[Federal Register Volume 59, Number 40 (Tuesday, March 1, 1994)]
[Unknown Section]
[Page 0]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 94-4051]
[[Page Unknown]]
[Federal Register: March 1, 1994]
_______________________________________________________________________
Part II
Environmental Protection Agency
_______________________________________________________________________
40 CFR Parts 261, 271, and 302
Hazardous Waste Management System; Carbamate Production Identification
and Listing of Hazardous Waste; Proposed Rule
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Parts 261, 271, and 302
[SWH-FRL-4834-9]
RIN 2050-AD59
Hazardous Waste Management System; Carbamate Production
Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste; and CERCLA Hazardous
Substance Designation and Reportable Quantities
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to
amend the regulations for hazardous waste management under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) by listing as hazardous six wastes
generated during the production of carbamates, to exempt one of these
wastes from the definition of hazardous wastes, if it is demonstrated
that hazardous air pollutants are not being discharged or volatilized
during waste treatment, and to exempt biological treatment sludges
generated from the treatment of one of these wastes provided the
sludges are not characteristically hazardous. The Agency is also
proposing to add 4 generic groups and 70 specific chemicals to the list
of commercial chemical products that are hazardous wastes when
discarded. Also, EPA is proposing not to list as hazardous certain
wastes generated during the manufacture of carbamates. This action
proposes to amend the basis for listing hazardous waste by adding the
six wastes and hazardous constituents found in the wastes on which the
listing determinations are based, and to add 78 compounds to the list
of hazardous constituents.
This action is proposed under the authority of under sections
3001(e)(2) and 3001(b)(1) of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
of 1984 (HSWA), which direct EPA to make a hazardous waste listing
determination for carbamate wastes. The effect of this proposed
regulation, if promulgated, is that these wastes will be subject to
regulation as hazardous wastes under subtitle C of RCRA. Additionally,
this action proposes to designate the wastes proposed for listing as
hazardous substances subject to the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). EPA is not taking
action at this time to adjust the one-pound statutory reportable
quantities (RQs) for these substances.
DATES: EPA will accept public comments on this proposed rule until May
2, 1994. Comments post-marked after this date will be marked ``late''
and may not be considered. Any person may request a public hearing on
this proposal by filing a request with Mr. David Bussard, whose address
appears below, by March 15, 1994.
ADDRESSES: The official record of this rule-making is identified by
Docket Number F-94-CPLP-FFFFF and is located at the following address.
The public must send an original and two copies of their comments to:
EPA RCRA Docket Clerk, room 2616 (5305), U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460.
Copies of materials relevant to this proposed rulemaking are
located in the docket at the address listed above. The docket is open
from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding Federal
holidays. The public must make an appointment to review docket
materials by calling (202) 260-9327. The public may copy 100 pages from
the docket at no charge; additional copies are $0.15 per page.
Requests for a hearing should be addressed to Mr. David Bussard at:
Characterization and Assessment Division, Office of Solid Waste (5304),
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC
20460.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: The RCRA/Superfund Hotline, toll-free,
at (800) 424-9346 or at (703) 920-9810. The TDD Hotline number is (800)
553-7672 (toll-free) or (703) 486-3323 in the Washington, DC
metropolitan area. For technical information on the RCRA hazardous
waste listings, contact John Austin, Office of Solid Waste (5304), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC,
20460, (202) 260-4789.
For technical information on the CERCLA aspects of this rule,
contact: Ms. Gerain H. Perry, Response Standards and Criteria Branch,
Emergency Response Division (5202G), U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460, (703) 603-8760.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The contents of the preamble to this
proposed rule are listed in the following outline:
I. Legal Authority
II. Background
A. Introduction
B. Previous Listings
C. Previous Proposed Listings
D. Description of the Industry
III. Summary of Proposed Regulation and Request for Comments
A. Overview of the Proposal
B. Description of the Wastes
C. Basis for Listing Determination
1. Waste Characterization and Constituents of Concern
2. Human Health Criteria and Effects
3. Environmental Damage Cases
4. Mobility and Persistence of Constituents in Carbamate Wastes
5. Risk Analysis
6. Estimating Hazard Quotients: Dose Response Risk Assessment
Techniques for Noncancer Endpoints
7. Ecological Risk Assessment
8. Summary of Basis for Listing for Additional K Listings and
Other Considerations
9. Summary Basis for a No-Listing Decision on Wastewaters, and
Certain Wastewater Treatment Residuals
10. Summary of Basis for Listing for Additional P & U Listings
D. Source Reduction
IV. Applicability of Land Disposal Restrictions Determinations
A. Request for Comment on the Agency's Approach to the
Development of BDAT Treatment Standards
B. Request for Comment on the Agency's Approach to the Capacity
Analyses in the LDR Program
V. State Authority
A. Applicability of Rule in Authorized States
B. Effect on State Authorizations
VI. CERCLA Designation and Reportable Quantities
VII. Compliance Dates
A. Notification
B. Interim Status and Permitted Facilities
VIII. Executive Order 12866
IX. Economic Analysis
A. Compliance Costs for Proposed Listings
1. Universe of Carbamate Production Facilities and Waste Volumes
2. Method for Determining Cost and Economic Impacts
3. P and U List Wastes
4. Summary of Results
B. Proposed Rule Impacts
X. Regulatory Flexibility Act
XI. Paperwork Reduction Act
I. Legal Authority
These regulations are being promulgated under the authority of
sections 2002(a) and 3001(b) and (e)(1) of the Solid Waste Disposal
Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6912(a), and 6921(b) and (e)(1), (commonly
referred to as RCRA), and section 102(a) of the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
(CERCLA), 42 U.S.C. 9602(a).
II. Background
A. Introduction
As part of its regulations implementing Section 3001(e) of the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended (RCRA), EPA
published a list of hazardous wastes that includes hazardous wastes
generated from specific sources. This list has been amended several
times, and is published in 40 CFR 261.32. In this action, EPA is
proposing to amend this section to add six wastes generated during the
production of carbamate chemicals. In addition, under the authority of
section 3001 of RCRA, EPA has promulgated in 40 CFR 261.33 a list of
commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates
that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or intended to be
discarded. In this action, the Agency is proposing to add four generic
and 70 specific materials to this list.
