report on potential for thermal pollution mitigation by waste heat utilization from power plant condenser cooling water for industrial and commercial operations located adjacent to nuclear or fossil fuel fired generating plants

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

LACEY INDUSTRIAL PARK

WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION STUDY

FINAL REPORT

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY:

THE OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND

ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION ; NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY;

LACEY TOWNSHIP

A REPORT ON,

POTENTIAL FOR THERMAL POLLUTION MITIGATION

BY WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION

FROM POWER PLANT CONDENSER COOLING WATER

FOR INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS

LOCATED ADJACENT TO NUCLEAR

OR FOSSIL FUEL FIRED GENERATING PLANTS

SHORT TITLE: LACEY TOWNSHIP, NEW JERSEY
WASTE HEAT DISPERSION

BY UTILIZATION STUDY

Prepared By:
NORTHWEST ENGINEERING, INC.
"This acknowledge's the financial assistance provided by the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, with funds
administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Office of Coastal Zone Management. This study was perpared under the
supervision of the New Jersey Coastal Energy Impact Program of the
New Jersey Department of Energy. However, any opinions, findings,
conclusions or recommendations expressed herein are those of the
author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or NJ DOE."

US Department of Commerce
NOAA Co ast al S e n7l-, C C nt @- -r L @-,"!3rary
2234 South
Charleston, S0

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The following report has been prepared to present the results

of a Waste Heat Utilization Study conducted by Consultants,

Northwest Engineering, Inc., for the governing body of Lacey Township,

Ocean County, New Jersey. The study has been funded 35% by Lacey

Township, and 65% by funds provided'by the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration through the New Jersey Department of Energy.

The principal objective on the study was to ascertain if

mitigation of thermal pollution to Barnegat Bay from power generating

plant condenser cooling water from Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating

Station (OCNGS) is possible. The potential means of this mitigation

is the utilization of the heat energy content of the cooling water in

some commercial process pr ior to discharge of the cooling water to

Barnegat Bay or other public waters.

This study was primarily a general investigation intended to

be applicable to situations where relatively large amounts of energy

are released through cooling processes accomplished by small tem-
perature increases in massive amounts of water. A further incentive

prompting this investigation was the availability of industrially-

zoned land immediately adjacent to the Lacey Township installation

and the desire and Intent of the Lacey Township governing body and

its Industrial Commission to establish an Industrial Park at that

location.

The general steps undertaken in this study were as follows:

.1. A bibliography of available existing research
applicable to Waste Heat Utilization was pre-
pared and the pertinent documents were acquired
and reviewed.

2. Certain processes, it became apparentP have
utilized waste heat from energy for years with
varying degrees of success and were further
investigated. Typical uses of waste heat or
other low level heat transfers similar to
those occurring in power plant effluent are:

a.. High Intensity Aquaculture
b. High Intensity Mariculture
C. Commercial Agriculture

Other processes were identified and investigated as to their

applicability in relation to the temperatures av ailable from OCNGS

and the proposed Forked River Unit #1 (FR#l) plants. Material and

market considerations were explored to determine which of the

identified possible processes might be most applicable to the

specific Lacey Township site. Criteria were developed in this

process which are useful in determining similar specifics at other

geographica I locations.

After identifying possible processes it was necessary to

determine what constraints exist that would influence the cost-

effectiveness of implementing the interfacing with the power

generating facility to supply the waste heat to energize the selected

processes. Several problems and needs were identified as follows:

1. All processes identified require a constant supply
of energy. For this reason Waste Heat Utilization
operations will probably only be successful where
complexes of two (2) or more generating stations
adjacently located but operating independently exist,
and some alternate heat sources or large storage
capability exist for periods of generating station
outages, or ambient climate limitations.

2. The uses investigated in this report, and other
reports dealing with Waste Heat Utilization, have.
been selected primarily because they fit the
available temperature criteria with little or no
augmentation requir ed. This leads to a dilemma
in our climate; i.e., proces ses which operate
at relatively low temperatures may utilize the
available low grade heat during winter conditions,
however, many of these processes, since their
operational range is on the low side, may require
cooling during the summer months and are, therefore,
rendered ineffective in mitigating thermal pollution.
It would, therefore, appear that temperature
augmentation to the range of 140' - 200' F and the
keying of processes utilizing temperatures in that
range, could be effective in Waste Heat Utilization
on a year-round basts.

3. An examination of regulatory agencies and their
permitting procedures shows that Local, State and
Federal approvals are necessary and a unified and
well coordinated effort will be required to make
a project of this magnitude feasible.

4. Certain psychological and financial factors exist
in the concept of an industrial operation located
immediately adjacent to a nuclear generating
facility. These considerations are largely in the,
area of the preception of risks in the following
areas:

a. The work force
b. Financial Institutions
C. Insurance Companies

An examination of these risks and the mechanisms
available for minimizing them, and an objective
attempt at assessing the actual risks involved
is also presented.

Summary of Conclusions

A summary of conclusions to be found in the report is as

follows:

1. It would appear that there are ce rtain commercial
applications which may be useful in both mitigating
thermal discharges and usefully utilizing waste heat
from power generating stations.

2. The successful utilization of waste heat from
cooling water would appear to have a much better
chance in applications planned in conjunction
with the design of,the plant and its operational
plan rather than in retrofitti@ng existing facilities.

3. There would appear to be advantages to be gained in
the siting of plants and in the public acceptability
of proposed plants if industrial usages could be pre-
sented concurrently with the presentation of proposed
new plants.

4. Proposed uses should be limited to non-labor intensive
applications in view of the psychological limitations
of the general public in accepting high labor intensive
operations in areas where evacuation considerations are
deemed necessary. A further caveat is that some in-
surance limitations will probably exist in these areas,
however, no statistical evidence exists, at this time,
to justify any such activities as they would apply to
personal health or safety.

5. Aztec Energy Associates (See Appendix F) reviewed the
possibilities of obtaining temperature augmentation
of process water and chilling of effluent by
utilization of ground water storage and transfer
with conventional heat pump (chiller) technology
now available. Substantial promise for this concept
may exist if the site to be utilized contains the
necessary ground water quantities and temp . eratures
required for compatibility with the process being
considered. It is quite likely that this caveat
would pose no problems in instances where the
Waste Heat Utilization facility were being planned
in conjunction with new power plant sites as a
criterion for siting. In instances were the reuse
facility is being retrofitted to an existing plant
the ground water concept will not be viable if the
minimum requirements do not exist.

TITLE OF REPORT: A REPORT ON POTENTIAL FOR THERMAL
POLLUTION MITIGATION BY WASTE HEAT
UTILIZATION FROM POWER PLANT CONDENSER
COOLING WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS LOCATED ADJACENT
TO NUCLEAR OR FOSSIL FIRED GENERATING
PLANTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: I

TABLE OF CONTENTS: I

EXHIBITS: 2

A. 1. Water Quality 5
11. Waste Heat Transfer System Options 12
Ill. Potential Commercial Uses of Effluent '19
IV. Evaluation of Design Options 57
V. Radiological Monitoring 67
V1. Site Specific Report 71
VII. Environmental Impacts 103
VIII. Economic Effects 112
Ix. Regulatory Considerations 115
X. Special Considerations Nuclear Health 134
X1. Insurance Considerations 151
X11. Criteria for Siting 152
XIII. Estimated Cost Elements 154

B. CONCLUSIONS 156

C. BIBLIOGRAPHY 160

APPENDICIES:

A. Extracted Technical Report Data

B. Interview Data

C. Over View of Alcohol Production

D. Reliability of Interfacing Systems
E. Environmental Testing Report
Water Quality, Barneqat Bay - Oyster
Creek Nuclear Generating Station

F. Aztec Energy Associates Report
Solar Heat Pump

EXHIBITS

I. Ground Water Analysis 8

II. Temperature Data 9

III. Ph Data 10

IV. Flow Diagram (A) 13, 54 & 60

V. Flow Diagram (B) 14, 55 & 61

VI. Energy Balance for Alcohol Production 43

VII. Flow Chart 53

VIII. Topographic Map 72

IX. Soil Classification Map 74

X. Pine Barrens Treefrogs 79

XI. Ocean County 208 Water Quality 87

XII. New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection Ocean County Air Quality
Data 89

XIII. Lacey Township Tax Map #4 101

XIV. Lacey Township Tax Map #53 102

XV. Salt Deposition (Figure #7) 109

XVI. Preliminary Subdivision
Lacey Industrial Park 135

XVII. Exclusion Radius - Oyster Creek
Generating Station 139

XVIII. Wind Rose - Oyster Creek
Generating Station 145

XIX. Salt Deposition (Figure #10) 149

XX. Salt Concentrations - Air Borne
(Figure #11) 150

I. 2

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i 1. WATER QUALITY
I
s
I
I
I
I
0
i
I
i
i

1. WATER QUALITY

The subject of water quality will address the Barnegat Bay,

the intake canal, the effluent after passage through the condenser

and the ground water in the a,rea. (EXHIB-.IT 1)

Ground water analysis, although not specified in the scope of services,-

has been included as indications are that, for some of the processes of

heat transfer included in this report, the use of fresh water or

natural Bay Water is preferable to the direct use of the nuclear plant'.

effluent. The specific processes referred to are in the production of.

food products for human consumption. The hesitancy to utilize the

effluent directly is related to the Delaney Amendment to the Pure

Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, which reads in part,@

"fail to establish that the proposed use of the food
and the additive, under the conditions of use to be
specified in the regulation, will be safe; provided,
that no, additives shall be deemed to be safe if it is
found to induce cancer when ingested by man or anima.1,
or if it is found, after tests which are appropriate
for the evaluation of the safety of food additived,
to induce cancer in man or animal, except this proviso
shall not apply with respect to the use of a substance
as an ingredient of feed for animals which are raised
for food production, if the Secretary finds M that,
under the conditions of use in feeding specified in
proposed labeling and reasonably certain to be followed
in practice. Such additive will not adversely affect
the animals for which such feed is intended, and (ii)
that no residue of the additive will be found (by
methods of examination prescribed or approved by the
Secretary by regulations, which regulations shall,no+
be subject to subsections (f) and (g) in any edible-
portion of such animal after slaughter or in any food
yielded by or derived from the living animal;

Research, to date, has established a link between radiation'e xpQsur(

and cancer incidence, without sa- Isfactorily eslablishinci a risk re-

lationship quantitatively, the net result being that the Delaney

Amendment:

."is currently 'acting as an effectiv, check to the use
of nuclear plant effluents for aquaculture". (Ref. I p. 31)

The same restrictions would hold true for uses.other than

aquaculture where the food chain is involved. The direct use of

effluent from facilities, other than nuclear, are presently being

utilized, as described in later sections of this report,

These restrictions, on the use of nuclear power plant cooling

water, lead to the concept of a dual loop process. The loops

separate the direct usages from the food production processes which

require an intermediate exchange. The examples below demonstrate the

processes applicable to each loop.

A. Direct use of +he effluent for:

1. Soil Warming
2. Greenhouse Warming Applications
3. Some drying operations utilizing water to
air heat pumps
4. Direct Radiant Transfers

B. Power plant effluent to pass throuqh a heat pump (c hiller)
surrounded by 53*F fresh well water, the fresh water
is to then be utilized in food production such as:

1. Greenhouses - Warm water irrigation and/or
hydroponics
2. Fresh Water Aquaculture
3. Food Processing
4. Mariculture - utilizing the fresh water supply
in conjuction with heat exchangers to modify
the temperature of the Bay Water collected
before or at the power plant intake.

Limited samples of the undiluted effluent are presented on page 8

of this Final Report, but extensive data could not be obtained for
inclusion in Volumns 11 and 111, due to the extended shut down of the

OCNGS. Temperature, however, is an important parameter for which data

was available. It is shown graphically in Exhibit 11. The temperature

curves-shown represent the following:

1. The average temperature of the intack canal over
a three (3) year period; the temperature was
recorded daily.

2. The temperature of the e ffluent from the OCNGS.
The temperature was taken daily. Only those
periods when the plant was in operation were
used in averages. Periods of operation at less
than 100% power generation capability were in-
cluded in the averages to insure a more realistic
estimate of the available Delta T.

3. The curve designated as OCNGS Delta T +5 is in-
cluded because indications from Jersey Central
Power and Light Company (JCP&L) are that the
effluent temperature could possibly be raised
by 5*F without causing undue back pressure on the
turbine. By increasing effluent more than 5*F
a back pressure is developed which can result in
the loss of I megawatt of generation capability
for each I*F rise in effluent temperature. The
cost of the lost power would have to be absorbed
by the energy park and could seriously affect the
economic viability of the park.

4. The curve shown for the proposed FR#I Station is
theoretical and assumes the plant runn-ing at 100%
capability at the design Delta T of 28*F.

An examination of Exhibit I shows the chemical properties of the

Barnegat Bay, the intake (fanal, the effluent, and the ground water.

Various sources were contacted, for information, to presentas complete

a report as possible within budgetary limits, these sources included:

1. State of New Jersey Division of Water Quality
2. Jersey Central Power & Light Company
3. Environmental Testing Laboratories, Incorporated

Exhibit I is a composite of information supplied generated by

these sources.

Temperature data is shown on Exhibit 11 and ph data is shown on

Exhibit 111.

This investigation of water quality and quantity leads to the

following conclusions:

1. Sufficient effluent can be supplied to meet the
volumetric needs of the proposed energy;park.
See "Proposed Lacey Energy Park Flow Diaorams".
(Exhibits IV & V)

EXHIBIT I

GROUND WATER ANALYSIS

ENVIRONMENTAL
N.J. DEP* OCNGS OCNGS TESTING LABS.
MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING
PARAMETER BARNEGAT BAY INTAKE CANAL EFFLUENT GROUND WATER

BOD 5 mg/I 1.75 1.3 ppm 0.6 ppm 0

COD 841 48 ppm 24 ppm -

ALKALINITY AS PPM 82 92 ppm 90 ppm (Phenol
CaCO (Phthalein 0.0
3 (Methyl
(Prange 18.0

BICARBONATE PPM 100 101 100 0.0

CHLORIDE PPIA 13,200 12,680 19.0

PHOSPHATE PPM 0.08 0.05 0.02 1.95

SALINITY PPM 24,000 17,500 17,500

SILICA PPM 2.2 0.4 0.2 .10.80

SULFATE PPM 1,843 2150 2100 7.50

TOTAL RESIDUE 96.0

SUSP. MATTER 0.0

VOLATILE RES. 36.0

HARDNESS AS 5200 ppm 5500 ppm 26.6 (Ca, Mg)
CaCO 3 (+Fe)
pH 7.7 7.60 7.56 6.35

TEMPERATURE 340F - 81OF 340F - 81OF 530F 960F 530F

*N.J. Division of Environmental Protection

AIV-

*4b Nk,

#1100

ool

doo,

Ole
00r
0011/v

N6
*44, de

000or

p 449

IAW AIF 4w AW AM AW AW

8.4

figures Supplied by J.C.P. a L.
Exhibit IM
8.2-

8.0- 8.0

Ts ze

7.7
7.7
ml
0- 7.6

7.4 -7.4

7.2 - -72

7.0 70
DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SER OCT NOV. DEC.

2. Sufficient deep well fresh water is available to
meet the need for make up water; i.e., water that,
due to process contamination, cannot be recycled
in the system. (See Appendix E)

3. Temperature augmentation sufficient to supply constant
temperature fresh water as a source of commercially
usable heat is possible through the use of heat pumps
(chillers), solar, methane and extraction of process
heat where applicable.

4. This configuration of the central heat source effec-
tively isolates the effluent from potential for
introduction into the food chain in aquaculture or
mariculture applications.

5. The quality of the various water sources in some
instances will require treatment. The treatment will
not be of such a level of sophistication as to pre-
clude its use.

6. The loss of heat during transmission has been deter-
mined to be virtually negligible. Review of the
Bruce Nuclear Power Devel.opment project in Ontario,
Canada, illustrates this point. The Bruce project
transports effluent 9.94 miles in 52" uninsulated
steel pipe at a rate of 29,587 gpm with a loss of
1.6% of the heat, and experiences a temperature drop
of 0.72'F. The proposed Forked River complex would
improve upon the figures sited above. The im-
provement would include the use of insulated fiber-
glass pipe and the reduction of pumping distances to
the neighborhood of 1000 feet. The expected loss in
heat under these conditions would be about 0.75% or
a temperature drop of 0.15'F. The minimal heat loss
in the transmission of the effluent demonstrated in
the Bruce Park project and calculated for the Forked
River complex indicate that a careful economic analysis,
at the design stage, will be required to justify any
insulating or other measures to reduce heat loss.

Due to the complexity and specialized nature of water quality

evaluation and testing a special consultant, Environmental Testing

Laboratories, Inc., of Lanoka Harbor, New Jersey, was secured. The

consultants report is attached in its entirety along with a curriculum

vitae for Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc., as Appendix E to

this report.

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc. has been utilized

previously by Northwest Engineering, Inc., and were selected based on

past performance and demonstrated ability.

11.

I
I
i
i
I
I
I
I .*
11. WASTE HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEMS
I ..
I I
I
I
t
I

II
I
I I
I

II. WASTE HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEM OPTIONS

A. CENTRAL HEAT SOURCE

The central heat @ource shown on the"Proposed Lacey Energy Park

Flow Diagrams" (Exhibits IV & V), will accomplish the amelioration of

some factors which are identified concerning water quality, specifically:

1. Only relatively low temperature applications can be
considered if additional heat sources or methods of
augmentation are not incorporated.

2. No single plant application is practical if auxiliary
heat sources and/or storage facilities are not
availablefor periods of.suspended plant operation.

3. Probable energy source costs for alternative systems
would destroy any economic advantages of Waste Heat
Utilization unless the alternative source could be
generated largely as an integral function of the
utilization process without the requirement for
external fuel purchases per se.

4. Food production activities are presently precluded
from direct contact between any product for human
consumption or any product to be fed to or incorporated
in a product for human consumption, from direct contact
with cooling water due to possible presence of radio
nuc I ides.

The proposed central heat source consists of a-central water to

water heat pump (chiller) which will accomplish a transfer of heat from

the power plant effluent to the deep well fresh water. The cooled

effluent will be returned to one of two areas depending on its

temperature at discharge:

1. Directly to the Intake Canal for recycling.
2. Directly to the dilution pumps or proposed
cooling tower for further cooling and
subsequently to the discharge canal.

The heated fresh well water will be pumped into a rock con-

tainment. Without specific design parameters it is not possible to

state with any certainty the amount of temperature augmentation and

corresponding reduction in thermal pollutant that will occur in the

heat p'ump (chiller), however, temperature augmentation in the range of

30 to 50*F appear reasonable. Total thermal pollution reduction

12.

PROPOSED LACEY ENERGY PARK FLOW DIAGRAM (A)
EXHIBIT

COLD WATER SUPPLY

DIRECT EFFLUENT DEEP WATER WELL@
USES S Iolar Post - Heat r 1-3,000 GPM
I

w
(9
cc

CL
V) 10
0 CENTRACHRE@AT SOUR E
CL

0
Ad V, METHANE
POWER HEAT PUMP I
Power Plant DIschar e F RNACE
PLANT 34,000 GPM

34.000 GPM
CONTAINMENT ca

4 10,000GPM"q 0
0 a
00

20,000 p"
GPmHOT WATER SUPPLY
Maric ture Aqui re -.A % ft@
,qq up, E
2.000 8,000
GPM GPM 10,000 8100wo 2.0m
GPM GPM GPM

2.000 GPM Bob ical
Greenhouses Industrial I -
R
-Ilng
ecy,
w

z
l5olishing Pond 4
Algae Production
10- TO SANITARY SEWER
TW

0 E )R
FPLWANT r3 @400LOG
Ticitt
t1m,011C.21
0

PROPOSED LACEY ENERGY PARK FLOW DIAGRAM (B)
EXHIBIT Y

COLD WATER SUPPLY
DIRECT EFFLUENT DEEP WATER WEJLS
USES
Solar Post- Heater 15,000 GPM

w
0 IF

x
L) 0
0
CO)
C;
2 CE RAL-'H-?AT SOU E\
I, Power Plant Discharge
34,000 GPM METHANE
POWER HEAT PUMP
34,000 GPM FURNACE
PLANT V.
0
CO I ENT

10,000 GPM ID
82
0 IL 0
:3 0
k CL
0 20,000 GPM HOT
in lk@. WATER SUPPLY
a, marli oulture Aquaoture E
2,000 8,00o
GPM GPM 10,000 8,000 2,000
_j
GPM GPM GPM
z
ENol6gical
2,000 GPM Gr enh uses Industrial I I I
Rec cling
w

z
Polishing Pond
Algae Production 10 TO SANITARY SEWER
?DI ?W ?S

S
0 E )R
PL AWN T

.@k
)0
M

will be a function of both the hydraulic.capacities of the delivery

system and the process system and the transfer capacities of the

central heat pump (chiller).

A central heat pump (chiller) operating with coefficient of

performance (COP) in the range of 3.0 to 5.0 will supply the temp-

erature augmentation necessary to supply the various processes.

"Heating units are rated by their coefficient of
performance (COP). This is based on electrical-resistance
heating in which one kilowatt provides 3412 Btu in an hour,
for a COP of one. A heat pump not only produces heat,
but moves it from one place to another, so the COP of
an air-source system can be much higher than one--even'
three, when,the outside temperature is around 50*F.
In other words, for each watt of electricity consumed
by the unit, three watts of heat energy are available
for warming; . . . (Ref. 12, p. 78)

Initially, a great deal of the heat will be transferred to the

rocks, however, when the system stabilizes the rocks will become a

heat storage mechanism. Based on t he following calculations, one ton

of rock will store 8;800 Btuls.

Design Parameters:

1. Specific Heat of Stone = 0.2 cal/gm C' or 0.22 Btu/Ib.F'.
2. Delta T = assumed 20'F over ambient.
3. One Ton (2,000 lbs.) of well sorted rock.

Heat Storage Capacity

Hs = S x Delta T x vol
= 0.22 x 20*F x 2000
= 8,800 Btu/Ton

Assuming, a 100 ft. diameter x 20 ft. deep heat sink with a

50 ft. diameter center section for heat pump (chiller) installation,

the resultant torus would accomodate 7,050 Tons of rock assuming 20%

voids.

15.

The heat storage capacity would then be 62,140,000 Btuls. Rock was

chosen as the storage medium, due to low cost and availability, the

use of higher specific heat materials, of course, would increase the

storage capacity significantly. This type of determination would

require an economic analysis beyond the scope of this project.*

Should the cost of a heat pump (chiller), large enough to handlo

the established volume of effluent delivered from the power plant, be

prohibitive, the effluent could be circulated through th.e rock con-

tainment area in protected heat exchangers. The fresh water in the

rock containment area would be heated by the effluent and only that

portion of the fresh water to be delivered to the processes would be

passed through the ground water stabilized heat pump (chiller) for the

purpose of augmentation. See "Proposed Lacey Energy Park Flow Diagram"(8)

(Exhibit V). This would effect the design parameters of the heat pump

(chiller) as follows:

1. Since the transfer would involve only fresh water,
conventional, stock materials could be used in its
construction.

2. The size of the unit could be reduced significantly.

As the temperature of the stored fresh water increases the temper-

ature differential between it,and the effluent would narrow and less

heat would be transferred from the effluent. The final recommended,

configuration of the central heat source will be addressed in the final

segment of this report.

The energy park diagram also shows the possible inclusion of a

methane heat augmentation capability. If the energy consuming processes

have as waste products animal or vegatable wastes that are appropriate

for methane generation or if a crop such as Water Hyacinth is cultivated,

to polish certain effluents, and can be harvested, periodically to suoply

*However, see Appendix F for a discussion of other storage material.

16,

the raw materials for methane generation, the initiation of these

processes using the efflu ent would effectively supply.heat for process

water temperature augmentation.

Solar augme ntation is a viable option which varies in effectiveness

with-the season of the year. The coordination of scheduled power plant

shut downs for periodic maintenance to coincide with the months of

highest solar effectiveness would be necessary to fully realize the

benefit of Solar augmentation. Cooperation and coordination between

the Utility and the Energy Park management is critical and cannot be

stressed enough. Without this relationship, the chances of success

are negligible.

The water quality in each instance presents some problems which

impact on its use or the design of the various components of the energy

park.

The Intake Water, which is common to the OCNGS and the proposed

FR#I plant, is salt water. This fact is most important for design

consideration. The condensers at the OCNGS use titanium tubes because

of the corrosive nature of the salt water. This will add considerable

expense to any heat pump (chiller) which may be designed for use in

the central heat source. The effluent is also routinely treated with

chlorine to prevent biofouling. The fact that the effluent is

chlorinated will not be a consideration since the effluent would not

come In direct contact with food products or food production processes.

The chlorination would be beneficial as it would serve the same function

in the heat pump (chiller) or other direct uses as it does in the power

plant cooling system.

The deep well water characteristically has a high 'percentage of

iron, an acidic pH and in some cases a percentage of Hydrogen Sulphide

which emits a foul odor. The mo st serious problem is the excessive iron

17.

content, which could bulld up in the heat pump (.--chiller) therby in-

creasing the total dynamic pumpi-ng head, which w-ould necessitate

design of the heat pump Cchiller) in such a way that excessive scaling,

causing total dynamic head buildup, could be removed

without undue interruption of service. It is probable that a duplicate

heat pump (chiller) for standby service would be a requirement under

any circumstances and this would further mitigate this contingency.

A second alternative would be the capability to substitute heat sink

water during periods of-heat pump (chiller) shutdown, however, this

option would not address the possible need for constant cooling of the

effluent. The adjustment of pH is readily accomplished with the

injection of Lime Soda into the water. This is a reasonable

treatment process and would not increase costs appreciably. The

deep well water has a temperature of 53'F which remains stable;

i.e.,, does not fluctuate seasonally.

18.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I .
1 111. POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL USES OF EFFLUENT
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
'I
i

A. AQUACULTURE AND MARICULTURE - DIRECT AND INDIRECT USAGES

Aquaculture and Mariculture are considered applicable to the

Forked River site and are included on the proposed flow diagrams

A and B. It is necessary to point out that these processes are high

intensity in nature and require expertise in areas such as disease

control, feeding procedures and water quality such as oxygenation,

to keep mortality rates,within acceptable limits. The choice of

sp ecies raised will impact on the economic viability New Jersey

has many streams and lakes which are stocked with trout, for recreationa

purposes, and the State could have an interest in this area, as a State

hatchery, in the future. Recent developments in the rearing of lobsters

in containment, could provide a product which is highly desirable

and could possibly show a profit potential in relation to existing

commercial lobstering techniques. Oyster farming has already shown

economic viability at the Lilco Long Island facility and could be

considered for the Lacey Township Park, along with seed clam pro-

duction.
"The application of heated waters to aquaculture in
temperate regions'could result in several benefits:

1. A lengthened or year-around growing season.
2. Optimization of the aquaculture facility with
resultant reduction in production costs.
3. Production of Commercial Species near marketing
sites.
4. Production of tropical organism in temperate
climates.
5. Enhanced rates of maturation and metamorphasis so
that increased survival is experienced in early
life stages.
Optimum temperatures differ substantially among cultured species.

For example:
Species Optimum Temperature
Rainbow Trout 59OF
Yellow Perch 720F
Channel Catfish 840F
Freshwater Orawns 840F

19.

Changes of a few degrees above or below optimum can
have signigicant effects on food consumption, food
conversion and growth rate. For example, a 9*F re-.
duction from optimum of 84'F reduces by almost one-
half the growth rate of channel catfish and reduces
the food conversion efficiency by on-fifth". (Ref. 11, p. 9-1) 0

The accompanying table reprinted from Factors Affecting Power

Plant Waste Heat Utilization shows the vast interest in Aqua culture in

the United States. (Ref. 1, pp. 20-25)

20.

Table I

Waste Heat Aquaculture Projects in the United States

Organization .-Locatio-n Culture System -Organisms
Long Island Oyster Farms" Long Island Lighting Seed hatchery Oysters. clams,
Co., Northport, NY scallops

In[ernational Shellfish Pacific Gas and Electric Seed hatchery Oysters. clams
Enterprises-, Co.. Moss Landing. CA

UniversiLy of Maine Maine Yankee Nuclear Rafts Oysters, mussels
Power Co., WiscasseL.
ME

University of California Pacific Gas and Electric Rafts Oysters
Co., flombolt [lay, CA

Northeast Utilities, Northeast Utilities Rafts, seed Oysters, scallops
New London, CT hatchery

Texas A& %I University, Houston Light and Ponds, tanks. Oysters. shrimp,
-Department of Wildlife and Power Co., Baytown, TX cages. hatchery marine finfishes
Fisheries Science,

University of Connecticut Connecticut Light and Cages Oysters
Power Co., Norwalk, CT

-Currently in operation.
@Comrnercial scale,

Table I (Continued)
I
Waste Heat Aquaculture Projects in the United States

Organization___ -Location --Culture Sy%Aern.- Organisms
Marine Department of Marine Central Maine flower Co.. Rafts Oysters, mussels
Resources Wiscasset, ME

San Diego State University* San Diego Gas and E,Iec- Tanks. hatcherv. Lobsters, striped
tric Co.. Encina. CA: and rearing bass
Southern California
Edison Co., Redono
Beach and Ormond
Ileach. CA; Scripps InsLi-
Lute of Oceanography

Ralston Purina Company* Florida [lower Corpora- Ponds Shrimp
tion. Crystal River, FL

'I*vxas A&.Nl University Agri- Central [lower and Light Ponds Shrimp
riculture Extension Service" Co., Corpus Christi, TX

University of Miami Florida [lower and Light Ponds. tanks Shrimp.
Co., Miami, Fl, Pompano

Maine Salmon Farm' Central Maine Power Co.. Pens SaInion. trout
Wiscasset. M E

-Currund 'v in operation.
'Commercial scale.

(Ref. 1, pp. 20-25)
2 1

Table I lContinued)
Was te Heat Aquaculture Projects in the United States

_Organization ation Culture S
------ @ystotM_ __Qrgnni-.rns
Weyerhaeuser Company" Weyerhaeuser Co., Hatchery Salmon
Springfield. OR
Alaska Department of Fish Fort Richardson and Hatchery Salmon
and Game" Elmondorf Air Force
Base. AK

Universit y of New Hampshire New Hampshire Public Tanks Flounder
Service Co., Newington,
Nil

Public Service Electric and Public Service Electric Tanks, raceways, Freshwater
Gas Co.. Trenton State College, and Gas Co., Trenton, NJ ponds prawns. trout.
Rutgers University' eels. striped
bass, catfish
Tampa Electric Company Tampa Electric Co., FL Tanks Marine finfishes
Farm Fresh Shrimp Company, Florida Power and Light Tanks Freshwater
Co., Miami, FL prawns
Texas Electric Company, Texas Electric Co.. Tanks Freshwater
Monahans. TX prawns. tilapia.
catfish

'Currently in operation.
'Commercial scale.

Table I (Continued)

Waste Heat Aquaculture Projects in the United States

Organization Location Culture_$ stq!j
... Prgqnisms
University of Nevada - Reno' Sierra Pacific Power Co., Ponds Freshwater
Xerington, NV prawns. shrimp

Tennessee Valley Authority, Tennessee Vallev Autho- Raceways Catfish
Cal-Maine. Inc. rity. Gallatin, T@

Kansas Gas and Electric Kansas Gas and Electric Ponds Catfish
Company Co.. Colwich. KS

Kansas Power and Light Kansas Power and Light Ponds Catfish
COmpany. Kansas State Co.. Hutchinson. KS
University

Aquarium Farms Incorporated Fremont. NE Raceways Catfish. tilapia

Kraft Incorporated. Franklin Pennsylvania Power and Raceways
Institute Laboratories, Light Co., Harrisburg.
PA

Cultured Catfish Texas Electric Service Cages, raceways Catfish
Incorporated"" Co., Colorado City, rx

-'CurrentlY in operation.
"Commercial scale.
(Ref. 1, pp. 20-25)
22 .

Table 1 (Continued)

Waste Heat Aquaculture Projects in the United States

______Organization Location Culture System Organisms
Texas A&M University, Texas Power and Light Cages Catfish
Department of Wildlife and Co., Trinidad. TX
Fisheries Science

Mississippi Power and Light Mississippi Power and Cages Catfish
Company Light Co., Jackson. MS

Clemson University Oconee Nuclear Station, Cages Catfish
SC

(Ref. 1, pp. 20-25)
23.

"One of the oldest users of Power Plant Waste Heat in
the United States is the Long Island Oyster Farm. Since
the mid 1960's ' the firm has produced American Seed Oysters
Utilizing effluent from Long Island Lighting Company's
(Lilcos) Northport Plant. Seed Oysters are produced to
stock the company's 100,000 acres of Oyster Beds in Long
Island Sound; and the use of heated water in the hatchery
enhances growth, reducing the period to market size from
4 to 6 years to 2 to 5 years. Hatchery facilities are
located adjacent to the discharge canal of a 3-unit 1,125 MW
fossil-fuel power plant. The 4.5 acre discharge lagoon has
a flow of 470,000 gpm during normal operation with a Delta T
of 25' to 28*F. An additional pumping capacity of 459,000
gpm for diluting plant discharge with ambient temperature
water to keep discharge temperatures below 90*F. No chlorine
or other biocides are used by the power plant. The utility
considered the needs of the aquaculture facility in designing
and constructing the discharge lagoon". (Ref . I I, pp. 9-8, 9-9)

The cooperation of the utility at the design stage of a project is

critical to establishing a successful operation.

The four key factors in the Lilcos operation are:

1. The fact that they have a three unit facility to
insure a constant supply of heated water.
(See Appendix D)
2. They are fossil fueled plants which precludes
complications with the Pure Food, Drug and
Cosmetic Act, specifically the Delaney Amendment.
3. No Chlorine or biocides are used in the plants.
4. The cooperation of the utility was secured in the
design stage.

The many studies underway at the present time indicate that the

biological benefits and the technical feasibility of waste heat

utilization for aquaculture and mariculture are viable. The Forked

River site which has an abundance of both salt; i.e., Bay Water and

Fresh Water from deep wells would seem to be an ideal location for

aquaculture and mariculture processes. Water treatment such as pH

adjust-ment, ion exchange and temperature regulation would all appear to

be well within the capabilities of existing techniques.

24.

The four key factors aforementioned have relevance to the

proposed FR#l if a decision is made to proceed with construct ion of

a fossil fuel plant, and the cooperation o,f the utility is secured in
the design stage. The OCNGS interfacing will be a retrofit and these

factors, as such, cannot be addressed.

Barnegat Bay is a natural protected habitat for the matura tion

of oysters and clams, and other mollusks, and the local area has the
work force and expertise to harvest-these products. The raising of
seed clams could greatly benefit the Ocean County area. The secondary
economic effects, providing m ore claming in the Bay for tourists,
could be substantial. The techniques involved are analogous to
oyster production and are applicable to the site. Markets for
commercial applications are well established and the necessary

transportation networks are defined.

The present studies indicate that indirect use of waste heat;

i.e., transfer of heat through heat exchangers, is too expensive for

commercial aquaculture and mariculture ventures. The economic

viability of projects using direct effluent flows, such as the

Gallatin Catfish Project conducted by the Tennessee Valley Authority,

have not been able to demonstrate a profit potential to date, even

though the interfacing techniques are relatively simple. The inclusion

of heat exchangers in the interfacing could add considerable cost and

seriously reduce the benefit to cost ratio. However, by integrating

aquaculture and mariculture facilities in the concept of an energy park,

the interfacing costs are shared by all the users of the heated waters

and this may bring the economic feasibility into the realm of

practicality.

25.

An area which will require further study is the possible use of

the end product of alcohol production, (See Gasohol-Alcohol) a grain

slurry, as a feedstock for trout and carp. Presently the pel.lets, as

supplied to fish hatcheries, such as the one in Hackettstown, New Jersey,

use a formula which incorporates vitamins, qrain and various admixtures

as a total diet for the trout. It is possible that much of the protein,

as contained in the grain after fermentation, could be supplied either

as a direct feedstock or marketed to commercial suppliers of these pellets.

At present, with the proposed system for the Forked River site,

aquaculture and mariculture merit further investigation with particular

emphasis on the following:

1. Interfacing Techniques

a. Temperature control
b . P i p i ng
c . Mixing
d. Controls and monitoring devices

Water Treatment

a. pH adjustment
b. Metallic ion removal
C. Fi Itering
d. Waste water treatment or disposal

3. Utility-Commercial Venture Relationships

a. Economic
b. Legal implications
C. Role of Regulatory Agencies

It would be advantageous to continue to monitor the studies that

are in commercial or pilot stages that are considered applicable to the

Forked River site. As more data is generated, future studies could

further evaluate the viability of aquaculture and mariculture to this

proposed project.

26.

B. GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION

The use of waste heat in green houses appears to have much

potential for several reasons.

"Greenhouse production is very energy-intensive. Fuel
costs may comprise 30 to 50 percent of total production
costs in colder climates. High costs and limited avail-
ability of fossil fuels for heating are having a serious
adverse impact on the greenhouse industry; therefore, a
low-cost alternate energy source is needed. Temperature
requirements for greenhouse production, normally 10* to
18'C minimum, are in the range that can theoretically be
maintained with thermal condenser effluent. In addition,
since greenhouses normally use.or are easily adapted to
use evaporative cooling systems, large complexes have
potential for cooling condenser effluents during summer
months to supplement, reduce, or even replace cooling
tower requirements, or to improve cooling efficiency of
,existing cooling towers at specific power plants". (Ref. l,p.3)

Several utility companies, in both the United States and Canada,

are currently investigating the creation of a warm water utility to

make commercial warm water available to greenhouse growers. To date,

many greenhouse prototypes have been)constructed to operate on waste

heat, or other forms of residual heat, and some commercial greenhouse

growers are under long term contracts with electrical generators to

purchase residual heat at a substantial savings over other fuel supplies

"For instance, two growers are currently under ten,
year contract with Northern States Power for supply
of residual heat at $6,000 to $8,000 per acre for
a full heating year. The total energy costs to
these growers is approximately $18,000 to $19,000
per acre per year including extra electrical costs
and back-up heating. Both growers are currently
considering expansion of their existing residual
heat acres". (Ref. 2, p.11)

Major ongoing efforts in the United States utilizing power plant

reject heat for agricultural purposes have been investigated. Each

type of heating system employed will be described in the following.

POROUS CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM (RUTGERS DESIGN)

"Public Service Electric and Gas Company and Rutgers
University have constructed a 7.3 x 12.2 m (24 x 40 ft.)
double-layer plastic greenhouse at the Mercer Generating
Station near Trenton, New Jersey. The heat exchanger

27.

design is based on previous studies concerning green-
house heat transfer performed at Rutgers University.
The heat exchanger system includes a porous concrete
floor, with the warm condenser effluent flowing through
and underneath the floor. Thus, the plant growing medium
is essentially surrounded by a warm water bath. In
addition to providing heat for the greenhouse air, th*is
system maintains the crop root zone at an elevated temp-
erature. In addition to providing heat for the greenhouse
air, this system maintains the crop root zone at an
elevated temperature.
In addition to the porous floor, a vertical plastic curtain
heat exchanger will be used for additional heat input to
the greenhouse. This heat exchanger uses polyethylene film
draped over a PVC pipe. Warm condenser effluent water
supplied to the pipe is allowed to flow onto the interior
of the plastic "tent" by means of holes in the PVC header.
Air in contact with the exterior of the "tent" is heated
by means of natural convection. The PVC header can be
raised or lowered to provide the appropriate heat transfer
area.
This pilot project will also utilize CELdek evaporative
pads to cool the heated discharge water to determine if
the greenhouse complex can function as a horizontal cooling
tower". (Ref. 3, pp. 4-5)

A third and important component of this heating system, especially

in colder climates, is a movable curtain insulation system to reduce

heat loss at night.

In addition to this project, Rutgers is expanding their research

in a larger scale project in Allentown, New Jersey. This will simulate

power plant waste heat with larger solar collectors.

The Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation has constructed a

facility of this design, also, in their energy park in Rutland, Vermont.

This prototype is being tested and evaluated with three other greenhouse

heating systems.

.FIN-TUBE HEAT COIL @YSTEM

The Northern States Power Company (NSP) and the University of

Minnesota began investigating ways to use power plant waste heat in

1970. First studies concluded that the water temperatures from

11once-through cooling plants" were too low in Minnesota for potential

beneficial uses; while water from closed-cycle plants at temperatures
of 29.4*C (85*F) or above, did have potential for development.
28.

(Ref. 3, pp. 4-5)

60!-o

WATER-
AIR
HEAT EXCHANGER

VINYL CURTAINS

PLAN

FIG. 9. PLAN OF RUTGERS GREENHOUSE

WATER-AIR
HEAT EXCHANGER 3/4" POLY
........... WATER DISTRIS.
NIGHT CURTAIN PIPE

18" DIA. Is $I DIA.
INLET SUMP @TWIN WALL OUTLET SUMP
IN&

VINYL CURTAIN
HEAT EXCHANGERS

IIJ6 41 - 0" j 4 4 0 41-01# 49-0 of
2 6"- 0"

SECTION

RUTGERS GREENHOUSE FLOOR AND VINYL CURTAIN
HEAT EXCHANGER SYSTEM
END CROSSECTION OF RUTGERS' GREENHOUSE

Since then, "Northern States Power Company (NSP) has
demonstrated the technical and economic feasibility of
using power plant reject heat in a fin-tube heat coil
system with successful operation of the Sherco Green-
house. The three-year demonstration project has led the
way for commercial adaptation of the concept. Presently,
three commercial greenhouse operators have put 0.7 ha
(1.7 acres) of greenhouses into production using waste
heat from the Sherburne County Power Plant.
The Sherco Greenhouse is an arch roof, gutter-connected
house covered with a double layer of polyethylene. The
greenhouse consists of 14 bays each 5 m (17 ft.) wide
by 29 T (96 ft.) logg for a total enclosed area of about
2056 m (22,848 ft. ).
The heating system consists of an air heating system and
a soil heating grid. The air heating system was designed
to carry 100,10 of the greenhouse heat load, while the soil
heating system was designed pri'marily for crop root zone
temperature control; though it does contribute somewhat
to the heat requirements of the greenhouse. The air heating
system consists of commercially available packaged fan-coil
air handling units. Warm water is circulated through fin-
tube heat exchangers located in the fan-coil units. One
fan-coil unit is located in each of the 14 bays of the
greenhouse and heated air is distributed down the length
of each bay in a 762 mm (30 in.) diameter perforated
plastic duct. The heating system is controlled by
thermostats in each bay of the greenhouse that start and
stop in heating fans.
Experience during the demonstration project proved that
condenser waste heat available at approximately 29*C
(85'F) was suitable to maintain a greenhouse growing
environment, of 13 to 16*C (55 to 60*F) when outside air
temperatures fell as low as -42*C (-43*F).
During the first year of operation of the pipeline system
serving waste heat to commercial greenhouse customers,
an overall availability of service of 97% was achieved.
Backup heating capacity is supplied by propane fired
heaters.
The first crop', planted in January, 1976, included rose
bushes, tomatoes and green peppers. During subsequent
plantings, the vegetables were replaced by floral crops
so that the entire greenhouse was in floral production in
the 1977-1978 growing season.
As a result of the successful experience of the Sherco
Greenhouse Project, NSP was approached by commercial
operators in the spring of 1977, and asked to provide a
site and warm water service to a 0.4-ha (1-acre) commercial
floral operation and to a 0.08-ha (0.2-acre) commercial
vegetable operation. Both commercial facilities began
construction in 1977 and warm water was first sold
commercially to the 0.4-ha (1-acre) floral operation in
November, 1977. The smaller, 0.08-ha (0.2-acre), vegetable
operation did not require warm water service until
February, 1978.
The annual savings in heating costs to commercial operators
using waste heat have amounted to nearly $12,500/hr.-
($5000/acre) compared to conventionally heated greenhouses.

30.

M'W"66,60 meamm mom M Miw,@

(Ref. 3, pp. 1-2)

ROOF

RECYCLE ATTIC

VENT.01
PLASTIC SIIEET FINNED
TUBE
ER
CONTROL IiEAT pAo@
LOUVERS.
INLET
N. LOUVERS
rl @@L6fcl

Schematic of Creenhouse Heating System

The experiences of commercial operators have been sufficiently
satisfactory that future expansion of waste heat service at
the Sherburne County Plant site is expected". (Ref. 3,pp. 1-2)

EVAPORATIVE-PAD SYSTEM

"The use of low-grade power plant reject heat has been
investigated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
for a number of years. As part of this program greenhouse
uses of this heat have been studied. These investigations
have focused on evaporative-pad concepts that are capable
of providing both summer cooling and winter heating.
The greenhouse shown in Figure 1, is heated by pumping
warm water to 4e top of the evaporative pad and allowing
it to drip through the packing. As the water flows through
the packing, it interacts with the air flow being drawn
through the pad by the fans located at the rear of the
house.
In summer operation, the inlet and exhaust shutters are
opened and ambient air is drawn into the pad where it is
cooled and humidified. It is then cycled through the
growing section and exhausted to the atmosphere.
In winter operation; the inlet and exhause shutters are
.partially or completely closed (depending upon ambient
conditions) to conserve heat. In this mode of operation,
some or all of the greenhouse air exiting from the growing
section is recycled through the attic back to the pad where
it is heated. Because the air is continually recycled, the
humidity and the growing section hovers near 100% unless
significant solar flux or dry heat is added to the air.
To accomplish the latter objective a fin-tube heating coil
can be added downstream of t.he pad". (Ref. 4, p. 2)

Heating and coo ling of the greenhouse was initially accomplished

using an aspen fiber pad. However, subsequent experimental work at

ORNL indicated that CELdek*, a cooling tower packing, was a superior

pad material. In 1975, CELdek replaced the aspen pads.

THERMAL ENVELOPE SYSTEM

"The University of Illinois has been conducting an
experimental program aimed at determing the feasibility
of reducing greenhouse heat losses by sprayin 97 warm
condenser water over the roof of a greenhouse. They
operated a 3.7 x 7.3 m (12 x 24 ft.) plastic film
covered greenhouse using condenser effluent from the
Vermillion Power Station, which is located near the
university. The condenser water was applied_ 10 @he
greenhouse roof at the flow rate of 2.5 x 10 m /s
(40-gpm). At this flow rate it was possible to main-
tain the greenhouse at 15'C (50*F) using 30'C (86*F)
water when the ambient temperature fell to O*C (32*F).
Results from this program were promising and let to a
*A tradIemark of Munters Corporation, Ft. Myers, Florida. 32 .

awswee, no seem Sam as mmlm'@im'@

(Ref. 4, p. 2)

ATTIC RECIRCULATION ATTIC PLENUM
VENT SHUTTERS
FANS

FIN-TUBE 00
EXCHANGER 0
00
HEATING 0
0
OR 40 AIR FLOW 0
0
0
4COOLI G 0
0
ELDEK
.0 PA D
EXHAUST/ GROWING AREA WATER PUMP INTAKE
SHUTTERS HEATER SUMP SHUTTERS

Schematic Diagram of the Waste Heat Research Greenhouse,
Huscle Shoals, Alabama

EVAPORATIVE-PAD SYSTEM
@cr I 700@1
00
0
0
0
0
'pump@

laboratory effort using a smaller greenhouse. This
study examined a number of parameters including roof
slope, water flow rate, and surface type to determine
the operating characteristics of the system.
Current efforts are directed at examining the appli-
cability of this system to conventional greenhouse
structures. A conventional type greenhouse is being
constructed at the Baldwin Power Station near St. Louis,
Missouri. The greenhouse will have two bays, each 5.3 m
wide by 14.6 m long (17.5 ft. wide by 48 ft. long) and
will use condenser effluent from the power station".
(Ref. 3, p. 5)

"Data collected were used to develop the following
equation relating greenhouse temperature (G), heated
water temperature (W), and outside ambient temperature (A):

(G -2.07 + 0.642 W + 0.358A)

This equation can be used to predict greenhouse temperature
when ambient and warm water temperatures are known. For
example, the minimum greenhouse temperature would be 15' C
(59'F) at.an ambient Pf -6' C (21'F) using 30' C (86*F)
,water. For th2se same conditions, 2the waste heat input is
about 5.9,kW/m (1.87 Btu/ r. *ft. ) of growing area, com-
pared with about 0.24 kW/m (0.076 Btu/hr.'ft. ) with a
conventional system. Although the heating system is very
inefficient from a thermal standpoint, the system may still
be economically desirable. Greater efficiencies would also
be expected with larger greenhouses since the ratio of
heated surface area to growing area would be less".
(Ref. 5, pp. 3-34 to 3-35)

UNDER SOIL HEATING SYSTEM

"The Pennsylvania State University has had an active
program in undersoil heating research since 1972 (8). Their
program has included analytical modelin(i and experimental
efforts. The experimental program included development of
a 15 x 6'0 m (50 x 200 ft.) prototype soil warming field to
test functions for prediction of heat transfer from buried
hot-water parallel pipe networks used in their computer
model. A unique feature of the prototype is the spray
application of treated municipal waste water on the warmed
soil to maintain efficient heat transfer and supply crop
nutrients.
The pipe network consists of 26 parallel 50 mm (2 in.)
diameter polyethylene plastic pipes buried at a 300 mm
(12 in.) depth with a 600 mm (24 in.) spacing. Warm water
is supplied continuously at 38 to 40'C (100 to 104*F) from
oil-fired hot-water furnace.
The spray irrigation system is constructed of aluminum
surface irrigation pipe. Laterals running perpendicular
to the long axis of the plot are spaced every 13.3 m
(44 ft.) with offset 450 mm (18 in.) high risers (for
sprinklers) at 13.3 m (0.5 in.) intervals. Waste water
is applied at the rate of 10 min (0.4 in.) per week in

34.

biweekly applications to both the heated plot and an
adjacent 15 x 30 m @50 x 100 ft.) control plot.
Current research is concentrating on year-round heat
dissipation capability; crop growth and development,
and municipal waste water renovation questions".
(Ref 3, p. 5)

METHANE SYSTEM

Indirectly related to the concept of an energy park is the use of

methane gas as an alternate energy source. Methane gas is a by-product

of the fermentation of solid waste (animal waste, sewage sludge, landfill

waste) and is readily adapted to greenhouse heating.

The energy park of the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation has

constructed and is evaluating a greenhouse 26 feet wide by 60 feet long.

"In this house,- heating is provided by methane gas. Manure
from about 200 dairy cows is converted to methane gas in an
anaerobic digester located on the site. The gas is piped to
the greenhouse by underground pipeline. Two gas unit heaters
are utilized to provide the total heating of this structure.
Sufficient gas will be produced to maintain maximum temp-
eratures of 65'F to 70*F on a continuous basis. Because
of the capability of maintaining the higher temperatures,
either roses or cucumbers are suggested as ideal crops
for this house". (Ref. 6, p. 3.4)

In addition, a project undertaken by the Candian Government in

1978, in Saint Thomas, Ontario, has proven that recovering and utilizing

landfill gas in an unprocessed state is feasible both physically and

economically. This experiment involved a 21 feet by 24 feet fiberglass

panelled greenhouse, heated by a conventional domestic forced air furnace

"The heat requirements for the greenhouse were
calculated to be 110,000 BTU per hour (116 kilojouies
per hour) for the St. Thomas area. The gas furnace
which was installed in the greenhouse was designed to
operate on natural gas, providing an output of 160,000
BTU/hour (169 kilojoules/hour). Because of the lower
quality of landfill gas, the orifice size of the furnace
was enlarged. The original orifice size was No. 40 or
.098 inches in diameter (.249 centimeters) which was
reamed out to a drill size No. 28 or 0.1405 inches in
diameter (.357 centimeters). After the orifice size was
changed, a gas flow rate of 4.4 cfm (.123 cubic meters/
minute) into the furnace resulted. This converts into
a heating valve of approximately 132,000 BTU/hour
(139 kilojoules/hour)". (Ref. 7, pp. 66-68)

35.

