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OIL SPILL RESPONSE ACTIONS IN MORICHES INLET County of Suffolk, New York 0 40 M 0 R I C H E S B A Y 7 XI A 0 C E A N Long Island Regional Planning Board H. Lee Dennison Office Building TD Veterans Memorial Highway Hauppauge, N - Y -11788 427 T4 0385 1982 Dr. Lee E. Koppelman P r o j e c tD i r e c t o r OIL SPILL RESPONSE ACTIONS IN MORICHES INLET COUNTY OF SUFFOLK, NEW YORK Prepared by Long Island Regional Planning Board H. Lee Dennison Office Building Veterans Memorial Highway Hauppauge, New York 11788 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER Property Of CSC Library 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE January.1982 CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413 CEIP Agreement D165576 Task 5.3 CEIP Grant-In-Aid Award No. NA-81-AA-D-CZ013 The preparation of this report was financially-aided through a Federal grant from the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended. This report was prepared for the New York State Department of State. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA SOCIAL SERVICES CENTER SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON,SC 29405-2413 Ad OIL SPILL RESPONSE ACTIONS IN MORICHES INLET COUNTY OF SUFFOLK, NEW YORK Prepared By Long Island Regional Planning Board H. Lee Dennison Office Building Veterans Memorial Highway Hauppauge, New York 11788 Dr. Lee E. Koppelman Project Director Staff - Planning DeWitt Davies Edward Mc Tiernan Mark Riegner Ronald Verbarg Michael Volpe Clarke Williams, Ph.D. Cartoaraphy Anthony Tucci Support Staff Lucille Gardella Edith Sherman Jeanne Widmayer Consultants Woodward-Clyde Consultants, San Francisco, CA Carl Foget Michael A. Acton Tetra Tech, Inc., Pasadena, CA James Pagenkopf Henry L.M. Fong Marine Sciences Research Center SUITY at Stony Brock Dr. Donald W. Pritchard Acknowledgements The staff of the Long Island Regional Planning Board was greatly assisted in the preparation of this report by Dr. Robert Nuzzi, Chief, Marine Monitoring Unit, Suffolk County Dept. of Health Services. Dr. Nuzzi made the arrangements for a field survey of Moriches Inlet and the adjoining bay environments. Special thanks are due Mr. Joseph Shapiro of Commander Oil Corporation, Oyster Bay, New York, and his associate, Mr. Edgar J. Barnett, Jr., for their efforts in organizing a Long Island Oil Terminal Association (LIOTA) oil spill cooperative. The members of LIOTA have responded by providing listings of oil spill equipment and contacts, Thanks is also extended to Mr. Raymond Storwick of Cirillo Bros. Petroleum, Island Park, New York for providing a listing of oil spill equipment under the control of Oil City Petroleum Cooperatives. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction ........ ........................................ 1 1.1 Study Overview .......................................... 1 OV) 1.2 Technical Consultants .................................. 3 1.3 Review Comments ........................................ 3 1.4 Background Information ................................. 4 2. Oil S.2ill Scenario ............................................ 5 2.1 Offshore Spill Scenario ................................ 5 2.2 Likelihood of Spill Event as Described in the Scenario 6 3, Conclusions and Recommendations **,*,********,*,******** **, 1 4. Hyqroaraphic Conditions at Moriches Inlet .................... 11 4.1 Hydrographic Setting .................................... 11 4.2 Hydrographic Characteristics of Moriches Inlet .......... 13 5. Recommended Oil Spill Response Actions ....................... 18 5.1 Introduction ............................................ 18 5.2 Details of Spill Scenario ............................... 18 5.2.1 Scenario Parameters ................................... 19 5.2.2 Spill Movement ........................................ 20 5.3 Priority Analysis ....................................... 24 5.4 Spill Response Actions .................................. 25 5.5 Equipment Performance ................................... 44 6. References ................................................... 46 Appendix A - Review of Comments on Draft Report Submitted by Interested Parties ...................... A 1 Appendix B - Part I - Inventory of Oil Spill Contractors and Equipment in the Long Island Region .... B@l Part II - Publicly Owned Oil Spill Containment and Clean-Up Equipment ...................... B 16 Part III - Spill Equipment Owned by Long Island Terminal Association Members ............... B 20 Part IV - Spill Equipment Owned by Private Companies ................................. B 23 Appendix C - Oily Waste Disposal ....................... C 1 Appendix D - Dispersants ............................... D 1 mo Appendix E - Filter Fence/Sor.bent Barrier .............. E i ,4 iv M 'd LIST OF FIGURES_ Figure PaLe 1 Location of Moriches Inlet Study Area . . . . . . 12 2. Current Velocity Vectors for Typical Storm Surge Coincident with Spring Tide . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3. Neap Tide Current Velocity Vectors . . . . . . . 16 4. Spill Trajectory Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5. Shoreline Contamination without Response Action Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 6. Water Depths 2 Feet or Less (mean low water) 27 7. Water Depths 4 Feet or Less (mean low water) 28 8. Water Depths Less Than 6 Feet (mean low water) 29 9. Response Action Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Ak 4 ,A v t I LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Booming Locations and Equipment/Manpower Requirements ..... 32 2 Estimated Deployment Times for Contractor Mounted Response Action ........................................... 36 3 Estimated Response Times for Oil Spill Contractors in the Moriches Inlet Area ................................ 37 4 Estimated Deployment Times for Locally Mounted Response Actions .......................................... 39 5. Equipment Rental Cost for One 10-Hour Day ................. 41 6. Labor Cost for One 10-Hcur Day ............................ 42 t t Air AAL AMR vi 4 SECTION I INTRODUCTION 1.1 STUDY OVERVIEW The Long Island Regional Planning Board (LIRPB) with funds provided by the N.Y.S. Department of State under the Coastal Energy Impact Program, and with the assistance of' the Regional Marine Resources Council and State and local governmental entities, initiated a three phase program in 1978 to develop options for the protection of all Long Island south shore bay environments from oil spills originating either from Atlantic Outer Con- tinental Shelf (OCS) oil production activities or the tanker transport of petroleum products in the New York Bight, There are five shallow tidal inlets along the Island's south shore that link the bay environments with the Atlantic Ocean: Shinnecock, Moriches, Fire Island, Jones and East Rock- away Inlets. Under Phase I, the LIRPB prepared a report that contained re- commended response actions for the containment and cleanup of oil spills impacting the Fire Island Inlet region (Long Island Regional Planning Board, 1979). Phase II, which was completed in 1981, recommended response actions for oil spills impacting Jones and Shinnecock Inlets (LIRPB, 1981a; 1981b). The subject report, Oil Spill Response Actions in Moriches Inlet, and a com- panion report for East Rockaway Inlet represent the final phase of this planning effort. All of the tesponse plans prepared under this effort provide detailed site specific information for use by the U. S. Government On-Scene Coordinator in responding to significant oil spill events. - 4 The program addresses the need as identified in the N.Y.S. Department of .0. Environmental Conservation report, New York State and Outer Continental Shelf 40 Development - An Assessment of Impacts, for the development of adequate oil ANk spill cleanup capability. Oil spills either from OCS activities or the A, 40 tanker transport of petroleum - will continue to occur in the future in or near New York's coastal zone.* However, spills resulting from tanker trans- port activities in, and around, the south shore inlets pose crises requiring a rapid response if meaningful attempts are to be made to safeguard valuable ;marine resources found in shallow bays.** While little can be done to pre- vent the spill from impacting natural areas, certain response actions, as identified in this report can, to a limited degree, contain and collect oil before it fouls widespread portions of the productive habitats found in the barrier beach lagoons. Oil spill contingency plans usually take the form of chain-of-command lists that identify responsibility for spill cleanup, and contain the address- es of potential contractors who have spill cleanup equipment. The state-of- the-art of such plans has been improved through the development of detailed, f easible oil spill cleanup strategies for the Moriches Inlet region. The strategies contain information on how and where available oil spill containment/ *The worst oil spill in Long Island waters since authorities began keeping records of such incidents in 1972 occurred on 11 January 1978 when the tank barge Bouchard 100 spilled 210,000 gallons of heating oil into Long Island Sound waters near Eatons Neck. **On 23 February 1981, the Coast Guard informed the LIRPB that a barge contain- ing 2.7 million gallons of #6 oil was adrift in heavy seas eight miles south of Shinnecock Inlet. The barge broke from tow and there were no people aboard the vessel. The wind direction in the afternoon was from the southeast, and it was expected to shift to the southwest during the course of a storm pre- dicted for the evening of 23 February. Coast Guard vessels were on the scene, and an attempt was being scheduled to reconnect the tow rope apparatus. For- tunately, the barge was reconnected during the early morning hours of 24 February and there was no spillage of oil. There are probably many events of this nature occurring that do not result in actual spills. However, the events continue to pose the potential of major oil spills along the south shore of Long Island that could seriously impact not only the ocean shoreline but bay shorelines as well. 2 cleanup equipment can be most effectively deployed in can initial response effort. The potential oil spill problem and its relationship to the south shore bays has been documented in N.Y.S. Department of Environmental Conservation (1977), Long Island Regional Planning Board (1979), Hardy, Baylor, Moskowitz and Robbins (1975), and Stewart and Devanney (1974). These reports contain information on the susceptibility of Long Island's south shore to oil spills, as well as the environmental and economic consequences associated with such spills. Suffice it to say that an oil spill impacting the south shore bays could have a devastating effect on estuarine habitats that support extensive commercial and recreational fisheries and waterfowl populations. These bays are also used extensively for recreational boating and water-related recrea- tional activities. 1.2 TECHNICAL CONSULTANTS The conduct of this study required the services of consultants having expertise in: 1. oil spill containment and cleanup technology, arid; 2. tidal data collection and hydrodynamic modeling. Woodward-Clyde Consultants of San Francisco, CA and Tetra Tech, Inc., of Pasadena, CA and the Mari-ne Science Research Center, S-tony Brook, NY were re- tained by the LIRPB for these services. The process employed by the LIRPB in 40 selecting consultants is reviewed in Long Island Regional Planning Board 19= (1979) and other documentation prepared under Contract D142688 for the Fire 4 Island Inlet spill response study. 1.3 REVIEW COMMENTS Review comments on all phases of the work performed in the development of this spill control plan for Moriches Inlet were solicited by the staff. Meetings with local government personnel and the Regional Marine Resources 3 Council were utilized to monitor consultant performance and discuss the technical aspects of oil spill control. Appendix A contains a digest of comments raised by interested parties regarding the oil spill contingency plan presented here. This digest is an integral part of this report, as it contains information pertaining to the implementation of recommended strategies detailed in Section 5. 1.4 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Part of this study was devoted to the preparation of inventory in- formation on subjects germane to the cleanup and disposal of oily waste. Appendix B contains an inventory of oil spill equipment available in the Long Island region. This appendix is in four parts: 1. equipment owned by spill contractors and spill cooperatives; 2. equipment owned by Federal, State and local agencies; 3. equipment owned by members of the Long Island Oil Terminal Association (LIOTA) under cooperative cleanup agreement; and 4. equipment owned by private companies. Appendix C consists of an up-to-date listing of facilities that are capable of processing oily waste, as well as a listing of approved waste oil collectors located in the New York Metropolitan Region. Preparation of this appendix was necessary because of the problems associated with finding a location for the disposal of oil-contaminated materials resulting from spill cleanup. Information on dispersants, their application techniques and environ- mental effects is contained in Appendix D. Appendix E deals with sorbent barrier construction for use at the entrances to mosquito ditches and other low current areas. 4 SECTION 2 OIL SPILL SCENARIO The primary objective of this study is the development of recommended initial response actions to prevent or minimize oil pollution in the Suffolk County south shore bay system that might result from oil spills impacting the Moriches Inlet region. In order to develop initial response plans it was necessary for the LIRPB staff to define an oil spill scenario that would reflect various factors influencing the selection of response actions. The scenario described below represents a "worst case" situation; it is based on the characteristics of petroleum transport activities in the New York Metro- politan Region. 2.1 OFFSHORE SPILL SCENARIO The Port of New York and New Jersey is one of the major ports of the world. In 1975 ship arrivals at the Port were estimated at over 10,000 vessels. Seventy-one percent of the total waterborne commerce - 127 million short tons - consisted of shipments of petroleum products and crude oil to terminals in the Port of Now York and New Jersey for refining. Even if pipe- lines are used to transport crude oil that may be produced from Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf areas, "there is still a substantial danger of spills from tankers that presently travel nearly parallel to Long Island" in the Nantucket/ Ambrose traffic lanes south of Long Island (N.Y.S. Department of Environment- al Conservation, 1977, p. 67). Approximately one-third of the 2,400 trips of all tankers between the 20,000 and 70,000 DWT range entering the Port in a given year travel the Nan- A tucket/Ambrose traffic lanes. Tanker traffic in these lanes could increase ft. up to 19% (150 additional trips), if all the potential oil produced from the A4 Georges Bank were tankered to the Port and foreign oil imports were not dis- placed. The additional tanker traffic would increase the risk of oil spills. Tankers up to 85,000 DWT utilize the Nantucket/Ambrose lanes to transport oil 5 to the Port of New York and New Jersey. However, vessels of this size and others in excess of 40,000 DWT must lighten their cargo at sea. The following scenario developed by the staff for the preparation of a spill response plan at Moriches Inlet reflects petroleum transport activi- ties in the northern section of the New York Bight. The loss of an 85,000 DWT tanker carrying crude oil approximately 23 miles south of Moriches Inlet at the location, 40026118"N, 72*45112"W, during summer weather conditions that are conducive to the northerly transport of spilled oil. A probable cause of the casualty would be collision with another vessel. The spill site is located in the separation zone between the Nantucket/ Ambrose traffic lanes. The oil spill technology consultant was instructed to amplify this scenario through the provision of sufficient detail that would be required in the formulation of spill control strategies. 