[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
id. ....... ... .... .. . ... Coastal Zone . ... .. .... In ormation ..... ...... ::XX;: X .......... Center X-X: .......... ...... ... ... .. ..... ................. ::xq. X`,..:%::,:,:::: -X XX . . .... ..... ........... . ....... .... ....... ..... ..... XX XX ..... .... ............... ER CONTINENTAL SHELF . .............. . . ......... ....... . . ..... . ..... and ::,.,,::....:ENERGY FACILITY PLANNING STUDY ..... ..... X: . . ..... .... ..... .... in .... .. ........... .... EAN COUNTY NEW JERSEY .......... . ............... . ....... CMTAL 7, '9W---X13 rrKUR NFORM .. . ....... .... ... . . . .... ... .... ........ . ...... ........ ... ...... . ....... .. ... ... ...... .. .... .... .... ...... ...... .......... ....... .......... .... .......... .... . . ..... ........... . . .. . . .......... .... ... .... X.:.@.,% ------------- . . . . . . . ......... TD 195 P4 APR 18 1978 034 1978 n.Countv Planning Board Jmmar-y 1978 .......... ...... U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413 June 9 1978 OCEAN COUNTY OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF AND ENERGY FACILITIES PLANNING STUDY COASTAL ZONE Property of CSC Library INFORMATION Prepared by: Ocean County Planning Department January, 1978 Revised April, 1978 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413 This report was prepared under terms of contract to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Coastal Zone Management, with financial assistance under the provisions of Section 305 of P.L. 92-583 Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. Property of CSC Library C 0 U N T Y 0 F 0 C E A N BOARD OF CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS CWTAL ZON 'q 7r!7 @m NTR Hazel S. Gluck... Freeholder-Director Leonard T. Ernest A. Buhr ............................... Freeholder Robert A. Gasser ............................. Freeholder George Hoffman ............................... Freeholder Frank B. Holman .............................. Administrator A. Paul King, III ............................ Clerk of the Board Franklin H. Berry, Jr., Esq .................. County Counsel PLANNING BOARD H. George Buckwald ........................... Chairman Phillip D. Bertrand .......................... Vice-Chairman Hazel S. Gluck ............................... Freeholder-Director Ernest A. Buhr ............................... Freeholder George Hoffman ............................... Alternate Freeholder William L. Gillette .......................... Member Ernest Manuwald .............................. Member G. Thomas Oakley ............................. Member Peter Carlson ................................ Member Irving Richmond .............................. Alternate Member Richard E. Lane .............................. County Engineer Steven L. Pollock ............................ Acting Director Peter Hennes, Esq ............................ Counsel Irene L. Hooper .............................. Secretary SUMMARY The Ocean County Outer Continental Shelf and Energy Facility Planning Study was undertaken in conjunction with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Coastal Zone Management, to supplement the regular Coastal Zone Management Program administered under Section 305 of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-583). The Ocean County Study is one of twelve county studies coordinated by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Coastal Zone Management. These studies were developed in conjunction with an overall program of outer continental shelf and energy facility development analyses being undertaken by the State, the Federal government and other planning agencies. The purpose of the Ocean County Study was to provide local input and develop local expertise and a data base for the Ocean County area and also to provide inter-county and county-state coordination on the proposed outer continental shelf and energy facility development programs within the New Jersey Coastal area. This study provides an overview of Ocean County, an inventory of natural resources, human resources and land uses within Ocean County, an evaluation of the suitability or unsuitability of outer continental shelf and related energy facility sites and activities, a description of criteria utilized in establishing the acceptability or unacceptability of energy facility siting related to the outer continental shelf program in terms of environmental impacts, economic impacts and energy related activities currently located within the County. OCS related facilities identified as potentially compatible with Ocean County environmental resources, land use patterns and relationships, and economic base include temporary service base activities, permanent service space activities, and administration and ancillary activities, including inspection, emergency services, and related activities which are compatible with the existing fish- ing and resort/tourist facilities and environmental constraints within the County. Ocean County has extensive natural resource areas which are not compatible with the transmission and/or processing of oil and natural gas in the event that it is discovered off the coast of Ocean County. The sensitive and critical natural resources within the County have been inventoried and are identified within the report. In addition, the development patterns and overall infrastructure development of the County in terms of water re- source management, transportation, economic and industrial development, resort tourism, adult retirement communities, air quality, fishing, clamming, recreation uses, and other activities are described within the report. Ocean County has identified the extent to which energy facil- ity siting in Ocean County and the New Jersey Coastal area will accommodate State and national interests. The report describes recommended methods for facilitating communication between State, regional, county and local interest groups. The report also provides an analysis of mitigating measures which the State of New Jersey can utilize if OCS activity is to be accommodated. The importance of protecting and preserving environmentally sensitive areas in terms of the direct and indirect positive economic, social and energy conservation impacts on the State, region and nation have been identified and fully supported by the County of Ocean and its municipalities. The unique natural resource inherent in the coastal beaches of the State of New Jersey are a major national resource in terms of providing recreation to the major metropolitan areas of New York and Philadelphia and the central Atlantic coastal region which ex- tends inland to areas within Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia and New York and to the international tourist trade from Canada. The importance of preserving and maintaining the coastal area of Ocean County and New Jersey is deemed an essential and critical facet of off-shore energy siting and facility develop- ment. Ocean County views its role in coastal energy facility siting as a sub-regional coordination function for the County area which constitutes one-third (1/3) of the New Jersey coastal region. The County serves as a focal point for coordinating local input and policy development for the County in terms of coordination and information distribution to municipal and area interest groups concerned with the development of the coastal area. Ocean County strongly supports the development of coastal planning strategies at the County and municipal levels. The County has supported and continues to support recommendations for State and Federal legislation designed to include County/ municipal coordination in the development and implementation of outer continental shelf and energy facility planning programs and other energy related and economic development activities within the Ocean County coastal area and the New Jersey coastal zone. C REGIONAL LOCATION INTERSTA'p 4 NE A K NEW YORK I Vp NT STATE E- 1-295 0 WSW% 94 VA TRENTON I-2a7 1-195 c cl PHILADELPHIA 70 ...4-OUNTN 72 wq 7 ATLANTIC CITY PREPARED BY: OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD January, 1978 iv C 0 1 N T Y JACKSON POINT PLEASANT BEACH BRICK @POIIT LAKEWOOD BRICK @PIOLIAIA BAY HEAD Am MANTOLOKING PLUMSTED il-ILAKEHURST DOVER LAVALLETTE Do ISLAND HEIGHT SEASIDE HEIGHTS OUT T.M'S R"lVEF-\' ANCHESTER \EACHWOOV NEN N ATE SEASIDE P... BEACH BERKELEY LACEY @.SLA.D BEACH ISTATE OWNED PARK LAND) 4v 0 OCEAN G IAONEGAT BARNEGAT LIGHT BEACH STAFFORD HARVEY CEDARS LONG BEACH (P.111 SURF C111 P BOTTO. LITTLE \ /' EAGLESWO.G I EGG HARBOR LONG BEACH P1,11 @)TUCKFFTON`, f 'OUNTY OCEAN C COUNTY BOUNDARY BEACH HAVEN NEW JERSEY MUNICIPALITY BOUND ART /L.N. BEACH IP.1111 P R E P A R E 1) BY OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD v TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary ............................................................ i Regional Location .................................................. iv Municipalities ..................................................... v Table of Contents .................................................. vi Tables, Maps and Figures ........................................... vii I. Introduction .................................................. 1 II. Overview of Ocean County ...................................... 3 III. Inventory .................................................... 13 A. Natural Resources ........................................ 13 1. Geology .............................................. 13 2. Vegetation Habitats and Critical Areas ............... 18 3. Topography and Drainage .............................. 26 4. Climate .............................................. 31 5. Prime Agricultural Soils ............................. 35 B. Human Resources and Uses ................................. 36 1. Aquifer Recharge Areas ............................... 36 2. Waste Water Management ............................... 40 3. Transportation ....................................... 43 4. Economic Conditions .................................. 46 5. Industrial Development ............................... 47 6. Population ........................................... 51 7. Adult Retirement Communities ......................... 54 8. Resort Tourism ....................................... 57 9. Air Quality .......................................... 60 10. Airports ............................................. 67 11. Electric and Gas Utilities ........................... 69 12. Ocean County Growth Incentives ....................... 74 13. Ocean County Growth Constraints ...................... 76 14. Fishing, Clamming, Recreation ........................ 81 IV. Suitability of Onshore Facilities for Outer Continental Shelf and Energy Development Activities ............................ 84 V. Unsuitable Facilities for Outer Continental Shelf Activities . 93 VI. County Role in Energy Facility Siting ........................ 97 VII. County View of State and National Interests in Coastal Energy Siting ............................................... 101 VIII. County View of State and Federal Assistance in Coastal Energy Siting ............................................... 104 Selected Bibliography .............................................. 107 vi TABLES, MAPS, FIGURES TABLES Page I. Ocean County Existing Land Use Tabulations ................... ]7 II. Area Measurements of Drainage Basins ......................... 21) III. Industrial Parks in Ocean County ............................. 4:3 IV. 1980 Employment Projections, Ocean County .................... 51) V. Estimates of Existing Population, Ocean County ............... 51 V-a. Ratio of Seasonal to Permanent Population .................... 57 V-b. Ocean County Population, 1974 ................................ 58 VI. National Ambient Air Quality Standards ....................... 61 VII. Air Quality Data for Toms River, New Jersey .................. 6:2 VIII. Air Quality Data for Asbury Park, New Jersey ................. 63 IX. Air Quality Data for Freehold, New Jersey .................... 64 MAPS Page Regional Location ............................................ iv Municipalities ............................................... v Existing Zoning .............................................. 8 Ocean County Retirement Communities - 1976 ................... 55 Right-of-Ways - 50' or More .................................. 73 vii FIGURES Page 1. Geology of Ocean County ...................................... 14 2. Geohydrolic Section, Ocean County, New Jersey ................ 15 3. Geohydrolic Section from Sandy Hook to Atlantic City ......... 16 4. Structure Contours and Thicknesses of The Raritan and Raritan and Magothy Formations ..................... 17 5. Summary of Environmentally Sensitive Areas ................... 19 6. Topography of Ocean County ................................... 27 7. Drainage Basins of Ocean County: Location and Area ........... 28 8. Harbor Inlet - Intracoastal Waterway ......................... 30 9. Average Number of Days Without Killing Frost ................. 33 10. Average Annual Precipitation ................................. 34 11. Thickness of Kirkwood Formation .............................. 37 12. Water Table Contours of Ocean County ......................... 38 13. Master Plan for Wastewater Management in Ocean County ........ 41 14. Population Distribution, Ocean County, New Jersey ............ 52 15.. Airport Sites in Ocean County ................................ 68 16. Electric Service Areas ....................................... 70 17. Gas Lines .................................................... 72 18. Areas of Ocean County Included in The Pine Barrens and CAFRA .......................................... 77 19. Location of Historic Sites ................................... 82 viii Introduction The U.S. Department of the Interior is leasing extensive offshore tracts on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) for purposes of oil and gas extraction. Certain onshore areas of New Jersey adjacent to these tracts are potential staging points for offshore operations, landside terminal points for trans- mission and storage of oil and gas, and locations for gas processing plants and related facilities. The State of New Jersey arranged with the U.S. Department of Commerce through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to act as coordinator/contractor for funding coastal planning studies for OCS and energy facility siting. The State is also responsible for developing a man- agement program under provisions of Section 305 of P.L. 92-583, which in- cludes certain lands lying within Ocean County A portion of the Federal grant to the State was passed-through to Ocean County to support local planning for these OCS and energy facility planning activities. The Ocean County Board of Chosen Freeholders signed an agree- ment with the New Jersey State Department of Environmental Protection to undertake a cooperative subregional OCS and Energy Facility Planning Study. Under this agreement, the Ocean County Planning Board's staff will fulfill the County's obligations as one of 12 participating Counties. The work program included several tasks. The first task was a review of OCS studies, energy studies, State and local policies, and the solici- tation of comments from interested persons and organizations. Next, the planning staff conducted surveys of existing coastal public and private facilities and services, coastal resources, and coastal land and water uses 1 existing within Ocean County. The inventory serves as a basis for evaluat.- ing the feasibility or non-feasibility of accommodating energy facilities. The third task was the analysis and assessment of the impacts of OCS and energy facility development. Consideration was given to the national interest and the State's responsibilities in meeting regional and local needs, but also to compatibility with other coastal concerns, the benefits and/or costs of such activity to County and municipalities in terms of 4 employment and tax revenues, and the constraints to OCS development in terms of the limitation of land to absorb development. Throughout the or planning effort, the Board solicited and considered municipal and State in- put, as well as input from various groups active in the County, including those from both the environmental and the development perspective. The final task involved recommendations to the State based on the tasks as described above as to the evaluation of geographic areas within Ocean County that could support O.C.S. aM energy facility development. The plain also identifies areas within Ocean County that are unsuitable for O.C.S. related energy facility development, and documents the rationale for such recommendations. 