All hazardous wastes listed under RCRA and codified in 40 CFR
261.31 through 261.33, as well as any solid waste that exhibits one or
more of the characteristics of a RCRA hazardous waste (as defined in 40
CFR 261.21 through 261.24), are also hazardous substances under the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended. See CERCLA section 101(14)(C). CERCLA
hazardous substances are listed in Table 302.4 at 40 CFR 302.4 along
with their reportable quantities (RQs). Accordingly, the Agency is
proposing to list the proposed wastes in this action as CERCLA
hazardous substances in Table 302.4 of 40 CFR 302.4. EPA is not taking
action at this time to adjust the one-pound statutory RQs for these
substances.
The following discussion briefly summarizes prior regulatory
actions affecting wastes from the carbamates industry, and presents an
overview of the industry.
B. Previous Listings
A number of carbamate products and wastes have previously been
listed as hazardous wastes when discarded. The Agency notes that
neither the scope of the existing hazardous waste listings (described
below) nor their regulation under CERCLA are affected in any way by
this proposal. EPA is not soliciting comments concerning these listings
and does not intend to respond to any such comments received.
The following carbamate wastes from the production of
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid (EBDC) and its salts have already been
listed as hazardous wastes based on the presence of the carcinogen
ethylene thiourea (ETU) in the wastes (51 FR 37725, October 24, 1985):
K123--Process Wastewater (including supernates, filtrates, and
washwaters) from the production of ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid
and its salts.
K124--Reactor vent scrubber water from the production of
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid and its salts.
K125--Purification solids (including filtration, evaporation, and
centrifugation solids) from the production of
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid and its salts.
K126--Baghouse dust and floor sweepings in milling and packaging
operations from the production or formulation of
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid and its salts.
In addition, EPA has promulgated in 40 CFR 261.33 a list of
commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates
that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or intended to be
discarded which includes the carbamate materials listed in Table 1.
Table 1.--Carbamate Hazardous Waste Listings
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste No. Name(s) used in CFR CAS No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P045......... 2-Butanone, 3,3-dimethyl-1- (methylthio)- 391696-18-4
, O- [(methylamino)- carbonyl] oxime.
P070......... Aldicarb................................. 116-06-3
P066......... Methomyl................................. 16752-77-5
U062......... Diallate Carbamothioic acid, bis(1- 2303-16-4
methylethyl)-, S-(2,3-dichloro-2-
propenyl) ester.
U114......... Carbamothioic acid, 1,2-ethanediylbis- 1111-54-6a
salts and esters Ethylene
bisdithiocarbamate acid, salts, & esters.
U178......... Carbamic acid, methylnitroso-, ethyl 615-52-2
ester.
U238......... Carbamic acid, ethyl ester Ethyl 51-79-6
carbamate.
U244......... Thiram................................... 137-26-8
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\CAS number given for parent compound only.
In addition, EPA classified certain carbamate products and wastes
as hazardous substances under the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended. CERCLA
hazardous substances are listed in Table 302.4 at 40 CFR 302.4 along
with their reportable quantities (RQs) and include the carbamate wastes
in Table 2.
Table 2.--List of Currently Regulated Carbamate CERCLA Hazardous
Substances and Reportable Quantities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final RQ
Hazardous substance CAS No. (lbs)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aldicarb................................... 116-06-3 1
Carbaryl................................... 63-25-2 100
Carbofuran................................. 1563-66-2 10
Diallate................................... 2303-16-4 100
Ethyl carbamate............................ 51-79-6 100
Ethylene- bisdithiocarbamic acid, salts &
esters.................................... 111-54-6 5000
Methomyl................................... 16752-77-5 100
Methiocarb................................. 2032-65-7 10
Mexacarbate................................ 315-18-4 1000
Thiofanox.................................. 39196-18-4 100
Carbamic acid, methylnitroso-, ethyl ester. 615-3-2 1
Thiram..................................... 137-26-8 10
Triethylamine.............................. 121-44-8 5000
K123....................................... ................. 10
K124....................................... ................. 10
K125....................................... ................. 10
K126....................................... ................. 10
------------------------------------------------------------------------
C. Previous Proposed Listings
The carbamates listed in Table 3 were proposed to be included in
the list of commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical
intermediates that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or
intended to be discarded under 40 CFR 261.33 (49 FR 49784, December 21,
1984). These carbamate listings were proposed in response to a petition
by the State of Michigan to include 109 chemicals to the lists in 40
CFR 261.33. This rule was never finalized. Today the Agency is
reproposing a number of carbamate chemicals, that were also part of the
Michigan petition. EPA is not soliciting comments concerning any other
compounds contained in the December 21, 1984, notice and does not
intend to respond to any such comments received.
Table 3.--1984 Proposed Carbamate Hazardous Waste Listings
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed waste No. Name(s) used in FR CAS No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P127.................... Carbofuran.................... 1563-66-2
P128.................... Mexacarbate................... 315-18-4
U271.................... Benomyl....................... 17804-35-2
U277.................... Sulfallate.................... 95-06-7
U278.................... Bendiocarb.................... 22781-23-3
U279.................... Carbaryl...................... 63-25-2
U280.................... Barban........................ 101-27-9
U336.................... Ziram......................... 137-30-4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additionally, a number of acutely toxic carbamate products have
been proposed under section 302(A)(2) of the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) as Extremely Hazardous Substances
for addition to Table 302.4 at 40 CFR 302.4 along with their reportable
quantities (RQs). These carbamate compounds are listed in Table 4. The
Extremely Hazardous Substances Proposal (54 FR 3388, January 23, 1989)
has also not been promulgated. The Agency requests additional comment
only for those carbamates listed in Table 4, which were previously
proposed only for addition to Table 302.4. The Agency does not intend
to respond to comments received on other constituents in the January
23, 1989, notice.
