank Farms 0 2
U_
C)
Pipeline
Landfalls 0 2
C) 3
Mari ne
Terminals 0 1

Permanent
CURRENT Support B,ise 0 2
LEVEL OF
REFINED Pipeline
PRODUCTS Support Base 0 1
REMAINS Platform
CONSTANT Support Base 0 1

1976 1985 2000
YEAR
69
@
U RR
I
@LE El
P FI@
PRO DI
P
,F MA
CONS_

TABLE 111-6

SELECTED IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEXES AND STORAGE TANKS

For 0-13 Petrochemical complexes*

Employment Potable Water Demand Environmental Impacts

0-41,500 0-250 mgd using present Air quality
wastewater treatment Water quality
technology Solid waste
0-162 mgd using advanced Noise
wastewater treatment
technology
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

For Storage Tanks:

Employment Water Demand Environmental Impacts

NA NA Air quality
Water quality

NA = Not Available

*Source: Arthur D. Little, Inc. report to the Council on Environmental
Quality, Potential Onshore Effects of Deepwater Oil Terminal-Related
Industrial Development, Vol. II East Coast.

IV. DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCS AND ENERGY FACILITIES

The final report of the Middlesex County Planning Board on energy

and OCS facilit
y development will include an assessment of the suitability

of specific sites and/or areas in Middlesex County for the development and

operation of OCS-related facilities. These judgements of suitability will

be based on a balancing of the economic, social and environmental costs

and benefits of facility development. They will also be based on a con-

sideration of the existing legal and pol-itical constraints on facility

development. However, before this suitability assessment is undertaken,

an analysis must be made of the specific sites and/or areas in Middlesex County

that might be characterized as devetopmemt oppo,@,ttv@@t@es. Devetcprle@?'t

oppo,@tunit,@e,s are the sites and/or areas that satisfy industrial siting

criteria or physical siting requirements for OCS and energy facilities. These

industrial siting criteria include:

I. Transportation Access

A. Major highways (truck access)
B. Railroads
C. Ocean Access

1. adequate channel depth
2. channel clearance

IL Land

A . Size of tract
B. Vacant or redevelopable
C . Industrially zoned 2
D. Environmental Features

III. Wharf Space existing, developable
I V. Water Supply brackish, potable
V@ Electricity Demands

mppendix I is an outline of the final draft report. Chapter IX will
include the suitability assessment and it will be based on information from
Chapters VI, VII, VIII.
2See the map of Industrial Zoned Land in Appendix B.
71

There are various general areas in Middlesex County that

meet the industrial siting criteria of (1) transportation access
(road, rail and ocean)", (2) proximity to the Baltimore Canyon, (3)
land zoned for heavy industry (4) water supply and (5) electric
power for service and support bases, repair and maintenance yards,4
and pipe coating yards.5 These areas border on the Arthur Kill and

the Raritan River and are shown in figure IV-5. It should be noted that

these are general areas and are not specific sites meeting every
siting criteria. Some of the land in these areas is vacant and is
suitable for development of wharves. The planning board will conduct
investigations to determine particular sites in Middlesex County
that meet all of the siting criteria for these and other facilities.
These investigations will attempt to determine specific tracts of
vacant or redevelopable land that are large enough to accommodate

these facilities.

jChe area inland of the Swing Railroad Bridge crossing the Raritan
meet the siting criteria of channel clearance for steel platform installation
support bases if horizontal clearance in excess of 130 feet is required.
4Repair and maintenance services will probably be provided by existing port
facilities. If a new facility is needed, then areas along the Arthur Kill
and the Raritan River will meet the criteria for a new yard serving most
medium sized OCS vessels.
5Existing pipe coating yards may be able to supply,coat and store the pipe
for the Baltimore Canyon pipelines. In this case, a small port facility
for storage and loading and unloading of barges would be required. The
siting criteria for this type of facility are met by the general areas bor-
dering the Arthur Kill and the lower Raritan River.