2 OVERVIEW of OCEAN COUNTY Ocean County, with approximately 639 square miles of land area, is the second largest county in New Jersey. The County is located in the south- east portion along the Atlantic Ocean coastline. A part of the Atlantic coastal plain, the topography of the County is essentially flat. There are four primary geographic features in the County; the two barrier beaches, Long Beach Island and Island Beach; Barnegat Bay consisting of 60 square miles of bay waters; the mainland with several hundred miles of coastline on Barnegat Bay; and the inland area that is mostly cove red with upland forest. This inland area generally is comprised of the land west of the Garden State Parkway and is generically referred to as the "Pine Barrens". The County lies on the periphery of two of the Nation's largest metro- politan centers, 50 miles south of New York City and 60 miles east of Phila- delphia. With an improved transportation network, especially the construc- tion of the Garden State Parkway in the mid-1950's, Ocean County was im- pacted by the national trend towards suburbanization that began at the end of the Second World War. Improved access to the metropolitan areas allowed people to live in the County and commute to jobs located in the traditional urban areas of northern New Jersey and New York. Approximately 48 percent of the working population commutes to jobs outside of the County. The local factors that have encouraged growth include the availability of relatively inexpensive and developable land, accessibility to employment 3 centers, the development of a regional sewerage system, the continued de- velopment of senior citizen communities, the conversion of seasonal homes to year-round occupancy, the natural amenities and resort character of the County and the gradual filling up of the more urbanized areas to the north. These incentives for growth have made Ocean County the fastest growing county in the State. Ocean County's population has nearly doubled in each of the last two decades, expanding from 56,609 persons in 1950 to 108,241 persons in 1960 and 208,470 persons in 1970. These figures represent popu- lation increases of 91.2 percent and 92.5 percent, respectively. The pro- visional July 1, 1976 estimates prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census indicates an increase in the County's population of 100,300 persons since 1970. This is an increase of 48 percent, for a current estimated popula- tion of 308,500 persons. Almost 98,000 persons are estimated to have mi- grated into the County since 1970. The continued growth of Ocean County and other extra-urban counties may indicate a redistribution trend for New Jersey's population as a whole. Population growth at the State level has sharpley declined. The overall State growth margin is nominal, that is 3, 100 persons between 1975 and 1976. Lacking major population increases at the State level, net migration into Ocean County in the future would be the result of geographical shifts, in the population of the State. This redistribution effect is already ob-. servable. The provisional 1976 estimates show that the more densely popu-. lated and heavily urbanized northern counties have lost population. These northern counties include Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Middlesex, Morris and Union. 4 In contrast, the developing counties in the south and the northwest ex- hibited population increases, with Ocean County's being the most dramatic. There are indications that the recent economic recession, that slowed somewhat the County's growth, is retreating. Residential building permit data collected by the New Jersey Department of Labor and Industry indicates that as of May 1977, approximately 600 dwelling units had been authorized in the County. This figure compares to 1,323 units authorized during the same period in 1976, and 880 units in 1975. Ocean County's population is expected to continue to expand, but at a slower rate than experienced in the 1950's and 1960's. The 208 Water Quality Project has prepared a set of population projections to the year 2000 for the County. These projections estimate a total population figure of between 560,000 and 646,000 persons in the year 2000. If these projections are achiev- ed, Ocean County's population would expand by 82 - 109 percent over a twenty- three year period. The rapid population increases experienced by Ocean County has had a con- comitant increase in the use of land. Through the 1950's, Ocean County was characterized by rural and resort-tourism activities. The tourist industry traditionally has been the most important element in the County's economy since improved rail transportation at the turn of the century made the beaches acces- sible to the millions of vacationers residing in New York, Philadelphia and northern New Jersey. Tourism remains the County's most lucrative industry, with about $500 million and 14,000 jobs attributed to tourism in 1975. Agri- culture, fishing, shellfishing and mining, once mainstays of the County's economy have declined in importance as the economy has become more balanced 5 and diversified with the addition of jobs from the industrial and commercial sectors. In February, 1977, the Ocean County 208 Water Quality Management Project completed a survey of existing land uses in the County. The survey is the first lot-specific field survey completed at the County level. Each of the 33 municipalities that comprise the County was surveyed, and detailed exist- ing land use maps were prepared. Acreage tabulations at the municipal, plan- ning area, and County levels were also calculated. The information regarding the amount of land associated with the various land use classifications for Ocean County is included in Table I.and the EXISTING ZONING map. The land use survey indicates that while the amount of land being devel- oped for urban usage is increasing, the County maintains a vast potential for further development. Of the 408,382 acres in the County, approximately 230,156 acres are vacant, of which nearly 4,400 acres are in agricultural use. Cer- tainly, not all of the vacant land in the County can be considered as develop- able. However, preliminary analysis by the 208 staff indicates that therE, are 1z ample amounts of land to accommodate the residential, commercial, industrial such as light manufacturing, assembly plants, and research complexes and other requirements of the projected population without infringing or impacting E!n- vironmentally sensitive areas. Environmental factors that were considered in this analysis include stream corridors and headwater areas; inland and tidal wetlands, prime open agricultural land, and areas of unique vegetation, Such as lowland forest and the "dwarf forest". These areas were not considered as developable land and represent about 57 percent of the total land area of the county. 6 OCEAN COUNTY EXISTING LAND USE TABULATIONS TABLEJ Developed Land 50108 .98 acres 12. 25"/5 Map Source POR Roads, Public, Undeveloped Land 358273 . Oo acres 87 , 75_'.'@ Map Scale 1 "=4000' Total Land Area 468 , 381_._98acreslOO . 00','@ LAND USES ACRES % OF DEVELOPED LAND % OF TOTAL LAND RESIDENTIAL 29,691.48 59.25 7.27 Single Family 24301 .66 48.50 5.95 Two Family 427.62 0.85 0.10 Three-Five Family 101.62 0.20 0.03 Multi-Family over Five 1071.46 2.14 0.26 Mobile Homes & Trailers 399.68 0.80 0.10 Retirement Communities .3389.49 6.76 0.83 BUSINESS & COMMERCIAL 3,647.35 7.28 0.89 Wholesale & Retail 1931.74 3.86 0.47 Professional Offices 317.76 0.63 0.08 & Banks Services (hotels, 295.31 0.59 0.07 beauty shops, etc.) Marine Commercial 327.84 0.65 0.08 Commercial Recreation 775.32 1.55 0.19 INDUSTRIAL 11,115.06 22.00 2.72 Light Industrial 976.96 1.95 0.22 Heavy Industrial 1323.30 2.64 0.34 Landfills (public 1953. 28 3.90 0.48 & private) Extractive 4621 . 78 9.22 1.13 Construction 12.89 0.03 0.003 Utilities & Transportation 2225.85 4.44 0. 54 PUBLIC & QUASI-PUBLIC 84,530.84 20.69 Parks 54884.15 13.4 .4 Schools 1569.47 3.13 0.38 Military 23991.60 5.87 Municipal & Government 657.76 1.31 0. 16 Quasi-Public 3427.86 6.84 0.84 (hospitals, clubs, organizations) OTHER 279,397.25 68.42 Public Beaches 279.68 0.07 Private Beaches 130.75 0.03 Lakes & Streams 5030. 53 1.23 Vacant & Wooded 226778.05 55.53 Agriculture (cropland) 3377.46 0.83 Agriculture (livestock) 1094.44 0.27 Highways & Streets 42706.34 10.46 TOTAL 408381.98 100.00 100.00 Source: Ocean County 208 Project 7 August, 1977 c o @N T BXISTING ZONING -.Z." RURAL DENSITY RESIDENTIAL LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL w SUBURBAN DENSITY RESIDENTI ILL MULTI FAMILY RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL .",w T, Rd MARINE COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL Mom PU13LIC LAND RECREATION CONSERVATION SOURCE: MUNICIPAL ZONING ORDINANCES COMPILED BY: OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD @jv JUNE 1977 BASEMAPPRL-ED SE looo K- RE__ FE=R"", fn -U KILOIITIRI rv REGIONAI L(ZTION - G R E A T ........ YORK B A Y P-A-PHIA9 COUNTYOF OCEAN OCEAN NEW JERSEY COUNTN PR E PA R E'1) B) THE OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD In the past, the major constraint to increased development was the lack of sanitary sewerage facilities in the County. There are a number of municipal utility authorities and privately-owned sewerage systems operating or in various stages of development. These systems will for the most part tie in- to the Ocean County Sewerage Authority (OCSA) regional system. This system will provide secondary treatment with effluent discharge through outfalls in- to the Atlantic Ocean. When completed, this system will service most of Ocean County and will permit development to continue without creating a wastewater pollution problem. The system should also improve the County's major pollu- tion problem, effluent discharge and seepage into Barnegat Bay. The Ocean County Concept Plan, a H.U.D. funded and approved 701 plan, provides a succinct description of past and present development trends. Brief- ly, the mainland area east of the Garden State Parkway has been the center of development. The traditional urban settlements, such as Toms River, Manahaw- kin, Tuckerton and Barnegat are located here. This area has also accommodated the majority of recent development activity. The barrier beaches have been intensively developed, first as seasonal dwellings and tourist activities, but recently is assuming a year-round com- plexion. The conversion of seasonal homes to year-round living will accom- modate the bulk of the projected growth in the beach communities. The exist- ing land use survey indicates that only 655 acres (9.82%) of Island Beach and .4 971 acres (19.19%) of Long Beach Island is vacant and/or wooded. Much of this vacant land is unsuitable for any kind of development. Inland areas west of the Garden State Parkway are generally open space, .41 vacant and/or agricultural. Exceptions are urban concentrations such as 10 9 Lakewood, Lakehurst and New Egypt. A recent phenomenon, and an important factor in Ocean County's continued growth, is the construction of large-scale adult retirement communities in the inland areas. There are now 26 retirement communities in the County with an estimate population of 35,100 occupying 19,910 dwelling units. The policy of the County regarding future land development is to locate growth in areas that will not have a negative impact on the environment. There are several environmental areas of special concern, notably the Pine Barrens, stream corridors, tidal wetlands and water quality in general. The location and intensity of land development will essentially be tied into the avail- ability of sewer facilities. In the more heavily developed areas of the County such as along the Bay, growth will be encouraged to locate in areas contiguous to, or ligical exten- sions of, existing development. This will essentially be a in-fill process. It must be remembered that development in this area will also be subject to Coastal Area Facility Review, Riparian, Floodplain and Wetlands regulations. Additionally, the County will seek to utilize major sewer interceptor lines as focal points for the direction of new land development. This will play an especially important role in guiding new growth into the northwestern portion of the County, especially Jackson and Lakewood Townships, but also Manchester and Plumsted Townships. By focusing growth in the northwestern area of the County, subject to environmental controls, the County is reliev- ing much of the development pressure in the Pine Barrens. By allowing more intense development in the sewered northwest Townships, the very sensitive Pine Barrens can be protected by allowing only very low density development. 10 The County's policy is to use wastewater facilities as a dynamic plan- ning tool in the loclation of new development. This policy differs from the traditional policy of locating sewage facilities in existing areas that ex- hibit water quality problems. The size and scope of the O.C.S.A. regional system will allow the County to service, and thus improve the water quality problems of existing development. Additionally, new development can be located on land adjacent to new interceptors such as the Davenport and Ridge- way interceptors allowing growth but precluding a water quality problem. Another water quality problem, the quality and quantity of surface water run-off generated by more/intensive use of the land, is being addressed by 9 the 208 staff. Essentially the management strategies formulated to deal with non-point pollution sources include prohibiting new development in en- vironmentally sensitive areas, especially stream corridors and floodways, and on-site retention of stormwater run-off from new development. On-site retention will insure that the existing character of the receiving water body will not be substantially altered. The use of sound planning practices will insure that Ocean County can continue to grow and develop, and at the same time, can realize minimal ad- verse impact on its sensitive natural resources. If land use control devices used to date have not been overly successful in enhancing the quality of de- velopment, it has been due to defects in the devices, wrong application of the devices, and perhaps most importantly, the lack of coordinated use of devices with supporting documentation, know-how and consensus. Those devices may rest in the hands of programs like Section 208 Water Quality Management and Coastal Zone Management, both initiated by the Federal government, delegated to the State government, and coordinated with local (County) govern- ment. The New Jersey Municipal Land Use Law, and the New Jersey County and Regional Planning Enabling Act are insufficient to cope with today's land use problems, especially those unique to Ocean County. 12 INVENTORY NATURAL RESOURCES 'Geology The Atlantic Coastal Plain in New Jersey is composed of a series of gently seaward dipping beds of clay, sand, and gravel of Cretaceous to Holocene age. Locally, the beds are composed of iron potassium silicate, and they do contain fossils. Coastal Plain sediments thicken from about 1,000 feet at New Egypt in the northwestern part of Ocean County to about 4,000 feet at Tuckerton in the southern part of the County. Underlying this sedimentary sequence are various layers of bedrock. The surficial geology of Ocean County is shown in Figure 1. Outcroppings of the Vincentown, Manasquan and Kirkwood formations are found in the north- western portion of the County, but is is the exposed Cohansey Sand which is found throughout most of the County. The Cohansey formation is capped in some rare places by Beacon Hill gravel, mostly on hilltops, while in valleys along the coast the Cohansey is overlain by the Bridgeton, Pennsauken, and Cape May formations. Halocene deposits include swamp and marsh muds as well as beach and dune sands. It is these deposits of which Long Beach Island is composed The sub-surface geology of Ocean County is shown in the geohydrologic sections. One secion (figure 2) shows a northwesterly-southeasterly cross- section from Princeton Junction to Barnegat Light, while the second (figure 3) shows a north-south coastal cross-section from Sandy Hook to Atlantic City. The Raritan and the Magothy formations are the deepest sediments occurring at levels of 1,500 feet or greater (figure 4). 13 FIGURE 1 GEOLOGY OF OCEAN COUNTY 740 30' T4010' MONMOUTH COUNTY 3,4 is POI NT PLEASA T + T 8 V. Go Go NE + I CKLIE S *so .0.-.*:so ..0 *.:0 + + //MILLS Go 0 0 'Ak + I.d EGY PT 0*0 0 0 1 00 0 0 0 0.0@ .9:6 . - 6 0 01 a go, AKF IRS 000 .0 40000, .0. 000 0 LAVALLETTE oo. I TOMS 0.00 RIVER o EXPLANATION 0 0 21, a000 0 0000,op 0 e 0 a a 0 Go 0 0@0 00 of Dune and beach deposits 18 0 ISLAND BEACH .0 STATE PARK Tidal narsh deposits z 0: w Cope May Formation 17' 9 0 01- Pensouken Formation so BARNEGAT 9 LIGHT \,Bridgeton Formation z Beacon Hill Gravel Ir Cohonsey Sand 39040" Kirhwood Formation 0\4 tK w Manasquan Formation G F_+ _+_1 A%IUCK@RTO I + + 1 0 :* I Vencenlown Formation ,,BEACH HAVEN 0 1 2 3 4 Milci \,Hornerstown Sand I I I I _j Adopted from Geolog,C Contact mop of New dersfy, 1956' 21 Location of sediment a pie. Analysis in table 5s rn Henry Anderson and Charles Appel, "Special Report 29: Ground-Water Resources of Ocean County," United States Geological SurveV, 1969, page 24. 14 A A' :j 500, (L cn Sea level - "M - Sea level MENCOLZEMM EILT_kw@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Krnw - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --------------- rn e___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1000'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .200o'-j 2000' EXPLANATION AQUIFERS AGUITARDS 3000' Tmq Manasquan Formation U Undifferentiated water- table aquifer TO Vincentown Formation Tkw Kirkwood Formation Tht Hornerstown Sand aquifer Krb Red Bank Sand Tmg Manasquan Formation aquifer Kns Novesink Formation Kmw Mount Laurel Sand and Kmt Marshalltown Formation Wenonoh Formation Kwb Woodbury Clay ERC aquifer Kmv Merchantville Formation Ket Englishtown Formation aquifer Kmr Raritan and Magothy Formations P-7-71"I r I (equifer undelined) Pre-Cretaceous crystalline bedrock I @ 0. .0 1 bURL lk_w@ I Aquifer containing salt WeU we-repn water FIGURE 2 Geohydrolic Section, Ocean County, N.J. AT L SOURCE: Ocean County Special Report 29 Geology & Ground-water Resources of Ocean County, New Jersey 1969 15 W kp 4J 4A 4j ed tP Ad FA A Z $4 4 A 0 4) U 46 4) 4j > 0 0 04 r_4 4) A 0 0 04 4J >1 V11 >4 $4 41 (P ra 0 r. 4 $4 4J SOUTH 91 ed Cd FA 0 B ra 777- a so 00 0 0 0 IM 1000* T4V 00 a - @-' is.- _@ _=__7 (D 0 Iv, i@ -1 A- 0 2N_ 5-0, EXPLANATION -4000, 7 L A -7 AQUIFERS AQUITARDS '4 A, ...... 4iL' U Undifferentiated water- Tmq Manasquan. Formation table aquifer Tvt Vincentown Formation Tkw Kirkwood Formation Tht Hornersiown Sand aquifer Krb Red Bank Sand Tmg Manasquan Formation aquifer Kris Navesink Formation Kmw Mount Laurel Sand and Kmt Marshalltown Formation Wenonah Formation Kwb Woodbury Clay aquifer Kmv Merchaniville Formation Ket * Englishtown Formation FIGURE 3 Geohydrologic Section from Sandy Hook aquifer to Atlantic City Kmr Raritan and Magothy Formations (oquifer andefined) v "A SOURCE: Ocean County Special Report 29 Pre-Cretoceous crystalline Geology & Ground-water Resources of bedrock Ocean County, New Jersey 1969 Aquifer containing salt Wel I screen wo?er 16 STRUCTURE CONTOURS AND THICKNESSES OF THE RARITAN AND MAGOTHY FORMATIONS FIGURE 4 @D T40 10' 74* 30' ;7-N // 947 A0 00 -1070 POrIT -11001 NEW EG PT 0-750 PLEASANT 0-410 -1200 /000 LAKEHU ST 40000'--- -1240 1340 TOMS RIVER `@z 1230 1500 /Z 1-500 *-1240 ISLAND BEACH STATE PARK EXPL AN AT ION ---/000- -1810 Structure Contour -1420 Shows allitude of top of Magotrly Format,on. 142 ? Contour rtervol 100 feet. Datum s mean 6.1470 sea level. 