2.2 LIKELIHOOD OF SPILL EVENT AS DESCRIBED IN THE SCENARIO 10 The oil spill event described above is based on characteristics of - petroleum transport in the New York Bight. While both small and large spills A associated with tanker casualties are not uncommon events when viewed on a global scale, it is not possible to make accurate predictions of spill events, and the probabilities associated with them on local time and space scales. In general terms, smaller spills are more probable than larger spills, but again, quantification of the likelihood of such spills was not attempted in this report. Such a computation would also be complicated by adding dimensions of spill location and timing, both of which would act to decrease the likeli- hood of the scenario event. 6 What can be said is that the specific spill event as described in the scenario is highly unlikely. For the purposes Of Oil Spill planning, it was necessary to relate response actions to an event whose occurrence is possible in the region, and has the potential of causing a major environ- mental disruption. A4 ,A@ 7 SECTIO14 3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOM@!ENDATIONS Rapid currents in Moriches Inlet would make booming there only partially effective, and oil would therefore spread into Moriches Bay. The use of all the locally available self--propelled skimmers, except for the LPI of Moran- Crowley, to clean up oil in Moriches Bay is not feasible because of the abun- dance of shallow waters and rapidly changing shoals. To help compensate for this absence of all but one of the self-propelled skimmers, boats towing booms in "U" configurations could be used to herd oil to be picked up by small skimmers. Due to these rapid inlet currents and the absence of all but one self- propelled skimmer, oil entering Moriches Bay will deposit on some shorelines, mainly at the north end of the bay. The implementation of predetermined response actions (deploying booms, oil herding, small skimmer use, LPI skimmer use) should be effective in limiting shoreline contamination and damage to the area's environmental and economic resources. The strategic 44 deployment of booms is especially important in limiting this contamination. ,A Since the spill is located far offshore and 60 hours are required for the oil slick to reach Moriches Inlet, adequate time is available to deploy booms ,A prior to its arrival. Upon request of the U. S. Government On-Scene Coordinator, Clean A Harbors Cooperative and local spill contractors such as Marine Pollution Control would be able to supply all the boom, small skimmers, boats, and ,A related equipment necessary to execute spill response actions. The construction of permanent anchor points at all shoreline boom A; termination points could help to reduce response times, in addition to providing the necessary stable anchoring points required for booms under A 8 'd increased tensile forces (-L.e., diversion booms). A concrete block buried below ground with a protruding eye bolt would serve as an adequate boom anchoring point. These blocks can be cube shaped (2 ft x 2 ft x 2 ft) or longer (4 ft x 4 in x 4 in), with the long dimension buried perpendicularly to the directional force. Under the conditions presented in this scenario, the use of chemical dispersants to treat the oil slick in offshore waters would be necessary in limiting the amounts of oil washing onto the barrier island beaches and through Moriches Inlet into Moriches Bay. This is especially important dur- IR ing the warmer, summer months when visitor usage of the beaches is at a maxi- mum. Also, limiting the amount of oil in Moriches Bay is important because the use of self-propelled skimmers there is not feasible due to shallow waters and shoals and rapidly changing bottom conditions. 44 Dispersants limit slick spreading by causing oil to mix vertically into the water column. However, some of this dispersed oil may still be carried ashore by subsurface currents, although these subsurface currents are slower than surface currents because they are relatively uninfluenced by winds. ,-A This dispersed oil would tend to move in a westerly direction along the shore, but some would most likely be carried to the Moriches Inlet area. Since 24 to 36 hours are required to implement a dispersant spraying system, an immediate decision would have to be made if they are to be used. Under these scenario parameters, an aerial dispersant spraying system would be most effective. To limit contamination of the barrier island beaches and to aid in clean- up, the construction of a sand berm at the beaches mid-tide line is recom- mended. 9 This report should be forwarded to the office of the U. S. Coast Guard Captain of the Port, New York, for their consideration. Portions of this A report should be incorporated into the Oil Spill Contingency Plan which covers the area under the Captain of the Port's jurisdiction, of which Moriches Inlet is a part. ,A A- 10 SECTION 4 HYDROGRAPHIC CONDITIONS AT MORICHES INLET In order to conduct an assessment of the environmental factors which would effect oil spill response actions, it was necessary to review and analyze the available hydrographic data for Moriches Inlet. The results of this review are found in Tetra Tech Inc. (1981a). 4.1 HYDROGRAPHIC SETTING Moriches Inlet connects the Atlantic Ocean with Moriches Bay, a shallow bar-built estuary on the south shore of Long Island (Figure 1). Moriches Bay, in turn, is hydraulically connected on the west to Great South Bay through Narrow Bay, and on the east to Shinnecock Bay through the Quogue Canal. Depths within Moriches Bay vary from one to 11 feet with an average mean-low-water depth of about four feet. Isolated holes with depths of over 20 feet are known to exist. The bay's total surface area is about 15 square miles between Potunk Point and Smith Point, and the tidal prism is approxi- mately 850 million cubic feet of water which passes through Moriches Inlet on an average tide. Water exchange with Great South Bay and Shinnecock Bay are minor compared to the direct exchange with the Atlantic Ocean through the inlet. The above generalization of Moriches Inlet and Bay applies only during certain periods for reasons discussed below. Over the years, from 1931 to present, Moriches Inlet has undergone many physical changes which include closing of the inlet before 1931,opening between 1931 and 1938, gradual closing again in 1951, construction of jetties between 1951 and 1953, reopening artifically in 1953 and planned periodic heavy dredging since 1953. The physical changes are due to the erosion and deposition of sand and sediment at the inlet in addition to the strong 4 hydraulic effects induced by the Shinnecock Inlet. In turn, Shinnecock Inlet is affected by conditions at Moriches Inlet. A- 11 Ad A so d Sul VtA LO ()c Alt 0,C CA N GR -fLA N Tl C 10 FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF EAST ROCKAWAY AND MORICHES INLET STUD) 1,1 HYDROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MORICHES INLET The following paragraphs summarize available data on littoral forces that affect Moriches Inlet -- tides, currents, winds, waves, storms, ice conditions. However, these data again are only applicable for periods when Moriches Inlet is open, for example, from 1953 to present. Tides dominate the circulation and mixing of water within Moriches Bay. The tides within the study area are semi-diurnal, with a period of 12.42 hours. The mean tidal range in the Atlantic Ocean south of Moriches Inlet is about 2.9 feet, with a Spring range of 3.5 feet, and a Neap range of 2.1 feet. Aside from the ocean inlet, tidal flow within Moriches Bay is influenced by the connecting waterways with adjacent bays. Tidal exchange occurs between Moriches Bay and Shinnecock Bay via the Quantuck and Quogue canals and between Moriches Bay and Great South Bay through Narrow Bay. The tidal exchange occurs because the times of high and low water are different on opposite ends of the connecting waterways. According to Redfield (1952) the tide reaches Smith Point from Moriches Inlet about 40 minutes ahead of the tide moving easterly through Great South Bay from Fire Island Inlet, thus west Moriches Bay water flows into eastern Great South Bay on flood t4 de. In addition, there is a net westward flow through Narrow Bay over each tidal cycle. Similarly, there is a net westward tidal flow through the Quantuck and Quogue canals from Shinnecock Bay into Moriches Bay. Recently, Moriches Inlet has experienced a major breach through the ad- jacent barrier beach and efforts are currently being made to control the size of this breach. The potential effects of these natural and man-made activi- ties on hydraulic interaction between the two bays are presently not known. 13 The maximum observed ocean storm tide within Moriches Bay was 15.7 feet above mean sea level during the hurricane of 21 September, 1938 (USACE, 1959). However, this high elevation possibly includes the wave run-up. Storm tide data were taken inside the bay but not at the inlet. The currents in Moriches Inlet and interior channels are primarily controlled by tidal action. Thus current velocities vary with the tidal stages and reverse in direction about every 6.2 hours. Tetra Tech, Inc. (1981b) conducted a numerical study of circulation and dispersion for Great South Bay and contiguous regions. The model out- put of maximum velocities in Moriches Inlet were 1.9 knots on both ebb and flood tides. These values represent average tidal conditions. The report, Computed Current Velocities in Moriches Inlet and Moriches Bay (Pritchard and DiLorenzo, 1981) presents computer simulations of current velocities and directions in Moriches Inlet and Bay under varying tidal and meteorological conditions. A two-dimensional, finite-element, transient state hydrodynamic model was used. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate relative cur- rent velocities and directions under conditions of a typical storm surge coincident with spring tide; and calm winds during neap tide, respectively. It was noted that the shape of the inlet induces a crowding effect during ebb tide which contributes to shoreline erosion. Along the south shore of Long Island, the prevailing winds are from the southwest (USACE, 1965). On a seasonal basis, the prevailing winds are from the southwest from April through October, from the west in November and Decem- ber, and from the northwest in January, February, and March. At sea, the winds from the westerly quadrants prevail. Velocities approaching 100 miles per hour have been reported. along the South Shore during storms. Storm wave 14 IVX-- -:z -;Qz A Ald' A4 Ad' Nr ll<z 'Isr -a "Kiz .a;x -del .451 Ail heights of 20 feet have been reported off the south shore of Long Island and wave gauges operating off Gilgo and Jones Beaches have recorded a maxi- mum height of 13.4 feet. Visual surf observations were made from the Short Beach Lifeboat Station at the western end of Jones Beach for the period of October 1954 to December 1957 which show that 98 percent of the waves were from the southern quadrant and the remaining 2 percent were from the east. The waves from the southeast and southwest predominated, with 41 percent and 40 percent of all the waves coming from these directions, respectively. During the period of observation, only 5 percent of the waves had a height of 4 feet or greater. Water temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean south of Fire Island Inlet N range from -20C to 100C in January and 170C to 260C in August (Lettau et al., 1976). There are no known problems due to ice conditions along the ocean frontage in the study area (USACE, 1965). Moriches Bay will freeze over in shallow water areas and in the open bay; however, the channels leading into the inlet and the inlet itself will stay relatively free of ice. 'A 17 SECTION 5 RECOMMENDED OIL SPILL RESPONSE ACTIONS 5.1 INTRODUCTION The Moriches Inlet region of Long Island supports a multiplicity of uses. Great South, Cupsogue, and Westhampton Beaches on the barrier island are popular vacationing spots visited by great numbers of people each summer. The marsh areas of Moriches Bay, although not as extensive as in other por- tions of the South Shore Bay System, provide prime habitat for ducks, terns, deer, etc. A variety of fish, including striped bass, bluefish, and flatfish are caught near Moriches Inlet for both commercial and recreational purposes. Soft and hard clams are harvested commercially throughout Moriches Bay. Commercial and recreational marinas line the Bay shoreline, as does private residential property. Oil impacting the barrier island beaches or entering Moriches Bay through Moriches Inlet, could have deleterious effects on all the afore- mentioned resources. However, through the efficient use of spill contain- ment and clean-up actions these detrimental effects could be minimized or averted. The feasibility and effectiveness of these spill response actions can be predicted by examining a hypothetical scenario that closely approxi- mates a potential spill incident. By looking at such incident-specific factors as type of oil spilled and quantity, slick. movement and evaporation, currents and tides, prevailing winds and weather conditions, and response time available, the degree to which these response actions can be implemented is predicted with sufficient accuracy for planning purposes. 5.2 DETAILS OF OIL SPILL SCENARIO The scenario put forth in this study represents the most probable major 18 oil spill that would occur at Moriches Inlet; a spill 23 miles offshore in the shipping lane resulting from a tanker accident. The spill scenario was evaluated using the following procedure: 1) Slick Modeling. The general trajectory and spread of the spill was predicted for the scenario conditions. Key data desired from this effort included first arrival time 'rate of subsequent move- ment, probable extent of water and shoreline contamination, and the net movement of the slick within the inlet. 2) Priority Analvsis. This analysis considered the resources of the immediate area and their biological, aesthetic, recreational, and economic values. These resources were assigned protection priori- ties according to both their sensitivities to spilled oil and their values. 3) Local/Regional Response. Local and regional oil spill response re- sources were inventoried and their probable response times evalu- ated. Response time evaluations are based on an initial reaction and mobilization period, estimated travel time to the response site, and estimated deployment time as a function of equipment type. Response feasibility, effectiveness, and generalized impacts were also considered. 4) Equipment Performance. Most spill control equipment only functions effectively within a certain range of environmental conditions. This evaluation considered limiting characteristics of the inlet and vicinity, limiting scenario criteria, and performance characteris- A tics of locally and regionally available equipment. 5) Scenario Assessment. The preceding factors were assessed for response feasibility, effectiveness and generalized impacts. 5.2.1 Scenario Parameters This scenario considers a major crude oil spill associated with an 85,000 DWT tanker casualty. The accident occurs in the shipping lane 'A approximately 23 miles south of Moriches Inlet, at 720 45'12"W, 400 26' 18" N. A probable cause of the casualty would be collision with another vessel. Other spill scenario parameters include the following: Spill Size. Loss of two adjacent cargo tanks is assumed, approximate volume of 107,000 bbls (16,000 tons), total release within minutes. 19 Oil Characteristics. Oil density of 0. 854 gm/cm3 (34' API Gravity), pour point of -150F, viscosity of 43 sus at 1000F. Season. Summer. Tide. Slick encounters Moriches Inlet at maximum flood tide. Wind. From south at 10 knots. Waves. Calm conditions, waves less than 1 foot in Moriches Bay. Temperature. 