(Ref. 6, p. 3.4)

60,-o

HEAT EXCHANGER
WATER TO AIR

HEAT PUMP

.... ..........
.............. ..........................................................
. . . ..... ........... .......I.. .... ....... ....... .........
....................
................... ...... .... I I........
............ ................... ......................... .................

cy
T

WATER TO AIR HEAT PUMP SYSTEM
FIG-7 HEAT PUMP PLAN VIEW

60,-0,$

GAS HEATER GAS HEATER

............... .
..................... .......... .......... ...
............ .-
......... ......
... .............. .................
...... .. . ........ ...... .......................
........... ......... ..........
......... ..

....... ....
N

METHANE GAS HEATING SYSTEM

PLAN VIEW OF METHANE UNIT

36.

Methane gas recovery projects are also ongoing in Ednomton,

Alberta, and St. Cecile de Milton, Quebec, in Torrance, Mountaingate,

Industry, Palos Verdes, and Mountain View, California.

The significance of methane gas to the project will be explained

in further detail in the "Biological Recycling" section.

SOLAR SYSTEM

The Vermont Yankee project is also evaluating a solar heated

greenhouse.

"This greenhouse is equipped to store excess solar
energy in gravel storage benches located inside the
structure. The heat is recovered from the gravel
storage, a commercial water-to-air heat exchanger
is utilized. A backup 9.5 kw electric resistance
heater is included in the design". (Ref. 6, p. 3.2)

HEAT PUMP SYSTEM

The fourth type of greenhouse being evaluated at Vermont Yankee

is one which utilizes a heat pump.

"The same basic greenhouse design is utilized without
the solar storage units. In this house, a water-to-air
heat pump is utilized with a constant source of 70*F
water supplied by the power plant. The operating co-
efficient of performance (COP) for the water-to-air
heat pump is higher than for the air-to-air units now
commonly used.
In addition to the heat pump, one water-to-air heat
exchanger (commercial unit) is utilized for base load
heating. The heat pump will be utilized as an assist
during the coldest operating periods. There is no
other backup heating provided for this house, as the
heat pump is designed to meet the greenhouse design
temperature requirements for the outdoor design temp-
erature of -15*F". (Ref. 6, p. 3.3)

GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES

In Canada, the Saskatchewan Power Corporation and Tri-Ted Growth

Systems, Inc., have developed three systems for utilizing exhaust gases

for heating greenhouses. One system used exhaust gas from a natural

gas-fired turbine while the other two use coal-fired boiler exhaust.

37 .

(Ref. 6., p. 3.2)

60!- 0"

7
WATER-
AIR
HEAT EXCHANGER

..........
.............
.............
SOLAR COLLECTOR
..... F7 ROCK STORAGE
UNITS
cy

PLAN

FIG. 4. PLAN VIEW OF SOLAR HOUSE

WATER-AIR
HEAT EXCHANGER

CURTAIN
..............

ROCK
STORAGE
UNITS

4 -6 2,-7, 3-2 i-7A'

26 -
-2 -7 7 3_2@

SECTION

SOLAR ASSISTED WITH WATER TO AIR
HEAT EXCHANGER SYSTEM
@TOR;

END CROSSECTION VIEW OF SOLAR HOUSE

38.

"Agricultural uses of nuclear power plant reject heat
have been studied in France since 1972. These inves-
tigations have included studies of a double-wall
plastic mulching technique, utilization of heat pumps,
and outdoor soil heating.
An experimental greenhouse at the Grenoble Nuclear
Center has been used to determine the technical feasi-
bility of the doubl2-wall plas@ic mulch technique. This
greenhouse is 250 m (2700 ft. ) and is covered with a
polyethylene film. The greenhouse is heated by allowing,
the condenser effluent to flow at a very low speed inside
double-wall polyethylene mulching placed directly on the
soil.
During the first year of operation, this provided a heat
exchanger surface of 52% of the greenhouse floor area. In
these cond.itions, a temperature of 9*C (48'F) was main-
tained in the greenhouse with an outside temperature of
-11*C (12'F) and water at 33*C (91*F).
After the initial experiments a new perforated mulching
led to an increase in the ratio of heat exchange area to
floor area to over 80% without affecting crop density.
Using this new mulch'the following crops were feasible:

1. Lettuce with water at 18-200C
2. Tomatoes with water at 25-31'C
3. Cucumbers with water at 33-35'C

The use of heat pumps to boost condenser effluent
temperatures was studied on a semi-industrial scale 2
near the SaW Laurent dex Eaux Power Plant. A 3000 m
(32,300 ft. ) greenhouse was constructed in 1973-1974
and rented to a commercial grower. Results from this
study indicate that normal crop production rates can be
maintained but the heat pumps must be carefully designed
and controlled to be economically viable.
A 10-ha (25-acre) agricultural-forestry site at the
Cadacache Nuclear Research Center has been used to study
open-circuit irrigation and undersoil heating using power
plant reject heat. Open-circuit irrigation is used in
the forestry section utilizing a system of sprinklers
and gutters. Warm water is applied to the ground through-
out the year. For conifer and poplar trees the increase
in production is approximately 25% by weight per year.
Results from the undersoil heating experiments have shown
yields three to four times normal for strawberry plants.
Adaptation of priority industrial crops (soya and late
varieties of corn) has also proven successful". (Ref. 3, pp. 6-7)

-In West Germany, undersoil heating experiments in greenhouses and

open fields have been performed since 1961. Since 1974, experimental

systems have been constructed using power plant reject heat. Results

from these studies indicate yield increases for corn of up to 57%,

winter wheat up to 40%, and spring potatoes up to 60%.

39.

"Two types of systems a,re being developed in the
Soviet Union. The first'technique distributes a
layer of water 30-40 mm (1.2-1.6 in.) over the
greenhouse roof while the second uses dry heat ex-
changers located in a room adjacent to the green-
house. The major difference between these designs
and those used in the United States is that they
have been developed not only to supply heat to the
greenhouse in winter but also to provide adequate
heat rejection capability for the power station in
the summer.
The water-filled roof greenhouse concept is being
investigated using a 0.6 ha (1.5 acre) greenhouse
located near a 300 MW power station. Condenser outlet
water is distributed over the roof by special water
lines. The insulating layer of water at 18 to 20'C
(65 to 68'F) reduges the heat demand from 6 to 8 MW/ha
(8.2 to 10.9 x IR Btu/hr-acre) to 0.7 to 0.9 MW/ha
(1.0 to 1.2 x 10 Btu/hr-acre).
During summer operation the condenser effluent is
supplied to the central zone of the greenhouse roof
where it is sprayed using special nozzles. Water
cooling occurs both in the spray and in the layer
of water running along the roof. Thus, in addition
to providing adequate cooling for the condenser, the
water acts as a solar filter. Short wave radiation,
necessary for photosynthesis, is transmitted to the
greenhouse while a significant portion of the long-
wave thermal spectrum is absorbed by the water.
The air-heated greenhouse uses a finned-tube heat
exchanger located in an annex structure. The con-
denser cooling water is supplied to the heat exchanger
where it heats air supplied from the outside, the
greenhouse, or a mixture of the two. The air flow
is regulated by the greenhouse fans and a series of
special louvers. During summer operation, ventilating
air taken from the ambient passes through the green-
house and then to the heat exchanger. During winter-
operation, greenhouse air is circulated between the
heat exchanger annex and the greenhouse to maintain
proper growing temperatures. The warmed air is
distributed in the greenhouse by means of performated
poylethylene tubes". (Ref. 3, pp. 7-8)

40.

C. GASOHOL- (ALCOHOL)

The production of Alcoho) is an area which we feel has great

potential. The financial viability of Alcohol production depends, to

a large extent, on the ability to process and sell the end product of

the grain fermentation process, The energy balance for Alcohol pro-

duction is shown on the following chart. (Exhibit VI) For a more detailed

discussion of the four (4) steps outlined below refer to Appendix C.

Step I - Grain preparat-ion is a very low energy user

representing only 20% of heat requirements. Cooking is.

accomplished in either a Batch System or a continous

system. In either case, the Slurry must be exposed to

temperatures in the range of 250* - 300*F, this is

accomplished with steam. The exposure to these temperatures

is for a very short time; i.e., 5 minutes and this step is

considered a low energy step.

Step 11 - The fe rmentation cycle is basically a refrigeration

process. The normal heat of Fermentation would result in a

temperature in the range of 140'F, whereas the optimum

temperature which must be maintained is 85' to 90*F. A portion

of deep well water may be passed through this process and act

to keep fermentation processes at their optimum temperature

and pick up heat to be transferred to the main heat source for

the park.

Step III - The concentration, rectifying process operates at

a temperature range of. 170*F to 270'F as shown in the accompanying

chart, this process requires aDc)roximately 42,'jo of the energy

requirements.

Step IV - The final process is the most applicable to the

utilization of waste heat. The drying cycle requires 38,"-' of

4 1

the total heat requirement and a large capital investment

for specialized equipment, at the present time. The Slurry

consists of 10% solids, 90% water, the final configuration
for the end product should be 90% Solids, 10% Liquid. The

use of power plant effluent may make the use of centrifuges

and other capital intensive water extraction methods.unnecessary,
by supplying hot dry air for evaporation via a water to air
heat pump and/or fin coil heater immersed in the slurry using
the power plant effluent to accelerate evaporation of the un-

wanted,water component.

One of the possible heat sources being investigated for inclusion

in a later report, is the use of a water to air heat pump with water
supplied by the central heat source. The water s6urce.heat pump uti-itzing

constant temperature fresh water will supply hot dry air suitab.le for

drying operations. The efficiency of the water source heat pumps,

depending on the characteristics of the water supplied can be in the
range of 3.0 - '5.0 COP. The energy oalance for the various processes,

if known, can be converted to design parameters by computer programs

such as the "SEE" System by Singer. The use of water source heat

pumps will be further investigated as applicable to the individual and

overall processes as more specific data are developed.

Mention was made to the use of grain as feedstock for aquaculture.

The liquid vehicle or Slurry water as extracted by mechanical means

may be useful as a nutrient solution to support the growth of algae

which is the main feedstock for clams and oysters in the mariculture

process. It is hoped that the algae would act to "polish" the Slurry

water to facilitate its disposal at the same time as it provides a

necessary food source for the mariculture operations.

42.

ENERGY BALANCE FOR ALCOHOL PRODUCTION

EXHIBIT M

PRETREATMENT (20%) FERMENTATION (90-F)

GRINDING - Ambient
ACID/ALKALI YEAST
STERILIZATION FERMENTABLE ENZYMES
COOKING- 300OF SUGARS(MASH) COOLING
EXTRUSION
ENIZYMES Ste Energy Usage(% of total)
20%
Q Neglegabie
0 42%
LDW ALCOHOL @ 38%
BEER Total 100%

(D BY- PRODUCT (38%) CONCENTRATION (42%)

CENTRIFUGE-180OF BEER STILL -295OF
EVAPORATOR-280*F ALCOHOL RECTIFYING- 270OF
DRYING - 3000 F ANHYDROUS- 170OF

D. BIOLOGICAL RECYCLING '0

There have been numerous schemes to recover and recycle

agricultural residues for its energy potential. This section will

consider the pertinent projects on waste'recovery which have a

potential for waste heat application in a related energy park.

Projects which use livestock manures as a source of fertilizer

or nutrients for aquatic growth are the most common types.

"The increasing costs of commercial fertilizers,
increasing public awareness of environmental pollution.,
and other restrictions on farming are expected to
,complicate manure disposal problems and place more
.emphasis on nutrient recovery in the future. Land
application, direct refeeding of wastes, and aquacultural
fertilization are three methods of nutrient recovery
being intensively studied. Land application, the
traditional route of disposal, may still be the best
alternative if sufficient land is available and longer
decomposition times are required. Various pretreatment
and storage applications may be practiced prior to land
application: aerobic lagoons, anaerobic lagoons,
faculative lagoons, oxidation ditches, composting and
methane production". (Ref. 8, pp. 4-2)

Having examined many such projects it must be concluded that

those which concern the production of biogas have the most energy

potential.

Currently, the U.S. ERDA is involved in several large scale

efforts to demonstrate the feasibility of adapting the anaerobic

fermentation of sewage solids and animal wastes to the full scale

production of methane gas. A three million dollar demonstration plant

is now under consideration for a 10,000 head beef feedlot operation

and Cornell University has been given authority to demonstrate methane

production technology for dairies at its research facility in Hartford,

New York.

A most successful project, to date, has been the Vermont Yankee

Nuclear Power Corporation's methane generator. The process begins with

the daily delivery of the manure from 200 dairy cows to the methane-

44.

gene'rati ng holding tank at the nuclear plant site.

"This solid waste is then deposited into a premix tank
where 60'F water from the heat exchangers is mixed with
it to create a sludge. Many variables, such as temp-
erature, organic residence time, and solids retention
period, affect the volatility of the bacterial anaerobic
fermentation process. In the cold weather of the Vermont
climate, the temperature of the manure exposed to the
winter climate may be as low as 35*F. The temperature
of the sludge must be increased to produce methane. if
no external heat is utilized, the majority of the energy
of the decomposing manure would be used to maintain the
natural reaction temperature of 95*F, thereby greatly
reducing the methane gas production. However, by
utilizing the nuclear plant's discharge water to preheat
the residue, efficiency of the bacterial fermentation
process is increased.
The external heat source will maintain a sludge temp-
erature of + 65'F in the premix tank. The sludge is
then pumped through a heat exchanger which uses methane
gas to increase the sludge temperature an additional
300F. This supplemental heating is done to increase
the rate of the digestive process. At 95*F the sludge
enters the digester where natural fermentation processes
change the liquid to methane gas. The gas will not only
serve to heat one of the expermental greenhouses, but
will also supply supplemental heat to the sludge water.
Any excess gas would be utilized to heat.other facilities.
The remaining sludge effluent is held in a storage holding
pond for a specified length of time before being distributed
to farm fields as fertilizer". IRef, 6, pp* 1*4 - 1,11

This system utilized mesophilic bacteria in the anaerobic

digestion process. By providing supplemental heat, the generation

time for the methane gas was cut nearly in half. The optimum

temperature for mesophilic bacteria is approaching 113'F.

If temperatures of 113'F to 145'F could be attained, thermophilic

bacteria could be employed, and thereby increase the process

efficiency by two to three times.

A number of other methane-related projects have been referred to

in the "Greenhouse Production" section. The capturing of methane gas

from decomposing sanitary landfills with the purpose of greenhouse

heating, soil warming or space heating has proven successful in those

previously noted passive projects.

45.

The availability of raw materials in quantity, is critical to

methane production feasibility. In the Ocean County area, which does

not have large concentrations of farming, the cooperation of county

agencies, such as the Ocean County Sewerage Authority or the County

Solid Waste Administration, is necessary to provide the raw materials

for methane generation, in conjunction with the fish waste generate d

on site.

The end result of the digestion of sewera ge could be a supply

of usable fertilizer for either commercialization or enrichment of

the soils in the Pine Barrens, and the reduction of solid wastes

could result in a supply of compost which could be used for the same

applications as the treated sludge.

Further research on the controlling of the evironment with

supplemental waste heat from sources such as power plant waste water

will prove significant in future methane production projects.

46.

1, POULTRY INDUSTRY

In the investigation of the Poultry Industry, Perdue Farms in

Accomac, Virginia, were contacted, Selection of this industry was

prompted by the fact 1hat'the SIC Industrial listing revealed that

100% of the Poultry Dressing Industry utilized water under 212*F. The

most used process water, by Pe rdue, is presently heated to approximately

136' - 140*F and is used in the scalding operation. Although this

water is within the temperature range which this study assumes would

be delivered to potential customers, the logistics of the business

would preclude locating outside an area such as the Delmarva Peninsula.

The proximity of the food source; i.e., soybean and corn and the volume

of poultry processed precludes.on-site growing. At present, Chickens

are grown by private contractors, picked up and processed by Perdue

Farms at their Accomac, Virginia Facility.

In summation, the poultry business, on a viably economic scale,

would not be able to locate on the site, Lacey Township, due to the

symbiotic relationship of the poultry production with available feed

and the processing facility. Two general areas of possible interest

were the rendering operation and grain, specifically soybean,

processing. It is not possible to address these areas, in specific,

within the restrictions of this report.

F.. CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

.Research into the possible use of low grade heat in the chemical

and/or petrochemical industry proved somewhat discouraging because of

their need for much higher temperatures in their processes. As a matter

of fact, many industries are faced with the problem of dissipating

large quantities of their own process heat, which in most cases is of

a higher temperature than our source.

A specific example of this is the styropor plant of BASF Wyandott

Company in Jamesburg, New Jersey, which discharges 50 gpm of process

waste water at temperatures of 230'F in 13 minute bursts at various

intervals in their process. They are making attempts to modulate these

cooling waters so that some type of recycling may be incorporated.

There has been no success, to date.

Along the same lines, a large effort has been made towards power

recovery in the petroleum industry. Specifically, many fluid catalytic

cracker units in oil refineries presently under construction will

utilize power recovery systems which recover high-temperature

regenerator flue gases.

One of the largest operating expenses in a cracker is the cost of

the horsepower to drive the regenerator air blower. Such power recovery

systems preserve and reuse the energy otherwise lost in the flue gasses

by putting it back into the refinery operation, thus significantly

reducing power requirements from outside utility sources.

An example of one of the more recent power recovery units now in

operation is a 17,500 hp unit at Amoco's Whiting, Indiana Refinery, which

is saving the owners approximately 140 million Btu per hour. This is

equivalent to heating 7,000 homes in the Chicago area in the winter.

48.

A 15POOO hp power recovery system has also been retrofitted to

.an existing fluid catalytic cracker unit at the Pasadena Texas Refinery,

of Crown Central Petroleum, which has an estimated savings of

approximately 80 million Btu's per hour.

Although these power recovery units may not be directly applicable

to this study, it is a subject worth investigating, in the future, with

relation to possible recovery of waste heat from flue gases in the

power plants.

49.

G. CO-GENERATION THROUGH CLOSED CYCLE GAS VAPORIZATION

The possibility of utilizing waste heat to co-generate electricity

by the use of closed cycle gas vaporization has also been researched.

The present bulk of research, on this process, is being conducted in the

field of Geothermal recovery. The two (2) systems reviewed are,

direct-flash and Binary Cycle technology.

The Binary Cycle technology is being investigated primarly at

the Herber Project in Valles Caldera, New Mexico by D.O.E., Public Service

Company of New Mexico and Union Oil Company, of California.

"At Herber, brine is pumped from 12 production wells at
the center of the reservior and delivered to heat ex-
changers at approximately 360*F and will be returned to
the reservoir periphery at about 160'F. Because 80%, of
the reservoir heat is actually contained in solid material,
the re-injected brine will continuously sweep the reservoir
or heat as it flows toward the drawn-down center to be
pumped again for another heat extraction cycle. The
possibility of declining temperature is very real. However,
by altering the properties of the working fluid this
possibility can be hedged. With temperatures too low for
direct-flash approach the second fluid vaporizes at a much
lower temperature than water.
A surface heat exchanger transfers the heat from the
geothermal water to the working fluid which vaporizes and
is piped to a turbine.. At Herber,.the working fluid
initial design is a mixture of isobutene 90/00 and
isopentane 10% delivered to the turbine at 300*F and
575 psi. Even though by changing the proportions of the
two hydrocarbons, the molecular weight of the fluid can
be increased, enhancing its kinetics so that reduced heat
input has the least adverse effect on turbine performance
and power output". (Ref. 9, p. 10)

The temperatures involved are significantly above those with which

we are dealing; In the case of direct flash technology, the temperature

must be above 410*F and were not considered.

It appears that, given the present State-of-the-Art, the

utilization of power plant waste heat is not applicable to this process.

50.

Based on the availability and quantity of the heated waste water

at the present Oyster Creek site, the indeterminate status of the

Forked River Unit #1 Power Plant, and the over-abundance of technical

information available, on this broad subject of Waste Heat Utilization,

it is necessary to make certain assumptions which will help unify and

focus the direction which this study will pursue:

1. Public reaction and industry reluctance discovered in

preliminary investigations is proving to be a serious

limitation to using power plant discharge water directly

unless overwhelming precautionary measures can be

demonstrated. The prohibition of this type use by the

Delaney Amendment renders this consideration moot.

2. The economics of systems utilizing waste water, in the

past, have proven marginally profitable without the

use of heat exchangers and break-even or below pro-

fitability wi-th the use of heat exchangers. Escalatinq

fuel costs are changing this to a potentially profitable

situation.

3. Determining the size of the smallest commercially

viable project in relation to interfacing costs is

critical and will be addressed in further reports.

4. The projects having attained the most success to date,

and containing the most potential, are those which

maximize cascading; i.e., energy parks with several

varied components, that, extract heat in a direct ratio

to the heat available.

5. The reliability of the OCNGS (downtime and seasonal

temperature variations) proves to be the most limiting

factor. Without multiple units and/or higher temp-

eratures with heat storage capability, the available
waste heat from the power plant will require its users r

to provide independent sources of supplementary heat,

thereby lowering its desirability.

Having accepted these findings we must examine alternate uses of

this reject heat which will fit with the areas acceptable land uses

so as to maxi'mize the long range potential of this otherwise neglected

energy source. The following table reflecting those processes pre-

viously examined will summarize findings to date. (Exhibit VII)

An examination of the heat requirements listed will help define

the cascading temperature design. The designs shown on the "Proposed

Lacey Energy Park Flow Diagrams", could prove to be an economical,

-environmentally sound and energy efficient approach to the

utilization of power plant waste heat. The key note of the approach

is to take advantage of present technology and the available resources

of Forked River, and to transform that into a concept with a universal

application. All proposed systems to be incorporated will utilize

documented and proven technology.

The concept is outlined in the flow chart on the following page.

The "heart" of the proposed system i*s the construction of a central

heat source which will use the power plant discharge water as the heat

exchanger input into either one large or a series of staged heat

pumps (chillel-S). (Exhibits IV and V)

This central heat source via the heat pumps will provide large

quantities of hot water in the.range of 80*F to 140*F to the heat

storage; i.e., rock containment area. The process water to be heated

52.

EXH I B I T V I I
TEMPERATURE ESTIMATED WATER SOURCE WATER TRFATMENT IS PROCFSS DEEMED SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
RANGE WATER RIOLI I PED APPLICARLE T) FORKED
REQ[ I I RED QUANTITY RIVER S:TE?]
Fresh well from central pH adjustme-rit de- Type-of fish raised re-
heat source. ionization lating to economic
AQUACULTURE 58OF - 80OF 8,000 gpm oxygenation yes viability and market con-
siderations; e.g. trout
forstream stocking.
2,000 gpm from heat Screening of Bay Water Type of fish raised for
source and/or deep weII5 c)xyqenation reasons above; e.g.
MARICULTURE. 50OF - 720F 10,000 gpm for temperature mod- yes lobsters.
ification. `i,000 qpm
saline from Intake
Canal.
Fresh well from central, pH adjustment de- Type of crops -
heat source for warm ionization vegatables for commercial
GREENHOUSE water irrigation or high yield production.
hydroponics.
A. DIRECT USES 850F - 1050F 10,000 qpm ye
Effluent for direct Type of crops
radiant transfer and ornamental plants and
B. INDIRECT USES 70' M i r,, i murn 10,000 gpm as a source for heat None ye@ bushes have high economic
pumps . viability.

I..entral heat source Drying stillage for
fresh water as heat resale or feedstock.
source for water to
GASOHOUALCOHOL 530F - 120OF 4,000 qpm -3ir heat purnD. None ye@

Effluent for indirect Availability of raw
Dre-heatinq central materials and a "market"
BIOLOGICAL heat source fresh for end products.
RECYCLING 90OF 950F 2,000 gpm for slurry. None yes

POULTRY
PROCESSING 1360F 140OF no

CHEMICAL no

CLOSED CYCLE GAS
"z no
GO-GENERATION 100F

PROPOSED LACEY ENERGY PARK FLOW DIAGRAM (A)
21. EXHIB !IT aZ
i,
COLD WATER SUPPLY

DIRECT EFFLUENT DEEP WATER WELLS
USES
Solar Post- Heater 15.000 GPM

Q
co 100
8 CENTRACWUT SOURCE@
C;

METHANE
POWER HEAT PUMP I i
Kmer Plant Discharge. F NACE
PLANT- up- 34,000 GPM
34,000 GPM KIPOC.-Ir,
CONTAINMENT

Cr
&-
10,W06 0
P 00 00
q0 CL
uap 20,000 OPMHOT WATER SUPPLY,,
Maric ture Aq Iture I IV
p- E
2.000 8,000
GPM GPM 10,000 6.0001 F 2 APMW
GPM GPM GPM
41 (. AL
34 F Biologicai
A 2,000 GPM Greenhouses Industrial 1 -M-4- -
Recycling

A
z
Oolishing Pond
Algae Production TO SANITARY SEWER
?DI ?W
LLS

r
POWER_
T
PLAN

F
,cp r1c,
Itt
P7m@

PROPOSED LACEY ENERGY PARK FLOW DIAGRAM (B)
EXHIBIT
>A.
120- COLD WATER SUPPLY
DIRECT EFFLUENT DEEP ?WATER?WELLS
USES 15,000 GPM
S olar Post- Heater

Cn 149
01 CE TRA H A SO RCE
0
Porwer Plant Discharge 44
34,000 GPM METHANE
POWER 34,000 GPM HEAT PUMP FURNACE
PLANT 'p, V. A
0,

0
CO I ENT
CC

10,000 GPM
82 00
(L
C! 0
C@
F*1 20,000 GpmHOT WATER SUPPLY -f-7 T
Mari outure Aquaculture 4) E
2,000 8,000
GPM GPM 10,000 6,000 2,000
GPM GPM GPM

z
2,000 GPM Gr enh uses Industrial ENologi,,al
Recycl ng

z
olishing Pond
Algae Production r *TO SANITARY SEWER
?D I ?S

1000 6
G @P" 105 @Poom

:on

55.

will be provided from deep water wells that tap the Cohansee Sands or

Krikwood Strata.

The efficiency of these heat pumps can be improved dramatically

with the controlled water temperature input. The proposed system

will attempt to attain a continuous coefficient of performance in

the range of 3.0 to 5.0.

The flow diagrams, which outline the proposed con-

figuration of the energy park, show additional temperature

augmentation capability through the use of solar collectors and

methane gas fired heaters. These features will be addressed at a

later date when sufficient design parameters have been developed.

I
I
I
I
I
i
I

IV. EVALUATION OF DESIGN OPTIONS
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

A. Open vs. Closed Loop Characteristics

The previous sections of this report have served to

define the applicable processes that could lend them-

selves to the Forked River site, keeping in mind the

most efficient use of the water involved, both from the

standpoint of heat utiliz ation and quantity available.

For purposes of clarity the definitions of a closed

loop and open loop, in this report, are as follows:

Closed Loop

The subject water experiences no chemical or biological

pollution that could render it unacceptable for reuse in

the central heat source or in other processes. The water

may be subject to energy transfer; i.e., temperature

modification and based on the resultant temperature

may be:

1. Retained and reused for progress ,ively lower

temperature processes within the park.

2. The fresh water component could he reinjected

into the aquafer for subsequent reuse.

3. The water may be returned to the central heat

source for augmentation and subsequent recycling

through the Energy Park system.

4. Any closed cycle water may be returned to the intake

canal for recycling as condenser cooling water

provided its temperature is at or below the ambient

intake canal temperature

57.'

The quality of the water returned to the ecosystem must

be equal to, or better than, the natural water within

limits as established by the New Jersey Department of

Environmental Protection, Division of Water Resources.

The effluent from the power plant will be received at

the central heat source with chemical characteristics

that meet the discharge criteria established. Since

no further chemical treatment is contemplated on this

effluent and only the extraction of heat will be

accomplished, the return of this portion of effluent

for recycling in the system may be possible.

The 34,000 gpm fraction of the effluent, the source for

the central heat pump (chiller), could be returned, to the

intake canal, for recycling as a closed loop. The same

rationale ap'plies to the proposed 100,000 gpm'fraction

labeled as "effluent direct uses" on the Proposed Lacey

Energy Park Flow Diagrams. (Exhibits IV & V)

This fraction of the effluent could be used for direct

radiant transfer applications such as:

1. Soil Heating

2. Roadway and Walkway heating.

3. Supplying an On Site Fire Pond; i.e., Suction Point.

4. Some district heating depending on the temperature

of the effluent and the heat demand.

58.

During summer months when little or no temperature

differential exists, or when in fact heat may be

transferred from the hot roadway surface to the effluent

the cost of circulating this. system could be counter-

productive and may not extract enough heat to be

economically viable.

Open Loop

The subject water is exposed to chemical or biological

contamination and regardless of temperature must be

treated either on site or by the Ocean County Central

Sewer System or both.

The only interest in open loop processes in this report

is the volume of water that will have to be disposed of

and the make up water that will have to be supplied. The

Proposed Lacey Energy Park Diagrams, (Exhibit IV & V) and

the Flow Chart (Exhibit VII) show a net loss of 10,000 gpm

of fresh water from the aqu aculture and biological re-

cycling processes. The make up water will be provided by

the deep water wells as shown-. The mariculture facility

shows a loss of 8,000 gpm of saline water with make up

water pumped directly from the intake canal and a portion

of the mariculture effluent supplying the polishing pond

for algae production and harvesting.

The processes previously discussed are shown on the following

table with a determination as to their open or closed loop

characteristics.

59.

PROPOSED LACEY ENERGY PARK FLOW DIAGRAM (A)
EXHIBIT

COLD WATER SUPPLY

DIRECT EFFLUENT DEEP WATER WELLS
USES 1 15,000 GPM
Solar Post- Heater

w
0

0 CENTRAL HE
AT SOUR E
0
0
METHANE
POWER HEAT PUMP 1 4
b@ A Power Plant Discharge FURNACE
PLANT 34,000 GPM IL
A L
34,000 GPM Klpoctl
CONTAINMENT

10,000GPM 0
u 0 0
9L 00
0 CL
0
Itur 20,OOOGPmHO UPPLY 1,
Moric ture Aq a e mk@ WATER S
OF- F@ E
2,000 8,000
GPM GPM 10,000 6.0001 F 2.000 1 F
GPM + GPM GPM
y I F--
44 No No 2, ENologi. al
000 GPM Greenhouses Industrial I
Recycling

P,
z T
Polishing Pond
4 Algae Production bp TO SANITARY SEWER
?DI ?W ?N ?S

@
WE

T
P!@AN

M a @ri c, Itt

D:n

PROPOSED LACEY ENERGY PARK FLOW DIAGRAM (B)
EXHIBIT

COLD WATER SUPPLY

DIRECT EFFLUENT
DEEP WATER WELL
USES I I @d
Solar Post- Heater t5,000 GPM

LLJ

co
0 C E NIT AL-H?7ATB%S0kb CE
0
r
Power Plant Discharge v- 6@1
34,000 GPM METHANE
POWER HEAT P MP I i 4
34,000 GPM FURNACE
PLANT V. I I

0
0 1 ENT
I F 0
-4-J
10,000 GPM 4D
82
CL
PmHOT WATER SUPPLY
ma miculture Aquaculture E
8,000
2,000 PM 10,000 81000
_j GPM G GPM GPM GPM
z ---------- aolo, ical
0 GPM
Q 2,00 Greenhouses - Industrial
Recy ling
i

W
@e
;i I
z
Polishing Pond
Algae Production TO SANITARY SEWER

61.
LL'
?D I ?W

@
ER
POLWANT
JGPM
a
.010 ij

"g
T

poli!
Lj lAlgc

B. Replacement of Cooling Tower

The elimination.of the proposed cooling tower would require
the utilization of an estimated 7.6 x@10 9 Btu/hr. generated

by the proposed FR#l power plant, as designed. The OCNGS,

in this scenario, would continue to function as it does now

and would not be subject to retrofit except as a backup

heat source.

TABLE 11

ASSUMPTION CONCERNING TYPES OF USES

Assumed Estimated Percentages
Uses Delta T Flow of Time in use

Soil Heat 50F 15,000 gpm 40
Greenhouse Type I 100F 20,000 gpm 40
Greenhouse Type 11 100F 4,000 gpm 40
380F 15,000 gpm 60
Aquaculture 30F 15,000 gpm 93
Industrial 50F 20,000 gpm 90
Biological Recycling 38'F 9,000 gpm 93
Fingerlings, 50F 2,000 qpm 93

The figures, as shown were converi-ed to Btu/hr. as a means of

comparison to the available Btu/hr. from the proposed FR#I power

plant, as follows; using the general formula:

gpm x 8.345 lb/gal. x *F utilized x 60 Btu/hr.
Soil Heating 3.8 x 07Btu/hr.
Greenhouse 1 1.0 x 08Btu/hr.
Gr'eenhouse 11 2.0 x 07Btu/hr.
2.9 x 108 Btu/hr.
Aquaculture 2.3 x 107 Btu/hr.
Industrial 5.0 x 107 Btu/hr.
Biological 1.7 x 108 Btu/hr.
Fingerlings 5.0 x 106 B t u / h r .

The results of these calculations show that for maximum utilization;

8
i.e., winter conditions, the energy consumption could be 6.9 x 10

Btu/hr. When these figures are extrapolated to a yearly energy

demand, based on the estimated percentage of the time the processes

can uti I ize the waste heat avai lable, the Btu consumption, of the

62.

park, could be 4.07 x 1012 Btu/yr.. The waste heat
available is 6.65 x 1013 Btu/yr. this indicated that, at

peak load time; i.e., winter, the heat available will be

sufficient to supply an energy park of the configuation

shown above and excess heat will exist.

The storage capacity designed into the central heat source,
at the Lacey Park, is capable of 6.2 x 107 Btu of stored heat.

It may not be feasible to store the differential of 3.3 X

13
10 Btu, therefo're, it can be concluded that in both winter

and summer a surplus of heat which cannot be utilized must

be returned, at a unacceptable Delta T that may require

cooling before return to the ecosystem. The previous assumption;

i.e., those as reported in the Watts Bar Study, are not

valid for the proposed Forked River site. The usable land area*

of the proposed Lacey Energy Park, is estimated at 250 acres

available for subdivision and subsequent industrial development,

this as opposed to 400 acres available at Watts Bar. The Lacey

Energy Park will have to carefully evaluate the energy requirements

of those processes previously enumerated and put special emphasis

on the processes considered high enerqy users that require energy

input for the highest percentage of the time. A possible energy

balance for the Proposed Lacey Energy Park, using flows as shown

on the Proposed Lacey Energy Park Diagrams, with the following

assumptions kept in mind, could be: (Exhibits IV & V)

See comments economic section Reference: Increased land area.

63.

1. Winter conditions; i.e., full process utilization
will occur for approximately 146 days/year.

2. The remaining 219 days will show process utilization
at the percentages of time as previously shown, in
Table 11.

WINTER CONDITIONS (146 days)

Use GPM Delta T Heat Utilized
1. Aquaculture 10,000 gpm 3 F BTU=5.3x10 10
Mariculture
2. Greenhouse 10,000 gpm 38 F BTU=6.7xlO 11
3. Industrial 8,000 gpm 5 F BTU=7.Ox10 10
4. Biological 2,000 gpm 38 F BTU=1.3x10 11
5. Polishing pond 4.5 Acres -200BTU/hr/ft 2 BTU=1.4x10 11
6. Clam depuration 2.0 Acres -200Btu/hr/ft 2 BTU=6.1x10 10
+ 2,000 gpm 3 F BTU=1.0xl0 10
Total proposed heat utilization BTU=1.1x10 12
Storage capacity BTU=+6.2xl0 7
Total Heat capacity of system BTU=1.1x10 12
Total heat available @34,000 gpm BTU=1.7x10 12
Estimated reject heat/146 days BTU=6.0x10 11
Reject heat BTU/hr BTU=1.7xl0 8

REMAINDER OF YEAR (219 days)

Use GPM Delta T Heat Utilized
1. Aquaculture 10,000 gpm 3 F BTU=0
Mariculture
2. Greenhouse 10,000 gpm 38 F BTU=3.3x10 10
3. Industrial 8,000 gpm 5 F BTU=8.8x10 10
4. Biological 2,000 gpm 38 F BTU=1.8x10 11
5. Polishing pond 4.5 Acres BTU=2.1x10 11
6. Clam depuration 2.0 Acres BTU=9.2x10 10
Total proposed heat utilization BTU=9.0x10 11
Total heat available BTU=-2.5xl0 12

Estimated reject heat/219 days BTU=1.6xl0 12
Estimated reject heat BTU/hr. BTU=4.6xl0 8

The figures above deal with processes utilizing heat supplied

by the central heat source which utilizes 34,000 gpm, of effluent

to energize the system. The closed loop direct effluent uses,

shown on the flow diagrams, will utilize a portion of the

effluent for soil heating, direct radiant uses and to supply

a fire pond on site. Soil heating will utilize approximately,

64.

15J.000 gpm with a heat loss of 5*F or 1.3 x 10 11. BTU for

winter conditions only. The fire pond; i.e., suction point,
estimated at 5 acres will averag'e a utiliza tion of 200 BTU/ft2 /hr
or 1.5 x 10 11 BTU for 146 days and 2.3 x 10 11 BTU for 219 days.

The preceeding calculations lead to the following conclusions:

1. Waste heat available during winter conditions: (146 days)
FIRM as designed, 34,000 gpm = 1.67 x 10 12 BTU
OCNGS operational, 50,000 gpm = 1.67 x 10 12 BTU

2. Waste Heat Utilization of proposed energy park processes;
i.e., not includin @2101000 gpm direct use fraction,
could be 1.46 x 10 BTU. Sufficient heat is available
from either power generating facility to energize the
energy park during winter conditions utilizing approximate[
2% of the total available heat.

3. Waste heat available during summer conditions: (219 days)
FR#I as designed, 34,000 gpm = 2.51 x 10 12 BTU
OCNGS operational, 50,000 gpm = 2.50 x 10 12 BTU

4. Waste Heat Utilization of prop.osed energy park processes;
i.e., not includin? 100,000 gpm direct use fraction,
could be 9.0 x 10 1 BTU sufficient heat is available from
either power generating facility to energize the energy
park during summer conditions utilizing approximately
112% of the total available heat.

5. Excess heat will be generated during winter and summe r
conditions. The cooling tower must be designed to
handle'the excess heat generated during the summer
conditions. The heat utilization of the proposed energy
park at Lacey could represent 2.1r of the total heat
available, therefore, it does not appear feasible to
reduce the.capacity of the proposed cooling tower by any
significant amount, without more area available for
industrial development and/or the identification of
processes which utilize more of the heat energy
available.

6. As further investigations define the capabilities of the
central heat source, both from the stand-point of
augmentation and storaae, higher temperatures may be
possible to achieve, which could open up a whole new
range of possible processes for consideration.

65.

C. Alternate Heat Sources

It has been determined in the previous reports that given

the reliability of nuclear power generating facilities and

the need for periodic maintenance shut downs it is highly

desirable to have two (2) heat sources; i.e., power generating

facilities, as the energy sources for an energy park. It is

also desirable that scheduled shut downs be coordinated with

the park management to take place during periods of low energy

usage and -high effectiveness of the proposed augmentation

systems, specifically solar. The summer months are the most

desirable from the standpoint of these criteria but may not be

from the standpoint of power generation.

In any case, auxiliary heating systems are indicated for each

individual process adequate to maintain minimum conditions if

a shut down occurs during the worst climatological period. If

sufficient methane can be generated and stored-on site it could

be utilized for this purpose. The heat storage, as shown, is

not significant in terms of supplying heat during a period of

shut down but can act as a leveling area to insure a constant

water temperature and to mitigate diurnal variations.

66.

I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I V. RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1,
I
I

V. RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING

A prime concern of any proposed energy.usage connected

with nuclear power generation must be the safety of both
the workers and the products produced. To i'nsure the safety

of all involved and to ascertain the level of additional

radiolo gical monitoring' required, an i.nvesticlation has heen

conducted of the existing monitoring systems in place.

GASEOUS EMISSIONS

The chance of unscheduled or unexpected occurrences-aro.

significantly higher for smaller particulate and gas

emissions, than a liquid spillage. Additionally, the

spread of radioactive material, after an on site incide'nt,

''which could cause evacuation or other protective measures,

would be through gaseous emissions.

The prime monitoring system consists of sampling probe

mounted at the top of the stack.. Samples are r un through

particulate filters which are removed and counted twice

weekly in accordance with NRC regulations. The samples

are then run through two consecutive gas chambers to detect

and record any noble gas emissions. The levels of rontam-

inants are very small and the detect.ors noted are highl y

sensitive to record the low levels of (7r)nl-,jnJ n;int normal ly

present. The final stage of stack monitoring is a high

level recorder to monitor the possible high level emissions

which may be associated with an accident. Additional air

monitoring stations are positioned at varying distanc es up

to 30 miles. These are automatic stations with the records

67.

retrieved weekly. These results are compiled and the result

published semiannually by JCP&L. Several improvements are

currently planned and proposed to improve and update the gas

monitoring system. A system of continous computer monitoring

of the existing system is now in final design stages, and Is

projected to be on I ine within the next three (3) years. The computer

will tie the stack monitoring to concurrent meteorological data.

from an on site weather station. This data can then be@'used to

project possible radioactive drift in case of a major accident

on site. The next improvements projected for site monitor'ing

is a system of twenty perimeter monitoring stations. Each

station will be tied to a central computer and will be monitored

in real time. The primary function of this system will be to

monitor any increase in off-site deposition or drift ina post

accident phase.

LIQUID EMMISION

COOLING WATER: The design of OCNGS excludes the mixing of the

cooling water with the primary cooling loop except for catastrophic

event. Between the primary cooling loop and the condensor

cooling loop there is a 28 inch of mercury vacuum. If a leak

should develop in any of the condensor tubes cooling water would

be sucked into the primary cooling loop. No primary coolant would

flow to the condensor cooling water.

RAD WASTE BUILDING

The EPA and NRC permit certain radiological contaminents to be

discharged in small quantities. This discharge is totally
separate from the condensor cooling water. The dischargefrom

the rad waste building is located approximately 100 feet downstream

68.

from the discharge structure for the conden.ser cooling. The

discharge is constantly monitored with automatic.shut down

valves set at small percentages of the allowed discharge levels.

During normal operation mode there is no discharge through this

system. Releases of liquid radioactive wastes are scheduled

and metered during outages and is associated' with cleaning and

refueling operations.

NEED FOR ADDITIONAL MONITORING

Based on the information provided above the need for any

additional monitoring would be related to factors other than

worker health and safety.

A small monitoring system, as a psychological asset, may add

to employees mental perception of safety but would add no real

measure of safety.
Two (2) areas would possibl y benefit from additional mIonitoring or

an extension of the plant site monitoring. The first area would

be related to long term effect of a very low level radiation.

'All exposure of radiation is now well below excepted standards

for both workers and local population. However, on going

research is being conducted on the effect of long term, low

dose radiation. This type of monitor ing would be of value,

if at some time in the future, possible negative effects of this

exposure were discovered. Records would be available on employee

exposure to determine the individual exposure data.

The second area of interest of additional monitoring would be

in a post accident phase. Records from the controlled

environment of Lacey Energy Park would aid in prediction of

69.

drift patterns and deposition rates. Additionally in a

post accident stage Lacey Energy Park site monitoring may

aid in clean up and restarting any processes in Lacey

Energy Park.

To summarize what the proposed Lacey Energy Park may

need as supplemental monitoring:

1. Effluent Probe: Psychological in effect.

2. Individual Dose Meter: monitor long term low level
dosage.

3. Gas Destination: post accident monitoring of drift
and deposition.

It is further recommended that any on site monitoring be tied

to the computerized monitors on the OCNGS site.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The data on the existing and proposed monitoring systems

and radiation release procedures for Oyster Creek Nuclear

Generating Station was obtained from Mr. Richard Pelrine,

Chemical Supervisor. Mr. Pelrines' help and quidance is

gratefully acknowledged.

70.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I - VI. SITE SPECIFIC REPORT
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

VI. SITE INVENTORY

The various physical and e'nvironmental features which act

upon and influence the design and function of the proposed,\

industrial park have been catalogued and limiting features

for future design and feasibility studies identified.

A. TOPOGRAPHY

The proposed site lies within the coastal plains region

Of South Central New Jersey. The site topography is

typical of the coastal plains consisting of flat t o

mildly sloping sandy sail.

The site straddles the drainage basins of the South and

Middle branches of the Forked River. The f.o.llowing

topographic map shows the site gently sloping from west

to east and from the drainage basin ridge between the

Middle and South branches of the Forked River north and

south. The site contains no areas of steep slopes which

would impact construction. The existing topography

lends itself to the proposed industrial complex and will

present only minimal engineering problems to any

development. (Exhibit VIII)

B. SOIL TYPE

The Ocean County Soil Survey has identified the

following soil types with.in the proposed industrial

complex:

71.

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
EXHIBIT ME

-9 4w
-47

OMAN

/49
FORKL, ft %Y Eft

PROPOSED KAC

ST"IIL",_,TK
.@NDU

T.
!@@Exil S.
PROP PLANT
PLA T 0. c. th4. G..
0 j K@
pft.,@
F
all-

OYSTER GO%

cOts

0" El

NAME SYMBOL SOIL TYPE

1. Atsion At Sand
2. Downer DOA Loamy sand
3. Lakehurst LHA Sand
4. Lakewood LWC Sand
5. Manahawkin Ma Organic Matter

The following composite shows the soi IdIstribution

through the site. Each of the individual soi Is will

have certain impacts on the design and construction of

the proposed park. (Exhibit IX)

The two soi I types which wi I I present the major chal lenge

during design stage are the Atsion and Manahawkin soils.

The Atsion sands have an extremely high seasonal water

table with the high water table being at the

surface in some cases. Construction of road and other

permanent features must be undertaken with extrem-e care

in these soils, to prevent structure damage due to the high

water table

The Manahawkin organic soil is basically unsuitable for
construction activity. The soil is composed of decayed

organic matter. It is highly plastic with low bearing

capacity. During dry periods, when the water table falls,

the soil is subject to extreme shrinkage. Additionally,

the soil falls under the N.J. Department of Environmental

Protections (DEP) classification of natural water's edge.

The DEP discourages any development unless it meets all

the following conditions:

73.

EvB LhA

KIA
DoA

DoA
EVB
woc
DoA

EvB At
LwB Do
EvB DoA

HoA

.WB
SOIL CLASSIFICA-TION MA
LhA EXHIBIT IZ
LhA W
KIA
At
Pm EvS EvS LARC PN KIA
IN
h
At At p
Mo
LhA m M a I LWO KIA ss
it Ma LwB KIA

Lh
ss
At
Ma BRA-cm PICO)
mo Mo HaA
LWC LhA LhA
Mo PN
LhA PO a, 0.
At mo PO LhA
prn InMAED LhA
LhA ACH
LhA LhA LhA PO s
eft., I s
Vt
INDUSTRIAL P
At p

A
LhA PO
Lhk

At DoA
At At At LwS
Lwe Firn LhA PO
Ma L 8 Mo*" LhA
SOUTH
Ma
EXIST.
LhA LhA 0 POWER
PLANT
At At O.C.N.G.s LhA
LhA PROP
POWER p() ...
LhA PLANT PN Ma
FR,*I ss
At . . I
At Mdo PN ma OYSTER. @Glft
Ma

f
,Fit
LhA
Ma
LhA At
OYSTER LhA Lh Be
At
PM LhA
ma LhA
Be
LwI3 hA

1. Requires water access or is water-oriented as a
central purpose of the bastc function of the
activity (this condition applies only to devel-
opment proposed on or adjacent to waterways).

2. Has no prudent or feasible alternative on a
non natural water's edge site.

3. Is immediately adjacent to existing water's edge
development.

4. Would result in minimal feasible alteration
of on-site vegetation. (Ref. 13, p. 85)

C. VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

The site has, within recent time, been cut clear for

either pulp wood, cedar or firewood. This has reduced

the vegetation to rap id growth weeds and bushes common

to the coastal plains. The State records show no

significant or record trees located in the immediate,area.

The following table was prepared by Rutgers University

for JCP&L and groups the common vegetation by cluster type.
(Ref. 14, pp. 3-67, 3-68)

HARDWOODS:

Overstory

Quercus velutina Black Oak
Quercus coccinea Scarlet Oak
Quercus alba White Oak

Understory

Quercus ilicifolia Scrub Oak
Kalmia latifolla Mountain Laurel
Vaccinium stamineum Deerberry
Sassafras albidum Sassafras
Pteris aquilina Bracken

CEDARS:

Ove rstory

Chamaecyparis thyoides White Cedar

Understory

Ilex glabra Inkberry
Acer rubrum Red Maple
Myrica pennsylvanica Bayberry
Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry
Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia Creeper
Rhus vernix Poison Sumac
Clathra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush
Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay Magnolia
Ilex decidua Deciduous Holly
Rhododendron viscosum White Swamp Azalea
Chamaedaphne calyculata Leatherleaf

PINE:

Overstory

Pinus rigida Pitch Pine

Understory

Acer rubrum Red Maple
Quercus phellos Willow Oak
Quercus alba White Oak
Quercus velutina Black Oak
Sassafras albidum Sassafras
Nyssa sylvatica Black Gum
Diospyros virginiana Persimmon
Prunus serotina Black Cherry
Quercus ilicifolia Shrub Layer Scrub Oak
Que rcus p r i no i des Scrub Chestnut Oak
Myrica pennsylvanica Bayberry
Kalmia angustifolia Sheep Laurel

76.

MARSH:

Hibiscus palustris Rose Mallow
Kosteletzkya virginica Seashore Mallow
Sabatia stellaris Marsh Pink
Asclebias incarnata Swamp Mi'lkweed
1pomoea lacunosa Morning Glory
Verbena stricta Blue Vervain
Solidago sempervirens Seaside Goldenrod
Phragmites communis Common reed
Rosa palustris Swamp Rose
Rhus copallina Dwarf Sumac
Viburnum recognitum Smooth arrowood
Baccharls halimifolia Groundsel Bush
Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry
Myrica pennsylvania Bayberry
Sassafras albidum Sassafras
Osmunda regalis Royal Fern
Dicksonia pilousinscula Hayscen 'te'd Fern
Carex spp; Sedges

MIXED:

Overstory

Pinus rigida Pitch Pine
Quercus alba White Oak
Quercus coccinea Scarlet Oak
Quercus velutina Black Oak
Nyssa sylvatica Understory Black Gum

Sassafras albidum Sassafras
Kalmla latifolia Mountain Laurel
Kalmia angustifoli.a Sheep Laurel
Simlax rotundifolia Greenbrier
Quercus ilici folia Scrub Oak
Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry
Gaultheria procumbins Teaberry
Amelanchier canadensis Shadbush
Rhus copallina Winged Sumac (Dwarf Sumac)
Comptonla peregrina Sweetfern
Pteris aquilina Bracken

77..

The New Jersey Di,vision of Fish, Game and Shellfish

summarizes the wildlife population at and near the site

a s

111. A large population of whitetail deer is in
the Pine Barren and white cedar forests nearby.

2. Large populations of quail are in the heavily
wooded sections of the area.

3. Heavy and cyclic grouse populations can be
found near the site.

4. Marsh and river-bottom dwellers, such as the
raccoon, reside in large quantities near the
site." (Ref. 14, p.3-60)

A herpetologist, under contract to the Endangered and Non-

game Species Project for DEP, has investigated the proposed

industrial site, the power plant, and the surrounding area.