Table 4.--Proposed Extremely Hazardous Substances and Proposed RQs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed RQ
CAS No. Chemical name (common name) pounds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
26419-73-8.. 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-
, O-[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime (Tirpate).. 1
57-64-7..... Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, compd. with (3aS-
cis)- 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-1,3a,8-
trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl
methylcarbamate ester (1:1) (Physostimigine
salicylate)................................. 1
119-38-0.... Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-methyl-1-(1-
methylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl ester (Isolan). 1
1129-41-5... Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3-methylphenyl ester
(Metolcarb)................................. 1
644-64-4.... Carbamic acid, dimethyl-,1-
(dimethylamino)carbonyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-
3- yl ester (Dimetilan)..................... 1
23135-22-0.. Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-
[[methylamino carbonyl] oxy]-2-oxo-, methyl
ester (Oxamyl).............................. 1
17702-57-7.. Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-
(Formparanate).............................. 1
23422-53-9.. Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-,
monohydrochloride (Formetanate
hydrochloride).............................. 1
64-00-6..... Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), methyl carbamate
(UC 10854).................................. 1
2631-37-0... Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-methyl
carbamate (Promecarb)....................... 1
57-47-6..... Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-
hexahydro-1,3a,8-trimethyl-, methylcarbamate
(ester), (3aS-cis)- (Physostigmine)......... 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
D. Description of the Industry
The U.S. carbamates manufacturing industry is a very diverse
industry in both products manufactured and companies that make up the
industry. The carbamates manufacturing industry is made up of four
major classes of compounds with distinct functional characteristics.
These include carbamates, carbamoyl oximes, thiocarbamates, and
dithiocarbamates.
In 1990, the carbamate industry in the U.S. was composed of 64
chemical products produced by 20 manufacturers at 24 facilities. The
majority of the carbamate manufacturers are located in the eastern half
of the United States with only four facilities located west of the
Mississippi River. There are carbamate manufacturers located in 13
states. The total domestic production of carbamates in 1990 was
approximately 112,000 metric tons (MT). In 1990, individual carbamate
products were manufactured at a rate of between 2.5 and 14,000 metric
tons per year. Carbamates are manufactured at very different rates
depending on the type of product. Typically, dithiocarbamates are
produced in smaller quantities than other classes of carbamates. Based
on the results of EPA's RCRA Sec. 3007 survey, the typical carbamate
facility manufactures one carbamate product or one chemical class of
carbamate products. Of the 24 carbamate manufacturing facilities 14
produce only dithiocarbamates. Five of these 14 only produce one
dithiocarbamate product. Of the remaining ten carbamate manufacturers 5
produce one carbamate product. Three of the remaining 5 manufacturers
produce a single class of carbamates (e.g., carbamate, carbamoyl oxime,
or thiocarbamate) and 2 produce more than one class of carbamate.
Carbamate products are widely used as active ingredients in pesticides
(i.e., herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides). Dithiocarbamates are
also manufactured for use in the rubber processing industry as rubber
accelerators. Uses have also been found for carbamates in the wood
preserving and textiles industries.
The commercial manufacture of carbamates currently includes five
chemical reaction processes: (1) Reaction of an isocyanate with an
alcohol to form a carbamate, (2) reaction of an amine and a
chloroformate to form a carbamate, (3) reaction of an isocyanate and an
organic oxime to form a carbamoyl oxime, (4) reaction of an organic
chlorothioformate and an amine to form a thiocarbamate, and (5) the
reaction of an amine with carbon disulfide in the presence of a metal
salt to form a dithiocarbamate. The primary raw materials used in the
production of these products will vary depending on the final product.
The Carbamate Background Document\1\ (available in the RCRA Docket at
EPA Headquarters--see ADDRESSES section) and the sources cited therein
describe these production processes more thoroughly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\The Background Document consists of Engineering Analysis of
the Production of Carbamates, Carbamate Waste Listing Support:
Health Effects Background Document, Assessment of Risks from the
Management of Carbamate Wastes, and other supporting documents.
Because of the confidential nature of the information in the
Engineering Analysis, it has been classified as Confidential
Business Information (CBI), and is not available to the public.
However, a concise summary of this document has been assembled for
the public docket. EPA's procedures governing the handling of
information claimed as confidential, including procedures for
challenging a CBI determination are found at 40 CFR Part 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Most carbamate, carbamoyl oxime, and thiocarbamate facility
operations are organized along similar process lines with a carbamate
intermediate preparation phase (e.g. alcohol or oxime), the
carbamolation step, and product and reactant recovery phase.
Dithiocarbamate production facilities are generally run as batch
operations where the reactants are put into a stirred reaction vessel
and allowed to come to reaction completion. Facilities typically
operate with a common wastewater treatment plant for all facility
operations.
III. Summary of the Proposed Regulation and Request for Comments
A. Overview of the Proposal
Under section 3001(e) of RCRA, EPA must make listing determinations
on wastes generated by specific industries, including the carbamate
industry. The carbamate industry can be divided into three major
segments that include carbamates and carbamoyl oximes, thiocarbamates,
and dithiocarbamates. This rule, if finalized, will satisfy the section
3001(e) requirement to make hazardous waste listing determinations for
wastes from the carbamate industry. This action proposes to list as
hazardous six wastes generated during the production of carbamates:
K156--Organic waste (including heavy ends, still bottoms, light
ends, spent solvents, filtrates, and decantates) from the production
of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.
K157--Wastewaters (including scrubber waters, condenser waters,
washwaters, and separation waters) from the production of carbamates
and carbamoyl oximes.
K158--Bag house dust, and filter/separation solids from the
production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.
K159--Organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes.
K160--Solids (including filter wastes, separation solids, and spent
catalysts) from the production of thiocarbamates and solids from the
treatment of thiocarbamate wastes.
K161--Purification solids (including filtration, evaporation, and
centrifugation solids), baghouse dust, and floor sweepings from the
production of dithiocarbamate acids and their salts. (This listing
does not include K125 or K126.)
Under the authority of section 3001 of the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended (RCRA), and EPA's regulations at
40 CFR 261.11, EPA has promulgated in 40 CFR 261.33 a list of
commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates
that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or intended to be
discarded. The phrase ``commercial chemical product or manufacturing
chemical intermediate'' refers to a chemical substance which is
manufactured or formulated for commercial or manufacturing use, and
which consists of the commercially pure grade of the chemical, any
technical grades of the chemical that are produced or marketed, and all
formulations in which the chemical is the sole active ingredient.