A. Areas Meeting Selected Industrial Siting Criteria of Petroleum
KelateTTacilities

The purpose of this section is to present a preliminary analysis of

the general areas in Middlesex County that meet most of the major industrial

siting criteria for each of the types of petroleum-related facilities. The

industrial siting criteria that have not been used 'in making this preliminary

determination include: (1) the size anevacant. or redevelopable nature of
the tracts of land;and (2) wharf space availability, Other imQortant 'factors

affectinq a decision to build a facilitv have been considered wherpvpr thosp

factors tend to limit the location of tnat type of facility. For example,

partial processing plants will usually locate somewhere between oil pipelfne-

landfalls and a refinery, and this factor has been taken into account in making

the preliminary determination of development oppor'tu'nitfes for p'artial processing

plants ( See figure IV-2).

1. Refineries

The process involved in making the decisions whether and where

to locate a new refinery entails multiflarous fact-ors and consider-

ations. The size and complexity of a specific refinery will greatly

affect its industrial siting criteria and requirements. For in-

stance, a refinery with a capacity of 250,000 barrels of oil per

day usually requires 1,000 to 1,500 acres of flat vacant indus-

trially zoned land, rail and road transportation access, at

least 10.5 million gallons of brackish water per day (MGD), and

electrical power. The only areas oil industrially zoned land in

Middlesex County where a refinery codld obtain 10.5 MGD of

brackish water are located along the Arthur Kill and the lower

Raritan River.

Figure IV-1 illustrates the areas meeting the siting

criteria and factors of transportation access, heavy indus-

trial zoning, minimum brackish water supply and electrical

power for refineries with a capacity of 250,000 b-arrels of oil
per day. The land in these general areas is not necessarily

vacant or redevelopable. In addition, the specific zoning and
site plan review regulations of various municipalities may not
allow the development of refineries and some other OCS facili-

ties.

2. Petrochemical Complexes

The primary consideration in petrochemical plant siting is

the availability of raw materials or feedstock. Historically,
petrochemical plants have been dependent on the output of natural
gas processing plants--natural gas liquids such as butane, pro-

pane, and ethane--for feedstock material. In addition, gas
itself, comprised 90% of methane, is a major raw material and fuel
for petrochemical operations. More recently, crude refinery out-
puts, such as naptha and gas oil, have begun constituting another
major source of raw material and fuels for the petrochemical indus-

try.,

Petrochemical industries would thus seek to locate either:

(1 close to refineries and ports where napthas and crude oil
could be imported; or (2) near refined product and/or natural gas

pipelines.
Areas in Middlesex County bordering existing natural gas and

refined product pipelines can be seen on the map on page

FIGURE IV-1

S-0

01
ij

SELECTED CRITERIA;
TRANSPORTATION ACCESS
INCLUDING CHANNEL DEPTH'
INDUSTRIALLY ZONED LAND
MINIMUM BRACKISH WATER
SUPPLY
ELECTRICAL POWER

FOR REFINERIES @250,000 b/d
Capacity)

AREAS MEETING INDUSTRIAL SITING CRITERIA - REFINERIESj

Petrochemical industries seeking to locate near either existing

or potential refineries would seek sites in the same areas that
meet the industrial siting criteria for refineries (figure IV-1).

3. Gas Processing Treatment Plants and Partial Processing__
Flants

Gas processing treatment plants recover liquifiable hydro-

carbons from the raw gas stream. They are usually located

somewhere between the gas pipeline landfall and commercial gas

transmission lines. It is most likely that these plants would

locate near the Raritan Bay (See figure IV-2) to be close to gas

pipeline landfalls and relatively close to commercial gas trans-

mission lines. It is also quite possible, however, that gas

processing treatment plants would locate on industrially zoned

sites in other parts of the county.

