Siting criteria for onshore facilities for OCS oil development support and their potential application in Nassau and Suffolk counties Task 8.6, contract number D93781

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

SITING CRITERIXFOR ONSHORE FACILITIES FOR

OCS DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT AND THEIR POTENTIAL

APPLICATION IN NASSAU AND SUFFOLK

COUNTIES.

FEB 1977

TD
428
.033
S58
1977

.00
ICoastai Zone
information
Center 13.2 cl I

SITING CRITERIA FOR ONSHORE FACILITIES FOR OCS OIL DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT
AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES

Task 8.6

Contract Number D93781

Prepared by

Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board
H. Lee Dennison Office Building
Veterans Memorial Highway
Hauppauge, N.Y. 11787

Dr. Lee E. Koppelman
Project Director

February 28, 11077

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
C 0 A S' T A L 8 F F, C E S C E N I E R
22,@4 SOUTH HO&@SON AVENUE
CHARLESTON SC 29405-2413

64"
P370PCZty of CSC Library

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY PAGE

Part 1. Siting Criteria 1

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Temporary Base Supporting Exploratory Drilling 8

1.3 TemporaryBase Supporting Platform Installation 10

1.4 Temporary Base Supporting Pipeline Laying 12

1.5 Permanent Service Base 14

1.6 Pipeline Landfall 16

1.7 Marine Terminal 18

1.8 Partial Processing Plant 20

1.9 Gas Treatment Plant 22

1.10 Oil Refinery 24

1.11 Petrochemical Plant 27

1.12 Platform Fabrication Yard 27

1.13 Pipecoating Yard 31

1.14 Miscellaneous Facilities 33

Part 2. Application of Siting Criteria to Nassau and Suffolk Counties 34

2.1 General 34

2.2 Temporary Base Supporting Exploratory Drilling 38

2.3 Temporary Base Supporting Platform Installation 39

2.4 Temporary Base Supporting Pipeline Laying 39

2.5 Permanent Service Base 39

2.6 Pipeline Landfall 40

2.7 Marine Terminal 41

PAGE

Part 2. (Continued)

2.8 Partial Processing Plant
41

".9 Gas Treatment Plant
41
2.10 Oil.Refinery 42
2.11 Petrochemical Plant 42
2.12 Platform Fabrication Yard 43
2.13 Pipecoating Yard 43
2.14 Miscellaneous Facilities 43

Glossary 61

Bibliography 65

LIST OF TABLES

Table Number Title Page

1 Land and Waterfront Requirements for Onshore
Facilities for OCS Oil Development Support . . . . . . . . . .. 45
2. Supply Requirements of Onshore Facilities for
OCS Oil Development Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3 Employment in Onshore Facilities for OCS Oil
Development Support . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number Title Page

1- Fort Pond Bay, Town of East Hampton, Suffolk
'County, N. Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2 Village of Greenport, Town of Southold, Suffolk
County, N. Y . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3 Village of Port Jefferson, Town of Brookhaven,
Suffolk County, N. Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4 Village of Freeport, Townof Hempstead, Nassau
County, N. Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

5 Oceanside Site, Town of Hempstead, Nassau
County, N. Y . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

6 Yaphank - Shirley Site, Town of Brookhaven,
Suffolk County, N. Y .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

7 Shirley Site, Town of Brookhaven,
Suffolk County, N. Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

SUMARY

A. This, report consists of two parts,

1. Siting Criteria,

2. Application of Siting Criteria to Nassau and Suffolk Counties.

B. Part 1, Siting Criteria, reviews fourteen different types of onshore facility,

and considers each from the pointlof view of three considerations:

1. Land and Waterfront Requirements (Table 1).

2. Supply Requirements (Table 2).

3. Employment (Table 3).

C. Much of the information is drawn from studies performed by the New England River

Basin Commission, and is consequently rather strongly related to potential devel-

opment of the Georges Bank Trough(ll). The Baltimore Canyon Trough lies approx-

imately the same distance from Long Island as Georges Bank, in similarwater

depths, and subject to the same climate. It is unlikely that onshore support for

development of the Baltimore Canyon will differ in any significant way.

In order to provide a time frame for development, a "high find" scenario for

Georges Bank has been used (10).

D. In Part 2, the material developed in Part 1 has been applied to Nassau and

Suffolk Counties.

E. Possible sites for some types of onshore facility have been identified, whereas,

forother types of facility, no.sites appear to be feasible. In the latter

cases, it can be for seveiral reasons. Among these are:

a) Inability to find a sufficiently large parcel of land zoned industrial.

b) Unacceptable environmental impacts

c) Insufficient water access depth and frontage

F. The possible sites are as follows:

a) Fort Pond Bay, Town of East Hampton, Suffolk County

Might accommodate:

i. Temporary Base for Exploratory Drilling

ii. Temporary Base for Platform Installation

iii. Temporary Base for Pipeline Laying

iv. Permanent Service Base

v. Pipecoating Yard.

b) Village of Greenport, Town of Southol d, Suffolk County.

Might accommodate:

i. Temporary Base for Exploratory Drilling

ii. Temporary Base for Platform Installation

iii. Temporary Base for Pipeline Laying

iv. Boat Repair and Maintenance Yard

c) Village of Port Jefferson, Town of Brookhaven, Suffolk County

Might accommodate a temporary base for exploratory drilling.

d) Village of Freeport, Town of Hempstead, Nassau County

Might accommodate:

i. Temporary Base for Exploratory Drilling

ii. Permanent Service Base

iii. Boat Repair and Maintenance Yard

e) Oceanside, Town of Hempsteadj Nassau County

Might accommodate a temporary base for exploratory drilling.

f) Yaphank, Town of Brookhaven, Suffolk County

Might accommodate a gas treatment.plant.

g) Shirley, Town of Brookhaven, Suffolk County

Would accommodate the landfall for the gas pipeline supplying the

above plant.

-2-

G. It is to be understood that permission to install any of the above facilities

must be secured from the local authorities concerned. In addition, the only

land in public ownership is the Freeport site9 and the pipeline landfall and

right-of-way at Shirley. All the rest is privately owned.

1. SITING CRITERIA

1.1 Introduction

The exploitation of oil fields on the outer continental shelf is treated, in

much of the literature on the subject, under three headings, namely:

Exploration

Development

Production

1.1.1 Exploration

On. the basis of preliminary*studies performed by the U.S. Geological S@irvey and

the oil companies, a given offshore area will hav e been identified as overlying

potentially oil-bearing formations. The U.S. Government will then sell leases to

portions of the area to various interested parties, who then proceed to explore

their respective tracts. Exploration involves the drilling of a limited number

of wells to determine whether further development is indeed worthwhile, and, if so,

which would be the best location or locations at which to place production

facilities.

In. order to support the exploratory drilling effort, a base is needed at some

point on shore convenient to the area of operations. If exploration is unsuccess-

ful, the base will be closed down in a few years. If successful, a larger base

will be needed, and, again, the temporary one-will be phased out in a few years.

1.1.2 Development

Having decided that further development is desirable, the oil company authorizes

the construction of offshore platf orms, and proceeds to install them when built.

Construction takes place onshore, in a waterside factory, from which the partially

completed structures are towed by tug to the selected sites, and installed. The

latter, activity is not a simple one, and is carried out with support from an onshore

-4-

base reasonably close by.

Mounted on the platform are one or.more drilling rigs, which.are used to drill

so-called "development" wells. These will be the production wells, if flow,rates

are satisfactory. During the development period, well-drilling activity will pro-

ceed at a level far higher than during exploration. The support required for these

operations is of the same kind as was required during exploration. However, a

larger.service base is required, because of the greater quantities of materials to

be handled, and the larger crews to be transported.

1.1.3 Production

Production normally begins long before development drilling is completed. (In

.fact, exploratory drilling often continues long after the first product-ion platforms

are in place.) At some point, a decision will be made by the oil company to build

or not to build, a,pipeline. This is based strictly on economic factors, such as

expected Yield, distance to shore, costs of shipping by tanker, and so on. If the

decision is made to build a pipeline, a pipecoating yard is set up, in which lengths

of pipe will receive a coat of corrosion-resistant material, and, if necessary, a

coat of concrete. The latter is often needed to provide the mass required to weigh

the pipe down and keep it in place on the sea-bottom. Once coated, the lengths of

pipe are. ferried out to the pipeline laying area by barge. However, pipeline laying

is also a complex operation, and support is required from a convenient onshore base.

If gas is found in commercial quantities, it too would go ashore by pipeline.

Crude oil leaves the well in association with brine and natural gas. Unassociated

gas is sometimes found, but this too will have brine with it. Separation of these

components, and some degree of purification, is desirable before the oil and gas are

transported ashore. Such a partial treatment plant is therefore often located on

-5-

the offshore platform. However, for economic and/or technical reasons, it could

be located ashore.

Crude oil, whether brought ashore by tankers or pipeline, requires refining,
and, under certain circumstances, it would be advantageous to build an oil refinery.
Products other than gasoline, kerosine, and fuel oils,,could serve as feedstocks

for a petrochemical plant.
Crude natural gas is a mixture of methane with other hydrocarbon gases. The

methane is separated and fed into the natural gas distribution system. The other
components will provide liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and petrochemical feedstocks.

This separation is performed in a gas treatment plant, located onshore and fed by gas

pipeline.

The economic framework in which an oil company operates may make it advantageous

to build an oil storage terminal on shore. This could either rec eive oil by pipeline

from the offshore.oilfield for transhipment into tankers, or by tanker from the

offshore field for transhipment elsewhere by tanker and/or by overland pipeline.

1.1.4. Miscellaneous Facilities

Many boats will beemployed in transporting personnel, supplies and waste

materials to and from offshore rigs, platforms, pipelaying barges, etc. They must

operate in all weathers, and will require constant maintenance and repair. It is

rather unlikely that an oil company will build a boat yard from scratch. However,

such facilities as already exist in the area will expand in response to the demand,

and return to previous levels of activity when the demand ends.

Some oil companies may also find it desirable to locate one of their top execu-

tives in the area close to the offshore fields, in order to provide better supervision

of all activities, both on-and offshore. In that event, a district office might be

set up for the purpose.

1.1.5. List of Facility Types

From the foregoing, the following types of onshore facilities can be identified:

1. Temporary Base for Exploratory-Drilling

2., Temporary Base for Platform Installation

3. Temporary Base for Pipeline Laying

4. Permanent Service Base

5. Pipeline Landfall

6. Marine Terminal

.7. Partial Processing Plant

8. Gas Treatment Plant

9. Oil Refinery

10. Petrochemical Plant-

11. Platform Fabrication Yard

12. Pipecoating Yard

13. Boat Repair and Maintenance Yard

14. District Office

Each of these types has certain requirements for acreage, waterfront, personnel,

etc., etc., and has certain environmental impacts. The facility types are reviewed

below in turn, and their needs assessed. Table 1 summarizes land and waterfront

requirements and boat traffic. Table 2 summarizes supply requirements and land

and air traffic. Estimates of manpower needs are listed in Table 3, where,

an attempt has been made to. assess how many people might be recruited locally, and

how many would have to be brought in from elsewhere.

-7-

1.2 Temporary Base Supporting Exploratory Drilling

1.2.1 Land and Waterfront Requirements

Exploratory drilling will begin about one year after lease sale, and will con-

tinue for 12,or 13 years, long after platforms have been installed in the area, and

production has begun. In fact, exploratory drilling may continue at a low level of

activity for several more years. However, at a certain point, servicing of explor-

atory drilling will be taken over by the permanent base. On the other hand, if

exploratory drilling is unsuccessful, it will be discontinued at some point. These

considerations lead to the expectation that a temporary support base will be occupied

for no more than 4 or 5 years.