Section 261.33 also lists as hazardous wastes off-specification
variants and the residues and debris from the clean-up of spills of
these chemicals if discarded (Sec. 261.33 (b) and (d)). Finally
Sec. 261.33 lists as hazardous wastes the containers that have held
those chemicals listed in Sec. 261.33(e), if they are discarded, unless
the containers have been triple-rinsed with a solvent capable of
removing the chemical, or have been decontaminated in an equivalent
manner.
In listing waste as hazardous at Sec. 261.33, the Agency intends to
encompass those hazardous chemical products which, for various reasons,
are sometimes disposed in pure or diluted form. The regulation is
intended to designate chemicals themselves as hazardous waste, if
discarded.
A chemical substance is listed in 40 CFR 261.33(e), if it meets the
criteria of Sec. 261.11(a)(2); that is, it is acutely hazardous because
it has been found to be fatal to humans in low doses or in the absence
of data on human toxicity, it has been shown in animal studies to have
an oral (rat) LD50 of less than 50 milligrams per kilogram, a dermal
(rabbit) LD50 of less than 200 milligrams per kilogram, an inhalation
(rat) LC50 of less than 2 mg/L, or is otherwise capable of causing or
significantly contributing to serious illness.
Chemical substances which pose toxic threats to human health or the
environment are listed in 40 CFR 261.33(f). For the purposes of
identifying wastes to be included on this list of toxic discarded
commercial products, off-specification species, container residues ,
and spill residues thereof, the Agency considers principally the nature
of the toxicity (see 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3)(i)) and its concentration (see
40 CFR 261.11(a)(3)(ii)).
This action proposes that the 22 substances listed in Table 5 be
added to the list of acutely hazardous wastes. The commercial chemical
products bendiocarb and ziram were previously proposed to be listed as
toxic hazardous wastes (49 FR 49784). Today the Agency is proposing to
list these two chemicals as acutely hazardous, based on more current
toxicity information. This action also proposes that four generic
groups and 48 specific substances listed in Table 6 should be added to
the list of toxic hazardous wastes because all of these compounds meet
the criteria for listing hazardous wastes contained in 40 CFR
261.11(a)(3).
The Agency requests comments on the proposed listing of the above
wastes, particularly those identified as K156-K161 wastes, and on the
option of not listing these wastes. EPA requests comments on the data
used in this proposed listing determination, the methodology and
assumptions used in the risk assessment, and other analyses supporting
the proposed listings.
Table 5.--List of Proposed Acute Hazardous Wastes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acutely hazardous wastes--CAS
Hazardous waste No. name (common name in CAS No.
parentheses)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P185.................... 1,3-Dithiolane-2- 26419-73-8
carboxaldehyde, 2,4- dimethyl-
, O-
[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime
(Tirpate).
P187.................... 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2- 22781-23-3
dimethyl-, methyl carbamate
(Bendiocarb).
P127.................... 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro- 1563-66-2
2,2- dimethyl-
,methylcarbamate (Carbofuran).
P188.................... Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, 57-64-7
compd. with (3aS-cis)-
1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-
1,3a,8-trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-
b]indol-5- yl methylcarbamate
ester (1:1) (Physostigmine
salicylate).
P189.................... Carbamic acid, 55285-14-8
[(dibutylamino)thio]methyl-,
2,3- dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-
benzofuranyl ester
(Carbosulfan).
P190.................... Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3- 1129-41-5
methylphenyl ester
(Metolcarb).
P191.................... Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 1- 644-64-4
[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-5-
methyl-1H- pyrazol-3-yl ester
(Dimetilan).
P192.................... Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3- 119-38-0
methyl-1- (1-methylethyl)-1H-
pyrazol-5-yl ester (Isolan).
P193.................... Carbamic acid, [1,2- 23564-05-8
phenylenebis(iminocarbonothio
yl)]bis-, dimethyl ester
(Thiophanate-methyl).
P194.................... Ethanimidothioc acid, 2- 23135-22-0
(dimethylamino)-N-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-
2-oxo-, methyl ester (Oxamyl).
P195.................... Ethanimidothioic acid, N,N'- 59669-26-0
[thiobis[(methylimino)carbony
loxy]]bis- , dimethyl ester
(Thiodicarb).
P196.................... Manganese, 15339-36-3
bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-, (Manganese
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
P197.................... Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl- 17702-57-7
N'-[2- methyl-4-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]p
henyl]- (Formparanate).
P198.................... Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl- 23422-53-9
N'-[3-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]p
henyl]-, monohydrochloride
(Formetanate hydrochloride).
P128.................... Phenol, 4-(dimethylamino)-3,5- 315-18-4
dimethyl- , methylcarbamate
(ester) (Mexacarbate).
P199.................... Phenol, (3,5-dimethyl-4- 2032-65-7
(methylthio)-,
methylcarbamate (Methiocarb).
P200.................... Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-, 114-26-1
methylcarbamate (Propoxur).
P201.................... Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1- 2631-37-0
methylethyl)-, methyl
carbamate (Promecarb).
P202.................... Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), 64-00-6
methyl carbamate (Hercules AC-
5727).
P203.................... Propanal, 2-methyl-2- 1646-88-4
(methylsulfonyl)-, O-
[(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime
(Aldicarb sulfone).
P204.................... Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 57-47-6
1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-
1,3a,8- trimethyl-,
methylcarbamate (ester), (3aS-
cis)-(Physostigmine).
P205.................... Zinc, 137-30-4
bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-, (Ziram).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 6.--List of Proposed Toxic Hazardous Wastes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Toxic hazardous wastes--IUPAC
Hazardous waste No. Name (Common name in CAS No.
parentheses)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
U360.................... Carbamates, N.O.S.............
U361.................... Carbamoyl Oximes, N.O.S.......
U362.................... Thiocarbamates, N.O.S.........
U363.................... Dithiocarbamate acids, salts
and/or esters, N.O.S. (This
listing includes mixtures of
one or more dithiocarbamic
acid, salt, and/or ester).
U279.................... 1-Naphthalenol, 63-25-2
methylcarbamate (Carbaryl).
U364.. 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2- 22961-82-6
dimethyl-, (Bendiocarb
phenol).
U365.................... 1H-Azepine-1-carbothioic acid, 2212-67-1
hexahydro-, S-ethyl ester
(Molinate).