60 *-1240 Water *ell or test bor,mg Number -s alt-lude of the top of the Magothy Format,on n feet below mean sea level. /000 ...... z*e*d*l*on*e'of equal thickness of the G,ner.h Rarilon and Magothy Format.ons. Contour L interval 500 feet, 39040 .7 F-1 NZ Formations contain fresh woter 0 1 2 3 4 Miles Formations conta.n sol.ne water BEACH HAVEN Henry Anderson and Charles Appel, "Special Report 29: Ground-Water Resources of Ocean County," United States Giological Survey, 1969, page 28. 17 *Vegetation Habitats and Critical Areas Approximately 56 percent of Ocean County's land area is covered in pine or pine-oak forests. Fresh water wetlands cover 28 percent, and marine tidal marshes account for another 8 percent. Barnegat Bay represents an area of. between 8 to 10 percent of the surface area of the County. I The accompanying map, Summary of Environmentally Sensitive Areas, de- lineates critical natural resources that are instrumental in maintaining water quality and/or possess unique biological features. This assessment of critical areas is basically an examination of land surface features: natural characteristics evident from the landscape. The salient characteristics of the environmentally sensitive resources are described below. Lowland Forest Complex: There are three basic lowland forest types in Ocean County. Pitch pine lowland, hardwood swamp, and Atlantic or Southern white cedar swamps. Soils in the lowlands are sands and gravels with a surface of shallow or deep muck. The seasonally high water table ranges in depth from 11-, feet to the ground surface. The pitch pine lowland forest, in many cases, is representative of a transition zone between upland and lowland areas. The transition is also in- dicated by the types of understory and shrub vegetation. Hardwood swamp forests are often present between areas of cedar swamp and pitch pine lowland forest. Red maple predominates, although sweet bay, black gum, gray birch and sassafras are also common. 0 18 0 e. th ic 01 AS W- . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUMMARY OF As ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE ARE LOWLAND FOREST COMPLEX CEDAR SWAMP FOREST HARDWOOD SWAMP FOREST PITCH PINE LOWLAND FOREST DWARF FOREST . . .. ....... INTERTIDAL WETLANDS INLAND MARSHES Q- SOURCES: I UE BARRENS VEGATATION GEOGRAPHY N S RESEARCH REPORT 0. 3 N.J. TATE MUSEUM JAN. 1975. PROPOSEDSPLANIFORMTHE PINELANDS PINELAND ENV RON ENTAL COUNCIL, 1975. ,yl N@ 41 ;@ cl c' BASE MAE P:,EPARED SEITI.Ell 111, 1, 1 C "Lo"TIE, REGIONAL LOMION 7 R E A T B A Y COUNTY OF OCEAN P11LADI-JA* OCEAN NEW JERSEY COUNTY PREPAREI) B% THE OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD The Atlantic white cedars are among the most noteworthy and character- istic species of the wet lowlands. The cedar swamps consist of pure, even- aged stands with an average height of 40 to 50 feet. Pure stands develop after severe forest fires, clear-cut timber harvesting, or in abandoned cranberry bogs, as seedlings are intolerant of shade and thrive in strong light. If cedar swamps are left without interference by man or fire, seed- lings of shade-tolerant hardwoods will become established, crowding out the cedars and eventually changing the composition of the forest to a hardwood swamp. Several rare and unusual plants are associated with the cedar swamps. These include the carnivorous pitcher plant, round-, spatulate-, and thread- leaf sundews, and horned bladderwort. Also found are the rare curly-grass fern and several species of orchids. White cedar stands can be seriously impacted by development activity. The filling, draining and paving of soils that accompanies construction in the wet lowland areas have the effect of lowering the groundwater table. This destroys the cedars, which require a very shallow water table in order to survive. The wet-soil woodlands support a considerable variety of wildlife, both common species and those unique to the Pinelands. White cedar seedlings feed rabbits, meadow mice, and other herbivorous animals. Cedar stands also provide excellent wintering grounds for white-tailed deer. Several threat- ened species, including the Pine Barrens treefrog, southern bog lemming, and bog turtle, also find a favorable habitat in the swamp forests. The lowland forest complex contributes in many ways to the quality of 20 the physical environment. The luxuriant vegetation impedes the flow of sur- face runoff and filters out sediments and nutrients which would affect stream quality. It also stablizes the soil, inhibiting the erosion of stream banks and adjacent lands. The forests trap precipitation, encouraging recharge of the groundwater, which in turn feeds stream flow in dry weather. During heavy rainfall, the lowland forests serve as a floodwater storage area. Hardwood and cedar swamps can also act as firebreaks during forest fires, due to their saturated soils. The natural characteristics of lowland forests (high water tables, flood hazards and the such) render them particularly unsuitable for building founda- tions, septic systems, and other development uses without substantial altera- tion of natural conditions. Possessing a unique aesthetic nature and a capa- city for supporting rare plants and wildlife, the swamp forest presents an opportunity for scientific and passive recreational uses. Lowland forests are representative of a delicate ecological balance, easily upset by changes in soil drainage and stream flow that would accompany urbanization. Dwarf Forest: Among the most renowned features of the Pinelands is the dwarf forest, also called "pygmy forest" and the "Plains". This unusual vegetation consists primarily of dwarfed pitch pine and blackjack oak ranging from 2 to 5 feet in height. The Pinelands Environmental Council estimates the total area of Plains vegetation in South Jersey as being 12,000 to 14,000 acres. The 208 staff places, approximately 3,450 acres within Ocean County. There are three prin- cipal areas of dwarf forest: the East Plains, West Plains, and Spring Hill 21 Plains. Spring Hill Plains, a very small area, lies outside the borders of the immediate area. Portions of the East and West Plains are in Ocean County, near its border with Burlington County. Lacey, Barnegat, Manchester, and Little Egg Harbor Townships all contain areas of dwarf forest. A description of the Plains environment was developed by J. McCormick and M.F. Buell in their work, The Plains: Pigmy Forests of the New Jersey Pine Barrens (1968). According to McCormick and Buell, the Plains are character- ized by a closed-cone variant of stunted pitch pine, the absence of shortleaf pine, and stunted blackjack and scrub oaks mixing with the pitch pine. Nearly all of the trees are multiple-stemmed, with large, older, woody root collars supporting younger stems. Black huckleberry and lowbush blueberry are the most abundant shrubs. Sheep laurel, mountain laurel, sweetfern, and the uncommon sand myrtle are widely distributed, although abundant only locally. The broom crowberry, an- other rare plant, is also prominant in areas of the East and West Plains. Wintergreen, bearberry, and trailing arbutus are also fairly widespread. The association of ground-cover plants represented by sand myrtle, broom crowberry, bearberry, and pyxie moss occurs exclusively in the Pinelands. The unique condition of the dwarf forest has attracted much scientific speculation as to its origin. Several theories have arisen, involving the chemical constituents of the soil and soil water, insect pests, fire, soil exposure, and soil infertility. Current theories revolve around the extreme permeability of the soils, which transmit water rapidly away from the ground surface, leaving soil and vegetation extremely dry and susceptible to fires, which are responsible for the stunted, multiple-stemmed trees. 22 Fires are estimated to occur about three times more frequently in the Plains than in other parts of the Pinelands. The practice of controlled burning, which eliminates accumulated forest litter to reduce the intensity of inevitable fires, is difficult in the Plains, where litter, shrubs, low tree crowns, and dry soils constitute a continuous concentration of fuel. The permeable sands of the Plains render it a prime recharge area for the water table aquifer. Physical factors discouraging development within this scientifically valuable area include the dry, infertile soils, which would hinder the es- tablishment of grass lawns and trees for shade and privacy. A more impor t- ant factor is the high frequency of forest fires!, which would threaten lives and property. Since fire is most likely a causative factor in the evolution of the Plains, alteration of the natural forest fire patterns could change the character of the unique vegetation. Inland Marshes: Fresh water marshes are few in Ocean County, as most wet soils in flood plains or areas of high water table are covered with white cedar or hardwood swamps. The inland marshes existing today are often the remains of abandoned cranberry bogs which have begun to experience succession to a white cedar forest. Fresh water marshes can also result from a process of pond succession, in which sediments and vegetative matter accumulate on the pond bottom and eventu- ally support characteristic mosses, reeds, and shrubs. Typical vegetation in- cludes sphagnum moss, sedges, reed grass, cattails, cranberry, blueberry, and swamp azalea. 23 Tidal Wetlands: Tidal wetlands are found along the shores of Barnegat Bay and form scattered sedge islands within the bay. Wetland soils consist of sandy silt with a high content of organic matter. Due to their dirunal tidal inundation, the coastal marshes support vegetation,tolerant of saline water. Tidal marsh soils are very fertile, producing more vegetation per acre than any other type. Vegetation common to the tidal marshes include: smooth cordgrass, saltwort, sea lavender, widgeon grass, and eelgrass. On higher ground not usually flooded by tides, saltmeadow grass and spikegrass are common, as well as marsh elder, willow, groundsel tree, and bayberry. The normal high tide mark in the wetlands is indicated by black gum, red maple and pitch pine scrub growth. Areas dis- turbed by spoiling are generally covered with common reed grass. Salt marshes are vital to the production of marine life, acting as habi- tat for diverse species. The plants contribute organic detritus to the soil which acts as food for aquatic biota. Marshes also provide a sheltered spawn- ing and nursery area for fish and are necessary for the production of clams, crabs, and oysters. Nesting and migrating birds make heavy use of the wet- lands in all seasons, including terns, skimmers, ducks, geese, and herons. Reptiles, turtles, such as the protected diamondback terrapin, amphibians and mammals also make use of the salt marsh. C Endangered species are supported by the tidal marsh, including the osprey. This bird is being encouraged through State and local programs to settle and propagate again in Ocean County. Tidal marshes act as a buffer zone between coastal waters and inland areas. 24 During storms the shock of waves is absorbed by the marsh before the force can damage inland communities. Wetlands also benefit water quality by fil- tering pollutants from surface runoff. Once coastal wetlands are filled to above the elevation of tidal inun- dation, most of their value to the tidal food web is lost. From 1968 to 1973, a survey was conducted by the New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries to determine the amount of tidal marsh that had been lost to New Jersey through construction, agriculture and other activities. From a total of 37,007 acres of tidal marsh originally surveyed in Ocean County, 26,028 acres remained in 1973. Filling for housing developments was the principal cause of marsh destruction. In 1970, the New Jersey Wetlands Act became effective, severely restricting filling, dredging, and construction activities in the salt marsh. 25 Topography and Drainage The elevation of Ocean County rises from sea level along the coastline to elevations above'200 feet in the northwest portion. (Figure 6 ). The gentle undulating topography separates Ocean County into 29 complete or partial drainage basins (Figure 7 and Table II). The mainland of Ocean County is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a barrier beach. The longest, L,ong Beach Island, is twenty three miles long with a varing width of between 1/4 to 1/2 miles. The shorter, Island Beach (which is actually a spit) is nine miles long, varies in a similar width and is joined to the mainland at Bay Head. The heights of the natural bar- rier dunes vary between ten to thirty four feet. The estuary bay behind the barrier beaches (called Barnegat Bay) varies in width from 2,000 feet to four and one-half miles and occupies an area of approximately 60 square miles (41,300 acres). The average depth of the bay is about 5 feet with a few deeper locations ranging to a maximum of 20 feet, all referenced to mean low tide. The volume is about 195,000 acre-feet. The normal tidal range in the bay is about 3.5 feet with a time cycle of about 12.7 hours. Barnegat Bay represents about 10 percent of the surface area of the County. Figure 8. It has been calculated that there is a mean fresh water drainage flow of some 360 cfs (cubic feet per second) into Barnegat Bay from the mainland drainage basin area of 700 square miles. 26 TOPOGRAPHY OF OCEAN COUNTY FIGURE 6 NO 30' 74* 10' 790 C 0 U N T 150 ___50 ITO. 0, 0 50-) AELTOM POINT PLEASANT 419&C" 01, FEW 0 1 may .[so 00 1-15 0 NORMANDY 69ACM 40*00'- ...... oov,* 150 /,ro AN HE 0 MANCHESTER INY10 s(.S.D( I.G.Ts SEASIDE 50 It CN 3C OPP/ A I /,50 ISLAND BEACH S TATE PARK \50 A 0 150 ... (G.T LIG-1 STAFF ,50 -1 ZI 39040' 1@ S.A. C." A A 10 IF- s C) 1 2 3 4 Wes @7 I I I I N,, ck, S, Contour Interval 50 feet Dow- Is mean sea level Henry Anderson and Charles Appel, "Special Report 29: Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Ocean County," United States Geological Survey, 1969, page 6. 27 FIGURE 7 .DRAINAGE BASINS OF- OCEAN- COUNTY0 LOCATION AND AREA -A- p I S_ _:T4 TO S p %% S' - 1z X 4 % X HARR 0 NS h@ANC ESTER LM TER TQLM@l is& cy, o f 6 LA y C61 TOWNS P @VANAHAW y *BAY DOV /TOW' Z IN, I ZCK' o T- ,:v SA r LEGEND NATURAL DRAINAGE BASINS -MAJOR NATURAL DRAINAGE BASINS -MINOR "'0 TOWNSHIP BOUNDARIES C E A N 47 DRAINAGE BASINS Fellows, Reed and Weber, Inc., Master Plan for water Resource Management, ocean County, Nfe,,.v Jersey, December, 1969. 2R TABLE II AREA MEASUREMENTS OF DRAINAGE BASINS Area Basin (Sq. mi.) 1. Manasquan River 6.70 2. Metedeconk River 54.34 3. Reedy Creek 3.14 4. Kettle Creek 14.41 5. Silver Bay 10.04 6. Goose Creek 2.63 7. Toms River 167.51 8. Potters Creek 7.83 9. Cedar Creek 56.00 10. Stouts Creek 4.73 11. Forked River 26.77 12. Forked River Beach 13. Oyster Creek 12.82 14. Waretown-Double Creek 16.54 15. Gunning River 6.34 16. Cedar-Manahawkin Creek 11.11 17. Mill Creek 19.74 18. Cedar Run 8.23 19. Mud Cove 2.53 20. Dinner Point Creek 4.59 21. Westecunk Creek 29.13 22. Parker Run 2.48 23. Tuckerton Creek 13.98 24. Big Thoroughfare 1.51 25. Mullica River 31.192 26. Oswego River 31.67 27. Woodland .38 28. Mt. Misery Creek 43.00 29. Crosswicks Creek 33.27 Source: Ocean County Engineering Dept. 29 FIGURE 8 C' 0 U N T Y JACKSON 121 POINT PLEASANT BEACH FIT LAKEWOOD 11 r, BRICK kPoOL, BAY HEAD MANTOLOKtNG PLUMSTEO \N z LAKEHURST DOVER LAVALLETTE 0 ISLAND HEIGHTI_ "T SEASIDE HEIGHTS TOMI R`1VER-'j I 0 MANCHESTER T 5SEACHWOO '-;i SEASIDE PARK /91 XAIC. BERKELEY 81 LACEY ISLAND BEACH ISTATE OWNED PARK LAND) "A OCEAN ------ 5.5' 42 1 UNION 4 Harbor Inlet Intracoastal Waterway OARNEGAT LIGHT Depths in feet at Mean Low water LONG BEACH (P-) Intracoastal Waterway STAFFORD HARVEY CEDARS Source: U.S. Department of Commerce LONG BEACH f-11 N.O.A.A. Nautical Chart 12324,12316 SURF CITY Jan. 1977 1 \EAGLESWOOD SHIP BOTTOM I LITTLE Note: Depth in Beach Haven Inlet EGG HARBOR and Little Egg Inlet varies -jl- , LONG BEACH Iwt) kTUCKERTONk .8 - OCEAN COUNTY COUNTY BOUNDARY MUNICIPALITY BOUNDARY BEACH HAVEN NEW JERSEY LONG BEACH (P-) "LES A 91 E I . I P R E P A R E D BY OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD 30 Cl imate The climate of Ocean County is characterized by moderate temperatures and precipitation. Mean temperatures are about 5 degrees higher in Ocean County during the winter than in the northwestern part of the State. This is due to the moderating effect of the ocean and is reflected in the aver- age number of days without killing frost (figure 9) and by the closeness of the 180 and 200 day frost lines. Similarly, the temperature differences between the mainland, the bar- rier beaches and the ocean create a on-shore off-shore summer breeze called a "Doctor". It is not known how far inland this breeze is felt but esti- mates place it at between one to five miles. An annual precipitation difference node of 2 to 4 inches from the rest of the County can be readily observed in the center of the County. Figure 10. 90 31 0 CLIMATE AND WEATHER CONDITIONS ALTITUDE Rises from sea level along the coastline to elevations above 200 feet in the northwestern portion. AVERAGE NLMER OF DEGREE DAYS 5,152 (10 year average). AVERAGE MEAN TEMPERATURE Summer - 72.30 (June, July, August) - (5 year average) Winter - 35.2* (December, January, February) - (5 year average) AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION Total - 45.7" Snow - 23.5" AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERA11JRE MONTHLY DEGREE DAYS MONTH 1974 1975 1976 1974 1975 1976 January 35.6-' 36.20 28.50 905 888 1126 February 30.20 35.40 38.60 968 821 762 March 41.80 39.10 45.00 715 793 614 April 52.50 45.90 53.00 388 565 384 May 59.50 62.70 60.30 209 131 179 June 66.60 69.60 72.10 46 22 41 July 74.80 74.20 -- -- August 73.70 73.