As Table I indicates, 5 acres.of waterfront land will be required per rig, with

a dockside frontage of 200 feet, and 15 to 20 feet minimum water depth. The base

must be accessible to boats in all weathers, 2 or 3 supply boats and one crew boat

being required per rig. When several rigs are served, there are economies of

scale and the requirements of land, waterfront and number of boats per rig are
4,
lowered.

1.2.2 Supply Requirements

The base has to provide substantial quantities of various supplies to the off-

shore rig, in order to keep.it in operation. These include mud, cement, chemicals

and freshwater (non-potable) for the drilling mud that is used for flushing rock

chips out of.the drill hole, pipe for extending the drill shaft and lining the well

bore, and fuel oil for driving the drilling r ig. In addition, po table water and

food are needed for the crew, toolsand parts are needed for maintaining machinery,

and substantial quantities of fuel are required for the service boats.

-8-

Quantities required, p er rig per year, when drilling four wells per year, each 15,000

feet deep, are as follows:

4,740,000 gallons of non-potable fresh water

460,000 gallons of potable fresh water

12,800 barrels of fuel oil for service boats

13,272 barrels of fuel oil for drilling

3,828 tons of mud cement and chemicals

1,820 tons'of pipe.

Electricity needs at the temporary base are only those for housekeeping.

Al
Road and rail access (as well as sea access) is necessary for bringing these

materials to the base, and non-bulk items (i.e., other than water, fuel, pipe,

etc.) have to be flown to the rig by helicopter. In bad weather, when the crew

boat would find it difficult to tie up to the rig, replacement crews would also

be helicoptered in and out. Thus easy access-to a passenger airport would also

be useful.

1.2.3 Employment

A total of about 4 5 people would be required for each exploration rig deployed.

Six of these would be wharf and warehouse hands, three are helicopter crew, and most

of the remainder are boat crewmen. Of the total, about 33 could be hired locally.

On the offshore rig, 122 people would be employed, of whom 85 to 90 would compose

two alternating drilling crews, 12 would be geophysical tech nicians, 15 would be

catering and service staff, and the remainder would be employed in mixing and handling

drilling fluids, and associated activities. Approximately 45 members of the offshore

crews could be hired locally.

-9-

1.3 Temporary Base Supporting Platform Installation

1.3.1 Land and Waterfront Requirements

The oil company determines its platform requirements from the results of

several years of exploratory drilling. Consequently, the deployment of plat-

forms will not begin until about the fifth year afterlease sale. Hence, a

temporary support base will start up in year 5, and will remai n in operation for

about 8 years.

The platform structure and components will be fabricated elsewhere, so that

the support base itself supplies only the basics of food, water, and fuel, and

those materials, such as welding rod, which are required for platform assembly.

Thus, an area of 5 acres provides all the storage space required for handling

the installation of as many as four platforms simultaneously, together with

helipad and office building.

Waterfront needs,are substantial. A minimum of 200 feet is required, plus

200 feet more for each platform being installed. Water depth is the same as for

exploratory drilling, i.e., 15 to 20 faet. However, some of the support vessels,

such as derrick barges, are much larger, and require a broad maneuvering area,

i.e., an entire habor area is necessary at that depth, not just a channel. Most

of the traffic will come from the usual supply and crew boats, and visits to the

dockside by the more ungainly barges will be rare, but the maneuvering space

must be available.

Steel and concrete platforms, by the nature of their respective designs,

generate different levels of boat traffic. Each steel platform requires one

supply boat and one crew boat, whereas a concrete platform requires six work-

boats and three or four barges of 400 ton size.

_10-

1.3.2 Supply Requirements

As indicated in Table 2, fresh water, fuel and power are required, but in quan-

tities not known at present. Fresh water is not required for the actual offshore

Platform assembly operations, but only for personnel needs. Thus it can be roughly

estimated on the basis of 100 gallons per day for each man employed in the base,

on the boats and offshore, bearing in.mind that offshore crews are duplicated, and

therefore that some fraction will be on leave at all times.

Fuel requirements will depend on whether steel or concrete platforms are in-

volved. As mentioned above, the latter employ many more service boats than the

former.

Electricity requirements are only for base housekeeping.

Road, rail and air traffic follows a pattern similar to that for a temporary

base supporting exploratory drilling.

1. 3. 3

Figures are not available for bases supporting concrete platform installation,

but for steel platforms, approximatelyN25 men are required per platform. Thus,

for a base supporting the installation of 4 steel platforms, the average annual

employment is 86, and the peak is 118. Job categories are the same as those for

exploratory drilling, namely 6 wharf and warehouse men for each platform being
installed, three helicopter crewmen, and the rest boat crews. Roughly 70 percent
can be local hires. The operations offshore require many more men, an average of
1,043 and a peak of 1,360. Of these, 25 percent can be local hires. Most offshore

personnel will be steel riggers, welder, etc.

1.4 Temporary Base Supporting Pipeline Laying

1.4.1 Land and Waterfront Requirements

The economic justification for installing a pipeline wil 1 become evident only

,after production has begun. At that time, the first production wells will be
eva'luaLed, and a better idea obtained of the potential of the entire field.

It is unlikely that each individual oil company will build its own pipeline

to shore. In fact, there is a precedent, from the Shetland Island field in the

North Sea, for every company participating in the field's exploitation to join

together in financing one main pipeline, connected to each platform by a branch

line.

Consequently, pipeline laying will run in tandem with platform installation,

beginning some 2 years after the first platform goes in, and ending 2 years after

the last one. Thus, a temporary base for pipeline laying will be in use from year

7 to year 15 after the lease sale (see Table 1).

Since coated pipe will be barged directly from the pipecoating yard to the

lay barge, the temporary base does not have to provide storage for it. Five

acres is sufficient for all the storage needed, plus a one acre helipad and office

building.

Waterfront needs are similar to those for a platform base, i.e., 200 feet

minimum, plus 200 feet for each lay barge operating out in the ocean. Water

depth and maneuvering room are also the same as for the other. One supply boat

and one crew boat are needed to serve each lay barge. The latter is accompanied

by a "spread" of other vess els. These include barges supplying pipe to the lay

barge, a jet barge to dig a trough on the sea bottom in which the pi peline is

laid, and a fleet of tugs for maneuvering,them. all. The spread has little impact

on the shore base, however. Pipe barges will "commute" to and from the pipecoating

yard, and the lay and jet barges will remain at sea until the pipeline is completed.

-12-

1.4.2 Supply Requirements

Fuel requirements for the lay barge and jet barge are substantial, being 50,000

and 180,000 gallons per month, respectively. The fuel required for the service

boats depends on the distance from shore and the frequency of trips. Potable water
an'd food.are required for personnel, and tools and parts are required for maintenance.

Electricity is needed only for base housekeeping.

Road, rail, and air traffic will--be approximately as for an exploratory drilling

base.

1.4.3 Employment -

- Approximately 25 men are employed for each lay bar ge in operation. For a

laying rate of 300 to 350 miles of pipe per year, average base employment will
be 36, with a peak of 61. Job categories are-the same as for an exploratory drilling
base, i.e., six wharf and warehouse house for each pipeline being laid, three.heli-

copter crewmen, and the rest boat crews. 70 percent could be locally hired. Offshore,

average employment will be,540, with a peak of 923. Of these, 20 percent will
be local. The offshore personnel are crew members of the lay and jet barges and the

associated ve ssels. The lay barge wilt carry pipe welders.

-13-

1.5 Permanent Service Base

1.5.1 Land and Waterfront Requirements

Permanent bases provide support to offshore platforms during the phase s of

development drilling, production, and workover. The last phase involves re-working

existing wells which have been producing for some years. There is usually a

gradual drop in flow rate with time,,.and flow can be boosted somewhat by working

over -the well.

Base activity is greatest during development drilling and least during produc-

tion, but the "permanent" base will remain in operation until the field is exhausted,

i.e., from about year 6 to year 31 after the lease sale.- By about year 3, however,

the viability of the oilfield will have been proven, and the permanent base will

start gearing up then, even though the first platform installation is still 2 years

in the future.

Land requirements will range from 50 to 70 acres, depending on the number

of platforms served. There will be office space, and a one acre helipad for each

platform.

200 feet of waterfront will be needed per platform (or rig, when the later

phases of exploratory drilling are transferred to the permanent base, and the

temporar ybase is phased out). There will be economies of scale, i.e., four

platforms will require 600 feet of dockside. Water depth of 15 to 20 feet is

needed, with access in all weathers.

During development drilling, each platform will require 4 supply boats and

one crew boat. Again, there will be economies of scale. Thus, 5 platforms will

require 15 supply boats. During production and workover, no more than one supply

boat will be needed for each two platforms. By that time, platform crews will be

-14-

so small that it will be more convenient to transport them by helicoptor, and

no crew boat will be necessary.

1.5.2 Supply Requirements

The maximum supply activity will occur during d evelopment drilling, and will

dep6nd on the number of platforms served, the number of drilling rigs on each plat-

form, and the number of wells drilled. For one platform, carrying two rigs, and

drilling 8 wells per year, each 15,000 feet deep, the following supplies will be

delivered offshore per year:

460,000 gallons of potable water

7,740,000 gallons of non-potable fresh water

28,560 barrels of fuel oil for drilling

6,488 tons of mud, cement and chemicals

3j816 tons of pipe.

In addition, there will be food, tools and s pare parts, and about 25,000 barrels

of engine fuel will be supplied to the boats.

During workover, each well reworked will require a total of 520'.000 gallons

of fresh water, 2,000 barrels of fuel oil for drilling, 66 tons of mud, etc., and

2 tons of pipe, Boat fuel requirements, dur ing production and workover will be

about 19,200 barrels per year.

Electricity requirements are merely for base housekeeping.

Road, rail and air traffic will be approximately as for an exploratory drilling

base.

1.5.3 Employment

Estimates are available only for base employment during development. An average

of 53 people will be required per platform, and a peak of 116. Of these, approximately

75 percent can be local hires. As for temporary bases supporting exploratory drilling,

most permanent,base employees are boat crewmen. Three are belidopter crew, and six are

wharf and warehouse hands. Employment will be substantially less during production and

workover.

-15-

1.6 Pipeline Landfall

1.6.1 Land and Waterfront Requirements

During the approximately 8 years of pipeline laying, it would logical to

run the main line ashore early in the program, so that oil pumping can,begin as

soon as possible. There is a proven procedure for connecting in branch lines

later, as necessary. It is assume d, therefore, that the actual landfall will be

constructed in the first 2 years of pipeline laying, i. e., from year 7 to year

9 after the lease sale. The main pipeline will then operate for the remaining

lifetime of the field.

The landfall should be located where the sea bottom approach is gently

sloping, with sufficient depth of sand or shingle to provide 10 feet of cover

for the pipeline down to mean low water, and 7 feet of cover from there out to

the 50 foot water depth contour. A gentle transition from beach to land is pref-

erable, although a cliff even as high as 100 feet is acceptable, if its composition

is soft. The width of wa-terfront required is less than 100 feet.

Both oil and gas can be conveyed ashore by pipeline, and each presents different

problems. Both may require a boost in pressure at this point, i. e., a pumping

station for oil and a compressor station for gas. Whereas the landfall itself can

be repaired to th e extent that it can be rendered invisi ble, a pumping station or

compressor station would be highly intrusive near the shoreline. If the area is

already deteriorated, this may not be considered a problem.