800F. 5.2.2 Spill Movement The map shown in Figure 4 represents the Offshore Oil Spill Trajectory Time Series Model for the tanker accident described for this scenario. As the slick moves northward, it spreads out, reaching a diameter of 4.68 miles after 60 hours, when it impacts the shore of Long Island. The model incorporates slick movement and spreading (Premack and Brown 1973), diffusion (Okubo 1971), and evaporation (Mackay, et al. 1980). South- erly winds at 10 knots were used to drive the slick north toward Moriches In- let. The slick moves at a speed of 0.3 knot, or roughly 3 percent of the wind speed. No non-wind induced currents are used in the calculations because the existing currents do not generally move perpendicular to the coast and con- sequently would not decrease the slick's travel time to Moriches Inlet. Long- shore drift off the coast of Long Island is to the west. If the modeling took into account this longshore drift, the spill site would have to be located farther to the east to compensate for the westward drift. Under these con- ditions, speed of slick movement and distance to shore would both increase, most likely augmenting the slick's travel time to Moriches Inlet. The spilled light crude oil would be subject to considerable evapora- 'A 20 U/ o B 0 91 N K H A VI' I 4@ if 4y 7r In Ei,t U. fMoriches V.: 27A 27@A @A I If 7i; 'o @4 44. "0 V MORWHES AF 4'OAST GUARD STA -CM bb,@ TI ro 0 0-4 0.5 P-- 77 0.3 ra In "T@ Coo-* -n U,11 BW rl@. Pt Ik -W -21W A y so 1/2 14 mile G%1 be contaminated initially by the slick. Once inside the Inlet slow currents and southerly winds would tend to drive the slick away from the north shore of the barrier island and toward the north shore of Moriches Bay. During the initial flood tide, the slick would be carried west to Areskonk Creek and east into Seatuck Cove. Approximately 13 miles of bay shoreline would be con- taminated by the slick if response actions are not taken; the majority of which consists of private and commercial property. Marsh contamination would be minimal. 5.3 PRIORITY ANALYSIS An oil spill as presented in this scenario would adversely affect the natural, recreational, commercial, and residential resources of the Moriches Inlet/Bay region. In the event of such a spill, certain of these resources should receive priority in oil spill protection and cleanup due to their en- vironmental or economic sensitivity to the effects of spilled oil. Great South, Cupsogue, and Westhampton Beaches are popular vacationing spots used by great numbers of visitors during the warmer summer months. Oil on the beach or in the near shore zone could drastically diminish visitor usage of these beaches, decreasing the tourist trade which constitutes a major por- tion of the local economic base. Therefore, these beaches should receive priority consideration in protection and cleanup. Durin- the colder winter months when visitor usage is minimal, these beaches are less economically sensitive to the effects of spilled oil, and priority could shift to some of the more vulnerable (both economically and environmentally) areas. All marshland in Moriches Bay should receive priority consideration also, and every effort should be made to exclude oil. from these areas. Not only are these marshlands susceptible to the toxic and smothering effects of 24 spilled oil, but oil also tends to persist for longer periods of time in these areas. In addition, marshlands are prime habitat for a variety of wildlife species (certain of which are used as commercial catches). Some of the prime wildlife areas include: o Western Moriches Bay, Seatuck Cove - Wintering Diving Ducks o Pond Point - Wintering waterfowl o Moriches Inlet - Striped Bass, Bluefish, Flatfish, Mussels, Harbor Seals 0 Moriches Bay - Hard Clams o Remsenburg Shoreline - Soft Cl s o Cupsogue Beach - Surf Clams o Moriches Inlet Island - Tern nesting and feeding grounds o Great South Beach - Right Whale and Porpoise sightings The marinas and other commercial-recreational areas which line Moriches Bay should receive priority consideration, as should residential shoreline, even though both types of area are not usually as environmentally sensitive as the wildlife habitat. 5.4 SPILL RESPONSE ACTIONS Response to an oil spill typically includes attempts to contain the spilled oil, to exclude it from environmentally sensitive areas, and to re- 'A move it. When considering overall impact, response actions that limit the area of oil contamination are most significant. For the scenario in question, 'A feasible protection response actions to the predicted movement of the spilled 'A oil were considered. These actions were developed by setting priorities for sensitive areas that might be impacted by spilled oil. Type and amount of 25 oil spill equipment available in the New York area, prevailing environmental conditions (water depth, current velocities, access, areas of natural oil accumulation, air and water temperatures), and spill response time were all considered in determining the feasibility of the responses. Oil spill response actions are difficult to execute in Moriches Inlet and Bay for two reasons: the predominance of shallow water and shoals, and the rapid currents in the vicinity of the inlet. Figures 6, 7, and 8 show the areas within Moriches Bay with water depths less than 2, 4, and 6 feet (mean low water), respectively. However, these water depths change so often that the U. S. Coast Guard recommends that boats with drafts greater than 3 feet stay out of Moriches Bay. Even the Long Island Intercoastal Waterway, which is dredged to six feet, changes so rapidly as to make it unsafe for boats that require more than three feet of water. Since all self-propelled skimmers available in the New York City area have at least a four foot operational depth (JBF 3001-4 ft, JBF 3003, 111arco Class ID, and Bennett Mark 'A GE-6 ft) they can not be used for oil spill cleanup in Moriches Bay. An LCI skimmer with a three-foot draft could be used. Deploying booms in water less than 2 feet deep is not recommended because a certain amount of free water space between the bottom of the boom skirt and the Bay's bottom is necessary for effective booming. It should be noted that although both small pleasure craft and fishing boats regularly pass through Moriches Inlet, the Coast Guard warns against boat traffic in the Inlet due to rapidly changing shoal conditions. Maximum calculated flood tide currents for selected locations within Moriches Inlet and Bay are shown in Figure 5. Although the fast currents of up to two knots at the Inlet would make booming difficult and less effec- 26 - - - - - - - - - -- ;V s- I, A V E\ N 0 K, H . ... ...... IL -j T --Ant Fwt A, Mm ches @60@-A J f2 7 .9f N. 3 C@7:Aj @c r VY. Nll f COAST GUARD BTA TT - -.I@\ -- I I i ------ k 1-1@ fj k--; P@ F-I .0- AM; "", q1 S@, 0OW2 1/2 14 mile @j it'd T 0 -J' J S Q, U T H A P r27);."i) _A_ 0@0 __4 A W.0S. B ft 0 0 K H A v 4 k 1@@ , I" , iNZY j N z -1 [email protected] Re@n@u% -fM 'id. y BeUch N J1 jW Jel .-M L N-1 .0 -V RES C ST GUARD STA 7. IM E,- 'A' S 17 i 4 -4- J LLU-1-Je 4- 7:7 0 - --------- A, .77 AA _.'A.3, NINN 7-1 7-- 'A7 I'F LEGEND RN XA. Water D t Ilp hs 4 Feet or Less water) MEM/0 (mean 0 'o 0\) Long I I d In 0 1/2 tercoastal Waterway Projects Tepth 6 Feet mile Figure 7. WATER DEPTHS 4 FEET OR LESS (mean low water) -7 IE:w9tPort 21 P@. U '6 i "' N s T H A P T <m .1,27 Fh A-, K H A V L N 4 0 0 % 441 Xl@ 4 iih. V f @`FAt rg E, P,.wn4u hpto@ -4 lli@@ Oi Y zn 71 27A A I. g a n, t 'STA J4 J U 4.1 Air Z A ---------- -- 6 ie A U-L q.. ur, if R LEGEND P, Water De ths Less Than 6 Feet (me water) ft 0 Long Islaod Intercoastal Waterway - 0 '/2 Project Depth 6 Feet mile iehm Figure 8. WATER DEPTHS LESS THAN 6 FEET (mean low water) tive there (N. Vanderkooy et al. 1976), current velocities drop quite rapidly once inside Moriches Bay, where most of the measured current veloci- ties are less than 0.5. Since approximately 60 hours would be required for the oil slick to travel the 23 miles from the accident site to Moriches Inlet (with up to seven additional hours for slick movement inside Moriches Bay), adequate time would exist in which to mobilize an effective spill response effort. Due to the rapid currents right at the Inlet, the slick could not be effective- ly contained there using booms. The slick would have to be contained in the quieter waters inside Moriches Inlet where currents are less than one knot. Since the incoming tide and southerly winds would tend to drive the oil toward the northern shore of Moriches Bay, diversion booms placed on this shore at points of natural oil accumulation along with exclusion booms de- ployed at creek, marsh, and marina entrances would limit the extent of con- tamination and also prot@ct these sensitive areas. Small skimmers with vacuum trucks would be used in conjunction with all diversion booms and the exclusion boom at Cupsogue Beach to clean up contained oil. Figure 9 shows the locations of booming sites and points where small skimmers and vacuum trucks would be used to recover oil. Table 1 lists spill response actions A for the Moriches Inlet area. The staging area for the spill response effort would be Seatuck Cove Marina. This marina is well suited for this purpose because it has a boat ramp, boat lift, is in deep enough water to launch spill response boats, and has adequate adjacent open space to accommodate spill response vehicles and equipment. With 60 hours in which to execute response actions, having the staging area located slightly farther away from the Inlet than one would want A 30 v\ 0 0 K H A v B It ga v., lu 09 27A 11 i IL te 'i-, 41; L 14 A MO 'C A GUARD STA C, W, dL6 24 A, 25 21 20 0 23 22 3 - F 4@ Jq 2 Ch, in. Wz- I P, @?o 0110 0 ----- - ...... mile Moriches Ba@p 3 65 Mori hes Inlet ca so 5S so 45 Hourly Times of 40 Advance 35 30 25 20 IS' 10 5 Spill Site .0 1 2 3 4 5 miles Moriches Inlet Offshore Tanker Spill Crude Oil API 34 107,000 BELS 0 1 2 3 4 5 Woodward-Clyde Consultants Geographic Information Systems kilometers Figure 4.. SPILL TRAJECTORY MODEL 21 tive loss due to factors such as an 800F air temperature and an increased slick surface area (30 square miles after 60 hours) resulting from spread- ing. The thickness of the slick decreases from 1.40 mm at 5 hours, to 0.23 mm at 60 hours. The evaporative loss would decrease the slick's volume by approximately 39 percent, from 107,000 to 65,200 barrels during the initial 60-hour period. The majority of this evaporative loss consists of the oil's toxic, low molecular weight: hydrocarbon components such as benzene and toluene. Upon reaching the shores of Long Island, the majority of the 4.68-mile diameter slick would wash onto Great South, Cupsogue and Westhampton Beaches, adjacent to Moriches Inlet., Determining how much of the slick would actu- N ally pass through the 800-foot-wide Inlet is difficul t, but it is felt that a substantial entraining effect would occur near the Inlet and up to 20 per- A cent of the slick (13,000 barrels) would enter Moriches Bay. Oil entering the Inlet would initially contaminate both sides of the Inlet itself and the islands immediately to the north and east. From there the slick would be carried west toward the Forge River and east toward Hart and Seatuck coves. Currents are rapid right at the Inlet, attaining veloci- ties of approximately 2 knots. These currents slow to 1 to 1.5 knots near the adjacent islands. Once inside the main portions of Moriches Bay, current velocities drop to 0.6 knot: or less, with the southern part of the Bay having slightly faster currents than the northern section. These minimal currents would help to limit oil slick movement and contamination once inside the Bay. Figure 5 shows both the hourly incursions of oil in Moriches Bay as well as the extent of shoreline contamination without the implementation of the recom- mended response actions. Roughly five miles of barrier island beach would 22 Table 1. BOOMING LOCATIONS AND EQUIPMENT/MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS Estimated Response Time From Equipment & Manpower Seatuck First Day Location and Length and Boom Required to Deploy & Oila Cove Response b Booming Number Type Required Maintain Booms & Skim Marina Action Cost 1. Moriches Inlet 1000 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/3-man crew would 2.0 hr $1600 West Curtain Boom remain to tend boom Diversion 1-Vacuum truck and 2-man Booming crew w/small skimmer on shore 4-Anchors 2. Cupsogue Beach 1000 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/3-man crew would 1.9 hr $1600 Diversion Curtain Boom remain to tend boom Booming 1-Vacuum truck and 2-man crew w/small skimmer on shore 4-Anchors 3. Cupsogue Beach 1000 ft. Optimax. 1-Boat w/3-man crew 1.8 hr $1600 to Unnamed Curtain Boom I-Vacuum truck and 2-man Island crew w/small skimmer on Excludion shore Booming 4-Anchors 4. Speonk Point 1500 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/3-man crew would 2.0 hr $1100 Diversion Curtain Boom remain to tend boom Booming 5-Anchors 5. Westhampton 200 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/2-man crew 1.0 hr $300 Yacht Squadron Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Exclusion Booming 6. Seatuck Cove #2 200 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/2-man crew 0.9 hr $300 Exclusion Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Booming 7. Seatuck Cove #1 200 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/2-man crew 0.9 hr $300 Exclusion Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Booming 8. Fish Creek 200 ft. Optimax I-Boat w/2-man crew 0.7 hr $300 Exclusion Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Booming 9. East River 1200 ft. Optimax I-Boat w/3-man crew would --- $1000 Exclusion Curtain Boom remain to tend boom Booming 5-Anchors ,A 10. Seatuck Creek 200 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/2-man crew 0.6 hr $300 Exclusion Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Booming 32 A Table, 1. BOOMING LOCATIONS AND EQUIPMENT/MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS (continued) Estimated Response Time From Equipment & Manpower Seatuck First Day Location and Length and Boom Required to Deploy a Cove Response b Booming Number Type Required Maintain Booms & Skim Oil Marina Action Cost 11. Heils Creek 200 ft. Optimax I-Boat w/2-man crew 0.7 hr $300 Exclusion Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Booming 12. Haven Point 1500 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/3-man crew would 1.8 hr $1800 Diversion Curtain Boom remain to tend boom Booming 1-Vacuum truck and 2-man crew w/small skimmer on shore 5-Anchors 13. Maple Ave. 200 ft. Optimax I-Boat w/2-man crew 1.0 hr $300 Marinas Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Exclusion Booming 14. Harts Cove 200 ft. Optimax I-Boat w/2-man crew 1.0 hr $300 Marina Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Exclusion Booming 15. Hart Cove 1500 ft. Optimax I-Boat w/3-man crew would 2.0 hr $1800 Diversion Curtain Boom remain to tend boom Booming 1-Vacuum truck and 2-man crew w/small skimmer on shore 5-Anchors 16. West Cove 1500 ft. Optimax I-Boat w/3-man crew would 2.1 hr $1800 Diversion Curtain Boom remain to tend boom Booming 1-Vacuum truck and 2-man crew w/small skimmer on shore 5-Anchors 17. Tuthill Point 1500 ft. Optimax I-Boat v/3-man crew would 2.1 hr $1800 Diversion Curtain Boom remain to tend boom Booming I-Vacuum truck and 2--man crew w/small skimmer on shore 5-Anchors 18. Radio Point 1500 ft. Optimax I-Boat w/3-man crew would 2.2 hr $1800 Diversion Curtain-Boom remain to tend boom Booming I-Vacuum truck and 2-man crew w/small skinner on shore 5-Anchors 33 Table I. BOOMING LOCATIONS AND EQUIPMENTIMIANPOWER REQUIREMENTS (concluded) Estimated Response Time From Equipment & Manpower Seatuck First Day Location and Length and Boom Required to Deploy a Cove Response b Booming Number Type Required Maintain Booms & Skim Oil Marina Action Cost 19. Tadsens@F-ishing 500 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/2-man crew 1.3 hr $400 Station Curtain Boom 3-Anchors Exclusion Booming 20. Cerullo Bros. 200 ft. Optimax I-Boat w/2-man crew 1.3 hr $300 Fishing Station Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Exclusion Booming 21. Terrell River 200 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/2-man crew 1.3 hr $300 Exclusion Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Booming 22. Davids Point 1500 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/3-man crew would 2.4 hr $1800 Diversion Curtain Boom remain to tend boom Booming I-Vacuum truck and 2-man crew w/small skimmer on shore 5-Anchors 23. Orchard Neck 200 ft. Optimax I-Boat w/2-man crew 1.5 hr $300 Creek Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Exclusion Booming 24. Areskonk Creek 200 ft. Optimax I-Boat w/1-man crew 1.6 hr $300 Exclusion Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Booming 25. Moriches Yacht 300 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/2-man crew 1.7 hr $350 Club Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Exclusion Booming 26. Senix Creek 200 ft. Optimax 1-Boat w/2-man crew 1.7 hr $300 Exclusion Curtain Boom 2-Anchors Booming aSource: C.R. Foget, et al. 1979., bSource: C.R. Foget 1981. 