@o 12 7- September 65.70 64.00 76 77 October 51.40 58.90 417 196 November 46.30 49.90 566 454 December 38.00 37.30 830 850 DEGREE DAYSMEATING SEASON 1973/1974 1974/1975 1975/1976 4,921 5,109 4,683 Source: U.S. Weather Bureau Station, at Toms River, New Jersey 32 FIGURE 9 AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS WITHOUT KILLING FROST 140 140 1 0 150 160 160 6 SEX 170 PASSAIC 180 IMINGIN MORRIS 190 WARREN 170 ESSEX HUDS 200 UM M NUNTtRDON so ET 17 DOLIESZX 170 M mom 18 0 "t"", 190 190 BURLINGTON [A CAMDEN "0 CESTER IIIALLN ATLAN 190 CUMBER 0 CAPE If 200 Source: New Jersey Agricultural Extension Service Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J. 33 FIGURE 10 AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION 42 42 44 46 44 A PASSAIC MORRIS WARREN ESSEX HUDSON 46 48 UNION HUNTEADON SOME 44 42 MIDDLESEX 42 44 ME MONMOUTH 44 42 4 8;* 46 OUR INGTON 42 46 MOEN GLOUCESTER 44 SALEM 42 ATLANTI 40 cumatit"No 42 CAPE MA SOURCE: 40 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE RUTGERS UNIVERSITY. NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. 34 PRIME AGRICULTURAL SOILS Several soil types found in Ocean County are within agricultural cap- ability classes I, II, or III, according to the Interim Soil Survey Report for Ocean County. Soils composing these classes are considered prime agri- 1W cultural soils, highly productive for most field crops. The largest con- tiguous area of non-urbanized, unforested prime agricultural soils is found in Plumsted Township. For the most part, these soils are under ac- Z tive cultivation. At the present time, there are no programs encouraging the preservation of prime agricultural soils in Ocean County. An experimental program of de- velopment easement purchase, the Farmland Preservation Demonstration Project, is being administered by the State in the Townships of Lumberton, Medford, Pemberton, and Southampton in Burlington County. According to Robert Bruch, Agricultural Economist with the New Jersey Department of Agriculture, this program has met with a very favorable response from local farmers. An es- timated 18,000 acres of prime farmland have been offered for development easement purchase. This demonstration project is scheduled for completion in 1978. It is anticipated that a statewide program will then be established which will be designed to preserve prime farmland and special blueberrry and cranberry land. The possiblility that a farmland preservation program may soon affect Ocean County lends support to the identification of prime open farmland as a resource worthy of special consideration. Its value in terms of food pro- duction is compounded by its relative scarcity and by the fact that it is non-renewable. Once urbanized, the agricultural benefits of the soils are lost. 35 HUMAN RESOURCES AND USES AQUIFER RECHARGE AREAS There are two major aquifer outcrops in Ocean County. The outcrop of the Kirkwood Aquifer forms an irregular area in the northern part of the County. As this is a heavily utilized aquifer, particularly in 41 coastal communities, the issue of recharge is especially important (figure 11). The groundwater table represents the surface of the unconfined aqui- fer of the Cohansey Formation (figure 12). The Cohansey outcrop covers the central part of the County. This aquifer supplies both large water companies and many private domestic wells. It is also the source of base flow to surface water, mainaining stream discharge during periods of dry weather. Prime areas for aquifer recharge occur where soils having the high- est infiltration rates occur over aquifer outcrops. Soils consist of deep, well-drained sands or gravels. These soils have the highest rate of water transmission capability. Although they do not compose the major- ity of Ocean County soils, they are found scattered in the northern and central parts of the County. Information on these prime recharge areas as to their significance in maintaining potable groundwater resources in unknown. Precise identifica- tion of these areas and recommendations as to their sound management would be in the best interest in future policy decisions affecting Ocean County. According to the 1970 U.S. Census, 66 percent of the population of Ocean County is served by public suppliers, while 34 percent utilize their 36 THICKNESS OF KIRKWOOD FORMATION FIGURE 11 No 30* TV 10' r-W a, 35 jj& 080 50 65 W POINT 0 .- I 10 50 0. -'NEW '045 PL E A-1 N T GYPT 4 . .... .. ... A HURST 05C w. 40*00'- T 200 06 r 5 -,4@1 17 8'@ EXPLANATION ISLAND REACH Formation thickness, in feet STATE PARK 270 >500 250 400-500 ...... ..... ................. 300-400 4 340 ............ 150-300 ...... 380 NZ 50-150 >405 N\ L - @L _j 0 0-50 0 1 2 3 4 Miles a >483 I Outcrop of Kirkwool BEACH Formation HAVEN 0140 W&II.Number is thickoess of .2 5 Kirkwood Formation, n feet. Henry Anderson and Charles Appel, "Special Report 29: Ground-Water Resources of Ocean County," United States Geological Survey, 1969, page 47. 37 WATER TABLE CONTOURS OF OCEAN COUNTY FIGURE 12 740 30' 74010' 120 0 1 ovorhe 0.10mieson cossie'lle "T PLENANT EW EGY IT Come" N,//s VA LAKEHURST(@ 400 DO'- ocrommer TOMS RIVER Kesw,ck 41 Ix webb5 BURLINGTON COUNTY OWarefown sfile Fork Itz a 39040'- EXPLANATION ---- @40__ Water-table Contour (1960) V0 Shows oll,tude of the water ?able. Contour TUCKF5VTO 0@6 interval 40 feel. Datum is mean sea level 0 1 2 3 4 Miles t I I I I 0 Waler-table observation well BEACH HAVEN r7r Area of water- lob e aquif P 0".T PLEASAN @T I containing saline wo Henry Anderson and Charles Appel, "Special Report 29: Ground-Water Resources of Ocean County," United States Geological Survey, 1969, page 53. 38 own wells. There are at present 22 municipal water systems within.Ocean County. A daily average of 24.62 million gallons per day (mgd) was pumped by public suppliers during 1975. Average pumpage during the peak month of 1975 was 45.33 mgd almost double that of the year-round average. Annual public supply withdrawals from 1965 to 1976 are shown in table Industrial, military users and private organizations must also ob- tain permits to withdraw groundwater in excess of 100,000 gallons per day. The industries in Ocean County presently utilize groundwater at the rate of 383.8 million gallons per month. The most heavily used aquifers in Ocean County are the Cohansey and the Kirkwood formation. Of the 146 wells operating in 1975 to provide public water supplies, 58 were in the Cohansey and 47 were in the Kirkwood. The Kirkwood weels, however, were permitted a greater total diversion. Other aquifers tapped were the Raritan-Mogothy Formation, tapped by eleven wells and the Englishtown and Vincentown Formations, tapped by 21 and seven wells, respective ly. The Manasquan Formation is tapped by one well. Prior to the intensive resort development and consequent groundwater development after 1900, most wells tapping the artesian aquifers in the coastal plain were flowing wells. Some had static levels of 50 feet or more above sea level. Few wells tapping these aquifers flow today. Pump- ing from the Kirkwood has depressed water levels more than 30 feet in the Long Beach Island region and as much as 80 feet below seal level in the Atlantic City area. 39 WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT In 1965, the Ocean County Board of Chosen Freeholders and the New Jer- sey Department of Health retained the consulting engineering firm of Fellows, Read & Weber, Inc. (FRW), Toms River, New Jersey, to make a detailed study on a county-wide basis and develop recommendations regarding wastewater man- agement. The study revealed that although the county's primary economic base is its resort business, the secondary base had been slowly shifting from agri- culture to industry. This had resulted in an increase in industrial wastes being discharged into county waters. Subdivisions, with individual package plants, and municipal plants had multiplied and discharged variable quality efflutents into receiving waters. Lagoon developments, built on filled in wetlands with individual septic tank systems, further compounded the pollu- tion problem: High water tables allowed easy access for seepage pit effluent into bay waters. Because of these growing population problems, the study's goals were the elimination of package and small municipal plants, and the development of a county regional system with fewer but larger capacity treatment plants. The study has resulted in th.e design of three regional systems which will handle wastewater from, Virtually the entire area of Ocean County border- ing the Atlantic Ocean. (Figures 13 and 7). The county system has adopted the water quality standards promulgated by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, which established minimum degrees of wastewater treatment for a particular body of receiving water. Inland estuarial and fresh waters require secondary treatment, even tertiary treatment in many cases. After cost-effectiveness analyses of various alternatives, the county- 40 1973 1975 Existing Master Facilities Plan 0 Interceptors and Outfolls Pumping Stations Treatment Plants District Boundary C'. Southern Service Central Service Area Area M W North rn Service Area ..10 Little Egg Harbor 4z' Bay 0 Bornegot Bay 0 !;Cal$ - Miles Atlantic Ocean a MASTER PLAN for wastewater managent in Ocean County, New Jersey, provides interceptor sewers, pumping stations, treatment plants and outfalls for three service areas. 41 wide system was modified from one having seven regions to one with three regions--the Northern. Central and Southern Service Areas. Each is a 41 .separate system consisting of a main secondary treatment plant, intercep- tors, pumping stations and an ocean outfall. The treatment plant for the northern region has a 28 mgd capacity; the central, 24 mgd; and the southern 20 mgd. All have expansion capability to upgrade to tertiary treatment if and when required, either to meet more stringent environmental standards or to eliminate the ocean discharge by permitting the effluent to be integrated into an overall water management plan. When completed in 1979, the regional systems will serve the county's growth until 1990. It will also help control population densities in the central portion of the county because of limitations placed on the size of the treatment plants serving that area. This environmentally sound system will not only abate water pollution problems existing today, but will con- trol "people pollution" problems through proper land use planning based on the system's capacity to serve a growing population. 42 TRANSPORTATION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS Ocean County is serviced by the Garden State Parkway (toll road), six State and Federal highways, with one interstate route presently under con- struction. The Garden State Parkway provides rapid passenger transportation be- tween Ocean County and the New York City - northern New Jersey metropolitan area, and also serves as an effective 40 mile express connection between the northern and southern parts of the County. NORTH-SOUTH HIGHWAYS U.S. Route 9 is the major north-south highway and is planned for dualiza- tion from Toms River and Lakewood north to the Freehold area. State Highway 35 connects northeastern New Jersey with the northern shore communities and is partially dualized with additional construction in progress. EAST-WEST HIGHWAYS Route 70 carries traffic between the Philadelphia-Camden area and Ocean County and feeds Routes 72, 37 and 88. It is the major connector at the pre- sent time with interstate routes to states to the south and west of New Jersey and is proposed for future dualization. Routes 37 and 72 link Route 70 with the Toms River and Long Beach Island shore areas. Route 37 is presently dualized from the Garden State Parkway east to Barnegat Bay, Route 72 is also complete from the Parkway to the shore area. 43 Route 88 connects Lakewood and Route 70 with the Point Pleasant area. 1-195 This modern freeway has been constructed from western Monmouth County into the easterly portion of Jackson Township. Upon completion, it will provide an express connection between Trenton and the shore, with links to the New Jersey Turnpike and other major north-south arteries. HIGHWAY USES Route 9 currently is plagued by frequent intersections and an overabun- dance of driveway ingress/egress (due to commercial strip development) which reduces travel speeds, promotes congestion and generally frustrates users of this highway, The ineffective use of Route 9 encourages county residents to use the Garden State Parkway whenever feasible, even for short distances. This use often creates peak-hour traffic problems at the Toms River/Lakewood areas of the Garden State Parkway (GSP). The G.S.P. was completed in 1965, and today has replaced Route 9 as the major north/south traffic highway. The Parkway currently is a limited access, dualized State highway. The Ocean County i.n- terchanges have become major focal points for connecting inter-regional traffic arteries with state and county highways. It has also become a prin- cipal route used by summer residents and tourists visiting Ocean County and neighboring resorts. The New Jersey Highway Authority is presently investi- gating the addition of a third lane from Asbury Park to Toms River, as well as new interchanges and interchange modifications. in anticipation of heavier vehicular volumes because of casino gambling and increased shipments of goods and supplies to developing areas in southern New Jerse. Pick-up and panel 44 trucks under 7,000 pounds will be able to use the G.S.P. for its entire length in 1978 but trucks over this weight are restricted north of Exit 105 in Eatontown. RAILROADS Conrail provides freight service from Lakewood on the north across the central portion of the County through Manchester Township at the westerly County line. A spur originating in Lakehur'st parallels Route 37 into Toms River and then south to Barnegat. Conrail provides freight ser- vice over the facilities of Union TvAhgportation Company in the New Egypt area. The New York and Long Branch Rai road provies a dual service rail facility within the County and Conrail provides passenger and freight con- nections with the northern metropolitan areas over this line. Passenger terminals are located in Bay Head and Point Pleasant Beach. Rail rates are as filed with the I.C.C. and the approximate in-transit time for rail service is 3 days to Baltimore and Washington, and 4 days to Pittsburgh, Cleveland and Chicago. 45 Economic Conditions The economy of Ocean County is becoming increasingly diversified. The resort-tourism base has evolved into a broader economic base encom- passing new industrial and commercial development. The estimated labor force in Ocean County is approximately 102,600. * A large number of area residents commute to jobs in northern New Jersey or New York and repre- sent an untapped source of labor for local industrial development. Major employers in the area include the Lakehurst Naval Air Station, which has a.work force of 5,600. The Toms River Chemical Corporation, a subsidiary of Ciba-Geigy had approximately 1,348 employees at the end of 1976. Great Adventure Amusement Park in Jackson Township with 400 year- round and 2,500 seasonal employees provides a major source of employment for the youth of the area. The Toms River School District with 1,579 em- ployees and the County of Ocean with 1,393 employees continue to be major public employers in the County. The Ocean County Mall located in Dover Township provided 1500 new jobs in 1976. The economy of Ocean County should continue to expand and become more balanced with planned light industrial development, commercial service and resort trades. Diversifying the economic base will help to provide eco- nomic stability. A stable economy with expanding opportunities will attract new residents to Ocean County. ----------------- *Ocean County Planning Board, Ocean County Economic Development Profile, 1976. 