There will be pumps an d compressors on each platform, and if partial processing

takes place there (see below), boosting stations may not be necessary. This is more

likely for gas than for oil. Hence, a pumping station associated with an oil

pipeline landfall is more probable than a gas compressor station associated with

a gas pipeline landfall.

-16-

Forty acres is the estimated requirement for a pumping station handling 200,000

barrels per day of oil.

1.6.2 Supply Reg irements

An operating pipeline landfall is a passive installation, and requires no

supplies. Construction data is not available. Supply requirements for an oil

Pumping station are also not known.

1.6.3 Employment

Approximately 50 men will be employed in landfall construction, of whom 80

percent may be locally hired. The figures for the construction of an oil pumping

station are not available, but 17 people would be employed in its operation, and

14 of them could be bired locally. The operation crew would consist of a supervisor,

four gaugers, six roustabouts, two technicians and four dispatcher clerks.

-17-

1.7 Marine Terminal

1.7.1 Land and Waterfront Requirements

A. marine terminal could be employed in one of two basic ways. One is to store

oil received by pipeline from offshore wells, and load it into tankers for shipment

by sea to a remote refinery. The other is to receive and store oil brought in

from offshorewells by tanker, and pump it, via overland pipeland, to an adjacent

or remote refinery.

The decision to build a marine terminal, for either purpose, is an economic one,

as far as the oil company is concerned. However, the siting and construction of

marine terminals is a complicated political process because of environmental con-

siderations. Statistics indicate (2) that the major source of oil pollution, world-

wide, is normal tanker operations, i.e., tank cleaning and ballasting. U.S. Coast

Guard regulations require that new tankers larger than 70,000 deadweight tons (DWT)

have segregated ballast tanks, so that ballast water be excluded from the cargo tanks.

This is somewhat large r than the classof vessels considered in this context, however.

(See below.)

Given that a marine terminal is shown to be feasible, it would have to be

operational from approximately year 13 after the lease sale, and remain in operation

until the oilfield was shut down.

The land area requirements for a terminal depend an the amount of oil to be

stored, and that is a matter of economics, tanker size and scheduling, refinery

capacity, and so on. A tank farm for one million barrels of oil occupies about

17 acres. For three million barrels storage capacity, 50 acres would be needed.

Another 40 acres would be used for pipeways, transfer equipment, boiler house,

electrical sub-station, administration building, and other services.

Waterfront requirements depend on whether the unloading facility is of the

shoreside fixed pier type, or the offshore mooring type. In.the latter case, the

tank farm can be set back from the shoreline, and the actual waterfront corridor

can be minimal. In the shore side case, the waterfront requirements would depend

on the maximum size of tanker to be handled. Table 1 lists information for a

40,000 DWT tanker, simply because this is the size of vessel cited in the draft

environmental impact statement that was written for Lease Sale Number 42, Georges

Bank Trough (4). Thus approximately 1,000 feet of waterfront is cited, and 40

foot water depth.

1.7.2 Supply Requirements

Marine terminals have fairly modest fuel and. power requirements. A one million

barrel tank farm would consume 8 million kwh per year, which is equivalent to an

average connected load of 900 kw, approximately. The.installed load would be

2-3000 kw. A two million barrel tank farm would consume 14 million kwh per year.

All other services would require 850,000 kwh per year.

Total fuel oil consumed is 12,200 barrels for terminals of this order of

magnitude. In addition, fresh water, tools and spare parts would be needed for

general housekeeping and maintenance. Supplies would be brought in by road,

or by rail if the quantity d-manded it.

1.7.3 'Employment

The operation of the terminal would require 35 people, of whom 25 could be hired

locally. Job breakdown is approximately as follows: 2 administration, 21 marine and

navigational, 7 oil transfer, 2 maintenance, I lab. technician and 2 security guards.

Construction would employ about 565 people, and 20% of thes e could be locally hired.

-19-

1.8 Partial Processing Plant

1.8.1 Land and Waterfront Requirements

Crude oil at the well-head contains natural gas and formation water. The

latter is brine, with a high concentration of dissolved and suspended solids.

Some of the formation water will be mixed with oil in an emulsion. The water

and sediment content of the crude must be reduced to 1 percent or better as soon

as possible after leaving the well, because of the corrosive nature of the brine.

In addition any natural gas associated with the crude oil will "boil" off as the

oil pressure drops from the formation pressure, as it rises up the well. The

separation of gas and brine from the crude oil to acceptable levels of purity

is called "Partial Processing".

This is sometimes done at the offshore platform, where it adds, of course,

to the platform cost and the complexity of offshore operations. If tanker is

the method employed to convey oil to the shore, then partial processing would

be done at the platform. If a pipeline is used instead, then partial processing

could be done either on the platform or on shore. If the latter case, the plant

would probably be located inside the marine terminal boundary.

After separation, the water will require treatment to reduce its oil content

to 20 -to 50 parts per million, to render it acceptable for discharging.
-The natural gas found associated with oil would be one of the products of the

partial processing. If non-associated gas is found, it will still have formation

water associated with it, and will require' separation, to a fairly high degree.

Water vapor can condense in long pipelines, causing slugs which increase pipe

friction, and thus reduce pipe capacity. Also, moisture in natural gas can

react to formbulky solid hydrates, capable of plugging lines and equipment.

Consequently, partial processing of gas is more likely to be done on the offshore

platform than pAi:tial processing of oil.

For an onshore plant-to handle 100,000 barrels of oil per day, a site of about 15
acres would be needed. There would be no specific waterfront requirements.-

In.the general scenario considered in this report, production would commence in

the 6th year after the lease sale. Construction on the partial processing plant

would therefore have to start a year earlier.

1.8.2 Supply Requirements

Data available is for a plant of one-third the capacity cited above. It

would use 10,000 gallons of fresh water per month, which considering the number

of operators involved (see below), would appear to be mostly for drinking and

.sanitary purposes. 1.5 million cubic feet of fuel gas would be' consumed per

day, and 400,000 kwh of electricity per month, the connected load being approximately

700 W. Maintenance supplies would also be required. The crude feed would be brought

in by pipeline, and processed oil and gas would depart by the same method.

1.8.3 Employment

The partial processing plant would require an operating staff of only 10.

At the beginning, these would probably all be brought in from outside the area.

Construction would require 150 people, of whom some 20 percent might be

hired locally.

-21-

1.9 Gas Treatment Plant

1.9.1 Land and Waterfront Requirements

ALS mentioned previously, the gas fraction leaving a well is a mixture of

me@hane and other light hydrocarbons. The latter have properties making them

worthwhile separating from the methane, and splitting into twobasic streams.

One stream, essentially propane and butane, has a market value as liquefied

petroleum gas.(LPG). The other stream, containing ethane and a number of unsat-

urated compounds (ethylene, propylene etc.), would be a suitable feedstock for

a number of impor tant petrochemical products, such as ethylene oxide, artificial

rubber, and many oth ers.

Until exploratory drilling takes place, however, the actual flow rate of

the crude gas, and its composition, cannot be known. There is a gas flow rate

below which it is uneconomic to pipe the gas ashore at all. In that event, it

would be re-pressurized and pumped back into the oil-bearing formation, in order
to maintain the crude oil production rate. Above that flow threshold, gas

production would be developed, but failing a knowledge of the distribution of

the components in it, the specific processing scheme of the gas treatment plant

cannot be known. In general, condensibles would be separated from non-condensibles

by refrigeration. The non-condensible fraction (mostly methane) would be fed

into the natural gas pipeline, and the condensible fraction could be split up

nto components by low-temperature distillation.

It can be said, however, that a plant to process one billion cubic feet of

gas a day would require approximately 75 acres, Of which 20 acres would be occupied by
buildings, structures, and processing equipment. The remainder is open storagel

parking and buffer space.

A smaller capacity plant would not occupy proportionately less acreage. For

instance, a plant for processing 200 million cubic feet of gas a day would still

need 50 acres, approximately.

-22-

7be nature of oilfield operations is such that oil production builds up

some years before gas production does,, and continues for some years after gas

production ends. The gas treatment plant will therefore be in operation from

year 10 to year 28 after the lease sale, compared to oil production, which,

will run from year 6 to year 31.

There is no need for a waterfront location for this type of facility.

1.9.2 Supply Requirements

Fuel, power, and water requirements are substantial. A plant to process one

,billion cubic feet of gas a day will consume 360 million cubic feet a month of

fuel gas and 5.4 million kwh a month,of electricity. The latter implies an average

load of 7,500 kw, which, in turn, implies a connected load of 10 to 20,000 kw.

Nlater consumption would be 200,000 gallons per day, mostly in process cooling.

These quantities imply that the pure natural gas produced is not liquefied.

Gas feed and product enter and depart by pipeline. LPG will be shipped out

by tank car and tank truck. Other gaseous products could be pipelined to a

petrochemical plant.

1.9.3 Employment

Operation of a one billion cubic foot day plant would require approximately 50

personnel, of whom 30 could be locally hired. The jobs break down as follows: 5

supervisory, 12 technicians, 20 operators, 11 maintenance, 2 contract service.

Construction would employ a peak of 510 people, half of,whom would be locally

hired.

-23-

1.10 Oil Refinery

1.10.1 Land and Waterfront Requirements

Like marine oil storage terminals, the siting of oil refineries is subject

to powerful, political constraints, by virtue of the significant impact they

cause, both in construction and operation (see below). This is clear from the
unsuc(',essful attempts by a number of companies, over the past decade, to locate

an oil refinery in New England.

Oil refineries requirevery large amounts of land. A plant to process

250,000 barrels of crude oil per day would occupy approximately 1,000 acres. Of

this, the actual:processing units would require 200 acres, and another 400 acres

would be used for buildings, tank farm, boiler house, cooling tower, and auxiliary

services, such as water treatment, waste treatment, etc. The remaining area

would be buffer space.

The size of refinery actually built would be determined by economic consid-

erations, and, under certain circumstances, a capacity as low as 50,000 barrels

of crude oil a day could be economic.. However, the land requirements are not

proportional, i.e., such a plant would require much more than on e-fifth the

acreage of a 250,000 barrel a day plant.

Refineries have often been located at the shoreline, adjacent to the oil-

receiving terminals. However, there is nothing inherent in their design or op-

eration that demands a waterfront location,,and they can just as well be fed by

an overland pipeline.

Large and complex,plants of this kind have long construction times. A grass-

roots refinery, that is, one built from scratch, would require three years to

-24-

build. The scenario followed in this report would require a refinery to be in

operation at year 9 after the lease sale. Hence construction would begin during

year 5.

1.10.2 Supply Requirements

An oil refinery of the size cited above, 250,000 barrels per day, would con-

sume large amounts of water, fuel and power.

These plants have. extensive cooling requirements, and usually employ water

for the purpose, using a closed-circuit system with a cooling tower. Even so,

there are considerable evaporation losses and make-up requirements, up to 5.4 MGD.

Fuel oil is consumed in the boilers used for supplying process steam, and

in the fired heaters which heat or vaporize various hydrocarbon streams at various

stages in the process. The amount consumed depends on the actual processing

scheme, which, in turn, depends on the composition of the crude, and the "pattern"

of products that the market requires. However, fuel oil requirements will probably

amount to over 24,000 barrels per day.

Refinery processing is an intricatf- network of distillation towers, heat

exchangers, fired heaters, catalytic crackers, etc., etc. Hundreds of pumps, fans,

compressors and other kinds of machinery are required to circulate liquids and

vapors through the system, and each needs an electric motor. The total connected

load would be approximately 100,00 0 kw, with a total daily consumption of

1,818,000 kwh.