Partial processing plants remove water from the unprocessed

oil well stream before it is transported to refineries for final

treatment. These plants tend to locate somewhere between the oil

pipeline landfall and refineries. O'@-her siting criteria of
partial processing plants include: (1) rail access for trans-
portation of natural gas liquids; (2) road access for transport

of smaller quantities of natural gas liquids and solid waste;

(3) relatively la'rge tracts of land zoned for heavy industry;
(4) 200,000+ gallons of water per day; and (5) electric power.
The general areas adjacent to the Rari tan River and the Arthur Ki 11

meet these basic industrial siting criteria and are relatively
close to the refineries and potential sites for land-falls (See

figure IV-2).

7 6

FIGURE IV-2

....... ...

. . .......

e'@

SELECTED CRITERIA:
TRANSPORTATION ACCESS
INDUSTRIALLY ZONED LAND
PROXIMITY TO REFINERY OR
GAS TRANSMISSION LINES
ELECTRIC POWER

FOR FOLLOWING FACILITIES:
GAS PROCESSING TREATMENT
PLANTS
PARTIAL PROCESSING PLANTS
AREAS MEETING INDUSTRIAL SITING CRITERIA - PROCESSING

4. Tank Farms

Tank farms store crude oil or refined petroleum products

before shipment to refineries or various markets. Tank farms may

1 4
be associated with refineries, pipe ines, and ma@ine terminals.

a. Marine Terminal and/or Refinery Tank Farms

The industrial siting criteria for tank farms assoc-

iated with refineries and/or marine terminals include:

(1) transportation access by rail, road and usually sea,
(2) industrially zoned land, (3) small quantities of water,
(4) electric power and (5) proximity of refinery or mar-
ket. Figure IV-3 indicates the areas meeting these basic
industrial siting criteria. This map shows that the

tanks associated with the marine terminal or refinery can

be located inland of the wharves of the marine terminal.

b. Pipeline Tank Farms

If tank iarms are associated with pipelines, then

many industrially zoned va.cant and redevelopable sites
throughout the County could meet the siting criteria for

tank farms.

The basic industrial siting criteria for tank farms

associated with pipelines include: (1) proximity to
pipeline, (2) transportation access by road and rail,
(3) industrially zoned land, (4) small quantities of
water, and (5) some electric power. If new pipelines
for crude oil from the Baltimore Canyon are landed in

Middlesex County then pipeline tank farms may be lo-
cated on industrially zoned sites E, on or near
6See the map of Industrial Zoned Land in Appendix B.

FIGURE IV-3

I OR),

-s' I!,

SELECTED CRITERIA@
PROXIMITY TO MARINE
TERMINAL arid/or REFINERY
TRANSPORTATION ACCESS
P. INDUSTRIALLY ZONED LAND
ELECTRIC POWER

FOR TANK FARMS ASSOCIATED
WITH MARINE TERMINALS OR
REFINERIES
AREAS MEETING INDUSTRIAL SITING. CRITERIA-
MARINE TERMINAL and/or REFINERY TANK FARMS

Raritan Saw and rela-l'--ivelv close -t*-c. th@-2 re`4neri-s

in and near Middlesex County. Other pipeline tank

farms may be 'located along existing or new refined

product pipelines.

5. Pipeline Landfalls
Pipeline landfalls is a phrase used to describe the location
where submerged gas and oil pipelines core ashore. These facilities
may include a pumping station and some storage tanks. Pipeline
la ndfall facilities are usually located on flat industrially zoned
land on or near the ocean, bay or other body of water. No specific
channel dep".-Ihs are required and therefore pipeline landfall.
facilities for Baltimore Canyon pipelines may be located alcng or

near the Raritan Bay or the Arthur Kill,

6. Marine Terminal

Marine terminals receive and store crude oil and refined petro-

leurn products and transfer them to refineries and/or various mar-
kets. They usually have special navigational requirements such as
turning area, navigational aids and sheltered harbors,depending on

the size of the tankers and barges expected to arrive at the

4
terminal. Other Industrial siting criteria of marine terminals
include: (1) proximity to refineries (if crude oil is received),