34 in a minimum response time situation should pose no problem. The use of the Moriches Coast Guard Station as a staging area would not be feasible due to the incompatibility of response vessels with the Coast GuarVs rail boat launcb system lktheirs is not a standard boat ramp). Also, vessels launched there must pass through their boat house, which could pose problems. If storage space or additional land-staging areas are necessary during a response effort, the Coast Guard station could be used for these purposes. The boom deployed on the west side of the Inlet should be effective in containing oil because it is situated in a back eddy area with slower (less than one knot) currents. The boom terminates on a sandy beach with vehicular access, making for easier and more efficient pickup of oil. S1.nce the two booms terminating on the north shore of Cupsogue Beach are deployed in waters having maximum current velocities in excess of one knot, their effectiveness would be limited. However, the use of these locations as booming sites (in conjunction with small skimmers) is deemed necessary so as to limit the quantity of oil spreading into Moriches Bay. This is an important consideration because the self-propelled skimmers normally used to clean up large amounts of oil are not capable of operating in the Bay's shallow waters. Estimated spill response times are given in this report for two cases. The first case is for a response effort mounted by local spill contractors. The total response times for boom deployment at each location for this con- tractor mounted effort are given in Table 2. These response times vary in time between 6 and 10 hours. The response times take into account a 6-hour period (average taken from Table 3) for the contractors to transport their 35 AL , '%I, @ 4,-, *-, 1 .0 '106@ 1, @) *, _@ ok * 1 4 @ 4 , 'd @_ & 1@ 4 , A I A *0 W Table 2. ESTIMATED DEPLOYMENT TIMES FOR CONTRACTOR MOUNTED RESPONSE ACTIONS Travel Time Time Required Average Minimum to Boom to Deploy Total Response Time to Deployment Boom at Response Seatuck Cove Location Location Lag Time Time Marina Booming Location (hours) (hours) (hours) (hours) Response by 6.0 1 - Moriches Inlet-West 0.8 1.2 1.4 9.4 contractors 6.0 2 - Cupsogue Beach 0.7 1.2 1.4 9.3 with their 6.0 3 - Cupsogue Beach to own equipment Unnamed Island 0.6 1.2 1.4 9.2 6.0 4 - Speonk Point 0.5 1.5 1.4 9.4 6.0 5 - Westhampton Yacht Squadron 0.5 0.5 0 7.0 6.0 6 - Seatuck Cove #2 0.4 0.5 0 6.9 6.0 7 - Seatuck Cove #1 0.4 0.5 0 6.9 6.0 8 - Fish Creek 0.2 0.5 0 6.7 6.0 9 - East River --- 1.3 1.4 8.7 6.0 10 - Seatuck Creek 0.1 0.5 1.4 8.0 6.0 11 - Heils Creek 0.2 0.5 1.4 8.1 6.0 12 - Haven Point 0.3 1.5 1.4 9.4 6.0 13 - Maple Ave. Marinas 0.5 0.5 0 7.0 6.0 14 - Harts Cove Marina 0.5 0.5 0 7.0 6.0 15 - Hart Cove 0.5 1.5 1.4 9.4 6.0 16 - West Cove 0.6 1.5 1.4 9.5 6.0 17 - Tuthill Point 0.6 1.5 1.4 9.5 6.0 18 - Radio Point 0.7 1.5 1.4 9.6 6.0 19 - Tadsens Fishing Station 0.7 0.6 0 7.3 6.0 20 - Cerullo Bros. Fishing Station 0.8 0.5 0 7.3 6.0 21 - Terrell River 0.8 0.5 0 7.3 6.0 22 - Davids Point 0.9 1.5 1.4 9.8 6.0 23 - orchard Neck Creek 1.0 0.5 0 7.5 6.0 24 - Areskonk Creek 1.1 0.5 0 7.6 6.0 25 - Moriches Yacht Club 1.1 0.6 0 7.7 6.0 26 - Senix Creek 1.2 0.5 0 7.7 Table 3. ESTIMATED RESPONSE TIMES FOR OIL SPILL CONTRACTORS IN THE MORICHES INLET AREA (To Seat Distance Mobiliza- Travel Boom Deploy- Boat Deploy- Contractor to Inlet tion Time a Time b. ment Time c ment Time Clean Harbors 80 mi 1.5 hrs 2.0 bra Compactible--I hr 0.25 hr (Verrazano Bridge) Standard--2 hrs Clean Harbors 85 mi 1.5 hrs 2.0 hrs Compactible--I hr 0.25 hr (Upper Arthur Kill) Standard--2 hrs Clean Harbors 95 mi 1.5 hrs 2.5 bra Compactible--I hr 0.25 hr (Perth Amboy) Standard--2 hrs Clean Venture 90 mi 1.5 hrs 2.25 hrs Standard--2 hrs 0.25 hr (Linden) Coastal Services 85 mi 1.5 hrs 2.0 hrs Standard--2 hrs 0.25 hr (Elizabeth) Marine Pollution 25 mi 1.5 hrs .75 hr Standard--2 hrs 0.25 hr Control (Port Jefferson) Clean Water 135 mi 1.5 hrs 3.5 hrs Standard--2 hrs 0.25 hr (Toms River) AAA Pollution 80 mi 1.5 hrs 2.0 hrs Standard--2 bra 0.25 hr (Long Island City) Moran-Crowley 90 mi 1.5 hrs 2.25 hrs Standard--2 hrs 0.25 hr (Carteret) aIncludes 0.5 hr for notification and I hr to get equipment on the road. bAverage speed of 40 mph. Time required to unpack, assemble, and launch 1,000 ft of boom. equipment to Seatuck Cove '.\Iarina and place the equipment into the water, ready for deployment. A lag time is added to half of the spill response times because only 13 boats are used to deploy boom at the 26 response action locations. A boat would deploy boom at an exclusion booming location, return to Seatuck Cove Marina, and tow boom to a diversion booming location, where it would then remain to move and tend the boom once it was in place. Since there is more than adequate time (60 plus hours) in which to execute all required spill response actions, it is not necessary to have one boat respond simultaneously to each booming locat.ion, although this is possible if there is only limited time in which to mount a response. Having fewer boats towing long (up to 1.500 feet) lengths of boom would help to limit boat traffic and congestion in and around Seatuck Cove Marina. The second case considers a spill response effort mounted by the Suffolk County Police Department, U. S. Coast Guard, or other local groups using equipment that was stored locally, i.e., at Seatuck Cove Marina, Moriches Coast Guard Station, etc. The total response times for this case are given in Table 4. As one can see from Table 4, response times are 5 hours quicker when the 21,100 feet of boom necessary to execute the response actions is stored near Moriches Inlet, and the response effort is carried out by a local group. However, in this scenario, since there is more than adequate time for response prior to the oil's arrival in Moriches Bay, the storage of oil spill equipment locally is not necessary. In both cases, boom deployment does not have to follow a priority sequence based on environmental or economic sensitivity due to the distant nature of the spill. The total response times given were calculated under optimum conditions. 38 Table 4. ESTIMATED DEPLOYMENT TIMES FOR LOCALLY MOUNTED RESPONSE ACTIONS Travel Time Time Required Average Minimum to Boom to Deploy Total Response Time to Deployment Boom at Response Seatuck Cove Location Location Lag Time Time Marina Booming Location (hours) (hours) (hours) (hours) Response by U.S. 1.0 1 - Moriches Inlet-West 0.8 1.2 1.4 4.4 Coast Guard or 1.0 2 - Cupsogue Beach 0.7 1.2 1.4 4.3 local group if 1.0 3 - Cups%ogue Beach to oil spill equip- Unnamed Island 0.6 1.2 1.4 4.2 ment is stored 1.0 4 - Speonk Point 0.5 1.5 1.4 4.4 locally (i.e.. at 1.0 - Westhampton Yacht Moriches Coast Squadron 0.5 0.5 0 2.0 Guard Station or 1.0 6 - Seatuck Cove #2 0.4 0.5 0 1.9 Seatuck Cove 1.0 7 - Seatuck Cove #1 0.4 0.5 0 1.9 Marina). Vacuum 1.0 8 - Fish Creek 0.2 0.5 0 1.7 trucks are sup- 1.0 9 - East River --- 1.3 1.4 3.7 plied by local 1.0 10 - Seatuck Creek 0.1 0.5 1.4 3.0 contractors. 1.0 11 - Heils Creek 0.2 0.5 1.4 3.1 1.0 12 - Haven Point 0.3 1.5 1.4 4.4 1.0 13 - Maple Ave. Marinas 0.5 0.5 0 2.0 1.0 14 - Harts Cove Marina 0.5 0.5 0 2.0 1.0 15 - Hart Cove 0.5 1.5 1.4 4.4 1.0 16 - West Cove 0.6 1.5 1.4 4.5 1.0 17 - Tuthill Point 0.6 1.5 1.4 4.5 1.0 18 - Radio Point 0.7 1.5 1.4 4.6 1.0 19 - Tadsens Fishing Station 0.7 0.6 0 2.3 1.0 20 - Cerullo Bros. Fishing Station 0.8 0.5 0 2.3 1.0 21 - Terrell River 0.8 0.5 0 2.3 1.0 22 - Davids Point 0.9 1.5 1.4 4.8 1.0 23 - Orchard Neck Creek 1.0 0.5 0 2.5 1.0 24 - Areskonk Creek 1.1 0.5 0 2.6 1.0 25 - Moriches Yacht Club 1.1 0.6 0 2.7 1.0 26 - Senix Creek 1.2 0.5 0 2.7 Calls for assistance during nonworking hours (nights, weekends, holidays, etc.), poor road conditions, heavy road traffic, or inclement weather would increase these times by a factor of two or three. Also, anywhere from three to ten hours would be required for vacuum truck arrival in both cases. The estimated costs for implementation of spill response actions at each location during the first day (10 working hours) are given in Table 1. The total amount of equipment required and their rental costs are listed in Table 5. The total number of man hours required and labor rates are given in Table 6. The $16,750 equipment rental cost and $14,250 labor cost give a total first day response action cost of approximately $31,000. This daily total cost would probably increase on subsequent days as additional booms, boats, and vacuum trucks were used and shoreline cleanup operations initiated. Due to the abundance of shallow water (see Figures 6, 7, and 8) in Moriches Bay, self-propelled skimmers could not be employed to help pick up 14 oil. Six of the seven self'-propelled skimmers available in the New York City area require a six foot operational depth (the seventh requires four feet), and although there is water of at least this depth in Moriches Bay, the Coast Guard recommends that boats with drafts greater than three feet not navigate there because of the exceedingly rapid manner in which shoals and the Bay bottom change. An LCI skimmer available through Moran-Crowley Environmental Services could be used for oDen water skimming. Although it has a draft of three feet, its operation in Moriches Bay could be made difficult or unfeasible because of the.shallow waters. Two boats with 100-foot boom sections would be required to tow the skimmer. In the absence of self-propelled skimmers, booms of up to 1000 feet in length deployed between two boats in a "U" configuration could be used 40 Table 5. EQUIP14ENT RE14TAL COST FOR ONE 10-HOUR DAY Amount/Number Rental Total Equipment Required Cost Cost Boom 21,300 ft $0.35/ft $ 7500 Work Boats 23 200/day 4600 Small Skimmers 13 50/day 650 Vacuum Trucks 10 300/day 3000 LPI Skimmer 1 1000/day 1000 TOTAL $ 16,750 41 Table 6. LABOR COST FOR ONE 10-HOUR DAY Man Hours Required Labor Total Activity in 10-Hour Day Rate Cost Boom Deployment 150 $ 15.00/hr $2,250 Boom Maintenance 240 15.00/hr 3,600 Skimmer Maintenance 200 15.00/hr 3,000 Vacuum Truck Support 100 15.00/hr 1,500 Oil Herding Boats 180 15.00/hr 2,700 LPI Skimmer Operation 60 15.00/hr 900 (including boats) Miscellaneous 20 15.00/hr 300 Total 890 Total $14,250 ,A ,A 42 to corral oil in open waters. A skimmer deployed from a third boat, used in conjunction with a floating storage tank, would be used to pick up oil collected by the boom. Three such systems, requiring a total of nine boats, three small skimmers, and 3,000 feet of boom, could operate simultaneously in Moriches Bay (one each in the western, central, and eastern portions of the Bay). Using chemical dispersants to treat the large oil mass while it is still offshore could limit or prevent contamination of the barrier island beaches adjacent to Moriches Inlet. These dispersants would be applied through either vessel or airborne spraying systems. Application of chemi- cal dispersants to the slick causes the oil to break into small droplets, which, in the presence of wave energy, mix into the water column, forming a plume. Dispersant application enhances oil evaporation and biodegradation because the dispersed oil in droplet form has an increased surface area. Some of this dispersed oil below the surface would be carripd by subsur- face currents onto the beaches or through Moriches Inlet. However, impacts would be minimized because the quantity of oil reaching the barrier island beaches and Moriches Inlet and Bay would be decreased and because dispersed oil does not adhere to objects as readily as untreated oil. Some of this subsurface dispersed oil would be carried westward by longshore drift, threatening to contaminate shoreline many miles to the west of Moriches Inlet. To lessen contamination of the ocean beaches, a 2-3 foot high berm could be constructed parallel to the shoreline at the mid-tide line. Motor graders would be best suited for berm construction, although bulldozers would be adequate also. Maintenance of the berm would include possible 43 reconstruction daily. 11pill response activities conducted after the first day are beyond the scope of this report because of the difficulty in predicting spill behavior once oil has contacted a shoreline. Under the circumstances presented in this scenario, the cleaning of oil from water and shorelines could take up to 14 days. 5.5 EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE The use of American Marine Optimax Boom is recommended because it has performance characteristics (stability and shallow draft water use) well suited to the Moriches Bay region. Over 40,000 feet of this type of boom is available for use in the Long Island area, which greatly exceeds the 21,300 feet required to implement the predetermined response actions. Since there is adequate time in which to mount the response, booms would be layed out in the water at Seatuck Cove Marina and towed by boat to the various booming locations. If the time in which to implement responses was limited, booms could be carried inside boats to the sites. This would decrease response times because a boat carrying boom can travel at approximately 20 knots, as compared to 2-4 knots for a boat towing boom. Kepner Super- compactible boom is well suited for this because it can be compacted and transported in a minimum of space. Over 15,000 feet of this Super- compactible boom is available for use in the area. The 10 skimmers used at shoreline oil recovery points would have the capacity to pick up 300 barrels (12,600 gallons) per day. The three skimmers used to collect oil herded by boats with "U" configuration booms could recover approximately 100 barrels (4200 gallons) daily. The LPI skimmer could clean up 150 barrels (6300 gallons) daily. Total oil recovery capacity 44 of all these skimmers for a-10-'hour day would be 550 barrels (23,100 gallons). Oil recovery by skimmers would probably decrease on subsequent days as slick thickness decreased with continued slick spreading. Skimmer effectiveness increases with increasing slick thickness. As more oil became stranded on the channel shorelines, beach and shoreline oil recovery would be enhanced. Elevating scrapers, motor graders, and front-end loaders could be used to clean oil from sandy beach areas. Manual labor would. be used to clean shoreline areas not accessible to motorized vehicles. 45 SECTION 6 REFERENCES Foget, C.R. 1981. Memorandum Report on Existing Oil Spill Equipment. Foget, C.R., E. Schrier, M. Cramer, and R. Castle. 1979. Manual of Practice for Protection and Cleanup of Ocean, Estuarine anj Inland Shorelines, U. S. Environmental Protection Agencv. Hardy, C. D., E. R. Baylor, P. Moskowitz and A. Robbins. 1975. The Prediction of Oil Spill Movement in the Ocean South of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, New York. Tech. Re-. Series No. 21. Stony Brook, N.Y., Marine Science P Research Center. Lettau, B., W. A. Brower, Jr. and R. G. Quayle. 1976. Marine Climatology MESA New York Bight Atlas Monograph 7, New York Sea Grant Institute Albany, New York. Long Island Regional Planning Board. 