Crude oil feed would eriter the refinery by pipeline, and most of the large-

volume products could depart by the same means. Low-volume products would be

shipped by tank car and/or tank truck. Operating supplies, tools, and spare parts

would be brought in by road or rail.

-25-

1.10.3 Employment
A large labor force would be employed in construction. The annual average
would 'be 2,180 peo ple, of whom 70 percent could be hired locally. This fraction

could rise to 80 percent.
Operation would req uire an annual average of 435 people, of whom about 86

percent could be hired locally. 70 percent of the total workforce will be in
operations and maintenance, 20 percent in administration, and the remainder will

be safety, security and laboratory personnel.

-26-

1.11 Petrochemical Plant

Such a plant would receive liquid and gaseous feedstocks from the oil refinery

and the gas treatment plant, and process th em into fertilizers, plastics and other

products. There is an enormous.choice of processing schemes, and the one selected

would depend on what markets were to be served.

At: this time, no information is available to define this type of facility

further.

1.12 Platform Fabrication Yard

1.12.1 Land and Waterfront Requirements

Platforms for offshore oil production can be bui lt of steel or of reinforced

concrete. steel platforms are usually of the fixed-piling type, in which the

operating platform is supported well above the ocean surface by legs which are

fastened to the sea-floor by steel pilings. This is the commonest type of steel

platform, but there are at least two other designs. Oneis the gravity platform,

which rests in place on the sea bottom, by virtue of its own mass. Essentially,

the operating platform is supported above an arrangement of tanks. The structure

is floated out to the desired location, the tanks are flooded, and the whole

assembly settles down into its assigned place. Another steel platform design is

the tension-leg type, in which the operating platform actually floats, and is

held in place by anchors and cables., The downward pull of the cables submerges

the platform somewhat deeper than its own unrestrained buoyancy would allow,

and imparts the necessary stability. This design has the advantage of mobility,

andtherefore permits re-use in marginal fields that would otherwise be uneconomic

to develop.

Concrete platforms are usually of the gravity type. In fact, most gravity

platforms are built of concrete.

-27-

Another variable in the design of offshore platforms is the extent to which

they are to be self-contained. At one extreme, the platform may support little

more than the drilling rigs, with all other facilities provided by a support

vessel tied up alongside. At the other extreme, the platform may accommodate

dril ling crews quarters, partial processing equipment, waste treatment facilities,

and so on, and require only a crew boat to change crews and supply boats to main-

tain stocks of drilling supplies.

Land for a platform construction yard must be flat (less than 3 percent

gradient), have a low water table, and have a high bearing load (approximately
7 tons per square foot). Information available for a facility fabricating nine

steel,platforms simultaneously indicates that 400 to 800 acres are required, of

which 55%.would be used for fabrication, and the rest for storage and auxiliary

services. Concrete platform construction is less demanding of land, each platform

requiring 20 to 50 acres.

About 200 feet of waterfront is needed for each platform under construction.

Water depth requirements for steel platforms are 15 to 30 feet, with a channel

width of 200 feet. Concrete platforms need deeper water, 35 to 50 feet, and no

channel constriction, i.e., the facility must be located on a broad harbor or bay.

Platforms are partially erected on land, and then floated out to the ocean

site. The sub-assemblies are very large, and require large clearances in their

passage from the yard to the open sea. Steel platforms require both horizontal

and vertical clearances between 210 and 350 feet, depending on the particular

design. Concrete platforms require 400 feet vertical clearance.

Construction materials for both steel and concrete platforms are required

in such quantities that they are best brought to the fabrication yard by barge.

For example, each concrete platform needs two or three 3,000 ton barges of

agg.regate.a week, and one barge every two weeks of cement. Barge traffic for

-28-

a steel platform would probably be less.
Platform installation is required to begin in the fifth year after.lease
sale. Hence, platform construction would have to start in year four. It would

continue to year thirteen.

1.12.2 Supply Requirements

Information available for a yard fabricating nine steel platforms indicates

that 100,000 gallons of freshwater will be consumed per day. For the size of

work force involved (see below), this would appear to be mostly for personal use.

For the same yard, fuel and power would be required, and also steel plate, rod,

pipe and str uctural shape. However, quantities are not known, at this time.

Road traffic for such a facility would considerable, as many as 4,000 vehicles

per day, including commuting personnel. Approximately 300 railroad cars, mostly

of steel products, would be required each year.

Somewhat more information is available for a concrete platform yard. For

each platform, an average of 15,000 gallons per day of freshwater would be re-

quired for domestic uses and 25,000 gallons per day for concrete mixing. Peak re-

quirements would be 25,000 and 40,000 gallons per day respectively. Connected electrical

load would be 3,000 kw. Materials for concrete would be bro"Q,ht in by barge, as stated

in Section 1.12.1. Otherwise, three trains would be needed, each day. Road traffic,

other than commuters, would be four fuel trucks per week, four trucks per week of

spare parts and one of heavy machinery, and 20 trucks Per dav of suDDlies.

1.12.3 Employment

For the same level of steel platform fabrication activity (nine at once), the

annual average labor needs would be 2,025, wi:th a peak of 3,000. Local hirings

could run 80 percent of these. Approximately 50 percent of the total workforce

are shipfitters and welders. 20 percent are loftsmen, painters, electricians and,

-29-

machinists. Other construction crafts and helpers total another 10 percent, as do

maintenance, warehousing and general support. Supervisory, engineering and adminis-

trative personnel account for the remainder.

For the construction of one concrete platform, the annual average labor needs

would be 350 to 450, with a peak of 600 to 1,200. As many as 85 to 90 percent can

be hired locally. The jobs break down as follows: 22 percent super-vision, engineering,

and administration, 40 percent skilled workers (mostly mechanics and concrete workers),

25 percent unskilled workers (laborers, helpers, etc.) and the rest include security,

catering and boat personnel.

-30-

1.13 Pipecoating Yard

1.13.1 Land and Waterfront Requirements

Most of the land in a pipecoating yard is taken up with pipe storage. The
acre"age required for the actual coating processes is comparat ively small. Flat

land is desirable, with a slope no more than 3 percent. A low water table is

also desirable for storage purposes, since it permits a greater height of stock-

pile.

Pipecoating involves two processes. First a coat of corrosion resistant

material is applied. After storage for curing, the coat is tested for integrity,

and any small penetrations are patched. Then a coat of concrete is applied to

give the mass required to bold the pipe down on the sea bottom.

A permanent yard, coating 300 to 350 miles of pipe per year, would occupy

100 to 150 acres. Of this, 95 acres would be used for pipe storage. Two acres

would be required for the testing of the corrosion coat, and about the same for

the actual coating operation. A so-called. "portable" yard could operate in about

30 acres, but the smaller pipe storage aapacity would make the scheduling of ship-

ments more critical.

Coated pipe would be barged out to the pipeline laying locations. Water-

front is needed for the loading and unloading of pipe and concrete materials.

750 feet minimum at dockside would permit the simultaneous handling of two barges.

These 'barges draw only about 10 feet, but aggregate is sometimes shipped in vessels

of as much as 30,000 DWT, and these would require 20 to 30 feet water depth.

If pipelaying were going on at one or two locations, 5 to 7 barges would be

required to transport the coated pipe, depending on the distance from the yard.

The yard would be in operation from year 8 to year 15 after the lease sale.

-31-

1.13.2 Supply Requirements

For the same level of activity (300 to 350 miles per year), a pipecoating

yard would use 15,000 gallons per day of fresh water. This would include 3,800

gall,ons per day for concrete mixing and pipe cooling during the coating operation.

Fuel gas is used for melting the mastic materials used for coating. About 12

to 13 million cubic feet would be required each year. Electricity would be con-

sumed at the rate of 1 million kwh per year.

Twelve tons of wire mesh for reinforcing the concrete will be required each

week, as well as 1,200 gallons of metal primer.

If pipe and concrete materials are not brought in by sea, pipe would require

one train of 100 cars per week, and concrete materials would require up to 20

trucks per-day. Solid waste would be trucked out at the rate of 5 to 10 tons per

month.

1.13.3 Employment

A pipecoating yard of the above size would employ an annual average of 71

personnel, and a peak of 121 personnel. Of these, 90 percent could be hired locally.

There is a specific production season, running from March through September. This

is the period when pipelaying operation will be least often interrupted by the

weather. No particular skills are required for most of the workers.

-32-

1.14 Miscellaneous Facilities

Boat repair and maintenance yards would not be established specially for

servicing an offshore oilfield. However, those which already exist in the area

wouid experience an increase in business over the period in which boating activity

is increased. This would be essentially for the first 15 years after lease sale.

Thereafter, service boats would be operating mostly for offshore platforms en-

gaged in production. and workover. Comparatively few boats would be involved at

that time, and they would represent only a small fraction of the overall demand

for repair and maintenance work in the area.

District offices, if any, will constitute only a small fraction of the demand

for office space in any given area. It is unlikely that office buildings would be

constructed specially for this purpose.

-33-

2. APPLICATION OF SITI NG CRITERIA TO NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES

2.1 General

A preliminary application of the siting criteria listed in Tables I and

2 reveals-that there are six sites in the Nassau-Suffolk area that could accom-

modate some type of onshore facilities that would be needed for outer continental

shelf development. Some could accommodate only one or two types of activities

while others could accommodate more. The availability of land, depth of

water and surrounding land uses are major limitations.

A site at Fort Pond Bay (Figure 1) in.the Montauk area of Suffolk County

could accommodate five.major activities. They are temporary bases supporting

exploratory drilling, platform installation and pipe line installation, a per-

manent base which requires 50 acres, and a pipe coating yard which would need

somewhat more.

At the present time, the land around Fort Pond Bay is partially zoned for

industrial purposes and is being@used for sand mining, an ocean science labora-

tory and miscellaneous-industrial uses., The sand mining area occupies at least

50 acres and lies between Long Island Railroad and the shore. The three tempor-

ary bases could easily be located here, and it is possible to assemble additional

land to accommodate the permanent uses. There is over 1,000 acres of land to the

west of the site that is not used. Adequate buffering could be built into the

site if and when residential development were to occur on the land. Direct access

to Montauk Point State Boulevard could be acquired to avoid any additional traffic

near the business section of Montauk.

Fort Pond Bay faces roughly north into Block Island Sound, much of which

has depths greater than 60 feet. Depths greater than 40 feet are found within

200 yards off the east shore of the bay and within 500 yards off the west and

south shores. Ample water depth for service boats and supply barges could be

had at dockside for relatively little dredging.

_@34-

The Village of Greenport (Figure 2) in the Town of Southold, S uffolk

County, has two waterfront areas that could accommodate the three temporary

uses. Railroad access is a possibility at the southwestern parcel. The

drawback of this site is that it is not presently zoned for industrial or com-

mercial use. Unused marine commercial and industrial buildings at the north-

eastern end of the harbor could be removed or converted to accommodate the

uses. Greenport also has boat repair facilities that might accommodate the

large boats that would be required for O.C.S. exploration.

The main shipping lane running between Greenport and Shelter Island has

a minimum depth of 33 feet,and most of it is deeper than 50 feet. The 20

foot depth contour runs within 220 yards of the southwest site, and within

450 yards of the northeast one. In the boat repair area of the harbor, 20 feet

of water is available even closet in. So that, dredging of access channels

does not appear to be a problem in this location.