4
(2) industrially zoned land, (3) a minimal amount water; and (4) some
electrical power. The general areas along the Arthur Kill and the
lower Raritan River also meet the industrial siting criteria for
marine terminals. However, the areas inland of! the Swing Railroad

7 See the 1977 Energy Facilities Map (page 9 ) for an indication of exist Ing
oil pipelines and pipeline terminals.

FIGURE IV-4

L7111

.. . ... ........
SELECTED CRITERIA:
TRANSPORTATION ACCESS

INDUSTRIALLY ZONED LAND
INCLUDING CHANNEL DEPTH

ELECTRIC POWER

FOR MAR;NE TERMINALS
SERVICING BARGES & S,@,@ALL
TANKERS
SERVICING BARGES & MID-
S117ED TANKERS

S
AREAS MEETING INDUSTRIAL SITING CRITERIA MARINE TERMINAL

Bridge crossing the Raritan between South Amboy and Perth Amboy
can only meet the siting criteria for marine terminals serviced
by small tankers and barges. This is due to the limited hori-
zontal clearance (132 feet) of the Swing Bridge. Figure !V-4
indicates these general areas meeting the industrial siting

criteria.

7. Service and Support Bases, Repair and Mai.nt-enance Yards
a n d @ :1 @p @eo a t @in g- @Ya__r _J s
There are two types of service bases--temporary bases and
permanent bases- and two types of support bases--steel platform
installation support bases and pipeline installation support
bases. Repair and maintenance yards and pipe coating yards have
siting criteria and physical requirements that are very similar
to service and support bases. All of these facilities require
transportation access by roads, rail and sea. The channels to
the sea must have depths of at least 15 to 20 feet. These bases
are usually located within 200 miles of the offshore drilling

tracts.

8 /2

FIGURE'IV-5

A
_0 N
IOWA

SELECTED CRITERIA:
TRANSPORTATION ACCESS
INCLUDING CHANNEL DEPTH
INDUSTRIALLY ZONED LAND
WATER SUPPLY
ELECTRIC POWER

FOR FOLLOWING FACILITIES
TEMPORARY & PERMANENT
SERVICE BASES
SUPPORT BASES FOR PIPELINE
& PLATFORM INSTALLATAION.
REPAIR & MAINTENANCE
YARDS
PIPE COATING YARDS

AREAS MEETING INDUSTRIAL, SITING CRITERIA-
SERVICE BASES &SUPPORT BASES

APPENDIX A

MIDDLESEX COUNTY OCS AND ENERGY FACILITIES PLANNING
PRELIMINARY TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR FINAL REPORT

Abstract

II. Introduction

A. The Study of Offshore Oil and Coastal Energy Facilities
B. The Audience
C. Statement of Purpose
D. Ojbectives

III. Existing Energy Facilities: Components in a Regional Pattern
of Energy Supply

A. The Current Pattern of Petroleum Supply

1. The United States
2. The North Atlantic Region
3. Inventory -of Facilities in Middlesex County

f 4
a. marine terminals (re ined products and crude oil)
b. pipelines and pipeline terminals
c. refineries
d. petrochemical industry

B. The Current Pattern of Natural Gas Supply

1. Sources of supply
2. Means of transport
3. Demand
4. Inventory of existing facilities

a) major interstate pipelines companies
b) public utilities

1) distribution pipelines
2) synthetic natural gas plants (SNG)
3) liquified natural gas storage and transfer
facilities (LNG)

C. The Curren", Pattern of Electrical Energy

1. generating s.tat.-ions ..
2. transmission and distribution facilities

D. Research-,Nuclea'r Test Reactor Facility

E. Summary Statement: An Overview of the Inventory of
Energy Facilities in Middlesex County

A-1

IV. Outercontinental Shelf Oil and Gas Activities

A. Phases of OCS Oil and Gas Activity

B. Description, Impacts and Requirements of Onshore Facilities

1. Temporary Service Base
2. Permanent Service Bases
3. Steel Platform installation Support Bases
4. Repair and Maintenance Yards
5. Transportation
6. Pipeline Installation Support Bases
7. Partial Processing Plants
8. Gas Processing Treatment Plants
9. Refineries
10. Platform Fabrication Yards
11. Pipe Coating Yards
12. Tank Farms