The following map, furnished by NJDEP, Division of Fish, Game

and Shellfish,, recaps his sightings of the Pine Barrens Tree

Frog, an endangered species. He also noted, in his report on

this area, sightings of both the Northern Pine Snake and the

Corn Snake, which are threatened species. (Exhibit X)

JCP&L, as part of the.environmental report for Forked River

Unit #1 (FR#I), contracted with consultants from Rutgers to

physically inventory the land vertebrates in the Forked River

area. The following is a summary of the Rutgers findings:

14, p.3-62)

78.

LOAM

PROPOSED

81EAcm
INDUSTRIAL

SOUTH

'@pp-Exilis' T.
PLA T
O.C.4 G S.
poot woo IPE' A@
PLANT
FR.Wl

ftE
C ovsrcq CRESS,
@Ollsre

EXHIBIT :X
*!,'PINE BARRENS TREEFRorS

FIELD SURVEY OF LAND VERTEBRATES

FORKED RIVER AREA

FROGS AND TOADS

Green Frog
Southern Leopard Frog
Pine Barrens Treefrog
Carpenter Frog
Fowler's Toad

TURTLES

Eastern Painted Turtle
Spotted Turtle
Wood Turtle
Eastern Box Turtle

LIZARDS

Northern Fence Lizard

SNAKES

Northern Black Racer
Northern Water Snake

MAMMALS

Opossum
Eastern Cottontail
Red Squirrel
Gray Squirrel
White-footed.Mouse
Red-backed Vole
Meadow Vole
Pine Vole
Muskrat
Eastern Mole
Raccoon
White-tailed-Deer

80.

BIRDS (Species judged to be nesting within the 5-mile radius
area from field observations.)

Green Heron Tufted Titmouse
Mallard White-breasted Nuthatch
Black Duck House Wren
Wood Duck Mockingbird
Turkey Vulture Catbird
Red-shouldered Hawk Brown Thrasher
Sparrow Hawk Robin
Ruffed Grouse Starling
Bobwhite Red-eyed Vireo
Kilideer Black and White Warble'r
Mourning Dove Blue-winged Warbler
Yellow-billed Cuckoo Pine Warbler
Whip-poor-will Ovenbird
Common Nighthawk Yellowthroat
Belted Kingfisher House Sparrow
Yellow-shafted Flicker Red-winged Blackbird
Hairy Woodpecker Baltimore Oriole
Downy Woodpecker Common Grackle*,
Eastern Kingbird Brown-headed Cowbird
Great Crested Flycatcher Scarlet Tananger
Eastern Phoebe Cardinal
Eastern Wood Pewee American Goldfinch
Tree Swallow Rufous-sided Towhee
Barn Swallow Seaside Sparrow
Purple Martin Chipping Sparrow
Blue Jay Field Sparrow
Common Crow Swamp Sparrow
Fish Crow Song Sparrow
Carolina Chickadee

(Ref. 14, p.3-62)

The proposed industrial park will have little impact@on the

existing vegetation, as the only remaining vegetation of any

ecological value is located in the Manahawkin soil which is

excluded from development.

The endangered and threatened species likewise will be min-

imally impacted by the proposed constructionP as the vast'

majority of which is upstream of the proposed development and

would remain unaffected by it.

81.

D. ADJACENT LAND USE

The proposed site lies in the M-6 zone of the current

Lacey Townshi-p Zoning Ordinance, Thi's zone allows all forms

of'general industrial and manufacturing*uses with certain

pro visions regarding any industry which produces a toxic or

hazardous material or waste.'

The s*ite Is bounded along its entire southern border by the

JCP&.L powerplant site. Ocean Township ' to the south of

the power plant site, has zoned that section abutting the

power plant for industrial use.

On the west, the site is bounded by the Garden State Parkway.

West of the Parkway the land is totally undeveloped. The

existing zoning, on this land, is M-6, the same zoning.as the

proposed site.

To the north, the site is bounded by the flood plain of the

Midd-I.e Branch of the Forked River. The area to the north of

the river is zoned residential. The nearest existing dwellings

are approximately 2,000 feet to the north along Route #9.

The easterly side of the proposed site is bounded by an inactive

railroad right@of-way and U.S. Route #9. The area immediately

to the east of the highway is zoned for commercial development.

The adjacent land uses, will not conflict with the proposed

industrial development. The presence of the nuclear power

plant, which may have,posed a deterent to development, is an

integral part of the proposed industrial complex.

E. TRANSPORTATION

The availability of a transportation network to distribute

products and provide raw@ materials is a major concern whenever

industrial development is considered. While all of Ocean

County and Eastern Central New Jersey suffers from a lack of

modern transportation facilities, the proposed site makes a

maximum usage of the transportation available.

Truck and car access to the site will be via U.S. Route #9.

..U.S. Route #9 highway' is the main north/south commercial route

through eastern Ocean County. While the highway is near its

peak capacity during rush hours and summer weekends, adequate

capacity is available during normal work hours and off hours.

Additionally, the site has both north and south acc ess to the

Garden State Parkway via Exit 69, to the south in Ocean

Township and Exit 74, to the north.

Direct access to either rail or barge facilities will become a

possibility if the proposed FR#I should be converted from the

currently proposed nuclear fired plant to fossil fuel,

specifically coal. The Central Railroad of New Jersey owns

a right-of -way which bounds both the proposed I nd u�trial complex

and the power plant site. If rail transportation of coal, as

fuel, was to be initiated, the establishment of a rail siding

at the proposed site would be a simple matter. If the coal were

to be barged Into FR#I, the dual usage of the dockage and

ship channels would offer access to the most inexpensive bulk

transportation system to any proposed industrial users.

83.

Limited mass transportation along the Route #9 corridor

is currently available through common carrier. Lacey Town-

ship, in conjunction with the Ocean County Planning Board,

Is working on establis'hing a rural transportation system to

service the local transportation needs and to feed the -estab--

lished-mass transit routes.

F. MUNICIPAL SERVICES*

As is'-common in@many rural and suburban communities, standard

muni,cipal services are provided by'a combination of private

enterprise,.governmental agencies and volunteer service groups.

Solid Waste Removal

The Township provides residential curbside garbage removal.

All commercial and industrial sites are serviced by pr-Ivate

haulers.' The County is currently investigating the

acquisition of several private commercial sanitary land-

fills for the establishment of regional solid waste

management. It appears that the exist ing private carters

wi I I be able to, satisfy the needs of the proposed

industrial park.

2. Police Service'

The mun-ici,pal police force is geared to the expanded

summer population.of the Township which grows from.a

permanent population of 13,000 to seasonal level of

30,000. The time demands of periodic patrols and

additional services will not place any strain on the

existing police capacity. Additionally, if the

industrial park or central heat system falls within

84.

the jurisdiction of J.C.P.&L., the power company

maintains a private security force for its Oyster Creek

Installation which could possibly include a limited

role in the industrial complex.

3. Fire and Ambulance Service

Fire and First Aid services are provided by vo lunteer

organizations. The proposed industrial usages are

inherently non labor intensive. The local First Aid

Squad will be capable of handling any proposed devel-
opment. The local Fire Company, while prima'irly geared

to the residential unit and forest fire threats, is well

equipped. The Township has cooperated in providing suction

stations throughout the eastern sections of the Township.

The proximity of the int6ke canal will allow the industrial

park to be designed to include a suction point fi re

station. Additional emergency water may be supplied

through the well field proposed under other sections of

this report. Local ordinances pertaining to ind ustrial/

commercial development include height limitations in

keeping with the existing fire fighting equipment.

4. Sewer Service:

A regional collection and treatment system has been

constructed and placed into operation. The system has

been designed to handle a 20 MGD load with an ultimate

capacity of 33 MGD. Due to revisions in land use control

and population trends, current projection of sewer loads

leaves 8 to 10 MGD excess capacity. The proposed indus-

trial complex will not have a negative impact on the

35.

regional system. The local collection system does not

extend to the proposed site, however, the regional

collection main passes the northeast corner of the site.

Tapping the collection system for the complex to the

regional system will not require any special consideration

as the regional system is in gravity flow at this point.

G. AIR AND WATER QUALITY

1. Water Quality

The impact of the quality of the bay water, power plant

effluent, and groundwater on the proposed operation

have received considerable attention in other segments

of this report. Comments in this section will be

limited to impacts resulting from construction and

industrial park operation.

The Qcean County 208 Water Ouality program has tested

cataloged all the fresh water streams in the county.

The original testing station included both the South

Branch and Middle Branch of the Forked River. The South

Branch was deleted from the program when it was dis-

covered that the existing intake canal had altered the

stream to a tidal and salt water stream.

The following table excerpts were compiled over a three

(3) year period from 1976 to 1978, by the County 208

program on the Middle Branch from a testing station at

the Route #9 bridge. (Exhibit Xl)

M as no ISM @M- so M

EXHIB[T xi

OCNO-8 OCHD-048
STORET DATE 78/12/29 39 49 39.0 074 12 05.0 2
MID BR FORKED RIVER ROUTE 9
OCEAN COUNTY DATA INVENTORY 34029 NEW JERSEY
NORTHEAST 013409
NEW JERSEY COASTAL
REG11208 771110
0000 CLASS 00

/TYPA/AMBNT/STREAM

INDEX 0134085
MILES 0000.00
PARAMETER
NUMBER MEAN VARIANCE STAN DEV. COEF VAR STAND ER MAXIMUM MINIMUM BEG DATE END DATE
00070 TURB JKSN JTU 62 2.43548 1.88922 1.37449 .564360 .174560 8.00000 1.00000 76/10/05 78/10/10
00299 DO PEOBE MG/L 8 8.35000 1.66288 1.28953 .154434 .455916 10.2000 6.00000 78/03/30 78/10/10
00300 DO MG/L 49 8.51014 3.72650 1.93041 .226837 .275773 12.0000 4.60000 76/10/05 78/04/10
00310 BOD 5 DAY MC/L 11 1.83636 1.13855 1.06703 .581055 .321721 3.70000 .000000 76/10/20 78/09/13
00335 COD LOWLEVEL MG/L 16 16.4687 92.3185 9.60825 .583424 2.40206 38.8000 6.40000 76/12/08 78/09/13
00340 COD HI LEVEL MG/L 3 8.00000 16.0000 4.00000 .500000 2.30940 12.0000 4.00000 76/10/20 76/12/08
00400 PH SU 64 4.13483 .088015 .296672 .071749 .037084 5.30000 3.50000 76/10/05 78/10/10
00436 ACIDITY MINERAL MG/L 16 12.8667 38.6953 6.22055 .483463 1.60614 28.0000 3.00000 78/02/28 78/10/10
00500 RESIDUE TOTAL MG/L 13 85.4000 11068.5 105.207 1.23193 29.1791 414.000 31.7000 76/10/05 78/10/10
00530 RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L 45 2.02222 3.74950 1.93636 .957542 .288656 9.00000 1.00000 76/10/05 78/01/11
00940 CHLORIDE CL MG/L 19 10.000 206.222 14.3604 1.43604 3.29451 69'@00000 4.00000 76/10/20 7B/.10/10
01045 IRON FE,TOT UG/L 6 651.666 81537.0 285.547 .438179 116.574 1090.00 320.000 78/07/05 78/10/10
31613 FEC COLI
M-FCAGAR /IOOML 58 17.7069 2135.37 46.2100 2.60972 6.06768 30.000 .000000 76/10/27 78/10/10

Reference taken from Ocean County 208 Program
co

The proposed development may have an impact on the water

quality through the construction phase. Following the

"Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control in

New Jersey" published by the New Jersey Department of

Agriculture should control runoff and sediment to min-

imize any stream degradation. (Exhibit XII)

As all the proposed processes are in a controlled

environment no impacts on water quality are anticipated

as a function of their operation. The long term effects

on existing water quality would be related to the storm

water collection and discharge system. With careful

design and employing retention and detention basi.ns to

limit runoff, any negative impacts on the existing

water quality can be controlled.

2. Air Quality

In general the air quality in Ocean County is very

good when compared to New Je,rsey Department of Envir-

onmen+al Protection standards for air quality. Attached

is data obtained from N.ew Jersey Department of Environ-

mental Protection from their nearest continuous monitoring

station which is located in Toms River, New Jersey,

approximately 10 miles north of the proposed site, and

data from the Department of Environmental Protection

Intermediate stations in Toms River, Waretown,(immediately

to the south of the site), and Island Beach State Park.

Without specific industry and prnce5s informalion full

analysis of air quality is not possiblp. The limits of low

labor intensive industries and the process w.-A-er

@XH 18 1 T X 1: 1

TOMS RIVER
-IN NEW JERSEY COMPARED WITH STANDARDS
AIR QUALITY

SULFUR DIOXIDE
PARTS PER MILLION

Standards: 3-Hour Secondary 0.5 ppm 12-Month Primary .03 ppm
24-Hour Primary 0.14 ppm 12-Month Secondary .02 ppm
24-Hour Secondary 0.10 ppm

12
z 3-Hr. Average 24-Hr. Average Month
Valid Hourly Avg. Times Times Times Monthly Moving
1977 Data Max. 2nd Max. 2nd :>0.5 Max. 2nd > 0. 14 > 0.10 Avg. Avg.
"77, '/- 6-071" J-04A 6- 061' 10 G Z/ () CIO @,/ 0.0.?7 (1 6 oz,@-3 00
FEB 97, 9 10557 010cr,' 4,674-54- 0'orv 0 0, 0 97 0 0. 014 cc@
6 0)
MAR 0 0 0,10ev ? .0oct
APR 10,09., 06 6.011 o-00-91 0 6 6,6(141 . cr@q
MAY (a 0,.C?r 6,0,3,0,0fn0;)_!F, O'ca In 0101 P, 0.0 1 ZA 0 0
JUNE -3 e7
0.04r 0.0 0 6 c.0
JULY 0-010 01010 0 0 0-00(n bc,'4
AUG to 0,V;,!;,0,0P O,Wl 0 0.000.1 0,w-, 0 0 0. 00q 1 '200
0 - 0% _. 6 0. (@ 0 00q 0 Coe,
T -OZ-0 0.0 a f2 @ C ,
RH .1 C).nnan 0.0s,@ C-1)-@T anv-d 0 0.0a-7 6-oti 0
NOV Ll 0 0 13 12@ .1 'ZI 0 - 0 a"7 ?,@. C>- @_ '7 .00"
C; 0,01"1 0.01
DEC U. 0, OL(7 I. f-1-57 0 01D@Ll o.okc( 0 0 0101@; C)07@
YEAR 4 0, m IM I -03qZ o

1978

JAN
FEB 0,01r5 6-02
2 MAR 4,7 0.1^4 0,Nq O.C)qq) n.CA@
a,
APR 97, 6 0, 6 5-7 0 Oss 0 .0 4 4 0 0.o-o a 6 0,611 .0fo
0__XAV 20-5 _0A50L0 -()SZ- 0. 04 12) N k 0 0.01s o.014 6 0,062 -olo
JUNE -1 03 @C 0 - M@ o. C*1 0,0@q C) 0-010 C),Ocp 0 0 0.005 010
'10 17 0.0 M 0 01()Oq"l 0.007 C 0 0 i 0
JULY CA-7,1 0-02,0 0-ozko , C),00SI -
MA 0-013(0 0-0_4A 010@6 0,01ZAk 0 1 aola 0.011 0. 0 0-C015 16(0
J@S MEP T -70,-) 0,019 uon 0-0%t 0,01(o 0 0 Oct o. 0 CA 0, Co S
6.01R 0-ovk o. os!@ I).0-I)o n, 0 19 0-012, 0 0,0e)L)
@
V 9610 0-04,07 3 1 11-f .4 i@ 0. 0 4 S1) t.)9 1 0 w,@ h .5 1 tj 0 0 0 -0 1 S 1 6
N
OV
DEC -i-C)n 0 a 0 0, 0\$0 to M
Y ell 0
YEAR

EXH I B] T. @X I I

Toms River

AIR QUALITY IN NEW JERSEY COMPARED WITH STANDARDS

CARBON MONOXIDE
PARTS PER MILLION

STANDARDS: I-Hour Primary and Secondary 35 ppm
8-Hour Primary and Secondary 9 ppm
z a) Indicates Non-Overlapping 8-Hour Time Periods Were Considered 12-
Valid Hourly Avg. Times 8-Hour Moving Avg. Times Timesa Daily Monthly Mont
1977 Data Max. 2nd > 35 Ma-z- 2nd 2nda >9 > 9 Ave. Ave. Ave.
JAN 772 -30 2 21, ez @9 /?- 9 //,3 //, 1 .3 (4 . @
FEB C@@ M - 6 0 .9 16.9 1(1).9
MAR 92,2 / 14 eo 9 9 9 215-
APR C, 2 1--2-71 0 /0-9 /0. 6 3 Li 3. 2 4. ;7
'D
MAY C - t IrS q 144:@
JUNE 9, 77.
JULY 13,0 0,R 10A
AUG 11 tot
rPT 1 1-0 *^U4 '7.3 44.3 3-TZ
ri qq.1 j6fli CTA I ri..-) T6
0 1 13,
0(1
NOV XS A I
DEC 19, C-. i, P@_ 17 _7 3
YEAR 3_4 ot - ^d'

1978 MAY
JAN S., to 13,4 0 ct. 1 2A @L I 4-q It. t4 '61
wrR -S. 9@ 16:1 11.1 6 S-0 4.0 1.(;@
MAR, LA 2--s I-S-1

APR
MAY- q0.1 16.6 IS-1 0 1 a - I 11;1A 11-00
JUNE _tl -q 1 OD'Z I e@ - L) 0 _q -Z 9.q 9.1
JULY 95's 11-0 10.6 0 01-14 9 ._@_ -111-5 _"C)_ 1 (0"1 3,0 'Iso
AUG \S-7 11@-C) 0 10.7 t 0.-!s q. q 1@ S ,to -3.1 1@tz)
SEPT 1-1-2) V-4, (10 b @.4 9 - @;, % It ;L- 1 (010 -its J.V)
C( -cl
jr- Li
FEOV@
DEC! GA
I YEAR 1 01.

EXHiBLT
::X I j

TCKS RIVER
AIR QUALITY IN NEW JERSEY COMPARED WITH STANDARDS

SMOKE SHADE
COEFFICIENT OF HAZE(COHS)

STANDARDS: NO AIR QUALITY STANDARDS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED

12-
Month
Valid Hourly Avg. 24-Hour Avg. Monthly Moving
.-'1977 Data Max. 2nd Max. 2nd Avg. Avg.
JAN _711 -3 1 Z 9 C? Li
'7-9 3),
MAR 9 @F- L4 r@) 3 SP
APR %. -7 0,06 @ (-(I
MAY IS L/ 0 0 (0 L@ 14
JUNE 01 L4 (),IS9 0 "L/0 0-1^
;L. 4 c- 01 Aso 0',5
JULY 9 0 - (-n
AUG 13 C) -4b I o - sq 0-(.0

SEPT
*j -CT
0 IS S
NOV 3 -1 -R 0 SS 0-7,5 0 - Sc@
a-oc@ 0@ (1-0s)
DEC L4
YEAR 'Ro

1978
JAN 9@
,p _. p..
--A-23-
FEB :3 9 1 .0n
MAR ft7
APR a
MAY._ 0.7-4)
JUNE 0 -'s %
JULY c@ oc@
AUG C( (D
SEPT 0a 0.
fii@lcr c),
NOV 0. LA 0.*)!S
DEC @25 I LjtA I - 16 0 - (n*1 f@-

YEAR

NMAT JERSEY STATE BUREAU OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS FROM HIGH-VOLUME AIR SAMPLERS
Sampler No. Municipality -rOftlS 1 Ma bdvrA Tow'dSHIP) Year 1978

Address -r-nUtq%[email protected] Phi- WASHiA1G1-o#J SrRC--9!,r

CLASS INTERVAL DATA
DAILY CONCENTRATIONS
NO. Date Day Conc No. Date Day Conc No Conc lNumber in Cumulative
RancTe Interval Percent

1 Jan 2 Mon - 31 Jul I Sat 1 0-10
2 ..,.8 Sun 41 32 7 Fri 2 11-20 4-0
3 14 Sat '1,1 33 13 Thu 3 21-30 %4.0
4 20 Fri - 34 19 Wed @6t- 4 31-40 %S 40.0
5 .26 Thu' SCI 35 25 Tue @Lo 5 41-50 6-A. a
d 36 31 Mon So
6 Feb 1 We 6 51-60 -20-0
7 7 Tue 37 Aug 6 Sun 7 61-65
8 13 Mon 471, 38 12 Sat. 13 8 66-70
9 19 Sun '7o 39 18 Fri 9 71-75 cla. 0
10 25 Sat 1@&- 40 24 Thu 10 76-80
41 30 Wed b-7
11 Mar 3 Fri 40 11 81-90
12 Thu %A-7 42 Sep 5 Tue 12 91-100
13 15 Wed (*.E 43 11 Mon 13 101-125
14 21 Tue S1 44 17 Sun 14 126-150
15 27 Mo
n 141 45 23 Sat %0 15 151-175
46 29 Fri S3:
16 Apr 2 Sun 16 176-195
.17 8 Sat 4 1;@, 47 Oct 5 Thu 'VI 17 196-260
is .14 Fri Cot 48 11 Wed Sq 18 261-300
19 .20 Thu ZS 49 17 Tue 41 19 301+
20 26 Wed. 50 23 Mon (OS
51 29 Sun
S'7
21 Mav 2 Tue S40 Conc Concentration of susvendec
22 8 Mon '116 52 Nov 4 Sat Cot particulates in microgram .s
23 14 Sun 53 10 Fri q-7 per cubic meter of air,
24 20 Sat 54 16 Thu: 24 jug m3
--A4
25 26 Fri 55 22 Wed %9
56 28 Tue SO Arithmetic and geometric means,
26 Jun I Thu IS minimum, maximum, and standard
-1 deviation all in pg/m3.
27 7 Wed (0 57 Dec 4 Mon* -
28 13 Tue 37 58 10 Sun r7 Standai@d geometric deviation is
29 19 Mon - 59 16 Sat 7H dimensionless.
30 25 Sun 4(o 60 22 Fri -7S
61 28 Thu

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS

Number Arith- Standard Geo- Standard Samples Samples
of min Max metic Deviation metric deome'tric Above Above
Samoles Mean Mean Deviation 260 ucT/m3 150 ua/m3
17 1 1 (p 0

92.

NL7-7 JERSEY STATE BUREAU OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONSFROM HIGH-VOLUME AIR SAMPLERS

Sampler No. 040 Municipality Toms River (Dover Twip.) Year .197

Address Municipal Bldg., 33 Washington Street

DAILY CONCENTRATIONS CLASS INTERVAL DATA

No. Date Day Conc No. Date Day Conc No. Conc Number in Cumulati,%
Ranae Interval Percent

1 Jan 1 Wed 39 32 Jul 6 Sun 53 1 0-10 @0 0.0
2 7 Tue 49 33 12 Sat 35 2 11-20 1.8
3 13 Mon -- 34 ..-.18 Fri 72 3 21-30 4 8.9
4 19 Sun 42 35 24 Thu 63 4 31-40 15 35.7
5 25 Sat 42 36 30 Wed 30 5 41-50 17 66.1
6
Fri 56
37 Aug 5 Tue 73 6 51-60 .8 80.4
-11 Mon 61
7 Feb 6 Thu 33 38 7 61-65 .5 89.3
8 .'.12 Wed 69 39 17 Sun 42 8 66-70 1 91.1
9 18 Tue 55 40 @23 Sat 59 9 71-75 3 96.4
10 24 Mon 36 41 @.29 Fri - 10 76-80 1 98.2

11 Mar 2 Sun 43 42 Sep 4 Thu - 11 81-90 0 98.2
12 8 Sat 48 43 Wed 42 12 91-100 1 100.0
13 14 Fri 35. 44 16 Tue 45 13 101-125
14 .20 Thu 29 45 22 Mon 31 14 126-150
15 26 Wed 22 46 28 Sun 39 15 151-175

16 Apr 1 Tue 43 47 Oct 4 Sat 31 16 176-195
17 7 Mon 34 48 .10 Fri 32 17 196-260
18 13 Sun 91. 49 .16 Thu 44 18 261-300
19 19 Sat 71 50 22 Wed 65 19 301+
20 25 Fri 49 51 28 Tue 62

21 May 1 Thu 47 52 Nov 3 Mon 49 Conc Concentration of suspen(
-22 7 Wed 46 53 9 Sun - particulates in microgr;
23 13 Tue 76 54 15 Sat 55 per cubic meter of air,
24 19 Mon 58 55 21 Fri - 9/m3.
Ju
25 25 Sun 40 56 27 Thu 28
26 31 Sat 31 Arithmetic and geometric means
57 Dec 3 Wed 35 minimum, maximum, and standard
3
27 Jun 6 Fri 33 58 9 Tue 52 deviation all in jug/m
28 12 Thu 41 59 15 Mon 31 Standara geometric deviation L
29 18 Wed 50 60 21 Sun 20 dimensionless.
30 24 Tue 44 61 27 Sat 57
31 30 Mon 62

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS

Number Arith- Standard Geo- Standard Samples Samples
of Min Max metic Deviation 'metric Geometric Above Above
Samoles Mean Mean Deviation 260 )iq/m3 150 jucT/m3
56 20 @91 46.8 14.8 44.5 1.375 0 0

071

E X.H [.@A, 1; TX 1@ I

NEW JERSEY STATE BUREAU OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS FROM HIGII-VOLUMLE AIR SAMPLERS

Samoler No. S23 Municipality Waretown (Ocean Township) Year 1978

Address School, Railroad Avenue

..DAILY CONCENTRATIONS CLASS INTERVAL DATA
No. Date Day Conc No. Date Day Conc No. Conc Number in, C@mulative
Ranae Interval Percent

I Jan 2 Mon 21 31 Jul. 1. Sat 28 1 0-10
2 8 Sun 26 32 7 Fri 44 2 11-20 7 12.5
3 14 Sat 15 33 13 Thu 41 3 21-30 21 50.0
4 20 Fri, 25 34 19 Wed 47 A 31-40 -8 64.3
5 -.26 Thui 39 35 25 Tue 23 5 41-50 10 82.1
36 31 Mon 40
6 Feb 1 Wed'! 53. 6 51-60 @.3 87.5
7 .7 Tuel 25 37 Aug 6 Sun: 18 7 61-65 3 92.9
a .13 Monj 27 38 12 Sat' 24 8 66-70 .1 94.6
9 19 Sun, 24 39 18 Fri 62 9 71-75 2 98.2
10 25 Satj 45 40 24 Thu 79 10 76-80 1 100.0
41 30 Wed 54
11 Mar 3 Fri 29 11 81-90
12 Thu -- 42 Sea 5 Tue 32 12 91-100
13 15 Wed 33 43 11 Mon 26 13 101-125
14 21 Tue 43 44 17 Sun -- 14 126-150
15 27 Mon 19 45 23 Sat 20 15 151-175
46 29 Fri 28
16 Apr 2 Sun 16 16 176-195
17 8 Sat 21 47 Oct 5 Thu -- 17 196-260
is 14 Fri 32 48 11 Wed 58 18 261-300
19 20 Thu 31 49 17 Tue 28 19 301+
20 26 Wed -- 50 23 Mon 28
51 29 Sun 25
21 May 2 Tue 48 Conc Concentration of suszende-,
22 8 Mon 35 52 Nov 4 Sat 47 particulates in microgram-c
23 14 Sun 28 53 10 Fri 75 per cubic meter of air,
24 20 Sat 68 54 16 Thu, 19 lag/M3.
25 26 Fri 43 55 22 Wed 61
56 28 Tue@ 30 Arithmetic and geometric means,
26 Jun 1 Thu 73 mini-mum, maximum, and standard
27 7 Wed 61 57 D6c 4 mon@ 25 deviation all in )ag/m3.
28 13 Tue 21 58' 10 Sun -- standard geometric deviation is
29 19 Mon 48 59 16 Sat 34 dimensionless.
30 25 Sun 45 60 22 Fri 26
61 28 Thu 12
I t

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS

Number Arith- Standard Geo- Standard Samples Samples
of Min max metic Deviation metric Geometric Above Above
.Samnlesi Mean Mean Deviation,260 ua/m3 150 !2cr./m3
6 12 79 16.4 32.9 1.552 0 0
36.2

E
.8.1 T;.X
X]il
W. '-n
NEW JERSEY STATE BUREAU OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS FROM HIGH-VOLUME AIR SAMPLERS

.,.,...Sampler No. S23 Municipality Waretown (Ocean Twp.) Yea r

Address Waretown Elemehtary School, Railroad Ave.

DAILY CONCENTRATIONS @':CLASS INTERVAL DATA
No.1 con
c Number in Cumulati
No. Date Day Conc No. Date Day Conc
Range Interval Percent

0 0.0
1 Jan 1 Wed 22 32 Jul 6 Sun 48 1 0-10
2 7 Tue 28 33 12 Sat 30 2 11-20 8 14.3
3 13 Mon 31 34 ..18 Fri 73 3 21-30 17 44.6
4 19 Sun 35 35 24 Thu 53 4 31-40 13 67.9
5 25 Sat 34 36 30 Wed 53 5. 4.1-50 5 76o8
6 .31 Fri 25
37 Aug 5 Tue 58 6 51-60 ....9 92.9
57
7 Feb 6 Thu 21 38 11 Mon 7 61-65
.3 98.2
0 98.2
8 12 Wed 39 17 Sun 31 8 66-70
9 18 Tue 40 .23 Sat 64 9 71-75 1 100.0
10 24 Mon 17 41 29 Fri 43 10 76-80

11 Mar 2 Sun .19 42 Sep 4 Thu -- 11 81-90
12 8 Sat 32 43 10 Wed 37 12 91-100
13 14 Fri 18 44 16 Tue 59 13 101-125
.20 Thu
45 22 Mon 36 14 126-150
14 16'
15 26 Wed 11 46 28 Sun 29 15 151-175

16 Apr 1 Tue 27 47 Oct 4 Sat 22 16 176-195
17 7 Mon 22 48 10 Fri 23 17 196-260
18 13 Sun 61 49 16 Thu 38 18 261-300
19 19 Sat 56 50 22 Wed 55 19 301+
20 25 Fri 32 51 28 Tue 57 L--

21 May 1 Thu 38 52 Nov 3 Mon 25 Conc Concentration of suspen
.22 7 Wed 39 53 9 Sun 50 particulates in microgr
23 13 Tue 63 54 15 Sat 42 ..per cubic meter of air,
24 19 Mon 42 55 21 Fri 18 jLg/m3
25 25 Sun 29 56 27 Thu 22
26 31 Sat 26 Arithmetic and geometric means
57 Dec 3 Wed 25 minimum, maximum, and standard
27 Jun 6 Fri 21 58 9 Tue 22 deviation all in jug/m3.
'15 Mon 17 StandarA geometric deviation i
28 12 Thu 59
18
29 18 Wed 60 21 Sun dimensionless.
61 27 Sat
30 24 Tue 32 32
31 30 Mon 51

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS

Number Arith- Standard Geo- Standard 6amples Samples
of Min Max metic Deviation metric Geometric Above Above
Samoles Mean Mean Deviation 260 uq/m3 150 jucT/m3
56 11 73 35.4 15.3 32.3 1.553 0 0

Ex H@ 18-11. X-1 i

JERSEY STATE BUREAU OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
SUSPENDED PARTICUIATE CONCENTRAT IONS FROM HIGH-VOLULME AIR SAMPLERS

SamDler No. S16 Municipality Island Beach State Park Year 1978

Address Number 2 Bath House

DAILY CONCENTRAT IONS CLASS INTERVAL DATA
No-I Date jDay'Conc No. Date Day Conc No. Conc Number in Cumulative
Range Interval Percent

1 Jan 2 Mon 26 31 Jul 1 'Sat 27 1 0-10
2 8 Sun 66 32 7 Fri 49 2 11-20 6 10.5
3 14 Sat 141 33 13 Thu 34 3 21-30 9 26.3
4 20 Fri -- 34 19 Wed 39 4 31-40 12 47.4
5 26 Thui 59 35 25 Tue 52 5 41-50 7 59.6
1 36 31 Mon 64
6 Feb 1 Wed! -- 6 51-60 10 77.2
7 7 Tue 37 Aug 6 Sun 62 7 61-65 4 84.2
8 13 Mon 40 38 12 Sat@ 48 8 66-70 .3 89.5
9 19 Sun! 57
39 18 Fri 67 9 71-75 1 91.2
10 25 Sati 32 40 24 Thu 71 10 76-80 1 93.0
41 30 Wed 69
11 Mar 3 Fri 3.9 11 81-90 2. 96.5
12 9 Thu -- 42 Sep 5 Tue 38 12 91-100 98.2
13 15 Wed 49 43 11 Mon 27 13 101-125
14 21 Tue 33 44. 17 Sun 56 14 126-150 100.0
15 27 Mon 40 45 23 Sat 41 15 151-175
46 29 Fri 23
16 Apr 2 Sun 13 16 176-195
17 8 Sat 20 47 Oct 5 Thu 92 17 196-260
18 14 Fri 26 48 11 Wed 63 18 261-300
19 20 Thu 30 49 17 Tue 43 19 301+
20 Wed 27 50 23 Mon 49 t
51 29 sun 33
21 Mav 2 Tue 27 Conc Concentration of susnende-,
22 8 Mon 83 52 Nov 4 Sat 55 particulates in mic--ogramE
23 14 Sun 52 53 10 Fri 85 per cubic meter of air,
24 20 Sat 80 54 16 Thu. 38 jug/M3.
25 26 Fri 48 55 22 Wed 60
56 28 Tue! 27 Arithmetic and creometric means.
26 Jun I Thu 65 minimum, maximum-, and standard
27 .7 Wed 36 57 Dt!c 4 Mon 54 deviation all in pg/m3.
28 13 Tue 19 58 10 Sun 13 Standard geometric deviation is
29 19 Mon 51 59 16 Sat 16 dimensionless.
30 25 Sun 52 60 22 Fri 36
61 28 Thu 17

SUMM-ARY OF STATISTICS

Number Arith- Standard Geo- Standard Samples Samples
of min Max metic Deviation metric Geometric Above Above
Samnlesl I Mean Mean Deviation1260 ucr/m31150 ua./m3l
57 13 144 46.6 22.8 41.6 1.644 0 0

96.

117W JERSEY STATE BUREAU OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS FROM HIGH-VOLUME AIR SAMPLERS

Sampler No. S16 Municipality Island Beach St. Park Year 1977

',Address Number 2 Bath House

DAILY CONCENTRATIONS ..CLASS INTERVAL DATA

No. Date Day Conc No. Date Day Conc No. Conc Number in Cumulative
Range interval Percent

1 Jan 1 Wed 19 32 Jul 6 Sun 52 1 0-10 0 0.0
2 7 Tue 49 33 12 Sat 41 2 11-20 4 7.3
3 13 Mon 29 34 18 Fri 70 3 21-30 27.3
4 19 Sun 32 35- 24 Thu 40 4 31-40 16 56.4
5 25 Sat 32 36 30 Wed 43 5 41-50 6 67.3
6 31 Fri 21
37 Aug 5- Tue 52 6 51-60 8 81.8
7 Feb'6 Thu 15 38 11 Mon 54 7 61-65 2 85.5
8 12 Wed 60 39 17 Sun 40 8 66-70 .5 94.5
9 18 Tue 33 40 23 Sat 70 9 71-75 1 96.4
10 24 Mon 32 41 .29 Fri 32 10 76-80 1 98.2@
11 Mar 2 Sun 21 42 Sep 4 Thu 11 81-90 0 98.2
12 8 Sat 3.5 43 10 Wed 25 12 91-100 0 98.2
13 14 Fri 22 44 16 Tue 21 13 101-125 1 100.0
14 20 Thu 28 45 22 Mon 32 14 126-150
15 26 Wed 22 46 28 Sun - 15 151-175

16 Apr 1 Tue 34 47 Odt 4 Sat, 11 16 176-195
17 7 Mon 21 48 10 Fri 24 17 196-260
18 13 Sun 78.. 49 16 Thu - 18 261-300
19 19 Sat 70 50 22 Wed 58 19 301+
20 25 Fri 67 51 28 Tue -

21 May 1 Thu 42 52 Nov 3 Mon 61 Conc = Concentration of suspende:.
.22 7 Wed 62 53 9 Sun - particulates in microgram-
23 13 Tue 73 54 15 Sat 35 per cubic meter of air,
24 19 Mon 70 55 21 Fri 18 jug/m3.
25 25 Sun 33 56 27 Thu 33
26 31 Sat 34 Arithmetic and geometric means,
57 Dec 3 Wed - minimum, maximum, and standard
27 Jun 6 Fri 33 58 9 Tue 57 deviation all injug/m3.
28 12 Thu 51 59' 15 Mon 119 Standara geometric deviation is
29 18 Wed 43 60 21 Sun 38 dimensionless.
30 24 Tue 25 61 27 Sat 42
31 30 Mon 51

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS

Number Arith- Standard Geo- Standard Samples Samples
Of Min Max metic Deviation metric Geometric Above Above
SamDles Mean Mean Deviation 260 jig/0_150jacr/m3
55 11 119 41.9 20.1 37.6 1.606 0 0

97.

temperatures available seem to indicate that any

industry locating in the indu.strial park will have

minimal impacts on air quality.

H. INFRASTRUCTURE

Lacey Township is basically a rural area which has experienced

rapid growth over the last fifteen years. The rapid growth has

caused several problems in localIgovernment maintaining infra-

structure growth equivalent to population expansion. Ocean

County has been the fastest growing county in the State for

many years and Lacey Township has been a leader in individual

community growth. The absence of a local property tax for

municipal purposes has contributed greatly to the rapid

growth. The Township has taken the following steps to handle

the expanding growth.

1. Sewerage: The local sewer system is'n earing

completion and is being phased in as each section

is inspected and accepted. In previous sections

the availability of excess treatment capacity was

discussed.

2. School: The rapid growth has caused an overcrowding

and split sessions in the regional school system.

Lacey Township is currently building a Middle School

and High School to handle the Township's school

population. The Middle School opened in September, 1980,

and the High School is expected to be opened in

September, 1981.

3. Storm Sewers: The collection and management of

storm runoff is the responsibility of the individual

developer. The Township has a master drainage p Ian

covering the developed sections of the Township

which is being constructed as funds are available.

The industrial complex and its developer will be

responsible to collect and dispose of the runoff

generated by the development.

4. Tax Base: As stated earlier the-municTpal general

purpose tax Is zero.

AVAILABLE ACREAGE

Several sites Jor the industrial par,k were considered and the

site immediately north of the power plant site was selected as

the best available site.
The selection process included' the following considerations:

I . Zoning: Only those areas zoned under the exisiting

Township Zoning Ordinance for industrial use were

considered.

2. Regional Land Use Control: All areas west of the

Garden State Parkway were elimated. During the

selection process, a moratorium was placed on all

development in the "core" area of the Pinelands

until the State's Master Plan for the Pinelands could

be completed. The Master Plan for the "core" area has

just been adopted which limits dev-elopment to those

uses traditionally associated with the Pinelands.

3. Central Services: The availability of central sewer

service was a prime concern for any industrial

development.

99.

4. Relationship to Power Plant.: The close proximity

to the pow,er plant was a prime factor in selection

process. The relationship aids in reducing initial

capital costs for piping and pumping.

The attached copies of Lacey Township Tax Map Sheets 4 and 53,

shows the area'under consideration. The originally selected

area included.Plot 6 along the northern boundary, however, due

to the soils none of that parcel of land woul d be developable

and, as such, was eliminated from further consideration.

The availability of land for development and the amount of land

actually developed is contingent on several factors. The

economic considerations of initial investments for land,

development costs, and interfacing will limit the local authority

to a staged process. The demand for space by potential industrial

users will influence the number of site developed at any one

time. Additional land owned by JCP&L is available directly

east of the power p Ian t and possibly would be available should

t.he demand for space warrant expansion of the complex. The

land identified as the proposed site is currently owned by:

OWNER LOT B@OCK ACRE

Hannan, R. % DCA* 1 1002 14.89+
DCA of N.J. 2 1002 6.83T
Hannan, R. % DCA 3 1002 16.08T
Lawrence Beach Co. 4 1002 34.34+
Finninger, Norman C. & Elsie 5 1002 3387
it 11 - if 6 1002 68.22T
it 1 5 1024 35 . 497

The Lacey Township Industrial Commission has had the property

appraised for possible purchase. The owners have given the

Industrial Commission options to purchase the property which are

currently expired but considered renewable.

*Development Corporation of America (New Jersey Branch)

i n o

PLOT
4004c

db
(D

b,
ze Au

PLOT It
&AWAC

PLOT
mot #Fe

SO%

............... .
-- N &WIN L
--0AWC

NKV-310 TO S.Ow comairlons mav,290 to
7- as OF A
LOU"It 'OFALLAGNER ffXGf"tfQM-.l%C. NO#- -d R..d
114 U@,. it Tt J. 310 3"...
a', am M BEACH SECT A S 8
FORKED RIVER

I;r

PLOT -I

atoc"
A-- @-

......... ....

41X

Y51i
Yp PLOT 2
PLOT .9 :'kZ-C.S
W 'J.51, @, I
LACE
E4,V

I
I
I I
I
I
i
i
I
VII. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
i
I
I
I
I
a

I
I
I
I

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

A. Construction Phase

1. Runoff & Sedimentation

Any major construction effort which involves the

stripping of existing vegetation and the movement

of fresh soil presents a potential for erosion and

stream sedimentation. To control soil erosion and

sedimentation the State enacted Chapter 251, of the

Public Laws of 1975, known as the "Soil Erosion

and Sediment Control Act". The act requires that all

construction activities conform to the guidelines of
the New Jersey Department of Agriculture. these

guidelines are presented in "Standards for Soil

Erosion and Sediment Control in New Jersey" available

through the Department of Agriculture or the local

Soil Conservation Districts. The implementation of

of-these guidelines through the local districts and

the accompanying permit process requires that all

development plans be reviewed and erosion control

delineated. The review process and construction

phase inspection effectively serve to mitigate

the erosion and sedimentation impacts from construction

ac tivities.

The design of the proposed industrial park must take

..Into account the large areas of Manahawkin Soils

along the northern boundary of the site. This

undevelopable area will serve as a sediment trap

during the operation phase but is extremely fragile

and quickly cut up and muddied by construction activity.

103

Care must be exercised in the design and construction

of any industrial complex component which by necessity

must cross these areas.

The erodibilit y of soil can be judged by the IIKII

factor used to calculate sediment losses. Soils can

generally be classed as follows:

"KII Erodibility Class

0.,17 -10.24 Low,
0.28 - 0.37 Medium
0.43 - 0.49 Kigh (Ref.. 15, p. Al.6)
'The 11K."factor for the soil found on-the sit6@other

than the-Manahawkin soils are:

Soil" "V Factor- Class

Atsion 0.17 Low
Downer 0.24 Low
Lakehurst 0.17 Low
Lakewood 0.. 17 Low (Ref. 16, pp. 72&73)
Full erosion contr ol will be required during the

design phase.' The plan will iriclude diversion

berms to slow runoff, sediment traps to serve until

vegetation cover can be established and construction

entrance aprons to prevent sedimentation due to

construction equipment traffic.

2. Air and Water Quality

The impacts on water quality a're directly related to

to the previous section as runoff and sedimentation will

be the only water quality impact.

104.1

Construction phase air quality can be affected by

two.factors, both of a temporary nature.

The exhausts of the construction equipment could

have an adverse effect on air quality by increasing

both the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides concen-

trations, howe ver, the proximity of both Route #9

and the Garden State Parkway will mask any Increases

caused by the construction activity.

The susp ended solids may also be affected by dust

generated by the construction activity. The standards

on sediment and erosion control contain several rec-

ommendations for dust control. The type of control

employed.will be determined by the construction activity,

equipment and time of year. The Ocean County Soil Con-

servation Service has classified only two (2),of the

soils encountered on the site, the Lakehurst and Lakewood

soils, both of which fall in the lowest class of Soil

susceptible to wind erosion.

3. Salt Deposition

impacts of salt deposition, if any, on the construction

phase will depend on the status of Forked River Unit #1

(FR#I) at the time of construction.

If the plant is not operative due to construction

activities or economic reasons there will be no effects.

Other sections of this report have indicated that maximum

benefits wi'll be realized by concurrent construction

of FR#I and the La cey Energy Park..

105.

If the Lacey Energy Park is constructed after the com-

pletion of FR#I and the activation of the cooling tower,

the impacts of salt deposition,will be no worse than

is experienced in ocean front construction. Typical

measures utilized to reduce the effects of the salty

environment include the use of rust inhibitors, imore

frequent lubrication of moving parts, and washing of

equipment to remove accumulated salt.

B. OPERATION PHASE

1. Water Qua Iity

The effects of the proposed Lacey Energy Park on the

existing water quality are dependent on several design

functions. These factors include:

a. National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
Permit: As it appears that large quantities of
water will be returned to the bay at some point,
....a d,.Ispharge, permit wi I I be reqo,i,red which w! I I
set maximum levels of contaminates which can be
returned to the Bay water.

b. Industries: Within.the framework of. the dis-,
charge permit, the actual industries and industrial
p,r.ocess. wJ11,h,ave an effect on the,quality of the
discharg.e. The aquaculture and mariculture usages
will-most Jilkely re,quire polishing po,nds,.t.o reduce
BOD and organic, po Ilutant prior to discharginq.
Greenholuse applicati,ons may require some treatment
if the water,comes in direct contact with fertilizers
or other nutrients. The biological recycling will
have to discharge to the central sewera .ge system
or an on site treatment system. As these examples
indicate the type and size of each industrial
usage will determine what, if any, pre-treatment
w 1 1 1 be requ i red to meet Nat i ono I ro I I ist i on
Discharge Elimination System Pe rmit requirements.

c.: Central Heat Sink: The power plant effluent will
receive no further treatment with the exception of
temperature reduction and will be discharged as is
current practice or will be returned In a closed
loop to the plant for further cooling and possible
reuse.

d. Process Water: To reduce ground water extractions
and for energy conservation reasons process water
will be recycled through the heat sink whenever
possible. For water not recycled see section (b)
above.

e. Storm Water: Storm water collection and ultimate
disposal is a detailed design function and, will not
be addressed in this report except to mention that
sound design of collection and possible detention
b,asin techniques can keep the runoff quality equal
to, or better than, the runoff occurring naturally.

2. Air Quality

A review of previous sections, of this report, indicate

that the industries proposed for this site, have.little

or no airborne emissions and the overall effect on air

quality will be negligible.

3. Salt De position

The effects of salt deposition during the operating phase

Is closely tied to the size and operation of the Lacey

Energy Park. The quantity of heat recoverable and quantity

of effluent run through the Lacey Energy Park will have a
direct reduction in the amount' of salt discharged into the

atmosphere.

Section IV of the report has shown that given the assump-

tions established for the proposed Lacey Energy Park with-

out consideration for an expanded facility t he reduction

in terms of total volume are probably not significant.

107.

The accomplished reduction in terms of ecological

benefits cannot be addressed within the scope of this

report, however, they may be of.an order that is

-significant.

a. 'Construction Materials: Any material
susceptible to corrosion from salt attack;
i,.e.,.-.steel, should be used only with great
care...

b. ,Sa.It Buildup: Any open air process, suchtas
field grown crops or open air aquaculture,
will have to be selected with the knowledge
that a..certain..Ievel of.sajt deposition is
possible., The following chart, (Fig. 7),from
@the JCP&L study on the effects of the cooling
tower, shows the rate of deposition
expected
under full load colnditlons..(Ref. 14, p.4-135)

Additionally, the deposition of salt and salt
buildup may require that greenhouse,glass.
exteriors be washed down from time to time.
Similarly the use of solarcollectors as a
supplimental heat source will require periodic
cleaning to.remove salt on the col-lection
sUrfaces.

EXHIBIT XV..

FIGURE 7
2
P.R-ZD:'C0':ED AVERAGE ANNUAL GROUND DEPOSIT:0'.'@-, RATES
OF SALT FROM FORKED RIVER COOL",NG TOWER
(0 1 Mile From Tower)

t.N*E
rom ow
12 K
-Arth ? .8
6 Krn rn
.75

13
4 10 12
?jp,7Tty Line
4 -- 1@1
8 14 ENE
4 3 11 16
5 1 18
5 Q1
4 10 15

w 4 5 *4 19 E
4 16 18. 22

5 3 22
6 26
5 4 1- Prip ty Li a 22
WS1111 4 14 12
5 18 ESE

4 17 15 15

sw. S (z
5
14 13

FEET 0 1000 20'00 3000 40GO 5000 60CO
MiES A0, .@5 L.0

1./4/72.a 109.

C. PHYSICAL IMPACTS

1. Sewer Service:

Due to high estimates of county growth potential

and new land use controls, the regional sewer system

has vast quantity of excess capacity. The treatment

plant is designed for a 20 MGD loading with expansion

to 33 MGD. Current estimates of existing flows are

less than 6 MGD and the growth expected is now 10 to

12 MGD. The proposed Lacey Energy Park, with

Industrial pretreatment as required by the Ocean

County Utilities Authorities will cause no negative

effects on the sewer collection or treatment system.

2. Water Supply

The proposed system control heat service will require

deep wells for water. The eventual developers can

extend these wells to the individual tenants as a park

service or require each user to obtain his water by

private well.

The central wells and individual wells will require well

permits and the central wells will require ground water

diversion permits issued by the State.

There is no existing central water supply system in

Lacey Township.

3. Road And Transportation

Route 9, the eastern boundary of the proposed site,

is the major North/South commercial corridor in Ocean

County. The road is concrete with a bituminous concrete

overlay with one lane in each direction. During the

morning and afternoon rush hours, the road is very close

110.

to capacity, with minor tie ups at the traffic

lights north and south of the site.

The western boundary of the site is the.Garden

State Parkway, which provides express service north

and south. Trucks are currently permitted north

to Exit 105, the Interchange with Routes 36 and 18

for connection to the New York metropolitan area.

There are no truck restrictions on the Parkway south.

Lacey Road, to the north of the site, has a northbound

entrance and southbound exit to the Parkway, travel

distance from the site is approximately 4.4 miles.

County Route 532, to the south of the site, has a south-

bound entrance and porthbound exit to the Parkway,

approximate.travel distance of 4.6 miles.

The workers.at the site during the operation phase fo'r

the most part will be local workers and the netchange

in-commuter traffic may be negligible.

I
I
I
i.
I
I
I
I
I Vill. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
I
I
I
I
I
I
I . .
I
I
I

Vill. ECONOMIC EFFECTS

A. Taxes

The existing site is presently zoned as industrial

and is undeveloped. The site is comprised of a 500 acre

tract that has previously been described, in detail, in

this portion of the report. The present tax revenue

generated for Ocean County and the Lacey School District

is calculated as; $23,667.12 per year based on an

assessed valuation of $1,507,406.00 and a tax rate of

$1.57/hundred. The property is not usable for

agriculture due to the relatively poor soil conditions,

and is not considered for residential dwellings, e.g.;

high density uses, due to its proximity to the OCNGS.

The highest and best usage for t his tract is considered

to be industrial utilizing a non-labor intensive con-

figuration, as evidenced in the Lacey Township Master Plan

which established this zonino, and this use is well

within the spirit of the plan as quoted below:

"GOAL: The Township will actively encourage
expansion and improvement of existing business
and industry as well as attempt to attract new
industrial, and business uses into planned areas,
expecially adjacent to compatible use areas,
e.g.; the county airport, the railroad, and Rt. 9.

OBJECTIVES: The expansion of exisitnq industry
and the attraction of new industry should be
encouraged to provide local opportunities for an
expanding resident population. Planned and
properly protected industrial development should
be encouraged to help create and maintain an
attractive and harmonious, as well as economically
vigorous..community.

I12.