A site on the west side of the harbor in the Village of Port Jefferson

(Figure 3) in the Town-of Brookhaven, Suffolk County, is usable as a temporary

base supporting exploratory drillingt. There is an oil terminal site that is

being phased out and approximately 5 acres could be obtained in this deep

water harbor that has protection from storms and has adequate turning room

for large boats. The major drawbacks of Port Jefferson are its distance from

the proposed drilling sites and the possible conflict with recreational boat-

ing activities in the harbor. However, 35 feet of water depth is,already

available at the existing dock, and a channel 25 feet deep and 300 feet wide ex-

tends.the full length of the harbor and out into Long Island Sound.

The industrial area in the Village of Freeport (Figure 4) in the Town

of 'Hempstead, Nassau County, could provide a temporary base supporting explor-

atory drilling. The area could also be used for boat repair since facilities

-35-

of this type already exist in an area that might have enough depth for large

boats. A few of the uses in the industrial area could be phased out in the

future so there is an outside possibility of assembling enough land for a

permanent base. The village sewer plant, incinerator and public works stor-

age area are the uses that could be replaced by the use of county facilities

or could be at a non-waterfront location. The only municipal use that cannot

be relocated is the new village power Iplant.

Sea access is by Jones Inlet) either side of Meadow Island, the Bay of

Fundy, the west side of Pettit North, and Freeport Creek, a distance of about

11. miles. Depths along this route are mos tly between 10 and 17 feet, with

some spots of less than 10 feet. Considerable dredging would be necessary to

provide 15 feet minimum throughout. However, the area is-highly industrial,

and the access that the channel would provide to boat repair yards might make

it economical.

A site adjacent to the oil terminals in Oceanside (Figure 5) in the Town

of Hempstead, Nassau County, can be used as a temporary base supporting explor-

.atory drilling. A 5 acre site could be assembled by combining the vacant land

and abandoned buildings along the channel that leads into East Rocka way. There

are two large tracts of industrially zoned land in the Oceanside area that have

good highway access and are surrounded almost entirely by non-residential uses.

However, they do not have direct access to major channels since they are blocked

by low bridges on the.Long Island Railroad and Long Beach Road.

Sea access.is by EastRockaway Inlet, Reynolds Channel, and Hog Island

Channel, a total distance of about 16 miles. Most of the route is deeper than

20 feet, in places considerably deeper. However, there are some stretches

shallower than 20 feet, and a few places as shallow as 11 o r 12 feet. Dredg-

ing would probably not be a serious problem if the site itself was considered

advantageous and the distance to the ocean was not a drawback.

-36-

A site in the Yaphank-Shirley area (Figure 6) in the Town of Brookhaven,

Suffolk County, appears to be the best possibility for locating a gas treatment

plant. At t he present ime, there are two large sites east and west of William

Floyd Parkway that are between the Long Island Railroad main line and the Long
-Island Expressw ay. The westerly site has 118 acres and the easterly site 215

acres. There is an office building on William Floyd Parkway and model homes

which are temporarily occupying part of the land, along with an access road for

a proposed industrial park on the 215 acre site. The interior of this parcel

could accommodate a gas treatment plant on approximately 100 acres. Non-Resi-

dential uses such as the Brookhaven Laboratory, a race track, and a proposed

shopping center, are on the other side of the expressway. Vehicular access to

this site is as good as any location on Long Island. In addition, a conne ction

could be made to the gas pipe line system that could serve all parts of Long

Island.

In order to connect a pipe line from this site to a site on the contin-

ental shelf, a direct,line to the south would be necessary * This is possib le

if the median strip of county-owned'William Floyd Parkway is used. The road

extends past this site almost to the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 7). At the

Ocean is a parking area that is part of the Smith Point County Park and it

would be possible to place a line underneath the parking lot. There are
bridges over the Long Island Railroad main line, Sunrise Highway, and Narrow Bay
(between the Park and Fire Island). In addition, there is a proposed additional

railroad bridge over the Montauk branch. The pipe line could be carried on the
bridges or-'tunneled underneath the roadways and r .ailroad crossings.

The ocean bottom at this point slopes 30 feet in about 1000 yards, the

beach itself is gently sloping and the dunes are minimal.

Each type of onshore facility, and its possible locations in Nassau-

Suffolk, if any, is discussed below, in further detail.

-37-

2.2 Temporary Base Supporting Exploratory Drilling

Possible sites can be identified at the following five locations:

Fort Pond Bay (Figure 1)
Greenport ' (Figure 2)
Port Jefferson (Figure 3)
Freeport (Figure 4)
Oceanside (Figure 5)

The sand mine at Fort Pond Bay is still in operation. However, much of,

it 'has been mined out, and land could probably be made readily available for a

base to service several rigs. In the Village of Greenport, the two possible

sites are each only big enough to service one, or possibly two rigs. There

would be delays for securing permits, and clearing existing structures. In

addition, it might be difficult to provide the length of dockside needed.

Port Jefferson offers the potential for a one or two rig service base, with an

existing dock and no water depth restrictions. However, oil tanks would have

to 'be removed, and local authority permission obtained. The two Nassau County

sites, Freeport and Oceanside, are most attractive from the point of view of

their locations in areas already highly industrialized and their ready avail-

ability. However, their distances from open water, and the need for substant-

ial channel dredging are problems.

In view of the timing discussed in Section 1.2, the likeliest condidate

is Fort Pond Bay.

Freshwater and electricity will have to be supplied locally. The quan-

tity of electricity is difficult to estimate. It would be required only for

the normal housekeeping needs of the base, a relatively small amount. However,

the water is required for the offshore drilling, and amounts to 4,740,000 gal-

lons per year of non-potable and 460,000 gallons per year of potable water per

rig. This would be for a rig drilling four wells, each 15,000 feet deep, per

year. Oil fuel and operating materials will be brought in from elsewhere, by

rail and truck.
COA IDT 7
U j,-@

2.3 Temporary Base Supporting Platform Installation

The following two sites are possible:

Fort Pond Bay (Figure 1)
Greenport (Figure 2)

These are the only sites which provide sufficient open water for maneu-

vering th e large vessels that are employed in platform installation. As men-

tioned previously, the Greenport sites might not be able to accommodate the

necessary length of dockside, although this is no problem at Fort Pond Bay.

In any event, bases for platform installation would not be needed until the

5th year afterthe lease sale, and there would be time to construct the nec-

essary wharfage.

Greenport might present a further complication, because of the possible

interference of the additional vessel traffic with.regular harbot operations,

especially if concrete platforms are involved. This would present no problem

at Fort Pond Bay.

Water and electricity will be required, but only in normal base house-

keeping amounts.

2.4 Temporary Base Supporting Pipeline Laying

The same two locations, Fort Pond Bay and Greenport, could possibly

serve for pipeline laying support. Similar reservations can be stated as for

platform installation, except that the additional.boat-traffic would probably

not be as heavy as for (concrete) platform installation, and the pipeline base

would not be needed until about 7 years after the lease sale.

2.5 Permanent Base

The only definite candidate for the location of a service base is Fort

Pond Bay (Figure 1), in view of the sand mine acreage available, and the POssi7

bility that operations could be phased out in the 3 years after the lease sale.

Water depth and sea access are little or no problem. Another possibility is

Freeport (Figure 4), if a sufficiently large parcel of land can be accumulated.

-39-

As mentioned previously, the Freeport site suffers from its distance from the

ocean, and the need to dredge the channel. However, road and rail access into

this industrial area is very good. On the other hand, the Fort Pond Bay site

could very well be supplied by sea.

Power requirements are for housekeeping purposes only. Freshwater would

have to be supplied to the offshore platform(s) in the following amounts:

a. For each platform engaged in development drilling (i.e., approximately

from the 6th to the 13th year after the lease sale), having 2 rigs,

and drilling 8 wells per year, each 15,000 feet deep.

Non-potable 7,740,000 gal./yr.

Potable 460,000 gal./yr.

b. Production (6th to 31st year after lease sale) housekeeping require-

ment only, i.e. about 100 gallons per capita day.

c. Workover (14th to 29th year after lease sale) - 520,000 gallons total

for each well worked over.

2.6 Pipeline Landfall

Both oil and gas could be pipellined ashore. In the case of oil, there

appears to be little justification for bringing a pipeline ashore to Nassau-

Suffolk. Such a pipeline would either be run overland to a refinery, or con-

nected to a marine terminal. For reasons presented later, neither of these

is a likely possibility. On the other hand, gas is in short supply on Long

Island, and a gas pipeline could be justified.

The location of the landfall must be determined by the location of the

gas treatment plant it would be connected to. This consideration leads to a

landfall site on the Fire Island shore at Smith Point Park, Shirley (Figure 7).

As mentioned previously, the local topography is highly favorab le, and, if

experience elsewhere is repeated here, it should. be possible to restore the

excavated area to its pristine appearance. The pipeline itself requires

minimal maintenance.

-40-

2.7 Marine Terminal

A marine terminal would be employed either to receive oil from the off-

shore field by tanker and deliver it by overland pipeline to a refinery, or

to receive oil by pipeline, store it, and load it into tankers for shipment

elsewhere..

In neither case is a Long Island location reasonable, For one thing,

there is no refinery here, nor is,there likely to be one (see below). For

another, there are existing oil unloading and storage facilities in nearby

north New Jersey, and an entirely new facility in the area is highly unlikely

to receive acceptance.

From the point of view of supplying Nassau-Suffolk with oil products,

apart altogether from OCS oil development, existing and proposed facilities

are expected to suffice.

2.8 Partial Processing Plant

The judgment has already been made (Section 2.6) that an oil pipeline

to Nassau-Suffolk isunlikely to materialize, and consequently, a partial pro-

cessing plant to treat oil is equally unlikely to be located on shore.

A gas pipeline to shore is much more likely, and, in this case, partial

processing is much less complex, and would probably be carried out on the

platform. If located on shore, the plant would be integrated into the gas

treatment plant.

2.9 Gas Treatment Plant

The Yaphank industrial zoned area (Figure 6) appears to be the best

location for this facility. Land is available in sufficient amount, in an

area set aside for an industrial park. Of the 7 5 acres estimated to be re-

quired for a plant sized to handle 1 billion cubic feet per day, only 20

acres are occupied by,processing equipment. The rest, which includes open

storage and parking, acts as a buffer around the plant proper.

-41-

In addition, the adjacent William Floyd.Parkway provides a convenient

pipeline route from a good landfall site at Shirley.

Howe ver, power and water requirements will be substantial. Power con-

sumption for a plant of t his size is 5,400,000 kwh per month, equivalent.to

an average connected load of 7,500 kw, for 24 hours a day, 30 days a month.

Water consumption is 200,000 gpd.

2.10 Oil Refinery

For a capacity of 250,000 bbl/day, an oil refinery would occupy about

1000 acres. Smaller capacities would still be economical to build (some quite

new units are as small as 50,000 bbl/day in capacity), but the savings in acre-

age would not be commensurate, In addition, the environmental impacts, both in

construction and in operation, will be considerable. There is not a large

enough piece of land available in the industrially zoned areas of Nassau-Suffolk,

and it is highly unlikely that permission would be given for a refinery to be

built in a non-industrial area.

2.11 Petrochemical Plant

In the absence of an oil refinbry, the only feedstocks available for a

petrochemical industry would come from the gas treatment plant. These are the

hydrocarbon gases and liquids separated out of the natural gas, namely ethane,

propanes,.butanes, ethylene, propylenes and butylenes. It is not known at

this time exactlyhow big these fractions will be. The propanes and butanes

would be utilized in LPG, and bottled and possibly distributed for local sale.

The other components could be used in the manufacture of polyethylene, polypropyl-

ene, etc. However, failing any information on quantity, it is fair to assume

that all could be condensed, bottled, and shipped elsewhere for processing.

These facilities would all be incorporated in the, gas treatment plant. It

goes without saying that these operations are hazardous.