1979. Oil Spill Response Actions in Fire Island Inlet, County of Suffolk, New York. Hauppauge, N.Y. Task 5.2 report, contract D142688. Long Island Regional Planning Board. 1981. 0 il Spill Response Actions in Jones Inlet, County of Suffolk, New York. Hauppauge, N.Y. Task 7.3 report, contract D164093. Long Island Regional Planning Board. 1981. Oil Spill Response Actions in Shinnecock Inlet, County of Suffolk, New York. Hauppauge, N.Y. Task 7.3 report, contact D164093. Mackay, D. et al. 1980. Calculation of the Evaporation Rate of Volatile Liquids. Hazardous Materials Spills Conference pg. 301. N.Y.S. Department of Environmental Conservation. 1977. New York State and Outer Continental Shelf Development - An Assessment of Impacts. Albany, New York. Okubo, A. 1971. Oceanic Diffusion Diagrams. Premack, J. and C. Brown. 1973. "Predictions of Oil Slick Motions in Narragansett Bay." 1973 Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, Washington, D. C. Pritchard, D. W. and J. DiLorenzo. 1981. Computed Current Velocities in Moriches Inlet and Moriches Bay. Long Island Regional Planning Board, Hauppauge, New York. Redfield, A. C. 1952. Report to the Town of Brookhaven and Islip, New York on the Hydrography of Great South Bay and Moriches Bay. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Ref. No. 52-26, Woods Hole, Mass. 46 Stewart, R. J. and J. W. Devanney 111. 1974. Probabilistic Trajectory Assessment for Offshore Oil Spills Impacting Long Island. Tetra Tech, Inc. 1981a. Littoral Forces Within the Moriches Inlet Study Area That May Influence the Selection and Effectiveness of Oil Spill Containment -and Cleanup Equipment. Long Island Regional Planning Board, Hauppauge, N.Y. Tetra Tech, Inc. 1981b. Circulation and Dispersion Modeling in the Great South Bay and Contiguous Regions. Central Islip, New York. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1959. Moriches and Shinnecock Inlets, Lon Island, New York. 86th Congress, lst Session, House Document No. 126, New York District. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1965. Atlantic Coast of Long Island, Fire Island Inlet and Shore Westerly to Jones Inlet, New York. House Document No. 115, 86th Congress, Ist Session, March 15, 1965. Vanderkooy, N., A. Robertson, and C. J. Beckett. 1976. Evaluation of Oil Spill Barriers and Deployment Techniques. Canadian Environmental Protection Service. January 1976. 47 APPENDIX A Review of Comments Submitted hy. Parti-is-in'terested in Oil Spill Control 1. John Black, Le ional Marine Resources Council ------ - ---- - Comment: What is done with the collected oil? What percentage of the collected liquid is oil? Resp2p,@e.: The oil is pumped into oil tankers and shipped to a refinery. The oily waste is landfilled. Approximately 80-90% of the collected liquid is oil. 2. Richard Miller, Executive SecretLryJ.I. Fishermen's Assoc. Comment: The use of dispersants will destroy marine life. Response: The use of dispersants as proposed in the scenario for MOA_@@js'Inlet will prevent an oil slick from entering Moriches Bay which supports extensive marine life for both commercial and recrea- tional purposes. The oil dispersed in the open ocean will have an increased surface area. thereby facilitating its biodegradation and evaporation. The impact on marine life will be minimal. Permission from the federal government is needed prior to use of dispersants. The federal policy on dispersal use is presently being re-evaluated. The use of dispersants probably will become a more commonly used alternative in combating oil spills. 3. Robert Smolker, Regional Marine Resources Council Comment.: The control of boat traffic is not mentioned in the report. Resp2n2@!.: It is assumed that the U.S. Coast Guard will utilize their authority to control boat traffic. Comment: Reynolds Channel and adjacent marshes are very important wintering areas for brant. It would be a good idea to deploy devices such as air guns to disturb the brant and deter them from using an area where oil has collected. Res-onse.: It is so noted. A A 1 APPENDIX B Part I - Inventory of oil Spill Contractors and Equipment in the Long Island Region In the event of an oil spill, an efficient and effective response is essential and can be achieved partially by familiarization with the con- tractors and equipment available for use in combatting oil spills. This Appendix identifies the local contractors and various operational aspects of oil spill equipment available in the Long Island area. The type, manufacturer, quantity and location of the oil spill equip- ment owned by each contractor is listed in Table 1. Equipment which can be operated effectively in shallow water is denoted with an asterisk. The rental costs for use of oil spill cleanup equipment are competitive and standardized throughout the industry. The costs are, however, subject to frequent change as are the equipment inventories of the various con- tractors. Table 2 gives the present rental costs for the equipment owned by two of the oil spill contractors listed in the previous table. Equipment. The primary types of equipment used in the containment and recovery of spilled oil are booms, skimmers and pumps. There are many varieties of each type of equipment available with some being better suited for certain purposes than others. A discussion of the characteristics of the different varieties of equipment is provided to enable the reader to determine which one is best suited for a specific purpose. Booms. Booms are used primarily for containment or diverting spilled oil or for protecting areas from contamination. The brands of booms available from the various contractors are listed in Table 3 along with their specif- ications and capabilities. B 1 Table 1. INVENTORY OF OIL SPILL CONTRACTORS EQUIPMENT Clean Harboss Cooperative (Verrazano Bridge)(201) 738-2438 Booms *9,000 ft American Marine Optimax 7" x 12" 3,000 ft Kepner Super compactible Sea Curtain 12" x 18" *5,000 ft Kepner Super compactible Sea Curtain 8" x 12" Skimmers 1 JDF 3003 self--propelled vessel *1 Centrifugal Systems Oil Mop v/500' of rope 1 Marco Class JD self-propelled vessel Boats *4 Raider 34' vork boats v/2 - 150 hp motors *4 Orca 22' deployment boats v/2 - 85 hp motors Oil/Water Separation Equiqment None Clean Harbors Cooperative (Upper Arthur Kill) Booms *149000 ft American Marine Optimax 7" x 12" 3,500 ft Kepner Supercompactible Sea Curtain 8" x 12" Skimmers 2 JBF 3003 self-propelled vessel *1 Centrifugal Systems Oil Mop w/500' of rope Bosts *1 Benment 27' Sealander v/2 - 150 hp motors *6 Ores 22' deployment boats w/2 - 85 hp motors Oil/Water Separation Equipment None Clean Harbors Cooperative (Perth Amboy) Booms *13,000 ft American Marine Optimax 7" x 12" 3,500 ft Kepner Supercompactible Sea Curtain 8" x 12" B 2 Table 1. Continued Skimmers JBF 3003 self--propelled vessel JBF 3001 self--propelled skimming vessel Centrifugal Systems Oil Mop v/500' of rope Boats I Bennett 27' Sealander v/2 - 150 bp motors 5 Orca 22' deployment boats v/2 - 85 bp motors Oil/Water Seperation Equipment None AAA Pollution Specialist, Inc. (Long Island City.-NY) 212-729-2122 Booms 5,500 ft Uniroyal Sealdboom 6" x 12" *3,000 ft American Marine Optimax 7" x 12" Boats 2 30 ft vork, boats 1 21 ft MAKO v/115 hp *15 small vork boats v/outboard motors Skimmers *5 ACME Model 400 skimmers *2 ACME FS-40 Electric skimmers Oil/Water Separation Equipment 4 3,000-5,000 gal vacuum trucks 3 4,400 gal tank trucks 3,000 gal tank trucks Spill Response Trailers 1 32' communications and repair trailer Communication Systems 6 sets Walkie-talkies 3 sets Mobile units (in vehicles) 1 55 channel marine band B 3 Table 1. Continued Advanced Environmental Technology Corp. (Morris,Plains, NJ) 201-539-7111 A New York State licensed collector and transporter of hazardous wastes. Booms None Boats None Skimmers None Oil/Water Separation Equipment None S2ill Response Trailers 4 22' trucks 1 14' truck 5 44' trucks Communication Systems 12 sets Civilian band radios Clean Venture (Linden, NJ) 201-862-5500 Moms - *13,000 ft 6" x 12" harbor boom 2,000 ft 12" x 24" Goodyear offshore inflatable high seas barrier boom Boats 1 42' LCM twin screw 280 hp. I8 ton DWT 2 30' steel work boat 1 30' steel harbor tug *6 22' work boats *20 15'-19' work boats B 4 Table 1. Continued Skimmers I Sennett Mark 6E oil skimmer *4 Sviss Oela skimmers *4 Duck bill skimmers *1 HK 209 oil mop skimmer & 300' mop Oil/Water Separation Equipment 3 5,000 gal vacuum tractor trailer trucks 3 2,500 gal vacuum trucks (straight) 1 3,400 gal vacuum tractor trailer trucks 1 4,200 gal vacuum tractor trailer trucks Communication systems 10 sets Communication trailer 8' x 35' roadable marine and land lease communications (Motorola) 19 sets Hand-held walkie-talkies Spill Response Trailer 1 8' x 40' roadable - user: change area, eating area, first aid, shelter Clean Water, Inc. (Toms River, NJ) 201-341-3600 Ship salvage and oil spill consultants - affiliated with Smit International (America), Inc. looms * 4,000 bags' -Filter Fence Sorbent C (Biodegradable) 4 cu ft 18 lb/bag * 4,000 ft 5' filter boom (in one trailer) 2,250 ft Harbor boom 8" x 24" 11,000 ft Sea sentry boom 12" x 24" Boats None Skimmers None Oil/Water-Seperation Equipmeqnt 2 12' x 4' x 5' API separators B 5 Table 1. Continued Spill Response Trailers 1 40' parts trailer Communication Sysetems 3 sets VHF 14 channel 8 gets Walkie-talkies Special Equipment I X350 36" wide track front end loader (marshland work) *14 Mortar pans (marshland work) I International boom truck w/winch and boom (marshland work) Marine Pollution-Control (Port Jefferson, NY) 516-473-9132 Booms *5,000 ft MPC harbor boom 6" x 12" 2,000 ft. Uniroyal Sealdboom, 6" x 12" Boats 1 65' utility boat 1 60' crew boat 1 40' crew boat 3 56' LCM-6 1 50' LCM *2 24' workboat *2 18' outboard workboat *2 12' aluminum workboat I Boston Whaler v/50 hp motor I Debris boat (Boatadozer) 1 80' salvage barge w/60 ton crane 1 10,000 gal vacuum barge Skimmers *2 Parker weir type (Oil Ravg) *2 Slurp weir type Oil/Water Separation Equipment As 3 29500 gal vacuum trucks 1 19100 gal skid mounted vacuum unit 1 8.200 vacuum truck trailer tractor B 6 Table 1. Continued Spill Response Trailers None Commuication Systems 15 sets VHF ship-to-shore units in boats and vehicles Moran-Crowley Environmental Services Company (Carteret, NJ) 201-499-9777 Booms *5,000 ft Harbor boom 6" x 12" Boats *5 18' aluminum boats *3 21' workboats Skimmers 1 33' LPI skimmer *2 Metropet skimmers Oil/Water Separation Equipment 1 5,000 gal vacuum truck 2 39000 gal vacuum trucks 1 3,000 gal stainless steel vacuum truck 7 5,000 gal stainless steel storage tanks Spill Response Trailers 20' Command Port Travel-all Communication Systems 6 sets Walkie-talkies(marine band) I set 40 channel marine band New England Pollution Control (Norwalk, CT) 203-853-1990 Booms A *2,000 ft. Harbor boom 6" x 12" 2,000 ft. Harbor boom 6" x 18" *1,000 ft. Inshore 6" x 6" B 7 Table 1. Continued Boats *4 15 and 18' workboats (up to 40 hp) 1 65' work barge Skimmers *2 Swiss Oela *6 Skim Pak *2 Slick Bar Manta Ray Oil/Water Separation-Equipment 6,000 gal, vacuum truck 3,500 gal vacuum truck 3,000 gal vacuum truck Spill Response Trailers 1 24' Command trailer Communication Systems 4 Rand-held Motorola (USCG Freq.) 4 base station Peabody Clean Industry.-Inc. (Perth-Amboy) 201-925-6010 and Staten Island 212-729-2121 looms *2,200 ft.. Coastal boom 4" x 14" 2,300 ft. Coastal boom 12" x 24" Boats 1 16' aluminum whaler 100 2 hp 2 I8' flat bottom boats 25 hp * 16' work boat 15 hp *1 14' work boat Skimmers *2 Swiss Oela skimmer *6 Slurp skimmer 1 Mash 400 skimmer *3 Parker veir skimmers (Oil Rawg) B 8 Table 1. Continued Oil/Water Separation Equipment 2 3,000 gal vacuum trucks (straight) 5 6,000 gal vacuum trucks (tractor trailer) 1 4.000 gal vacuum truck 2 3,500 gal vacuum trucks 1 Vactor unit (large material mover) Spill Respouse Trailers Mobile Field Office Communic ation Center (in Boston) Communication Systems 10 sets Walkie-talkies B 9 Table 2. EQUIPMENT RENTAL COSTS Contractor and Equipment Rental Costs Marine Pollution Control All Boom $0.33/ft/day ($1.15/ft cleaning) Slurp Skimmer $46.00 Parker Skimmer $46.00/day 80 ft Salvage Barge v/ 60 ton Crane $115.00/hour 65 ft Utility Boat $60.00/bour 60 ft Crewboat $60.00/hour 40 ft Crewboat $50.00/hour 56 ft LCM-6 $60.00/hour 50 ft LCM $60.00/hour 24 ft Workboat $35.00/hour 18 ft Outboard Workboat $15. 00/hour 12 ft Aluminum Workboat $85.00/day Boston Whaler (50 hp) $15.00/hour Boatadozer $35.00/hour 2.500 gal Vacuum Truck $37.00/hour 1,100 gal Vacuum Unit (skid mount) $29.00/hour 8,200 gal Vacuum Truck Trailer Tractor $51.00/hour 10,000 gal Vacuum Barge $60.00/hour Clean Venture Boom up to IS in. $0.35/ft/day Boom over 18 in. $0.40/ft/day Bennet Mark 6E Skimmer $260.00/hour HK 209 Oil Hop $70.00/hour B 10 Table 2. Concluded Contractor and Equipment Rental Costs Slurp Skimmer $60.00/day Swiss Skimmer $60.00/day Oil Rawg Skimmer $300.00/day Duckbill Skimmer $60.00/day 30 ft Harbor Tug $37.00/hour 22 ft Workboat $28.00/hour 15-19 ft Power Workboats $150.00/day Vacuum Trucks (Tractor-Trailer) $47.50/hour Vacuum Trucks (Straight Job) $41.00/hour Vacuum Unit (Skid Mount) $27.00/hour Tractor Trailer v/Pumps $33.50/hour del& 11 Skimmers. Skimmers are the primary means by which oil is recovered from the water surface. They work on a variety of principles with their effec- tiveness being dependent on the environmental conditions an4,oil.-type---Table-.------------. 4 lists the skimmers available locally and their specifications and capabil- ities. The majority of skimmers are small, portable units with the remain- der being mounted externally or internally to a vessel. Pumps. Because of the wide variety of pumps available from each contractor, pumps have been listed by type rather than separately. Table 5 lists the pump type with a few manufacturer's names given for each. In general, cen- trifugal trash pumps are the most common and most widely used in oil spill cleanup with single and double diaphragm pumps also experiencing heavy use. Both are well suited due to their ability to pump heavy oils and pass limited amounts of debris. Even though centrifugal types have a high emulsification potential, this is a secondary consideration and does not affect the capacity of the pump. Other pumps; are also well suited for oil spill cleanup but are not widely available. It should be noted, however, that rating pumps by type is not absolute as EL few different models or manufacturers of the same pump type may have different capabilities than those listed in Table 6. B 12 Table 3. BOOM CAPABILITIES max. MAX. ShaIlov Boom Wave Current Water BOOM Type Freeboard Draft Height Speed Stability Use - Metropolitan Curtain 6 in. 12 in. 1-3 ft 1 kt Moderate Good Petroleum Metropolitan Curtain. 12 in. 24 in. 5 ft 1 kt Moderate Limited Petroleum Uniroyal Fence 6 in. 12 in. 1-2 ft I kt Poor Poor Sealdboom Coastal Fence 6 in. 12 in. 1-3 ft I kt Poor Poor Coastal Fence 12 in. 24 in. 1-3 ft 1 kt Poor Poor B.F. Goodrich Pence 12 in. 24 in. 3-5 ft 1 kt Good Poor Acme Curtain 6 in. 12 in. 1-3 ft 1 kt Moderate Good Slickbar MK-6 Fence 6 in. 12 in. 1-3 ft I kt Moderate Poor Nerican Curtain 7 in. 12 in. 1-3 ft 1.5 kt Good Good Marine Opt. Kepner Curtain 8 in. 12 in. 1-3 ft I kt Merate GDoT- Supercompactible Sea Curtain Kepner Curtain' 12 in, 18 in. 1-3 ft I kt Moderate Limited SuPercompactible Sea Curtain Sea Sentry Curtain 12 in. 24 in. 1-3 ft I kt Good Limited B 13 Table 4. SKIMMER CAPABILITIES Portable Effectiveness Max. Required or Vessel vs. Oil Type Wave Skimmimg Water Skimmer Mounted Light Medium Heavy Solid Height Speeds Depth JBF 3003 V.M. High Moderate Low Low 2-3 ft 0-3 kts- 6 ft to High JBF 3001 V.M. High Moderate Low Low 2-3 ft 0-3 kts 4 ft I to High Bennett Mk 6E V.M. High Moderate Low Low 2-3 ft 1-2 kts 6 ft Oala "Swiss" P Moderate Moderate Low Not 6" NA to High Effective Slurp P Low Moderate Moderate Not 1 ft NA 1 ft Effective Oil Rawg P Low Moderate Moderate Not 6" NA 6" to High Effective -- Oil MOP P High High Low to Not 6" NA 6" Moderate Effective Manta Ray P Low Moderate Low Not 6" NA 6" Effective Acme P Low Moderate Low Not 6" NA 1 ft Effective Coastal V.M. Moderate Moderate Low Not 1 ft 1-2 kts 3 ft Barge Skimmer effective I-D V.M. Moderate Moderate High High 2.ft 0-2 kts 3 ft to High 2-3 ft 1-4 kts 3 ft LPI V.M. Moderate High High Not Effective Skin Pak P Moderate Moderate Low Not 6" NA 6" Effective Effectiveness improved with preheater. 