Industry which relies upon the extraction
of natural resources from the Township wi-11.
be required to indicate how and at what stage
disturbances to the environment will be
corrected. No such industry will be per-
mitted to permanently disfigure areas of the
Township. Plans for environmental rehabil-
itation will be required for each petition.

Areas suitable for business and industrial
use should be initially determined and per-
iodically reviewed within the context of the
Comprehensive Plan and the zoning ordinance
Areas suitable for future development of a
residential or non-residential nature will
not be prematurely zoned for such use, even
though such use may be indicated in the
twenty year Comprehensive Plan." (Ref . 17P pp. 41 &42)

B. Employment Opportunities

Utilizing projections of employment opportunities expected

from similar projects and adjusting them to the space

available at the Lacey Township Site, it would appear that

the number of employees at the park p er se could be in the

range of 148 to 278 with an expected gross annual payroll

of from $1,776,000 to $3,336,000. The secondary multiplier

effects could be in the range of 44 to 83 employees with

the secondary economic impact in the range of $1,073,000 to

$20035,000. The overall regional impact is not possible

to access without more specific information, in particular

the industrial configuration of the park, however, a regional

Income multiplier of 1.5 X gross revenue generated is

possible.

C. Impacts on Boundary Municipalities

Section IV of this report has demonstrated the enormous

amount of heat available from OCNGS and/or FIR #1 as

designed, far more than enough to energize the proposed

Lacey Industrial Park.

113.

Ocean Township has zoned the property to the south of the

power plant property Industrial. This aporoximately 280 acre

tract is similar in physical characteristics to the proposed

Lacey Energy Park property and is in fact, closer to the

power plant than the Lacey property. Ocean Township receives

very little of the tax base revenue benefits enjoyed by

Lacey Township, the host municipality, and may be amendable to

investigating the utilization of a portion of the waste heat

generated along with Lacey to attract industry which would

contribute substantially to their tax base revenue. This

approach would also serve to utilize approximately twice the

amount of waste heat as may be utilized by the Lacey

installation alone, thereby further mitigating the adverse

effects of waste heat on the environment.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I IX. REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Ix. REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

A. Federal

1. Food & Drug Administration

The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible

for administration of the Federal Food., Drug and

Cosmetic Act (FFD&C). This Act prohibits the intro-

duction of adulterated food into interstate commerce.

Food is generally considered "adulterated if it contains

any poisonous or deleterious substances or filth, is

a product of a diseased animal, or has intentionally

been subjected to radiation in a manner not specifically

permited by regulation". (Ref. 18, pp. 152-155)

The presence of anticorrosive agents, biocides to prevent

condensor biofouling and any other additives injected into
the cooling water to ease plant operation would become
a food additive under the FDA regulation, and would

be subject to strict monitoring to meet FDA limits.

The Delaney Clause of the FFD&C Act, which has been
discussed in a previous section, flat ly prohibits FDA
approval of any carcinogen as a food additive in any
amount. As radiation is a recognized carcinogen it
would appear that all direct contact with the cooling
water and the food chain would be prohibited by FDA.

115.

The Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation'Study,

indicates that a cooling system operated in a manner

similar to the Oyster Creek system, in fact would not

subject the cooling water to exposure to radiation and

direct usa ge of cooling water would not violate the

Delaney Clause of the FFD&C Act. Pending final outcome

of FDA review of the Vermont Yankee claims, and due to

the need for temperature boosting from the Oyster Creek

site, the Lacey Energy Park has been conceptually

planned with heat exchangers which satisfy the Delaney

Clause restriction on direct usage.

2. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

The location of the proposed Lacey Energy Park, off

the power plant site and out of the exclusion zone,

would remove the Lacey Energy Park from direct review

and jurisdiction of NRC. The proposed project would

be subject to a secondary review by the NRC in two (2)

a r e a s .

a. The interfacing system connected to the
condenser cooling loop will be subject to
NRC review. The utility must receive a
license modification if any technical
changes are proposed in the circulating
water system. The@review by the NRC would
be to ascertain if the proposed interface
would:

i. , Present an unreviewed safety question.
ii.. Increase the probability of the occur rence
or the con.sequences of an accident.
ill. Create the possibility of an acci'dent or
a malfunction of a different type than
any previously evaluated.

116.

The req uest for license modifications would
have to be submitted and supported by the
utility company.

b. The other area of concern by the NRC with
regard to the Lacey Energy Park would be the
impact on the local and regional evacuation
contingencies as will be discussed later.

3. Environmental Protection Agency

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

(NPDES) permits will be required by any operation

discharging a pollutant into navigable waterways.

The type of permit and whether each usage will

require a separate permit or one master permit can

be obtained for the entire operation, will be de-

pendent on the parameters established during the

design phase of the Lacey Energy Park.

B. STATE REGULATORY AGENCIES

1. The following is taken from the Directory of State

Programs for Regulating Construction. Revised

March, 1979:

SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL PLAN CERTIFICATION

Department: Agriculture

Project Type: Land Distrubance Control

Statute Title: Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Act.

Statute Number: N.J.S.A. 4:24-1 et seq.

Purpose: Requires municipalities to condition development
project approvals upon local soil conservation
.district certification of a plan for soil erosion
and sediment control. Certification is required
for projects that disturb more than 5,000 square
feet of surface area of land for which the State
uniform construction code would require a building
permit. Excludes single-family dwelling unit
unless such unit is part of a proposed subdivision,
site plan, condition use, zoning variance, planned
development or construction permit application
involving two or more single family dwelling units.
Since m;unicipaITties may'have adopted upon State
approval soil erosion and sediment control ordinances,
applicant should determine whether municipality in
which construction activity is to occur has such an
ordinance.

Submit: Application,for soil erosion and sediment control
plan certification (standard form)
Project or development plan
Soil maps or other resource data used
Narrative soil erosion and sediment control plan
Fees to be determined by local soil conservation
district.

Contact: Local Soil Conservation District Office

COASTAL AREA FACILITY REVIEW ACT (CAFRA) PERMIT

Department.: Environmental Protection

Project Type: Coastal and Waterfront Development

Statute Title: Coastal Area Facility Review Act.

Statute Number: N.J.S.A. 13:19-1 et seq.

Purpose: Requires permit to construct major residential (25 or
more dwelling units), industrial, transportation,
utility and energy-related facilities'in the coastal
area, CAFRA area extends from the Atlantic Coast
thrree-;-mile limit at sea and includes that portion
of the State lying inland to a line drawn in an
1rregular pattern beginning from the.co -nfluence of
Cheesequake Creek with Raritan B'ay, Middlesex
County, south to Cape May, and then north and west
along the Delaware River to Pennsylvania, Salem
County. Included are all riparian, tideland, and
wetland acreage.in a 1,376 square mile land
area. CAFRA area ranges in width from 'a few thousand
feet to 24 miles.

Permit covered by 90-day Review Law (P.L. 1975
C, 232)

Submit: CP-I application form for permit (standard form)
Environmental Impact Statement
Application fee
Affidavit stating applicant submitted application
to require local agencies

Contract: CAFRA Permit Section
Office of Coastal Zone Management
Division of Marine Services
Department of Environmental Protection
Labor and Industry Building
Box 1889
Trenton, New Jersey 08625
609-292-0060

STREAM ENCROACHMENT PERMIT

Department: Environmental Protection

Project Type: Flood Control

Statute Title: Stream Encroachment Act

Statute Number: N.J.S.A. 58:1-26
N.J.A.C. 7:8-3.15

Purpose: Requires permit for the construction, Installation
or alteration of any structure or perm@inent fill
along, in, or across the channel or floodway of
any stream. Permit also required for any alteration
of the stream itself (dredging or filling) within
the high-water mark of 100-year flood as determined
by the State. The Flood Plain Act, N.J.S.A. 58:16A
50 et seq., empowers the State to control use and
development on floodway portions of flood hazard
areas and flood fringe areas. Until rules and
regulations under the Act are administered, the
review of DEP of permit applications for develop-
ment within this area is being administered under
the provision of the Stream Encroachment Statute.

Permit covered by 90-Day Review Law (P.L. 1975,
c 232)

Submit: CP-l application form for permit (standard form)
Engineering data sheet
Location Key map
Drawings showi-ng property lines, contours,
profiles, etc.
Photographs upstream and downstream from proposed
p roj ect .
Channel relocation and major fill projects require
EIS
Hydrologic computation based on 100-year flood
Erosion and sediment control practices
Application fee
Evidence that notification of application made to
required local agencies

Contact: Stream Encroachment Section
Bureau of Flood Plain Management
Division of Water Resources
Department of Environmental Protection
Box CN 029
Trenton., New Jersey 08625
609-292-4869

CERTIFICATION OF 50 OR MORE REALTY IMPROVEMENTS

Department: Environmental Protection

Project type: Sewerage Facilities

Statute Title: Realty Improvement Sewerage and Facilities Act.

Statute Number: N.J.S.A. 58:11-25.1 et seq.

Purpose: Requires that no subdivision approval shall be
granted by any municipal or other authority in the
State to cover 50 or more realty improvements, until
DEP has certified that the proposed water supply
and sewerage facilities for realty improvements
comply with applicable State standards. Realty
improvement is a dwelling unit not served by an
approved sewerage facility or water supply. DEP
will review an application only after the local
board of health or planning board has indicated
that it will grant subdivision approval.

120.

Submit: Plan of proposed realty improvement.
Results of subsoil and ground water tests.
Description of proposed water supply system.
Expected rate of construction
Estimated date of availability of public water
and sewers.

Contact: Local board of health or planning board.

CERTIFICATION OF SEWERAGE FACILITY FOR REALTY IMPROVEMENTS IN
CRITICAL AREA

Department: Environmental Protection

Project Type: Sewerage Facilities

Statute Title: Realty Improvement Sewerage and Facilities Act

Statute Number: N.J.S.A. 58:11-4419 58:11-45
N.J.A.C. 7:8-3,22

Purpose: Requires that no building permit be issued until
DEP has certified the sewerage facilities for the
proposed unit. Sewerage facilities include on-site
facilities, such as septic tanks. Realty improve-
ment is a dwelling unit not served by an approved
sewerage facility or water supply. Critical area
has been defined by regulation (N.J.A.C. 7:9-10.1
as amended January 23, 1978) as those areas in
Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic and Cape May Counties,
and along the Mullica River basin in Burlington
County, lying between any tidal waterway and 10 feet
above the mean sea level datum of 1929 and the
Central Pine Barrens region. DEP will review
application only after local board of health has
indicated that it will grant building permit approval.

Submit: Plan of proposed realty improvements
Results of subsoil and groundwater tests
Description of proposed sewerage facility.
Description of proposed water supply system
Expected rate of construction

Contact: Local board of Health

121.

TREATMENT WORKS APPROVAL

Department: Environmental Protection

Project Type: Sewerage Facilities

Statute-Title: New Jersey Water Pollution Control Act'of@1977

Statute Number: N.J.S.A. 38:10A-1 et al.
N.J.A.C. 7:8-3,17
N.J.A.C. 7:14-1 et seq.
Purpose: Requires approval to construct and operate' any
components of a sewer system, includinginterceptors,
collectors, force mains and pumping stations or any
-plant that will treat domestic or'liquid industrial
wastes and discharge to surface waters. In reviewing
p lans for sewerage facilities,, DEP must consider
development of a comprehe-n.sive regional sewerage
system.

-Submi,t:' Application for approval of plans and specifications
f6r'construction of sewerage (standard form)
Map of project with key map showing municipal
boundaries
Map show ing probable future@tri'butary areas for
sewer system
Plan'and profiles of all proposed sewers
Details of construction of sewer appurtenances
General and detailed plans for treatment plants
and specifications for all proposed construction
(2-sets)
Engineer's report
Appropriate endorsements
Operation and Maintenance Manual

Contact:' Public Wastewater Facilities Element for municipal
facilities)
Division of Water Resources
Department of Environmental Protection
Box CN 029
Trenton, New Jersey 08625
609-292-0959

Contact: Monitoring, Surveillance and Enforcement Element
(for industrial facilities)
Division of Water Resources
Department of Environmental Protection
Box CN 029
Trenton', New Jersey 08625
609-292-0580

122.

PERMIT TO DIVERT SUBSURFACE OR PERCOLATING WATERS

Department: Environmental Protection

Project Type: Water Diversion
Statute Title: Diversion of Subsurface and Percolating
Waters Act.

Statute Number:, N.J.A.C. 7:8-3,9
N.J.S.A. 58:4A-2

Purpose: Requires permit to divert water from subs urface
or percolating sources, which include all wells
and ponds not supplied by surface runoff, in
excess of 70 gallons per mtnute (appoximately,
100 thousand gallons per day). Maximum with-
drawal rate is specified by the State. All
abondoned wells must be sealed.

Submit: Application for permit to divert subsurface
or percolati'ng waters (standard form)
Map showi,ng locat@on of diversion point
Certified engineer's report
Approval by DEP on water disposal method'

Contact: Bureau of Water Supply, Planning & Management
Division of Water Resources
Department of Environmental Protection
Box CN029
Trenton, New Jersey 08625
609-292-2956

HIGHWAY OCCUPANCY PERMIT

Department: Transportation

Project Type: Road Impact

Statute Type: State Highway Laws

Statute Number: N.J.S.A. 27:1-1 et seq.

Purpose: Requires permit from regional DOT office,for
any of the following uses of a State highway
right-of-way, unless use is a condition of
another permit: street intersection construction
curb construction, sidewalk construction, over-
dimensioned and overweight movement, temporary
use of right-of-way, telephone booth installation,
crossover and/or U-turn slots in median, left

123.

turn slot, parade, detour decorations on
highway, tree trimming, fill removal, bus
shelter erection, test holes, guard rail
removal, grading, landscaping bench erection,
pedestrain overpass or underpass or other
uses not specified but covered under the
statute. Permit required for overdimensioned
and overweight movement only if such movement
is to be upon an apparatus not required to
be licensed by Division of Motor Vehicles.
If upon a licensed vehicle, permit must be
obtained from Division of Motor Vehicles.
Highway occupancy permit valid for up to
one year or for period stipulated. Applicant
must verify municipal approval, when required,
has been obtained. (the details of the above
are found under N.J.A.C. 16:41.1 et seq.).

Submit: Application for highway occupancy (standard form)
Application and permit fees
Plan showing proposed installation

Contact: Regional DOT offices

Of particular concern to any major devel opment project within

the coastal zone of New Jersey, is the Coastal Area Facility

Review Act (CAFRA) permit. Due to the wide latitude given to

the CAFRA review process, and the need to provide a complete

Environmental Impact Statement as part of the review application,

the CAFRA permit is often considered a State umbrella permit.

The Lacey Industrial Commission has submitted to the CAFRA

review process a preapplication request which outlines the

area in question, and the conceptual idea behind the Lacey

Energy Park. The following is a reprint of the CAFRA staff

analysis of the proposal. (Ref. 13)

124.

(REFERENCE 13)

Owe of Nnu 3frorg

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TRENTON PLEASE ADDRESS REPLY TO:
P. 0. BOX 1669
TRENTON. N. J. 08623

December 10, 1979

Mr. William R. Layton, Jr.
Satterfield Associates
P. 0. Box 162
Forked River, New Jersey 08731

RE: CAFRA Inquiry, P# 810
Lacey Industrial Park
Lacey Township, Ocean County

Dear Mr. Layton:

Based on staff review of the information' presented and dis-
cussed at the pre-application conference held 16 November your
project has the following status in terms of the Rules on Coastal
Resource and Development Policies as stated in Part II, Chapter 4,
New Jersey Coastal Management Program - Bay and Ocean Shore Segment
August 1978 (N.J.A.C. 7:7E-1 et seq.). This staff review refers
to specific policies by section number. Please understand that this
informal guidance is not a binding commitment by the Department to
approve or deny any forthcoming permit application for this project
or site.

Project Description

The proposed project would entail the construction of an
industrial park on approximately 500 acres (Block 1002, plots 1-6
and Block 1024, Lot 15) . The site fronts on U.S. Route 9, immed-
iately north of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. The
project would be built in phases; phase one would utilize plots 1-1
(about .34 acres). A study is presently on-going to determine the
feasibility of utilizing the heated wastewater from the nuclear
power plant by tennants of the industrial park.

Location Policies (3.0)

These policies classify all land and water features of the
coastal zone into at lea5pt one category and assign a policy on the
use of each type of location in each category.

New Jersey Is Art Equal Opportunit). Employer 125.

(REFERENCE 13)'

Mr. William R. Layton, Jr. December 10, 1979

Special Areas (3.2)

Certain -specific -areas merit focused attention and special
management policies and their policies supplement the more general
Location Policies and take precedence.

Bogs and Freshwa ter Wetlands (3.2.23)

Development that would adversely affect the natural functioning
of these Special Areas is prohibited. All on-site bog and fresh-
water wetlands areas are to be mapped on a site plan.

Natural Water's Edge (3.4.2)

This area is the natural, undisturbed land area that is
contiguous with a Water Area and stretches from a Water Area to the
landward limit of soils with a seasonal high water table at the
surface, including Atsion soils. In general, development is dis-
couraged in this Water's Edge Area unless the project satisfies all
of the conditions listed under 3.4.2 (page 85).

The applicant is to map the site's Natural Water's Edge
Area on a site plan.

Coastal Region (3.5.3)

The site lies in the Ba rnegat Corridor Region and is designated
a Moderate Growth Region.

Environmental Sensitivity (3.5.4)

Those sections of the site with Lakehurst and Atsion soils,
which are high percolation wet soils, and a forest vegetation
receive a High Environmental Sensitivity. The remainder of the
site, exclusive of the Special Area, recieves a Moderate rating.
The latter appears to apply only to small segments of the site with
a Downer soil type.

Develoi)ment Potential (3.5.5.3)

.The site has direct access to a road and wastewater treatment
system and meets the infill requirements as it is adjacent to the
Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. However, it is not within
two miles of an existing intersection with a limited access highway
or within one-half mile of a freight rail line. Therefore, it
receives a Medium Development Potential.

126.

(REFERENCE 13)

Mr. William R. Laytont Jr. December 10, 1979
-3-

Acceptable Development Intensity (3.5.6)

Use of the appropriate Land Acceptability Table (3-5-7)
shows that the site receives a Low Acceptable Development Intensity.

Based on the policies for Land Areas, the proposed project
is discouraged due to a Low Acceptable Development Intensity.
However, due to the uniqueness of the industrial park (i.e., the
proposed use of the waste heat from the electrical generating
station), it must be sited adjacent to a generating station. This
subject is discussed under the following Use Policy.

Energy Use Policies (4.4)

The acceptability of proposed coastal energy facilities shall
be determined by a review process that includes both DEP and N.J.
D.O.E. according to the procedures defined in the Memorandum of
Understanding between DEP and DOE coordination of permit review.

One of the policy guidelines used in siting a General Energy
Facility is "that no better locational alternative to the proposed
site exists." Because the proposed project is to utilize the waste
heat from an electrical generating station, it must be built in
close proximity to the facility. Therefore, provided that the other
policy guidelines of this Use Policy can be met, the site is accept-
able for the proposed use.

The applicant has been in contact with D.O.E. regarding a
grant to conduct a feasibility study.

Resource Policies (5.0)

Here a project is reviewed in terms of its effects on various
resources of the built and natural environment of the coastal
region, both at the proposed site and in the surrounding region.
These policies serve as standards to which proposed development must
adhere. Appropriate policies which the applicant must adequately
address are: Water Quality (5.3), Groundwater Use (5.5), Runoff
(5.6), Vegetation (5.8), Air (5.10), Secondary Impacts (5.14), Solid
Waste (5.16), and Energy Conservation (5.17).

Conclusion

If the policies for the Special Areas discussed are met,
as well as all appropriate Resource Policies,,then the proposed site
is conditionally acceptable. This conclusion is based on the fact
that a project utilizing waste heat from an electrical generating
station must be sited in close proximity to such a facility.

127.

(REFERENCE 13)

Mr. William R. Layton, Jr. December 10, 1979
-4-

It is a recommendation, at this timet that the ten$ants of
the park be limited to non-labor intensive industries which utilize
the waste heat. The goal here is' to keep to a minimum the number of
persons in the area immediately adjacent to a nuclear generating
station.

The application shall also contain a section in which it
is demonstrated how the proposed use complies with the applicable
Coastal Resource and Development Policies.

.I trust this guidance helps you to proceed along the design
and development process. If you have any questions about the CAFRA
permit application process, please do not hesitate to contact this
Office at the above address or at (609) 292-0060.

Sincerely yours,
A@ ,
_50
Phillip H. Sandine, Supervisor,
North Shore Region

PHS/dy
cc: Lacey Township Planning Board
Ocean County Planning Board
Mr. Thomas F. Hampton, Chief, Coastal Enforcement
Mr. George Tyler, Director,, Environmental Quality

128.

2. BOARD OF PUBLIC UTILITIES

The major regulatory agency with which a public utility

must deal wi.th is the Board of Public Utilities (BPU).

This agency has the right to review, approve, or dis-

approve all utility tariffs and tarrif in creases. within

the State. Based on this fact, it would appear that

the BPU would play an integral part in the establishment

of a facility which uses heat from a e'lectrica.1 gener-

ating station as its energy source. However, research
indicates that the involvement of the BPU'1n the estab-

lishment and operation of such a facility is contingent

on several other factors.

The role of the BPU in its simpliest terms is to

insure that a utility's customers receive service at

the lowest possible rate while insuring the economic

viability of the utility. Under this mandate, the

BPU requires that any capital expenditure by a utility

be presented to the BPU along with the proposed method

of financing or recovering the funds expended. If the

capital expended is self supporting without effecting

the utility customer the BPU's only intp*re@;t is that any

profits are reported and included in the rate determination

formula. If the capital ex,pended is to be recovered

by rate tariff increase, the BPU requires that the

utility prove that the increase in service benefits to

the consumer is equal to or greater than the proposed

rate increase.

129.

The above recapitulation'of rate determination philosophy

is, presented as background for the following discussion of

possible BPU involvement in a Waste Heat Ut! I 1.zatibn

project. To date, little or no attention has been paid

to Waste Heat Utilization and cascading heat use, as it

has been of little consequence in the total rate structure

of any New Jersey Utility. However, with the growin g

national concern for conservation and rising energy costs

the BPU will soon be faced with formulating a policy to

cover.such a situation.

The following guidelines were developed based on the rate

setting philosophy above and discussion with the legal

department of BPU.

a. Effects on Power Generating Capacity:

If the proposed facility in any manner reduces
the total generating capacity of the power
.plant the BPU would require that the user or
facility owner reimburse the utility for the
,loss of gene rating capacity. This fact would
be a determination in the involvement of BPU
in the proposed Lacey Energy Park, if the
industrial developers were to ask for a higher
discharge temperature during the winter months.
This higher discharge'temperature would increase
the back pressure on the turbine and reduce
generation capacity. A I* F increase in dis-
charge temperature corresponds to a I MWT
reduction in generating capacity, as a rule
,of thumb.

b. Capital Investment:

If the utility company expends any capital
in the construction of the interfacing system
to supplythe heated water to the industrial
facility the BPU will request a full disclosure
of the utility involvement.

130.

The BPU will require that the utility receive
a pay back from the industrial facility rather
than the utility consumer. The exception being
if the cost of the interfacing system produces
a reduction in environmental degradation equal
to, or greater than, the cost of the system.
This may be a, consideration when a Waste Heat
Utilization project is designed as part of a
power generation facility from the inception.
The case of the Lacey Energy Park appears that
the percentage of heat utilized will not
significantly affect the amount of heat rejected.

If the proposed industrial developer bears the
entire cost of the interfacing system ' without
capital investment on the utilities part, the
BPU may not be involved as the power company
does not have an investment cost to be recovered.
in this instance the BPU would require only a
disclosure of any funds paid to the utility
for'the waste heat and the basis of the payment;
i.e., cost per thousand gallons or MBTU's.

This payment must than be included in any
future rate determination formula.

C. Lacey Energy Park as a Public Utility:

Under certain circumstances the industrial
developer may come under the jurisdiction of
the BPU as a utility. Assuming that the
industrial developer will charge a fee for
the heat energy delivered to each tenant of
the industrial park, he could be considered
a public utility. If, as currently proposed,
the industrial facility remains totally within
a single municipality, the distribution system
is exempted from Br-U review. However, if the
industrial facility expands to an adjoining
municipality, the fee charged to each tenant
would than be subject to BPU review and approval.

131.

C. LOCAL REGULATIONS

1. Ocean County Utilities Authority

The Regional Sewerage Authority will have tp
review functions With regard to this proposed project.

The local collection system and tie-in to the

regional interceptor must be submitted to the

Authority prior to construction for review and

approval. Their review will be made to insure

compliance with the Authority's design standards,

and that the proposed flows can be handled by the

regional collection and treatment s ystem.

The individual industrial tenant will be required

to submit applications to the regional Authority

prior to hook-up. The individual applicant will

be required,to submit a projected analysis of his

discharge, including flow, BOD loading and suspended

solids.. These figures wi.11 be used to calculate

any user surcharge required for sewage above normal

strength. Addi tional industrial cost recovery may
be-leveled by the Authority if applicable to the

individual dischar ge.

D. TOWNSHIP REGULATIONS

As the proposed developers, the Lacey Industrial Commission
is a body of the Township and any work proposed by this

body would be subject to local Planning-Board approval
as a matter of courtesy. The developers responsibility
would include the subdivision, road layout and grading,

132.

storm drainage and sewage collection.

As sites are developed the individual developers will

be required to submit site plans detailing the planned

operation, building location, parking, utilities, and

grading. Each plan would have to meet minimum Town-

ship standards and any additional criteria established

by the Industrial Commission and/or the Planning Board.

133.

X. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
NUCLEAR HEALTH

X SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS NUCLEAR HEALTH

A. EVACUATION PLANS

I. On Site:

Several configurations for possible eventual park

layout were discussed and prepared for the Lacey

Township Industrial Commission. The original plans

were prepared without regard to unuseable location

due to topographic features.

The proposed plan resulted in the following con-

clusions for park safety:

a. All internal roads should be through
roads to the maximum extent possible.

b. The main entrance is to,be double.width.
In time of emergency evacuation, this
allows four (4) lanes of exit traffic.

C. The exit has been located directly
opposite Beach Boulevard. A traffic
study currently under way may justify a
traffic'light at the existing Route 9/
Beach Boulevard intersection.

d. The plan should provide for possible rear
exit, if any further expanded development
should approach the site from the northwest.

The following preliminary plans show the proposed sub-

division. 'The plan would require modification to conform

with site conditions previously identified.(Exhibit XVI)

2. Regional

In light of the recent incident at Three Mile Island, the

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Federal

Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are requiring that all

regional plans be revised. In January, 1980, the new interim

134.

4.77,4fe.

4. V,&,

A 710Ac. 3.0.4k Aleld1c.

I. "Ar.

4. "Ar.

X Z7,4@r

Apo*

0 7,

Ad'P7,k

A 0/ de.

7t7A

a. a4v
4. ",4

4.!P7A. 4f. a4Atr,

EXHIBIT
GEORGE ATKIN,JR. 1kF1,1A41,V4A'Y 5ZI001111010W
N J PE LICENSE -40 15602
MARION M. SA7TERFIELD
NJ PE S LS LI@PL:4@; 40
WILLIAM R. LAYTON,JR.
NJ PE LICENSE NO 23268 SATTERFIELD ASSOCIATES

ENGINEERS -PLANNERS SURVEYORS
A DIVISION OF NORTHWEST ENGINEERING, INC
540 W. LACEY ROAO. FORKED RIVER , NEW JERSEY 09731
4") 693-9127

SIGIVA ruffli, JCHIK'D fly' IF-ROJ NO ISHT

r-egulations were issued as NUREG-0655/PEMA-REP-1 "Criteria

for Preparation and Evaluation of Radiological Emergency

Plans and Preparedness in Suppor.t Nuclear Power Plants.",

The County Civil Defense unit is currently revising its

regional plan in accordance with these interim regulations.

Since this plan is still being prepared, no exact impacts

can be identified, but several areas of possible impacts are@

a. The site is close enough that immediate
notification is possible through a siren
alerting system at the plant.

b. The Lacey Energy Park will contribute a
unit of vehicles at the inner most core area
of the evacuation region. The current estimate
of vehicles involved is 2 people/acre x 250
developable acres -*. 1.,25 people/vehicle = 400
vehicles.

C. The majority of the workers to be evacuated
from the Lacey Energy Park would have to be
evacuated from another sector of the plan as
most of the workers will be local residents.

The effects on evacuation plans will be similar during

the construction phase with two (2) modifications.

i. Number of workers on site will vary with
the type of construction activity.

!I. Workers may be from regions not included
in evacuation plans and there will be
additional vehicular movement not previously
accounted for.

B. HEALTH RELATED DANGERS POSED BY PROXIMITY OF NUCLEAR PLANT

1. Section IV of the report has described the monitoring

procedures utilized by JCP&L for detection of radiation

and proposed additions to the system, which will result in

Oyster Creek facility being monitored by the most complete

and sophisticated system in the country at this time. The

simultaneous construction of the proposed Lacey Energy Park

136.

and Forked River Unit #1 could integrate the

two (2) systems into one unified system which

could alleviate the need for any additional on

site monitoring.

The effluent, as previously noted in Section IV, is

isolated from the closed turbine loop by a vacuum of

28 inches of mercury and infiltration of turbine working

fluid into the condenser cooling water is not possible

except under catastophic conditions.

The work force at the Energy Park location may expect

no more exposure to radiation than the general population

surrounding the power plant site and any further monitoring,

such as individual dosage badges will be more psychological

in nature than necessary for worker protection.

2. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE AT POWER PLANT

The remaining health risks arise from an accidental

release of gases or fluids Of contaminated mat erial

within the power plant compl exes. The risk to anyone,

not just the workers in the Lacey Energy P-ark is

related to distance from the source, wind direction

and quantity and strength of radioactive material.

The NRC list four (4) classes of incident with procedures for

each. The classes are:

a. Notification of Unusual Event

b. Alert

C. Site Emergency

d. General Emer-gencies

07.

The following charts are from NUREG-0654 and review

each class and the required response of the power

plant operator and government agencies.

The four (4) classes of incidents noted address the strength

of any release. The local plan for evacuation is

based on various distance determinations.

The innermost zone,, known as the "exclusion area",

is shown on the following map. The exclusion area is a

specified distance around the plant.in which al'I activities

must remain under the control of the licensee. The proposed

Lacey Energy Park is located beyond the perimeter of the

exclusion zone determined for OCNGS.

The areas surrounding the exclusion zone are further

divided into two (2) Emergency Planning Zones (EPZ). The

inner zone has a radius of approximately 10 miles. The

outer zone extends to a 50 mile radius.

The interior zone is the area of immediate evacuation

and is known as the "Plume Exposure Pathway".

"The principal exposure sources from this pathway are:
(a) whole body exter'nal exposure to gamma radiation from
the plume and from deposited material; and (b)
inhalation exposure from the passing radioactive plume.
The duration.of the release leading to potential exposure
could range from one-half hour to days. For the plume
exposure pathway, shelter and/or evacuation would likely
be.the principal immediate protective actions to be
recommended for the general public. The possible
administration of the thyroid blocking agent, potassium
iodide, should also be considered. The ability to best
reduce exposure under specific conditions during the
course of an accident should determine the appropriate
response." Ref . 1 9P p . 7

138.

EXCLUSION RADIUS OYSTER
CREEK GENERATING STATION
R = 402 meters
E
EXHIBM 3=

LOWER'.

LAKE

PROPOSED
BEACH

INDUSTRIAL PARK

SOUTH OR ""-C,

POWER
PLANT

OYSTER

-y
y-

O"STER

. . . ......................

REPRINTED FROM: 1980, NUREG-0655/FEMA-REP-1. - "CRITERIA FOR PREPARATION
AND EVALUATION OF RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY PLANS AND
PREPAREDNESS IN SUPPORT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS." INTERIM REPORT
(Ref. 19, p.7)

State and/or Local Offsite
Class Licensee Actions Authority Actions
Notification of unusual event 1. Promptly inform State and/or local 1. Provide fire or security
offsite authorities of nature of assistance if requested
Class Description unusual condition as soon as discovered
2. Standby until verbal
Unusual events are in process or have 2. Augment on-shift resources closeout
occurred which indicate a potential
degradatien of the level of safety 3. Assess and respond or
of the plant.
4. Close out with verbal summary to 3. Escalate to a.more severe
Purpose offsite authorities; followed by class
written summary within 24 hours
Purpose of offsite notification is to
(1) assure that the first step in any or
response later found to be necessary
has been carried out, (2) provide 5. Escalate to a more severe class
current information on unusual events,
and (3) provide @ periodic unscheduled
test of the offsite communication
link.

Release Potential

No releases of radioactive material
requiring offs1te response or
monitoring are expected'unless
further degradation of safety
systems occurs.

Expected Frequency

Once or twice per year per unit.

W_ 4W

State and/or Local Offsite
Class Licensee Actions Authority,Actions
Alert 1. Promptly inform State and/or local 1. Provide fire or security
authorities of alert status and reason assistance if requested
Class Description for alert as soon as discovered
2. Augment resources by activating
Events are in process or have 2. Augment resources by activating on-site near-site EOC and any other
occurred which involve an actual technical support center, on-site primary response centers
or potential substantial operations center and near-site
degradation of the level emergency operations center (EOC) 3. Alert to standby status key
of safety of the plant. emergency personnel including
3. Assess and respond monitoring teams and
Purpose associated communications
4. Dispatch on-site monitoring teams and
Purpose of offsite alert is associated communications 4. Provide confirmatory offsite
to (1) assure that emergency radiation monitoring and
personnel are readily available 5. Provide periodic plant status updates ingestion pathway dose
to respond if situation to offsite authorities (at least every projections if actual releases
becomes more serious or to 15 minutes) substantially exceed technical
perform confirmatory radiation specification limits
monitoring if required, (2) 6. Provide periodic meteorological assess-
provide offsite authorities ments to offsite authorities and, if 5. Maintain alert status until
current status information, any releases are occurring, dose estimates verbal closeout
and (3) provide possible for actual releases
unscheduled tests of response or
center activation. 7. Close out by verbal summary to offsite
authorities followed by written *wmmary 6. Escalate to a.more severe class
Release Potential within 8 hours

Limited releases of up to 10 or
curies of 1-131 equivalent,or
up to 10q curies of Xe-133 8. Escalate to a more severe class
equivalent.

Expected Frequency

Once in 10 to 100 years per
unit.

State and/or Local Offsite
Class Licensee Actions Authority Actions
Si te Emergency 1. Promptly inform State a .nd/or local off- 1. Provide any assistance
site authorities of site emergency status requested
Class Description and reason for emergency as soon as dis-
covered. Activate immediate public
Events are in process or have 2. Augment resources by activating on-site notification of emergency
occurred which involve actual technical support center, on-site status and provide public
or likely major failures of emergency operations center and near- periodic updates
plant functiong needed for site emergency operations center (EOC) 3. Augment resources by activating
protection of the public. near-site EOC and any other
3. Assess and respond primary response centers
Purpose 4. Dispatch on-site and offsite monitoring 4. Dispatch key emergency personnel
Purpose of the site emergency teams and associated communications including monitoring teams and
warning is to (1) assure that associated communications
response centcrs are manned. 5. Provide a dedicated individual for plant 5. Alert to standby status other
('I) assure that monitoring teams status updates to offsite authorities emergency personnel (e.g..
are dispatched, (3) assure that and periodic press briefings ( erhaps those needed for evacuation)
personnel required for evacuation Joint with offsite authorities@ and dispatch personnel to near-
of near-site areas are at duty site duty stations
stations if situation becomes 6. Make senior technical and management 6. Provide offsite monitoring
more serious, (4) provide staff onsite available for consultation results to licensee and others
current information for and with NRC and State on a periodic basis and jointly assess them
consultation with offsfte
authorities and public, and 7. Provide meteorological and dose estimates 7. Continuously assess information
(5) provide possible unscheduled to offsite authorities for actual from licensee and offsite
test of response capabilities releases via a dedicated individual monitoring with regard to
in U. S. or automated data transmission changes to protective actions
already initiated for public and
Release Potential 8. Provide release and dose projections mobilizing evacuation resources
based on available plant condition 8. Recommend placing milk animals
Releases of up to 1000 ci of information and foreseeable contingencies within 2 miles on stored feed
1-131 equivalent or up to
106 ci of Xe-133 equivalent. 9. Close out or recommend reduction in and assess need to extend
emergency class by briefing of offsite distance
Expected Frequency authorities at EOC and by phone followed. 9. Provide press brtefings. perhaps
by written summary within 8 hours with licensee
Once in one hundred' to once 10. Maintain site emergency status
in 5000 years per unit. or until closeout or reduction of
10. Escalate to general emergency class emergency class
or
11. Escalate to general emergency class

dwrimmi Nub-.a Ar-,

'WW VMW
OW WO, 'WW WNW W=

State and/or Local Offsite
Class Licensee Actions Authority Actions
General Emergency 1. Promptly inform State and local offsite I Provide any assistance requested
authorities of general emergency status 2. Activate immediate public
Class Description and reason for Mergency as soon as
discovered (Parallel notification of notification of emergency status
Events are in process or have State/local) and provide public periodic
occurred which involve actual updates
or imminent substantial core 2. Augment resources by activating on-site 3. Recommend sheltering for 2 mile
degradation or melting with technical support center, on-site radius and 5 miles downwind
potential for loss of contain- emergency operations center and near- dnd assess need to extend
ment integrity. site emergency operations center (EOC) distances
Purpose 3. Assess and respond 4. Augment resources by.activating
near-site EOC and any other
Purpose of the general emergency 4. Dispatch on-site and offsite monitoring primary response centers
warning is to (1) initiate pre- teams and associated communications 5. Dispatch key emergency personnel
determined protective actions including monitoring teams and
for public, (2) provide 5. Provide a dedicated individual for associated communications
continuous assessment of informa- plant status updates to offsite 6. Dispatch other emergency
tion from licensee and offsite authorities and periodic press personnel to duty stations within
measurements, (3) initiate briefings (perhaps joint with 5 mile radius and alert all
additional measures as indicated offsite authorities) others to standby status
by event releases or potential
releases, and (4) provide 6. Make senior technical and management staff 7. Provide offsite monitoring
current information for and onsite available for consultation with results to licensee and others
consultation with offsite NRC and State on a periodic basis. and Jointly assess these
authorities an .d public. 7. Provide meteorological and dose estimates 8..Continuously assess information
Release Potential to offsite authorities for actual from licensee and offsite moni-
releases via a dedicated individual or toring with regard to changes
Releases of more than 1000 ci of automated data transmission to protective actions already
1-131 equivalent or more than initiated for public and
106 ci of Xe-133 equivalent. 8. Provide release and dose projections mobilizing evacuation resources
based on available plant condition 9. Recommend placing milk animals
Expected Frequency information and foreseeable contingencies within 10 miles on stored feed
and assess need to extend
Less than once in about 5000 9. Close out or recommend reduction of distance
years per unit. Life threatening emergency class by briefing of offsite 10. Provide press briefings, perhaps
doses offsite (within 10 miles) authorities at EOC and by phone followed with licensee
once in about 100,000 years by written summary within 8 hours
per unit. 11. Consider relocation to alternate
EOC if actual dose accumulation
in near-site EOC exceeds lower
bound of EPA PAGS
12. Maintain general emergency status
until closeout or reduction of
emergency class

This is the area within which the Lacey Energy Park

is situated. The exposure potential in this area is

weather dependent as the spread of the plume is

related to the wind direction and speed. The

accompanying chart of the wind rose from the*

Oyster Creek and Forked River Unit #1 shows the proposed

site is up@ind of the plant.during the predominate

weather conditions. This fact will add to the time

from inception of the emergency to exposure at the

Lacey Energy Park site. Time estimates by the

Nuclear Regulatory Commission for exposure within

the downwind sectors are 0.5 to 2.0 hours from the

time the utility is aware of the accident.

The outer zone is known as the "Ingestion Exposure

Pathway" and is concerned with longer term exposure

problems. (Exhibit XVIII)

"The principal exposure from this pathway would be
from ingestion of contaminated water or food such
as milk or fresh vegetables. The duration of
potential exposure could range in length from hours
to months. For the ingestion exposure pathway, the
planning'effort involves the identification of major
exposure pathway-s from contaminated food and water
and the associated control points and mechanisms.
The ingestion pathway exposures in general would
represent a longer term problem, although some
early protective actions to minimize subsequent
contamination of milk or other supplies should be
initiated (e.g., put cows on stored feed)." (Ref. 19, pp.7-8)

144.

EXHIBIT
WIND ROSE
WINDS FROM THE
DIRECTION INDICATE@

PR SED BEAC"

I UST L PARK

sou'rv
V ... @>-.-- 40/6 18% 12%
w R
LAN
PROP. J
Powr
L

OYST

OYSTE

In general,'the exposure potential of workers in

Lacey Energy Park is minimally higher than that

of the general populace in the inner plume exposure,

zone. The existing monitoring system on the plant

site and the proposed backup system for Lacey Energy

Park will give maximum warning time to the site employ-

ees for both evacuation and/or sheltering.

C. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION FOR BUILDING MATERIALS

1. RADIOACTIVE EMISSIONS

The probability of emissions of a strength that would

effect normal building materials at the distance

involved are so small, and the cataclysmic nature

of the associated accident, that no general change

in construction techniques and material will be

required.

It may be advisable, especially for the employees

dealing directly with the power plant effluent, to

have a shelter accessible. If,the County evacuation

system would be unable to handle the projected traffic

in a reasonable time, the construction of shelters

for the percent of the employees unable to be

evacuated in the allowable time frame would be-

advisable. The type of emission would be gaseous

and light particulate matter. Standard fall-out

shelters with air filtration would serve as holding

areas until the effected employees could be safely

evaucated.

146.

The number of employees to be considered for

shelter designing and stocking will be developed

when final desi gn configuration is completed, and

the County evacuation plan is completed.

2. SALT EMISSIONS

The following charts (Figs. 10 & 11) show projections
by JCP&L'of the amounts of salt deposition that could

be expected under full load conditions. These figures

may be modified by the Lacey Energy Park usage of

effluent, and the corresponding reduction of cooling

tower load. The calcul,ations of the effects of the

Lacey Energy Park upon the cooling tower load with

reg ard to salt emissions, is beyond the scope of this

report. The following discussions will be based on

JCP&L figures which can be assumed to be a worst case

situation. Figure #11 shows the predicted air con-

centration of salt from the Forked River cooling tower

compare d to the naturally occurring salt due to the

proximity of the Bay and Ocean. The chart reveals

that the increase in salt concentration is on the order

of 4% or less. The threshold of salt concentration which

3
will begin to have effect on vegetation is 10 ug/m . The

expected combined salt concentration over the site is less
than 2 ug/m3' which is well below the figure which would

cause vegetative damage. (Ref. 14, pp. 4-132 & 4-135)

147.

The expected natural deposition of salt is
300 Kg/Km2 per month ten (10) miles inland from

the ocean. Figure #10 gives the expected con-

centration of salt deposition due to cooling water

tower, operations. The maximum deposition on the
Lacey Energy Park is 14 Kg/Km2 per month or an

increase of 4.3%.

While in general the increase in air concentration

and ground deposition are below the generally

expected levels to effect vegetation or structures,

a separate evaluation of the future tenants of

Lacey Ener.gy Park will have to be made. The slight

increases noted may have a decided effect on some of

the more delicate vegetation or processes interested

in locating within Lacey Energy Park.

148.

EXHIBIT XIX

FIGURE 10

2
PREDICTED AVERAGE ANNUAL GROUND DEPOSITION RATES (KgAm mo)
OF SALT FROM FORKED RIVER COOLING TOWER
(0 - 1 Mile From Tower)

N Vom: f-NE
rom Tow
12 il4p
6 JRM2,M 8
.75 rni. N
4 6 13 10 12
pipe ty Line

4
1 5 8 14 ENE
4 5 11 3, 1 11 18 16
4 5 1 10 15
5 13
W 4 14 16 18 22 19
5 9 2
26
5 4 1 L i 22
p ty
WS14 4 14 12 Est
5 18
4 5 17 15 15

sw s E.
14 13

3 6%v SEE

FEET 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
MLES 50 .@5 L.0

1/4/72 a
149.

EXHIBIT XX

FIGURE

PREDICTED AVERAGE ANNUA@ NEAR GROUND
AIR CONCENTRATIONS (ug/ml) OF SALT FROM
FORKED RIVER COOLING TOWER AND FROM THE SEA
(0 - I Mile From Tower)

i Ow N14E
RON TOWEf
.05 u
.02 4M 03
.75 K. / .
W NE
001 .03 .05 1 .04 .05
Figgerty line
1 @7
WNW 1 .01 .04 .05 ENE
.02 1 1 002@ 5.,/.03 o04 .0
11.04 .01 fn . .06 .07

W 001 /001 *01 .0 0 -07 .09 010 E
6 1 OL ..0.> , -N- ,j 5
10 008
0
42 6p op 010
.02 006 05 .0 ty Li e .09 ESE
WSW '.02 05@ .07
.02 o6
002 4,06 o6

SW SE
,02 006 005
NATURAL SSW SSE NATURAL
SEA SAF SEA SALT
.19ugla s 1,8ug/n3

FEET 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
MLES ..215 50 .@5 1'.0
SCALE

150.

I
I
I
1 -6
I
I
I
I X1. INSURANCE CONSIDERATIONS
I
I
I
I
I
I
I . ..
I
I
I
I

X1. INSURANCE CONSIDERATIONS

Local insurance carriers were contacted to determine the

insurability of an Industrial Site located adjacent to the Oyster

Creek Nuclear Generating Station. The buildings and appurtenances

would be insured at the prevailing area rates with only the usual

considerations, such as the availability of a water distribution

system used in the rate determination. In the event of a nuclear

disaster an exclusion clause would be invoked that would negate all

coverage and responsibility to pay on the part of the insurance

company. This situation would prevail not only with the Proposed

Industrial Park properties but is a general insuring exception in all
such insurances wherever located'.

No health insurance limitations currently exist for workers who

would be employed in the Proposed Lacey Industrial Site other than

general limitations regarding nuclear war or accident contingencies

and consequent radiation exposure which may be contained as exclusions

for general insurance practice regardless of location.

Special attention should be given to Federal Statutes Ilmi ting

nuclear accident liability in some instances.

If insuring limitations were to become an obstruction to the

location of industrial parks adjacent to nuclear generating stations

some special governmental insurance programs might become necessary

as is currently the case with such programs for limiting loss from

foreign political actions by United States based corporations operating

in foreign countries.

151.

1,
I
I
I
I
i
I
I

XII. CRITERIA FOR SITING
I ..
I
I
i
I

I
I
i
I
I
i
I

X I I CRITERIA FOR SITING

The following checklist may serve as a guide to assist

in the siting of an industrial complex adjacent to a

power generating facility:

A. Regulatory Considerations

1. Local: Does the zoning of the proposed site

comply with local zoning and planning criteria?

2. State: Have State agencies established a criteria

for land usage around a generating facility

compatable with proposed development?

3. Federal: Will the project comply with Federal

requirements?

B. Physical Characteristics

1. Is the proposed site comprised of sufficient

area to support an economically viable project?

Minimum area dependent on proposed industries

and density.

2. Is the topography of the proposed site conducive

to industrial development?

3. Does the site contain any environmentally sensitive

areas that might preclude development or reduce

developable acreage to an uneconomical level?

4. Is sufficient water of good quality available for

proposed Industrial processes?

152.

C. Infrastructure:

1. Does a sufficient transportation network exist

for the movement of goods to and from the proposed

f a c iI ity?

2. Does the local work force have the necessary

skills for the proposed industries?

3. Can the local economy support any proposed growth

resulting from the industrial development?

4. Does the proposed project have the support of the

local governing body?

D. Technical:

1. Will condenser cooling water be discharged at a

sufficiently high temperature for use with little

or no augmentation?

2. Are two (2) generating facilities available as heat

sources to insure a reliable supply of heat?

3. Will the utility cooperate in allowing interfacing

with condensor cooling discharge lines?

4. If heat augmentation and/or storage are required,

what type are contemplated in relationship to

local climatological conditions?

153.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I XIII. ESTIMATED COST ELEMENTS
I
I
I
I
'I
I
i
t
I
I
'I

XIII. ESTIMATED COST ELEMENTS

.Estimates of the costs of implementing the various elements, of

this study, are extremely difficult due to the continuously emerging

inovations in materials, technology, and the fact that none of the

items have really entered the mass production stage as yet.

To give some idea of the magnitude of the costs that could be

ehcountered in the total application, as discussed in the Aztec

Energy Associates Report (See Appendix F), the "139 Edwards Engineering

heat pump units projected currently, carry a capital cost of

$400,000.00 per unit, require 322 KVA's to operate and are classified

as 240 ton units.

The type of solar collectors that would be utilized for augmentation

purposes probably would run in the neighborhood of $1,000,000.00 per

acre of collectors completely installed with storage and the necessary

auxiliary equipment.

The greenhouse construction could probably be estimated at from

$3.50 to $5.00 per square foot of floor space completely erected with

all necessary coils, heat transfer fins, and other devices.

Ponds, such as would be utilized for aquaculture areas, could

probably be constructed at an estimated cost of $400,000.00 per acre

foot of capacity.

Obviously, any detailed costs based on a report of this nature

would not be very accurate when final design of such a facility were

completed. If a conceptual study involving exact elements and sizing

were to be performed much more accurate costing could be accomplished.

154.

It would appear though that one of the conclusions that can be

drawn from this information i's that large capital costs would be

involved, substantial operating costs would be involved, substantial

energy usage during power plant outages would be involved, and it

would almost be necessary that the operator of the power plants be

an interested party in the industrial venture or that extremely tight

and enforceable agreements be drawn. It should further be noted that

the cost-effectiveness of these concepts is on an increasing curve

of feasibility in view of the fact that heat pump and solar equipment

will undoubtably become more efficient and less expensive in terms

of performance as greater demand occurs and manufacturing techniques

are developed to meet those demands. In the same context purchased

energy for the purposes involved will also increase greatly in price

in the future, therefore.' if the past five (5) years is a guide to

the future the feasibility of these concepts will increase with time

and further depletion of other energy sources.

155.

CONCLUSIONS

Certain conclusions have been reached by virtue of the studies

conducted to prepare this report. There are two (2) types of con-

clusions. Listed first are General Conclusions that would apply to

Waste Heat Utilization as a general concept for consideration by

electrical generating plants. These will be listed under General

Conclusions.

The other grouping of conclusions are more Site Specific and

would deal with the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generation Station (OCNGS)

and the proposed Forked River Unit #1 (FR#I) installations and may

or may not be applicable to other installations in other locales. We

have included under the Site Specific: C6niclusions those derived from

the Aztec Energy Associates Report inasmuch as that report was based

largely on observations of conditions at the OCNGS and FR#I locations,

however, some of its applicability may be readily transferred to

other locations.

A. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

1. Several commercial processes investigated
would appear to have potential for Waste
Heat Utilization from power generating
plants as follows:

a. Agriculture (Greenhouse Maintanence)
b. Aquaculture
C. Mariculture
d. Gasohol Production
e. Composting
f. Methane Production
9- Large scale biological or pharmaceutical
culture production

These operations have been listed as top
priority operations inasmuch as they would
require the minimum of temperature augmentation,
alternative heat sources, and other additional
energy sources or facilities. In addition.,
another group suggests itself where major heat
augmentation either by on site production or
otherwise, and major alternative heat sources
are to be considered. These are in the category

156.

of higher temperature applications such as:

h. Chicken Processing
i. Seafood Processing
j. Vegetable or fruit proc.essing

2. A fine balance exists between the most
efficient generating process and the temp-
erature of its cooling water discharge versus
the threshold of commercial application of
the cooling water. The ideal situation is
consideration of reject heat utilization in
the design of the original generating facility.
Retrofit operations will, of necessity,
probably be somewhat less efficient and more
costly.