-42-

2.12 Platform Fabrication Yard

There is no waterfront location at which the more than 400 acres required

for steel platform fabrication could be found. Concrete.platforms could possi-

bly be built at the Fort Pond Bay site. However, fairly deep water (35 feet

minimum) would be required, not in a single channel, but on a fairly wide front-

age (200 feet). This would be for building one concrete platform at a time.

Two platforms would require deep water on 400 feet frontage, and so on.

It appears infeasible to build platforms in this area.

2.13 Pipecoating Yard

So-called "permanent" yards require 100 acres, minimu M, whereas "portable"

yards occupy only 30 acres. The difference, presumably, is whether the yard is

set up for constructing pipelines for just one offshore field, or whether it is

conveniently located to serve a wider region.

The Fort Pond Bay site (Figure 1) could accommodate a "portable" yard com-

fortably, but a "permanent" yard would be a tight squeeze. The water depth and

frontage requirements,however, are readily available.

Water and energy requirements would be fairly modest. For a yard coating

300-350 miles of pipe peryear, 1 million kwh and 12-13 million cubic feet of

natural gas would be consumed per year. Water would be consumed at the rate of

15,000 gpd, which includes 3,800 gpd for mixing concrete and cooling the pipe

.in the coating process.

2.14 Miscellaneous Facilities

Boat repair and maintenance facilities exist in Greenport and Freeport

(Figures 2 -and 4). Water depth is adequate in Greenport with the minimum of

dredging, but large sections of the channel to the Freeport location would

need to be deepened.

Facilities of this type exist in several of the small harbors in Great

South Bay. However, the amount of.dredging that would be required to provide

15 to 20 feet of water up to any one of them is prohibitive.

-43-

It is considered unlikely that entirely new facilities of this type

would be @uilt to meet the demands of offshore development. What is more

likely is that existing yards would expand their activities in response to

demand. Water, power, and supplies of all kinds will be required, but, at

this time, it is not possible to estimate the quantities.

The category of district office is included here, because the liter-

ature refers to it. However, with Nassau-Suffolk being so close to New York

City, it appears unlikely that an oil company would set up a branch office

here. In any event, office space is.fairly readily available in the bi-county

region.

-44-

"a, :40, so so owl we

TABLE 1 TW 1/20/77

Land and Waterfront Requirements for Onshore Facilities
For OCS Oil Development Support Sheet I of 3

Water-
Life Front Water
Facility time* Land Area Length Depth Boat Traffic

1. Temporary Base, Ist-5th 0.5 acre per rig - warehousing 200' per rig 15' to 20' mini- 2 or 3 supply boats and one crew boat per rig.
Supporting Ex- 1.0 acre per rig - open storage (500' for 3 mum all-weather Economies when more than one rig. Also, more
ploratory Drilling 1.0 acre per rig - helipad rigs) access. round trips per boat when distance to offshore
Parking. point is less. Thus, for 3 rigs:- 200 mi. off-
Total: 5 acres per rig. shore - 8 or 9 supply boats. 100 mi. offshore
4 or 5 supply boats.

2. Temporary Base, .5th@13th 5 acres for installing up to 4 200' min., plus 15' to 20' mini- I supply boat and I crew boat for each steel
Supporting Plat- platforms per year. Mostly 200' for each mum maneuvering platform being installed. Several barges (e.g..
form installation open storage. Includes 1 acre "spread" of con- area 5 times cargo, derrick, etc.), but mostly offshore,
helipad & 10,000 sq. ft. of struction & sup- width of largest with little impact on shore facilities. For
office & communications space. ply vessels.' vessel, e.g. der- each concrete platform. 3 or 4 400 ton barges &
rick barge. 6 workboats with frequent visits dockside.

3. Temporary Base, 7th-15th 5 acres, including both covered As previous. As previous, I supply boat & I crew boat for each lay barge
Supporting the warehousing & open storage. operating. Also several other barges (e.g.,
laying of a pipe- (The pipe itself is not stored cargo, jet, etc.)& tugs, but mostly offshore,
line. here, but goes direct from with little impact on shore facilities.
pipecoating yard to offshore
site.) Also includes I acre
helipad & 10,000 sq. ft. of
office & communications space.

4. Permanent Base, 3rd-31st 50 to 70 acres, depending on 200' per rig W to 20' mini- During development drilling, 4 supply boats &
SupportingDevelop- Dev. offshore activity. Mostly ware- or platform. mum all-weather I crew boat per platform. (15 supply boats
ment Drilling, & 601-13th hoiiiieu upen 8Lorage, pluu (600' for 4) accesd. for 5 platforms.) During production & "work-
Production. Prod. 10,000 sq. ft. of office & com- over", I supply boat for 2 platforms, & no
(High Find Scenario)6th-31st munications space & 1 acre per crew boat.
Wkover. platform for helipads.
14th-29th

-45-

an so 40 led, 'no go, 10 40 '90 um, ow low, 40 Im

TABLE 1 (cont'd.)

Land and Waterfront Requirements for.Onshor,-_ Facilities
For OCS Oil Development Support Sheet 2 of 3

Water-
Life- front Water
Facility time* Land Area Length Depth Boat Traffic

5. Pipeline Landfall Instal- 50' to 100' right-of-way. 40 up to 100, Gently sloping approach, with sand or shingle to give not less
lation acres for (oil) pumping station, than 10' of cover down to MLW, and 7' of cover out to 50' water
7th-9th' if required (200,000 bbl/day depth. Preferably. gentle transition from beach to land, but
Oper- capacity). 60 acres for terminal, cliffs up to 100' acceptable, if rock is soft.
ation if required.
9th-31st

6. Marine Terminal 13th- Much of the terminal area re- 1000' for .40' minimum for EIS for Georges Bank lease sale states 1
(shoreside, 31st quired for tank farm, e.g. 40,000 DWT 40,000 DWT Tanker. Tanker of 40,000 DWT sufficient to transport
fixed pier.) 17 acres for I million bbls. Tanker 4pre In the chan- total production.
capacity. 50 acres for 3 nel & maneuvering
million bbls. capacity. Up area. The latter's
to 40 more acres for equipment. diameter is twice
buildings, services. Open ship's length when
space & buffer zone additional. tugs used, & four
times when not.
7. Partial Pro- 5th- 15 acres per 100,000 bbl. of (sometimes, all or part of the processing equipment
cessing Plant 31st oil processed per day. locatedon the offshore platform. Sometimes, plant
locatedat the marine terminal or gas processing
8. Gas Treatment 10th- For capacity of I billion cu. unit.)
Plant 28th fL/day, 75 acres, of which 26
acres are building & structures.
For 200 million cu. ft/day, 50
acres, approx.

9. Oil Refinery Con- For capacity of 250,000 bbls/
struc- day, 1000 acres, of which 200
tion acres are processing units &
5th-8th 400 acres are building & stor-
Opera- age.
tion
9th-31st

10. Petrochemical X
Plant

-46-

"so am so Vs .00, "a) M, Sol low, ,as
low

TABLE 1 (cont'd.)

Land and Waterfront Requirements for Onshore Facilities
For OCS Oil Development Support Sheet 3 of 3

Water-
Life front Water
Facilia time* Land Area Length Depth Boat Traffic

11. Platform 4th-
Fabrication 13th
Yard

a.Steel Platforms 400-600 acres, 55% for fabri- Approx. 200' 151 to 301 with Sea access requires 210' to 350' horizontal
(9 constructed cation, 45% for storage and for each plat- min. channel width. & vertical clearance. Materials most eco-
at a time.) support. Flat land (less than of 200'. nomically brought in by barge.
3% gradient), with low water
table and high bearing load
(approx. 7 tons/sq. ft.). Water-
front required, cleared, but
without existing buildings or
docks.
b. Concrete Platforms 20-50 acres per platform. As previous 351 to 501 with 400' vertical'clearance. For each concrete
(One constructed no channel to be platform, 2 or 3 3000 ton barges.per week of
at a time.) navigated. aggregate, 1 barge every 2 weeks of cement.
12. Pipecoating 8-15 100-150-acres for a "perman- 7501 minimum 20' to 30'. for 5 to 7 supply barges for I or 2 lay barges
Yard ent" yard, (30 acres for a to load ? sup- the 30,000 ton operating.
"portable" one.) 95 acres of ply barges at vessels bringing
storage, 2 acres for testing once. aggregate. 10'
coating. Flat land (less than min. for the sup-
3% gradient). Low water table, ply barges.
if high, stockpile height must
be less. and storage area
greater.
13.- Repair These services will be based on existing facilities in the area, which may expand in response to increased demand.
Maintenance
Yard

14. District Office

Legend
* Years after lease sale (NERBC high find scenario)
X Quantity unknown

-47-

OF
NMI
ins go, Aw low

Sheet 1 of 4

TABLE 2 IW 1/13/77

Supply Requirements of Onshore Facilities
For OCS Oil Development Support

Mud, Steel &
Fuel For Fuel For Cement Tubular Elec.
Facility Fresh Water Transport Operation Chemicals Goods Misc. Power Traffic

1. Temporary Base, supporting 460,000 gall/ 12,800 bbl. 13,272 bbl. 3,828 tons 1,820 tons Food, X Helicopter transport of
exploratory drilling (based yr potable. oil per rig oil per rig per rig per per rig tools food. tools, etc., off-
on 4 wells per year per 4,740,000 per year. per year year. per year & parts shore. Also operating
rig, 15,000 ft. deep.) gall/yr other of pipe crews in bad weather.
Road & rail movements of
materials supplies.

2. Temporary Base, supporting X X Food, X As for 1.
platform installation. tools
& parts

3. Temporary base, supporting X X 50,000 gall/ Food, X As for 1.
pipeline laying. mo. for lay tools
barge. & parts
180,000 gall/
mo. for jet
barge.

4. Permanent Base, supporting
development drilling
production.
a. drilling (per platform, 460,000 gall/ 25,000 bbl. 28,560 bbl. 6,488 tons 3,816 tons Food, X As for 1.
having 2 rigs, drilling yr. potable. per year. oil per vear. per year per yr. of tools
8 wells per year) 7,740,000 gall/ pipe & parts
yr other
b. production X 19,200 bbl. oil/year, total X As for 1.
c. workover 520,000 gall/ 2,000 bbl/ 66 tons/ 2 tons X As for 1.
well well well pipe/well

-48-

Aw 4w

Sheet 2 of 4

TABLE 2 (cont'd.)

Supply Requirements of Onshore Facilities
For OCS oil Development Support

Mud, Steel &
Fuel For Fuel For Cement Tubular Elec.
Fresh Water Transportn Operati Chemicals Coods Misc. Power Traffic

5. Pipeline Landfall
X 12,200 bbl. Tools 8 mil- Road rail movements of
6. Marine Terminal oil per year. & parts lion kwh supplies-
(Shoreside, Fixed per year
Pier) for I mil-
lion bbl.
storage.
14 mil-
lion kwh
pr. year
for 2 mil-
lion bbl.
storage.
850,000
kwh pr, yr.
for other
services.
X 1.5 million Tools 400.000 Feed by pipeline. Oil
7. Partial Processing Plant 10,000 galls cu. ft./day kwh/mo. and gas out by pipeline.
(Capacity 30,000 bbl. Per month. gas. parts Peak Natural gas liquids out
oil per day.) load by tank truck.
700 kw.

8. Gas Treatment Plant (Based 200,000 360 million Tools 5,400,000 Road & rail movement of LPG
on plant capacity of 1 GPD cu.ft./month & parts kwh per product 4 operating supplies.
billion cu. ft./day.) mo. (av- Gas products pipellned out,
erage unless NG liquefied.
load
7,500 kw)

-49-

'we q4q04qW so me) qaqw so, q0q0 me. qIqm

TABLE 2 (cont'd.)