C. The Potential for OCS Related Facilities Locating inMiddlesex County

1. High development projection
2. Medium development projection
3. Low development projection
4.. Summary

V. The Demand for Energy and Energy Facilities

A. Projections of Future Energy Demands

B. The Potential for new Growth in Energy Facilities

1. Petroleum-related facilities

a. refineries, petrochemical industry, marine terminals,
pipelines and pipeline terminals
b. deepwater port
c. offshore oil industries

2. Gas facilities

a. liquified natural gas
b. synthetic natural gas

lFacilities
Electrical energy
4. Research facilities

A-2

i t4
VI. Development Opportunities for OCS and Energy Facil les

A. Identification of Industrial Siting Criteria

1. Transportation access

a. major highv/ays (truck access)
b. railroads
c. sea

1) adequate channel depth
2) channel clearance

2. Land

a. size of tract
b. vacant or redevelopable
c. industrial zoning
d. environmental features

3. Wharf Space existing, developable

4. Water Supply brackish, potable

B. Define Sites or Areas Meeting Siting Criteria

VII. The Impacts from OCS and Energy Facilities

A. Economic Impacts

1. Direct effects

a. new employment
b. capital investment
c. tax revenues

2. Indirect effects

a. aggregate income effect's
b. indirect employment

3. 'Ibduced effects - employment

B. Social Impacts

1. Water Supply system
2. Sewe@age
3. Transportation
4. Housing
5. Educational needs
6. Other Public facilities and services

A-3

C. Environmental Impacts

1. Air emissions
2. Waste water effluent
3. Noise
4. Solid, toxic, and hazardous wastes
5. Environmentally sen'sitive are-as

a. wetlands
b. floodplains
c. aquifer outcrop areas

VIII. Constraints on Development of OCS and Energy Facilities

A. Legal Constraints

1. Local land use regulations
2. State and Federal regulations

a. air quality
b. water quality
c. wetlands
d. riparian
e. floodplains
f. noise
g. land use

1) CAFRA
2) Coastal Zone Management Program

B. Political Constraints

1. Public bpinion and values
2. Local government policy and preferences

C. Land Use Compatibility
Compatibility with existing uses (health, safety, welfare)

a. residential
b. commercial
c. industrial

IX. Suitability Assessment

A. Consider the compatibility of OCS and energy facility development
with other coastal concerns

B. Assess the benefits and/or costs of OCS activity and energy
facility development to county and municipalities, in terms
L
.C
01 employment and tax revenues

A-4

C. Assess the constraints to OCS development in terms of the
limitation of the land to absorb development; consider land,
water and existing infra-structure

D. Evaluate the -inventory and identify possible areas which might
be suitable for pipeline corridors, corridor areas, OCS staging
areas, storage yards, etc.

E. Develop or recommend matrices, indices, etc., that would help
local government to 'assess effects of OCS development

X. Recommend OCS and Energy Facility Siting Policies

A. Use-Location Recommendations Based on Suitability Analysis

B. Design Recommendations

C. Priority Recommendations

XI. County Role in Coastal Energy Facility Siting

A. County/State Relationships

B. County/County Relationships

C. County/Municipal Relationships

D. County/Public Relationships

XII. County View of State and National Interests in Coastal Energy
Facility Siting

XIII. County View of State and Federal Assistance in Coastal Energy
Facility Siting

XIV. Conclusion: Summary of Findings

A-5

APPENDIX - B

el
ti;

lit-

... .........

Pr@

Z
. .. .... ... . .

MINI
@A-

-Taw a,

...... ... ..

izito- i:::aii.

...... ......

ij*

-7
"V

LIGHT INDUSTRY

HEAVY INDUSTRY

INDUSTR IAL ZON ED LAND

B-1

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