3. Generally speaking, the problems of Waste Heat
Utilization of generating plant effluents will
be lesser in cooler climates.

4. Any successful cost-effective evaluation will
probably have to attribute the value of the
thermal pollution reduction as well as the value
of the commercial operations to show a significant
fiscal advantage at current fuel rates. This ad-
vantage will obviously widen as fuel prices increase.

5. No commercial processes can be contemplated without
an alternate heat source. The number of generating
units, independently operating, available in one (1)
location will determine the magnitude of the alternate
heat source requirement. In addition to alternate heat
sources, temperature augmentation of either the basic
source water (coolant) or transfer medium would be
desirable, if obtainable on a cost-effective basis.
This may be necessary under certain operating conditions
for some of the processes investigated, particularly
during periods of marginal climatic temperatures.

6. Probable fuel costs for standby systems would destroy
any economic advantages of Waste Heat Utilization
unless the alternative source could be generated
largely as an integral function of the utilization
process without the requirement for external fuel
purchases per se. Alternate heat source possibilities
are:

a. Utilization of a portion of the available
energy to create an alternate fuel, such as;
Alcohol or1lethane.

b. Solar augmentation of a fraction of the
effluent during periods of solar availability,
combined with ground storage and heat pump recovery.

157.

c. Ground water storage and heat pump
application for recovery.

7. It appears that the entire concept of the Central
Heat Source with heat storage and temperature
augmentation of proces swater, as well as chilling
of discharge water may be accomplished in State-
of-the-Art technology as presented in the Aztec
Energy Associates Report appended hereafter.

8. Radiation monitoring, as practiced at operating
nuclear facilities, appears to be adequate for
warning and protection from a purely objective
point of view, but probably more stringent
applications would be necessary at an adjacent
industrial plant for psychological work force
and health insurance program acceptance.

9. Current government regulations may limit the options
available in utilization of waste heat from nuclear
facilities in preparation of products involved in
the food chain.

10. Where possible, certain necessary local or area
functions may be feasibly integrated into a Waste
Heat Utilization system to the partial advantage of
the system in such a way that they could minimize,
or offset perceived disadvantages of the site as a
location for the primary plant. These would be
particularly in the fields of sewage and solid
waste treatment and reduction.

B. SITE SPECIFIC CONCLUSIONS

1. There appears to be a potential for the utilization
of a portion, or all, of the waste heat available
from the condenser cooling water discharge from
the OCNGS and the FR#1 generating facilities.

2. A direct economic benefit to the proposed FR#1,
would be the possible reduction of cooling load
and reduction in sizing of cooling towers or
other cooling methods. A previously un-evaluated
benefit to the environment could be establishing,
at little or no cost, either a closed circuit
for OCNGS or a return of cooling water to the Bay
with little or no Delta T, thereby eliminating
certain ecological degradation factors which may
be undesirable. The caveat regarding this possibility
is whether or not in the space available sufficient
different activities can be integrated to obtain the
necessary thermal reduction. It would appear that this
potential exists by utilization of the chiller
concept as proposed in the Aztec Energy Associates
Report.

158.

3. In the spe cific situation of Lacey Township, it
would appear that the traditional commercial
occupations of the area, the make up of the work
force available and other factors lend substantial
support to the concept of Agriculture, Mariculture
and Aquaculture operations. These activities also
appear to have a potential for the utilization of
both highly trained and low level skills available
in the work force. They also appear to have the
advantage of being non-labor intensive, a necessity
for any commercial activity immediately adjacent
to nuclear facilities where the considerations of
area evacuation is a factor.

4. Water-to-water heat pumps do exist which, on a reduced
unit scale., perform the necessary temperat,ure augmen-
tation for the utilization of the waste heat from the
OCNGS.

5. It appears impractical to utilize heat exchangers to
preheat incoming winter well water because of the low
difference in temperature between the two water streams.
Even if heat exchangers were utilized the resulting
"heated" well water would require heat pump temperature
augmentation because it would be below 60'F.

1591.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I BIBLIOGRAPHY
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

BIBLIOGRAPHY

f. Burns, E.R., et at: "A'gricultural Uses of Power Plant Waste
Heat". Factors Affecting Power Plant Waste Heat Utilization.(1980)
2. Conestoga Rovers and Associates. Preliminary Investigation,
Reject Heat Utilization (Greenwood). (September, 1977).
3. Olszewski, M. Waste Heat Utilization from Electric Generating
Plants. (DecemberV 1978).
4. Olszewski, M. Evaporative-Pad Heat Transfer Performance in a
Simulate Waste-Heat Greenhouse Environment. (August, 1979).
5. Burns, E.R., et at: Waste Heat Utilization for Agriculture and
Aquaculture. (August, 1978).
6. Gaines, E.P. Nuclear Power Plant Waste Heat Utilization
(Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power CorporTaT-75o7n.@ (September, 1977).
7. Conestoga Rovers and Associates, Gas Recovery and Utilization
From a Municipal Waste Disposal Site. (July, 1979).
8. Maddox, J.J., et at: "Reclamation of Livestock Waste Through
Aquatic-Agriculture". Waste Heat Utilization for Agriculture
and Aquaculture. (1978).
9. Roberts, V. "Tapping the Main Stream of Geothermal Energy".
EPRI Journal. (May, 1980).
10. Snipes, R., et at: "Watts Bar Waste Heat Park Feasibility
Analysis". TVA. (January, 1979).
It. Hubert, Wayne A., et at: "Aquaculture", State-of-the-Art
Waste Heat Utilization for Agriculture and Aquaculture.
EPRI.- TVA.
12. Gannon,, R. "Ground-Water. Heat Pumps'' PopularScience.
(February, 1978).
13. Final Environmental Impact Statement, State of New Jersey
Coastal Management Program, Bay and Ocean Shore Segment.
14. Applicant's Environmental Report, Construction Permit Stage;
Jersey Central Power & Light Company.
15. Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control in New Jersey.
16. Ocean County Soil Survey.
17. Lacey Township Master Plan.
18. Factor Affecting Power Plant Waste Heat Utilization, L. Berry
Gross Ed 1980, Pergamon Press.
19. Criteria for Prepa.ration and Evaluation of Radiological
Emergency Response Plans and Preparedness in Support,of
Nuclear Power Plants.

160.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I APPENDICiES
11
I
I
I
I
I
I . I
I
I

I
I
I

APPENDIX A

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

A-1

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
REPORT NO. April 1979 Greenhouse
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Waste Heat Utilization
Greenhouse Heating with Condenser Waste Heat

AUTHOR(S) / EDITOWS)

G.C. Ashley, J.S. Hietala, and R.V. Stansfield

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Northern States Power Company

SPONSO IRS AGENCY
NoMern States Power, the University of
Minnesota, and U.S. Environmental Protecti6n
Agency

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ASITRACT

"Northern States Power Company's Sherburne County Plant

produces both electricity and waste heat for commercial sale. After

several years of research, development and demonstration, it is now

feasible to utilize condenser reject heat for commercial greenhouse

heating in Minnesota. A three-year demonstration project jointly funded

and sponsored by Northern States Power Company, the University of

Minnesota, and the U.S. Envirorimental Protection Agency has lead to

commercial adoption of the concept. Commercial greenhouse operators now

have 1.7 acres in production using waste heat from the Sherburne County

Power Plant."

A-2

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT No. REPORT DATE 'KEY WORDS
Greenhouses
TITLE AND SUBTITLE @la t.:W,* 'te Heat
Power n as
The Sher6o"Gr6enhouse Project: From Demonstratic)n
to Commercial Use of Condenser Waste Heat

AUTNOR(S) / EDITOR(S)

G.C. Ashley, et al.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Northern States Power Company
Minneapolis, Minnesota

SPONSORING AGENCY
Northern States Power Company
Minneapolis, Minnesota@

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Abstracted from gr9ceedinas of the Second Conference on Wasre Heat
Management and Utilization, December 4-6, 1978, Miami Beach, Florida

ABSTRACT
"Northern States Power Company's Sherburne County 'Plant,

produces both electricity and waste heat for commercial sale. As a

result of nearly ten years of research, development and demonstration,
it is now te
chnically and economically feasible to utilize condenser

reject heat for commercial greenhouse heating in Minnesota. A three-

year demonstration project jointly funded and sponsored by Northern

States Power Company, the University of Minnesota, and the U.S. Environ-

mental Protection Agency has lead the way for commercial adoption of the

concept. Experience during the demonstration project proved that con-

denser waste heat available at approximately 85 F was suitable to main-

tain a greenhouse growing environment of 55 to 60 F when outside air

temperatures fell as low as -43 F. During the first year of operation

of the pipeline system serving waste heat to commercial greenhouse

customers, an overall availability of service of 97% was achieved. The,

savings in heating costs to commercial operators using waste heat have

amounted to nearly $5,000 an acre year.compared.to,-,coaventionallv heated

A-3

ABSTRACT (CONT INUED)

greenhouses. While there are.presently three commercial operators with

1.7 acres in production, the experiences of these operators have been

sufficiently satisfactory that future expansion of waste heat service

at-the Sherburne County Plant site is expected."

A-4

TECHNICAL. REPORT DATA

REPORT ?4*. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
I 0c-f--nhL-r 1C)79 Waste,Heat Utilization
TITLE AND SUBTITLE I I . . .1
Greenhouses
Energy From Cooling Water, Industrial Water Aquaculture
Engineering Low grade Heat
AUTNOR(S) / EDITOR(S)

S.E. Beall et al.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

SPONSORING AGENCY

U.S. Department of Energy

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
"There is increasing potential for handling industrial

coolin' water in ways that reuse its heat content. This potential
9

extends to,lowgrade waste heat streams once thought suitable only for

dispersal to the environment. Considerable research and analysis has

been done by ORNL in this area, with projects including co-generation,

heating and cooling of greenhouses and animal shelters, sea water distil-

lation and aquaculture. Some waste heat utilization systems are already

operating in the U.S. and abroad, but increased implementation requires

interest and action by industrial water engineers and managers at their

own myriad locations. The judgement of feasibility must be made

locally, using local conditions of reject heat, potential uses, economic

factors and alternative fuel costs."

A-5

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
I May 1978 Waste Heat
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Utilization Expense
Waste-Heat: A Neglected Resource?

AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S)

-Sam E. Beall, Jr.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Oak Ridge National Laboratory

SPONSORING AGENCY

U.S. Department of Energy

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Paper also published in WorkshoR Proceedings: Dual Energy Use Workshop

ABSTRACT
"Opportunities for the utilization of warm waters

discharged from power plants have not been realized in the past. Sever-

al reasons are low wintertime water temperatures, the inconvenience of

relocating the "using" facilities at power station sites, excessive

utilization costs (pipelines, etc.), small perceived benefits to the

utility, and a lack of convincing demonstrations.

Presently it appears that waste heat utilization could

be attractive for heating enclosed animal and plant growing areas and

for aquaculture operations. If individual utilities assumed an entre-

preneurial role and EPRI and DOE assisted in pilot plants and demon-

strations, large-scale warm-water utilization could become a reality."

A-6
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT NO. "PEPORT DATE KEY WORDS
January 1979 Greenhouses
TITLE AND SUBTITLE soil Heating
"How Waste Heat from Electridity Generation Can
Heat Greenhouses", Agricultural Fngineering

AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)

L.L. Boyd et al.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

SPONSORING AGENCY

Northern States Power Company
Minneapolis, Minnesota'

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
A description of the Sherburne County (Sherco) Green-

house Project designed and operated by Northern States Power, Minnesota.

This 14 acre greenhouse facility utilizes a closed loop of cooling water

from the Sherco Power Plant to provide heat to the facility.

This article describes the mechanics of the operation

as well as a detailed economic analysis of providing a commercial serviCE.

A-7

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
REPORT NO. -71 December 1976
TVA/Z Greenhouse
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Horticulture
Using Power Plant Discharge Water in,Controlled Low Grade Enekgy
Environment Greenhouses - Program Report II Waste Heat
AUT NOR (S) / E DITOR (S)

E.R. Burns et al.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Tennessee Valley Authority

SPONSORING AGENCY

Tennessee Valley Authority

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT

"Primary objectives of TVA's waste heat utilization

program are to identify potential uses of the low-grade energy contained

in the condenser.cooling water discharged from power plants and-to

develop and demonstrate technology to utilize this energy in efficient

agricultural and aquacultural systems. This report focuses on progress

made in developing,a system to utilize waste heat energy in an environ-

mental control system for greenhouse production. This is one of several

projects TVA has underway to develop technologies to utilize waste heat.

The program is part of the agency's effort to ensure efficient use of

resources to accelerate economid development without degrading the

environment.

Thus far, waste heat greenhouse developmental work has

been conducted in a pilot-scale greenhouse at Muscle Shoals, Alabama.

It uses an electric boiler to simulate condenser cooling water temper-

atures, and is a preliminary step to a broader program. The facility

A-8

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)

is a conventional 7.3- by 30.5-meter glass-glazed structure that has

been equipped with a waste heat environmental control system. A

direct-contact evaporative pad is used in both heating and cooling.

Heating is achieved by recirculating saturated air through the evapor-

ative pad over which warm water is flowing. During cooling,'the

greenhouse air is vented to the atmosphere, and ambient air is drawn

through the pad system to provide evaporative cooling. This amount of

heating or cooling is controlled by louvers allowing either recircula-

tion or venting of the greenhouse air. A fin-tube heat exchanger is

available for use in reducing greenhouse relative humidity.

A-9
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
I - - 197R Aquaculture
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Thermal Effluent
A Comparison of Larval and Juvenile Stages of Lobsters
the Lobsters, Homarus americanus, HorLrus
gammarus. and their Hybrid
AUTHOR(S) / EDITOR(S)

J.M. Carlberg, J.C. Van Olst and R.F. Ford

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

San Diego State University,
Department of Biology

SPDNSORING AGENCY
NOAA Office of Sea Grant and
Southern California Edison company

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Reprint from: Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting, World Mariculture
Society, Atlanta, Georgia, January 3-6, 1978
ABSTRACT "Previous studies have shown that H. gammarus progeny

are generally larger than those of H. americanus at all stages(Gruffydd

et al., 1975; Van Olst et al., 1976). In addition, the 2'nephropid

lobsters are known to be similar genetically (Gedgecock et al., 1977)

Recently these 2 closely related species have been

successfully hybridized. A comparison of the growth rates of the pro-,

geny from these crosses with the parental types was conducted. The

larvae of the 3 varieties reached the post-larval stage in approximately

the same time, with no significant differences in survival. The H.

gammarus and hybrid larvae were larger than the H. americanus larvae. A

comparison of growth and survival for ond year of culture showed no sig-,

nificant differences in the size attained by juveniles of the 2 lobster

species or by their hybrids.
Variation in morphological characters, pigmentation
patterns, and behavior are discussed. Biochemical analyses of pereiopod

tissue were performed to verify the pedigree of the hybrid progeny."

A-10
R.EPORT NO. TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
1 1978 Aquaculture
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Lobsters
Pilot - Scale Systems for the Culture of
Lobsters in Thermal Effluent

AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S)
J.M. Carlberg, J.C. Van Olst and R.F. Ford

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

San Diego State University
Department of Biology

SPONSORING AGENCY
Southern California Edison Conpany and
NOAA Office of Sea Grant

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Reprint from: Power Plant Waste Heat Utilization in Aquaculture-Worksho
II, New Brunswick, New Jersey, March 29-31, 1978
ABSTRACT
"This paper reviews the recent. progress made in the

aquaculture program at San Diego State University to develop commercially

viable lobster culture in the United States. It summarizes work on the

evaluation of the use of thermal effluent in the culture of the American

lobster, Homarus americanus, and on the development of techniques for

the culture of this species.

Studies show that there appear to be no detrimental

effects of potentially toxic chemicals, such as heavy metals or chlor-

inated hydrocarbons, when using thermal effluent directly in lobster

culture. The levels of excretion and acute toxicity for the metabolites

secreted by the culture organism have been.determined and can'now be

controlled. The influence of constant elevated and fluctuating temper-

atures on growth and survival also have been measured.

The development of prototype production modules for the

intensive individual rearing of lobsters is discussed. Related problems

A-11

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)

on broodstock development, communal rearing of juvenile stages, formu-

lation of artificial pelletized diets and estimates of production costs

are presented."

A-12
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Aquaculture
Potential for Communal Rearing of the Lobsters
Nephropid Lobsters

AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S)

J.M. Carlberg, J.C. Van Olst and R.F. Ford

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

San Diego State University, Center for
Marine Studies

SPONSORING AGENCY

NOAA Office of Sea Grant and
Southern California Edison Company

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
"A series of experiments was conducted with American

Lobsters (Homarus americanus)and European lobsters (Homarus garmarus)

to develop methods to reduce cannibalism among communally-reared

juveniles. The primary factors studied were substrate type. stocking

density and photoperiod. Other conditions investigated were the effects

of different water temperatures, food type, segregating 1arge individualg

and claw immobilization. Preliminary studies also were conducted on the

effects of shelter density, feeding level and tank area. These studies

showed that by the use of vertical substrates, segregating techniques

and immobilization of claws, carrying capacity can be increased consid-

erably."

A-13

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT NO. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
978-547 September,_ 1979 Waste Heat
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Greenhouses
Preliminary Investigation
Reject Heat Utilization
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Conestoga - Rovers and Associates and
Ashley Engineering

SPONSORING AGENCY

Greenwood Energy Center

Detroit Edison
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
The Greenwood Energy Center, located on 3,600 acres of

land in northern St. Clair County, Michigan, is now the site of an 800

MW residual oil fired peaking generating station. Future plans call for

the addition of two nuclear base load units by 1990 and 1992 respectively.

With the expected operation of large generating units at the site both

now and in the future, vast quantities of condenser reject heat may

become available at temperatures sufficiently high to be of interest to

commercial industria'1 heat users. Experience elsewhere in North America

has indicated that relatively low temperature heat can be applied to

certain agricultural and aquacultural app@ications in a commereiallY

cost effective manner. The present study was conducted to ascertain if

the characteristics of the Greenwood site, its present and expected

future residual heat sources, and the local agri-business interest would

be sufficiently compatible to allow further serious consideration of a

commercially viable-reject heat use project.

A-14

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)

The focus 6f the study was on employing presently

available reject heat as a substitute for fuel oil and natural gas now

used by the greenhouse industry in Michigan. The greenhouse heating

application was chosen as the focal point, because it has been shown to

be a commercially feasible use of reject heat in other places, because

heating costs now represent 201%. of the cost of doing business for

commercial greenhouse operators, and because of a firm business inquiry

to Detroit Edison by a greenhouse operator in mid-1978.

The primary objectives of the study were to:

1) Identify feasible options for reject heat use at Greenwood;

2) Characterize the reject heat supply capability of the single

unit peaking plant;

3) Determine the smallest commercially viable project;

4) Determine the local industry interest in reject 'ieat use at

Greenwood; and

5) Identify the long range potential of the site for large scale

reject heat use for greenhouses or other activities.

A-15

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
_DSS 401SS KE204-8-0890 I July, 1979 Greenhouse
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Methane
Gas Recovery and Utilization from Municipal Gas recovery
Waste Disposal Site (Final Report)
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)
Anthony J. Crutcher
Frank A. Rovers

ERFORMING ORGANIZATION
ConeStoga - Rovers and Associates
P

Waterloo, Ontario

SPONSOR1146 AGENCY

Environment Canada, Department of
Supply and Services

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE$

ABSTRACT
The.St. Thomas Gas Recovery and Utilization Project

commenced in August, 1978 after receiving funding from Environment

Canada, and the Depa rtment of Supply and Services. The purpose of this

project was to evaluate and demonstrate gas recovery and utilization

technology and to project the economics of such an energy recovery

system.

The.St. Thomas Gas Recovery and Utilization System

consisted primarily of pumping landfill gas from a well installed within

the landfill and utilizing that gas to heat an on-site greenhouse.

Numerous gas and pressure monitoring probes were placed radially from

the gas well, to measure the pressure distribution and methane concen-

trations within the landfill and to determine the effects of the pumping

on, the landfill. A conventional forced air gas furnace was utilized

with minor modifications to heat the greenhouse over the winter of 1979.

Both tomato plants and bedding plants were grown in the greenhouse,

commencing in February, 1979.

A-16

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)

The results of this project indicate that recovering

and utilizing landfill gas in an unprocessed state is feasible both

physically and economically. The recovery of landfill generated gas

in the Canadian climate is greatly enhanced during the winter months

when the demand for gas is highest.

A 17

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT NO. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
I December, 1977 Waste Heat
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Greenhouses
Feasibility Analysis of the Utilization modera- Aquaculture
tor Heat for Agriculture & Aquacult@ire Purposes
(Final Report)
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)

Conestoga - Rovers and Associates
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Bruce Nuclear Power Development

SPONSORING AGENCY
Ontario Ministry of Energy
56 Wellesley Street West
Toronto, Ontario M7A 2B7

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT It The report investigates the engineering and economic

parameters involved in the delivery of moderator heat to a potential

agricultural and aquacultural consumer. Ontario Hydro has determined

the amount, reliability and suggested pricing structure for heat de-

livered to the Bruce Nuclear Power Development boundary. This inform-

ation has been incorporated into the various analysis and sensitivity

determinations which form part of the report.

The report investigates a commercially viable greenhcuse

operation with regard to the phasing of construction, the possible

commodities, the market situation, the capital and operating costs,

economic effects on a variety of paramet6rs, possible construction and

operation employment and the acceptability of a variety of site

locations.

The aquacultural section of the report investigates

two major areas. The feasibility of a hatchery facility utilizing warm

water to aid in the rate of production of release fish to be used in

A-18

AssrRACT (CONTINUED)

the rehabilitation of Lake Huron and some inland waters is the first

area. This area of the report has investigated the economic benefits

of both the potential commercial fishing operation and the potential

sport fishing which would be dramatically affected by the rehabilitation

programs planned by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. The

second area of aquaculture to be investigated is the commercial growing

of fish for table consumption. This area of the study discusses a

first stage operational unit and investigates the market and types of

product available for such an undertaking.

A-19
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
I June 1974 Waste Heat
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Soil Warming
An Agro-Power-Waste'Water Complex for Land Cooling Towers
Disposal of Waste Heat and Waste Water

AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR (S)

Dr. David R. DeWalle

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Pennsylvania State University

SPONSORING AGENCY
National Science Foundation, Program of
Research Applied to National. Needs

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
to An Agro-Power-Wa ste Water Complex was evaluated as a

system in which waste heat from power generation was dissipated by

recycling hot water through a pipe network buried in agricultural land.

Concurrently, municipal waste water was renovated by sprinkler irriga-

tion on the land and served to maintain a high soil moisture content

and soil thermal conductivity. A 0.23 acre field prototype of the

Agro-Power-Waste Water Complex was constructed and measurements were

obtained of soil temperature, soil thermal conductivity, heat dissipati

degree of waste water renovation, soil surface temperature, and

climatic variables. These data were used to test equations for pre-

diction of heat dissipation and surface temperature used in a system

analysis. The systems analysis indicated 4,500 acres of land with

2-in diameter pipe buried at 1-ft depth and 2-ft spacing in sandy soil

would be required for a 1,500 We nuclear electric plant. A nuclear

fuel penalty concept was used in comparing this system with convention-

al heat dissipation systems. The preliminary results of a system desigp

A-20

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)

and cost analysis indicated the concept was less expensive than dry-

cooling towers but more expensive than wet-cooling towers."

A-21
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
ORNL/TM-7099 November 1979 Energy-Agro-Waste
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Waste Heat Utilization
Input-Output Analysis of Various Elements of Animal Production
an Energy-Agro-Waste Complex Aquaculture
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S) Greenhouse
Dr. Luis F. Diaz, Dr. Clarence G. Golueke and
Dr. John C. Glaub

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Cal Recovery Systems, Inc.
Richmond, California 94804

SPONSORING AGENCY
U.S. Department of Energy
Oak Ridge National Laboratory

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

1)-O-F- Project officer: Dr. Mitchell Olszewski
ABSTRACT
The mass input and output streams of various

agricultural and waste treatment processes were quantified and models

developed to serve in the engineering analysis of potential waste heat

utilization schemes. The unit process models can be integrated into

energy-agro-waste complexes, in which waste heat from power plants is

use d by certain processes and the wastes of some processes are used as

inputs to others. The models provide a means of determining the sizing

of subsystems, the compatibility of subsystems, and the overall

feasibility of an integrated complex. Ten potential complexes were

qualitatively discussed and the considerations involved in forming such

complexes explained. A mass balance analysis was performed on four

integrated complexes demonstrating the engineering value of the analyt-

ical models developed.

A-22
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT NO. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
EPRI/EM-718-W May 1978 Cogeneration
TITLE AND SUBTITLE District Heating
Workshop Proceedings: Total Energy Systems
Dual Energy Use Systems Aquaculture
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)
Deborah A. Dougherty (Editor)

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Electric Power Research Institute
Fossil Fuel and Advanced Systems Division

SPONSORING AGENCY
Electric Power Research Institute
Fossil Fuel and Advanced Systems Division

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
"The proceedings of the EPRI-sponsored workshop on Dual

Energy Use Systems (DEUS), held September 19-23, 1977, in Yarmouth,

Maine, are reported in this volume. Participants from the electric

utility industry, industrial and other consumer experts, government

representatives, academicians, and equipment manufacturers met to dis-

cuss and evaluate the various options for using thermal and electric

energy produced from a common source. The 39 presentations which served

as a basis for this discussion form the body of this report. An over-

view report of this meeting (EPRI EM-718-SR) contains summaries of

workshop sessions, general conclusions, and lists of research items

identified as being of interest to utilities.

The following application areas were reviewed:

District heating

Cogeneration
Use of power plant reject heat

Total energy applications

Emerging technologies with potential for

A-23

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)

simultaneous production of heat and power

Each type of application was covered in some detail

in presentations, group discussions, and core group meetings where

daily discussions were reviewed by utility industry personnel. This

report focuses on the technical, economic, and institutional aspects

of each application covered, contains papers describing the DEUS

experiences of 11 domestic and foreign utilities and provides additional

background material in three appendixes."

A-24
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
Ei@-RVEM-718-SR March 1978 Cogeneration
TITLE AND SUBTITLE District Heating
Dual Energy Use Systems Total Energy Systems
Workshop Summary Aquaculture

AUTNOR(S) / EDITOR(S)
Deborah A. Dougherty and Quentin Looney
(EPRI Workshop Chairmen)
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Electric Power Research Institute
Fossil Fuel and Advanced Systems Division

SPONSO ING AGENCY
ElecZric Power Research Institute
Fossil Fuel and Advanced Systems Division

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Workshop proceedings published under separate cover. (EPRI/EM-718-W)
ABSTRACT "Results of EPRI's Dual Energy Use Systems (DEUS)

Workshop held September 19-23, 1977, in Yarmouth, Maine, are presented

in this report. Participants from the electric uti lity industry,

industrial and other consumer experts, government representatives,

academicians, and equipment manufacturers met to discuss and evaluate

the various options for using thermal and electric energy produced from

a common source. work sessions based on formal presentations and-group

discussion resulted in a list of 32 research, development, and demon-

stration (RD&D) projects of potential interest to state and federal

program managers as well as to utility personnel. A resource document,

which.should be useful to utilities in the process of developing program@

related to DEUS, has been compiled from the workshop presentations.

The application areas reviewed were:

District heating

Cogeneration
Use of power plant reject heat
Total energy applications

A-25

ABSTRACT (CONTiNuED)

Emerging technologies with potential for
simultaneous production of heat and power.

Each type of application was covered in some detail.

This report presents an overview of the workshop sessions, lists the
research projects identified, and contains abstracts of the papers

presented."

A-2.6
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

RT DATE KEY WORDS
REPORT No. November 1977 Oyster Creek Nuclear
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Generating Station
Jersey Central Power and Light Company Open-cycle cooling
Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station
-A ternate Cooling Water System Study Closed-cycle cooling
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S) Natural Draft Cooling
Tower
Mechanical Draft Cooling
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Tower
Ebasco Services Incorporated

SPONSORING AGENCY

Jersey Central Power and Light Company

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Three Volume Set
ABSTRACT Ebasco Services Incorporated evaluated sixteen alter-

native open-cycle and closed-cycle cooling systems for Oyster Creek

Nuclear Generating Station. The evaluation considered engineering,

licensing, and environmental-factors. Twelve alternatives were

eliminated either because: 1) they exhibited overriding evnironmental

impacts; 2) they did not exhibit compensating advantages for important

disadvantages in one or more disciplinary areas; or 3) they involved

significant commercial risk. The four remaining alternatives (natural

draft cooling tower, round mechanical draft cooling tower, fan-assisted

natural draft cooling and discharge canal to Barnegat.Bay systems) were

designated "preferred" alternative systems and evaluated in greater

detail.

The round mechanical draft tower system was eliminated

from consideration because no practical method could be identified to

achieve compliance with.",nighttime New Jersey noise limits. The dis-

charge canal-to-bay alternative was considered less desirable than the

A-27

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)

remaining preferred alternatives because-it would provide, at best,

a marginalimprovement on existing environmental conditions compared

to the remaining preferred alternatives. The fan-assisted natural

draft tower system was judged to be less desirable than the natural

draft tower system.on the basis of noise mitigation and operating

experience considerations. Other differences between these latter two

alternatives are comparatively minor.

Based on its study of engineering, licensing, and

environmental factors, Ebasco concluded that the natural draft cooling

tower system is the optimum of the sixteen alternatives considered."

A--@28
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
EPRI/3(3)*38 April 1978 Greenhouse
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Power Plant Waste Heat
Waste Heat May Help Greenhouse Operators,
EPRI Journal

AUTHOR(S) / EDITOR(S)

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Electric Power Research Institute

SPONSORING AGENCY

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT

Article which examines the alternate source of heat

to greenhouses in vicinity of power plants.

A-29
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
Peat
TITLE AND SUBTITLE District Heating
Finn Energy '79 Symposium Underground Oil Storage
Hydro Power Generation
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR (S)

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

SPONSORING AGENCY

Finnish Ministry of Trade and Industry

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Copy referenced found at PSE&G Co. Newark, NJ

ABSTRACT
Finnish know-how, equipment and energy technology have

been presented to the U.S. and Canadian energy experts in the Finn

Energy 179 symposium series. District heating technology, small hydro

power generation plants, the utilization of peat as a fuel and under-

ground storage of fuel are the main categories of examinati.on which have

been presented and published in this volume.

A-30
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Aquaculture
Effects of Fluctuating and Constant TemperatureBThermal Effluent
and Chemicals in Thermal Effluent on Growth and Lobster
S11 viv;%1 of the Amerinan -.01ster
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)
Richard F. Ford et al.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

San Diego State University, Department of
Biology

SPONSORING AGENCY

NOAA Office of Sea Grant and
San Diego Gas and Electric Company

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
'The effects of long-term exposure to a fluctuating

temperature regime. typical of that produced by coastal generating

stations were investigated for juvenile Homarus americanus held in

individual rearing containers. Juveniles reared in a 15-22*C daily

temperature fluctuation for 126 days had significantly slower growth
(p,C0.05) than those reared at a constant 22+0.5*C. They also had

significantly higher mortality and less resistance to a high stress

temperature (31 C) than those reared at the constant temperature.

These effects appeared-to be the result of physiological stress produced

by the fluctuating temperature regime. Exposure to fluctuating temp-

eratures for 1-2 weeks had no evident effect on growth and survival,

suggesting that such short-term exposures would not be harmful in

commercial culture. Related experiments were conducted to assess effect

of thermal effluent water chemistry and constant temperatures on growth

and survival of larvae and juveniles (Stages I-XI). Experiments at the

I Encina. P lant am loy an
ower P A ad thermal effluent d non-effluent water at

A-31

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)
four constant temperatures (16.9+1.0*C, 20.3+0.7*C, 24.2+0.60C, and

0
26.3+0.6 C). Comparative experiments at the Redondo Generating Station
employed a single temperature (23.8+0.9*C). The experiments were-

conducted in individual rearing containers supplied with a continuous,

open flow of effluent or non-effluent water. There were no sig nificant

differences in growth and survival among lobsters held in either thermal

effluent or non-effluent water at a give temperature, indicating that

effluent water chemistry had no apparent effects. There were signifi-

cant differences in growth of both larvae and juveniles held at the

four constant temperatures. Survival of juvenile lobsters was not

affected significantly by temperature, while that of larvae was.

Juvenile lobsters molted more frequently at successively higher temper-

atures. More frequent molting at 24.2 C and 26.3 C, however, did not

result in larger individuals than those produced,by slower molting at

20.3 C. This was attributed to absence of a corresponding.increase in

feeding rate and the relatively high oxygen consumption rates observed

at the two highest temperatures."

A-32
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT No. _T REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
ERDA/C002869-1 September 1977 Waste Heat Utilization
TITLE A"D SUBTITLE Aquaculture
Nuclear Power Plant Waste Heat Utilization Horticulture
Greenhouses
AUTHOR (S) EDITOR(S) Methane Generator

Edmund P. Gaines Jr. (Editor)
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Kramer, Chin & Mayo, Inc.,
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation

SPONSORING AGENCY
United States Energy Research and Development
Agency, Environmental Protection Agency

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
"The possibility of using Vermont Yankee condenser

effluent fbr commercial food growth enhancement was examined. It was

concluded that for the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Station, commercial

success, both for horticulture and aquaculture endeavors, could not be

assured without additional research in both.areas. This is due primar-

ily to twp problems. First, the particularly low hea t quality of our
condenser discharge, being nominally 72+ 2*F; and second , to the cap-

ital intensive support systems. The capital needed for the support

systems include costs of pumps, piping and controls to move the heated

water to growing facilities and the costs of large, efficient heat

exchangers that may be necessary to avol:d regulatory difficulties due

to the 1958 Delaney Amendment to the U.S. Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act.

Recommendations for further work include construction

of-a permanent aquaculture research laboratory and a test greenhouse

complex based on a unique greenhouse, designed by Cornell University

staff, wherein a variety of heating configurations would be installed

A-33

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)
and tested. One greenhouse would be heated w ith biogas from an adjacen-I

anaerobic digester thermally boosted during winter months by Vermont

Yankee condenser effluent.

The aqualculture laboratory would initially be dedi-

cated to the Atlantic salmon restoration program. It appears possible

to raise fingerling salmon to smolt size within 7 months using water
warmed to about 609F. The growth rat e by this technique is increased

by a factor of 2 to 3.

A system concept has been developed which-includes ern

aqua-laboratory, producing 25,000 salmon smolt-annually, a 4-unit

greenhouse test horticulture complex and an 18,000 square foot commer-

cial fish-rearing facility producing 100,000 pounds of wet fish (brook

trout) per year. The aqualab and horticulture test co mplex would foxin

the initial phase of construction. The trout-rearing facility would

be delayed pending results of laboratory studies confirming its commer-

cial viability."

A-34

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
77EPORT OAT 197c) Aquaculture
REPORT No. E KEY WORDS

TITLE AND SUBTITLE Waste Heat
Power Plant Waste Heat Utilization in Power Plants
Aquaculture, Workshop II Thermal Pollution
AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S)

Bruce L. Godfriaux et al.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Public Service Electric and Gas Company
Rutgers - The State University
Trenton State College

SPONSORING AGENCY
Public Service Electric and Gas Company
Rutgers The State University, Trenton State
College, Electric Power Research Institute,
National Science Foundation
,UPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
The result of a workshop held March 21-31, 1979, at

Rutgers The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, is this

publication of 21 technical papers dealing specifically with utilization

of power plant waste heat in aquaculture. Low-grade industrial waste

heat and cooling water available from industry, especially electric

generating stations, was examined with relation to present research

applied to aquaculture technology.

Workshop contributors included representatives from

private industry, utility companies, academic institutions, research

groups and government agencies.

Engineering, economics, marketing and regulatory

aspects of several research and commercial projects is also examined,

as well as a world-wide review of waste heat aquaculture.

A-35

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT DATE KEY WO DS
c
REPORT No. May 1978 WastRe Heat
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Aquaculture
Use of Low-Temperature Waste Heat. in Agriculture
Aquaculture and Agriculture

AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)

Bruce L. Godfriaux

PEIIFOIIMIN13 ORGANIZATION

Public Service Electric and Gas Company

SPONSORING AGENCY

Public Service Electric and Gas Company

SUPPLE"ENTARY NOTES
Paper also published in Worksho Proceedings:--Dual Energy Use SVstems

ABSTRACT

"This paper pres ents a brief assessment of the current

state of technical development of low-temperature uses of waste heat in

aquaculture and agriculture, primarily within the United States.
Nontechnical facets related to the use of waste heat are also considere@

These include institutional barriers, technical and economic consider-

ationst utility impacts, and benefits of low-grade waste heat utiliza-

tion.14

A-36
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT ho. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
Waste Heat
TITLE AND.SUBTITLE Aquaculture
Experience with the New Mercer Proof-of-Concept
Waste Heat Aquacultuke Facility

AUTHOR(S) / EDITOR(S)

Bruce L. Godfriaux et al..

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Public Service Electric and Gas Company,
Buchart - Horn Consulting Engineers, and
Trenton State College

SPONSORING AGENCY

Public Service Electric and Gas Company

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT At the First Waste Heat Management and Utilization

Conference, a paper was given that summarized the results of our pilot

waste heat aquaculture-research program and explained the'concept of

sequential (diseasonal) aquaculture. The design of a proposed proof-

of-concept aquaculture facility was also discussed. This design was

subsequently modified.

In April, 1978, construction of the modified Mercer

Proof-of-Concept Aquaculture Facility was completed. Facility process

water can be derived wholly or in part from five sources: generating

station discharge water, ambient river water, well water, tempering

pond (reservoir) water, and recirculated'facility process Water. The

operation of the overall system is discussed.

Results through the use of this system for the rearing

of rainbow trout, Salmo gAirdneri, (Richardson), completed on June 6,

1978, in addition to the results to date (August, 1978) for the other

species presently being cultured at the facility are discussed. These

nnari-an i ni-1,nAa 4-ho amairi t%nn Amal - zknrmi I in MIMA

A-37

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)

channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Projected harvest

densities for the latter two species are briefly outlined."

A-38
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT NO. RT DATE KEY WORDS

TITLE AND SUBTITLE Waste Heat
Waste Heat user criteria for Power Plant Inter-Soil Warming
face Greenhouse

AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)

Bruce L. Godfriaux

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Public Service Electric and Gas Company

SPONSORING AGENCY

Public Service Electric and Gas Company

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
"Potential needs of waste heat users for utilizing

waste heat for aquacultural and agricultural uses will be discussed for

both existing and new generating stations. Different factors which

must be considered by potential waste heat users when contemplating the

establishment of a new aquaculture/agriculture facility will be examinec.

Some of the more important factors to be discussed in

this paper include quantity and quality of water available, reliability

of waste heat source, space available for facility location, lead time

required to put user interconnections in a new generating station,

discharge permits required from regulatory agencies by waste heat user

for process/cleaning effluent and waste heat user/utility agreements."

A-39
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT Mo. REPORT DATE XEY WORDS
Waste Heat
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Environmental Effects
Factors Affecting Power Plant Waste Heat Public Health Aspects
Utilization Institutional Aspects
AUTHOR ISI/EDITORIS) L. Barry Goss (Chairman)
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Tennessee Valley Authority
Electric Power Research Institute

SPONSORING AGENCY

Tennessee Valley Authority
Electric Power Research Institute

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Proceedings ofthis workshop to be available in March 1980.

ABSTRACT
A workshop was held on November 29-December 1, 1978 in

Atlanta, Georgia, sponsored by a joint effort from TVA/EPRI. This

workshop focussed "on factors affecting power plant waste heat utiliza-

tion (WS77-27). Participants will include representatives of the elec-

tric power industry, the waste heat user community, and various federal

agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and

Drug Administration, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Department of

Energy, and Department of Commerce. The overall objective of the

workshop was to describe and analyze problems that have to be resolved

both by the utilities that supply waste heat and by the users of waste

heat. Waste heat utilization technology was discussed briefly, but the

primary emphasis was on such topics as legislation affecting waste heat

utilization at nuclear power plants, and utility charter constraints

on waste heat utilization."

A-40
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
-7'70RT EY WORDS
REPORT No. E DATE
October 9, 1979 District Heating/cooling
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Cogeneration
District Heating and Cooling Through Retrofit
of Public Utility

AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)
C.R. Guerra, M.L. Zwillenberg, G.W. Bowdren,
R.H. Tourin, V. Saleta, M.G. Kurz
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Public Service Electric and Gas Research
Corporation

SPONSORING AGENCY
U.S. Department of Energy,
Division of Conservation and Solar Applications

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT "The technical-economic feasibility and environmental

acceptability of a district heating and cooling system serving commun-

ities by retrofit of existing intermediate and base-load electric

generating stations has been studied. The study area was a densely pop-

ulated area of New Jersey not being served by district heating.

A range of power plant retrofit concepts were examined.

These included steam extraction (reheat or crossover) from a condensing

turbine cycle, to supply a heat exchanger or back-pressure turbine and

modification of condensing turbines to'back-pressure operation. Con-

ceptual designs for retrofitting power plants for cogenerative operation

(electricity and district heating/cooling) were developed. Innovative

adaptations of existing technology were investigated that could make

delivery of thermal services from central stations a reasonable invest-

ment for private capital.

A market analysis was conducted to establish the ex-

tent and nature of the potential heating and cooling loads which are

A-41

AIISTIIACT (CONTINUM

technically available within the proposed project areas. Both survey

and simulation techniques were used, potential for growth in thermal

energy requirements was projected for each type of end-use consumer
for periods ranging from 5 to 20 years beyond the study period.

Results of the study and possibilities for a demon-

stration project are presented."

A-42

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
_PSE & G/RQ-443 June, 1978 Aquaculture
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Waste Heat
Power Plant Waste Heat Utilization in Aqua-
culture (Second Semi-Annual Report) Thermal Pollution
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR (S)
C.R. Guerra and B.L. Godfriaux (PSE&G)

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Public Service Electric and Gas Company
Research and Development Department
Newark, New Jersey

SPONSORING AGENCY
The National Science Foundation's
Division of Problem Focused Research Applica-
tions

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
Construction of the Mercer Proof of Concept

Aquaculture FaciAty was completed in April 1978. This project
evaluates the potential of intensive aquaculture operations using power
plant thermal discharges to enhance productivity. The field experiments
involve rearing rainbow trout, American eel, channel cat fish, striped

bass and freshwater shrimp.

The program research comprises of four main areas of

study: 1. biology 2. engineering 3. economics 4. product quality.

This report is the re'sults of the research which are reported on a

six-month basis.

A-43
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
REPCRT Ma. 1976 Aquaculture
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Waste Heat Utilization
Power Plant Waste Heat Utilization in Thermal Effluent
Aquaculture - Workshop I

AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S)
C.R. Guerra and B.L. Godfriaux (PSE & G)
A.F. Eble (Trenton State College)
PERFORMING ORGANIZATIO04
Public Service Electric and Gas Company
Trenton State College

SPONSORING AGENCY

Public Service Electric and Gas Company

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
"The first workshop specifically devoted to the subject

of Power Plant Waste Heat Utilization in Aquaculture was held November

6-7, 1975, at Trenton State College in Trenton, New Jersey.

The purpose of the Workshop was to bring together

experts and representatives from industry, government and universities

who could either relate their field experiences in this area of researct

or present considerate views on the status of aquaculture in thermal

effluents from power plants, future research needs, funding and

regulatory policies."

The eighteen (18) technical papers presented at this

workshop have been reprinted and comprise this publication.

A-44
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

1975 Aquaculture
REPORT No. DATE KEY WORDS

TITLE AND SUBTITLE Thermal Effluents
Aquaculture in Thermal Effluents from Power Mariculture
Plants

AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR (S)
C.R. Guerra et al.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Public Service Electric and Gas Company
Trenton State College

SPONSORING AGENCY

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Reprinted from the Proceedings of the 10th European Symposium on
Marine Biology_, Ostend, Belgium, September 17-23, 1975
ABSTRACT
"Research on the culture of the giant freshwater shrimp,

Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, is being

conducted using the thermal effluents of a power station sited adjacent

the Delaware River (New Jersey). The pilot scale experiments are being

funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation. Research Appliel

to National Needs.

The paper outlines fundamental factors which influence

the potential and limitations of stimulating growth of aquatic organisms

by the addition of low-grade thermal energy from power plants and other

sources. Some of the-significant experiments and results from the tests

carried out at the Aquaculture Facility 6f the Public Service Electric

and Gas Company (PSE and G) Mercer Generating Station are described.

About 2,200 shrimp were stocked as the summer crop and

successfully maintained at low density levels (10/m) in an experimental
pond using condenser cooling water effluent from the power station (280C

average temperature). Various types of submerged substrates were tested

A-45

ABSTRAC7 (CONT[muED)
for suitability in providing protection and habitat niches to the shrimr.

In less than 4 months, the shrimp grew from an average of 22 to 70 mm

with some animals reaching 108 mm. Mortalities were low (9.7%).

The winter trout culture was also successful. Five

thousand 17.5 cm rainbow trout fingerlings (65 grams average) were

stocked and grown in the power plant effluent (10"C average temperature)

for 3-5 months reaching an average length of 25 cm and weighing 190 g.

Dual crop aquaculture operations appear viable in temperature zones.

High intensity pond stocking of shrimp and trout are planned for 1975

and 1976.

Future projections of thermal aquaculture'and concep-
tual designs of aquaculture systems which could be adapted to open-

or closed-loop cooling water systems of power stations sited on land

or floating offshore in the ocean are presented."

A-46
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT No. REP KEY WORDS
-M/Y-132 EPRI/EA922 OIRu0gA`u'st,.l978 Waste Heat
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Greenhouse Heating
State of the Art-Waste Heat Utilization for Agriculture
Agriculture and Aquaculture Aquaculture
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S) Soil Heating
Wayne A. Hubert and Carl E. Madewell (TVA Pro- Biological Waste Re-
iect Manager) Robert Kawaratani(E@EW woject Man.) cycling.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Tennessee Valley Authority
Electric Power Research Institute

SPONSORING AGENCY

Tennessee Valley Authority
Electric Power Research Institute

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTIES .
Published in two versions, one by EPRI, and one by TVA

ABSTRACT

A state-of-the-art assessment of research, demonstra-

tion-, and commercial projects.that involve the use of power plant con-

denser-cooling water for agricultural and aquacultural purposes was

conducted. Information was obtained from published literature, site

visits, and communications with knowledgeable individuals. Thermal

effluent uses were discussed for controlled environment greenhouses,

biological recycling,.of nutrients from livestock manures, soil heating

and irrigation, environmental control for livestock housing, grain

drying, food processing, as well.as the culture of numerous aquatic

organisms. A large number of research and feasibility studies have

been conducted, but few commercial enterprises are utilizing thermal

effluent. Interfacing problems, environmental and legal restrictions,

along with insufficient technology, have not allowed widespread
commercial application. Specific research needs were discussed."'

A-47
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT NO. REPORT DATE "EY WORDS
NOAA/DEL-SG-22-76 October 1976 Finfish
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Crustaceans
Aquaculture 1976 molluscs
A Digest of Sea Grant Research Marine Plants.

AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S)

Kathi Jensen (Editor)

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

University of Delaware

SPONSORING AGENCY
National Sea Grant Program
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratior

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
A brief update of current aquaculture projects being

sponsored by the Office of Sea Grant, N.O.A.A.

Several of the described projects utilize waste heat

to provide the environmental controls needed for the research.

A-48

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT NO. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
I January 1972 Forked River Nuclear
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Station
Forked River Nuclear Station Unit l-Environment- Environmental Impact
al Report - Construction Permit Stage Statement

AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Jersey Central Power and Light Company

SPONSORING AGENCY

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT "This Environmental Report includes descriptions of the

plant and its surrounding environment, an assessment of the environment-

al impact of the plant, a description of the preoperational and post-

operational environmental surveillance studies conducted by Jersey

Central Power and Light Company, an evaluation of possible alternatives

to the project, and cost-benefit analysis of the project in terms of

environmental, economic, technical, social and other relevant consider-

ations."

A-49

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
Oyster Creek Nuclear
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Generating Station
Oyster Creek and Forked River Nuclear Generati g Forked River Nuclear
Stations, 316(a) & (b) Demonstration Text Generating Station
AUTHOR($)/ EDITOR (S) Environmental Effects

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

SPONSORI14G AGENCY

Jersey Central Power and Light company

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT Jersey Central Power and Light Company submitted this

demonstration regarding its Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station and

Forked River Nuclear Generating Station to the New J ersey Department of

Environmental Protection and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

Region II, pursuant to Sections 401, 316(a) and 316(b) of the Federal

Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.

"The purpose of the demonstration is to support the

establishment of effluent limitations and other operating conditions

for the two stations which are consistent with current plant operating

conditions and designs."

A-50

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
RT DATE KEY WORDS
REPORT NO. _P@ Waste Heat
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Agriculture
Proceedings of the Conference on Waste Heat Aquaculture
Management and Utilization
Thermal Discharges
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR (S)
Samuel S. Lee and Subrata Sengupta

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

University of Miami

SPONSORING AGENCY
NASA# U.S. N.R,C,, U.S. E.P.A., Duke Power
Company, Florida Power and Light Company,
University of Miami

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT On May 9-11, 1976, a conference was held in Miami Beach,

Florida with the intention of providing a forum for inter-disciplinary

exchange. "The widely scattered biological, economic and engineering

state-of-the-art knowledge of waste heat and energy could then be com_

piled into a single source, namely the conference proceedings.

The conference gave equal emphasis to pollution abate-

ment and utilization." This three volume set includes 128 published

.technical papers dealing with the management, institutional barriers,

environmental and ecological effects, computer models, economic aspects

and mechanical design of waste heat utilization systems.

A-51
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
REPORT No. September 1978 Waste Heat
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Agriculture
TVA's Projects on Agricultural Uses of Greenhouses
Waste Heat Aquatic Agriculture

ALIT HOR (S) / E DI TOR (S)

C.E. Madewell, et al.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Tennessee Valley Authority
Division of Agricultural Development

SPONSORING AGENCY
Tennessee Valley Authority
Division of Agricultural Development

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT A major concern of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

.is to ensure efficient use of-resources, especially energy, in the

Tennessee Valley region in achieving optimum economic development with-

out degrading the environment. As part of this effort, TVA is exploring

many uses for the low-grade heat energy (waste heat) contained in the

large quantities of power plant condenser cooling effluent. This paper

describes only the agricultural activities of TVA to develop ways to

use waste heat, and they have been underway since the early 1970's. T@ie

agricultural waste heat pilot-scale research and development projects

facilities are located at the National Fertilizer Development Center,

Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The primary objectives of the agricultural

effort are to: (1) identify potential agricultural uses of waste heat,

(2) develop and test technologies and management criteria for more

productive uses, (3) demonstrate technologies in commercial-scale pro-

duction facilities, and (4) provide technical assistance for commercial
application."

A-52
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
TVA/Z-56 January 1975 Greenhouse
REPORT NO.

TITLE AND SUBTITLE Brown's Ferry Nuclear
Progress Report - Using Power Plant Discharge Plant
Water in Greenhouse Vegetable Production Horticulture

AUTHOR(S) / EDITOR(S)

-C.E. Madewell et al
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Tennessee Valley Authority and
Oak Ridge National Laboratory

SPONSORING AGENCY
Tennessee Valley Authority and
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on one potential method of using

waste heat in agriculture-heating and cooling greenhouses.

"The three major overall objectives of the research

project are to test the capabilities of the environmental control system,

to determine the effect of the resulting environment on production of

horticultural crops, and to evaluate the overall economics of the system.