2For vessel mounted types only. B 14 Table 5 Pump Capabilities High Viscos- small. Moderate Ice Emulsification ity Oils Pump Type Debris (<4") Debris (4-4") (Small places Potential Disadvantages Centrifugal Poor Good Good Good High Post standard (Monarch, Hale) handle highly at all. Centrifungal-Trash Moderate Good to Good to Good to High Typically, the (Homelite, to Good Excellent Excellent Excellent higher the Gorman-Rupp) debris handling the pump the I viscosity pump priming ability Single Diaphragm Good to Good Moderate* Good* Low High degree of (Homelite. Excellent to Good diaphragm action Gorman-Rupp) cable for skim even suction (Slurp). Double Diaphragm Good to Moderate* Good Low Slight surging (Wilden. Excellent to Good phragm pumps a Sandpiper) requiring a co to Diaphragms are to puncture by Sliding Shoe Good Good to Good Good Moderate Pump should be (Negator) Excellent against a tots least 10 ft to and maximize efficiency. Progressive Cavity Excellent Go Good to Good to Low Not designed f (MOyno) Excellent** Excellent** Excellent field use, may deck of barg . Sliding Vans Moderate Poor Poor Poor Moderate Cannot tolerate (Blackmere to Good and Is ill suited for cold weather. Rotary Gear Good Poor Poor Moderate High Can crush small (Rotoking) ice but intolerable to Hydrodynamic Excellent Good Moderate Good -Moderate most solid debris. Cannot handle (Spate) to Good debris, i.e., *Some diaphragm pumps claim to handle debris up to 2". "Depending on model. Part 11 - Publicly Owned Oil Spill Containment and Clean-Up Equipment Nassau County_Police Department 1-42' patrol boat 3-32' patrol boats (on duty 24 hrs from April to January; one (1) boat on duty from January to April) 2-27' patrol boats (3 are generally on the North Shore; 3 are on the South Shore) Nassau County Department of Health 1-23' Mako 2-16' Boston Whalers Town of Oyster Bay 1-30' Columbia OBH 1-20' Boston Whaler 1-16' Boston Whaler 1-20' Garvey 1-35' Amphibious Landing Craft w/500 gal. container 1-12' Dinghy Town of Hempstead 1 Ford Van 1 Diesel Scout 4 x 4 1 3500 lb trailer containing 1000ft of containment boom, sorbent sweeps and pads and sorbent boom, and related equipment 6 Various sized vessels for boom deployment Material Stockpile: 500 ft M-P boom 100 boxes of sorbent pads 200' sorbent boom 400' sorbent sweeps Town of North Hempstead 1-31' Bertram (with a 150 gpm water pump) 1-18' Boston Whaler 2-3001 of Slickbar boom Suffolk County Police De]2artment 2-37' Egg Harbors 1-31' Chris Craft 4-30' Columbias 2-20' Shamrocks 1-22' Aquasport 1---19' Revenge 3-16' Challengers 3-16' Boston Whalers 1-15' Airgator 3-16' Grummans 1-14' Wolverine B 16 Town of Brookhaven 1-32' Uniflite 2-20' Sealarks 1-19' Garvey 2-19' Shamrocks Town of Babylon 1-30' Silverton (no winter service) 1-22' Airslot 1/0 Town of Huntington 2-23' Patrol Boats 1-26' Work Boat 1-12' Shiff 1 4 x 4 GMC Pick-up 1 6 Wheel Drive Truck and Trailer Material Stockpile: 300' absorbent sweeps 500 absorbent pads 50' absorbent collars Town of Islip In process of equipment inventory Town of Southampton 1-36' Amphibious Lark 1-30' Dongan III 1-26' Dongan I 1-M/2 Dongan II 1-20' Pro-line (outboard) 1-.17' McKee Craft (outboard), 1-16' Bayrunner 1-14' Hampton Whaler 1-14' Garvey 1-14' Grumman 1-14' Duranautic 1-24'xlO' Work Barge with Hydraulic Winch Fire Island National Seashore Vehicles 3 4 x 4 Cherokee Jeeps 3 4 x 4 Chevy Subarbans 1 4 x 4 Dodge Rack Truck 1 4 x 4 Dodge Club Cab 1 .4 x 4 Chevy Pick-Up B 17 Boats 1-32' FINS III Inboard Diesel 1-30' FINS II Inboard Diesel 1-27' FINS IV Inboard Diesel 1-27' Boston Whaler Outrage 3-22' Boston Whalers Revenge 1-21' Stiger Outboard U.S. Coast Guard, Marine Environmental Protection (MEP) Equipment in New York Area *indicates equipment available for use in shallow water Group Rockaway 1,000 ft Oil containment boom 540' Sorbent.boom ('3M type) 6 bales 3M sorbent pads 1 bag Sorbent pads Station Rockaway *400 ft Sorbent boom * 8 bales 3M sorbent pads 1 44'. boat with radar 2 41' boats with radar * 1 21' boat with outboard Station Short Beach *400 ft Oil containment boom (12") * 8 bales.3M sorbent pads 1 44' boat with radar 1 41' boat with radar * 1 21' boat (stored Nov.-Feb. in shed) * 1 17' boat (stored Nov.-Feb. ia shed) Station Fire Island *100 ft Sorbent boom OM) 6 bales 3M sorbent pads 1 44' boat with radar (year-round) 1 41' boat with radar (year-round) * 1 21' boat (no winter use) * 1 20' boat (no winter use) 44 Group Mew York *300 ft Slickbar harbor boom 14 bales 3M sorbent pads 23 bales Sorbent Sweep (1001/bale) 4 bags Oil Share sorbent 1 Slurp skimmer B 18 2 41' boats with radar 5 32' boats without radar 1 30' boat 4 Response vehicles (suburban vans) 1 Command Post (16' trailer) I Boom trailer U.S. Coast Guard Atlantic Strike Team (Elizabeth, NC) Booms 5,508 ft USCG open water(high seas) boom *1,000 ft Whittaker harbor boom *1,000 ft Spilldam harbor boom Skimmers 1 Lockheed 2004 disc drum skimmer (self-propelled) 1000 gpm *1 Lockheed disc drum skimmer 50 gpm *1 Slurp skimmer Boats 1 22' Boston whaler (v-hull) two 85 hp 1 21' Boston whaler (Tri-hull) two 85 hp *5 Zodiac boats 35 hp *3 18' assault boats 25 hp Other 5 ADAPTS type 1 Emergency Tanker Lightering Systems 1 250,000 gal Dracone barge 2 50,000 gal Dracone barge 1 10,000 gal Dracone barge Communication Systems USCG systems - commercial equipment may not be able to interphase easily Long Island State Parks and Recreation Commission 2-18' Boston Whalers 1 Work Barge with Crane ew York State Department of Transportation sorbent material stored at Hauppauge 500' Oil Containment Boom -- Harbor Type 50, Light Emergency Containment Boom 160' Light Absorbent Boom 4 bales absorbent sheets 2 bales absorbent rolls B 19 Part III - Spill Equipment Owned by Long Island Terminal Association Members Carbo-Concord - Contact: Arnold Seltzer/James Grimaldi (516) 293-2500 400' Optimax boom 12 Bundles 3M sorbent pads, booms and sweeps 1 Pump with 200' suction hose Commander Oil Co. Inc. - Contact: Joseph G. Shapiro/Leonard Shapiro/ E.J. Barnett (516) 922-7000 Emergency No. (516) 676-9393/(516) 922-7694 1 13' Boat on trailer/25HP motor 700' Containment boom 100-50 lbs. of absorbant 4 bales (400') Sorbent sweeps (T126) .2 1/2 bales (100') Sorbent booms (T270) 6 1/2 bales(1300') Sorbent sheets (T151) 10 bales 3M Sorbent pads Glenhead Terminal Corp./Harbor Fuel Co., Inc. Contact: Donald Death, Jr. (516) 676-2500 Emergency No. (516) 676-0618 600' Slickbar boom 4 bundles Sorbent pads 1 bundle Sorbent boom 24 bags Oil Absorbent 25-50 401b. bags Speedi-Dri absorbent 'Ifawkins Cove Oil Supply Co. - Contact: Bruce Hawkins (516) 676-7200/759-0227 150' Harbor boom 4 cases Sorbent pads 4 bags Sorbent pellets 10 bags Oil Dry Reliance Utilities - Contact: Lawrence F. Caputo (516) 931-6800 Unspecified quantity of Speedi-Dri, Sorbent Pads and Chemical Dispersant. B 20 Lewis - Contact: P, Mialietta (516) 883-1000/767-2434 800' Boom 20 bags Sorbent pellets 2 bails 3M Sorbent pads 2 boxes Metro Sorbent pads 1 161 Utility Boat 15 HP Northville Industries Corp. Riverhead Terminal - Contact: Capt. John Dudley/Zenon Czujko (516) 727-5600 1 Alutinum Skiff 25 HP 1 Parker Systems Skimmer Mod. 100; Ser. 88 with accessories 1 Floating Power Skimmer with associated equipment 750'xl2" Floatation, Oil containment boom 300'x12" Containment boom 1200'x6' Containment boom 100'x8" Sorbent filtering boom 1 Edson Diaphragm pump In addition the Riverhead terminal has an assortment of Sorbent materials and oil spill response support equipment such as hoses; floats and coils of polyprophylene line. Plainview Terminal - Contact: Pete Miloski (516) 349-8071/727-7286 l'Scavenger Pump 30 bags Speedi-Dri Haltsville Terminal - Contact: Jeff Burns (516) 475-5060/727-6378 I Portable PUMP 60 bags Speedi-Dri Consolidated Petroleum Terminal (Pt. Jefferson Dock) Contact: Mr.Vandermark (516) 941-4040 Emergency No. John Reiff/Walter Remsky (516) 941-4040 1 12' Fiberglass Skimmer Boat 2 HP 1,600' MPL Harbor Oil spill boom 3,000' 3M Sorbent sweep 26 boxes Sorbent pads 6 boxes Sorbent pillows B 21 6 cases Type 300 Oil snare 1501 Sorbent blanket 1 Edson pump 1 Lister pump with assorted hoses and equipment Skaggs-Walsh Inc. - Contact: Peter F. Heaney (212) 353-7000 Emergency No. Tony Sabatino (516) 389-7247 Bill Michnowitz (516) 352-2571 1 Row.boat w/oars 2000 lbs. Sorbent material 55 gals Dispersant 300' Boom I Skimmer 200 Sorbent pads Windsor Fuel Oil Inc. - Contact: D-Leoguande (516) 746-5900 150' Boom 7 boxes 3M Sorbent pads 1 10' Row Boat 10 Bales Hay Universal Utilities Inc. Contact: Joseph Shapiro (516) 922-7000 - Emergency No. E.J. Barnett (516) 922-7694 2 bales (200') Sorbent sweeps (T126) 2 bales (80') Sorbent booms (T270) 3 1/2 bales (750') Sorbent sheets (T151) 600' Containment boom B 22 Part IV jp.Lll,@q jpp,@nt_2wp,@d_@v_ Private Companies A. OIL CITY PETROLEUM COOPERATIVE (includes B.P. Oil, CIBRO, EXXON, GULF, SUN OIL and LILCO) Location - Gulf Oil Company Terminal Garage Contact - Mr. Ray Storwick (516) 432-3900 List of_kq@LipELent.: 1 Utility Trailer i Skimmer 1 Gasoline powered pump 50 Bags absorbent 200' Metropolitan boom B. LILCO. Location - E. S. Barrett, Power Station Contact - Mr. Dittmeier, Chief Engineer (516) 432-1400 1. South End of Storeroom a. 40 bags fiber-pearl absorbent b. 5 - 100' sections of booms with connectors c. 48 oil absorbent pillows d. 3 boxes of oil filtering boom e. 4 - 100' oil absorbent sweeps f. 1 gas-engine powered skimmer with hose g. Boston Whaler on dolly with motor 2. At Dock a. 600' containment boom for off-loading 3. Adjacent to Plant a. 350 gal. tank for use with skimmer C. B.P.-OIL-COR.P. Location - 3631 Hampton Road, Oceanside, New York Contact - Mr. L. Parisi (201) 748-6724 or Mr. P. Becker (516) 489-9261 List o f fq@qpaep@. 25 Bags absorbent C Supply of absorbent pads 15 Cans No Lite 500' Boom (in water) Foam cans B 23 D. CIBRO TERMINAL Location - 7 Washington Ave., Island Park, New York Contact - Mr. Ray Storwick (516) 667-2854 or Mr. M. Marasco (516) 431,7305 List of Equipment 150 Cans powder foam 150' New Boom - packaged 25 Bags absorbent C Supply of absorbent pads Rack truck with lift gate 800' Boom in water E. EXXON CO.. U.S.A. ----------------- Location Hampton Road, Oceanside, New York Contact Mr. J. Colligan (516) 742-3623 or Mr. 0. Runge (516) 842-1980 List of'@_quipment. Sorbent C 54 bags 18 CBS Liquid foam 100 5 gal. cans XL-3 NFSI Oil Spill Pillows 2-40 lb. boxes 80 ft. Oil Absorbent Boom - 8' x 10' sections F. GULF-OIL COMPAN@ Location - Hampton Road, Oceanside, New York Contact - Mr. S. Beanland (516) 661-6136 or Mr. Darow Forbes (516) 764-3487 List o f Lqaip,@@i@t 1000 ft. of MP Boom in water 15' Boston Whaler with 35 HP motor in water 50 Bags of Sorbent 275 Gallons of 3% liquid foam in five gallon cans Assorted rakes and shovels G. SUN-OIL COMPANY Location - Hampton Road, Oceanside, New York Contact - Mr. P. Caldwell (516) 654-3671 or Mr. J. Vitowski (516) 587-3455 List of Equipment 1000' Metropolitan Boom in water 50 bags of sorbent 900 Gallons - 3% protein foam in tank ready for use 11-55 Gallon drums XL3 22- 5 Gallon cans of national foam B 24 APPENDIX C Oily Waste Disposal The disposal of recovered oil and of oil-contaminated materials can pose immediate and long-range problems. Recovered oil is most easily dealt with by separating out any water that may be present and refining it locally or shipping it to its original destination. Disposal of contaminated debris is more difficult. Legal requirements for its disposal are established by the New Jersey Department of Environ- mental Protection for New Jersey and the New York Department of Environmental Conservation or the New York City Department of Sanitation for the New York area. In most cases, contaminated wastes should not be burned. They can be buried safely on land in approved disposal sites if correct procedures are followed. It is often advisable during waste handling, transfer, or storage to cover the area of operation with plastic sheets to prevent con- tamination. Disposal can pose several problems. The first is storage and transport of oil and contaminated material to the disposal sites. Remote locations and areas sensitive to vehicular traffic impose limits on access. Heli- copters or boats may be necessary to remove pillow tanks and other small storage containers. In the case of a large spill or extended containment or cleanup activities, an access road should be constructed to permit the use of heavy equipment to transport material from the recovery area to the dis- posal site. The second problem involves the several available disposal methods. They include oil and water separation, burial, and natural degradation. The specific disposal method selected depends on the nature of the oil- contaminated material, the location of the spill, and the prevailing weather conditions. Disposal of Recovered Oil In most spill situations the oil recovered will contain a large per- centage of water which should be separated out prior to disposal or recycl- ing. In the event of a major spill, a large-scale oil/water separation operation should be set up at a local refinery, processing plant, or other facility possessing separation equipment. Many authorized waste oil and chemical processing facilities exist throughout New York and New Jersey but are oriented to chemicals and may be limited as to the quantity of material they can handle. Table 1 lists these facilities. A list of the regional liquid waste oil collectors is given in Table 2. Disposal of Oiled Material Oil spills can generate large quantities of oil-contaminated material consisting primarily of debris, vegetation, sediments, and sorbenst. Dis- posal of such debris is a major problem as only a few sites are authorized. to receive oily wastes. The disposal regulations for New York and New Jersey are discussed below. New York In the State of New York there are presently no predesignated sites approved by the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) for disposal of oily wastes. In the event of a spill the DEC will consider requests for disposal on a case-by-case basis. Most landfill operations on Long Island are hesitant to accept oily wastes unless directed to do so by the DEC. There are three lined landfills an Long Island at Brookhaven, Oyster Bay and North Hempstead, which may take oily wastes. The NY DEC would like local communities to accept oily sand and debris collected from their own areas. A form letter sent by the NY DEC to local landfills would request their assistance. The form letter would describe the waste, state its volume, name the waste carrier and state there is no contamination (e.g., heavy metals, PCB's, etc.) in the oil. If contamination is suspected the C 2 Table 1. AUTHORIZED CHEMICAL WASTE PROCESSING FACILITIES* (DISPOSAURECYCLING OF LIQUID WASTES) Facility Type of Treatment Type of Waste Accepted New Jersey Advanced Environmental Transfer, Storage Packed laboratory chemicals, Technology Corp. vegetable oils, motor oils, The Dayton Bldg. compressor oils, laboratory 520 Speedwell Ave. chemicals, solvents, pesti- Morris Plains, NJ cides. silver, platinum, 07950 Sold, copper salts, acids, (210) 539-7111 alkalis. dyes, pigments. solution AntlPollution Systems. Incineration Waste oils, emulsion, water- Inc. sethaaal waste, pigments, 350B W. Delilah Rd. dyes Pleasantville, NJ 08232 (609) 641-1119 I & L Oil Corp. Reprocesser Crankcase oil, fuel oil. 472 Frelinghuysen Ave. hydraulic all Newark, NJ 07114 (201) 248-7925 Browning Farris In- Transfer, Storage Flamstable solids, paint. dustries pigment, ink sludge, oil, 714 Division St. solvent, slurries. flam- Elizabeth, NJ 07207 sable liquids, non-flammable (201) 352-2222 liquids Clark Systems OLJrR*covcry Oil and oil emulsions Formerly Blackwood Carbon Products Little Gloucester Rd. Blackwood, NJ (906) 589-7301 Duane Marine Oil/water separation Oil and oil emulsions. 