46 Industrial Development: With the change of Ocean County from a rural, resort/tourism area to a rapidly growing suburban area, there has been a concomitant change in the economic base of the County. Traditional activities such as fisheries and mining, have shown steady decline as major employers. Extractive industries may be seriously affected by rising land values. When land values continue to rise, the prospect of development can become more attractive than the continuation of extractive industry. There are, however, several large mining concerns still in operation within the County. Illmenite, which is used in paint manufacture; sand and gravel, which is used for construction purposes; and special sands such as silica which are used in glass munufacture, are major products from wining acti- vities in this area. Ocean County and area municipalities have become concerned with pro- viding a more balanced economic base. The County and several municipalities have formed economic development agencies in the attempt to create a pro- gressive climate for new light industrial, corporate and professional office and commercial development. In addition, the present residential and vacant land property taxes in Ocean County are the lowest in the metropolitan New York area. The Center for Local Tax Research in New York City reports also that Ocean County has the second lowest business tax rates in this same area. A listing of existing and planned industrial parks in Ocean County is provided in Table III. Compatible industries are now being actively sought by many area 47 municipalities. Full time industrial development directors have been hired by both Lakewood and Dover Townships. The success of area industrial de- velopment is exemplified by the Lakewood Industrial Park which currently includes 39 companies with almost 2 million square feet of office and in- dustrial space. More than 3,000 workers are currently employed at the Lakewood Industrial Park. The planned expansion provides for a potential 9 million square feet of industrial space. The industrial parks in Ocean County are well designed and located. Essential services and utilities are currently available or are being plan- ned. The industrial parks are located near major highways. In addition, industrial parks in Dover and Lakewood have rail service available. De- signed to attract light manufacturing and corporate headquarters, these parks have rigid quality controls and they have been carefully designed to protect adjacent properties from potential industrial blight. At costs from $3,50.0 to $5,500 per acre, the parks are very competitive as industrial sites with- in the metropolitan region. TABLE III INDUSTRIAL PARKS IN OCEAN COUNTY PRESENT SIZE NO. OF OWNER- LOCATION IN ACRES STATUS COMPANIES SHIP Berkeley Township 85 Under Con- -Rte. 530 (near Co. Airport) struction Public Dover Township 153 Accepting Clients I Public mRte. 37 (West) (recently opened) Jackson Townshi ip -Interstate Ind. Park (near 1-95 300 Accepting Clients 2 Private -Ridgeway Park Site 200 Planned - Public & Private -Whitesville Area Site 200 Planned Public 48 TABLE III --Continued INDUSTRIAL PARKS IN OCEAN COUNTY PRESENT SIZE NO. OF OWNER- LOCATION IN ACRES STATUS COMPANIES SHIP .Lakewood Township Rte. 70 (near Lakewood Airport) 500 Accepting Clients 34 Public & (near capacity) Private -Rte. 70 (expansion) 786 Planned (final grant Public approval pending) -James Street 100 Accepting Clients 5 Public Stafford Township -Rte. 9 (near GSP exit 63) N/A Planned - Public Source: Ocean County Economic Development Profile, 1976; prepared by the Ocean County Planning Board. In addition to increasing opportunities for industrial and manufacturing concerns, Ocean County has exhibited and is projected by the State Department of Labor and Industry to continue growth in retail, professional and service occupations. Growth is expected to be particularly large in the service fields. This is principally because service employment is heavily dependent on the population of an area. More people will create more service sector employment in Ocean County. Employment projections for Ocean County are shown in Table IV. 49 TABLE IV 1980 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS OCEAN COUNTY, NEW JERSEY N.J. DEPT. OF CENTER FOR LABOR AND URBAN POLICY 1964 1970 INDUSTRY RESEARCH AGRICULTURE 200 300 100 MINING 200 100 CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION 2,600 3,500 6,400 5,100 MANUFACTURING 3,300 4,700 5,600 13,200 TRANSPORTATION AND OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES 1,200 2,100 2,500 3,400 WHOLESALE TRADE 800 1,100 11000 800 RETAIL TRADE 5,900 11,800 15,600 20,500 FINANCE, INSURANCE AND REAL ESTATE 1,300 3,200 3,100 4,900 SERVICES 4,200 7,900 12,700 11,300 TOTALS 19,700 34,700 47,000 59,200 Note: The 1964 and 1972 figures are from the U.S. Bureau of Census Data. The figures do not include government employment or seasonal employment. Source: New Jersey Department of Labor and Industry, December 1976. 50 Population There are three current estimates of existing population which are available. The most recent official estimates are for 1975. Estimates for 1975 were prepared by the Ocean County Planning Board, the New Jersey Department of Labor and Industry and the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The Bureau of the Census has estimated the 1975 population of each of the municipalities for revenue sharing purposes. Estimates of 1975 population are shown in Table V. Figure 14 illustrates the present distribution of population in Ocean County. TABLE V ESTIMATES OF EXISTING POPULATION - OCEAN COUNTY OCEAN COUNTY NEW JERSEY U.S. BUREAU PLANNING BOARD D.L.I. OF THE CENSUS POPULATION 1975 299,318* 258,940 296,800 288,000** Note: *Based upon 2.84 persons per household; "based upon 2.5 persons/house- hold. Compiled by: 208 Water Quality Planning It is anticipated that population increase will occur along the coastal beaches following the conversion of present seasonal dwelling to year-round dwellings. The bay corridor, the area between the Garden State Parkway and the bay waters, will continue to be the main focal point for new housing construction through 1980. 51 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION Ocean County New Jersey .2 MANTOLCKI'40 @!ASIA HEIGHTS A.,A, SARNEGAT LIGHT op6 p. BARNI,EGAT BAY LONG BEACtj TWP N wi p In. HARVEY MARS -XI- LONG -BEACH. TWP DOV@ W ZYVILLE SHIP W)TTOM fo *IF .0 j !,;@ !@T-, . -- AMDE LO 0 BEACH TWP SO TO" Ft %,EP )OCEAN k TWP BER LY 0% T If U/NION ?4TWP I > LONG BEACH TV IAGL WOO LAKEHURST LACEY TV@P"- S A ORDT' TWP 0 z T, En . 0s. MANCHESTER@ 0 TWp JUL JACKSON 4 TWP .-EG ib AFj,- J?.ve T T S r,C PaAh%. 0 &4@@ \. . . 11\i. . (i .. PLUMSTED TWP \ 40 (D SCALE IN MILES LEGEND 0 1 2 3 0 200 PEOPLE -PREPARED BY:'OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD 52 4 1 Recent development trends indicate a continuation of primarily single family housing units built on single lots in a dispersed pattern. This spread-type development is not indicative of the heavier population densi- ties required to support mass transportation. Approximately 65 percent of the residential construction in the County over the last six years has con- sisted of single family homes. Ocean County has two unique forms of housing which are found in only small numbers in the remainder of the state--lagoon developments and retire- ment communities. During the 1950's, 1960's and early 1970's, 13,612 or 93 percent of the States 14,591 lagoon homes were built in Ocean County. More than 8,300 of the 9,000 acres of lagoon development land in New Jersey is located in Ocean County. Both of these housing types again suggest lower population densities: lagoon development because of traffic circulation re- strictions require spatial consideration and; retirement communities where it is estimated that there are 1.76 persons per unit. The 1970 Census shows this figure to be 2.83 persons per unit. The population distribution map (figure 14) shows the importance that the County population places on the coastal marine environment as a place to reside. 53 Adult Retirement Communities: The increasing popularity of adult community living is making Ocean County one of the newest and fastest growing retire- ment areas on the east coast, rivaling the retirement development in Florida. A 1975 estimate placed the number of County residents 55 years and older at nearly 82,000 persons approximately 26% of the total County population. The 1970 U.S. Census showed this same age-group to be only 55,000 persons, an increase of nearly 27,000 persons or 49 percent. Recently as much as 40 per of the County's growth can be attributed to this age-exclusive living style. In 1964, Ocean County experienced the construction of its first retire- ment community. By 1976, the number of retirement communities had increased to 26 with 19,981 dwelling units and a current estimated resident population of more than 38,000. (see location map). The retirement community is an attractive form of development for area municipalities. Retirement communi- ties are seen as a way to maintain the single family residential character of the municipality. They also provide substantial property tax revenue with- out the associated high cost of educating school aged children. The positive impact of senior citizen purchasing on the area's economy is also widely recognized. The existing retirement communities generally have low vacancy rates. There are incentives in many municipal zoning ordinances to encourage con- struction of adult retirement communities. The widespread popularity of re- tirement community living coupled with lengthy waiting lists and municipal acceptance seems to assure their continued construction. 54 HIP, Ocean County C 0 U N T Y Retirement Communities 1976 OV 0 4, 1 0 0 jAC9*ON 0 POINT PL948ANT ]BEACH POINT rl_ epic% PLUSA 0 RAY NEAR A_ 0 0 "0 1 VANTOLONING PLUNISTED 00 z i,___ , -Z.-t k LZL .00, L&VALLC T T9 00/ 9"NO I, ... C..... "914"Ts CHWOOV 09AIIII PARN REACH OCIA01 T9 LACEY ISIL No BEACH STATE GRIND PARK LANDI RETIREMENT COMMJNTIES U 1 . Oak Tree Mobile Homes 2. Walden Estates qr 3. Maple Glen A. 4. meadowbrook village Co-op 5. Southwind Mobile Homes GARVIII&T LIGHT 6. Jk Country Place 7. original Leisure village a. Leisure Village - East 0 LONG 6949H 100111 9. U.S. at Greenbrier I V $TAFFORD 10. Laurelton Gardens Co-op Inc. \1 11. p4oberts Mobile Homes I \\ 12. Holiday City A LONG *94CN 116H) 13. Gardens of Pleasant Plains OURF CITY 14. Dover Walk 15. Leisure Knoll 16. Cedar Glen Homes, Inc. \CAGL911ROOD SHIP GOTTOI0 LITTL 17. Leisure Village -- West I c. 18. Cedar Glen West, "A.*.* 19. Pine Ridge at Crestwood -)I _'@ LONG NEACN 114M 20. Crestwood Village @TUCXFNTONk 21. Cedar Glen Lakes 22. Holiday City at Berkeley OCEAN COUNTY 23. Silver Ridge Park West 24. silver Ridge Park REACH HAVEN NEW JERSEY 25. Pawn Lakes 26. Mystic Shores All LOU# REACH (P-111 PREPARED BY a OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD 55 RETIREMENT COMMUNITIES OCEAN COUNTY, NEW JERSEY JULY 1, 1976 Municipality Retircment Community Dwelling Units 1. Manchester Township Crestwood Village 4,186 2. Lakewood Township Original Leisure Village 2,402 3. Berkeley Township Holiday City at Berkeley 2,300 4. Dover Township Holiday City 1,600 5. Brick Township U.S. at Greenbriar 1,432 6. Lakewood Township Leisure Village - East 1,412 7. Manchester Township Cedar Glen Lakes 1,024 8. Berkeley Township Silver Ridge Park - West 950 9. Berkeley Township Silver Ridge Park 10. Manchester Township Cedar Glen West, Inc. .826 11. Manchester Township Leisure Village - West 800 12. Manchester Township Cedar Glen Homes, Inc. 564 13. Dover Township Gardens of Pleasant Plains 437 14. Manchester Township Pine Ridge at Crestwood 410 15. Lakewood Township A Country Place 376 16. J6ckson Township Oak Tree Mobile Homes 250 17. Brick Township Laurelton Gardens Co-op Inc. 220 18. Dover Township Roberts Mobile Homes 215 19. Jackson Township Southwind Mobile Home Development 210 20. Jackson Township Meadowbrook Village Co-op 116 21. Manchester Township Leisure Knoll 100 22. Little Egg Harbor Twp. Mystic Shores 55 23. Dover Township Dover Walk 45 24. Jackson Township Walden Estates 40 25. Stafford Township Fawn Lakes 28 26. Jackson Township Maple Glen 12 TOTAL 19,910 Source: Ocean County Planning Board 56 Resort Tourism: The resort-tourism sector of the area's economy is significant not only because of the employment opportunities it provides, bu also because of the seasonal visitors which are attracted to the area. With over 75,000 acres of Public open space, 45 miles of Atlantic Ocean shoreline, and hundreds of miles of clear streams and rivers, Ocean County has lont attracted hundreds of thousands of seasonal visitors each year. This seasonal influx varies by location (ocean beach/inland), community character and recreational genera- tors, as well as by day and night, weekday and weekend and by weather condi- tions. Even with Ocean County's tremendous growth and its changing character, the County still continues to act as a major tourist center on the Jersey Shore. Several studies have been conducted, both published and unpublished, which indicate the ratios of seasonal population per permanent population listed in Table V-a, and V-b. TABLE V-a,. RATIO OF SEASONAL TO PERMANENT POPULATION AREA RATIO COASTAL BEACH COMMUNITIES 10:1 BAY COMMUNITIES 2:1 Source: Ocean County Concept Plan, prepared by Ocean County Planning Board and consultants Dames and Moore, November, 1975. _.#4 10 57 TABLE V-b 0C)"'AN COUIN'TY POMMATTO'N', 1 c)7,1 ESTMA= F, U \ J,' I J.'T ALL-YEAR W1'iIG11TJ:1'D E0'JI'.?AT.FNT* 11UNICIPALI TAY POPULATJ ON POPULATION POPULWTON 13ARNEGAT LIGHT 620 91000 21232 13AY IMAD 18090 6,000 2,034 BEACH HAVEN 18640 30,000 7,094 BEAC1i1-.-,00D 51170 61400 5,407 BBRNJI@'LEY 12,270 140000 1-21603 BR I C K 44,795 801000 51,F 565 DOVER 508185 601,700 .52,207 -Doo EAGLES1100D 860 t 1 887 11ARVEY CEDARS 500 71000 11750 ISLAND HEIGHTS 11440 2g900 .1j721 JACKSON 21r000 28,000 22,r 34 6 LACEY 7156() 30,000 11,875 LAKEHURST 21930 2j93.0 21930 LAM31100D 32j550 32,550 32o550 LAVALLETTE 31545 22,F 000 51479 LITTLE EGG HARBOR 4t675 18,500 7 f 3 3 4 LONG' BEACH 31615 45,000 111598 @M N C I 1AESTER 12v835 19,000 14,021 MANTOLOKING 315 2#000 639 Or-, EAN 21680 61000 3r318 OCEAN GATE 11115 21500 1, 36.1 PINE BEACH 11480 2,500 3.1676 PLUMSTED 4,525 4,525 4'525 POINT PLEASANT lGo760 25,000 18,345 PT. PLEASANT BEACH 4 1,945 35,000 101725 SEASIDE HEIGHTS 11400 35,900 8F@035 SEASIDE PARK 1,?505 30,000 6!985 SHIP BOTT0*4 ir195 16, 000 41042 SOUTH TOMS RIVER 41p240 5"000 41386 STArrORD' 41595 11?000 5t827 SURIF CITY 18275 12,000 3 r 3 3 0 TUC].',ERT0N *)*2G5 51400 2tor's UNION 4t180 8,100 4 o934 COMITY 257t785 615,905 3261.654 *Basefl on 10-weck entimated summer nopulitione Source: M. Disko Associates, Ocean Coutity Solid V!aste Disposal & Resource Recover Matiaqement StUdy, V01LMIQ 1, February 1976.. 58 Based upon these ratios and its 1975 estimate of permanent population, the Ocean County Planning Board estimated the peak day summer seasonal population of the County to be approximately 600,000 to 650,000 persons. This estimate includes permanent residents. Many of these seasonal visitors make use of the traditional ocean beach facilities. A rising phenomenon in Ocean County is the growth in the number of marinas located on the shoreline of Barnegat Bay. Estimates (1977) show there are now over 250 registered marinas in Ocean County. These marinas have become centers of seasonal acti- vity. While the shore continues to attract the bulk of the seasonal visitors, the inland sections of the County are attracting new recreational development. Older inland centers such as Lakewood have managed to maintain resort status despite burgeoning year round population through such methods as conversion of older resort hotels to spas and health and diet centers. Rova Farms in Jackson Township, with its unique attractiveness to members of the Russian Orthodox faith, is very popular in the summer months. New recreational developments have been locating along the inland lakes and streams. Major among these is Great Adventure, representing an investment of almost $100 million. Proposed campgrounds, such as Jellystone Camp, also in Jackson Township, and several large K.O.A. campgrounds in the southern por- tion of the County, are examples of increased inland recreational development. 59 Air Quality The National Ambient Air Quality Standards as developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have been adopted by the N.J. De- partment of Environmental Protection (DEP) and are presented in Table Primary ambient air quality standards are designed to protect the public health and are based on the air quality criteria to allow an adequate mar- gin of safety. Secondary standards define the levels of air quality deem- or ed necessary to protect the public welfare from any known or anticipa ed effects of an air pollutant. The New Jersey DEP maintains a network of air quality monitoring stations throughout the State. Three selected stations for this report are located in Toms River, Asbury Park and Freehold. Data collected at these stations from 1973 to 1976 are presented in Tables 6, 7,. 8 and 9. These stations are indicative of the air qualitv in surrounding areas. Sulfur Oxides Sulfur dioxide (S02) and sulfur trioxide (S03) essentially make up the class of corrosive, poisonous gases known as sulfur oxides. This gas results from the combination of certain fuels with an atmosphere oxygen during combustion. Power plants and industrial processes burning oil and coal are responsible for the majority of sulfur oxides emitted. Sulfur dioxide levels at the three sampling stations have not ex- ceeded the established standards over the four year period and do not ap- pear to present local or regional problems in this area. However, signi- ficant determination of air quality is predicted as the result of on-shore activity from offshore oil development unless stringent sulfur removal 60 Table 6 National Ambient Air Quality Standards Standards Primary Secondary Sulfur Dioxide Maximum 3 hour average 0.5 pptri* Maximum 24 hour avera-e 0.14 ppm 0.10 ppm Annual Average 0.03 ppm 0.02 ppm Suspended Particulate Matter 3 3 Maximum 24 hour concentration 260 Vg/m 3 150 Vg/m3 Annual Geometric Mean 75 Vg/m 50 Fg/m Carbon Monoxide Maximum 1 hour average 35 ppm 35 ppm, Maximum 8 hour avera-e 9 ppm 9 ppm* Hydrocarbons (non-rethane) Maximum 6-9 a.am. averages 0.24 ppm 0.24 ppm Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Avera-e 0.05 ppm 0.05 ppm Ozone Maximum 1 hour average 0.08 ppm 0.08 ppm Not to be exceeded more than once a year 2 New Jersey only Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973 01 61 Air quality Data for Toms River, New Jersey Data Table 7 Expression Air Quality Data Times Per Year Standard Exceeded. for 1976 1975 1974 1973 Or if-StandardlWas Exceeded Pollutant Standards (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 1976 .1975 1974 1973 S02 Max. 3 hr. average 0.054 0.094 0.066 0.071 0 0 0 0 Max. 24 hr. average 0.027 0.042 0.029 0.028 0 0 0 0 Annual average 0.008 0.006 0.008 0.006 No No No No (ppm) (PPM) (Ppm) (Ppm) CO Max. 1 hr. averag2 25.4 26.7 -23.1 30.5 0 0 0 0 Max. 8 hr. average 15.5 18.3 15.8 24.3 262/56 363/68 129 489 (Ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Ozone Max. 1 hr. average 3 3 3 (Vg/m (ug/m (pg/m Suspended Particulates 24 hr. average '127 101 141 136 0 0 0 Annual Geometric mean 42.4 43.3 48.6 46.9 No No No No (COHS) (COI!S) (COHS) (Coils) 3 Smoke Shade Max. 24 hr. average 2.11 2.91 2.04 1.42 Annual Average 0.53 0.64 0.69 0.64 1 - P, Primary Standard exceeded; S, Secondary Standard exceeded; No, Standard not exceeded 2 - First number based on moving 8 hr. periods/second number based on non-overlapping 8 hr. periods 3 - No standard has been established Source: @New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection 62 AN Akk Air Quali@4 Data for @spbury Park,' kew Jersey" 4 0 Table 8 Data' Expression Air Quality Data Times Per Year Standard Exceeded for 1976 1975 1974 1973 Or If Standard Was Exceeded Pollutant Standards (ppm) (ppm) (Ppm) (ppm) 1976 1975 1974 197T so2 1,11ax. 3 hr. average 0.107 0.154 0.069 0.061 0 0 0 0 Ylax. 24 hr. average 0.035 0.078 0.044 0.039 0 0 0 0 Annual average 0.009 0.010 0.007 0.007 No No No No (ppm) -(Ppm) (ppm) (Ppm) Co Max. 1 hr. average 20.3 30.9 24.5 16.7 0 0 0 0 Max. 8 hr. average 12.4 10.6 15.3 12.3 16/4 9/3 12/ 24/ (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Ozone Max. I hr. average 0.209 0.203 0.176 0.230 108 104 124 234 3 3 3 Suspended Particulates 24 hr. average 156 123 138 131 S-1 0 0 0 51.6 50.3 50.6 51.6 NO No No No (COHS) (Coils) (Coils) (Coll S) Smoke Shade 3 max. 24 hr. average 2.03 2.21 2.30 2-.56 Annual average 0.61 0.68 0.83 0.76 1 - P, Prirzry Standard exceeded; S, Secondary Standard exceeded; No, Standard not exceeded 2 - First number based on moving 8 hr. periods/Second number based on non-overlapping 8 hour periods 3 - no standard has been established Source: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection 63 %P Air QualitX Data for Freehold, New Jersey.