Results of engineering and horticultural tests and economic analyses will

be used to refine the production system and to provide the basis for

designing and building a demonstration facility. About 1 acre will be

used for this purpose at the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant site in north
Alabama where TVA has reserved 180 acres for possible waste heat researchl
and development."

A-53
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPCRT Mo. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
June 1977 District Heating
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Distribution Pipes
New Types of Hot Water Distribution Systems
for Low Density Heat Areas

AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S)

Peter Margen

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

A.B. Atomenergi, Nykoping, Sweden

SPONSORING AGENCY

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT ';District heating is used widely in Sweden and in many

other European countries, with combined heat/electric stations supplying

the base heat load in most of the larger schemes. The fuel crisis, the

reluctance to have major increases in electric power commitments, and

the increasing concern about the environment have increased th e national

incentives to introduce such district heating systems which use, to a

large extent, heat otherwise rejected.

So far the economics of district heating have been

debatable in the districts with low heat densities, particularly those

with individual one-family houses. To extend the economic use of dis-

trict heating even to such districts in the face of competition from

electric space heating and individual boilers, cheaper distribution

pipe systems are being developed and have already been introduced in a

few demonstration districts. In particular, flexible pipes of relativel

temperature-resistant plastic can be layed with very little labour effor

and can distribute space. heating water and hot tap water in the same pi

A-54

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)
Also, special components which do not corrode in oxygenated'water have

been developed or adapted to such systems; e.g., a plastic tube

radiator.

This paper starts by outlining the evolution of dis-

trict heating schemes in Sweden, examing the economic background, and

describing the technology currently in use, particularly for the smalle

distribution pipe networks. It then proceeds to outline the newer

technology under development, and the experimental and demonstrated

work which backs it up.

To complete the picture of the district heating dev-

elopment issues, a brief account is given also of development in the

progress on larger pipes, such as those required for large bulk heat

transport from future nuclear heat/electric stations to cities able

to use such large heat quantities."

A-55
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE
ASAE/NA77-401 July 1977 Greenhouse,
EY WORDS

TITLE AND SUBTITLE Solar Heating
The Rutgers Solar Heating System for
Greenhouses
AUT.ORISI/EDITORISI

David R. Mears et al.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Cook College -Rutgers University

SPONSORING AGENCY

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Paper presented at 1977 Annual Meeting of the North Atlantic Region,
American Society of Agricultural Enaineerg- July 31-Augug-L 3. 1977
ABSTRACT
"Research on solar heating of greenhouses at Rutgers

has been geared to applications with commerical, double-covered poly-

ethylene structures. Emphasis has been placed on the development of

relatively low-cost systems in order to have an economically feasible

alternative to fossil fuel for greenhouse heating as soon as possible.

The materials and construction techniques being utilized are currently

available in the greenhouse industry. The performance of the system

from September 1, 1976 through May 3, 1977 is presented. Based upon

experience to date some estimates are made regarding the economic poten-

tial of the entire system based on current prices.

The Rutgers integrated solar assisted greenhouse heating

system was first presented by Roberts et al. in 1976. This system

consists of four major elements, all of which are necessary for maximum

conservation of fossil fuel: a low-cost external plastic solar collectcr

a movable curtain insulation system, a porous concrete-capped storage/

heat exchanger composite floor and vertical curtain heat exchangers.

A-56

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)

A fossil-fuel-fired backup unit provides heat to the greenhouse when the

solar energy in storage has been depleted."

Although the system described in this report utilizes

heated water from solar collectors, the design is virtually identical

to a system which would utilize heated power plant discharge water.

A-57

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

_ASAF. / 7 R -4 1; 1 Greenhouse
REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORD

TITLE AND SUBTITLE Solar Heating
Development of,a Greenhouse Solar Heating Heat Exchanger
Demonstration

AUTHOR(S) / EDITOR(S)

David R. Mears, W.J. Roberts and Paul W. Kenda.11

PERFORMING ORGANIZATIO14

Cook College - Rutgers University

SPONSORING AGENCY

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Presented at 1978 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Agriculture
Engineers. December 18-20, 1978
ABSTRACT "A 0.54-hectare greenhouse, heated by solar energy, has

been constructed at the Kube Pak Corporation, Allentown, New Jersey.

The floor serves as the primary heat exchange surface and provides

thermal storage. Movable plastic 'curtains provide'insulation at night.
Water is heated by 1,000 m 2 of air-inflated plastic film solar collect=.

Although the system described in this report utilizes

heated water from solar collectors, the design is
virtually identical

to a system which would utilize heated power plant discharge water.

A-58
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT No. T-REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
PU/CES 76 December 1978 Oyster Green Nuclear
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Generating Facility
Housing Growth in the Vicinity of Nuclear Power Housing Growth
Plants: A Case Study of Oyster Creek,
New Jersey Nuclear Regulatory
AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S) Commission
David Morell, G. Dyche Kinder and Todd Cronan

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Princeton University, Center for Environmental
Studies

SPONSORING AGENCY
Energy Policy Analysis Group of the
Brookhaven National Laboratory

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Draft Report
ABSTRACT
"The principal objective of this investigation was to

document the growth of housing around the Oyster Creek nuclear generat-

i.ng facility between 1965, when construction of the power plant began,

and 1976, when the state land use controls were announced. Two main

methods were used to accomplish this objective: examination of aerial

photographs to count structures, and study of township records. In

addition, selected interviews were held with officials and real estate

developers in the area, local zoning laws and planning documents were

studied, and data on taxes were analyzed."

A-59

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
_PU/QES 48 July 1277 Energy Facilities
REPORT NO.

TITLE AND SUBTITLE Facility Sitings
Who's In Charge? - Governmental Capabilities Department,of
to Make Energy Facility Siting Decisions in
New Jersey Environmental Protectior
AUTH.OR(S)/EDITOR(S) CAFRA
David Morell Oyster Creek Facility

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Princeton University, Center for Environmental
Studies

SPONSORING AGENCY
New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection and U.S. Federal Energy Administrat: on

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
"The basic purpose of the research on which this report

is based has been to carry out a critical assessment of the capabilitieE

of governmental institutions in New Jersey, at state and local levels,

to cope with the need anticipated at some point in the relatively near

future to make decisions on siting onshore facilities associated with

oil and gas activities in the mid-Atlantic Ocean Outer Continental

Shelf (OCS) area."

The approach taken in this report was "to evaluate the

relevance and adequacy of these various state statutes to an overall

state program of guiding the facility siting process, and to evaluate

the respective roles and apparent readiness of the state and its con-

stituent municipalities--which under New Jersey law retain the vast

majority of land use decision-making authority -- to implement such

an effort."

A-60
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
ASAE/78-3572 P December 1979 Waste Heat Utilization
TITLE AND SUSTITLE
Greenhouses
Waste Heat Utilization From Electric Agriculture
Generating Plants Evaporative Pad System
AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S) Porous Concrete
M. Olszewski Thermal Envelope
Soil Heating
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

SPONSORING AGENCY
Advanced Systems and,materials Production
Division, U.S. Department of Energy

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Paper presented at 1978 Winter Meeting of American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December 18-20, 1978
ANSTRACT of Power plants reject about(Il x 1015 Btu) of low-grade

heat to the atmosphere annually. Typically, this heat is found in the

large quantities of cooling water necessary to condense the steam in the

power generating cycle. Such cooling water is generally discharged in
the range of 15 to 43*C (60 to 110*F) depending on.the temperature of

the available inlet water, quantity circulated, plant load, and heat

rejection system used.

A number of possible uses have been suggested for this

low-grade heat. Because of the low available temperatures, these uses

7
have concentrated on agricultural and aquaculture applications.

It is the purpose of this paper to describe several in-

novative agricultural techniques that utilize power plant reject heat.

The vast majority of these projects involve greenhouse applications
although undersoil heating applications-are also being investigated.

Schematic descriptions will be given for these techniques and a brief

review of the project status will be provided."

A-61
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT NO. REPORT ATE KEY WORDS
Augoust 1979 Greenhouse
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Waste Heat Utilization
Evaporative-Pad Heat,Transfer Performance in a CELdek
Sumulate Waste-Heat Greenhouse Environment

AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)

M. Olszewski

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

SPONSORING AGENCY
Advanced Nuclear Systems and Projects Divr'sion,
U.S. Department of Energy

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Presented at the 18th National Heat Transfer Conference, August 6-8,
1979, San Diego, California
ABSTRACT
"Greenhouse uses of low-grade waste heat have been
101 investigated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for a number

of years. These investigations have focused on evaporative-pad concept@

that are capable of providing both summer cooling and winter heating.

As part of this program, performance testing of potential evaporative-

pad materials has been performed at ORNL.

This paper details results of an experimental invest-

igation of the performance of CELdek** packing under simulated waste

heat greenhouse conditions. The objective of this study was to

characterize the air heating capability of the material as well as its

air cooling ability.

A cooling efficiency of 85 to 95%. was achieved for

adiabatic saturation operation. For nonadiabatic saturation conditions
air cooling in excess of 110C can be achieved if the inlet air wet bulb
depression is 15*C. When the wet bulb depression is decreased to 7.86C

air cooling in excess of 5.60C is achievable.

A-62

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)
The results also indicate that CELdek is effective in

the heating mode. Energy transport was found to be strongly dependant

on water flow rate.

Air side pressure drop was found to vary linearly with

face velocity and varied from 10.2 to 28.1 Pa over a face velocity

range of 1.3 to 2.6 m/sec. The pressure drop was also found to be
independent of water flow rate up to the limit (8.4 x 10-4 m3 /s/m of

pad length) tested.

A large nonlinear vertical air temperature variation

over the down-stream face of the CELdek existed for some operating

conditions. A modified water distribution system was designed which

introduced the water at several horizontal planes. This reduced the

vertical air temperature variation by a factor of two.

CELdek was found to be satisfactory for evaporative-

pad greenhouse applications and appears to be superior to other pad

materials previously examined."

**Trademark of the Munter Corporation, Fort Myers, Florida.

A-63
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
I April 1979 Waste Heat Utilization
TITLE AMD SUBTITLE Greenhouses
Overview of Waste Heat Utilization Techniques Agri culture
Evaporative Pad System
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S) Porous Concrete
Mitchell,9,1szewski Thermal Envelope
Soil Heating
PERFORMING1 01RGANIZATION Aquaculture

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

SPONSORING AGENCY

Nuclear Energy Programs, U.S. Department of
Energy

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Paper presented at the 41st Annual American Power Conference, Chicago,
Illinois, April 23-25, 1979
ABSTRACT toR.ower plants annually reject about 11 x 109 GJ (11 x
1015 Btu) of low-grade heat to the atmosphere. Typically, this heat is

found in the large quantities of cooling water necessary to condense the

steam in the power generating cycle. Such cooling water is generally

discharged in the range of 15 to 43 C (60 to 110 F) depending on the

temperature of the available inlet water, quantity circulated, plant

load, and heat rejection system used.

A number of possible uses have been suggested for this

low-grade heat. These uses include: greenhouse horticulture, soil heat-

ing (both open-field and in greenhouses, spray irrigation for frost pro-

tection, organic waste treatment (particAlarly for algae or biomass

production), and aquaculture/mariculture.

To date, greenhouse and aquaculture/mariculture systems

have received the most attention and have,.therefore, progressed furthes

It is the purpose of this paper, therefore, to describe several innova-

tive techniques that utilize power plant reject heat for these applic n

A-64

ABS'PA^,!* (CONTMUED)

Schematic descriptions will be given for these techniques and a brief

review of the project status will be provide d6"

A-65
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
ORNL/TM-6547 February 1979 Waste Heat Utilization
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Aquaculture
An Economic Feasibility Assessment.of the Oak Polyculture
Ridge National Laboratory Waste-Hea;t Polycul-
ture Concept
AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S)

M. Olszewski

PERFORMING ORGANIIATIO4

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

SPONSORING AGENCY
U.S. Department of Energy

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
"An economic feasibiltiy analysis was performed for a

proposed waste-heat aquaculture system that uses a tilapia polyculture

concept. The system is designed to use waste water nutrients to grow

plankton which is fed to the fish.

The system was ]udged to be economically viable if

fish production costs of $1.32,."kg (60(@/lb) or lower were achieved for

production rates that have been experimentally verified. The results

of the analysis indicate that the system is economically viable if

capital costs are annualized using a 15% fixed charge rate (FCR).

Feasibility of the system at a 25% FCR depends upon aeration turnover

time and system food conversion efficiency.

Eliminating cages from the system design decreases the

capital costs and improves the economic potential of the system. Addi-

tional capital cost reductions are possible if the aerators are removed

from the system. However, expected fish production rates are also

decreased and the system does not appear economically viable for a 25% M
I-

A-66

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)
System design modifications due to biological consider-

ations included lining the algal pond with a plastic liner and.using

commercial fertilizers in place of organic waste streams. Lining the

.algal ponds did not affect the feasibility of the system at a 15%, FCR,

but did result in the system becoming econ omically unattractive at a

25% FCR. The use of commercial fertilizers added 15,@/kg (7<.,/Ib) to the

production but did not have serious adverse affects on the feasibility

of the,system.

The system appears to have economic.promise and should

be examined further. Operation of a small experimental system.to verify

the estimated performance parameters is needed."

A-67
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT NO. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
I January 1979 Greenhouse
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Porous Concrete
Floor Heating of Greenhouses

AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S)

William J. Roberts and David R. Mears

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Cook College - Rutgers University

SPONSORING AGENCY

Cook College - Rutgers University

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT

Design report describing construction of heating

system for greenhouses to be heated with solar collectors or power

plant waste heat.

A-68
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT DAT KEY WORD
_T December 1978 WastesHeat
REPORT NO. E

TITLE AND SUBTITLE Ecological Effects
Waste Heat Management and Utilization Environmental Regulations
Thermal Pollution
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S) Cogeneration
Dr. Subrata Sengupta et.al.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
University of Miami, U.S. D.O.E., N.R.C., U.S.

E.P.A., E.P.R.I., Florida Power & Light Company

SPONSORING AGENCY

University of Miami

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Proceedings of second conference on Waste Heat Management and Utilizaticn
hpld in Miami Reach. Plorida on December 4-6.1978
ABSTRACT
It The first WHMU conference was held in Miami Beach,

during May, 9-11, 1977. The participants represented a diverse cross-

section of aisciplines. A comprehensive proceedings was published.

Since the interest in this area has grown rapidly, especially in the

utilization area, a second conference was appropriate. However, the

emphasis was to be in presenting current information through original

papers amd providing working sessions for direct interaction between

investigators.

The-general objectives of the conference were:

1. To provide a forum for representatives of industry, regulatory
agencies, research establishments and universities to exchange idea!.

2. To provide interactive working sessions.

3. To identify research and development directions.

4. To identify areas of basic research, necessary for practical
engineering applications.

5. To develop documents in the form of conference proceedings, and
workshop recommendations which will help in the assessment of the
...... M._.AtAfA-nf -art in waste he esearch,"

A-69

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT Me. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
-ASAE/77-4532 December 1977 Greenhouse
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Simulation Study
Computer Simulation of Warm Floor Grdenhouse Heat Exchanger
Heating

AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)
Hwan Shen and David R. Mears

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Cook College - Rutgers University

SPONSORING AGENCY

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Paper presented at 1977 Winter Meeting of American Society of
A r-icultuXal Engineers, December 13-16, 1977
ABSTRACT
"A dynamic simulation has been used to investigate the

feasibility of heating a greenhouse with warm water. Several greenhouse

systems have been simulated utilizing insulated and uninsulated

polyethylene greenhouses. Results indicate recently developed warm

floor and movable curtain heat exchangers will be capable of heating

the greenhouse."

A-70
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT DATE
REPORT MO. -7 EY WORDS
_E -600/7-79-091 March, 197 Nuclear Power Plants
TITLE AMD SUBTITLE
Nucleat Power Plant Waste Heat Horticulture Heat Recovery
(Final Report) Horticulture
Greenhouses
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S) Heating
Thomas Sproston (Plant Biologist Inc.), E.P. Methane
Gaines, Jr. & D.J. Marx (Editors)
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Dairies
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation
77 Grove Street
Rutland, Vermont 05701

SPONSORING AGENCY
EPA, Office of Research and Development,
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

EPA Project Officer: Theodore G. Brna
ABSTRACT
The report gives results of a study of the feasibility

of using low grade(700F) wcste heat from the condenser cooling water of

the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Plant at Vernon for commercial food

enhancement. The study addressed: the possible impact of laws on the

use.of waste heat from a nuclear plant for food production, alternative

greenhouse designs suitable for the site, and an economic and marketing

model for greenhouse crops.. Using surface heat exchangers for green-

house heating appeared to permit compliance with the Delaney Amendment

of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act when condenser cooling water is the

heating medium at a nuclear plant. The low temperature of the waste

heat source suggested that supplemental greenhouse heating will be re-

quired (a biogas facility using wastes from a dairy herd near the plant

was proposed as being economically attractive). A greenhouse design

employing heaters using methane from the proposed biogas facility and

a cropping schedule for the greenhouses was recommended. The report

I includes the computer program used to determine the costs of greenhouse
nrnr1vjr-+.i nn i n +-'ham 0

A-71
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT NO. IREPORT DATE KEY WORDS
TITLE ANO SUBTITLE Waste Heat utilization
Analysis of Economic and Biological.'Factor of Aquaculture
Waste Heat Aquacultu.re Freshwater Clam
Polyculture
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)
J.S. Suffern and M. Olszewski

PERFORM114G ORGANIZ ATIO"
Oak Ridge National Laboratory

SPONSORING AGENCY

U.S. Department of Energy

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT "A waste heat aquaculture system using extensive culture

techniques is currently under investigation at the Oak Ridge National

Laboratory. The system uses nutrients in waste water streams to grow

algae and zooplankton which provide feed for fish and clams. A tilapia

polyculture association and the freshwater clam Corbicula are the

animals cultured in the system.

The investigations detailed in this study have been

performed to determin'e the economic and biological feasibility of the

system and examine energy utilization. A net energy analysis identified

the energy saving potential for the system. This analysis included all

energy costs (both direct and indirect)'associated with building and

operating the system.

The economic study indicated that fish production costs

of $0.55/kg ($0.24/lb) were possible. Thi's cost, however, depends upon

the fish production rate and food conversion efficiency and could rise

to as much as $1.6 5/kg )$0.75/lb).

A-72

AOSTRACT (C@^NTJNUED)
The biological studies have examined growth relation-

ships and production potential of the cultured organisms. In the lab-

oratory, growth-temperature optima have been defined (32 C, with good

growth rates between 26 and 34 C) for tilapia hybrids. In addition,

growth rate acceleration experiments have been carried out, developing

techniques which yield 40% higher growth rates in experimental fish as

compared with controls. Using cage culture techniques in sewage oxida-

tion ponds, we have obtained production estimates in excess of 50,000

kg/ha/yr (50,000 lb/acre/yr).

The energy utilization study indicated that, when all

energy costs are included , fish from the aquaculture system may require

only 35% of the net energy now required for fish products from the

ocean. However, the energy requirements also depend on system'parameters

and could be as large as the energy required for ocean caught products.

The analyses indicate that the system is economically

feasible. They also indicate that significant energy savings are

possible if waste heat aquaculture products replace ocean caught product3.

A-73
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
REPORT Ho, 1978 District Heat
TITLE AmD SUBTITLE Cogeneration
Nuclear Heat Reactors
District Heating Heat Exchangers
AUTHOA(S)/EDITOR(S) Heat Distribution
Swedish Trade Office (Editors) Systems

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

SPONSORING AGENCY
Swedish Trade Of f ice
Swedish Embassy
Swedish Export Council

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
This publication is a comprehensive examination of

district heating with respect to the Swedish state-of-the-art. The

di,strict heating systems are examined with and without cogeneration, as

well as all components comprising the system, such as nuclear heat

reactors, piping, steam generators, heat exchangers, control equipment,

etc.

The pros and qons of district heating in Sweden are

discussed with emphasis on the environmental and economic aspects.

Design data and available product literature are

incorporated in this complete volume.

A-74
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
REPORT 140. RT DATE KEY WORDS
January,_1979 Waste Heat
TITLE AND.SUBTITLE Greenhouses
Watts Bar Waste Heat Park Feasibility Space Heating
Analysis (Final Draft) Waste Heat Park":'
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR (S)

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Energy Research - Office of Power
Tennessee Valley Authority

SPONSORING AGENCY
Energy Research Office of Power
Tennessee Valley Authority

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
Watts Bar Nuclear Plant is TVA's most suitable power

plant for near-term commercial waste heat development. In late June

-1978, a-*t@horization was received to proceed with a first phase of the

Watts Bar Waste Heat Park development which was to take approximately

six months and consist mainly of (1) preparing an engineering design

and cost estimate for a full-scale waste heat tie-in and distribution

system, (2) identifying and describing factors affecting park devel-

opment (legal, regulatory, socioeconomic, etc.), (3) assessing waste

heat augmentation technologies, and (4) identifying potential classes

of waste heat users. The result-s of Phase I are reported herein and

are the product of inputs from virtually every division and/or office

within TVA.

The Phase I feasibility analysis, conducted on a

100POO gpm, waste heat distribution system for a 400-acre site at Watts

Bar, uncovered no insurmountable barriers (engineering regulatory,

-QnnMin_ in nal. a-tc.) to prevent entering another developmental

A-75

ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)

phase for the park. An analysis of multiple uses showed greenhouse

heating and cooling has the greatest near-term potential for commercial

application in a portion of the park, while several other applications

showed definite development potential for locating in the park over

time. Ultimate park employment could conceivably range from 400 to 750

with A $3.2 million to $6.0 million annual payroll, and secondary

employment in surrounding communities could result in an additional

120 to 225 employees with an additional total secondary economic impact

of $2.9 million to $5.5 million. The park also has potential to serve

as a demonstration site for a number of the latest energy technology

developments.

A-76
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT No. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
1974 Aquaculture
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Uti lization of Waste Heat from Power Plants for Waste Heat
Catfish
Aquaculture, Gallatin Catfish Project, 1974
Annilal Report
AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

Tennessee Valley Authority and
Cal-Maine Foods, Inc.

SPONSORING AGENCY

Tennessee Valley Authority

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
"For the past three years, the Tennessee Valley Author-

ity has been conducting with private industry a cooperative interdis-

ciplinary research program to determine the feasibility of high-density

raceway production of catfish utilizing steam-electric generating plant

heated water discharges. A pilot-scale raceway facility located on the

bank of TVA's Gallatin Steam Plant condenser discharge canal has been
usea for the research. Condenser circulating water averaging 12CF above

ambient plant intake water temperature is pumped from the discharge

canal through the facility and returned to the canal. Results have

proven the benefits of heated water in extending the catfish growing

season, enhancing growth rates, and increasing production poundage.

The following report presents the results of 1974's

research for the Gallatin Catfish Project."

A-77
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT DATE EY WORDS
REPCRT Mo. -18, July
5(5): 12 -49 1979 ;quaculture
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Thermal Effluent
"Recent Developments in Lobster Resea..fth Lobsters
The Commercial Fish Farmer & Aquaculture News

AUTHOR (S) / EDITOR(S)

Jon C. Van Olst and James M. Carlberg

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

San Diego State University, Center for
Marine Studies

SPONSORING AGENCY

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT This article gives an overview of the present state of

lobster farming and its potential for commercial application.

"The use of waste heat in thermal effluent from
electric generating stations to accelerate growth of'aquatic organisms

and thereby reduce production time and costs shows considerable promise

as one moans of attaining economic viability in aquacul ture."

A-78
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
T
77@@Jlanuarv 1278 Aquaculture
REPCRT Mo. DA E KEY WORDS

TITLE AND SU19TITLE Thermal Effluent
The Effects of Container Size and Transparency Lobster
on Growth and Survival of Lobsters Cultured
individually
AUTHOR (S) / E DI TOR (S)
J.C. Van Olst and J.M. Carlberg

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

San Diego State University,
Department of Biology

SPONSORING AGENCY
Southern California Edison Company and
NOAA Office of Sea Grant

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Reprint from: Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting, World.Mar:iculture
Society, Atlanta, Georgia, January 3-6, 1978
ABSTRACT
The high rates of cannibalism observed in American,.

lobsters (Homarus americanus) held in communal rearing systems dictate

that for a majority of the culture period the animals must be held

individually in order to prevent these losses. An experiment was con-

ducted to assess the dependence of growth rate, molting frequency and

survival on the amount of horizontal surface area provided for each

2
lobster. Eight sizes of individual containers ranging from 6 to 750 cm

were provided. Parallel experiments were conducted in containers made

of both transparent and translucent materials so that the effects of

vi sual communication d1so could be determined.

The experiments have been in progress for 24 months.

Growth and.survival have been severely reduced in the smaller rearing

containers. Molting frequency was not as severely affected. No signif-

icant differences in growth were found between lobsters in visual contacl

and visual isolation. Equations describing the relationship between

space and growth are presented and estimates are made of the effent-g of I

A-79

ASS-r4AC7 (CO4TINIIIII)

space requirements on the design of a commercial lobster culture facil-

ity.

A-80
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

KEY WORDS
DATE
R_E.PCRT NO. 1978 Aquacuilture
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Thermal Effluent
Aquaculture Systems Utilizing Thermal Effluent American Lobster

AUTHOR (S) / EOITOR(S)
Jon C. Van Olst, J.M. Carlberg and R.F. Ford

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

San Diego State University
Department of Biology

SPONSORING AGENCY

NOAA Office of Sea Grant
and Southern California Edison

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT

to The effect of elevated temperatures in accelerating the

growth rates of many aquatic organisms is well documented. In aqua-

culture this can help reduce total production costs within temperature

ranges that produce normal survival and food conversion efficiency.

Low-cost sources of warm seawater for use in mariculture include the

naturally occurring warm areas of the tropics, geothermal brine wells,

solar energy devices to heat seawater indirectly, and thermal effluent

from coastal power plants. Research at San Diego State University has

focused on the use of this latter heat source in the culture of the

American lobster, Homarus americanus.

The major objectives of this continuing program have

been to develop a commercially feasible production system for the

American lobster and to assess the benefits and problems involved in

using thermaleffluent as an economick source of heated water.

The research is being conducted in laboratories at two

electrical generating stations--the Encina Power Plant of the San

A-81
ABSTRACT (CONTINUED)
Gas and Electric Company, and the Ormond Beach Generating Station of the

Southern California Edison Company. Other related experiments are

conducted in the San'Diego State University aquaculture laboratory at

the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

The work is part of an integrated and carefully

planned program to develop commercially viable lobster culture in the

United States. Major areas of investigation include: 1) the use of

thermal effluent to accelerate growth rates; 2) the effects of various

temperature and photoperiod regimes on growth; 3) the physiological

effects of potentially toxic substances from industrial pollution or

culture system materials on lobsters cultured in thermal effluent;

4) the development of suitable artificial foods in cooperation with

scientists at the Bodega Marine Laboratory and the Foremost Research

Center; 5) energetics and food conversion studies; 6) development of

more efficient techniques for communal rearing of lobsters; 7) evaluatior

of an H americanus X H. gammarus hybrid for use in commercial culture:

8) development of methods and systems for the individual rearing of

lobsters to market size; and 9) economic studies of the commercial

feasibility of lobster culture.

This paper describes several of the techniques and

systems developed for use of thermal eff-luent in aquaculture. Novel

methods are used in interfacing with the electrical generating station

s
o that interfer ence with plant operations is minimal. Automated mixkQ

valve systems also are employed to blend intake and discharge water to

intermediate temperatures. Solutions for gas supersaturation problems

are described.

A-82
TECHNICAL REPORT DATk

RT DATE KEY WORDS
REPORT No. Aquaculture
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Thermal Effluent
Use of Thermal Effluent in Culturing the Lobster,:
American Lobster

AUTHOR (S) /EDITOR (S)

J.C. Van Olst, et al

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

San Diego State University
Department of Biology

SPONSORING AGENCY

NOAA Office of Sea Grant and
San Diego Gas & Electric Company

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Reprint from: Power Plant Waste Hgat ritilization-Workshog I@ Trenton,
New Jersey, November 6-7, 1975
ABSTRACT
"Comparative water quality analyses, tissue analyses,

toxicity studies and rearing experiments are being conducted to assess

the benefits and problems in using thermal effluent from typical coastal

generating stations to culture the.American.lobste r, Homarus americanus,

from the egg to market size. Part of this research is underway in a

spe.cial laboratory developed in cooperation with the Research and Devel-

opment Program of the Southern California Edison Company at their

Redondo Beach Generating Station. Separate studies supported by the

NOAA Office of Sea Grant and the State of California are underway in a

similar laboratory at.the Encina Power Plant of the San Diego Gas &

Electric Company. These laboratories are supplied with both thermal

effluent and ambient temperature seawater. Pneumatic mixing valves

are employed to obtain experimental temperatures. Parallel experiments

.are conducted using electrically heated and ambient ocean temperature

water in the University's aquaculture laboratory at the Scripps

tution of OngannUrAphig,

A-83

The effects of chemicals in thermal effluent on

lobsters maintained in aquaculture systems were evaluated. Atomic

absorption analysis of intake and effluent water samples from three

fossil fuel generating stations in southern California indicated that

their chemical additions did not affect concentr ations of Cu, Zn, Cd,

Cr, Pb, and As in the thermal effluent. Concentrations of these metals

in the intake effluent water -t the Encina Power Plant were not

significantly different than their concentrations in seawater from

Scripps, and were well within the reported ranges for levels of those

metals in normal seawater.

All of these studies indicate that the thermal effluent

from typical fossil fuel generating stations in southern California

provides a suitable heated water source for the culture of Homarus

americanus. The optimal temperature for culturing H. americanus is

approximately 22 C. During late suinmer and early fall, ambient 'ocean

temperatures approach this level in southern California. Therefore,

thermal effluent would be utilized to a lesser extent during that part

of the year. In other areas with lower ambient water temperatures,

thermal effluent would provide a major, year-round source of waste heat

for lobster production."

A-84
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA

REPORT Mo. REPORT DATE KEY WORDS
-14(5): 566, 675 October 1979 Gree'nho*use
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Waste Heat
"commercial Greenhouse Heating with Reject Heat.
from Electric Generating Plants," Hort Science

AUTHOR(S)/ EDITOR(S)

R.E. Widmer

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
University of Minnesota
Depattment of Horticultural Science and
Landscape Architecture

SPONSORING AGENCY

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

ABSTRACT
Warm waste water-is'currently*available-in large

quantities. it i's a practical and economically desirable source of heat

for commercial
_greenhouses. Since it has''been proven practical for

greenhouses glazed with 2 air"sepa,rated'layers of polyethylene film.,

inclusion'of addition energy Isaving techniques'can make @-iarm. water heat.

even more de sirable.-'Pos"sible development of more efficient- heat

exchangers also could make the process even more@attractive.

The time may come when fuel for heating:greenhouses:on

a year-round basis may be unavailable as well as too expensive. Recyclin4

of waste heat appears-to be the best approach for greenhouse operators

at present and in the uncertain future."

I
I
I
i
i
I APPENDIX B
I INTERVIEW DATA
I
I
I
I -
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

-B-1
INTERVIEW DATA

PERSON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
Gary Ashley P&.Kavka
Ashley Engineering DATE
St. Paul, Minnesota
10/22/79.
(612) 482-1183 LOCATION

Telephone
DISCUSSION
1. Mr. Ashley is one of the most well-known authorities@on low grade

waste heat utilization. In his eight years with Northern States

Power Company, he designed and carried through the succO@ssfuil,

operation of the Sherco Greenhouse Project,(-sponsored partially

by EPA). The project proved that low temperature waste.-heaty;As

suitable for heating greenhouses in nor- thern latitudes

2. Mr. Ashley has since formed his own consulting engineering firm

to prov.ide services to those interested in waste,heat ut ilization.

3. Other projects which he has been involved:

a. Bruce Agra Park - Toronto, Ontario
b. Detroit Edison Waste Heat Study Greenwo6d.,:Michigan

4. Other projects to reference which he was not involved:

a. Browns iFerry - TVA
b. Dow Midland Cogeneration Project Midland, Michigan

5. Other Contacts:

a. Don-Haycock Conestoga Rovers
b. Mitchell Olscewski U.S. D.6.E., gaseous diffusion

B--@2
INTE-RWEW DATA
PERSON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
Dr. Edmund P. Gaines P. Kavka
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation DATE
Rutland, Vermont
(802) 773-2711 -11/13/79
LOCATION

I Tele9hone
DISCUSSION
-1. Dr. Gaines has been the project director of the Vermont Yankee

waste heat project since its beginning in the summer of 1975. The

project includes an aquaculture laboratory that produces 15,000

salmon smolt annually, a 4 unit greenhouse complex,and a demonstra-

tion methane generator.

2. This.project is dedicated to the Atlantic Restoration Program which
i,s tryingto bring the native salmon back to the.Connectlflut.River'.

3. Question of downtime -@tested brown trout with a drop of 10 F in

temperature in 15 minutes and had no problems.

4. His project uses cooling discharge water directly, without any

heat exchangers.-

5. Suggested referenceproject Domsea, subsidiary of Union Carbide,

raising salmon in Puget Sound in power plant discharge water.

6. Suggested people to contact:

a. Ted Brna - EPA

b. John Ryther Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute

B-3
PERSON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEW DATA INTERVIEWER
Dr. Bruce Godfriaux.
Senior Marine Biologist - Research P. Kavka
Public Service DATE
Electric and Gas Company 3/5/79, 10/15/79
Newark, New Jersey
(201) 430-6638 LOCATION
PSE&G
Newark, NJ

DISCUSSION
1. Dr. Godfriaux is the project director for the Mercer Aquaculture

Facility, near Trenton, New Jersey. This project is being sponsore@

by Public Service Electric and Gas Company and Rutgers University.

Facilities include a commercial stage diseasonal aquaculture

facility which rears rainbow trout, freshwater shrimp, striped

bass, yellow perch and the American eel. Also in this facility are

several pilot stage greenhouses heated with power plant waste heat.

Model heat exchangers being tested in greenhouses include a porous

concrete floor system and vertical plastic curtains.

2. Suggested contacts:
Gary Ashley Northern States Power (Sherco Greenhouses)

Mike Roche Jersey Central Power & Light Co.
(Oyster Creek clam project)
Randy Snipes - Tennessee Valley Authority

3. Other areas of discussion

a. Question of who will be entrepreneur in waste h eat
park development.
b. Problems related to establishing market value for
waste heat.

C. Specific marketing problems associated with industrial
park with adjacent nuclear power plant.

d. Institutional barriers not a serious problem.

B-4
INTERVIEW DATA

FL`ZON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
Donald Haycock
P - Kauka
Conestoga Rovers & Associates DATE
Waterloo, Ontario
(519)- 884-0510 10/22/79
LOCATION

Telephone
DISCUSSION
1. Mr. Haycock is a senior partner in Conestoga Rovers.and Associates,

specializing in reject heat utilization and energy conservation.

2.' Discussed their "Feasibility Analysis of the Utilization of Moder-

ator Heat for Agricultural and Aquacultural Purposes" at the Bruce

Nuclear Power Development (Ontario, Canada)

3. Discussed their report prepared as a joint venture with Ashley

Engineering on "Reject Heat Utilization" at the Greenwood Energy

Center, Michigan.

4. Dow-Midland Cogeneration Project - dual responsibility between Dow

and Consumers Power, complex financial return to Consumers Power

over an extended period of time.

5. Other reject heat and energy conservation projects Conestoga Rovers

are involved:

a. Sherco Greenhouse Project -.Minnesota

b. St. Thomas, Ontario Landfill gas recovery

B-5
FFL:@'SON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEW DATA
INTERVIEWER
Bernie Heiler P. Kavka
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington D.C. YY/5/79
(202) 755-0646 1 /8/79
LOCATION

Telephone
DISCUSSIQN
1. Bernie Heiler, an environmental engineer for EPA, called in response

to a letter sent to Mr.. Stephen Gage, EPA's Administrator for

Research Development.

2. EPA's role in 11--he development of this park will be secondary..They

will only become involved if asked to review by another agency(DOE).

EPA,is in the "conservation business" and may only be asked to

review the environmental impact statement.

3. EPA has turned the solid waste studies, that they were previously

involved in, over to D.O.E.

4. He was checking for reference information with "Conservation and

Solar Applications Division" and the "Energy Extension Service".

.5. Other people to contact:

a. Dr. Michael Karnitz - Oak Ridge National Laboratory

b.. Herb Feinroth or Charles Baxter - D.O.E. regional office.

B-6

INTERVIEW DATA

FEPSON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
Ira Helms P. Kavka
U.S. Department of Energy DATE
Washington D.C.
@(301) 353-2927 11/8/79
LOCATION

Telephone
DISCUSSION
1. Mr. Helms has conducted economic studies of many waste heat projects

and is somewhat less optimistic than most others interviewed.

2. Projects discussed which he had some knowledge of:

a. Sherco Greenhouse Proj ect - Northern States Power

b. Vermont Yankee Project - similar to Oyster Creek Plant,
break even without heat exchangers, operate,at loss
with heat exchangers in waste heat facilities.

C. Long Island Oyster farms - in trouble with EPA, not a heat
use, but rathera thermal condition.

3. Other people to contact:

a. Sherman Reed or Mitch Olscewski - ORNL

b. Maddox or Pyle - TVA

4. Suggested reading D.O.E.'reports on gaseous diffusion

5. The approach he recommends:

a. Use waste heat for preheating, because any heat saved is
better than none.

b. InvestigaLte idea of "cascading".

B-7
INTERVIEW DATA
PERSON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
Carl t. Madewell
Agricultural Economist P. Kavka
Tennessee Valley Authority DATE
Agricultural Energy Applications Section 10/10/79
muscle Shoals, Alabama LOCATION
(205) 386-2866 Telephone
DISCUSSION
1. Mr. Madewell has been involved in most of TVA's reject heat

projects since it was identified as a potential energy source.

2. Major reject heat project now at TVA is the Watts Bar Waste Heat

Park. A $30 million industrial park is being planned with a nucleal

power plant supplying reject heat to the following industries:

greenhouses 100 acres

soil heating 25 acres

biological recycling 50 acres

aquaculture 160 acres

fingerling production 5 acres

industrial 60 acres

3. Other TVA projects he was involved in were the Gallatin Catfish

Project and the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant Greenhouse Project.

B-8

INTERVIEW DATA
PERSON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
Thomas Manning
Rutgers University, Research Assistant P. Kavka
Department of Biological and Agricultural DATE
Engineering 10/17/79
New Brunswich, New Jersey LOCATION
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, NJ

DISCUSSION
l.- Mr. Manning is working with Dr. David Mears on the demonstration

agriculture facilities.at Rutgers, under the sponsorship of PSE&G.

2. Demonstration greenhouses visited on Cook College campus were

testing porous concrete floor heat exchanger and movable vertical
curtains. Heat supply comes,from 85 aF water from solar collectors,

which concept is the same as power plant cooling w ater.

3. Another larger scale project that Rutgers is managing is in

Allentown, where 14 acres of solar heated greenhouses are being

successfully demonstrated. Preliminary estimates indicate, that

the supplemental heating and environmental control can increase

crop yield up to eight (8) times.

4. Other suggested projects to investigate

a. Bruce Agra Park Toronto, Ontario

b. Becker Project Minnesota Power Company

c. Watts Bar TVA

B-9

INTERVIEW DATA

PERSON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
Dr. David Mears P. Kavka
Rutgers University, Professor DATE
Department of Biological and Agricultural .10/10/79
Engineering LOCATION
New Brunswick, NJ
(201) 932-9753 Telephone

DISCUSSION
1. Dr. Mears is in charge of the Rutgers University research

group operating the pilot waste heat and solar greenhouses,

sponsored by PSE&G. This research group has designed the

porous concrete floor heat exchan4er being utilized in t&e

Mercer Aquaculture Facility. He.has worked with Dr. Bruce

Godfriaux, PSE&G.

2. Suggested contacts:

Carl Madewell Tennessee Valley Authority

Peter Zeago - Project Coordinator for Bruce Agra Park,
Toronto, Canada.

Conestoga Rovers - Designers of several power plant waste
heat systems.

3. Opinion - Need to get new greenhouses and new growers to get

the waste heat concept in agriculture "off the ground".

0
B-10

t-ERVIEW DATA
IN"

PERSON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
Mitchell Olscewski P. Kavka
U.S. Department of Energy DATE
Oak Ridge National Laboratory 11/26/79
Oak Ridge, Tennessee LOCATION
(615) 624-0369 01

Telephone
DISCUSSION
1. Mr. Olscewski is a development staff member at the ORNL, a division

of the U.S. D.O.E. supported by the Union Carbide Nuclear Division.

Mr. Olscewski is the author of many reports on the topic of waste

heat utilization in aquaculture and agriculture.

2. Suggested reference projects:

a. Savannah River Project gaseous diffusion,

b. Watts Bar Waste Heat Park - TVA

C. Sherco Greenhouse Project - Northern States Power

d.. Long Island Oyster Farm

3. Suggested people to contact:

a. Marvin Gunn Savannah River Project

b. Barry Goss TVA

C. Robert Brockson - EPRI

d. Phil Campbell Long Island Oyster Farm

e. Wayne Hubert TVA, aquaculture

B-11

INTERVIEW DATA
PERSON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
James J. Vouglitois P. Kavka
Environmental Scientist DATE -
Jersey Central Power'& Light Company 3/5/78
Morristown, NJ 10/11/79 (telephone)
(201) 455-8768 LOCATION
JCP&L
Madison, NJ

DISCUSSION
1. Mr. Vouglitois is the project manager for JCP&L's clam culture

project in the discharge canal of oyster Creek Nuclear Gendrating

Station, Forked River, New Jersey. This project is being sponsored

by JCP&L and operated by Rutgers University to demonstrate the

effects of raising seed clams in power plant condenser cooling watex

2. Set up clam project tour for October 29, 1979.

3. Provided information on several pilot and commercial aquaculture

program.s.

4. Provided information which JCP&L has concerning restrictions on

using waste heat from power plant.

a. The Delaney Amendment to FDCA

b. JCP&L legal counsel's opinion on the impact of Delaney
Clause on clam culture project at Oyster Creek

c. U.S. EPA's regulations on Aquaculture projects

5. Other topics of discussion

a. possible tie-in locations

b. quantity and quality of waste heat at both Oyster Creek
and Forked River Unit #1

c. Deep water wells for cooling

B-12
IN"I"ERVIEW DATA
PERSON MTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
David Yosh Paul Kavka
Jersey Central Power and Light Company DATE
Morristown, New Jersey
(201) 455-8740 -10/31/79
LOCATION

Telephone
DISCUSSION

1. Mr. Yosh is a senior engineer at JCP&L who has offered to his

company's cooperation in this project.

2. Discussion of quality of Oyster Creek doolirg water:

a. temperature can be increased by shutting down one or more
of the dilution pumps.

b. can also change back pressure to increase waste heat
discharge, but sacrifice electricity generation.

3. Forked River Unit #1 to be "on-line" by 1985-1986, but probably

will not be nuclear.

4. Must address downtime - 4-5 weeks per year, minimum, but up to

7-8 weeks possible for scheduled maintenance.

5. Shut downs are scheduled around availability of other large sources

of electricity. They try to schedule down-time in June, July and

August.

6. Sent bibliography on cogeneration, which is his field of expertise.

B-13
INTER-VIEW DATA
PERSON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
Peter Zeago P. Kavka
Bruce Agra-Park, Project Coordinator DATE
Ontario Energy Corporation 10/19/79
Toronto Ontario
(416) 965-6276 LOCATION
Telephone

DISCUSSION
1. As project coordinator for the Bruce Agra Park, Mr. Zeago discussed

the one acre simulation greenhouse presently in operation which

will be the model for a proposed 100 acre industrial park devel-
opment, in 4-acre units. The source of heat is 100OF discharge

water from a "once-through" cooling syst em at a nuclear power

plant 10 miles from the site.

2. Scale of operation is the key to economic success.

3. Cost ot waste heat supply - waste heat projects are only feasible

if utility company will work out an incremental profit ---cheme.

If utility company wants an immediate profit, project will not work.

4. Bruce Agra Park is a condominium firm which is owned and operated

12y a private concern. The Ontario Energy Corporation is a 101%

partner in this firm.

5. Suggested contacts

Gary Ashley Northern States Power

Conestoga Rovers

----------

B-14

INTERVIEW DATA
PERSON INTERVIEWED INTERVIEWER
Dr.--Melvin Zwillenberg P. Kavka
Public Service Electric & Gas Company DATE
Newark, New Jersey 10/15/79

LOCATION
PSE&G
Newark, NJ

-DISCUSSION
1. Dr. Zwillenberg is one of PSE&G's experts on district heating

who is presently working on a U.S. D.O.E. sponsored grant to

study the retrofiting of several power plants for the possibility

of supplying district heat.

2. Phase I study conclusion was that only fossil fuel plants can be

retrofitted for district heat application; it is too expensive

to retrofit nuclear plant.

3. General observation is that district heating will not be commer-

cially available until 1985. Aquaculture and Agriculture are

ready for commercial application now.

4. Heat pumps are necessary for district heat.

5. The most efficient heat source for district heating was found to be

steam at approximately 290 F, which would have to be extracted

from the boiler's main steam.

6. The Dow-Midland Cogeneration project was discussed.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I APPENDIX C
OVER VIEW OF ALCOHOL PRODUCTION
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

APPENDIX C

AN OVER VIEW OF ALCOHOL PRODUCTION

Before embarking on detailed discussions on alcohol production,

it is necessary and interesting to first consider the ove rall process.
Regardless of the raw materials being used to produce alcohol, there

are invariably four major steps involved:

1. Raw materials rich in carbohydrates must in some
way be converted into fermentable sugars.

2. The fermentable sugars must be utilized by yeast
to produce alcohol.

3. The alcohol produced during dermentation must be
concentrated by distillation.

4. The spent mash left after the alcohol has been
removed must.be processed into a by-product.

PRETREATMENT STEPS

The object of the pretreatment step is to make available a

fermentable sugar for the yeast. To do this, it may be ne'cessary to

reduce the size of the raw material to make it accessable to either

acid or enzyme treatment.

The raw material, having been ground, will need to be cooked

in order to bring about a liquefaction of the carbohydrates.

If the raw material is coated by an obstructing material, it

may need to be extracted with the use of acid or alkali. For example,

in the case of straw, lignin has to be extracted using alkali.

Where the raw material is already in a fermentable form, for

example sugarcane, sugar beets, or molasses, it may need to be ,

sterilized to enable the yeast to successfully ferment without undue

competition from contaminating bacteria.

The pretreatment stage very often depends upon nature's catalyst,

namely the enzymes, for its success.

C-1.

FERMENTATION

Having produced the fermentable sugars, the next stage is to

convert these by mea'ns of yeast in an aerobic fermentation into

alcohol. Yeast is a living organism which we will later refer to

as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or literally, "sugar fermenting". The

yeast selected will be such that it can tolerate high alcohol content

and work under the widest possible conditions. The fermentation step

may involve strict control over the acidity and the temperature of

the mash and will probably utilize commercial enzymes. These enzymes

will continue the breakdown of the carbohydrates to fermentable sugars.

Fermentation takes place over a period of 1-3 days and at the end

of fermentation we have a low alcohol beer. The alcohol content may

vary between 5 and 15/10.

CONCENTRATION STEP

Concentration is either carried out in a pot still or in a

continuous still based on the original copy still design. The object

of the concentration is to remove selectively the volatile alcohol

leaving behind the nonvolatile components.

Continuous fermentation will occur in a number of stills

commencing with the beer still, which brings the strength of the

alcohol from 10-11% present in the beer to 50-60%. The rectifying

column will then further concentrate the alcohol up to 95% alcohol.

In order to bring about the final concentrations to 100%, it is

necessary to use a further column, the so-called anhydrous column.

In the operation of the anydrous column, it will be necessary

to use an entrainer such as Benzene, Heptone, Hexane, Ether, or

Gasoline to remove the final 5% water. Having removed the alcohol'

from the mash, we are left with a resultant called stillage.

This stillage presents both an effluent disposal problem and also

an opportunity, in that it is very high in protein and represents

an excellent animal feed supplement. Normally, the insoluble solids

are centrifuged off whereas the solubles are evaporated in a multi-

stage evaporator and then mixed with the,insoluble solids.

C-3.

APPENDIX D

RELIABILITY OF THE INTERFACING SYSTEM

APPENDIX 0

RELIABILITY OF THE INTERFACING SYSTEM

"The availability of waste heat to the users is de-
pendent upon the availability of substantial waste heat
from at least one unit and the proper functioning of the
waste heat interfacing system. Several features which
enhance the reliability of the interfacing system are
included in the conceptual design. The single most im-
portant feature is that there is a tie-in to both generating
units regardless of the operating status of the other unit.
Each of the two pumping stations in the interfacing system
has three 50-percent capacity pumps, so that outage of a
single pump in each station does not reduce the waste heat
availability. Other than the pumping stations and the
tie-ins to the plant, there are no moving parts in the
interfacing system. The simplicity of the interfacing
system enhances its reliability.
Also, the fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) piping is
not susceptible to corrosion, which should reduce the
potential for leakage problems.
The overriding factor in the delivery of heated water is
the.availability of the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant units.
Availability of heated water has been analyzed on two
different bases. In the first method the three Browns
Ferry units were used to prepare an estimated outage rate
for two units. When the average of the three possible
combinations is used,, we obtain a total outage rate of
about 8 percent for two nuclear units. Our current records
indicate that during the commercial operation, since the
fire occurred at Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, the three
units have had 132 outages with an average length of about
35 hours. The longest forced outage was about 1,308 hours.
The data for the Browns Perry units only covers about 6.4
unit years of commercial operation excluding the outage
for the fire, and this short period of commercial operation
could lead to false assumptions in using the data.
The second method used to estimate the probability of
outage time on an annual basis was based upon the cumulative
availability factors of the 38 PWR nucle'ar units as reported
in the Operating Units Status Report (NRC Gray Book). The
September, 1978, data indicates these units have an average
cumulative availability factor of about 74 percent. The
probability of only one unit being on line is about 38
percent. The probability of both units being out of service
is about 7 percent or about 613 hours per year".
(Ref. 10, C. IV., p.11)

Appendix D has been included only to demonstrate the advisability

of having two or more power plants serving as heat sources for industrie

park applications, as is the case for the Watts Bar Study.

D-1.

1,
0
I
I
I
I
I
I APPENDIX E
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING REPORT
I
I
I
I
11
II
I
I I.
I
I
I

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.
I. Introduction

The Lacey Township Industrial Commission has undertaken this
study to evaluate the concept of using waste heat supplied by the
oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station (OCNGS) as a source of
supplemental energy. It is the hope of the Commission that this
system may help support an industrial park adjacent to the power
plant.
It is the objective of this study to review and assess any prior-
ities and problems which may occur in the employment of a heat dis-
tribution system. The proposed design calls for the use of the
heated effluent water from OCNGS in a condenser system which will
transfer the waste heat to piped-in groundwater from a well sit-
uated on OCNGS property. The condenser will be encased in a rock
containment through which the heated saltwater effluent will flo@v.
(See Figs. 1, 2.)
This report will investigate the quality of both the intake and
effluent waters of OCNGS and their relationship to direct use in
the condenser system. Also point out will be the factors involved
in the use of the groundwater system.

E-1.

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

reactor

turbine

17
`@7

G u 61' E
T E E N uC LE A R R', fA I @j C, _S7T /VF 1*'C@'IQ

E-2

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

CC)C'L-C-,fz
Roc K 6 Q E E w HcuSE
F1 LL E
L
TANY,
-77 V-
r\
#0 CONDENSER

1.111 IAII Al IiIr1IJI?N I INV
JAOT
CIRCULATING oc 0 C-5
WATER E1FF-L\jkEt4T
PUMP INTAKE DISCHARGE

0 STREAM

Fig. 2
Diagram of Proposed Heat Recapture System,
with Rock Containment and Condenser

E-3.