U366.................... 2H-1,3,5-Thiadiazine-2-thione, 533-74-4
tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-
(Dazomet).
U367.................... 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro- 1563-38-8
2,2- dimethyl- (Carbofuran
phenol).
U368.................... Antimony, tris 15890-25-2
(dipentylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-(Antimony
trisdipentyldithiocarbamate).
U369.................... Antimony, tris[bis(2- 15991-76-1
ethylhexyl)carbamodithioato-
S,S']-, (Antimony tris(2-
ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate).
U370.................... Bismuth, 21260-46-8
tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-, (Methyl bismate).
U371.................... Carbamic acid, 65086-85-3
[(dimethylamino)iminomethyl)]
methyl, ethyl ester
monohydrochloride (Hexazinone
intermediate).
U280.................... Carbamic acid, (3- 101-27-9
chlorophenyl)-, 4- chloro-2-
butynyl ester (Barban).
U372.................... Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol- 10605-21-7
2-yl, methyl ester
(Carbendazim).
U373.................... Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1- 122-42-9
methylethyl ester (Propham).
U374.................... Carbamic acid, [[3- 112006-94-7
[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-2-
pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-phenyl
ester (U9069).
U271.................... Carbamic acid, [1- 17804-35-2
[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-
benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl
ester (Benomyl).
U375.................... Carbamic acid, butyl-, 3-iodo- 55406-53-6
2-propynyl ester (Troysan
Polyphase).
U376.................... Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl- 144-34-3
, tetraanhydrosulfide with
orthothioselenious acid
(Selenium
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
U377.................... Carbamodithioic acid, methyl,- 137-41-7
monopotassium salt (Potassium
n-methyldithiocarbamate).
U378.................... Carbamodithioic acid, 51026-28-9
(hydroxymethyl)methyl-,
monopotassium salt (Busan 40).
U277.................... Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl- 95-06-7
, 2-chloro-2-propenyl ester
(Sulfallate).
U379.................... Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl, 136-30-1
sodium salt (Sodium
dibutyldithiocarbamate).
U380.................... Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl- 10254-57-6
, methylene ester (Vanlube
7723).
U381.................... Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl- 148-18-5
, sodium salt (Sodium
diethyldithiocarbamate).
U382.................... Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl- 128-04-1
, sodium salt (Dibam).
U383.................... Carbamodithioic acid, 128-03-0
dimethyl, potassium salt
(Potassium dimethyl
dithiocarbamate) (Busan 85).
U384.................... Carbamodithioic acid, methyl-, 137-42-8
monosodium salt (Metam
Sodium).
U385.................... Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, 1929-77-7
S-propyl ester (Vernolate).
U386.................... Carbamothioic acid, 1134-23-2
cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl
ester (Cycloate).
U387.................... Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, 52888-80-9
S- (phenylmethyl) ester
(Prosulfocarb).
U388.................... Carbamothioic acid, (1,2- 85785-20-2
dimethylpropyl) ethyl-, S-
(phenylmethyl) ester
(Esprocarb).
U389.................... Carbamothioic acid, bis(1- 2303-17-5
methylethyl)-, S-(2,3,3-
trichloro-2- propenyl) ester
(Triallate).
U390.................... Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, 759-94-4
S-ethyl ester (Eptam).
U391.................... Carbamothioic acid, butylethyl- 1114-71-2
, S-propyl ester (Pebulate).
U392.................... Carbamothioic acid, bis(2- 2008-41-5
methylpropyl)-, S-ethyl ester
(Butylate).
U393.................... Copper, 137-29-1
bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-, (Copper
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
U394.................... Ethanimidothioic acid, 2- 30558-43-1
(dimethylamino)-N-hydroxy-2-
oxo-, methyl ester (A2213).
U395.................... Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, 5952-26-1
dicarbamate (Reactacrease 4-
DEG).
U396.................... Iron, tris(dimethyl 14484-64-1
carbamodithioato- S,S')-,
(Ferbam).
U397.................... Lead, bis(dipentyl 36501-84-5
carbamodithioato S,S')-.
U398.................... Molybdenum, bis(dibutyl 68412-26-0
carbamothioato)di-.mu.-
oxodioxodi-, sulfurized.
U399.................... Nickel, bis(dibutyl 13927-77-0
carbamodithioato- S,S')-
(Nickel
dibutyldithiocarbamate).
U400.................... Piperidine, 1,1'- 120-54-7
(tetrathiodicarbonothioyl)-
bis-(Sulfads).
U401.................... Bis(dimethyl thiocarbamoyl) 97-74-5
sulfide (Tetramethylthiuram
monosulfide).
U402.................... Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, 1634-02-2
tetrabutyl (Butyl Tuads).
U403.................... Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, 97-77-8
tetraethyl (Disulfiram).
U404.................... Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl- 121-44-8
(Triethylamine).
U405.................... Zinc, 14726-36-4
bis[bis(phenylmethyl)carbamod
ithioato- S,S']- (Arazate).
U406.................... Zinc 136-23-2
bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-(Butyl Ziram).
U407.................... Zinc, 14324-55-1
bis(diethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-(Ethyl Ziram).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
As a result of the Agency's studies, a number of generic groups of
wastes produced from the manufacture of carbamates, carbamoyl oximes,
thiocarbamates, and dithiocarbamates were not found by the Agency to
require additional regulation as a listed hazardous waste under RCRA.
The Agency is therefore proposing to not list as hazardous the
following categories of wastes:
--Spent carbon and wastewater treatment sludges from the production
of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes
--Wastewaters from the production of thiocarbamates and treatment of
wastes from thiocarbamate production
--Process Wastewater (including supernates, filtrates, and
washwaters) from the production of dithiocarbamates
--Reactor vent scrubber water from the production of
dithiocarbamates
--Organic wastes (including spent solvents, solvent rinses, process
decantates, and still bottoms) from the production of
dithiocarbamates
Pursuant to HSWA, the Agency has collected information that
supports the addition of these six wastes to 40 CFR 261.32. The Agency
proposes to add K156, K157, K158, K159, K160, and K161 to 40 CFR 261.32
because the wastes satisfy the criteria in 40 CFR 261.11(a)(1-3) for
listing hazardous wastes. Based on the similarity of wastes from the
production of each functional chemical class (carbamates/carbamoyl
oximes, thiocarbamates, and dithiocarbamates), the Agency is proposing
to identify wastes from each functional chemical class grouped by class
and physical properties. Each of the six waste groups proposed for
listing as hazardous wastes meets the definition of hazardous wastes by
typically and frequently exhibiting toxicity, persistence, and
mobility.