Supply Requirements of Onshore Facilities
For OCS Oil Development Support

Mud, Steel &
Fuel for Fuel for Cement Tubular Ele
Facility Fresh Water Transportn Operation Chemicals Goods Misc. POW
9. Oil Refinery (Based on 13.2 mGD of 24,330 bbl.
plant capacity of which 5.4 mGD 611q1day Tools 1q,q81
250,000 bbl/day of feeq4- are Consumed. parts kwh
stock with low heavy primarily by day
fraction) evaporation. Tqoqt8q@
load
100q,
10. Petrochemical Plant x x x x

11. Platform fabrication yard
a. Steel platforms 0.1 MCD
(9 platforms construc- (1500 workers) x x Steel plate Tools x
ted at a tim8qO girders & parts
& pipe.

b. Concrete platforms 15,000 CPD x x Reinforc- Aggregate 3,000 lqa
(1 platform con- avg. for do- ing steel. cement
structed at a time.) mestic uses, sand
25,000 GPD avg. tools
for concrete parts
(25,000 and
40,000 at peak,
resply.)

-50-

TABLE 2 (cont'd.) Sheet 4 of 4

Supply Requirements of Onshore Facilities
For OCS Oil Development Support

Mud, Steel &
Fuel for Fuel for Cement Tubular Elec.
Facility Fresh Water Transport Operation Chemicals Goods Misc Power Traffic

12. Pipecoating yard 15,000 GPD in- x 12-13 mil- - Steel pipe Primer 1 million One 100-car train per week
including 3,800 lion cu. ft./ 300-350 up to khw per for pipe. Up to 20 trucks
GPD for con- yr., natural miles per 1,200 year. per day of concrete mate-
crete, pipe gas. year gall/week. rials for coating 40 inch
cooling, etc. for rein- pipe. Automobiles for up
forcement to 200 personnel. Trucks for
12 tons/ solid waste- 5-10 tons per
week. month.
Coating
material.

13. Repair and maintenance x x x - x x x Personnel automobiles &
yard. trucks for parts and
supplies

14. District Office x - x - - - x Personnel automobiles

Sheet 1 of 2

IV! 1/ 21/77

TABLE 3

Employment in Onshore Facilities for OCS Oil Development Support

Average Annual Peak
Facility Local "Imported" Local "Imported"

1. Temporary, Base for 33 12 33 12
Explor. Drilling
No. per rig..
[Offshore 45 77 45 77

2. Temporary Base for
Platform Inst. 5@9 27 85 33
[Offshore 261 782 340 1020

3. Temporary Base for
Pipeline laying 25 11 40 21
[Offshore 108 432 185 738

4. Peimianent Base
Per platform, 39 14 86 30
development
drilling

5a. Pipeline Landfall
Construction 40 10 40 10

5b. Pumping Station
Construction
Operation 13 4,, 13 4

6. Marine Terminal
Construction 113 452 113 452
Operation 25 10 25 10

7. Partial Proc. Plant
Construction 150 150
Operation 10 10

-52-

Sheet 2 of 2

TABLE 3 (cont'd.)

Employment in Onshore Facilities for OCS Oil Development Support

Average Annual Peak
Facility
Local ."Imported" Local "Imported'

8. Gas Treatment Plant
Construction 150 150 275 .275
Operation 30 20 30 20

9. Oil Refinery
Construction 1526 654 1600 400
Operation 374 61 287 123

10. Petrochemical Plant

11. Platform Fab. Yard
a. Steel platforms, 1620 405 2400 600
9 at a time,
approx.

b.-Concrete plat- 350-450 600-1200
forms, one at
a time.

12. Pipecoating Yard 64 7 109 12

Four steel platforms, simultaneously.

300 to 350 miles of pipeline laid per year.

One billion cubic feet/day capacity.

-53-

310000 50
h

so
1 10

56
32

49 Tidal am
F 0 R T P 0 N D 6 w
13 .41
7 95
'30

49 2
SITE Tidal 13 'n`t@uk@* f'.
Rocx B A Y
Point 45
OCEAN SCIENC
ELAB'i-1-1,
EXISTING SAND
7
MINING
37

ro
27

\% Fort Pond
3
X, or4o f46US
SEC

91.
'k
VACAIVT
TOWN LANDFILL
4r '.`@Mon, uk

ood
Heath
4-
.j"

SO L
0 27 1@@ 8
13
0
H i t h e r
CL. P,
uj %
H i I I s

cn
N Hithe
F.
1@A
JL

cc
ontauk B e0c h

13M 24
43 9
@A
38
e
C,
e

to
Conklin 2 '@H'ther @226
sp A\ N. e 35 FIGURE
FORT POND BAY
7 TOWN OF EASTHAMPTON
B
SUFFOLK COUNTY, N.Y.

0 200
FEET
9 'p
z

47
54

CEA N 38 so

LONG ISLAND La
'(34 q'wl
.0 R I
SO UND
21

Sp ,rz.4jq
9
01, @U 2 T aH 0 L -D-- 36
%\\,?
13

0
'N

tWin
9 ew- 30
27 0
POW 57

leaves Fit
34

R 22
26
1C
.BM e 17. i@ IL gl -
39
0
Gre@
16 Hay Beach 12
p
andy 3
POSSIBLE SITE
@A,0610 ryrat-n 67
A
6
i@ ton pTM ER
0
G
r@j
I - I :@: -- . I* . Piles
I Race;,;-A, H
@1 BOATYARDS
Track . a d
PO
Unio
tw:@IJSINESS DISTRICT
�c hu Cornelius
pt..
la L.I.R.R.
80
5 r%
POSSIBL E S I TE + 5
,Or4r-ji
il=J
L!
4

r-L
n .5 AIL STORAGE Derin
Golf
a/sohne jo To er
curse
3 Deringl- arbor
6 Fan ning 90
pt
10
Derin
13
Harbor c 0
95 Chequit
Our Lad6 of the Isle
Q@ 1 7
3
.910 Fit em
Beach Clu 2
3FTT %
Yacht Club
SPiles
2

'@O
7
P.5 0
C, 114 N 'r"Rop....

Ell

69
JH01

am
kling CP V Golf
ourse
U 'r C FIGURE 2
Fit slanclL
Quak r ;d
: VILLAGE OF GREENPORT
Ce --,, 6
28 114 A
TOWN OF SOUTHOLD
M
RRY SM
K COUNTY, N.Y.
42 gio
83 72 1;
29
0 20 11
0.. .L"
a FEET

JA
SPA
lrj
OMA'- a
STEA TH
0
4L 74
%
"B M
9 55
At

0
a r
00

.11(@

, 4A .. ., -'@ @54 "@36 15 -17 1
25 20 7 139
7 1318 23 1a9191
41 \16 78
4 25 72o1 14 14 28 FIGURE 3
M-7--w. 11
113 .\ (S 17 19 332 VILLAGE OF PORT JEFFERSON
5 (513 10 W 22 TOWN 01FBROOKHAVEN
22 27
23 is 916 19 SUFFOLK COUNTY, N.Y.
27
@183 17 17 22 207-
1 23 13 Z @ -1. 10
iss Fic 'd..c 7S'Ze
20 16 12 t4of a12
"\ 2r, 20 hrd 15
24 29 2@S (3 19.15
is \ 9- \ 23 *6 20 168
19 24 4 21 017 19
20 23 18
21 17
14 25 '76 \21 22 19
4
27 3
25 24\
23
17 22 21
22
20 17 20
19 24 23 22 3
m
24 22 24
23 22 9175
20 19
17
24
\ 23 22 -11%
(12) 24 25\ 22 20 14
8 24 --C%4 Belle Terre (D
19 \124 21 24%
23\ TO
27 4
22 .23 24 24 C) I
7 \ 23 3010 533
1 2 22 22
< C4
2 :1-
\21
M 0 21 ull %
28 <
22 3..
is 22 27 \21 320 u z
27
24\
26 22 26 -1, .20 13
5 28 A25
33
25 23
1
21\ 17 4
22
23
3 34
15. 21 16
\20 Me 1;:. t
22\ 4
1 32 22\ 14
9 612 3
-n
OQUOT 22@A311 13
14 15 13
10
% 26412
13
27 wo
^273 IT, w 51%....
27
0-N, 2
28313 11
STACX \28 12 9
STACKS_Q Pt 3
(D LILC 13

3 10
3 7.@@
.'POSSIBL ESITEII 10 m Piles
.. 1 8
2 213
SEWER PLANT414 10 jo 6 1 3
13
10
INdUST
1019 16 /4 \Pal&
INDUSTRIAL Ok F1 @20ft7
10
F.
OMMERCIAL "y
41\
@27
3-
a23 13
17 7
1
13@
S 23
S
2'

1 2

15
j
13I\
13
@\l 14
0

312
9
19 @242
24

1, 25
27

19 24

56 PORT JEFFERSONA'

'tj:@, h (L)@ 4. Ot
A,.*,. _7 * 1. 71
Ir
A-

R`-E 1' 11 0 1.
1@- All
Z7

Sr h
-E;, -11 swo -
4,
1k
;,z

13
Ic
0

P.
Id
VIIIAGE
AUTO RACINU STADIUM
A 14.
cnvneraI0F\^
F @-INDUSI[RIAL
a[ iii 9
STATE-boal launthin factlit
VA T
CANT
I--- sew r plant
91 [email protected] plant
BOATYARD stoiage & i

lflL f
Poss
rf

M
Mernick
errick
PoiAt
Bay

J-
r
FIGURE 4
VILLAGE OF FREEPORT
.7 Fightin TOWN OF HEMPSTEAD
N NASSAU COUNTY, N.Y.

0
BaldwiR
7'' FEET
4@
Ray
@F Is

:%
I ]z
7'
;-j
3,
RE OR
F

A Y
L E B

7 47
r-w:.
@6 J@

7
Bay @frundv
11 -@h
q

srtr

V 0
ION,
Meado
!T
L,Iht S1,00F
IWO
aLt
rw

*,k,ght
1, D
01.
L L
C V
21
u 5 @C@'-t c'!
C3
-tie
tAit

"P.,k
Be a C C
h
0 fr--@ Y ,13 :.1 __
W e s 1. E d e
57 0

"Um a
Y
S@L
17
In @;zz , @'7'7
ORE
FIE
Ic '@7
m e;@__ 12h!
;p
_4

bor V,
I
Seawane H
a,
J;'
cl.b lf.@ Y1
Hewlett
11 if 7 J,
NiLL
Harbor
-------- JICOU MNC
I
Li

2
r
V.

pliev.
H E WLE B 1@' 7-
P ? 39 48
i Tt
JNDUSTRIAL
@_@TEN`N IS
7 VA CAN
POSSI E SITE.:
SHOPPING CENTER
0
TOWN
n
0i
INCINERATOR
INALS VACANr,
OIL
& LANDFILL
5. LILCO
-41 -
sm.

ling plant
ioll storage

Ch
N,

V
.00 Island Park
Har H

z
GreeK'Sedu r L
Pt
j6
Q
A@) 1A
I r .. RD
7 in 187
Jtjuuuu
A

%*6i, 38 3 Lc
se",
.7 ......
-A
L
C-H-
T 21
.REYNOLDS CHANNCL TO EAST ROCKAW ---INLET LIDO 18 CANALS

27 Ig
FIGURE
@tra OCEANSIDE SITE ac
- -1
-11 1 F-13mm L=@= schl TOWN OF HEMPSTEAD
C==C=C=
NASSAU COUNTY, N.Y.

As
F
0 2000
E!@Esr I GROA AY S FEET

2 58
6 cr

71
C,

T
owefo
R/1'
z "CV/ Upton:;
I'Longwood
Cem
jv,
Holy Trinity .1 k
Ch U S RESERVATION
1"Cem b BROOKHAVEN