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

II. Intake Water of the Power Plant

1. Quality
The intake water at OCNGS is drawn from Barnegat Bay through
r
a dredged circulating canal. This cooling water is then sent into
the power plant condenser at a dam constructed across the circula-
ting canal.
The quality of this intake water lists as follows:
TABLE 1

PARAMETER OCNGS INTAKE

Calcium 289
Magnesium 881
Sodium 7,134
Chloride 12,680
Sulfate 1,816
Phosphate 0.7
Bicarbonate 100

Silica 18.0

Iron 0.6
Manganese 0.01
Salinity 23,000
Alkalinity CaC03 82
pH 6.95

E-4.

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

III. Effluent Water of the Power Plant in relation
to direct use in the Heat Distribution System

1. Quality
It is assumed that the effluent from the OCNGS condenser owns
the same parameters as the intake water from Barnegat Bay (see
Table 1) except for the temperature increase and the effects of the
chlorination that is employed to clean the condenser system at the
power plant. (See Graphs 1, 2) This cooling water effluent is re-
leased back into the discharge canal and drains further into the
Barnegat Bay system, thereby havings its waste heat assimilated by
the receiving water. In the desire to make the most effective use
of this waste heat, the cooling water effluent will be pumped into
the condenser and will transfer it's heat there before being re-
leased back into the bay system.
As stated earlier, the condenser will be surrounded by a con-
tainment filled with rocks through which the heated waste water will
circulate (see Fig. 2). It is suggested that these rocks be large
cobble size, rounded and uniform, and also be,well sorted. According
to the principles of geology, the movement of any subsurface water
is largely controlled by the porosity and permeability of various
rocks. The porosity of a rock deposit (i.e., condenser rock con-
tainment) is equal to the ratio of the volume of pore space to the
total volume of the material, including it's pores. The velocity,
or rate of flow, of the heated effluent water through the condenser
system tank would equal the hydraulic gradient (loss of energy due
to friction per unit of distance traveled) multiplied by the co-effi-
cient of permeability (degree to which material can transmit flow
of fluid). Large cobbles such as those encountered in the Delaware
River system may be the type of material needed to surround the
condenser system. Through the action of the river transportation
system, these cobbles have been well sorted and weathered to a smooth
round size. The use of these rocks would lower infiltration velo-
city aroundthe condenser core with a net savings in pumping costs
and a lower horsepower. Let it also be noted that the temperature
effects from the heated cooling water should be negligible in rela-
tion to further physical weather of these cobbles (Allison, et. al.

E-5.

@
.
=I
'D
m.
0
0t:: @:-:In.
@r` := . .... ::::I::....."' -i'@
xI= .=, "iEi .:.:::t:! .:;= - - , 1.:@.:: -i-= --u. "i"lli- tz, -@= I.- -@::--:::::-- @:,.
!. - - .== .... n --- --.. : :
:: =% -::::::_,: .. : !::@ ... !:::;:: 11 ... I..... : @:.=
... ..... ... ::;:::;@:::: :::.:@.-.i::-......-.......----q@*.@@4.- `@i,.....
.+:!..::.:::..:.: '.:::@iiiii@:-.'i@i . ....... _.::.
..... .-:::@iiiii@..`i@i iiii.": ::m :. :..ti: . .... .... -... - ; In @ .. ....
:::::: :---.!:;::. - I: .E; :: .:4:r:.:: :::... .%::!. ..... .........-........ .-::7::::::m:wm::::- -- .... :q::m.::::::::::
... I.... ..I...... ......... .... - :@': .... ............ ..... .... ......-....I......--,:::.-:::::jil-..i!-::::;- :-1--: . .......
.... . ...................... I-- ............ [email protected]"-*a.!::::.
11 -.-F,.. =11 I.... ::::: -A --- -.-L-J-=@=:_ =i% .. @ - .... - Hiiiiiii .............. :1 ....... @ I . @ .....
II. ......... .......... -.:ii;i:
--- - =M-=@@tlll -11-= 4:,-.i:!:!:::; ....
. ........ -- ........ :;: :... .... ... 1--:1
.. :::::::: .. ... ,::::::. .-.:: p i:::. I 11% M,@:: *::::: -11 -.-:..: r-.-:.: t-::: 1::;:::: :::.:; 4:: ---:.-:.-. i L;:::::: .::
,I) -:::=.::::.ul;:-:--:-:=: "---i:@[email protected]@[email protected]@---.@@..-..@i:t .................. ...I...... - .. -.::!:::.ll@t-@@.-@@fi@@'.-@:7 ...... J; :t-...-.-.L:i="--
.....I............... . i... ...... 111: :::::::: @@,, N, :. .... K= .... ,@ ........ ... ......n=m ... .. --.- .........;
.. -1 .....I...... .. --I::m::::::;:::w;.wq %:@:.::.:
.. - - ......,:Ilta ......;::::r::ini:.::::@.-.--.:- - -:::- --:@@: :z::::::::lt:@ ::::I:: ... @ -.... @..........II... ,:: Z1.1 * It:,-
.-1- .......-- - -...........-
.1. t: @ :n:.. I: .@Zz ::Wt.
--*-@@-.@'"---r-.--,.:.I;:.@.@@..;@:.--..-*-'. -- , *ti----,4 '.`.@* ----.-.:= ...", = .-:I .... ==N: =1.- .::::;::
--14. ...-I..... --,@ -:: ..... ..-.,:: ,I.
7, ----.@@ ..-..T--. -.:.@;:ff.;@: ....... .... .. :ntl".:@@ @-.... @:::Itl.i@:::::;::.::@@:::::::
,.@:: ... .... ......... .... .......
-, :m:%:::::::t. .:::::.
@@g, ........ --= -... :::t ;:. lt.:.:::::;:::::;.:
; =:: . Iit. .i:!!.. @-,j'- --@@-*.,@iii@@.-:--.:,--,[email protected]@i.... I..= 7::::::: !::-:@::;:@i@--'@*.T.-'.@@ . -: :-:@....
=.-== ....... .-@@"'-.@@@4*.-.i-'.-."-"-'-..@ @@ I:::::::IN'd .I:.::: ..-.j'.-.: @ n -;
::: --- :%i": :: : :::::::!::;:::::::::::;lr::::: It:.::::::;;:@:::::::: .4. --l I... ..... 7:::%: m.i - -::==::;;
*@:-. @ @. @i. 2-iiii:.i., 1 @,,::: ------- --- .::::: @:::
>.i-.-:---=--.lii ... I I -:!: .,:*t ;!!* - 1111 :- Aiiiiii:i! ... ii-:-----@@ii@i-.'@,=:: I ,:::::. @@
... .. @@-. i@!@:i- ...... ....I... .....----I-"---.--:: i
................ -..;::: ...... -.::::@!:z::::::.l-::I:::- :.; ........... [email protected]@@----.- ...... .. -..... ... ::I ,.: 11
. ... -.-.. ...-!: ......... ...... ...- :::: :;:. .,:: ::::* :::
,-:@ ,.
, "' ,.... It::::::;::::;: 1::::: t: :: .1:.:: ': *
_0 ...--H' ..... . ..... -..-,. 1::4 ::!I .....-I. =-'r-
-..: ... ...... it ................ .. ::::%%.: N@iHi .... - .=;m=m:m:.
r-l'. I:.- - ..:I ...... --.....:@;:!::w:::m::::::: I -RVI............ .. .. . ;=u ,@::"@;.:@
.. .: .. .... :-... -.:;::::
=. -, - = =- .......I I.............:..... ::::::::::::::::::::: ... .....
-@t@:;t.1tt".":.-:.... ; t: i ii:: ::@:ti@@ @.1,t:-
*I--,-.":@ - I-- :. [email protected]
:
.-:.'I. @---,:,- :-:I. -* ";u
i@i@:[email protected]!--ii@-@ ---@ @: ..... -@:Z:@: :1 [email protected] @ @ -"-- @ .-'. @ @ -: i iil , -Iai::::w 7.:: :::.
-:;=:@= . .... .. ........- .: ;: @:: .*.:: : t::: -,i:i.,::::::: ::: .; i:
m.@@ :::!.; 1;: @. *-I :;:: .l.. :t:T . n@ ... liiL.,ii@@ @, :lilliiii:. ai,-ii: .. . .... :ii--.@@@i@@@@@@:i@i@@:ii@-H@i--,@i *..... .. **--:...@
.111' ... Im. nl: ... :rl ...I.....-
.:. -,: 11:.: :: :I @:;, I .
@
-.. .- I
.... L:. I.F.9 .. ...-.::t ::::..
-:.- H ;-L 1@::=l..i@ ... I............I.....
......... .I--- ..... .....@.......@............ ,@- ........... . .. - .@@";@. ......
-- @:, "I----I....@.........!:; III: ::t- 'iiifi- ;:ij-,.@n wsm:::::;::;:: .mm , @::@:11i@;@:::i::@:::ii::i@:i:;i . . . . . .:;.::::.;_-.-:.": ............. ... -, ........
- .. -: :::I::::T::: .... I It. ....:.!iiiiiiK. ::::;`::..::::::@ oo@.. :ii@ii.:".-M7 . .
::;@ . ,;J:,I.--@ ... -ia 1 ,Nli@@-`.!@iiili@ii;;: :: ]@ iiiii:
-t@. ="l..::-.I... I-.: i: i @ i I i i @ I i @ @: ii: i i i i! i i @ @ j @@ --' :,:::: :.@: -.. -:-,
.-
-- . . ....... Iii ... ...... I::_:-z=...l. :!:-------l---ll -@:k:;i:ii@i@@::-!.- ..
@,;==::.: :.::::::::m::::.L;!::.:.
..n:":: ......... :ti:L::*-, :.:;. ..niz ........I... .. I.- ..-.-.--. . ....... -..--. -I.. .. .. Ai;@:i:@:::ii@ii.:". !.-I--- fl-*- I. - !!::-l:::@:: 1:-4@1--:t.
F-..@.::@l.:@:..:@:,@@7:@ll:@l.:@. @--:@:! ..::;:: :: . .....I-:L:t:
:::.:::;:-.::;:::::::::::::-: ......-it@ ;i;:::l::::: @:::@!@:i.::;@: ::i,: 1: I: ;t. - ---, -::: * I I... .:m::::7: -::::@::@
[email protected]@@-11:*. ..i,: ..::;:::::: :::::::!:!@'.@@'...;: :!l::=:::::!,m. : ::.:.
-F.. .iLlit.t::@:%; @i-.@Li@ !,I .. .. .... ..... .::::: moI@:!:L ;::Li:::::::::::::::::- ............... -..., ..... =!:.&.l..l...'. 7::::: @.. ... ...... ::::I
:::;:: . .;...ii@@:+i=l;::::-:.:@ 1:: *:::!.I .'"K ... ,iii-@-- .-:.::..=:: :: ..... ! ::::::.::.::::- :::-.:m!m::w::iI:-:t-.:: .. ::.
I-..-. -.-.......... iii@il:. ..-:
>I ;::.:@:w:s:::@::::w ;:@:::::@.::;:::: ............. .. .........-... .. . .......-t:- --;I! 'In - --I. i::::.:;:: ::::::.::::;w::::;::
,,
IL-.... 'i.'!Aii@ ..:.: ;:: :i:@;:i:iiii-iFil ..-,-*11 -
.::::::::H -. ... . :-:
-.-@@i@ii-i@@i@-.@I,..-.-.. m.:
i=.:-:.::.@.'.l 1. ...... 11 ..................... ::! .... 1. ......... ..... 1. ::@tt@:.-j Ifl -1:. ::r.-n:--.@ms:::::7-:-::.. -::::==: ,...
III......... I: =:: ::::::. =.. ::l.*:::@:::37::I:::m:::-;:::@ . .........I..... ....... @.... .: i:... 1: ,::: .:!:::::::-@!::: :: =tn-, ,"I @- r= = :-!::!l:-::-i7-:-::-:!
. ....... - .t:::: :::: tl!:;::: ..... . tI -.:.!..
... :tt:-, ...1 :!m:::;:::l :::::.::::: ::::::::::::::n ... ... ..:t:::N ::
@- ... ---,21-11
=--.--.T -..-. .. 7. . . . . ._:::::+. -;-Om ;@I: ....... .=::;;:...,:
-7': @r L'. i. .............@. ... ......... . @@: ;!
[email protected]@-=--...,H ::"-.,.p--:::::::: I :::?::::. :..:.i::!!! :::: - - : I :: I:
.Er:::::-i ..... ............ . ..........".. " @. ....... :::!iii:!:;::3::::: ::::I@;:-:::;::::;;jii::t:::: :::. ..I... . m... -3:: m:::;:::::: @--.-=@:-.:-- -,:7@
*** , *.. .. . . ..@,Lii@[email protected]'!:::,"; z: , ''-.... ::,: T:::::m::::w ,-...
.. - Itil- .... iti -'g.1,4 -7:::@:::::;:=4:...-... .::! ..
= .... :-_:_:::::::: :I::::::: .. -i.QU A- . @,. . .:;:::i - -
@---..-.T-.=..:- - plil;- :, ,::..::..,11:",::%..l :::: @: :: :,::
.I* 11:* ,*:I::,:: .... .... . --=. ". .. . ..................
., L:t;==:;t- . .....:
. .-:,@. n. ii. . .- i!..-
-.- -.- ... --I--:`l.t-.-.q-.tza ..:@ !@ ...........IM ii-iiiq ft- llttttt-Mt:@::::@:@ @. ... -- :;:@11- :::::@il:@-::.=, ..;@@-
-t@it@:ttmtt::n: .... :-.tt-l-...t . ... : I.; Ill.-;::i::I:::::;:: . :::: .; @ ---iig- .:.; ; =Ir ..:.l... , .@.@
-..:== -:::I.-- ---, . viv...@Et: ............ ,.:, 4 t41 '-
o1! K .-= [email protected]:- .... -! -;:;t:-..; ol.It. Ir .. ... .. ......I......::;-.-..:::- :*-ii ... :::!..
in-@;,.:H_=:::!;::::!::::: ::, ...... niir.=r I.::,.:,::.:::;:::..:
-

. .- .... -@@-.*@ -::::-
..... 1. .,-=..--...- :Z: ::.l:::i::::::::. ':
::::;:::. j:::::::::: ;;::::::::::mm .1. ::..: @;o@:.. =:-- ......i..... --.-- .l.....I.--......... @ -.-"-:;-"-----I.*:.
... . ...
v@:nii;::::::: :::::::::::;:: :::: Aim--N.-.----T . [email protected]..... . ....... .H:::,: ,@-- . -= :...-* :.: ---- ...- .: ;: :.. . - -.-7-=@:
;i;::t:::: :::::::::.:;:- .. .. ,-::%:::::: :: :::-::--- -: - -.........
: ::;:=4Hi:I==:=1 ::,.: :=::i. .:::ii -- :- ... .... .....
1:@@;i;@-@Hi:t@-,@@-',-',@iii-;;;i . I.,,z:.*:,.... .. I= -@4... ; .. N' --. E- - -.- -
: ,::.,7:;-..-::;:.-::::::::.-::::: :1I-t4 --
--.1-1 .... ....--..........--- -- - -..... -- - I ii,- - [email protected] .!--:-
-.j-.:::.::::::.::;::; .:;:::%::,id - L'. ,-ii ,i :i@-i@-!4@il4i.'-@it`: :: .. F- -q@- ---- [email protected]@:---.--,-: .:@@HE:.
.....r. .;: .. =1 .......... .. .::!:::i
-<N=lHff::---,I '.'i*---I-i:::: .. ... ......... ....... ..-i
.. ii. .i. - ..: i. . 1. - I
... -- .
O--:;:::. -. .. ----- -7:.-j .1 =:: :1 .:,'I:::::.:-::i::::7.::.Ii@::i::.::-::::::::-.::::@.@@ [email protected]
:;;-;--ii!-- -.@@ii--q--- ,[email protected].:i .. :@. = :,:@"l ................=...I
-.. I: Ira:, :: :::V::::*;.r !i!i--:.:-,.::: ..... --n--;i@@i@i:@@@@@:i@i:i@@:@i-'..!i@i@i -:::::-.:!,::l.I
IP .::;:,2;o: @.
m. I-- -:I..
... - *
...
=@ -.-:----.l:-H ......... ...i:i. -:::= ::i..
.... ::::: ::;-.i::i- i :* i.4
, -
I@`
..
-::..1 I -....
= ..
- If: --i-T.H -FifiRii-, :- ....... :: .,..-..:=.,: .......!:.....4-r!- .; I-
.
--.111 T...@.:,@@t:ttit@zlll .......... t;[email protected].* -@.@@@i
... :::.-.;:: ..::t%::, 11t:-11--,:I1::=@ ....... w @t.....-... ---
,I'ii*: -F ........ i!. . . .. ...-- -..M
@! ---:4=I:;::..i@@::@:@i'ii--i:.....--.. .-.:: .... ..... ...
.. I::.: :1 11-;;* .iii:: qi:iiii@:I@. I-:. .1 ... - - I - I.....
-
-@ 110I- ; 1------@
II"
--... ..--
-- -ifnv.! @@!E@@A@ - mr..!n---- -----*..... . ...... ........ i@@:::::: =:=="
-.--: ;I. 3-M-11 - EiLL
...... .1
@: i=::= . . ........ ::::::=::I::::::::i::;:::::-;::::;::::;::::"::@.:;:.:::::-::::::!:::: I. ... .......i.......... :;!:I:::i::T7.. I. @@T .77 :: _- - -: - @ - -: @::-
..-.. .....@...... ... ..
*: ...... :@ @.::::::::::.-::::::.j -Ii@
.. ,:: .
-.- ...... ::::::::::::m::::::.: :lm:lla: :@ :i-"::;:,. --
:;@@ -- ...... :;@::: In: -.-..--!:@t:.:::!::!z"@4... -,::! I. 1-1 :w :w.-t:r:=...
..
O,::::::: 1::I:..... :::m:;:::;:::;:::::::..@ ....I-.@:-,-, ..-.:l:::T
--i ,." R."IP: -...-.......@. .. ........-... ,::- ,:.
..T:::n:=-- .qll.... . ...._.::!:: ....I..F .::+:
... .. . ...... -: ... :!:: .::.-:,-` .... . ......-::. ..:::.-.::::,::::::;:::.
`::----:=@@::@ ::-.-.:::::@:t:@@....:::@:!:t,.:@l@. ::::11:::I:;::::::@;:::::::::::.:....I ... ..-:..:wA:;::::;::::::::.:.--: @.
0..... . ........I........ 1:t@:t::;:@:@@:::z ... :::: @:t::tzI7:::n:ll tz-t 4-t ff* @1: 'I--,--- ... :.Il::.l@l.%:::- :::::r:: :::: @......... .......I............. .- -, _6 p -.--.
-.::@. ,:'lt*-t-.l: nn.::: .... :. .:== -, -.-.I:@@ !-:::' :: - K - -,1!!@=rrii:n-
. - .. - .. .It:. .... . .. .;:;::-l.-l -.,.iL::[email protected]:::!:::::i:,:,:::,."::.*@,@'i--*..-*i@i@@.---,4i---.ir@:....R-7 :.::
,., :::::@= -. : :@:::%@[email protected],.....@t @-.::@@.:= . .. . ...... ::::::%:: i -. ...................... ......-t ::=:----:.;;:-:;::: ::- - ::23H--z1-:4---:li.;-.;H ::: :;::%,::::: ..........-
=.... ........... :.::. @... @ @-, ,
....... ..-....-. -::: :=- -- ---ftt= . ii*.-I:::.:::::;:::::":,!:::":.,:@- rl
--@--=j;zu - .'- ----........ ..-.- _7 .-..lilii .:-.-.:,.:;:: ::!:I=:-.--:::. -:j::::::@@::::-::l::::w:
.: .@ +: ,@@,@i@:. 'L :.1 I: .. ....-.n... .1:.I:@". -...-...-:--:;:@:: =-,:::W.--.. i iii. 1.
--.-iiii@@iiiK":-, -111...... :r:.=:-!:.:.=.. -@
@ =.:=, @;--::; ='--;., @ -- .. 1 i @ @ @.,., @ @ iii. -, -.* . j:.. - - ... .. .....-..@ t
.,::*. .i@!ii:iiii@@ jjjj:_ .ijFi i.. r-nnrt@T@=:@@--,-! ...
Fn ':=-.:;:::::.::":._::::_.@..:;:t:%:::::-- :... i@@...4::,r.:,::-.:.::::-:::::::!:.:::a
.'::::-:;::::: .........-. ......-....... ;:iii---@@-I.@!--@,@ .z; ............ .. ::::!- ....
mm--.-::l::;:::::.:. .:::. .-, . ....-. :, - ;:;;I;;;: . .... ......... ....I........I.. @............... .. ::t=:A:::::::- ,::::::::: :... :: -.: .: :::::: @;-:!::::;::::,:::. ..- ..... .... .:::
:@-.-.::,@[email protected]:.-.:-.:-::: :-- ...*,-...I ....
......... @@ [email protected] ".
!@-:@!-.@-.:@::@@: . [email protected].... ...I......:;..'
.:..:- .i.::l.!;lt: :;t ..illi. :: -:ljfl@l ...I. . .. ...... -.-... .. ..... .. .... -.-- ........ :.::.: @. @....
:r).I [email protected] ....., ... .1. I:_- ;l :zz,. ::t: iizi= -:::
:::: ;L..- -=@n@:... .... :-. -.. :: z :: :@:: @:@::::@tz . .--
-.1 ...n::::::: ::,:,:: -= ... : ...
.
" '@T . -.. ... ... I ...I.... ... I... - .@@@ @ @@. @
;:::::::.. :::;;: .-:::;:::::I :: :77il-* -:4n ................. ::..:i ::;::t.. i;::;t:: @*::::*@:7.@!.7::,:::::;@::.@::::":;;".@==:..- :,:: .:=-,::: :::::::::::w;m::::;;::;::
'i. --.'iii@@.4 ......... .@3:1:::t%: . II
0:*.:: ::: :,!:.i:j! '@:@:,:!i%:l @`1"-@'-'---.@@r.H@.;. - -::
, -.. ::::::: z!;H*.- iii@@i;iii.-...... I--...... :: 1!::.i .. .. ........... -..@fl :@. --@ m-:`.- q @:n -,@... @:::::@
.. ....-
-.::;:::;: :::::: ... .... .... .......--. ...... ::I:::::::::::::: ........ , ... .:.@:: - -.- tij:jjiil.:--:@@ ...c
i2i:HL@1-- ::;::: .I: ;:;; :: ... -.-. --.. -I::..::::m. ....i@i,... :E - '@'.--.t@-!::- --@::tn@:@
L ...-... ......;...... .....: rl i: .. I.:::::::-.::t:::7:.... ...Iii,
. @.... ..... ... [email protected]... I...... I.::: : ::::,;:@;
=::@=:'- .....L........... . ........ ft:t::@m.-l..: . .. ........... -:.:::;::i::; ... * ,.:::I !: ... 111. [email protected]..... ":l@:::::::!.. -:.::::_::::
::. ;-. --.; ::L:I,;"i::..l.-, I: :11:1:::@2@@i! @@[email protected] .- .... ...... 11 'L!::n........I. ..----..---,. -....I.. .... ..... ........ ...........@... - @
: :: I
: ..= .. *:::::::::::::::.:.::::::.;: ............. :-.. tl@;: r: :I::::::::: I: ..- . @... ..........-.......@......@........ I.--- ......
.. ....... 1-1
-.,.- -,@@::@:.::::::i@:-.:::-::::@---::::!::::@:::.::;:::::::I ... ** ---- @,::: I: : ::@ :;:...,;;3-,::m.@4:=-"
. - := ;::tl:;.:I=@--.:;:::!::;:::K-"! :: .. ..... I..... @......... ....... - @. -... .. ... , ", ..
-.-.. .:I:: I I.... ....I........ , *
.-:::.::::!:::n,!:!:! ---- Hj .. ::::1. :::;!., ... 1.-
@:!:::: :: ::!:l,:::: 1 I;;:::I-1--l-11 I........... .........
.- -::;::::;::::j.l:::nr!:::@!1: :t:.!:: .. -:... ...I....
06 . II: :i. [email protected] . ... ...... L.... _
::::;::: . . ............ ... . .. ,'@":., @-:.,: :*.:! :::: ::.:I---:.
...... @;wwwm@osos:t::t;:.i i..: ...... . .,: -:@: :::-::;--:::7::.q::T ::::.... I.. .........
I*.: It-.@ .... ......I......-l:::-:i:i:iiu,-- jjjz-r...j -"- ;:: I!:::I::::::.,::,.-- ....c
I=: - - -.:. " * ,.::,. -:- ..'I.- - .1- --
.
.. I-,..... ::::.,:=: :1 7' : i:,i@"M.:-.@.!rl:.:nt:@-.. - --=-.... - -
-....@--. .:: ..I..11 ::;, ,-@ @...:......I. ....... ::::::::;:D
-- ................i.... ... ....3:: I -.. tI@ nl-!::::f ::::I .......@.. ...... -t:: :@: ;:@-@ ::@.!:, -.1 .... -- I... -= :Mtnt:nn-!@@:.-
..:: -::.:;::::::.,-.@.:ii--.*!;.*:::I:!:;:-::;;::::;:.....'.. ..;:; :::: .-.::.:::: :::: ::::::!:: .. .. .... .-._::;, *:::.-:@::....:-. --:
@[email protected] ........ L- ... .. @.. @.
..... :- =i=7:;:4-...... ::..j:j ..--- ......-....... ---.
:::::::7: ::::.:-. :-.1 :l: :. ::. - "..... .1 ... ......@... =: ... I ,...;"l<
;@. V:@.;: lKii 1: t1' @ @ -. - .:,:! -'.! I i I. III :::::.::: ... -- ..:: in I,.:,.:::: : :::, ::::-
.::: ... ---'vi.i@ @i:'. Eif-.-H:@-.-Lji j_ I.
-..1.1 ::@,;lllt: n:-.1 ,.: .N. ... I , -I... ` '@- :.-:J:@!;..: L::::: X .---- ':;u:.
:. -@@-!!.iTi -, @ @i.: @ i '. i *.; ii. ::- I L-.:;t:,.::: : i., .......... %t% I: 1. -@@: .... :@= HE:::::! ...... . . .........
-- ..-.... -- ... `1@;-Pt IE: I.- I -f., ! i ..:; .....LL.; i I1:@.. i:,::t:: ... I- .. ...... ,,::: ;::::::
- -iii@ . ...... @ -... .... .... ..-..':
........I:-',-.- .. 1. it: ...........I:::I:::::a.::i :%-1 -.@ ...@...... .........
.;t:..@::-.:::;@=@@i::::.":;:;.:: @t:tt@@:u t:tt itt. tt;t : :::: :I: ;:-' :!:-. - ., @. ... ... ...
. .... .......... .... a.. -;:;"":-.@:. .... .. -- ..... :tl:: :: ::,;i ;III I; ................ -- ::: -:::::=: -:.::".:::._-,... .... .. T,i!i:@li.
....... . I...... 1. :: :::: N t:--- -1 .... I.-I.-.-T-f. =: :ii4iii NH :.: ;..
--iii@i@:,.i4i .... -... .. ... .; ..... 1, ...': : :: :11,11;i .; ......I.......... -A-HHi@@.*--:i-t.*T-f-*-
M ,1:t: @:,.:: i..., *-..:::::i@@ii:=@. ::: - =:@@-%:z;--r,
-....I...... .!:to.. .; tt::: :: @!: :@:@
;::. ,,,,, ... ... L . . ... ::.: ... .%-:;;; 11; .... ;;;;-ifki@p -
----=r--m::::::---. -. ..:!..,i@i'[email protected]@i:,"Ii!i--..: ::t:::@;! :.-: .. ....I... "... ....... .. .... ..., ........!;,-.
,.:::I :;:: ....... ......I..-.@@ii:@i: iii:::
I ::: . = _:I--v: .! .;..;.. ..:;::::.: _ :::::. .:@i 7:-;::;:::::::i:::j!:* 1::.: !.--nf::::::, --.zj:=.!::::::-tt,:rr::t-:;- ?\
:::::@::I:,-.l-:::-. ... .::.'...-
:::!_%i,- ............ L'.,.-
:= - -:: =: I,- = = =- --..-.-..i.fI........ .... _,I *.... :::t :@!! ... ... .......... - ... :::::::: r-
.r-n@:rr=T=:-r::= -': -- .m @==: li-@ia,:=:-. ..
..... .... . ... ......
*-7-:* ': ::: ...... ..:;:I*.:::z .:!:--.. . .-.......... . ..........
. .i@ -...' .. ....... ... ,*:::: :::*,,*.
..
-LNE-1--l' :,:iT-.--.--.iii@l* ......::..-... ....I. .:: -.:;;:::..::::t::!:I:::: ,;::I::: .................:
.. SEMI,-..
&-.:- -4 :::: !:--tt!n-"-.w,.-.-......l @:::;::l_::@:.::::L:.=s::: ::;::: ... ... ... - .- .- .:-- --: -- - - -- - ---------
:T-ltl:ll-.A@- .@lti@,.:tn_ - r.-:;--. -4 -! :::: ::::..: t:. : :: i-Or'. lir .:..... _.. .......-.-- -.,.=.
-. i.. .::*. -;.:::::!:@!I:.-:.... ;: .-- .. --+
UM :: ... j---'L ..... ...-I- .. 1: :t::: :t:;;:;.I .@i,:;.:I: : .., '..
:- iF :.---;---H:- im---l,i:iili:.j.iN--.: .:q:::m::;!::.
...........@.............. . ......---. - -- :.::-.:=.: :... .... :: i . .:%::::::: ............ -..-.-..--.. ,..-
*, ,
90 ...;,.:...... .==::".c
- 7@=:.:! .....:... i.._ ;- -----..- --.:@t.-.:= --- -:;::::-...... - -...-..-
::::::::::.-!, :@@ll .. ..... -.. -@.: ..:.: .. --...
;l-ttim.; @:- I.,..... .. .......... rl.--..... @@n :.:.-:L-.:@'i.-,*-.-.L4i@i,@,-"...-.,.- ij-: ._--- -,----@..@t@.. -
:-.. :n
... ...........-@J@ .. @-- ... -. .-:..
I= . .... :. .b ......@....... =::.:n.:: .-.::-@::-:@.-.@@@.-@[email protected].@:@-F.:@:@"*- -. -....'.
- -:- -it -, i-, .-..,t,:;*.:.*:,.::-.-..m . @:;:*
.. -- ..:.. .: .@. . .::. ...
-. ........ .@.: '...-@tt "- - " * L -, @@==: @==@.@......., @..... : :
F=-t= .. .... --- -- @:::i@i!i@@niiii @i!!Lfliiiij:-:@. ... .... i===".. @.:.::: vi ::.. -:; :-.-.! ..
-"'--,:: ..... .... .... I !!:@
-.- -.-.: .......... I.- ...... - ...: ...... := ... .... .... I... .. .. :::::;-.::.:.!:::!: !::: :::, -.--"@@;-i;;:z
v:;--i=:iEjET-@--tH---' -------:;::::=I:::!i::m @ii..-tiii;-;.:: .. ..... i..,..-. ...-...-.-iii -. --:@ I @:;-- -t@ . ....@.::. ::,
, :; .. - -- --.1-4 ... I ... ::.: z4:
-==:*I;.1::;. ;:. -,::: =. . .-:--.-.. ..-.::. .. ...., .... i ... -;.;-o;;;;;@--
' *[email protected]. I. . -%:.., .. . t.-...!I-.. t : !!I: .-I -... @.. ... =-r-.m@.=---.-.
.............I....... @.@, -,-:L@@-- -V'tt: t@t@ `ttt@:Jq -3 -.1, t; ". L........ __ ...... ::@: ::::. :;:; =., -::-..@... ;.... I @
.:.
-------- -L...... ................ =: 1: ...... -imi-'--. - il =I i.- I...:1.;IF . .:A.:... . -. -z.................. -.. -..f
............ ..... .. ..... Itil.I.1.:.-..:-it.. -:::344-"T:.-- .............-z-%q ,:: *-,:.,*" ;:;:::7=,:.-,@
-... ::::- !:!: :::: :p-.: .....I.. -.;. t. .:-..-w --. -- -
@-:::: := ::`!::::: ...... ii:iii!li .. ltl-jl@i-!i :::: :i;;:::::::::: .... .... ..:. ....... - .... .lr:!tI-,--l;tliiiili-.=n t--: ...... @-=!I::@@'=-:..-t
;[email protected]"@iii,'.I.N. ii.In:; : @:; 1:;.....
: :m:=:: . . .. . ....... --- ...) ...@................. it:,.-, -... :::. @ @::: .. :zr-:: :: ! -
,::::i:::::::::i::--n:ti@:77:.-:;::: i:s::::!:-- -:;::::.::::HN*i@i!filli ... - -.... -; ;:; ::m - -:-. @. -.:... r. ::::I@j::I--:::-,:!7 !:j,m----
.:::::::::. .... 2....v
...-
.
.1
-.... - -tt :.,. .or.11 , * `.. :-
-
5o o@.:tt.@- z. -V:.-,.1 .. .4 - .= =@r:-...-J! @,:; .:::: @ @::.C
,:.... .. ;;;.;. :::: :::::::;:::;;::;:;:F::: ::: ::::.:;::;.:::::::::: n.i't @j:!,.;::!:::::@::.@j;:;::@- :::.;: ::::
.....
-
.---.-.... ... .... . .
,::::l.,..::@:::::::l::::I........-.......@...... . . ...@. ::j:;t:,::::,:::: t.1:1 :t:@I:::,
,!,::::"-",:i7::;::::::,i:,::*::;:::::@:::@t,:@:i@,*: ::::::::** "" , -,....
-:=:-:::@r'@"I--.:.I.I-- -l!r7--..--:t__ @7in,.-.:,::,.:::
-- "I ;.::;=;::-- 1t; -: -: , ---- J- =,
.I: t:::::
. I..... .!.... la, ...
:4:,.:1.i :-.,: ::: :: .........I.. .... ...... @77t -n:'!!-
r.:- !. .::.I*-:::;:::m .. :.. .@tr!@:::.L
F -;.:.-:::; ....
.,-.
... ..... ::. .:1H 1. :::: ... .:=;I:",=l-:"!.;@::;: iiiN--.---T*H.@@i@@,-.,-. " ". i..!:,.:::I..: *,.:::::
-777Z@= .-.7"-:-r '-:::;::::: it @:. tilt,.I im ii.,: :::: %::;::::I::::;@::@; @-;;:;:
I
...I .....:*.rF@:::l!!:I: :::: ..
.:::::)::::::::::F@i@l::,:::@::.;@.A@...", 1. _ .... .......I-
:::::::;:;::::::. .., .: t.::::Il .. . .....1 .......I
:: It . ::.;:i:i.-:I.: ::-.... i:;:: ."::I".............. ...........-- :;::.*@-1:7:tl-:F@@@-iii-.=..-,...,.@[email protected]
IN
--t::::. :.::-,;7I::::lv::w;N::l::i:1 ...@-. .11-
.. .. ..... .... @ .... - @:::.... -.@
--, "'@.. .... . ....... @t.;....... ;.-.::@:;:::::: ... I- ...:.i::r,. ii@iii;iii:i@@irm:::. @:::lt;;:V
- -. 1. 11 . !."'
.... :!:!1::: .
---7'77=:@ 'n'@t:-,[email protected]:r::::!:!::::::L:z ...... !;@[email protected]@iiiii@ilp:i--@ 1-i-i'l., i, ......... - I - ;: .. .. . I: iii@llii ---.!t!3t ;:-.. -:.. .:.3!.
. -
.... 1- .... .....I....I....:--.- p. -. ...-." *:: - @ -
.:t-ilml@---.:-.-l--- -%'I.ET
Tr .. :;:: .... ................ ::::.;::::::::
--1 ....... 1. @@ .j. .44 ..z!;:::3;-; H;iiii!ii:iii:;w;l--Lj...w @--,-:;;:;l;:t;
@am:%::;: @:@:::::::::!:::::::::::::::::;:;::: : :::::!:-. .......... I.- : .- :I:;::; :::4:: -,-- -.--.---...
-1 ... :tv@i -.::::iii:i:j;;;;!@:;i!;:;: ii:i;ii@:i---::.-. ti-.:,::::::: ::::::; ... ... -, ...I..... I. ... @:..*-..... - .q-.... -
--: . ... ......... ........ ......I....... . I... ..
II:' -..; :=:,: .--. ::::I,..-......... ..
:::::::, ,:;;i:: . .i:."t - U%,!@.............. .... ...,N. -I:.,.:.@:@::::.
@@;;:. 1. . @
@@ . .. .@ @.. I it,I.. I.... :::*. - 11!, ;;@ ;@i-.@@'-@ ii- --m .:, @=:--:--4 - J-";iN--'-;--lt-l-=---. @-'.--.'--H-- ..... .. .
-
@----.. .,-IL., E --I:. -..n:::=@@::::::I.,!--:.C
ma:s::::-;::@.:.=.- --i!iii.r@i@l. ... 1-11-14-I'l -.-7 ....... @ -- ` i @ i ii @ I - *.-..: It -:- l i::::::::;;: :::::;w:.:::::@:l;.
- ::::: ::: :;:.:::;. =t?-.. .... .... .....n....I... ... ;--@7:-- =
... - .
L:.::@: ::::::m:::.!7::::::::; . .......... ::i:::F1 :::::::::::::::::::::: ..... .... ......I.:;:. @i%.li! :1I.. .1
::::!%:-::::::. ... ........ -1 .......... tl.n , ." ... ..,;:..r.:: :::lwnl@' . .:::t i:: 1: -: t::. --.. ,-.
-.- --77! -, .., .... .. ...... --@!@g ----a .:-:i.;:i:;:-......@--- -:@- .. .......... .= .......... .1........... I -... @......
:::-, :, -.0 is 1 i --- :; - .- 7: , 1.--.:: :: -Th : :` 'i@
...- . --.IU- I..... -:11- -.-'E
II .:: ...:t.I...... ;-.. . I. -
CP r. .--. .-@=: !:-:--::-t:m7:: ::! @:::--:;- -:;::!:: ..... .. . .. ........ :::.: ::@: :::: ......@. ....... . ............I-
:......-.......... -!::::! mw I%-I: @@-.-.@@ .---@11!@i!: ,..:. - .. ::::w:::r:; m;:::::::::;:::;;:::m:::::l.:: I.;::vw:r::::::- :-.-:,::: :::!::::Z:---%.:I;: ;H *i- -- ---,
.....--.:-.-t-: n:::!n!!---,@. . L.; @': i;::: !::: ..::.;:
'!:::::: ... ;-L ........ - ...**:::, 1: :- T... . .......... . .... ...... I ..
-.-I ....@...... -.1 . @.. ... L". . .. .. f7 ..........-, ..-%.,:-.,::;::7j -::: -::!:-------- ::::::::::: ::: ::.
-::::::::' :'::::::: ::7: ' ::::@:- * -:; m:::::. :::::::::::::::: .. ...... - @........... ..... '... r---tg@4- -11-.,:**-, I-. --..-.... ------ - @. ......I..... .- .1:::
--... --l .......... - .. .::-::
-::.:s :I @ i.....- ...... ..... ::!:::: ::::: @@ -ri; . ...... : @--.,".@iii.."::i:@.,"*.@-:i.iii; .. .....
,::::: I:::::: . .:_*:,:.I@::::: :.:. .@==tt@@ ........@. ....:[email protected]........... :--:,;;--i-.. ... .-:iTi. if:
:;::@:::t:::7 1: .... :::: ... HPP.I'll - -`-@i'-.`-
70 F.-::.:L;r:.@m *::!::::::. -:.. @ @v::w:::.ix@iiiiii @:
-:- -,;: ... .. @- ;l ; @... -:;:,:::.- I... l..-:::. ,@.:::..:::::,:.,::::I::::!:::::::::,:..:::::::::::L!:::.:::::!-.:I ...... -:- -.. . .... . .... i.N::;..::::= :.
."
F.:::: -::@:::::::::;..:.: ; :.: ...:.:..m;:..;;--....I. ......... ....... .. .-I .....I....... 4ii, ---.-.i . ...l
--::@:@:@:ms -- :m ::m::::::::;-b.::.l:m -i:a: ;: ..:;.::::: -:.,:.. .:;:::::m!w::a:r.::!:.:-;.:::I ... -...-...-..... . . .... ;.mimi - it ....1............-...1.....1................... .. .....-.... ..... ............. .:;:c
.\
. .....;-@@:::::::;:: .... .. lp: .... 1. -@ . .....-I-1-1- ... -. ....T::::@::;:l.
`-@-: ... :::@ .... .. .. :::::;;::.::.:::::..@4-;::::::j:::- .:::;:;@@::.-:::::j:!::!: .... .@..... .. ..." ..
i:! -::::::::[email protected]!:::: ::.:::: ............... iii ... xt::t:@::t-l= --@;@@::.nt@n.....
.:.: .............-.... .`:::.:::.:.::;.:@;::; :: ........ . @;:w::m:;;: ... :::::4:. I... ---::I::::::::::: ........ I . .-::l:::::t @@tt@:. I., @:@:@@::@@=
,::: @:::v7:w::.::L::w:-m. :w.:::-::w:mw:. . ....... :;:I:;::i!::-:: ....... @;:..I
*...*...L. . ........ 1. .. *::t::-- ';:::=;uI:.; .. ..... -::::::@ :d:!:;:::,-,::::::-.;.--- -:------:@@'- * @--
.. ... ...