Carbamate wastes that satisfy the proposed hazardous waste listing
descriptions are not limited to the five typical production processes
described above in section II.D. Wastes from any process that produces
any of the four major functional carbamate classes (i.e., carbamates,
carbamoyl oximes, thiocarbamates, and dithiocarbamates) would be
subject to hazardous waste regulation.
The proposed hazardous waste listings are intended to encompass the
wastes generated from any carbamate manufacturing, including the wastes
generated when carbamates are produced as intermediates. For example, a
facility may produce a carbamate intermediate to be used directly as a
raw material in another process. Similar wastes are generated from the
production of the carbamate whether it is the final product or an
intermediate product.
Upon promulgation of these proposed listings, all wastes meeting
the listing descriptions would become hazardous wastes and would
require treatment, storage, or disposal at permitted facilities.
Residuals from the treatment, storage, or disposal of the wastes
included in this proposed listing also would be classified as hazardous
wastes by the ``derived-from'' rule (40 CFR 261.3(c)(2)(i)). For
example, ash or other residuals from treatment of the listed wastes
would be subject to the hazardous waste regulations. Also, 40 CFR
261.3(a)(2)(iv) (the ``mixture'' rule) provides that any mixture of a
listed waste and a solid waste is itself a RCRA hazardous waste with
certain limited exceptions.
However, when these wastes are recycled as described in 40 CFR
261.2(e)(1)(iii) or 261.4(a)(8), they are not solid wastes and are not
subject to hazardous waste regulations. For example, if a waste is
collected and returned in a closed-loop fashion to the same carbamate
process, the waste would not be regulated. To meet the exemption, the
waste must meet the three key requirements outlined in the rules and in
50 FR 639 (January 4, 1985): (1) The material must be returned to the
original process from which it was generated without first being
reclaimed; (2) the production process to which the materials are
returned must use raw materials as principal feedstocks; and (3) the
material must be returned as a substitute for raw material feedstock in
the original production process. (The regulations contain other
recycling exclusions as well, but the provisions referenced above are
the principal ones most likely to be applicable to the wastes at issue
in this proposal.)
B. Description of the Wastes
While the Agency has observed that carbamate manufacturing
processes differ according to product and raw materials, many
similarities in the wastes generated exist. The proposal to list K156
through K161 and to not list other groupings of wastes from this
industry is based on the similarity of the production processes used by
carbamate manufacturers and the similarity of the wastes generated by
these facilities. In the course of the Agency's evaluations, wastes
within similar processes were grouped by like physical properties due
to their similar management, and to facilitate the development of
potential land disposal treatment standards (see 40 CFR 268.2(f)).
Wastewaters with less than 1 percent by weight of total organic carbon
(TOC) and less than 1 percent by weight of total suspended solids (TSS)
were grouped as aqueous. Liquids that contained equal to or greater
than 1 percent by weight of TOC were grouped as organic, and wastes
that contain equal to or greater than 1 percent by weight of TSS were
grouped as solids. When process and wastes characterizations are taken
into account, ten waste groups result.
Group 1 consists of organic waste (including heavy ends, still
bottoms, light ends, spent solvents, filtrates, and decantates) from
the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes. The Agency is
proposing that these wastes be listed as Hazardous Waste Number K156.
Group 2 wastes include wastewaters (including scrubber waters,
condenser waters, washwaters, separation waters) from the production of
carbamates and carbamoyl oximes. Group 2 wastewaters are proposed to be
listed as Hazardous Waste Number K157.
Group 3 consists of solids from the production of carbamate and
carbamoyl oxime products. These wastes are typically generated from the
filtration of liquid products and include such wastes as baghouse
dusts, dust collector bags, and process precipitates, and may contain
high levels of carbamate product. From this generic waste grouping,
wastewater treatment sludges and spent carbon from the production of
carbamates and carbamoyl oximes are not proposed for listing. The
decision not to list these wastes and other waste groupings is
discussed in detail in section III.C.8. Group 3 baghouse dusts and
filter/separation solids are proposed to be listed as Hazardous Waste
Number K158.
Group 4 wastes include organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate
wastes. These wastes are generated from the treatment of the brine
wastewater from the carbamolation reaction, and are proposed to be
listed as Hazardous Waste Number K159.
Group 5 wastes are wastewaters from the production of
thiocarbamates and treatment of wastes from thiocarbamate production.
EPA is proposing not to list this group of wastes.
Group 6 wastes are the solids (including filter wastes, separation
solids, and spent catalysts) from the production of thiocarbamates and
solids from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes. These wastes include
spent catalysts generated from the production of chlorothioformates,
filter cakes from the filtration of product to remove byproduct amine
chlorides, and solid wastes resulting from the treatment of waste brine
from the carbamolation step. The Agency is proposing to list Group 6
wastes as Hazardous Waste Number K160.
Group 7 wastes include process wastewater (including supernates,
filtrates, and washwaters) and Group 8 includes reactor vent scrubber
water from the production of dithiocarbamates. EPA is proposing not to
list group 7 or group 8 wastes.
Group 9 wastes include purification solids, baghouse dust, and
floor sweepings from the production of dithiocarbamates. In many cases
these wastes are the residues resulting from the filtration of a liquid
product, and includes filtration media, filters, filter cloths,
centrifugation solids, evaporation solids, or dryer wastes. Group 9
wastes are proposed for listing as Hazardous Waste Number K161.
Group 10 wastes include organic wastes (including spent solvents,
solvent rinses, process decantates, and still bottoms) from the
production of dithiocarbamates. EPA is proposing not to list this group
of wastes.
Based on data collected from industry by the 1990 RCRA section 3007
survey, engineering site visits, and sampling and analysis, the Agency
believes that each of the waste groups typically contain significant
concentrations of hazardous constituents. Table 7 identifies the
constituents of concern for the carbamate waste streams. The Agency
conducted sampling and analysis of each of these wastes to support this
proposed hazardous waste listing determination. The following section,
III.C., presents this data and additional health effects data, which
are the basis for the Agency's proposal to list or not list the wastes
studied in this rulemaking.