- Table 9 Data Expression' Air QualItX Data Times Per Year Standard Exceeded for 1976 1975 1974 1973 Or If Standard Was Exceeded Pollutant Standards (ppm) (Ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 1976 1975 1974 '1973 so2 Max. 3 hr. average 0.112 0.143 0.165 0.135 0 0 0 0 Max. 24 hr. average 0.046 0.070 0.' 085 0.067 0 0 0 0 Annual average 0.008 0.012 0.017 0.012 No No No No (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) CO Max.'l hr. average 2 23.7 19.1 32.3 53.0 0 0 0 2 Max. 8 hr. average 13.4 12.6 14.8 23.6 170/39 156/36 326/ 468/ (COHS) (COHS) (Coils) (Coils) Smoke Shade 3 Max. 24 hr. average 1.78 1.84 2.05 3.52 Annual average 0.64 0.78 0.85 0.86 1 - P, Primary Standard exceeded; S, Secondary Standard exceeded; No, Standard not exceeded 2 - First number based on moving 8 hr. periods/ Second number based on non-overlapping 8 hr. periods 3 - No standard has been extablished Source: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection 64 controls are not enforced for any gas processing plant located along the South Jersey coast. Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and poisonous gas which forms during the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel. I.nternal combus- tion engines are responsible for the majority of carbon monoxide emissions. Levels of this pollutant tend to be localized and can vary significantly within short distances. The proximity of vehicular traffic and dispersive properties of the gas contribute to its localized nature. The standard for the maximum 8 hour average of carbon monoxide was frequently exceeded at Freehold and Toms River over the four year period and it was exceeded several times at Asbury Park. The maximum standard for the one hour average was not exceeded at any of the stations over the period of record. These relatively high carbon monoxide levels were mea- sured in commercial locations. Suspended Particules Particulate matter is composed of suspended particles of solids or liquid in a variety of sizes. They are produced from a number of sources ----------------------- *Source: Environmental Consequences of On-shore Activity in Four New Jersey Coastal Counties Resulting from Off-shore Oil Development. Narkus-Kramer, Marc, Ratick, Sam, Watson, Andrea Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1975, 41 pp. 65 and include carbon and soot, metallic oxides and salt, oily or tarry drop- lets and inorganic dust. Particulate emissions represent a major portion of the total quantity of air pollutants. The secondary standard for the 24 hour average concentration of par- ticulate matter was exceeded only once at Asbury Park (in 1976) and has not exceeded standards over the four year period at Toms River. Particulate matter is not routinely monitored at Freehold. Ozone Ozone is a photochemical oxidant which forms by combining with other pollutants in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Hydrocarbons and nitro- gen oxides participate in the chain of reactions responsible for the forma- tion of ozone. The only station proximate to Ocean County which monitors ozone is Asbury Park. The s,tandards were exceeded 570 times between 1973 and 1976. Smoke Shade Smoke shade or haze particles interfere with the passage of light through the atmosphere. It is measured as the coefficient of haze (COH) per 1000 lineal feet. An analysis of smoke shade levels is difficult be- cause no standards have been established. High levels of from 1.4 to 3.5 COHS have been observed at the three stations however. Summary: Air Quality The overall air quality in the region defined by these three stations can be considred good locally although carbon monoxide and ozone levels may present a problem. 66 Airports There are four public airport locations in Ocean County. Three loca- tions could support small aircraft and helicopter services. The fourth has been inactive for several years but could be reactivated. Figure 15. Lakewood Airport is a Class V airport located two and one-half miles east of downtown Lakewood (Route 9 and Cedar Bridge Avenue). It has one 2,700' X 50' macadam runway. Thetr radio system is UNICOM. Seven day op- eration, 9:00 a.m. to dark; minor repairs available. Robert J. Miller Air Park is a Class V airport located in Berkeley Township five miles southwest of Toms River. Runway: 1 paved oil and stone- 4,800' X 60'; seven day operation; 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.; all night runway illumination; major and minor repairs for small and medium aircraft; radio UNICOM; flight instruction and air taxi; radio repairs. Manahawkin Airport is a Class V airport located adjacent to the Garden State Parkway, Route 9 and Route 72 in Stafford Township. Runway: one 2,740' X 50' macadam runway, seven day operation; 8:00 a.m. to dark, minor repairs available; radio UNICOM, lights by pre-arrangement. The closest scheduled air passenger and freight service is available on major airlines operating out of Newark Airport and Philadelphia Inter- national, both approximately 60 miles from Toms River, and at other major airports in the New York area. 67 FIGURE 15 C 0 U N T Y 0 JACKSON POINT PLEASANT BEACH BRICK POINT 1A I I A PLEASA I BAY HEAD % MANTOLONING z :,"LAKEHUN!IT -j DOVER L.3 LAV.LLETTE % C) ISLAND HEIGHT SOUTH J1. SEASIDE HEIGHTS TONIS RIVER 0 MANCHESTER 5;E-A W SEASIDE PARK BEACH N TE BERKELEY LACEY ISL NO BEACH ISTATE OWNED PARK LAND) % 4U,0 > ".A\ OCEAN 4r .4 T GO % UNION BARNEGAT LIGHT AIRPORT SITES IN LONG BEACH (Palf) OCEAN COUNTY STAFFORD HARVEY CEDARS A Lakewood @'A LONG BEACH (P-I A Robert J . Mille L A-- SURI CITY \EAG ESWOOD SHIP BOTTOM LITTLE A Manahawkin EGG .ARBOR LONG BEACH ip-11 A Eagles Nest @,TUCKERTONk OCEAN COUNTY COUNTY BOUNDARY BEACH HAVEN NEW JERSEY MUNICIPALITY BOUNDARY LONG BEACH (P-1 PREPARED BY - October 1977 OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD 68 ELECTRIC AND GAS UTILITIES Jersey Central Power_& Light Company Most of Ocean County municipalities receive electric service from Jersey Central Power & Light Company through an extensive transmission and distribution system which is contantly being expanded and improved. Those areas in the southern part of the County which are not supplied by Jersey Central are shown on the Electrical Energy Service map. Figure 16. Jersey Central Power & Light Company is part of the integrated General Public Utilities Corporation system which has a generating capacity of 6,452,000 KW (January 1, 1977) and is interconnected with the Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland power pool with a generating capacity of 43,62 3,000 KW (January 1, 1977). The generating facilities of the General Public Utilities system include nuclear energy, hydro and pumped storage, as well as the fos- sil fuels -- coal, oil and gas. One of the largest investor owned nuclear generating stations in the Country is located in Ocean County. This plant the Oyster Creek Nuclear Gen- eration Station, is located near Barnegat Bay on an 800-acre site in Lacey Township it lies between Route 9 on the east, the Garden State Parkway on the west, the south branch of the Forked River on the north, and Oyster Creek on the south. The Oyster Creek Station has a rated capacity of 515,000 kilowatts with an expected capacity of 640,000 kilowatts. The cooling water flow is measured at 460,000 gallons a minute from the South Branch of Forked River with the resultant discharge into Oyster Creek. A second station - the Forked River Nuclear Generating Station - is being 69 FIGURE 16 C 0 U N T Y OV JACKSON IRE POINT PLEASANT BEACH Po LAKEWOOD Ir, BRICK PLEASA BAY HEAD 00 MANTOLOKING PLUNISTED z -Sr II/LAKEHURST DOVER I LAVAL L E TT E P./ -L . ISLAND HEIGHTS OUT."IVE.--j SEASIDE HEIGHTS MANCHESTER T.NS SEASIDE PARK BEACH - - 11 N TE 1\ BERKELEY LACEY ISL NO BEACH ISTATE OWNED PARK LAND) 0 \ - - - 4v .............. OCEAN Z UNION ............. BARNEGAT LIGHT ..... ...... LONG BEACH (Pl1f) ELECTRIC SERVICE AREAS: . ............... .............. ................ Jersey Central Power & Light HARVEY CEDARS Atlantic Electric Company ......... LONG BEACH ipllf) .......... SURF CITY .... ...... SHIP BOTTOM ............ ............. ...... .. A. LONG BEACH (P-1 ..... TUCKERTON OCEAN COUNTY COUNTY BOUNDARY NEW JERSEY ......... BEACH HAVEN Tr MUNICIPALITY BOUNDARY ....... . October 1977 LONG BEACH patt) "LES PREPARED BY - OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD 70 constructed near the Oyster Creek facility on the same 800-acre tract. The Forked River Station will have a capacity of 1,140,000 KW. Present plans call for a single 500 foot high cooling tower with a re-circulation design. Electric power is distributed throughout the County ba a 230,000 volt transmission system which provides the connection between generating sources and major substations located in the area. In addition, the transmission system is interconnected with all neighboring utility companies. Single and three phase service is provided at voltages of 120, 120/240, 120/208, 240, 277/480, 4,160 4,800 12,500 and 34,500 depending on location, size of load and customer's requirements. Atlantic Electric Company Atlantic Electric Company serves the municipalities of Beach Haven, Eagles- wood, Harvey Cedars, Little Egg Harbor, Long Beach Township, Ship Bottom, Staf- ford, Surf City and Tuckerton, in their entirety; and portions of Lacey, Ocean and Union Townships. New Jersey Natural Gas Company & Public Service Electric & Gas Company New Jersey Natural Gas Company provides service in all municipalities with the exception of Plumsted Township, which is served by Public Service Electric & Gas Company. (Figure 17). Right-of-Ways Right-of-ways of 50 feet or more are delineated on figure 18. 71 FIGURE 17 C 0 U N T Y 0 4, jACKSON 8" POINT PLEASANT BEACH POINT N,.OOD SRI PLEASA I SAY HEAD MANTOLOKING PLU.STED LAKEHURST DOVER W ": t LAYALLET TE U DO 0 EIGHT. T H I- SEASIDE HEIGHTS M S SoU Ili NANCHESTER TO RIVER \ - %E-A-CHWOO SEASIDE PARK IN 7 IS EA N TE C, NEI LACEY Co ISLAND BEACH (STATE OWNED PARK LAND) 4v U "A OCEAN L3 UNION BARNEGAT LIGHT GAS LINES Pressure Lines LONG BEACH (p-) STAFFO Regulator or Peak HARVEY CEDARS Shaving Plant Note: all natural gas distribution LONG REACH lines are in public right-of-way 61, SURF CITY Cb Tndicate pipe size EAGLE-oo SHIP BOTTOM LITTLE EGG HARBOR Source: New Jersey Natural Gas Co. I,)TUCKERTONk @L ONG BEACH (01,11 OCEAN COUNTY COUNTY BOUNDARY BEACH HAVEN NEW JERSEY MUNICIPALITY BOUNDARY LONG BEACH (part) IIIES 1 3 1 PREPARED BY OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD 72 c 0 % T 70'- do 00, 00 0,00 "44, % Q % L4 % **% % 0 RIGHT -OF -WAYS 50'OR MORE November 1977 ----- JERSEY CENTRAL POWER & LIGHT RAILROAD- CONRAIL& C.R.R. OF N.J. ATLANTIC ELECTRIC V R E G 10 N I -,Q R E A T 01-VURK 0 A V COUNTYOF OCEAN OC E, A N (:OUNTY NEW ERSEY L.TTL. PREP \R@ 1) BN THE OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD OCEAN COUNTY GROWTH INCENTIVES There are many area specific factors which in combination support the observation that Ocean County will continue to grow at a fairly rapid rate. These growth incentives are as follows: Developable Land: The availability of vast amounts of potentially developable land is a major growth incentive. As noted in the HUD 701 funded Ocean County Con- cept Plan, development has occurred in basically two patterns: (1) the coastal beach strip extending from Point Pleasant Beach south to Long Beach Township; and (2) urban concentrations on the mainland generally east of the Garden State Parkway and along major highways southward. Inland areas west of the Garden State Parkway are generally open space, vacant and/or agricultural. Exceptions are smaller suburban concentrations such as Crestwood Village, a retirement community, and Lakehurst Borough and publically owned land. Of the 408,382 acres within the County, approx- imately 230,156 acres are vacant or are in agricultural use. These areas exhibit a potential for.development. The present abundance of developable land, coupled with the relatively low cost of land will contribute to the continued growth of the area. Accessibility to Metropolitan Centers: A second incentive is the area's accessiblity to large metropolitan centers. This highway accessibility allows the resort-tourist economy to flourish. It also reduces commutation time to major metropolitan employment centers. 74 Other major factors discussed previously include the natural amenities and resort character of the County and the completion of the regional. sewerage system. 75 Ocean County Growth Constraints There are certain existing and potential constraints on growth which directly affect Ocean County. These constraints are principally the result of State and regional efforts to guide and regulate growth, however, the large amount of publicly owned lands also serves as a significant growth constraint. State Coastal Zone Planningand CAFRA: C The N.J. D.E.P. is responsible for Coastal Zone Management and Plan- ning pursuant to the federal Coastal Zone Management Act, Public Law 92-583. The State is currently finishing a management plan for the coastal area of New Jersey which includes much of Ocean County. The Coastal Area Facilities Review Act (CAFRA) was enacted to protect the New Jersey coastal areas from further degradation from large scale de- velopment in environmentally sensitive coastal areas. A map on the following page shows the area presently within the CAFRA jurisdiction in Ocean County. (Figure 18). Basically, CAFRA provides a State permitting system under which proposed development is evaluated on the basis of: 1. The assessment of the environmetnal impact of potential developmeht on an area. 2. Determination of the capacity of the affected area to absorb and react to man-made stresses. 3. Evaluation of the compatibility of the particular use with the environmental resources of the area. Before construction and site preparation can begin, a developer must re- ceive a permit from the commissioner of the Department of Environmental Pro- tection. Facilities that must be reviewed by CAFRA include proposed residential 76 FIGURE 18 AREAS OF OCEAN COUNTY INCLUDED IN THE C 0 U N T Y PINE BARRENS AND CAFRA 4j ... ...... JACKSON ........... POINT PLEASANT BEACH :::.R*,c*.*:::: .10 INT .1 @@ :.. .:I.KE PlElSA- ol ....... BAY HEAD % .. ..... ....... MANTOLONIN4 PLUMSTED ............ ............ ...... . ........... ........ ................... LAVALLITTE .,SLAND HEIGHT ................. .. f'N' , * : : - 5 SEASIDE HEIGHTS NA.C.ES.cp TOMS RIVER A IF GJAC IA .. ... ... SEASIDE PARK A A ................ A ...... A A, A A A, A .......... A AA - .,: A* A .8 E RKI LEY ... A A A A A. 4-._ A A.... 0 A. .: A A IF IF A IF IF IF AA A . ....... A A ...... ....... . . . . IF *ACE AAIF ISLAND BEACH Rl: . . . . . . ......... A. (STATE OWNED PARK LAND) A A ......... A A: C, A A. A. A IF IF ......... A. A. A. A IF :)BARNEGAT LIGHT IF IF .......... A ... ....... ...... ...... LONG BEACH IF .............. A ..................... ............ HARVEY CEDARS I IF A A IF LONG BEACH (-Il IF A %: ...... A. .............. A ... . A ... . ............ ........ SURF CITY Pine Barrens ...... :7SHIP BOTTOM .............. ........... .... Caf ra LONG BEACH P-) .......... OCEAN COUNTY . ........ NEW JERSEY BEACH HAVEN L... BEACH (P-) PREPARED BY - OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD 10 77 developments involving 25 units or more. Manufacturing and industrial uses, 41 among others, also come under CAFRA review. CAFRA, as a regulatory agency, has the potential to have a pronounced effect on future large scale development in Ocean County. While the CAFRA legislation does not prohibit development, it does provide a mechanism to restrict development in ecologically sensitive areas. The future impact that CZM/CAFRA will have on the County is difficult to assess at this time. The State CZM/CAFRA planning agency has not yet completed the overall management plan for this area. In addition, several legislative initiatives have been started that could influence CAFRA's role in Ocean County. First, a bill has been introduced that would eliminate the "inland bulge" from the CAFRA zone in Ocean County. Secondly, a bill that would raise the number of building lots requiring permit action from 25 to 50 units has been introduced in the state legislature. Wetlands Act of 1970: Large areas of Ocean County are covered by the provisions of the New Jersey Wetlands Act. This Act regulates the dredging, removing, filling, al*- tering or pollution of coastal wetlands. Under the Act a permit is required from the commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Very limited land uses, such as recreational facilities, may be allowed to locate in wetland areas under a Type B permit. On balance, however, the Wet- lands Act serves as an effective prohibition of any future residential develop- ment in these critical resource areas. Pine Barrens: Approximately one-third of Ocean County is included in the largely 78 undeveloped area known as the Pine Barrens. Due to the importance of the water resources and the ecological significance of the flora and fauna of the Pine Barrens, a great deal of public attention has focused on the "Pines". In 1972, the New Jersey State legislature signed into law an Act which cre- ated the Pinelands Environmental Council (PEC). The purposes of the Council as defined in the law are: 1. the protection of the water resources and other natural assets of the Pinelands Region from mususe and pollution; 2. the conservation of the scientific, educational, scenic, water resources and recreational values of the region; 3. the encouragement of the continuation and development of compatible land uses in order to improve the overall en- vironmental and economic position of the area; and, 4. the preservation and promotion of the agricultural com- plex of the Pinelands Region.