,
.: @-::::::ab,::::::::w, ...;: ,::I::::l-w:-::::::::@ .-:-:;--,: ... ;@;::!::: -::::::t::: ........... ............ :::::::j:::;:-::j::;:::::: -.- ---::::@::---;;:::--:)
:@::7;:. ::::-----@@-- - ---.- ......-.. ......... -: .. .... .- -'-'-N*R:::, .
...
_.::::: @:: @: ,:::::::::;::::;: .l'::::::7:q::.::: @@i: .,@@i@@ :@'Ni:---@ul---Ll ...... ... :i..=l:*i:l,@
"',@: -.::::: @:: %........ ...... I .;::::,:!..:::::;::.I;;!:.:@ll::::::::;::;: :. ::::::..:::::::::-@: ::i-:::i:::mn:@ .. ................. . ..........
*.
.@@ :;,:-- =.:=@4@ .=l:;:-.:::::::: ::.:::::...:::::::::::!::::::::!. -..-.:;:- - ;-::::@--4
--
-
..:.:!.. @:@.:".'.'. @:-: ::m ::::;m!:.;:::,:: ... :::::: ::
.: ----7--- - - - ":@@Ni@@:... : @.. .....
:ii@:J@::::::* .: .: :;,!:::::::::::::::::l -..,.::::.. ..
@.::!:::::::::::::-:: I i:::::: @::::: -::: .... ::-::--:.-s::@:.. - .. .. @...
@--:... .................L..............-... ; :: ::, I. ..........@...... ... ': . ...... @: =;.:-'-.:--: -- H@iliil@@jl;i@-@: .:, .::: '; - .. .
.: - .:::: @'@n'r@@.. 7-1 ........... - -. ... . ..... -.----.., ;:: C,
%:.. .: .............. . .....1-:t:,..-:I::::::;::t::::;::::::.:: ....... .. ......:....=.. @ *@I.:-I!:::@i:.6t: :@@::@:t
;!::-:::-:.;@;:::::;:- - !;:::::::::I% :::::: :.:,::::!::.:::-:::%:: :::::j:;::::: :::: ::.: - .:::: ,..,. ... .---.---
.@.:L- ......... ::::::.: ---:::::::::.:.;:: ............... ...:::@@:=@@ @;:-,.-.-@ C.
.::.::m:::::;:l:::::l .: -t:'@'!f--ii',7.*I.-.:Ir@!@::11:::.-:::@:::::!:::!-7::: --------.. . ...... -.--..-.-...- .......... - -----..., ,::-.-Z'::::I:::@ ::::Tz@:.-::-- ......
(00.`.-T::::::.;:a::-::.U:I-- .. ..
:---1..... .....I. ..... .. @ - -.;::;@ .. .. ;:; :. -: 4 .., - i. -.'i @ i - -
. .-
:.......... ..I.... :..;: i:' . .......... ;:; .;::::m:::::::::::::::::: I: t. .... '.. --- -::::::
. .::::I* . ............. .... .. .. ...... :;::;::::::::: ::::::::::i::::;:;::::::::.:::::@;@,.@:-.;:::::::::::;:%@:::::. :::::!::::! ............... ......... ...... ::::::--,-@-,."::::
=;*@;Z.- - ...@.!;::.: ... i =;;;:!: ........@..................
. @[email protected]..... . ... ........@. ....... !:::: ..::::::;@:::-::----:::::.:. -w:,::::.::m :::::::;:%:::r.:::l::::;: ;:t::::I:::w::..@;. -
... I- ... 11 ......;::!:::@%..@'. -....... :.::: ........... @ [email protected] -11, I 11 -.:I
::::I::-- . ,-.: ........
d;I: - * =..... :::::::::::;; I:::::::7r::: ::::::. -,
::.. . .. .....0 :.. .. .............. . .@-@@:-- r:==@i@-- -7@@= @@,--:-=- :=@@4::@;@.
@@i@LL;."t-lt.@t@ :,.::,.:,4i" ...
@:,=;. .... . .------..-:.I.1,4 .........@
. ol: ;:;::;:j::m:m::@_--: ::: ............... ........ wm:m:::=::::;--:@: . ........ :;:::@:: ........... : ::::"L ':::::::::;-
..... ,.t-,--. " ='- "' @ @' - - " , - ". .. . @
,, `i;]@-................. .. ........ -m:l::m: i@. __
.. ,LH- .=:1.1. @!::- =-::7 @@ @... ::
1;5::; :::::w.:%::m::w@:::::: . .....@...
:.: : :;::; ::!::::j::::=j ..i::: :!::: n:: -1 ::::::: :.::: ::::::::::::::::;::;::;.@@iii@@@@@i@@@i@@i@@@@@iii@i@ii:;-: r-
I.:::,;:... :7::!:::-L :%::::;3:;::!:::::::::::::@ I:::: T::::::: @::r::;:.::,: .@::::::t
::::::::::.:lM-'-"":-:. . -..........I............... ::-:: ::::::::!:::-!:,::::7-: :-@-.::- .......... : ---::::: @:. - -::::in*:::::!:::@.:,::::t:::::::::: :!::
-.-
-'& . @;. --:.@.:il::-'.@j:t"tt. -,::::I:::::: @:::::::: ::::::'@-:::::! -.@,-.l-,@;.:-W.-i-i::: :t=i=:-::*:C
... I 1" " L.-j-1---, @-- -;_- - -::::::::::::::::: :::L:L* :::':::::@:::::::::!:::::@::: , ::: .....
... .... ---
,`:@::::::::m:::ii:::l:;;!i ..... ;I ..... 1--l ..... ::-: :--@n- @n@--@=t ................. -- . .... ..:.......-.... -'- ......... ::::*'::. ::::'-::;;: -----------L......
3;.,--. -.1 .......... -.... @nn--n---,@=,. :;:. ..........
@. :.:" I.......... L-L, -............:.... __-.@,= .. . ....... :::-... I-:::::-.
.---:4!.-,---:a..L.@: :--:@.;;:::.:::l: ......... ;@tr@'- : -!:==,--.-."@=
. -.- .. . ... .... L" ;L:I-. .1. ... ........... .... I...... @ @..........@....
-(f @- - - -:::: @;: ::: ::: ! :: :::: - - :: :: % ::::;;:::;::: .;::::::::::: -,: " @;::::1=4- ... -... . . . ............. ms:mm:::@:: ::::::::::::::::::!:::::t: :::ww:::,-:w: - -:@::: :::t::::.::--:-::::: (:-
--i- ..........
.. .......:......@..... - -: :::;Ini:::;::;@:-:::::i:::L:*::::::;::,::.I::: ::: ;:::;:::% . . ... ... .1 [email protected]...............
........... :::::::::: @. ....... ,::: ::; . ..
5- ::: :.: :: :: .: : . :. ::.:.m: ..... -- .......I..... -.- ::::..:::: ..... :;
- ' '@--7-t@-@7777-:-i: -'-::: '!--:r!,:--:.-!::::: ..: m: :::: I:::: - -........... :: ..!@:,.:: @@:::::!:;:,::*:,-:,::-:-::--::-:-:: .. .... --------------- :4-- .::::.,::_: -.... :: ::..::::t ....................
....... --l-a :;=l L- ": ::.::t:::,--!:::::: ;;::.:::::::::::::N::;::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::-:. :::::::wm::.:%: .-
. @::`:; :.::@i; ..... . ..... .... . ..
.. =n-.@!tt!tl-.@
.. N: .;@:.:. ::i:-@' @. ........@... _ .;:.: ::A:@: :: .. -----:@::=@:::@=@
iaa :1 :_w. ,::-::@:::: ... :::. .:; *: - -:. -:,: -::::.::, .;.-:::::.::::: .- :i;:::::.. I.: :::: i.:;:::::;::::::::;:::::.:)
...:.:-,:::::_.:.:::!:-;:::::.::: : : w ,::: :.:..:@:i;:_::. % ::.7: '7:. " `@: ;::@:::,@@t@@.-'@-i-.-'..@--'.i.t-'..@.: ::: ....L.... -.". rmj"@-.._.-.trt@-..@::;; -:::t:%:::::::.::::;:@l::-, -:: :::I:@:::::!7! .-::::>
....@:: :..:,:; .... 1. .... -..................-..........I...........
;- ; ' :: - ; :. ::::::::::::':. -@e:,L _ ::-:::w+- .......... =:;!f:;; ::ig.
@: - ': : '': [email protected]..... ::; :: .... 4. .......... .=:::-:i:!m::: ::::::::::-::.; :::;:--- ...
- -: @;::::::::.::.m::: : : ::: :::::...!:: t: ., I.:: ..................... ::::: i:::::::;: ... .. ..............@..... .L- ....'-::@-- -'; ... ... ............ ::;
t-m::: :::: .:;.::I.::@7:=t!it:::::-:::::-:,: ..--.-;:::::--.-=::.::;:@-@:@ ::@;.
-::::::- :.::. ::,:;::.::: @ ::: ::--.... @....... ... m:mw:::::;;:: A-11,@, .-' -.---I- j: ... ....
'iiillii; - .----LLL-::,:,-_,:, n :
- @ ::: .:::::::::::: ::!:::: .... ........... :::::=:. :::::;:;::::
:;@:@@--,@ii@l .177@71@n=--:-=-,-- @"@==:@'----
@... @:=@@--:O:nmn.=.-
.
_
.:
.@::,;:::::.
'--7'7-@'=':@@:!':r-@:rr"":'@@:::@:-!7-7:!"'!.@ ......... .. -. :!;::: i@li . -.,. ........., ...I....... :w:l::m-.v.m:: ........@.... . ..;;...... -L-:::T..- - ----.-@[email protected]@ ......-
-1:::.::;7:1;.
F::.:: ; - @::::::-:-::'::':'::L::.:- :;::-::.;@: :::::_LLtt;=:, , ;- -:@;:::;:: :::m.:::IN .. ..-. -.::::::::::::!: .......
_; :..:. .. -@:::@-:-:-@*"- ;-@;m:: ::::::::: ;::::l:;:::::: -::: :j:::;:;:::;:::::::::: .:: .... .. ;:: :::.:: %@ :4;@:F--..-::-:: -: .....@. .......... :::::::::
.:: ... ::,:::!:; _. . @j
--.... -..----...-.--.-. .;@ __
I .I. -_n:@ ... _ _-_ - . =.*.:: ........ .... .... ......... :::,-:--. (i
.: .0; 1.1*.. ..@@ ... ..... -- .... .... ...... ....... -.. i........
.
.... - .-...@....... j;: @-'::- -..............-.j@
-- @[email protected]..... L " @@-. .:::l;::::b:: I :::::::::::::::-.::: ::;: @ I::: _:::!---.:::.-.:::I:::, ... .. .. ..............
....... 1::: @.:::,:::.:: !::::.: .................. ........-
'-:::;:':@:':@'--:::::L::::::::@'::.:@..:;:::;:::': :::;:@ ;'@.:;-:: -:;:: ::::::::: :4.-. ........I.................. ::: ,-,.-...-..-------
-:.:.;::. _:: ::::!;:: ... :::: -.... L ...@.....@. .................
_:i;;;:I::@ ....... --- -. ........... :::: :::;::;:: v:::;:ww:;w::::::m::;: @:: `::;::::::w::...::. ... Ll:: ::::t::::::.
..:, @@@i@@@@@l@:@:i::@@::@@:@:@:i::i@: @@ilit -.@.@[email protected]:[email protected]@iii: i;.:;: ......... ..@[email protected].... ........... ..... :::-.j::--_-:::::::::t@@ :..
:::;;:: @@.-:::::::::::::: .:::: @: :::, @::: 7 7: ........... .;: ml::!.-
..:.::..@:@:: : ::.:@...;': ::::---:-.@:r:7!::::::- @-.:I:@:J- -- .. ........
w. ::::@ ::::::::.::::::.w-
:: ...--i.. _::::_- .-H"
....
[:,: ;:,: @:-::::. ;::::::; , ,::::::,. i.: @: :::..::: @ :::: :; :; :::::: ::::[email protected]..:Ii-*!:;w. I :wm:::@m::4:---
:-.1-:... - -- ..... i.::! .........@. -.-
.. `:. .::::::::::m:F:m:m:@:::::-:,.-...... 11
.- :W::m :. .::.:m.::I..:: :::::::@@: : @i:@::,:::!ii:i!ii:: :t: ... ........@... ...... ::,.!'I : jj:@ff- .........@........... - -................L...............:...
..: -si:m::@@.:m::!"7-:!- 7--:..... '@T@@:@::;ii@i:i:i::l ---.i@ :;::.:.;- ----.--.-1 -- ---- ....... . ..... - -
----:--..@@ ::: .. .:::@::!@::!:..::.::::.::,..:,:7@:::::::::r::-.:!r::-!.@-7: '. --ii@"------ji---ii@-':;::::;:
lie-; :wm@-::Ip::::: ....... .. : -`iHff.'@@.--'@ @@- ' ' -- ' ' ---.--- "" ...................L............ = -,: --- :::I:!::;::;:t@:::;:%.
I' ::::'::--:::- .......L...@:::!:!7-=@ -1i:!.-.... . .....A."[email protected] _-.=1 ..... i-.
.... ::: ....@..... .... " L... . 1!: .@@ ................. L @......... : :
1- =- -=.@;..I:::::3:@:::::::::::;::: ................... - I............... :.%;::::::::::::;w:m:m:r: ..=n:@. :...
.:! .:@I=ttit=;@ @;.:. @..... - - I @: - i@il@@'-*ii@ ...... ... :::;@: :;::: :::: I:! ............ :@.
I,---:l.!:::l-i@r:.. .W:T ..........:!:::!j::%:;::.
@ : .@:::: *:: ::! @!:: :;:l:::::l@'@':::-; : -::::::@:::::.l ... ... @ - @........@. ...... .!@@lntnl:;;-.......... @ I. . . . . . . . ...... .-i-.,. ---@";";;=L"@@---" -l:-:n:":: ---@: :::::r.::.-:::::l :.,:::;:::;::: :::::t:.:::::::!: = ::::I:::.
-::::;::::: :::::: :': .......-........ .. . @ .. @1- .- .@:I:[email protected]@*.tili@i:l:;::ii::@:....
F... - - 7::: --- :=@:::::-@::::m!:!47!..-:.:.-
.:;::::@: ::::::::!:!;:::::7::::::@:::::::::.:....@ ....i.. :::;::::;. :::-@@:mmilni::;:,;;@%i@@::: ....... .........!.... .... ..... =::.:::!1:7:::-.
... ::::::::::::' - :: L:: It:: . -I.,
._::.:::. I* ..... .... . ....:.......... ..@...... ::::::::::::::::17-".---......71T@@-----.i:-::I-
:!:::!:::::!:,@::!:: @:. n-. - -......... i:::: @i:::::: ,::: @': r7: @!!: ".- ....:::z;::i..!:::::::;:::::::::@.:::::.::-. :J:::I:@::@:I:::@::@: ....:- -------
:: :::@::: .::: @:: ::::::::::::::: L:.:: :::;::::::: t7.;...It.!I--:@::::::=::4;;@@. :-z::=!;:::
@:;:j::@ ...... I -: ........ -::@:::-::.=!::-:.: - :.- .-.... -..--..-,_.l;-::....-::.::: ::::: 1::::it:::@:::::::::::::: -,; '::::.::
_'. :;: @: : 7.- .:::::::::::: 1:::::: @ L . " - @............ .. ;:::::::: ... ::.: ::::::: :.: ...... v @. ... ... -..-- L:i::: :::: ::ll=---.;.. jjj@:::: -.n:::::::::::::::.:@::::: :L
--
_;.:: @..-:@@'@:., "'L -_- ......... ..... I...I- --:t::::::j-;
-. "'L .......................... :1.-:::l ..
@: : :-,: i:::,.@lm:r. -:mlmb In-.I.:,::,:17::@::::-r:!@:@7r@@t:71::@t. : .::::::::;:;:: v::::::@:1:
::::::: :::!:.:::::::: ii@iL=ii:i,..'...,'Lri@ii!@i@iii::@:::::!::;..;:::!:;n:::::::!@;:::: ...@......@....@....... ............@..... ...... :.:: * @-.'H-M.--:..
-
- .. ...._-....w:............ - -.. .----=@---: :
- 1.I:---!-::!7' .- .. .. -. -. .:-
-- @-@-! --- !!-: @: @7 -. - -i_: .. ..... **::::r:::::@.::::::::7:::::::;:::::::::::@:::::::;::: :::::::: ... L.L...- ........ : i:: :,::: ....
. i..... I M :: @@: 7::- 7: -'@-:; @-!:: 7.-@,.
.@:@@?. ..... .: @.: ... ...... .. .@-
.:::..
-:::,:@.-:@!:::@llmt: .4.... ... .... il. -.-.
-.:@:::r-::-:n:m. @::i::@@iL. -, -ii. L @:4,:: ::.:;:::: @:;: t::::::::: t'-::::: .. . :!@: @@!!. ---- "L@;;@u@u@@-.@:---r..-.@r@@------,-----*--- .@ ........ ..... I...
E:..:::. -. .... .. -- - .- , '- ...... . ...... .. -@mit::;: ...:. ..........-.... ....I....I.....
I----- 7:..,:@::n1... ....... I:i:.W: ::,. .... ..t: ...... ::ill.- ...........@.................. ::;@:ma:@ ":@L* *... @@Ll ii@..
-;.. NT.' *" ;1-1 I- L@i@ ,,:..j
-liii"-fi- -'ii@@!. ;.::::::;::::::;:::::t: .m. .. ....11::: ::::-::: @;::;:::: ... :::; M. - -- i-
*
:::j::;--n:::L.-:@: ... ....I..... ........I...*n. I *: ::@
- ::.::: ::: .... .... ......@...*..... ..:!:!:;:::: :r:@:-:. -@ -::.=-r:.;::t;:-..,r,:--.=::..:::::::::[email protected]::::::::-.:::::::@::;.::.I:::= --- '@-@:,!@
I.: @,::m:.::.:::::::. .::;;I::: .1 ::!4:u: ... it ... . ....... . ..:@.-.:!::::::::-t::::--@--::.: ..': -
. @..=t "= ...... : :::: ?i! !;.:- ai!EL I - - - - I................. --@.::@*::@:::::@.:@2::@::::::@---;: -: --- .::::.:.;:=jl.=I.@:!.I:::4@:,::::..::::::::::::*:. .:::::: :!
. ::::,--: --iiii-'@-,-.,..,.----.I:i*.,.i@iii@;ii,.il@@@@@;@-@t,.:::it:@m :::3!:;:::::::;::.;,. :, :w]
-:::::: . ..... ........ .'N:- - : ::.. . ::.@.. ...::::::: ... ::::::;::::::: ::;:::.*:::::::;::;: N. ...--.::@:t:@;1::::-,:::::7::@.:.:-;::::;::::::@::::@:::::::I:: .... .... .... ...
.... .. 1-1 :::::i.::::; ;.;::,::::::i;:: :: ::!:,::j,-:@ ....=. .-It:- .............@... ... .. ...
-!! ... -=::@.:-:.-.::i::::l! l.:z.@- ........... --, J=:@: r,=.t: -:::;::: @- -, @ - @l
. -.... . .. ---:. . ..@. ts ;:-=-=a;== t=:--='=-l=--:-: ........
E:--- -... =-==n@:@6@071@:@- :: -.::.:::,.=.. m.::::W::,i:: :@:. - ::.::.-.::::-. -:L:N-... .........@....... .@......... - ....-
---":::" -:@:::: - i.. i ;i ":,.::*.:l.: :t: I.; 1----,"", - - ------- ............ ::::,.::;; -=::: * :!;-.I..,i@-.:I*.*!,.I.ii:z;@;:: 1.@:@I'
-,it E@Q4K---:H@]'
:. .tiiil-ji: q!! it 1 - --tt: i i 1 1::: '@: ... ....
- *
-:..,It---: -:. :: `: ....
*. ........ .. I -.-,t:j,:-.:-:::iii@:-@::::::!: :: --iii;L*@@]@;@i]--@:d
"II-I'll, -....I
%;::::M::::' -:t:::::@L%::::: .......... L" @............. :::::I-,... ...@...... - .. -: --::
m::i::=::::::::: ;jl.i@ --.-I- WiN - ;::.-.... ... .... ..... --:.-:;:--J:::;.- :: :::. ---- -t=1L .=77=1
11 ---. .-- ..
...I-11 ..i .............. .. . - .-7-9...-- ..4-@
.::::. ,:::::: "I r...: .... 1% @ I .:I=.-. H, :iH :tifr.:-.@@Lfiz: E::: -.. ... . .."
....... . ........... . ..... ......... ;:: .... ...._: .....=::::::::rv-,:-: I..i:;:- ll....,=. -,-
;,f@-@'^.*@@@--.'----Ii"iii.'ii..@ .t-..@-- 4FR- I-. 1- .., .......,.- .*l=-t= --- 1 r..........,-..;....... ::::::'::-::.:::: ::
-
.. @ii : '. -: .. .... 1: .. ...i4
@; .... .. .H2 la@@i@@:;.;::;: .. . .- ..:: ::r:;:;
...
--:;;;;;,.;;.--.i;@T:=: ::- - ..n...... ... .--t-.I:-.:l -.,.-..:-....!, =1.1.1.@ : @: .... . ........ .---.- ......... ...... '@@@
......:iiiI@11 .-:! L '..
-.-mI:
-I: ::.1 . . .L ::@.. . . . . .i .; :: :: :I :: ::@ : ; : :. L. . . . . . . . . . . . .- . .: : : :::: ;::: : .::: ..::
I...., ..I
3er _=:n' ...... -!:::t:::!:@-.... .... .::::-_:
. ... I.
.-.:@*@::::::,@n".:@:.:':@i@!@l,.,.:@@@::-.:@@:@:;:::.:@t::-.:::i:::::@::::,.@:.n:-n-. .. . @...... --... -... - - .... .......... ::::::_- ::::::::i:::.14::..::.-:::::::::!::@:::::::::::.,.:::.::I
....... i-iliii.--:-.@-@!'.!*i@ -i.@ . - -i.@@ - -ii i--- -:...i.:.I
- I, , @@P@"
: :iI... i*.*.'..':@@:.@:r:....--.-.r..-,T .-.
.
. ;
:@i :::i"t" Ell@
'- ---- :":=@=@::::::::-::n:.@ ....@......@[email protected]....... -*-' -.. ..... : @::;:: :.-:;:i::::-: .-... --i.-.ii--
._-.: ....... . ...... - @......... 'I::::::::: :
. ..:7 ::@l!::n.-Il .... .*... iii:-,.i@*.: `llil! " .11 --- ..It ,- --.==11 .... : - ::, ..... ......I...... .......... ::.-:::..:::::: ::::r::;::::::::l :-: ......i
...
P-2:,-- -* .......... *:::*.".'.'.'-".":@-,::n:i:::*-77,*,-@::=: t. - 41L.M. @ i -, ..! .- - 1."`4@- -'!--*4i@:r.i---i
:....@...... HF= It- --.1--p ..t----EliiL. j j@, L * ".-..... ... .
;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-,::r:: ::@t:-:l:::::::: ...... :;:@: 1.1-i@@I:=---.r:: .., . ..... .. ....-:::::.:7:::::.I:-:::::::..:-::..-..
=.:-=::n::"lt ...... Lii,l:::lt-"l::-lll-l.,!tm:::_:-_ ==::I:m:-.. il 9".- ! 4- ..@@.tii@ -: @'----... ,=..g@:: Hm.. .......... .. -@:.
-- ----- -
.-:.::::: :===:. -:::::::;W:; ::: ::::::::::::lFn@ ..:: n..1- IN ....vl:.... --: ...--.. - .-..-
!:::::::::: 7,:,;::::::mm .............. -:::::!::::;::,:: . . [email protected].......... : :1 ;*p-..:.4: ........-.-::::n.@@...-.lr.--- =@i ... ... :l=.I= niiii :@::!::::,
....L..... @ L " -::% :@il :i!i:@:::i@ilmll .. . ....... ..........@....... ... . .N. , -1. It:;-'Zil,ii--,t;.:nvl: .... .... -::!:-:.:..L:j@@: Tn:::@---:=:'-'j- ......................@... . . . ......... =.- ,:.: : -'I
.... ...... ..... :_..::::I::::!:: : : : ::: :: .9 *p ......... .... 1. t- ..... ::::::::: ---- --- ..........
--@-1---*111*1---------.1 ....I. .I, -=:::::: =:.:.- - ..- ..
I..=:;:::.,: ,:::;:-- --:::t-=::::::i:=.I::;;::::::::::::::
-, -- -.K.---'@@!;@:-ti@@:-T-`-;ti :-I I. Bit: ,@:.
,... ..i !::: ..: .@11 *** ==_=I:----: ...... . ..... --,..
....
.I-
-.. . ......... :TH :-lii;, @' .B .m@ ..- --I--- :T @l-1==::t:=:;:::t: ..:- - - ... .- ...@......... :! : :::::@
-,---,- -,
-@---- - ,-
4:
$

-
.
,
I,.I
,P.-41
i
I
I
I
El"I

"'
,
`
,
***
-
**
*
...
...
...
-
..
@,`-

-
-@@@@@@@@
F,
,
,
-
I@
I
:
I
-
- -
-
-
t,--

E@- @o 15 n 25 20 25 5 10 @5 20 25 5 M 15 20 25151015 2025510 15 20 25510 15 2025 3 10 13 20 25 @@ 20 2 5 1 5 10 15 20 75 5 10 15 20 25 1 5 10 15 1") 25
@.@ dl-@I
--0@@ F11- -pli.A,m7T)q--
.1-,..
.
.
.i...@ ,-----a .e-l-@r-- d@- .fi-..I1.I

Not no, go OW, 00, "a $00 go 40M OW 00,

...........

........................
HEMI .:@71
I T: i:!:
. ... . ... . .....
............. ::: @@ it * V*!4 := !
1.0 iF
. N
..........
>
lE u
.............
.. .........
a.
...........
... . ..... . ....... . . .
......... . ...... .. ................

rn
W-14 ................
..........
:Hi ....... .. . ..........
....... .......
........... . ......
. ....... ... ...............
........................

. ...........
60 W6 ... ........ .. ......
...........
!@@= ..........-
V*
W j

o
...............
;4r

................
91@4:iF -7- -

g . ......
-ww
Om i::. liN
I.N.. MM"i
It
Ff- TH
p w -
Hl
-Mi i=;'qla:
"Ta

... .... ....
........ ..
:it: z
...... ... .. .... ..
zi

...........

......... . M
............. ...

!::-w :::-t:i
:4-
. . . ..................
7.6 ............ ..... . . ... ....
............ ........ ...... ............ .....
U;
IF
iF
....... .... .. . tx-m .... ..
Wl N
. ......... .......... . .... ..... ..... ....... .... .... .... ..
..................
............. ...
ffia;
........ ....
t::: rj. I T7 :VT i: :3 ::f .. V:.;
......... ....
...... ....
.. . .......
.... .... .... ..m; tt '!=.1
....... .... ; ;::T --p -= .. ........
. ............... .........
............. .. . . . ...........
.:- .. .... .............
T:
..... .... ............. ... ........ *i
...... ........ ......... ...
.... . ..... .... ......
..........-
....... ...........
E... ll; mt:!: VF
. ... .. ....
... ..... ... .... .... ...
.. ..................
.... ....... ........... ..... .
K @4 4:rKV:i-: =r=:=;.
......... .......
. . ........
. . ....... . . . .. ........
it I t
...........
Hi.
t: :iHi

. ...............
ng j -IL
ml OL=4
. . ..... ......... . . . .............
. . .. .....................

NN t::
Hi .......... .. .......... ..
............. IN, N.N. H 'i i i i F. l"i i qg:: i
Hi HH ....
lrglp@ 19 1H
-7.2
:i uw
Ent
'.'! - 1 1!
;iu
=nln: ...
...........
. .........
mla
::t: in
@44 -
.......... ... I -m . !:" .. .. . ...........
Vila
... ... ...... -
;I I !.:i t
.......... . . .
. . ......... . .......... .. .......... .. . ...
- Eli!

4 NOW.
.......... .... .... ..... . ...
.........
.. ...... ........
........... - ......
7.0
5 11) is 20 25 . ....... I
5 10 15 2025 r5 1015 2025 5 10 15 2025 5 10 15 2025 5 10 15 2025 3 10 is 20 25 5 11 15 2025 5 10 15 20 25 1 5 10 15 10 2-@
......... HE
................

5 10 15 20 25 5 10 20 25
:: 1) . - 6
m
I (PH VERSUS TIME) GRAPH 2

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

1. Quality (continued)
Geology: The Science of a Changing Earth, 1974, p. 115).

2. Heating and Chlorination
The major problem that must be addressed.in this section is the
possible buildup of bacteria and algae within the condenser rock
containment. First, the choice of rounded cobbles is supported here
in that there will be less "hidden" areas where bacterial and algal
growths may proliferate undisturbed by the circulating water volo-
city.
There do occur certain thermophilic bacteria and algae in nature
that are able to carry on active cell metabolism and multiply at
approximate temperatures of 500-600 C. (encyclopedia reference).
Some thermophiles are active also at lower temperature ranges which
are within the boundaries of the low grade heat that occurs in po@er
plant effluents. Heat added to water has been known to result in
growths of filamentous algae, other types of aquatic plants and in-
creased incubation of bacteria due to increased rates of photosyn-
thesis and productivity. (Krenkel, P.A., and Parker, F. L., Bio-
logical Aspects_of Thermal Pollution, 1969, p. 147) Nevertheless,
for all bacteria and algae, there exist specific critical points of
temperature, which above or below, there occurs decreased growth and
eventual death. Natural systems are characterized by a high diver-
sity of species and it has been found that raising temperatures be-
yond the optimum for these species reduces diversity (Krenkel, Par-
ker, p. 183).
As with temperature variations in seawater, bacteria and algae
are known to become adapted to changes in pH values and maintain
normal physiological functions. (encyclopedia reference)
The destruction rate of bacteria and algae is dependent on temp-
erature, PH and chlorine concentration; however, since temperature
and pH ranges that are encountered in practice are normally in the
acceptable range for growth, the chlorination of power plant cooling
water is essential to prevent condenser fouling. The condenser rock
containment will depend on the chlorination process in the power
plant to prevent bacteria and algae buildup on the rocks if the ef-

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

2. Heating and Chlorination (continued)
fluent water is to be piped directly from the plant to the rock
containment. Further chlorination may be needed if the effluent
water is first mixed with the water in the discharge canal and
then diverted to the rock containment. Research indicates that the
effect of chlorination of the heated water at the point of discharge
seemed to reduce the sizes of certain algal populations (number of
individuals), but not the number of species in discharge canals.
(Krenkel, Parker, p. 173 T.P.)
One final parameter on the quality of the OCNGS effluent con-
cerns the effects of stratified flow. "If the discharge from a
power plant is in the form of an overflow, mixing between the upper
and lower layers is inhibited, thus minimizing oxygen replacement
and self-purification in the lower layer." The heated effluent
water will remain on the top layer. "Due to lack of mixing,, organic
wastes discharged into the lower layer do not have access to.'the
oxygen in that portion of the stream flowing in the upper layer.
Thus, there is less dissolved oxygen, less dilution water and a more
concentrated organic load in the lower layer leading to an accelera-
tion of the dissolved oxygen depletion. The result may be a consid-
erable reduction in the waste-assimilative capacity of the'receiving

water.
If the Heated discharge is completely mixed with the receiving
water, some of the above-mentioned effects are eliminated; however,
the rise in temperature still causes a decrease in the ability of the
water to hold dissolved oxygen, an increase in the metabolic activity
of organisms, an increased rate of BOD exertion, and a possible re-
duction in waste-assimilative capacity." (Krenkel, Parker, pp. 22-23)
It has also been observed that heated effluents may "hug" shore-
line areas. This separation of flow has the same effects as vertical
separation.
Thus, temperature has a marked effect on the waste assimilative
capacity of the receiving water causing them to no longer satisfac-
torily assimilate BOD loads, as under preveious lower temperature con-
ditions. (see graphs 3, 4, 5)
All of these factors-will effect the usefulness of the condenser
unit if the heated effluent from OCNGS is first released into the

E-9.

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

GRAPH 3

WASTE LOAD - 28,000 lb/doy BOD
12-

11 -
5.C
10
9- 10*C

7- 15.C
z
W
1'- 6 20*C
z
0
5 25'C
z
4 300C RIVER FLOW - 1000 CfS
RIVER BOD - 1.5 mg/I
0 3 35*C
2- k 1 (20') - 0. 10/day
k2(20*) -0.12/doy

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10

TIME OF FLOW FROM, MILL -doys
OXYGEN SAG CURVE - FREE FLOWING CONDITION

OxyF,en-saE curves for Coosa Rivct, free-flow condition

E-10.

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

GRAPH 4

LOAD - 28.000 lb/day BOD RIVLR FLOW- 1000 cfs
_[WASTE RIVER BOD - 1.5 mg/I
I - k I ( 20*) 0. IO/doy
to- k,, (20*) 0.03 /doy

5
z 7 -

z 6
0
to*

z
w
4
15*
x
0 3
Do

25*
35* 300
0 1 1 1 -- I I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10

TIME OF FLOW FROM MILL - doys
OXYGEN SAG CURVES - RIVER IMPOUNDED

Oxyeen-sag ctirves, for Coosa River. impounded conditions

E-I

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

100 GRAPH 5

90- FREE FLOW CONDITIONS

80-

cli
0

>: 70-

60
0

50-
RIVER IMPOUNDED
0 112 (20-) 0.03
0
0 40-

0
30-

< 20-

ul
-i
M 10-

U)
0

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
TEMPERATURE OC

.Waste-assimilative capacity of Coosa River at Georcia Kralt hfill. Fiver
flow of 940 CFS

E - 12

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

2. Heating and Chlorination (continued)
receiving water of the discharge canal and then pumped into the
rock containment.
3. Mechanical Pumping
Mechanical pumping can be accomplished by using horizontal/cen-
trifugal booster pumps. The effects of the nuclear effluent water
would be several in nature. Short-term effects are thermal expan-
sion and contraction of the metals that the pump is made of, result-
ing in early mechanical seal leaks around the shaft that drives the
impeller. The change of algae buildup, or bacteria, would be very
limited due to the chlorination and the high volute velocities.
Mechanical embrittlement is possible after a significant number of
years in service. Embrittlement is a function of thermal transience
and the ihter-relationship between active radioisotopes in the water
and the metals that make up the centrifugal pump fl. uid end.
Downstream effects in the distribution system are possible algae
buildup and bacteria development. It is the belief that the distance
of pumping the effluent to this heat distribution system is important
due to the velocities and frictional forces that would make it eas-
ier for bacteria and algae buildup to survive. Thus, we would have
a changing total dynamic pumping head on the centrifugal pump. As
a result, this would greatly affect the flow into the area surround-
ing the condenser, i.e., rock containment.
Special epoxy lined pumps can be designed in hopes of reducing
probabilities of pump failure due to the above criteria at a nominal

cost.

E-13

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.
IV. Groundwater

Quality
The quality of the water well'at Oyster-Creek is as stated in
Table 3-8 of the Oyster Creek Well Water analysis. Groundwater
in the Kirkwood Formation aquifer is commonly acidic, may con.tain,
excess ironand have a hydrogen sulfide odor..(see.figs. 3,: 4)
(Temperature log supplied by Holm Well Drilling, Inc.)
2. Quantity
A deep well lineshaft vertical turbine could be installed in
the Oyster Creek water well to supply the necessary needs of water
flow through the condenser to heat same. Pump tests have been con-
ducted by Holm Well Drilling, Inc. which show a yield exceeding 400
GPM. Greater yields can be obtained from the. Oyster Creek well, if
needed. The size and horsepower of the deep well water-lubri.cate d
vertical turbine could be designed to meet the,pumping characteris-
tics for the condenser. The estimated top end yield on t he Oyster
Creek well would be 20"00 GPM. (Information obtained from Holm
Well Drilling, Inc. See included log.)
3. Mechanical Handling Properties
As outlined in the brief above, mechanical pumping Would be hand-
led by a deep well lineshaft vertical turbine. The pumping charac-
teristic, i.e., total dynamic head of the system, could be met with-
out any difficulty. Oxidation/reduction action and const.ituent
parameters listed in Table 3-8 would have a long term effect on the
pump: bowls, lineshaft and column, and also in the distributi on sys-
tem after the discharge from the head of the pump.
4. Possible Treatment Required
Treatment of this water could be accomplished by filtering through
rapid sand filtration and softening could be accomplished by an ion-
exchange column, assuming that the flows are below 250 GPM to make it
equitable for the condenser. Ion-exchange columns to handle flows
greater than that mentioned get involved in prohibitive costs and
other methods, such as aeration and sedimentation, would be more
effective in removing the iron, which is the largest problem on the
list. 'Lime soda injection could adjust the PH at a reasonable ex-
pense, independent of flow.
If the water was not treated prior to entering the condenser,

E-14.

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

Nt -IF
:-00

. .......... .
EXPLANATION .......
...........

0 -171

$00.400
540
E:1
IW300
39-40'
..............

50-150
ON,
N -
G
NN
F"I

0 1 3 4 M, 1'.
_j

Fig. 3
Thickness map of Kirkwood Foriiiation

E-15.

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

MONMOUTH COUNTY

16Y

_Tn

AAJ

BURLINGTON
COUNTY A,

41
0.,
Is

39-40-

E X P LANAT ION

of- D... .. ... ....

Z.1

1 4 W.I's

Fi g. 4

r
Water Table Contou Map of Occan County

E-16.

Pn:NCIPALS OF I "L 1101M AK W1 KW.16 OF-
z
j-, t@.
A
1, " ", V"'@:
A Z, IN A
P- 0.1 h C- A--ai-
IN REPLY PLEASE REF(q 10:

I
COMPANY WALTER HOLM WELL DRILLING

OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STA.
WELL
W LL "i
)-- - F-
Lj LO _J FIELD
U <
0 0 :z @r.
COUNT OCEAN STATE NEW JERSEY

z
'0 Z LOCATION Other Services.
0@ <
CL
z j
D 0 0 -.1 :E NONE
A LU
0 W 0 0
U U_ -1 Sec. Twp.-Rge.

Permanent Datum: G.L. Elev. 20 Elev.: K.B. 24
Log Measured From G.L.- Ft Above Perm. Datum D.F. -
Drilling Measured From G.L.- G.L. 20

Date 9-4-64
Run No. ONE
Depth-Driller IQ2
Depth-Logger 102
Btrn. Log Interval 296
Top Log Interval ?()
Casing-Driller @ go @ @ @
Casing-L;gger 811
Bit Size MUD, FRESI-1
Type Fluid in Hole BAROID, SUIIERIOR GEL

Dens. I isc.
pH I Fluia -Loss ml ml ml
Source of 5ample
R. @ Meas. Temp. ca OF a a F @ OF @ 0 F
R.t @ Meas. Temp. @ 0 F @ OF OF @ OF
R.c @ Meas. Temp. @ " F Ca, 0 F (el 0 F R) 0 F
Source: R,j R L-- I I - I -_ I
R0 BHT OF OF @ OF @ 0 F
Time Since Circ.
Max. Rec. Temp7 53 OF1 OF1 OF OF
In j N W-1 Mma
Recorded By D"'- 8 1 CKNELL J;
0.
Witnessed By w HOL@iES

WATER, OIL& GAS WELLS* GROUNDWATER CONSULTING DRILLING TURBINE PUMPS
P

R
0
r

R
rc'

8_c @
S'u'c'
T. kR
mSi
cj@
.R

DOMESTIC *MUNICIPAL *INDUSTRY
412 RT. 9, LANOKA HARBOR, LACEY TWP. *NEW JERSEY Oa734 OTELEPHONE (6091693-2101

E - 17

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

WELLS
All water supplies in the area surrounding the siste are derived from
wells, whether individual or multiple residence water systems. Such
wells generally are at least 60 feet deep to preclude contamination
from saltwater intrusiton or septic tanks. A 300-foot well supplies
potable and other water demands to Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating
Station, with the analysis given in Table 3-8.

During test boring for Oyster Creek Station, ground water levels were
encountered less than 10 feet below grade. The ground water surface
slopes from the west downward toward the bay. Thus, surface drainage
at the Forked River Station site is toward the canals to the east, the
South Branch of Forked River to the north, and Oyster Creek to the
south. The Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station circulating water
canals have been in existence for three years without known salt water
intrusion into the local aquifers.

TABLE 3-8

OYSTER CREEK WELL WATER ANALYSIS

Constituent Parts per Million

Calcium 5.82
Magne sium 1.30
Sodium and Potassium
(by diffrcnce) 16.56
Chloride 19.00
Sulfate 7.50
Nitrate 0.25
Phosphate 1.95
Bicarbonato 0 . 00
Silica 10.80
Iron (Total) 3.75
Manganese q* 01
Total Residue 96.0
Suspended Matter q.0
Volatile ReSidue 30q011.0
Hardness as Calcium Carbonate
(44qCaC40q032q) 26.0q0 (Ga, Mg & I'd
Phenol Phthalein Alkalinity (CaC36q032q) 8q0.0
Methyl Orange Alkalinity (CaC40q038q) IS. 0
pH q6.3S

Biochcmical Oxygen Dcinand 0q0
532q0

E-i4q8.

Environmental Testing, Laboratories, Inc.

4. Possible Treatment Required (continued)
and with the addition of the thermal transient in conjunct ion with
the geo-chemical parameters in Table 3-8, problems could arise with
the buildup of calcium, magnesium, and iron at an accelerated rate
in the condenser, increasing the total dynamic pumping head of the
deep well lineshaft vertical turbine, as a result of the increased
surface friction on the walls of the condenser from buildup of the
same parameters. Filtration would be.highly recommended in the con-
denser design concept.

E-19.

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

V. Summary

It has been the purpose of this study to outline the p rl Or'i fe is'
and problems in the use of OCNGS waste heat as a supplemental'ene'rgy-
source for condenser heat.
The use of Barnegat Bay water in the power plant alters th4'
temperature, t,he chloride content and the pH slightly. These fac-'
tors all have an effect on the receiving water in the discharge 'canal.
By itself, the increased temperature will not destroy growths of
algae and bacteria, which could build up within the condenser rock
containment. The chlorination of the cooling water to clean the
power plant condensers should effectively aid in keeping the rock
containment free from fouling, if the effluent is piped directly to
the condenser system. High BOD lo,ads, due to stratified flow in the
receiving canal, may cause problems by decreasing the waste-assir@i-
lative capacity of this water.
Pre-filtering of the groundwater should prevent any problems as-
sociated with the buildup of geo-chemical parameters.

E-20.

Environmental Testing Laboratories, Inc.

VI. Bibliography

Encyclopedia Brittanica
Ground Water Resources of New Jersey
Water and Wastewater Treatment, Holm Well Drilling, Inc.
Krenkel, Peter A. and Parker, Frank L.:
Biological Aspects of Thermal Pollution, Portlant, Oregon,
Vanderbilt University Press, 1969.
Bidwell, R. G. S.:
Plant Physiology, New York, New York, Macmillan Publishing
Co., Inc., 1974.
Allison, Ira S., et al:
Ceology: The Science of a Changing_Earth, New York, New York,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1974.
Cargo, David N. and Mallory, Bob F.:
Man and his Geologic Environment, Reading, Massachusetts,
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1977.

E-21

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
APPENDIX F
AZTEC SOLAR HEAT PUMP REPORT
I

1@
I
I
I

0
'I
I
I
I
I
I
I

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER. NEW JERSEY 08731

Abstract

A review of current heat pump technology indicates it is feasible

In terms of existing equipment to augment the temperature of the waste

heat from the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. It is also

possible to store a given quantity of heat for use during plant

shutdown periods. Two designs are outlined which offer promise

In terms of heat storage capacity and suitable temperature delivery.

One design utilizes phase change materials to store heat. The

technology and materials for this type of storage presently exists

in the marketplace. The second design proposal Involves heat

storage as chemical potential energy. As the technology of the

chemical heat pump remains to be developed, it is more likely the

first design proposal has more merit.

In conclusion it appears that the entire concept of the

Central Heat Source with heat storage is feasible.

F-1.

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER. NEW JERSEY 08731

INTRODUCTION

The Lacey Township Industrial Commission has proposed the-concept

of a municipally-supported industrial park adjacent to the Oyster

Creek Nuclear Generating Station (OCNGS). In conjunction with this

proposal Lacey Township has undertaken a study to evaluate the concept

of utilizing waste heat from the power plant as a supplemental energy

source for the industrial park. The conunissioned study, prepared by

Northwest Engineering, Inc.1 proposes a central'heat source to

Interface the power plant with the industrial park. It is the

purpose of this report to evaluate this concept in light of current

technology and, if appropriate, to suggest the most efficient

combination of technologies to accomplish the desired goal of the

Central Heat Source facility.

The objectives of this report are to:

1. Review current heat pump technology as it applies to the
proposed Central Heat Source.

2. Evaluate the feasibility of utilizing a heat pump system
to augment the temperature of the waste heat from the
Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station (OCNGS).

3. Identify storage systems appropriate to the Central
Heat Source facility.

F-2.

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER, NEW JERSEY 08731

REVIEW OF CURRENT HEAT PUMP'TECHNOLOGY

The concept of the heat pump is quite old having its origins

in the sixteenth and seventeenth century theorie s of mechanical

engines. The earliest analogies of heat pumps to water pumps are

still used in the modern literature to describe the theoretical

operation of the equipment. Just as a water pump requires the

addition of outside energy to increase the potential energy of

the water, so does a heat pump require outside energy to move

heat against its natural potential gradient, i.e., from a lower

temperature to a higher temperature. The apparent contradiction

of the conservation of energy principle (the First Law of Thermo-

dynamics) arises from a failure to consider the entire system

Involved. In general only the electrical energy input and the

heat output of the engine are discussed because to the engineer

these are the relevant design parameters. As defined previously

this ratio of heat output to electrical input is the co efficient

of performance (COP) of.the equipment. If the entire system

involved in the energy transfer were considered the operating

efficiency would agree with the conservation of energy principle

and In fact for a real engine this efficiency would be well below

100%, as predicted by the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

F-3

I
AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER. NEW JERSEY 08731

The specific application of heat pump technology which is

the subject of this report involves the input of large volumes of

salt water at low temperatures and subsequent heat transfer to

large volumes of fresh water from deep wells. Of significant

importance is the fact that the salt water input to the heat pump

is the effluent from the"Oyster Greek Nuclear Generating Station.
Therefore, not 'only must the heat pump be capable of handling

input water of pH8 .0 but also of isolating this water in a nuclear

sense. The use of titanium steel for the coil of the heat pump

would solve both the salt water and the isolation problems.

The quality of the incoming fresh water also impacts.on

the design of the equipment. The incoming fresh water contains.

relatively high concentrations of iron which would eventually

cause fouling of the exchanger in the heat pump. Provision must

be made for periodic cleaning of the fresh water exchange coil

if the problem of fouling is to be eliminated. Fortunately all

large-scale industrial heat pumps provide for the capability to

perform regular cleaning and maintenance on exchanger coils.

The heat pump specified in the Proposed Lacey Energy Park
Flow Diagram (A) is the water-to-water type, commonly referred to as
a "water chiller". 'As indicated by the name the most frequent

F-4.

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER, NEW JERSEY 68731

use of this equipment is for commercial refrigeration. However,

a water-cooled water chiller also serves well the designated

purpose of temperature augmentation. Heat is removed from the

entering effluent by means of the expansion cycle of a refrigerant,

and this heat is added to the entering fresh water by way of a

compression cycle with the same refrigerant. The technology

necessary to accomplish this task is well-developed and reliable

as any mechanical engineer can attest. However, in order to

evaluate the feasibility of the application of this technology to

the Central Heat Source the specific design parameters must be

matched to existing equipment.

@eat Pump Design Parameters - Central Heat Source

As proposed the heat pump in the Central Heat Source is most

necessary during the winter months. Because the OCNGS is a single-

pass open-cycle plant the average effluent temperature during the

146 day winter period is 59 degrees F. Based on the suggested

Energy Park industry mix a minimum temperature augmentation of

42 degrees F is necessary to sustain winter production. Therefore,

the design parameters for the Central Heat Source heat pump are

as follows:

F-

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER, NEW JERSEY 08731

OCNGS Effluent Deep Well Fresh Wat.er

Entering Temperature 53 degrees F minimum 53 degrees F

Exiting Temperature 34 degrees F minimum 95 degrees F

Flow 340009PM 15000gpm

Because OCNGS operates at a maximum delta T of +19 degrees F

envirorimental,benefit is maximized by returning effluent water at a

delta T of -19 degrees F, i.e., the intake water to the plant and

the outlet water from the Central Heat@Source are at the same

temperature. An additional environmental benefit can result if

it is possible to recirculate the cooled effluent back to the

power plant in a closed loop. To gain these advantages it is

necessary to operate the Central Heat Source heat pump at a delta

T equal to that of the cooling cycle of the power plant.

Heat pumps do exist with characteristics within the given

parameters though on a much smaller scale. For example,

Application Engineering of Elkgrove Village, Illinois manufactures

a 217 ton unit' 1 ton of refrigeration = 12,000 BTU/hour that

uses 261 gpm of entering water at 53 degrees F to raise 118 gpm

of fresh water from 53 degrees F to 95 degrees F. The temperature

augmentation of this unit is correct for the Central Heat Source

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER. NEW JERSEY 08731

design though the capacity of the unit is well below optimum. The

COP of this unit under design condition is 5.0, i.e., 192 kilowatts

input and 953 kilowatts output. Because of its capacity approximately

130 units would be required to handle the projected flow of 34,000 gpm

inlet water. Unfortunately this unit is typical of present large-

scale heat pump technology. Economics of scale apparently preclude

the manufacture of units above the 300 to 400 ton ra nge. Based on

this fact a minimum number of heat pump units can be calculated to

provide the desired temperature augmentation:

Mass. Specific Heat Change in Temperature = Heat to be Augmented

(34000gpm)(60 min/hr)(8.34 lb/gal)(1 BTU/lb-degree F)(19 degrees F)=
3.23x108 BTU/hr.

(3.23 x 12 8BTU/hr.) 2.69 x 104 tons capacity
7_12 x 10' BTU/hr/ton capacity

Assuming 21 7 tons capacity/ unit

2.69 x 104 tons capacity - 1.24 x 10 2 units = 124 units
2.17 x 104 tons capacity / unit

The minimum number of heat pump units necessary to carry out the

proposed design conditions is 124. Assuming a regular maintenance

F-7

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER, NEW JERSEY 08731

program and 10% additional capac ity for emergency backup the most

probable minimum number of heat pump units in the proposed Central

Heat Source is 136.

Summary Of central Heat Source Review

Technology presently exists to varify the feasibility of the pro-

posed Central Heat Source as shown in the Proposed Lacey Energy Park

Flow Diagram (A). Water-to-water heat pumps do not exist which, on a

reduced unit scale, perform the proposed design temperature augment-

ation. The material construction of these units appears to success-

fully'answer problems of corrosion, maintenance and flow isolation.

The relatively high COP's of these unity indicates an effi cient use

of external energy in the augmentation process.

As to the Proposed Lacey Energy Park Flow Diagram (B)-only a

brief observation is appropriate. The proposed use of heat exchangers

to transfer heat from the effluent to the deep well fresh water is

only feasible when a significant delta T exists between the two fluid

streams. As the average winter temperature of the effluent is 60

degrees F and the well water is a constant 53 degrees F, the necessary

thermal gradient for significant heat transfer is lacking. Since heat

pumps are still required to augment fresh water temperatures for prac-

tically the same delta T, it would appear impract ical to utilize heat

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER. NEW JERSEY 08731

exchangers to preheat incoming winter well water.

Central Heat Source Storage

The proposed Central Heat Source contains a rock containment

7
area designed to store 6.2 x 10 BTU of heat. The points are made

that rock storage is low-cost and readily available. It is also

true that rocks store sensible heat, i.e., heat as a function of

temperature change. In an industrial park where the-temperature

of the delivered heat may be critical, sensible heat storage is a

potential problem. Assuming heat removal from storage becomes

necessary during a winter shutdown of the power plant, it-would

be expected that the initial temperature of the delivered heat

would equal that of the temperature augmented fresh water cir-

culating within the rock containment area. However, as heat con-

tinues to be removed from rock storage, the temperature would drop

in proportion to the heat removal rate. Very quickly the stored

heat would require its own augmentation to be of value to park

industries.

The problems associated with sensible heat storage can be

overcome through the use of phase change at a suitable temperature.

In the phase change process, large quantities of latent heat are

AZTEC ENERGV ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER. NEW JERSEY 08731

involved. This latent heat is associated with the change of state of

material and in no way is it related to sensible heat. Latent heat

transfer occurrs at a constant temperature while sensible heat trans-

fer requires a temperature gradient. Therefore, by proper selection

of the phase change material the output of the heat storage area can

be delivered at a constant, useful temperature.

Most of the research involving latent heat storage materials has

been applied by the solar energy Industry. Early problems such as

the corrosive nature of the materials and the limited number of phase

changes of some materials have been overcome. Two commercially
available materials, calcium chloride (CaC12,6H20) and sodium sulfate
(Na2so 4* 1OH20), are commonly used in the solar industry and have
suitable phase change temperatures. Of the two, sodium sulfate

decahydrate (Glauber's salt) has the higher phase change temperature,
90 degrees F (32.2 degrees C) but the lower latent heat, 60 BTU/1b.

Calcium chloride hexahydrate's phase change occurrs at 81 degrees F
(27.2 degrees C) but it can store 82 BTU/lb. The following summarizes

the application of each material to the heat storage facility:

Na 2so 4* 10H20 CaCl 2* 6H20
Phase Change Temperature 90 degrees F 81 degrees F

Latent Heat 60 BTU/1b. 82 BTU/lb.

Storage Capacity 120,000 BTU/ton 164,00b BTU/ton

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER. NEW JERSEY 0 8731

When compared to rock (8,800 BTU/ton) either of the above materials

can provide an equal heat storage capacity in a much reduced volume.
Assuming a need to store.6.2 x 107 BTU's as in the proposed design, the

weight and space requirements are as follows:

Na2so 4' 10H20 CaCl 2* 6H20 Rocks
Weight Required For
Design Heat Storage 517 tons 378 tons 7050 tons

Storage Volume Relative
to Rock (20% voids) .096 .061 1.0

Storage of heat in phase change materials presents advantages
in weight, volurie, and delivery temperature. Even the durability

of phase change materials is equal to or better than that of rocks

because the materials are encapsulated in an ultra-high molecular

weight, high density polyethelene. The only limitation imposed by

this material is a high temperature limit of 190 degrees F. Under

design operating conditions this limit poses no problem.

Even with the advantages inherent in the use of phase cha nge

materials the delivery temperature of heat is somewhat below optimum.

A second possibility exists for the storage of heat and subsequent

delivery at high temperatures. The chemical heat storage associated

with a chemical heat pump has the desired operational characteristics.

A chemical heat pump operates in the following way:

F-1 I .

AZTEC ENERGV ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER. NEW JERSEY 08731

"Two chambers, designated A and B, are connected with each
other by vacuum-tubes. The chamber A contains a substance ab-
sorbing vapour, for instance Na2S, while an evaporating substance
or liquid, water for instance, is found in chamber B. All gases
other than water vapour are assumed to be removed by means of a
simple vacuum pump which, having completed its task, is in prin-
ciple disconnected."

"Owing to its hydroscopic properties the salt readily absorbs
the water, with the result that the water vapo-ur evaporating from
the water in chamber B is absorbed by the salt in chamber A. The
absorbed water is integrated in the crystal structure of the salt,
as water of crystallization, forming a hydrate. During the process,
thermal energy is required in B to evaporate the water (vaporization
heat). In chamber A thermal energy is released when the water vapor
is absorbed by the salt (condensation heat). At the same time a
certain quantity of chemical binding energy (hydration heat) is
released when the water molecules are integrated in the crystal
structure of the salt. Thus chamber B is cooled in the process
and at the same time heat is evolved in chaffber A." (Ref.2, P.10)

Assuming chamber B is kept at 53 degrees F by circulating ground

water, the output temperature would be between 120 degrees F and 140

degrees F, depending on the rate of heat removal.

The concept of interest is the storage of heat in the form of

chemical potential energy. The heat is stored during the charging

cycle of chamber A which for the above materials takes place at 158

degrees F. Obviously in the Central Heat Source facility as proposed

the temperature augmented fresh water is well below this temperature.

One possible method of supplying high temperature heat for

chemical storage Is through the use of solar collectors., The tem-

F-1 2.

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER, NEW JERSEY 08731

peratures required are beyond the practical operating range of typical

flat plate solar collectors but a simple non-tracking concentrator-

type collector would be suitable. An example of such a product is

the Solartron Vacuum Tube Collector, TC100, by General Electric Co.

This collector has a concentration ratio of 1.1 and an operating

efficiency of 50% under typical winter conditions in New Jersey. it

has the capability of delivering the high temperature heat necessary

to charge the chemical storage material.

The number of solar collectors necessary to charge the chemical

storage is a function of heat requirements and charging time. For

example, the heat output of chamber A as described is 1550 BTU/1b.

of dry Na2S/lb of water vapor, thus requiring 40,900 lb of material
to store the design heat storage of 6.2 x 107 BTU's. The ability of

solar collectors to produce this amount of heat is a function of

location and season. For the purpose of this analysis it is assumed

the collectors are mounted at 50 degrees up from the horizontal and

face true solar south. On an average day in January, each square

foot of collector can absorb and transfer to storage 900 BTU's. If

the assumed time period for collection and charging of storage is

one month, then the required amount of solar collector area is cal-

culated as follows:

F- 13.

AZTEC ENERGV ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER. NEW JERSEY 08731

(900 BTU/day/sq. ft.) (30 day) (Area of Collectors) 6.2 x 107 BTU

Area of Collectors = 2,300 square feet

For the General Electric collector specified, the net operture

area is 14.7 sq. ft./collector thereby requiring 156 collector units

to accomplish the required charging of storage.

The concept of chemical heat storage appears feasible when

coupled to a high-temperature heat source for charging. Some problems

associated with this form of storage are material handling and cor-

rosion. As technology advances in this area, solutions will have to

be divised to minimize these concerns. At present, only relatively

small protypes of the chemical heat pump have been built and tested.

F- 14.

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER, NEW JERSEY 08731

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bartlett, J. C. "Site Dependent Factors Affectin
g the
Economic Feasibility of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling",
DOE/NASA CR - 150533 (January, 1978).

2. Brunberg, Ernst-Ake "Storing Solar Energy For House Heating",
Energy Technology (No. 4, 1979).

3. Gannon, R. "Ground-Water Heat Pumps", Popular Science
(February, 1978).

4. Hodgman, Charles ed. Handbook Of Chemistry and Physics (1979).

5. Ljung, Lars "Heat Pumps Of The Future", Energy Technology
(No. 4, 1979).

6. Shaver, B. 0. et al "Industrial Heating and Cooling From
Stored Spent Nuclear Power Plant Fuel", Industrial Heating
(November, 1980).

7. Solar Products Specifications Guide
(October 1980).

F - 15

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER, NEW JERSEY 08731

Interview Data

Person Interviewed: Tom Bension
Applications Engineering
850 Pratt Avenue
Elkgrove Village, Ill. 60007

Interviewer: W. A. Post

Date: 11/25/80 (telephone)

Location: Elkgrove, Illinois

Discussion:

1. Applications Engineering manufacturers some of the largest
water-cooled water chillers in the United States.

2. Corrosion and nuclear isolation of incoming water is not a
problem when titanium steel coils are used.

3. All commercial heat pump units have coils accessible for
maintenance.

4. Applications Engineering's largest water-cooled water chiller
is a 217 ton unit with the following characteristics.

Intake Water (coolant) Conditioned Water delta T 42 Deg.F.
Discharge Water (coolant)
flow 261 gpm Electrical Input 192 kw
COP 5.0 Energy Output 953 kw

F- 16.

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER, NEW JERSEY 08731

Interview Data

..Person Interviewed: Lloyd Ludkey
Heat Exchangers Inc.
8100 N. Monticello Avenue
Skokie, ni. 60076
(312) 267-8282

Interviewer: W. A. Post

Date: 11/25/80 (telephone)

Location: Skokie, Illinois

Discussion:

1. Characteristics of commercial heat exchangers necessary
temperature gradients at various flow conditions to allow
for heat exchange.

2. Regular maintenance of large units is necessary to guarantee
performance.

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER. NEW JERSEY 08731

Interview Data

'Person Interviewed: Robert A. Pennabere
Edwards Engineering Corp.
101 Alexander Avenue
Pompton Plains, N. J. 07444

Interviewer: W. A. Post

Date: 11/24/80 (telephone)

Location: Pompton Plains, N. J.

Discussion:

1. Largest water - cooled water chiller manufactured by
Edwards Engineering is 240 tons.

2. Expressed concern about maintenance of units operating
on continuous demand.

3. Felt a 10% increase in equipment was necessa ry for
emergency backup because of above maintenance concern.

F - 18

AZTEC ENERGY ASSOCIATES

1044 LACEY ROAD
FORKED RIVER, NEW JERSEY 08731

Interview Data

Person Interviewed: Torbjorn Lindahl
Swedish Trade Office
333 North Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Ill.. 60601
(312) 372-1680

Interviewer: W. A. Post

Date: 12/2/80

Location: Chicago, Ill.

Discussion:

1. Technology of chemical heat pumps still not fully
developed.

2. Sweden is a world leader in chemical heat pump
development.

3. Swedish research group headed by Professor Ernst
Ake Brunberg of Stockholm is working on construction
of an 8 ton prototype unit. Thig ig the largc@at
prototype to date.
ICIATES

F - 19

NO" COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY

3 6668 14110418 4