The total reported generation rate of these wastes in 1990 was
approximately 841,000 metric tons. Tables 8 and 9 present the
characteristics of, and management method used for these wastes by
group.
Table 7.--Waste Stream Constituents
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste group Constituent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1--Organic Carbamate/Carbamoyl Acetone, acetonitrile, acetophenone, aniline, benomyl, benzene, carbaryl,
Oxime Wastes. carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chlorobenzene, chloroform,
odichlorobenzene, hexane, methanol, methomyl, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl
isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride, naphthalene, phenol, pyridine, toluene,
triethylamine, xylene.
2--Aqueous Carbamate/Carbamoyl Acetone, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, formaldehyde, methomyl, methyl
Oxime Wastes. isobutyl ketone, methyl chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride,
ophenylenediamine, pyridine, triethylamine.
3--Solid Carbamate/Carbamoyl Benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chloroform, hexane, methanol,
Oxime Wastes. methylene chloride, phenol, xylene.
4--Organic Thiocarbamate Wastes.. Benzene, butylate, eptam, molinate, pebulate, vernolate.
5--Aqueous Thiocarbamate Wastes.. Benzene, butylate, eptam, molinate, pebulate, toluene, vernolate, xylene.
6--Solid Thiocarbamate Wastes.... Butylate, eptam, cycloate, molinate, pebulate, vernolate.
7--Aqueous Dithiocarbamate Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, xylene.
Process Waters.
8--Aqueous Dithiocarbamate Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, methylene chloride, n-
Scrubber Wastes. nitrosodimethylamine.
9--Solid Dithiocarbamate Wastes.. Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, xylene.
10--Organic Dithiocarbamate Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, hexane, toluene, xylene.
Wastes.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 8.--1990 Waste Management by RCRA Hazardous Waste Identification and Group
[metric tons/year]\1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste classification Non-haz. As-haz. Corr. Ignit. TC I&TC I&C TC&C Unknown
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group 1.............................................. 46,398 1,912 69,780 1,980 1.5 2,302 2,773 ......... 1,368
Group 2.............................................. 140,145 3,735 246,595 6.8 41.9 ......... ......... ......... Varies.
Group 3.............................................. 9,729 0.4 14.8 5.5 12.3 ......... ......... ......... .........
Group 4.............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 549 ......... ......... .........
Group 5.............................................. ......... ......... 130,664 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........
Group 6.............................................. ......... 77 ......... ......... 588 ......... ......... ......... .........
Group 7.............................................. 43,810 7,218 9 1.1 380,430 ......... ......... ......... 230
Group 8.............................................. 46,054 ......... 49.1 ......... \2\0 ......... ......... 1,055 89
Group 9.............................................. 3,493 195 ......... 3.1 15.8 ......... ......... ......... 205
Group 10............................................. ......... 46.8 ......... 162.9 ......... 65.4 ......... ......... 91
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total.......................................... 289,629 13,185 447,112 2,159 381,090 2,916 2,773 1,055 1,983
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-Haz.: Managed as nonhazardous waste
As-Haz.: Managed as a hazardous waste
Characteristically Hazardous Wastes
Ignit.: Ignitable (40 CFR 261.21)
Corr.: Corrosive (40 CFR 261.22)
I&C: Ignitable and corrosive
I&TC: Ignitable and TC
TC&C: TC and corrosive
TC: Toxicity Characteristic (40 CFR 261.24)
\1\Wastes may have several classifications; therefore, the total mass of each waste group may exceed the actual mass.
\2\There is a toxic stream in Group 8 but it was not generated in 1990.
Table 9.--Current Waste Management by Waste Type and Quantity
[metric tons/year]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recycle/Reuse............................. 1,601 ........ 26 ........ ........ ........ 701 57 64 180 2,629
Incineration.............................. 3,263 1,975 18 549 ........ ........ ........ 50 2 98 5,955
Fuel Blending............................. ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 24 24
Boiler.................................... 6,360 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 6,360
POTW...................................... ........ 20,497 ........ ........ ........ ........ 42,599 45,957 ........ ........ 109,053
PrOTW..................................... 2,922 4,986 ........ ........ ........ ........ 1,410 23 ........ ........ 9,341
WWTP...................................... 112,292 238,751 ........ ........ 130,664 ........ 4,670 ........ ........ ........ 486,377
Subtitle C Landfill....................... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 665 ........ ........ 193 ........ 858
Subtitle D Landfill....................... ........ ........ 1340 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 3,199 ........ 4,539
Deep Well Injection....................... ........ ........ ........ ........ 213,582 ........ 1,517 100 ........ ........ 215,199
Other..................................... ........ ........ 6 ........ ........ ........ 645 13 ........ 65 729
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................... 126,438 266,209 1,390 549 344,246 665 51,542 46,200 3,458 367 841,064
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POTW--Publicly Owned Treatment Works
PrOTW--Privately Owned Treatment Works
WWTP--Wastewater Treatment Plant
C. Basis for Listing Determination
1. Waste Characterization and Constituents of Concern
The Agency has conducted significant data gathering efforts in
order to evaluate each of the criteria for listing hazardous wastes
found at 40 CFR 261.11. In conducting its investigation before
proposing to list a specific waste under 40 CFR 261.32, the Agency
characterized the waste based on survey information, engineering
analysis, and sampling and analysis. The constituents of concern in
this proposal were identified by these methods and are proposed as the
basis for listing and for addition to appendix VII of 40 CFR part 261
(see Table 7). The toxic constituents of concern which are the basis of
this and possibly future hazardous waste listing determinations are
being proposed for addition to appendix VIII of 40 CFR part 261
pursuant to 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3).
This section summarizes the information concerning waste
characterization and constituents of concern that EPA has gathered to
support this proposed listing. Other compounds also have been
identified in these wastes but are not presented as constituents of
concern because they are either not sufficiently toxic, are present at
low concentrations, or do not migrate through the environment under
reasonable conditions.