* The P.E.C. is charged with developing a coordinative, comprehensive plan that will help insure that development occurs in accordance with environmental objectives. The actual formal powers available to the P.E.C. to implement the plan are limited. The P.E.C., however, has the power to review each major pro- ject and development and, if the Council judges the public interest may notbe served by any specific project, to delay its beginning for up to 60 days. --------------- Laws of New Jersey Assembly Report No. 2096, Chapter 417 79 Additional land and water use controls covering the Pine Barrens area have recently been proposed by the Governor and by the N.J. D.E.P.. These 4 include an executive order, which generally provides for State review of proposed projects and development in the area; a proposed extension of the critical areas boundary which would require State approval of sewerage and water supply facilities; and proposed revisions to the water quality stand- ards in the area. Groundwater quality standards have also been proposed. The intent of the recent proposals is clear. The State is seeking a more active and direct role in regulating the development of the area. It is, never-the-less difficult to determine the potential, cummulative effect of these proposals since they do not address the specific land use implica- tions associated with their implementation. Areas which could be developed have not been identified. Acceptable densities have not been defined. Clearly, in order to afford the degree of protection which is appro- priate for the Pine Barrens, developmental controls need to be exercised in accord with a well defined, realistic land use plan for the area. Publicly-Owned Lands: A significant feature of Ocean County is the thousands of acres of Fed- eral, State, and County-owned public lands. Most of the publicly-owned land totalling 118.999 acres is in parks or fish and wildlife management areas, and they can be removed from consideration of O.C.S. activity. 80 0 Fishing, Clamming, Recreation The 1976 New Jersey Landings Current Fisheries Statistics No. 7213 re- ports a commercial total of 4.7 million pounds of shellfish (value 3.95 mil- lion dollars) and 10.6 million pounds of fresh fish (value 2.52 million dol- lars) as being processed within Ocean County. These figures represent be- tween 13.5 and 22 percent respectfully of the total poundage and dollar val- ue of all shellfish and fish landed in New Jersey. It is a significant amount since the major hard calm estuary areas is located in the lower Barnegat Bay and Great Bay Area. This also reflects the relative purity of the bay waters and river watersheds which empty into this area. The area around the Mullica River including parts of Great Bay and Little AL Egg has been nominated as a marine sanctuary bythe U.S. Department of the In- terior and by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. This is partially because the area is relatively free of major pollution and can be maintained in this manner. One other important reason is the confirmed hulls 1W of 14 sunken revolutionary war ships partially located within the bay area. Revolutionary War salt works are also located along Barnegat Bay (figurel 9). Recreation within the Barnegat Bay area is available in many forms in- cluding boating, sailing, fishing, crabbing, and swimming. Ocean County pre- sently accounts for more than 38 percent of the State's total motorboat use. Ocean County also leads the state in projected uses of sail boating and salt water fishing. Clearly, Ocean County is a major tourist-recreation area that is utilized by residents and non-residents alike for all types of activities. Also for 81 C 0 U N 'r Y 0 JACKSON POINT PLEASANT BEACH POINT LAKEWOOD BRICK PLEASA I SAY HEAD % PLUMSTED MANTOLOKING V-'LAKEHURST DOVER I.) LAVALLETTE 0 T SOUTH j SEASIDE HEIGHTS TO S RIVER MANCHESTER %EAC.W. PIREH N ATE SEASIDE PARK BEACH BERKELEY LACEY 0 ISL NO BEACH & ISTATE OWNED "A LAND) % 0 Ir OCEAN .4 BARNFGAT LIGHT UNION BEACH 11,111 Location of Historic sites LONG including Revolutionary STAFFORD War Salt Works, I '@< HARVEY CEDARS Indian Shell Mounds, A LONG BEACH (P110 Sunken Warships, etc. SURF CITY \EAGLES.OOD SHIP BOTTOM Sources: Ocean County Historical SocietY, LITTLE New Jersev State Museum EGG HARBOR LONG BEACH (P-) kTUCKERTOHk OCEAN COUNTY COUNTY BOUNDARY NEW JERSEY MUNICIPALITY BOUNDARY BEACH HAVEN LONG BEACH (-0 o 2 PREPARED BY OCEAN COUNTY PLANNING BOARD 82 the foreseeable future. A significant amount of Ocean Counties economy will be dependent upon Barnegat Bay and the barrier islands for its economic via- bility. 83 SUITABILITY OF ON-SHORE FACILITIES FOR OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF AND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES The suitability of on-shore facilities for outer continental shelf and energy development activities in Ocean County is very limited due to the sensitive natural resources and economic base 41 of the County. While Ocean County has been developing rapidly during the past thirty (30) years as a result of several factors, the County has remained essentially a suburban-rural area with an economic base comprised of resort/tourism, adult retirement communities and limited industrial development. Most on-shore facilities related to outer continental shelf and energy develop- ment are incompatible with the environmental, land use and economic development activities located within Ocean County. The incompati- bility of most of the on-shore OCS facilities have been well recognized by all levels of government and have been incorporated into policies, regulations and development restrictions promulgated at the Federal, state, county and municipal levels. Future development within Ocean County is dependent upon a high quality environment including water quality, air quality and protection of open space. 84 The preservation of critical environmental factors has been recognized in land use and facilities planning in Ocean County and has been incorporated into County and municipal planning programs and into municipal zoning and other land development regulations. The County Master Plan, Concept Plan, 208 Water Quality Management Plan and the Wastewater Management Plan recognize the sensitivity of the natural resource base of Ocean County and the incompatibility of petro-chemical and other heavy industrial activities within the County. There are, however, a wide range of on-shore facilities re- lated to outer continental shelf and energy development and many of these activities and facilit ies are physically compatible with the present environmental quality, land use development patterns and economic base of the County. Such activities include human services and selected off-shore development platform support operations. These types of activities are permitted by the County and several of the municipalities in terms of existing Master Plans, Zoning Ordinances and economic development programs. Such facili- ties would include service base activities, air support facilities and numerous ancillary and light industrial activities. The facilities which are considered to be suitable for Ocean County would be those types of activities which are compatible with the resort/tourist industry and corporate and industrial parks such 85. as light manufacturing and technical professional service support, catering companies, administrative support activities, and specialized service activities. These types of facilities and services are currently prevalent in the County and are types of facilities which are promoted by the County and municipal economic e development agencies and commissions. Specific activities which may be suitable for Ocean County are described below. Each of the activities which are described would have to be carefully screened in order to insure that no adverse environmental impacts would occur in terms of disposal C of waste materials or any potential petro-chemical contamination and that the activities would in no way have adverse impacts on the resort/tourist trade, the fishing and clamming industry or on the development of Ocean County for retirement communities. Supplemental Service Base Facilities OCS development requires temporary and permanent service bases for logistical support of the off-shore drilling rigs. The service bases serve as staging areas for equipment, supplies and personnel. Drilling companies look for available vacant land in port areas close to the off-shore activity (usually within 150 miles of the lease area) that can be leased according to the drilling company needs (short term lease for temporary bases during exploration and long term leases upon development 86 drilling). Temporary service bases require 5-10 acres, 200 feet of wharf per rig and 15-20 foot water depths at pier. Permanent service bases require 25-30 acres per rig, 200 feet of wharf per rig and 15-20 foot water depths at pier. Due to the limited facilities for large scale service base facilities (25-30 acres) it is expected that only supplemental service base facilities would utilize Ocean County ports and wharves. Supplemental services would be those light duty or specialized services compatible with the Ocean County commercial, and recreational and private fishing fleets and resort/tourist industry. Detailed environmental reviews would be required for any shipment and disposal of solid wastes or oil contaminated drill cuttings. The Manasquan Inlet area (Point Pleasant) and Barnegat Inlet area could provide limited service facilities related to personnel and equipment support activities. Limita- tions of available wharves and land area would restrict marine services to specialized services which may be required to sup- plement a central service base at another location along the coast (such as Atlantic City). Environmental concerns and potential adverse impacts on fishing and resort/tourist activi- ties would have to be carefully evaluated. Repair and Maintenance Yards These are utilized by many firms which provide repair service for boats and equipment used for OCS development. Repairs vary 87 widely, but are likely to include hull, electronic, mechanical, and inspection work for 60-200 foot tugs, crew, supply, and research vessels, as well as repairs to a wide variety of equip- ment. 41 Fast, efficient, and available service and highly skilled labor are primary requirements of oil companies for repair and maintenance work. Accessibility to road, rail, and air transport is necessary for fast delivery of supplies and parts. Skills re- quired may include certified welders, ship-fitters, electricians, mechanics, machinists, riggers, carpenters, pipe-fitters, sand- blasters and painters. Ocean County is capable of providing fepair and maintenance for many of the marine vessels which would be utilized in the service operations for oil drilling. Existing repair and mainten- ance facilities are located in several areas in Ocean County. Supply Drilling Base These bases supply the equipment part needs of an oil rig such as drill bits, tool joints, drill collars, pump parts, etc. Supply companies look for vacant warehouses within 75 miles of dockside to set up a support base for off-shore oil. Supply bases employ 4-5 during exploratory phase and up to 30 at peak development. Ocean County is well suited for this activity. 88 Drilling Mud Supply Base Drilling mud is a term used for a mixture of water with such substances as clay, bentonite, and barite that is used in the drilling process to remove cuttings, lubricate the bit, and control subsurface pressures. A warehouse of at least 5,000 square feet, usually located along rail facilities, is used to store the drilling mud material. The material is usually shipped and stored in sacks or bulk form, but it can also be stored in liquid form in mud tank farms. Drilling mud supply bases employ approximately 9-10 persons. It may be possible to provide a limited drilling mud supply base in Ocean County but a proposed facility would have to be reviewed very carefully. Catering Services Services are needed for off-shore production and drilling platforms to provide personnel food, sanitary supplies, linen and incidental equipment at the rigs. In the Gulf Coast area catering services employ an estimated 2,500 persons with an approximate annual payroll of $20 Million. Spinoff benefits to the local economy can be expected from the purchasing of food, linen, restaurant equipment, trucks, etc. Ocean County is well suited for catering services and has existing catering services which could adapt to the specialized services required in drilling operations. 89 Steel Platform Installation Service Bases These bases support the installation process of drilling platforms. Similar to temporary service bases in siting require- ments, these bases require wharfage and waterfront warehouse space, and repair and maintenance facilities for vessels and barges. Requirements and Impacts Land: Approximately 5 acres of waterfront land Wharfspace: 200 Ft/4 platforms installed Water Depth: 15-20 Ft. at pier Offshore Labor: Approximately 100/installation spread (25% local) Onshore Labor: 25 Workerslinstallation spread (50%) Onshore Wages: Approximately $425,000; annual average wage $17,000 Environmental Impact: Approximately the same as temporary service base Ocean County wharves and docks may be able to supply supple- 40 mental or specialized services as long as the services are compati- ble with existing fishing and resort/tourist facilities. Pipeline Installation Service Bases These bases support off-shore pipeline installation operations. As with other service bases, distance from installation site is the most important siting consideration. 9G 40 Requirements and Impacts Land: Approximately 5 acres Waterfront: 200 Foot wharf/spread; 15-20 foot depth Labor: Approximately 25 on-shore jobs Wages: Approximately $425,000 annually; average wage $17,000 Environmental Impacts: Similar to temporary service bases Ocean County may be able to provide supplemental or special- ized services as long as the services are compatible with existing fishing and resort/tourist facilities. Air Supply and Emergency_Air Support Services Helicopter support services are an important adjunct of marine support services in the exploration and development of outer continental shelf drilling programs. These include person- nel shuttle programs, selected supply and service functions (mail for example), and emergency support services. Ocean County can be expected to serve as a base for emergency services due to existing naval helicopter services at Lakehurst Naval Air Station and Coast Guard emergency capabilities. Com- mercial helicopter services would be well suited at existing airports in Ocean County particularly the Lakewood and Robert J. Miller Airports. Such services would supplement other service functions required for off-shore oil exploration and development. 91 Communications and Administrative Support Services These services are required for off-shore development and would be suitable for and acceptable to Ocean County. Several corporate and light industrial parks are capable of supporting such services in Ocean County including the Toms River Industrial Park, Lakewood Corporate Park and industrial/corporate develop- ment areas in Brick, Berkeley, Manchester, Jackson, Lacey and other areas of the County. Oil Spill Clean-Up Equipment Storage 40 In the event of an oil spill resulting from off-shore oil development, the need for immediate response and beach protection is essential. Ocean County would support the st orage of oil spill and estuary and beach protection equipment within the County. A comprehensive plan for oil.spill protection would, hopefully, incorporate a storage area(s) within the County to help ensure protection of beaches and estuarine areas which constitute the natural resources and the basis for the County fishing and resort/tourism economic base. 41 40 9z UNSUITABLE FACILITIES FOR OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES Several functions of off-shore drilling and development are not deemed suitable for Ocean County due to environmental and other physiographic constraints, incompatibility with existing land use and economic development activities and current govern- mental policies and regulatory constraints. The principal facili- ties which are not suitable for Ocean County and a synopsis of the reasons for their unsuitability are described below. Steel Platform Fabrication Yards Steel platform fabrication yards require large (200-1000 acre) land areas on deep draft (15-30 foot) navigable waterways with almost direct sea access. Ocean County does not have suitable physical site capabilities for a steel platform fabrication yard. There are no 200-plus acre sites with deep draft waterways capable of hosting such a facility. It is unlikely that such a facility would be located in New Jersey based upon stated site requirements. Pipe Coating Yards Pipe coating yards require large land areas (100-150 acres) with 20-30 feet deep piers and a wharf area of approximately 93 750 feet. The yards prepare pipes for underwater use through the application of concrete and asphalt sealers. Due to the lack of suitable marine terminal facilities and the heavy in- dustrial nature of the operation (extensive air emissions such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfer oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and wastewater contaminents including hydrocarbons, alkaline substances, particulates, metal fragements and others), pipe coating yards are not likely to be considered in Ocean County and would be unsuitable due to incompatibility with resort/tourist activities, commercial and pleasure fishing and boating and the secondary air quality standards for the County. Coating yards are prohibited by current coastal municipal zoning ordinances in Ocean County and are discouraged by the Coastal Management Strategy of New Jersey (1). Oil and Gas Processing-and Refining Plants The processing of crude oil and natural gas in Ocean County is incompatible with existing land development patterns along the coast and the newly developing adult residential communities in many interior areas of the County. The impacts of OCS proces- sing and refinery activities on Ocean County in terms of air emissions and water usage and pollution would be unacceptab le to the County. Environmental, governmental and social constraints would prohibit the installation of such facilities in Ocean County. Refineries are prohibited in the Bay and Ocean Shore Segments of New Jersey's Management Program (1). (1) The Bay and Ocean Shore Segment is a revision of the Coastal Management Strategy (September, 1977) to be submitted by the New Jersey Offices of Coastal Zone Management to NOAA in May, 1978. It represents a segment of New Jersey's Coastal Management Program, approval of which would require Federal activities to be consistent with New Jersey's coastal policies. 