26 Washington St. and reprocessing. Perth Amboy, N.J. Storage facility. (201) 925-6010 Earthline Co. Organic reclamation, Organic, aqueous wastes, 100 Lister Ave. from contaminated solvents, chlorinated Newark, NJ 07105 aqueous waste, acid/ solvents, oily wastes, acids, (201) 465-9100 base neutralization. alkalis. cyanides. mixed hazardous waste 4e- heavy metal waste, waste tox1ficatlon (oxi- fuel and lubricating oils dation reduction), fiftl reclamation C 3 Table 1. Continued F-cIlIty Type of Treatment Type of Waste Accepted Eastcoast Pollution Transfer, Storage Cleanup debris. waste oil, Control, Inc. mixed solvents, still Cenco Blvd., P.O. bottoms Box 275 Clayton, NJ 08312 (906) 881-5100 Elco Solvent Corp. Transfer, Storage Flammable, non-flarmable 30 Amor Avenue liquids, solvents Carlstadt, NJ 07072 (601) 460-4000 Inland Chemical Corp. Reclamation, Re- Solvents, organic liquids, 600 Dorezus Ave. covery aqueous-organic emulsions. Newark, NJ lacquer, paint. pigment (201) 589-4085 residues Kit Ent@rprises Inc. Reclamation, Re- Oil lubricants, fats and 475 Division St. covery, Blending, fatty oils, heavy and light Elizabeth, NJ 07201 Treatment hydrocarbons (201) 574-8804 L & L Oil Service Transfer, Storage, Waste oil and oil sludge Inc. Reprocesser, Blend- 740 Lloyd Rd. ing Aberdeen, NJ 07747 (201) 566-2785 Llonetti Waste Oll Storage, Ble"ding Motor oils, fuel oils, Service Inc. hydraulic oils 9 Line Rd. Holmdel, NJ 07733 (201) 946-2505 Marisol Incorporated Transfer,.Storage, Oils, emulsions, solvents, 125 Factory Lane Reprocesser, Re- flammable organic liquids, Middlesex, NJ 08846 clamation, Recovery. non-flammable liquids, paint, (201) 469-5100 Blending, Treatment pigment residues, flammable liquids Modern Transportation Transfer, Storage, Olls, emulsions, acid, alkali 75 Jacobus Ave. Reclamation, Re- solutions. wastewaters. acids Kearny, NJ 07032 covery, Treatment, alkalis (201) 589-0277 Disposal C 4 Table 1. Continued Facility Type of Treatment Type of Waste Accepted-- Oil Recovery Co. Inc Storage. Reprocesser, Waste 0il solvents, Cenco Blvd. Reclamation, Recovery, oil sludge P.0. Box 345 blending Clayton. NJ 09312 (609) 881-7400 Rollins Environmental Incineration. Neutra- Sludges. Contaminated Services Litation, Chemical residues, sPill debris, P.0. Box 221 Treatment, Recovery, process wastewater. slurries, Bridgeport, NJ 08014 Reclamation. Transfer, tank cleanlngs, solvents (609) 467-3100 Storage S & W Waste. Inc. Transfer, Storage Paint, dyes, pigment 25 Delmar Rd. residues, heavy metal Jersey City. NJ (201) 344-4004 residues, flammable solids, Oils, emulsions, flammable liquids, acids, alkalis, solvents Safety-Kleen Corp. Reclamation, Recovery 011, oil emulsions, oil Alm* Inaustrial Park Clayton. NJ 08312 sludges, mixed solvents (609) 881-2526 Standard Tank Cleaning Recovery. Storage CO. Oils, emulsions, organic 184 Hobart Avenue sludges. non-flammable Bayonne, NJ 07002 liquids, flammable liquids (201) 339-5222 New York Chemical Waste Processing/Treatment Sludges. paint, oil Disposal Corp. , lab Recycling/Reclamation chemicals, Plating waste, 42-19 19th Ave. Distillation for oil chlorinated solvents Astoria, NY recovery (212) 274-3339 Frontier Chemical Processing/Treatment Waste oil/industrial waste, Waste Process, Inc. Recycling/Reclamation reusable chemicals. nonchlo- 4626 Royal Avenue Niagara Falls, NY rinated oil, burnable liquid 14303 wastes. recovered methanol, (716) 285-9200 recovered oil, chlorinated solvents Haz-O-Waste Corp. Processing/Treatment Solvents, waste oil. burnable, Canal Road Recycling/Reclamation liquid wastes, acids, alkalis. Wampsville. NY Distillation sludges (315) 682-2160 C 5 Table.l. Concluded Facility Type of Treatment Type of Waste Accepted NEWCO Chemical Waste Processing/Treatment Hazardous/toxic wastes and most Systems, Inc. Recycling!Recla?%ation every other waste stream except 4626 Royal Ave. radioactive and shock-sensitive Niagara Falls, NY 14303 explosives (716) 278-1811 SCA Chemical Waste Processing/Treatment Solvents; acid, heavy metal Services, Inc. Recycling/Reclamation sludge, paint wastes, PCB solids 1550 Balmer Rd. Secure landfill and sludges, contaminated soil, Model City, NY 14107 organic liquids (716) 754-8231 Sources: Now Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and New York Department of Environmental Conservation *Check authoriz;tion status with the New York D.E.C. (212) 488-3862 or the New Jersey D.E.P. (609) 292-5560 prior to use. C 6 Table 2. APPROVED WASTE OIL COLLECTORS (LIQUID HAULING) Name and Address of Firm No. of__Trucks N9w York Ace Waste Oil, 71-34 58th Avenue, Maspeth, NY 11378 Akba Waste Oil, 3836 Rahn Ave., Bethpage, NY 11714 A-ZWaste Service, Inc. 60 Harmon St., Falconer. 9 -NY 14733 Albany Waste Oil Corp., RD #2, Clifton Park, 2 NY 12065 Alboro Construction Co., 90-48 Corona Ave., Elmhurst 1 NY 13209 Allied Chemical Corp., P.O. Box 6, Milton Ave., Solvay, 6 NY 13209 Allied Waste Corp., 88-13 204 St., Hollis, NY 11423 3 American Chemical Disposal Corp., Oser Ave*, Hauppauges NY 11778 Buckner Waste Oil Service, 21 Stonecrest Dr., New Windsor, I NY 12550 Certified Waste Oil, 320 Court House Rd.* Franklin Square, NY 11010 0 & F Pollution Control, Inc., 3266 Taylor St., Schenectady, 4 NY 12306 Chamberlain's Septic Service, 1835 Route 104, Union Hill, 6 NY 14563 Chemical Management, Inc., 340 Eastern Parkway, Farmingdale, NY 11735 Chemical Waste Disposal Corp., 42-14 19th Avenue, Astoria, 2 NY 11105 C.H. Heist Corp., 505 Fillmore St.., Tonawanda, NY 14150 5 Coastal Pollution Control Services, Inc.# P.Oe Box 1409 4 Renesselaer, NY 12144 Cortlandt's Septic Tank Service, Inc., P.O. Box 351-, 6 22 Albany Post Rd., Mentrose, NY 10548 C 7 Table 2. Continued Name and Address of Firm No. of Trucks County Tank Lines, Inc., Rte. 58 - E. Main Street, Riverhead, NY 11901 County Waste Oil, Inc., 57 Brovn Place, Harrison, 3 NY 10528 Domermuth Petroleum Equipment and Maintenance Corp., 6 Box 62, Clarksville, NY 12041 Duane Marine Corp., P.O. Box 435, Staten Island, NY 10308 East Coast Tank Lining Corp., 700 Hicks St., Brooklyn 3 NY 11231 - Elzwood Tank Cleaning Corp., 62 West Market St., Buffalo, 5 NY 14204 Environmental Oil. Inc., P.O. Box 315, Syracuse, NY 13209 5 S.W. Wllsworth and Sons Sanitation Service, 2 219 Mitchell Ave., Mattydale, NY 13211 Fourth Coast Pollution Control, La Grasse St., 3 Waddington, NY 13694 Frank Masone, Inc., 368 Ocean Ave., Lynbrook, NY 11563 4 Frank's Bay City Oil Service, 1117 Olympia Rd., No. Bellmore, NY 11710 Frontier Chemical Waste, 4626 Royal Avenue, Niagra Falls, 3 NY 14303 General Electric Co., P.O. Box 8, Room 2C13 K-1, 1 Schenectady, NY 12301 General Waste Oil Co., 37 Longworth Ave., Dix Hills NY 11746 Harrison Radiator Div. GMC, Upper Mountain Rd., Lockport, 3 NY 14094 Industrial Oil Tank and Line Cleaning Service Co., 307 East 4 Garden St., Rome, NY 13440 Inlaud Pollution Control Inc., P.O. Box 357, 63 Columbia St., 2 Rensselaer, NY 12144 C 8 Table 2. Continued Name and Address of Firm No. of Trucks J-B. Waste Oil Co., 18-18 41st St., Long Island City, NY 11105 James Parks, 2734 Chestnut St., York, NY 14592 1 Janic Waste Oil Corp., Bay Street, Freeport, NY 11520 J.K. Waste Oil Service, 280 Grank Blvd., Deer Park, 2 NY 11729 J.W. Lenza Oil Company, 3 Court St., Staten Island, 1 NY 10304 Kroll Associates, 19 Woodgate Rd., Tonawanda, NY 14150 RENTAL Loeffel's Oil Service, RD #2, Narrowburg, NY 12764 3 Lomasney Combustion, Inc., 366 Mill St., Poughkeepsie, 2 NY 12602 Long's Landscaping, 2106 Love Rd., Grand Island, NY 14072 1 Luzon Oil Company, P.O. Box 19, Rurleyville, NY 12747 2 Manhattan Oil Service, 21-11A 46th St., Astoria, NY 11105 1 Marine Pollution Control, Inc., 460 Terryville Rd., 4 Port Jefferson Station, NY 11776 New Era Oil Service, Inc., 402 Parsons Drive, Syracuse, 5 NY 13219 Niagra Mohawk Power Corp., 300 Erie Blvd., West Syracuse, 2 NY 13202 Niagra Tank and Pump Co., 262 Carlton St., Buffalo. 1 NY 14204 Oceanside Equipment Rental Corp., 70 New St., Oceanside, 3 NY 11572 Oldov er Corp., P.O. Box 2, Saugertiers, NY 12477 1 Patterson Chemical Co. Inc., 102 Third St., Brooklyn, NY 11231 RGH Liquid Waste Removal, 972 Nicola Rd., Deer Park. NY 11729 C 9 Table 2. Continued Name and Address of firm No. of Trucks Rice Tank Cleaning Corp., 434 Suffolk Ave., Box 296, 7 Central Islip, NY 11722 Va. F. Sheridan, Jr. Industrial Oil Corp., 114 Peconic Ave., Medford, NY 11763 Southgate Oil Services, Inc., P.O. Box A, 2699 Transit Rd., 9 Elma, NY 14059 Stage Construction Co., Inc., 105 Commercial Ave., Vestal, 2 NY 13850 Strebel's Laundry, 644 Montauk Highway, Westhampton, NY Superior Pipecleaning, Inc., 168 Woodlawn Ave., Woodlawn, 5 BY 14219 Swanson Chemical Laboratories, Inc., 4 West First St., 1 Lakewood, NY 14750 Timber Lake Campground, Plato Maples Rd., RFD #1, Box 72, 1 Z St., Otto, NY 14729 United Pump and Tank of Rochester, Inc., 779 Arnett Blvd., 1 Rochester, NY 14619 Verdi Construction, Route 31, Savannah, NY 13146 6 Wizard Method, Inc., 1100 Connecting Rd., Viagra Falls, 14 NY 14304 W.L. Oil Co., Inc., 178 North Elting Corners Rd., Highland, 2 NY 12528 W.M. Spiegel Sons, Inc., 461 E. Clintou St., Elmira, 7 NY 14902 World Wide Pollution Control, Inc.# P.O. Box 702 New 3 Station, New Paltz, NY 12561 New Jersev A.M. Environmental Services, Inc., 1031 Market St., 7 Paterson, NJ 07513 Angus Tank Cleaning Corp., One Ingham Ave., Bayonne, 6 NJ 07002 C 10 Table 2. Continued Name and Address of Firm No. of Trucks Clean Venture, Inc., P.O. Box 418, Foot of South Wood Ave., 1 Linden, NJ 07036 Depalma Oil Co., 21 Myrtle Ave., Jersey City, NJ 07305 4 Eastcoast Pollution Control, Inc., Cenco Blvd., Clayton, 12 NY 08312 Energall, Inc., 411 Wilson Ave., Newark, NJ 07105 18 Essential Trucking Corp., Fanny Rd., Boonton, NJ 07005 3 Kisko Transportation Co., Inc., 504 Raritan St., 1 Sayerville, NJ 08872 Loeffel's Waste Oil Service, Inc., P.O* Box 651, 3 Old Bridge, NJ 08857 Marisol, Inc., 125 Factory Lane, Middlesex, NJ 08846 4 Nalco Chemical Co., 1927 Nolte Drive, Paulsboro, NJ 08066 1 Ned's Waste Oil Service, P.O. Box 375, Newton, NJ 07860 4 Phil's Waste Oil, 13 Ronald Drive, E. Ranover, NJ 07936 1 Robert More Waste Oil, 124 Baltimore St., North Arlington, I NJ 07032 SCA Chemical Services, Earthline Division, 100 Lister Ave., 47 Newark, NJ 07105 Solvents Recovery Service of New Jersey, Inc., 2 1200 Sylvan St., Linden, NJ 07036 T/A Samson Tank Cleaning, 101 E. 21st St., Bayonne, 3 NJ 07002 Othel Acme Services, Inc., 985 Plainfield St., Johnston, 7 RI 02919 Berks Associates, Inc., P.O. Box 305, Douglassville, 4 PA 19518 C 11 I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 2. Concluded Name and Address of Firm No. of Trucks Colvin's Waste Oil Service, 24 Marrer St., Warren, PA 16365 1 G & K Oil Co., 455 Hemlock Rd., Warren, PA 16365 1 Hitchcock Industrial Liquid Waste, 40 California St., 5 Bridgeport, CT 06608 Jet Line Services, Inc., 441R Canton Stop Stoughton, 18 MA.02072 New England Marine Contractors, Inc*, 189 Lakeside Ave., 6 Burlington, VT 05401 New England Pollution Control Co., Inc., 7 Edgevater Pl, 6 E. Norfolk, CT 06855 Schofield Oil Ltd., P.O. Box 40, Breslau, Ontario, 3 Canada NOB 1MO Solvents Recovery Service of Nev England, Inc., Lazy Lane, 6 Southington, CT 06489 The Crago Co., Inc., Route 26, P.O. Box 409, Gray, 3 HE 04039 Tanseaviroamental Corp., 500 Ford Blvd., Hamilton, OR 45011 1 Tricil Limited, 602 Rte. 132, Ste. Catherine, Quebec, Canada 1 12 NY DEC would analyze the contents. This plan is still in the fromative stages. New York t2. All requests for information relative to disposal of oil---A.- contaminated solid wastes shall be channeled through the NYC Department of Sanitation, Operations Control Office, Bureau of Waste Disposal at the following numbers: (212) 566-5326/5327 The following locations have been designated for receipt of oil-contam- inated solid waste generated during and as'a result of oil spill cleanup op- erations. Use of the following disposal fa cilities will be limited to those carriers possessing a "NYS DEC Industrial Waste Collector Certificat of Registration" (SW-3) and either a Department of Consumer Affairs Waste Con- veyance License or a Department of Sanitation Construction Waste Permit. Disposal of materials will be from 0800 to 1600, Sundays and holidays ex- cluded. NYC Disposal Sites - Fountain Avenue Landfill Fountain Ave. & Belt Parkway Brooklyn N. Y., Edgemere Landfill Beach 49th St. & Beach Channel Dr. Rockaway, Queens, N.Y. Brookfield Avenue Landfill Arthur Kill Rd. & Brookfield Ave. Staten Island, N.Y. A list of qualified and approved regional oily solid waste carriers is given in Table 3. If further information be required, Mr. Gus Fischetti, Engineer in Charge of Landfills, should be contacted, (212) 272-9811. New Jersey. For disposal of oil-contaminated solid wastes within the State of New Jersey, contact the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection for an approved dump site at (609) _292-5560. There are currently no C 13 Table lo APPROVED OILY WASTE CARRIERS (SOLID WASTE BUILDING) Active Oil Service, Inc. National Oil Recovery Corp.. 374 Main Street Book Road & Commerce Street Belleville, NJ 07109 Bayonne, NJ 07002 (201) 482-4600 (201) 437-7300 Atlantic B.C., Inc. Newtovn Refinery Corp. 145 Van Dyke Street 37-80 Reviev Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11231 Long Island City, NY 11101 (212) 522-3260 (212) 729-7660 Chemical Control Corp. Oceanside Equipment Rental Corp. 23 South Front Street 70 Nev Street Elizabeth, NJ 07202 Oceanside, NY 11572 (201) 351-5460 (516) 678-4466 Earth Line, Inc. Oil Tank Cleaning Corp. End of Wood Avenue 107-127 27th Street Linden, NJ 07036 Brooklyn, NY 11232 (201) 862-4747 (212) 499-9608 East Coast Tank Liuing Co. Petroleum Tank Cleaners, Inc. 700 Hicks Street 145 Huntington Street Brooklyn, NY 11231 Brooklyn, NY 11231 (212) 855-7272 (212) 624-4842 Guardino & Sons, Inc. Royal Tank Cleaning Corp. 80 Broad Street 687 S. Columbia Avenue New York, NY 10004 Mount Vernon, NY 10550 (212) 943-6966 (914) 664-7070 -Mobil-Oil Corp- Season Tank Cleaning Corp. 4165 Arthur Kill Road 101 East 21st Street Staten Island, NY 10307 Bayonne, NJ 07002 (212) 948-5400 (201) 437-1044 Modern Transportation Co. Standard Tank Cleaning Corp. 75 Jacobus Avenue One Ingham Avenue S. Kearney, NJ 07032 Bayonne, NY 07002 (201) 589-0277 (201) 339-5222 C 14 approved dump sites in New Jersey. Approval for dumping oil-contaminated solid wastes is granted on a case-by-case basis. All vehicles used -in the collection or haulage of solid waste shall properly and conspicuously display the New Jersey Solid Waste Administration (NJSWA) registration number in letters and numbers at least 3 inches in height, and shall carry the current Solid Waste Administration registration certificate in the vehicle. In addition, in letters and numbers at least 3 inches in height, the capacity of the vehicle in cubic yards or in gallons, with the appropriate unit designated, shall be marked on both sides of the vehicle so as to be visible to the operator of the solid waste facility. Further, all vehicles containing oil-contaminated waste shall be con- spicuously placarded by the special waste hauler. Such placarding shall Meet the requirements of the United States Department of Transportation for the transport of hazardous materials (49 CFR 170 et seq.). No special waste facility shall accept oil-contaminated waste unless the vehicle is properly placarded in accordance with this section. ' Temporary Waste Storage. If there are.large quantities of materials' for- disposal, a temporary storage site should be established. A temporary storage site provides a location to store oily sediment and debris removed during shoreline cleanup operations until a final disposal site has been located, approved, and made operable. The temporary storage sites should be located in areas with good access to the shoreline cleanup operation and to nearby streets and highways. Good storage site locations are flat areas such as parking lots (paved or unpaved) or undeveloped lots adjacent to the shoreline. Temporary storage sites should be selected and prepared to minimize contamination of surrounding areas from leaching oil. Therefore, storage sites should not be