APOA
00 NATIONAL LABORATORY:;
@r7
LONGWO
a M Bm
48

%
'77

it
11
46A HO
h9 BR HAVEN NATI.ONAL LAB.
it OOK

E SITE
176 REGIONAU POSSIBL
SHOPPING E3m 11
it X
Bm
/.-7 r 140
\ SITE
001
A; PROPOSFn
;:INDUSTRIAL
PARR MEADOWS
RACETRACK
.,i,'Ha.kins vem -PARK
11. @I, @_W ilters

Yaphank c@
0 Ch
, Cer
VACANT
-7@7.,',Yaphank TRIAL
IIVLJUS
LAND
:kingham.Yaphank
B u
Cem..
:rStAndrews 4.
perii'Ch
21
L 2*ke
30

Suffo
',-'Cem
,Suffolk
0 Home B
20 ragin tati n
ISLA It
DiZ
=%

water
OVA
it' It
.51
q FIGURE 6
RR'Sta RLEY SITE
IL YAPHANK-SHI
a TOWN OFBROOKHAVEN
Bm "', 1411 SUFFOLKICOUNTY, N.Y.-
51
0 200Q
z
FEET

48
59

AN\
."tic o r h e s

4B H A V E N
2 49
3 ley 4
6 f 6

Top
3 Is
0
A 3 0
SM'(J'- 46 @5
I ,
P- 11, e'i@l 0-0
/9
_--_@WELINE L,,ANDFALL 00 22

2 Fk
-Also
Ct 16 is 10 30

Asm

FIGURE 7
23 SHIRLEY SITE
40 TOWN OF BROOKHAVE
K COUNTY,
22'

42 0
0
FEET

53 Go

GLOSSARY

Barge, derrick.

A barge carrying a crane. Used in the installation of offshore platforms,
and in the transfer of materials and pipe from supply barges to lay barges.

Barge, jet.

A barge which precedes the lay barge, and excavates the trench in which
the pipeline is laid. The trench is formed by using high-pressure jets
to dislodge and displace sea-bottom sediments along the pipeline route.

Barge, lay.

The barge on which lengths of the coated pipe are welded end to end, to
form a continuous pipeline, which is carried over the stern, on special
rollers. The pipeline sinks down to the sea-bottom, as the lay barge is
drawn ahead by tugs, and settles into the trench formed by the jet barge.

Catalytic cracker

The piece of equipment in an oil refinery, in which some of the heavier
'fractions of the crude oil are "cracked", i.e., broken down into lighter
products, particularly gasoline.

Coating integrity.

The uniformity of the pipeline coating, that gua r-antees its ability to
resist corrosion by the seawater.

Coating penetration.

A discontinuity in the pipeline.coatin g, which, if not patched, would
permit contact between the seawater and the steel of the pipe.

Deadweight tonnage (DWT).

A measure of the size of a vessel, being the weight of water displaced
by its bull.

Development.

The period during which wells are drilled in an oilfield for the purpose
of establishing production. The potential productivity of the field
will already have been determined by exploratory drilling.

Electrical load average.

Electrical energy is measured in units of kilowatt-hours. The "load", or

-61-

11power", is the energy used per unit time, i.e., kilowatt-hours/hour,
or kilowatts. Thus, the average load is computed by dividing the energy
consumed in a given period by the number of hours in the period. During
the period, there will be tiraes at which the instantaneous load will be
greater than the average, i.e., there will be peaks.

Electrical load, connected.

An electric motor must .be big enough to handle not only the average load,
but also the peak loads. The nominal motor power (horsepower or kilowatt-
age) is the connected load. The sum of all nominal motor powers in a
plant is the total connected load.

Electrical load, installed.

The same as the previous.

Exploration.

The period during.which drilling takes place in a potential oilfield,
in order to determine more accurately its probable productivity.

Fired heater,

A device used in chemical plants and refineries to raise the temperature
of a fluid, as a preliminary to further processing. Fuel (oil or gas)
is burnt in a combustion chamber, and the fluid being heated circulates
through tubes.located in the walls of the chamber.

Feedstock*

Any raw material entering a chemical plant or oil refinery.

Formation.

A geological term, applied here to those layers under the sea-bottom in
Gauger.which crude oil and .natural gas are found.

Originally a man who measured the levels of liquid in tanks. Now used
as a term for a senior plant operator.

Liquefied petrol eum gas (LPG).

A mixture, principally, of propane and butane. LPG is sold to owners
of gas-fueled appliances in areas where natural gas is not available.

-62-

Loftsman.

A workman responsible for marking uncut structural steel and steel plate
to the correct dimensions for cutting and welding.

Mastic.

A tar-like material used for coating steel surfaces, as a protection
against corrosion.

Petrochemical.

Any chemical obtained, directly or indirectly, from petroleum. The
term identifies the industries which use the various products of oil
refineries as feed materials, from which to manufacture plastics, fer-
tilizers, paints, and many other important items.

Pipeway.

In plants such as oil refineries, consisting of many pieces of equipment
connected by pipes, the routing of the pipes presents a problem. If
they are run haphazardly, maintenance and operation are more difficult
,and the plant is unsightly. Instead, the pipes are grouped along corri-
dors, which run through the plant, and either rest on supports laid on
the ground, or are carried on steel structures, high enough for men and
vehicles to pass underneath.

%
Such corridors are called pipeways.

Production.

The period during which an oil-field is in operation, and pumping out
crude oil and gas.

Roustabout.

A term taken from oilwell drilling, and used here to designate a
junior plant operator.

Shipfiter.

A workman skilled in the assembly of structural steel, steel plate, etc.

-63-

Spread

The group of vessels assembled for the laying of a pipeline, or the in-
stallation of a platform. It consists of a number of barges, tugs and
service vessels,,the actual configuration depending on the task.

Workover.

In the course of time,*the flow rate of oil out of a well will gradually
fall. Part of the drop in flow will be due to a drop in the pressure in
the oil-bearing formation. The rest of the drop will be due to degenera-
tion of the well-bore itself, for one reason or another.. Formation pressure
can be maintained by pumping in water or gas. The well itself can be
re-worked and re-drilled to improve flow. The latter process is called
workover.

-64-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Baldwin, Pamela L., and Malcolm F. Baldwin. 1975. Onshore planning for
offshore oil: lessons from Scotland. The Conservation Foundation,
Washington, D.C. 183 pp.

2. Chaudhari, Dev. R. 1973. Analysis of the coastal tank vessel and barge
traffic: design and development of system alternatives to identify and
locate in ballast, tank vessels and barges. U.S. Department of Transpor-
tation, Coast Guard, Report DOT-CG-23560-A. Washington D.C. 301 pp.

3. Continental Oil Company. 1976. Offshore oil development on the Georges
Bank; symposium on the economics and logistics of offshore oil develop-
ment. Sebasco Lodge, Phippsburg, Maine, July 1, 1976. Stamford, Conn.
185 pp.

4. Cronin, L. Eugene, and Robert E. Smith, co-chairmen. 1975. Marine en-
vironmental implications of offshore oil and gas development in the
Baltimore Canyon region of the Mid-Atlantic coast; proceedings of
Estuarine Research,Federation Outer Continental Shelf Conference and
Workshop, December 2, 3, 4, 1974, University of Marylan(i, College Park,
Md. Estuarine Research Federation, Report ERF 75-1, Wachapreague,
Virginia. 504 pp.

5. Field, Barry C. 1976. Secondary Impacts of Coastal Facilities. Tech.
Update 10, New England River Basins Commission, Boston, Mass. 28 pp.

6. Haan, James. 1976 Comments on the NERBC-RALI "Factbook", Service Base
and Repair and Maintenance Yards chapters. Tech Update 8, New England
River Basin.s Commission, Boston, Mat;s., 11 pp.

7. Jones, J. R., W. W. Doyel, and P. A. Marcus. 1975. Development and
Application of a Methodology for Siting Onshore Facilities Associated with
Outer Continental Shelf Petroleum Development, U.S. Geological Survey
Open File Report 76-78.

8. Lai, N. W., S. J. Campbell, R. F. Dominguez and W. A. Dunlap. 1973. A
bibliography of offshore pipeline literature. Texas A & M University,
Cnlleee Station, Texas. 127 DD.

9. National Research Council. 1974. Issues in the assessment of environ-
mental impacts of oil and gas production on the outercontinental shelf;
a critique of "OCS oil and gas--an environmental assessment", a report
to the President prepared by the Council on Environmental Quality.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington-, D. C-43 pp.

10. New England River Basins Commission. 1976. Estimates for New England:
onshore facilities related to offshore oil and gas development, staff
draft. NERBC-RALI Project. Boston, Mass. Loose-leaf pub. n.p.

-65-

11. New England River Basins Commission. 1976. Factbook: onshore facil-
ities related to offshore oil and gas development, staff draft. NERBC-
RALI Pro ect. Boston, Mass. Loose-leaf pub. n.p.

12. New York and New Jersey, Port Authority of. 1976. Service Base Criteria.
One World Trade Center, New York, N. Y. 10048.

13. Resource Planning Associates, Inc. 1975. Identification and Analysis
of Mid-Atlantic Onshore OCS Impacts, prepared for Middle Atlantic Governors'
Coastal Resources Council, Delaware State Planning Office, Dover, Delaware.

14. United States Congress Office of Technology Assessment. 1976. Coastal
Effects of Offshore Energy Systems. Washington, D.C. Vols. I and II,
288 and 903 pp.

15. U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Coastal Zone Management. 1975.
Coastal Management Aspects of OCS - Oil and Gas Developments. U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 73 pp.

16. U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management * 1976. Final
environmental statement: proposed 1976 Outer Continental Shelf oil and.
gas lease sale offshore the Mid-Atlantic States, OCS sale No. 40. U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 4 Vols.

17. U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Mana gement. 1976. Draft
Environmental Statement: Proposed 1977 Outer Continental Shelf Oil and
Gas Lease Sale Offshore the North Atlantic States, OCS Sale No. 42. U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington,.D. C. 4 Vols.

18. U. S. Department of Transportation, U. S. Coast Guard. 1976. Implications
of the U. S. Coast Guard Segregated Ballast Retrofit Ruling on Import
Alternatives and Pollution of the Marine Environment, Final Report. Office
of Research and Development, Washington, D. C. 20590

19. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1977. P -ublic Notices for Pollutant
Discharge Permits for Exploratory Drilling in the Baltimore Canyon Trough:

No. NPDES 77-19 Houston Oil and Minerals Corporation
No. NPDES 77-30 Shell Oil Company
No. NPDES 77-38 Union Oil Company of California
No. NPDES 77-39 Mobil Oil Corporation
No. NPDES 77-49 Gulf Oil Corporation
No. NPDES 77-50 Exxon Corporation

20. Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1975. API Mid-Atlantic Regional Study,
American Petroleum Institute, 1801 K Street NW, Washington, D. C. 20006.

-66-

-I
COASTAL ZONE I
INFORMATION CENTER
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
'I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

D
-@ L, "
D A V L5 D - I
- I
- I
I
- I
I I
GAYLORDM. 2333 1MEWED IN U.S.A.
I
I
I
- I
@ pil i @ 1
3 6668 14108 4477
1