94 Pipeline Corridors 3 Pipeline corridors may consist of four (4) types; crude oil, processed, un-processed and processed natural gas. (Processed oil product pipelines are not expected to be considered in the coastal area due to the prohibition of refineries in the ocean and bay region of the State.) Pipeline corridors require 50-100 foot rights-of-way, 40 acres for pumping stations, 60 acres for termi- nals and 2-3 acres for compressors. Pipeline location in Ocean County is complicated due to the problems of crossing beaches, traversing the Barnegat Bay and extensive wetlands areas, the Pine Barrens region, sensitive inland stream corridors and the conflicts with existing land uses within the County. The lack of data relative to potential regional corridor routes, direct and indirect environmental impacts and the feasibility of corrodor locations within Ocean County have made impact analysis impossible at this point in time. Based upon the limited data available, Ocean County officials have been opposed to crude oil and un-processed gas pipeline cor- ridors within the County. (Processed natural gas corridors may be able to utilize existing rights-of-ways in conjunction with current natural gas lines.) Opposition to oil pipelines re- sults from a) the potential adverse impacts of construction, b) the potential serious beach areas clean-up in event of a pipe- line break, c) the potential devastating impact on the County bays and estuarine areas, d) the potential of ground water contamination 95 in inland areas and e) the associated potential of gassification or partial processing plants which are deemed unsuitable for the reasons cited above. The County of Ocean has repeatedly opposed pipeline develop- 41 ment in the County through public statements, resolutions and statements before State and Federal legislative hearings. Any proposal for pipeline corridor location would be viewed very critically by Ocean County and detailed environmental analyses and impact analyses would be required by the County. 41 96 COUNTY ROLE IN COASTAL ENERGY FACILITY SITING Ocean County has played and expects to continue to play a very strong role in coastal energy facility siting in New Jersey. While county government in the State of New Jersey has limited land use controls under enabling legislation and few defined powers other than to regulate development as it affects county roads and drainage facilities, counties have developed extensive planning expertise as a result of numerous transportation, environ- mental, social and facility planning demands placed on counties. Expertise developed at the county planning board level is not usually available at the municipal planning board level. With this expertise, county planning departments have been able to collate and synthesize pertinent planning information that can be used in making land use decisions at the municipal, state and federal level. The county serves a coordination function which focuses attention on specific issues and impacts which may affect the county and it's municipalities. The relationships developed at the county level of government and their importance in coastal energy facility siting are described below. 97 County-State Relationship The State has recognized the county level of expertise by granting planning funds to Ocean County and eleven other New Jersey counties affected by OCS development to assist the State in analyzing and developing the energy element that is mandated by the New Jersey Coastal Area Facility Review Act of 1973 and the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1976. Ocean County views its relationship with the State in coastal energy facility siting as basically being of one of coordinating appropriate land use, environmental, social and other data relating to Ocean AN County and providing the State with input that reflects county and municipal plans and policies relative to OCS development and on-shore energy facility siting and impacts. County-County Relationships There are many coastal energy facility siting characteris- tics that are of regional significance, such as pipeline cor- ridors and oil or gas processing plant siting. It is for this reason that coordination among counties is viewed.as being of particular importance. During the time frame of the OCS and energy facilities contract, Ocean County coordinated its efforts with other counties in a number of ways. The County met monthly with the State and the eleven (11) other counties to discuss the energy facility plans each county was developing. Monthly 98 reports of findings were also shared. In addition, Ocean County met with representatives from Atlantic, Burlington, Camden and Gloucester Counties to discuss potential pipeline corridors of mutual interest and concern. Further, the County has co- ordinated efforts with Atlantic, Cape May and Monmouth Counties through the creation of the Coastal Counties Off-Shore Develop- ment Committee which holds regular meetings and provides coordina- tion in terms of data distribution, county policy formulation, joint legal action, public coordination activities and continuing communication among the counties. Because of the regional impact of many energy related facilities, communication and coordination among counties should continue.in order to improve basic energy facilities and siting data, policy development and coordination of legal actions as required. County-Public Relationship Similar to the County's relationship with the municipalities, the County is seen as a clearinghouse for disseminating pertinent information dealing with energy facility siting issues to the public and a subregional coordinating agency for public input and data compilation of public concerns. The County serves as an important source of public information on energy issues through the Board of Chosen Freeholders, Planning Board, the County Energy 99 Office, the County Consumer Affairs Office and various other County boards and agencies. The County has sponsored and co- sponsored numerous public meetings, hearings and lectures on energy developments in the County. The Planning Board has presented numerous slide shows to senior citizen, business, civic, educational and social groups relative to energy studies and facilities which may affect Ocean County and its residents. The Energy Council has developed numerous programs on energy designed to educate the public about energy needs and programs,, to coordinate energy activities and to assist the County in developing a balanced energy policy. The Consumer Affairs Office works with consumer groups (and individuals) on protecting consumer rights and promoting energy conservation and awareness. Finally, the Board of Chosen Freeholders has evaluated the numerous energy development activities, programs and proposals within the County including on-shore nuclear, off-shore nuclear, nuclear cluster, off-shore oil development, deep water ports, solar energy, methane development from solid waste processing, county- wide ene rgy conservation and others. In effect, the County has developed a public awareness of the energy. 100 COUNTY VIEW OF STATE AND NATIONAL INTERESTS IN COASTAL ENERGY SITING Ocean County recognizes the importance of State and national interests in coastal energy siting, but also recognizes that there are competing state and national interests in terms of the coastal area of New Jersey. The protection and preservation of the coastal area environment is deemed by Ocean County to be as important in terms of state and national interests as the develop- ment of coastal energy activities. Ocean County views a high quality coastal environment as a state and national resource in terms of long-term food production through fishing, clamming and other marine oriented activities which produce a form of state and national "aqua culture" which is one of the most productive in the world. The County also views the extensive recreational facilities as a national resource which results in energy conservation through the close proximity of daily, weekly and seasonal recreational activities for the millions of metropolitan resi- dents in the New York, Philadelphia and mid-Atlantic region. Ocean County views the coastal region as a national resource in terms of attracting foreign visitors and tourists thus produc- ing a positive impact on the national balance of payments situation. 101 Ocean County views the coastal region as a national and state resource in terms of providing housing and recreational activities in close proximity to the industrial, commercial and financial centers in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas. These views have resulted in a County policy of asserting 40 that any evaluation of coastal energy facility siting must be made within a context of the long-term importance of maintaining a high quality coastal environment which will protect and enhance the recreation, resort/tourist, fishing and related marine in- dustries and future residential (including retirement community) development. Ocean County has opposed all OCS development which would conflict with these views and has authorized legal action when these views may be violated. Thus, Ocean County has intervened in off-shore nuclear permit hearings and opposed oil lease sales in the Mid-Atlantic region. The County has also opposed pro- posed future on-shore nuclear facilities and hydrocarbon proces- sing plants. The County has testified before State Senate and Assembly energy hearings; the New Jersey Public Utilities Commission; U. S. Congressional and Senate energy hearings;,the Nuclear Regulatory Agency; numerous federal and state sponsored seminars, forums, conferences and public meetings. The County was also an 1H original co-sponsor of the Coastal Counties Off-Shore Development Control Committee which is now composed of the four (4) New Jersey coastal counties (Ocean, Monmouth, Atlantic and Cape May). In concert with other coastal counties, Ocean County views the OCS development program as one which lacks any meaningful Federal-local communication; coordination and cooperation on a continuing basis. Ocean County urges that the National Environ- mental Policy Act and the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act mandating a national interest in environmental protection and intergovernmental cooperation be adhered to in off-shore and on-shore energy siting and development. Ocean County urges that state and federal policies recognize and incorporate the state and national interests in the protection of a high quality coastal environment for state and national recreation/tourist, fishing and aquaculture for existing and future demands. 103 COUNTY VIEW OF STATE AND FEDERAL ASSISTANCE IN COASTAL ENERGY SITING As presented in the preceding sections, Ocean County recognizes the need for siting of coastal dependent OCS and energy facilities in the coastal zone. However, when this occurs, state and federal level agencies should be required to aid municipalities and counties which are impacted by energy development and must pro- tect the state and national interests in a quality coastal environment. State and federal aid should be in the form of guidance, coordination, planning and financial assistance to mitigate the adverse impact. This must originate at the federal and state levels. Areas in which assistance could be rendered are additional housing, police, fire, emergency, sewer, water, recreation, roads, school and social service demands created by the siting of energy facilities. State and federal assistance should also be established to provide protection and compensation where required, for economic and environmental degradation. By providing adequate planning assistance and guidance to the counties, the state and federal agencies can recognize the importance of not only the local interests, but also the state 104 and national interests related to energy development. Federal assistance concerning the overall national coastal zone policy most likely will originate with the Department of Commerce NOAA OCZM while state policy would be based and influenced by inputs from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the Department of Energy. Some assistance could be in the form of local grants to enable the counties to carry out necessary energy siting studies, to plan for the impacts of siting of energy facilities within the coastal zone and to provide for the required coordination of these activities on a subregional basis. The County views these activities as providing mutual long term benefits in terms of.improved intergovernmental communication and coordination, detailed reviews and analyses and unique local contributions in developing balanced and responsible energy siting policies at the federal and state 1 e v e 1 s 105 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Baldwin, Pamela and Malcolm Baldwin. Onshore Planninq for Offshore Oil Lessions from Scotland. The ConservatTion Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1975. Clark, John. Coastal Ecosystems - Ecological Considerations for Manage ment of the Coastal Zone. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1974. Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. Effects of Off- shore Oil and Natural Gas Development on the Coastal Zone. U.S. Govern- ment Printing Service, March 1976. Ditton, Robert, John Seymour and Gerald Swanson. Coastal Resources Manage ment. D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Massachusettes, 1976. Division of Marine Services, New Jersey Department of Environmental Pro- tection. An Economic Profile of Ocean County. Trenton, New Jersey, 1975. Jersey Central Power and Light. This is Ocean County, New Jersey. Asbury Park, New Jersey, 1977. McCormick, J. & M.F. Buell. The Plains:Pigmy Forests of The New Jersey Pine Barrens. Rutgers University, 1968. Miller, John C. Nitrate Contamination of The Water-Table Aquifer in Dela- ware. Newark, Delaware, May, 1972. Morell, David. On the Beach: The Compatibility of New Jersey's Tourist Industry with Offshore Energy Development. Unpublished, Center for Environ- mental Study. Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. New England River Basins Commissions Factbook. 'Onshore Facilitied Related to Offshore Oil and Gas Development. Resource and Land Investigations P-rogram. United States Department of The Interior. Boston, Massachusetts, November 1976 and supplements. New Jersey Travel and Resort Industry Association. Economic Impact of The New Jersey Travel and Resort Industry. Stockton State College, Pomona, New Jersey, May, 1974. Ocean County Planning Board and Dames & Moore, Consultants. Ocean County Concept Plan - HUD - 701 Study, Toms River, New Jersey, 1975. Ocean County Planning Board and Fellows, Reed & Weber, Inc., Master Plan for Water Resource Management. Toms River, New Jersey, 1969. 107 Ocean County Planning Board. Ocean County Economic Development Profile, 1976. Toms River, New Jersey, 1976. Ocean County Planning Board. Natural Features Inventory; Long Beach Is- land. Toms River, New Jersey, 1976. Ocean County Planning Board. Ocean County Planning Data Book, Toms River, New Jersey, October, 1975. Ocean County Planning Board. Population Study: Ocean County and Southern Monmouth County, New Jersey. Ocean County 208 Project Staff, Toms River, New Jersey, August, 1977. Ocean County Planning Board. Retirement Communities; Ocean County. Toms River, New Jersey, 1976. Ocean County Planning Board. Ocean County Solid Waste Disposal and Resource Recovery Management Study, Vol. I. M. Disko Associates, Union, New Jersey, February, 1976. Ocean County Planning Board. Subregional Transportation Planning, Ocean County, New Jersey. Toms River, New Jersey, December, 1977 Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. Coastal Effects of Offshore Energy Systems, Vol. I and II. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977. U.S. Department of The Interior. O.C.S. Sale No. 40 Final Environmental Statement, Vol. 1-4. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976. 108 DATE DUE No. 2333 PRINTED IN U S A GAYLORD 3 6668 14106 8132