located on or adjacent to ravines, gullies, streams, or C 15 the sides of hills, but on flat areas with a minimum of slope. Once a location is selected, certain site preparations are usually necessary to contain any leaching oil. An earth berm should be constructed around*the perimeter of the storage site. If a paved parking lot is used, earth would have to be imported from nearby areas; if an unpaved surface is used, ma-:. terial can be excavated from the site itself and pushed to the perimeter thereby forming a small basin. Entrance and exit ramps should be construct- ed over the berm to allow cleanup equipment access to the site. If the sub- strate or berm material is permeable, plastic liners should be spread over the berms and across the floor of the storage site in order to contain any possible oil leachate. A front-end loader should be stationed at each storage site to evenly distribute the dumped oily material and to load trucks removing the material to final disposal. C 16 APPEIMIX D Pispersants Introduction Spills of crude oil and petroleum products in the marine environment can result in varying types and degrees of environmental damage. In some cases spills may even involve. threat of fire and explosion. To reduce these threats, various specialized techniques and equipment have been developed and used with different degrees of success. In almost all cases, limitation of spread and physical recovery of the spilled material represent the most environmentally acceptable actions and should always be given first consideration. However, as a result of spill size, weather, and other fac- tors, control and recovery are not always adequate or even possible. Other options to minimize impacts should be explored in these situations. An alternative to conventional methods of containment and recovery is the use of chemical dispersants. Dep-=daut on the oil characteristics dispersants can assist the breakup and mixing"of oil slicks into the water column, accelerating dilution and degradation rates. In addition, they may be used in sea states where conventional techniques are no longer effective. lederal Regulation The use of chemical dispersants is closely regulated by the federal government and.can only be initiated in situations where it is deemed the most effective and least environmentally hazardous alternativeo While advo- cating physical control and removal of spilled oil, the National Oil and D 1 Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan provides the basis for ease- by-ease utilization of chemical dispersants and other treating agents. Known as Annex X, this schedule permits cousideration'of chemical.dispersion in the following circumstances (40 CFR 1510, Annex X, Sections 2003.1-1 to 2003.1-1.3): * In any case when, in the judgement of the federal On-Scene Coordinator (OSC), their use will prevent or substantially re- duce hazard to human life or limb or substantially reduce ex- plosion or fire hazard to property. a For major or medium discharges when, in the judgement of the on@-acene Environmental Protection Agency representative, their use will prevent or reduce substantial hazard to a major segment of the population(s) of vulnerable species of waterfowl. * For major and medium discharges when, in the ju@gement of the Environmental Protection Agency response team member in consul- tation with appropriate state and federal agencies, their use will result in the least overall environmental damage, or interference with designated water uses. Principals of Dispersion Dispersion may be defined as the act or state of being broken apart and scattered. Oil floating on water will..ultimately disperse naturally in re- spouse to currents and waves. As the degree of surface energy increases, the rate of natural dispersion increases. Typically, however, the natural process is slow and agitation of some oils often results in the formation of extremely persistent and difficult to treat vater-in@-oil emulsions (tar bal.1s, mousse). For some oil types dispersants can greatly increase the rate of dispersion and prevent the formation of'water-ii-oil emulsions reducing the potential damage associated with floating slicks. Dispersant formulations contain varying amounts of surface active agents (or surfactants)o Technically, surfactants act to modify (reduce) the oil surface tension. Each surfactant molecule may be thought of as polar in nature, one end having an affinity for oil, and the other an affinity for D 2 water* When applied to fl.oating oil, the surfactant diffuses through the oil and individual surfactant molecules orientate themselves along the surface with their water attracting ends out. (It is critical that the dispersant contact the oil.and not be applied to the surrounding water.) As the slick is broken apart by natural or manmade energy, treated particles are separated and repelled, preventing slick reformation. Eventually, treated oil particles are broken into small enough drops that they remain suspended and dispersed in the water. Because the oil particles are surrounded by surfactant molecules, they tend not to adhere to.solid objects such as boats, shorelines, etc. In dispersed farm, the spilled oil has a much larger surface area which serves to accelerate solution, evaporation, photo-oxidation, and biodegradation rates. Environmental Effects The acceptance of. chemical dispersants as a means ofcombatting oil spills has been deterred by real and inferred environmental damages associated with a few misapplications of early high toxicity products and a limited knowledge of the potential effects of the*modern, low toxicity dispersant formulations. However, there has been little evidence from actual field use of dis- persants to prove or disprove significant effects resulting from the proper application of chemical agents. In contrast, the ecologic realities asso- ciated with spilled o:U - particularly in coastal and shoreline areas - are dramatic and far better understood. When predictable damage or threats asso- ciated with untreated oil are compared with the known and unknown aspects of chemically treated oil, it may be possible to identify cases in which one action has significantly less total risk than another. D 3 Toxicity data on goMrnment accepted dispersants are available from the EPA in the form of LC50 is. Using the effective dosage rates, the potential concentrations of dispersants in the water coll-n can be estimated and com- pared to their LC50 values. The comparison can then be used to predict possible ecologic consequences* Some laboratory and field evidence suggests that chemically produced oil dispe rsions may be more toxic than naturally produced dispersions. It has been hypothesized that this phenomenon is a synergism between oil aud.disper- sant which produces more toxic end products. Certain toxic components in the oil. are activated, and therefore, preferential release of other toxic compo- nents occurs. A dispersaut can increase thezate atwhich volatile fractious of oil are available to enter the water colmn. It is generally believed, however, that the "I ncreased toxicity" of a dispersion is more related to the increased availability of the oil to various marine organisms. By breaking the oil up Into minute droplets, the dispersant enhances the uptake and in- corporation of certain oil components by many marine organisms through their breathing and feeding mechanisms. For this reason, dispersed oil at a given concentration may have a more adverse impact on a biological amenity than untreated oil at the same concentration. Undispersed oil in nearshore areas and on shorelines can smother organ- isms and plants and cause extensive physical and aes thetic impacts. Undis- persed oil is difficult and expensive to clean up because it typically adheres to shoreline surfaces. Use There are three basic types of modern dispersants: water-base, solvent- base, and concentrate. They differ mainly in the nature of their carrier D 4 Table B-1. DISPERSANT APPLICATION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES Type of Equipment Application Technique Dispersant Type Rand-operated Manual application from vessel Premixed solvent garden sprayer or dock base, water base or concentrate Portable pump and Manual application from vessel Premixed solvent hand-carrled spray or dock base or concen- nozzle trate Spray boom and low Direct application from vessel Premixed solvent pressure 'pump at sea; agitation with breaker base boards Spray boom, high pres- Direct application from vessel Concentrate or sure pump and eductor at sea: agitation with breaker water base or metering pump boards, water streams or prop- diluted on- wash optional board with sea water Fire monitor/hose, Direct application from vessel Concentrate or blgh'pressure pump, at sea or from dock: agitation water base and eductor or meter- optional dIlluted on- 'us PiAmp board or dock- Ida with sea water ReUcoptar with spray Aerial application:--- agitation Undiluted con- booms from wind and waves centrates Light aircraft with Aerial application: agitation Undiluted con- crop dusting apparatus from wind and waves centrates Heavy aircraft with Aerial application; agitation Undiluted con- spray booms from wind and waves centrates D 5 medium and the ease with which dispersions are formed. Dispersion using water-base formulations typically requires more time and energy. Because they use water as a solvent, these products can be diluted on-site with seawater, thus lending themselves to vessel application. Solv'ent-base formulations tend to disperse more easily, but are generally more toxic and require higher dosage rates. They are ineffectual when diluted with water. Concentrates contain high percentages of surface active agents. Depending on the pro-duct, they may be used neat, diluted with seawater, and/or diluted with hydrocarbon solvents. The "self-mixing" type of concentrate requires extremely low levels of mixing energy. By virtue of their versatility, dispersant concentrates lend themselves to most methods of application* Dispersant use is greatly affected by the type of oil. Rapidly spread- ing oils are more easily dispersed than heavy or slowly spreading oils* Solvent base dispersants were formulated primarily for use on heavy or paraf- finic oils as they are harder to break down. Chemical dispersion of highly weathered oils or water-in-oil emulsions is typically very difficult, if not Impossible. Application Techniques and Eguipment There are three basic techniques used to apply dispersants to floating oil; each has its own variety of application equipment. The three applica- tion techniques are: manual, vessel and ae rial. The actual equipment and technique used depends on the type of dispersant to be applied, and the size and location of the spill. Table B-1 lists the type of equipment needed for the various dispersing agents and application techniques. D 6 Manual Application. Manual application is typically limited to use in very small spills or confined areas. The equipment consists of three-to-five- gallon garden sprayers, usually the backpack type, or portable pumps with hand-carried nozzle sprayers. Equipment should be fitted with nozzles producing a coarse spray for applying dispersants. Manual application is usually done f rom the shoreline, a dock or pier, and can also be done f rom small boats. Vessel Application. Basically, there are three types of vessel mounted application systems: bow spray, Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL) - type, and high-pressure jet spray. The bow spray and WSL systems both use booms fitted with spray nozzles to apply the dispersants. The nozzles produce coarse flat.sprays which overlap slightly at the water surface. The bow spray system has the booms mounted near the vessel bow. With the WSL sys- tem, booms are positioned slightly aft of midship. The WSL system also Incorporates breaker boards. towed behind the spray booms to provide external mixing energy. Bow wakes and propellor wash from several small boats and high-pressure water streams f rom fire f ighting equipment can also be used to supply energy. The third system uses fire fighting monitors or band-held nozzles to apply dispersants. The high-pressure streams are directed in an are up over the slick or played back and forth across the oil. In most cases the ves- sel's own salt-water fire fighting system is used. These systems are used primarily to apply water-base or concentrated dispersants in heavily diluted.solutions. The systems operate by drawing water f rom the sea and supplying it to the booms or monitors at high pressures D 7 and volumes (100 psi and .100-250 gpm respectively). The dispersant is in- troduced into the mainstream of water using an eductor or metering pump at a rate which produces the desired concentrations Also available is a WSL low pressure volum system for applying hydro- carbon-base dispersants. In this case the agent is supplied directly to the booms with no dilution. Aerial Application. Three types of aircraft have been used in aerial appli- cation of dispersants: helicopters, light, and heavy fixed-wing aircraft. Suitable aircraft typically come fitted with agricultural or fire fighting spray systems which require only minor modification for dispersant use. The spray systems are usually supplied with misting or atomizing nozzles which must be replaced with ones producing a coarse spray. Two types of spray systems are available for use with helicopters. One Is the on-board 'type which has the spray booms, tanks, and motor fitted directly to the helicopter. The other system has a single unit consisting of the booms, tank and pump, which is slung underneath the helicopter. The advantage of this system is that it can be hooked up in a matter of minutes to almost any available helicopter. Dosage Dosage required for effective dispersion will vary with each spill situ- ationo Most manufacturers supply or can provide dosage recommendations with their products. Subject to regulatory'approval, these recommendations can be used as a starting point for dosage determination. The optimum dosage (number of gallons of dispersant applied per acre of slick), is primarily governed by the slick thickness. Generally, the amount of dispersant required is directly D 8 proportional to the thickness, and therefore the volume of oil per acre. Under normal conditions the recommended dosage f or most dispersants is 5 to 10 gallons per acre for an average slick thickness of 0.5 to 2.0 mm. By trial application, dosage should be adjusted to achieve the desired result at the minimum application rate. D 9 APPENDIX E Filter Fence/Sorbent Barrier Permeable barriers constructed onsite and made of wire screen or mesh and sorbents can be used to contain or exclude oil from interior areas such as marsh, channelsand mosquito ditches. Permeable barriers offer the advantages of noninterference with flow, conformance with bottom configura- tion, and response to tidal variation. Because of flow reverses in tidal areas, double barriers are required. A diagram of a typical permeable bar- rier is shown in Figure A-1. While a variety of screen and mesh fencing is available, heavier materials are recommended. When subjected to high cur- rents and debris, lighter material such as chicken wire will probably fail. Single-sided permeable barriers may be constructed in small streams or channels having continual water flow in one direction.- In this case a single line of posts is driven into the stream bottom with the screen fastened to the upstream side. Sorbent is also placed on the upstream side of the bar- rier only, relying on the current to hold it in place. The screen height in both cases must be sufficient to prevent sorbent from going over the top at high tide and under the bottom at low tide. The -screen mesh size must be compatible with the type and size of the sorbent used. E I Pipe Supports clone Fence Floating Sorbent -Water Le;el V. Support 1, V's Cable (optional) N, fill AA I U & vy INN -'K @5 A A 31, A yi A A t 40, X ... .... . ..... A A A MON cut A 1. A A,%. c Awav ji 7 A %y Figure 1. TYPICAL PERMEABLE BARRIER E 2 I or 1 11101111111111110 - 1@ 3 6668 14103 9497 a f, ik 0, i vi