Information regarding the identity and concentration of the
compounds found in carbamate wastes from EPA sampling during
engineering site visits is presented in summary form in the Appendix A
of the ``non-CBI'' Engineering Analysis of the Production of
Carbamates, which is available in the Public Docket for this proposed
rulemaking. See ``ADDRESSEES'' section.
The constituents of concern are found at varying levels in each of
the carbamate waste streams proposed for listing. Despite differences
in constituents and concentrations, each of the wastes proposed for
listing exhibit similar levels of potential hazard and are also
amenable to similar treatment technology. The Agency therefore is
proposing to regulate wastes from each of these processes together
under the K156 through K161 listings.
Table 10 lists the constituents found at concentrations above the
level of concern (the Agency's rationale for identifying a
concentration level of concern is detailed in the following section)
from wastes sampled and analyzed by the Agency during the course of the
engineering analysis of wastes in the carbamate industry and effluent
guideline development under sections 405 (d) and (e) of the Clean Water
Act (CWA), or reported present by the manufacturer in response to the
Agency's RCRA section 3007 questionnaire. This table presents a
compilation of all concentration data for each group of waste studied.
Additional constituents were detected at concentrations below the level
of concern. All of the collected data is presented in the carbamates
engineering analysis. However, the risk analysis described in section
III.C.5. of this preamble used only the results of the carbamate
industry study.
Table 10.--Range of Concentrations for Constituents of Concern
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. of Max. conc. Min. conc. Mean conc. Median
Group Constituent of concern streams (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) conc. (ppm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1............ acetone............................. 8 900,000 13 214,502 96,000
acetonitrile........................ 3 400,000 50,000 176,667 80,000
acetophenone........................ 1 890.7 890.7 890.7 890.7
aniline............................. 1 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8
benomyl............................. 2 20,000 22 10,011 10,011
benzene............................. 1 350 350 350 350
carbaryl............................ 1 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
carbendazim......................... 2 80,000 22.3 40,011 40,011
carbofuran.......................... 3 10,000 2,490 7,497 10,000
carbosulfan......................... 3 350,000 9 117,433 2,290
chlorobenzene....................... 1 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800
chloroform.......................... 1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
o-dichlorobenzene................... 1 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000
hexane.............................. 8 200,000 42 73,755 65,000
methanol............................ 10 910,000 9.23 359,033 130,100
methomyl............................ 2 38.7 1.06 19.9 19.9
methyl ethyl ketone................. 4 500,000 58 151,240 7,300
methyl isobutyl ketone.............. 6 650,000 21,000 335,167 210,000
methylene chloride.................. 7 150,000 1.6 32,572 20,000
naphthalene......................... 1 6,440 6,440 6,440 6,440
phenol.............................. 5 128,700 0.0138 28,706 3,000
pyridine............................ 6 130,000 920 63,570 49,750
toluene............................. 3 980,000 290 334,163 22,200
triethylamine....................... 2 286,000 580 143,290 143,290
xylene.............................. 6 996,100 7,300 449,200 570,000
2............ acetone............................. 12 4,000 0.3 338.3 2.9
carbon tetrachloride................ 1 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51
chloroform.......................... 5 8.6 0.024 2.3 0.57
formaldehyde........................ 1 48 48 48 48
methomyl............................ 5 40,000 0.0016 10,750 49.5
methyl isobutyl ketone.............. 5 300 0.8 78.3 12
methyl chloride..................... 5 4,200 0.0076 840.9 3.5
methyl ethyl ketone................. 5 10,000 1.1 3,400.7 300
methylene chloride.................. 15 4,100 0.074 285.9 1.4
o-phenylenediamine.................. 1 77.4 77.4 77.4 77.4
pyridine............................ 3 13,600 17.6 4,687 443
triethylamine....................... 5 7,380 7.4 1,901 9.8
3............ benomyl............................. 2 20,000 0.3 10,000 10,000
carbendazim......................... 2 20,000 0.3 10,000 10,000
carbofuran.......................... 2 700,000 6.8 350,003 350,003
carbosulfan......................... 1 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
chloroform.......................... 1 2,600 2,600 2,600 2,600
hexane.............................. 1 3,800 3,800 3,800 3,800
methanol............................ 2 69.5 58 63.8 63.8
methylene chloride.................. 3 13,000 0.047 6,000 5,000
phenol.............................. 2 5,000 0.346 2,500 2,500
xylene.............................. 2 135,100 610 67,855 67,855
4............ butylate............................ 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
eptam............................... 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
molinate............................ 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
pebulate............................ 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
vernolate........................... 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
5............ benzene............................. 1 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
butylate............................ 2 1.2 0.3 0.8 0.8
eptam............................... 3 170 0.14 57 1.7
molinate............................ 2 39 7.5 23.3 23.3
pebulate............................ 3 0.71 0.015 0.27 0.09
vernolate........................... 2 0.16 0.021 0.09 0.09
6............ benzene............................. 1 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100
toluene............................. 1 9,400 9,400 9,400 9,400
butylate............................ 2 8,800 7,400 8,100 8,100
eptam............................... 3 401,000 12,000 271,333 271,333
molinate............................ 1 22,000 22,000 22,000 22,000
pebulate............................ 1 500 500 500 500
vernolate........................... 1 620 620 620 620
xylene.............................. 1 201 201 201 201
7............ carbon disulfide.................... 1 94,000 94,000 94,000 94,000
xylene.............................. 4 5,000 1,000 3,750 4,500
dithiocarbamate product............. 8 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
8............ carbon disulfide.................... 5 5,000 0.028 1,178 15
methylene chloride.................. 2 0.57 0.490 0.53 0.53
n-nitrosodimethylamine.............. 1 104 104 104 104
piperidine.......................... 1 65,000 65,000 65,000 65,000
dithiocarbamate product............. 5 6,960 42.4 2,039 70.9
9............ carbon disulfide.................... 2 420 15 218 218
dithiocarbamate product............. 81 1,000,000 1,000 505,201 450,000
xylene.............................. 2 240,000 240,000 240,000 240,000
10........... carbon disulfide.................... 5 1,000,000 4,000 676,800 950,000
hexane.............................. 7 1,000,000 600,000 942,857 1,000,000
toluene............................. 2 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
xylene.............................. 2 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Human Health Criteria and Effects
The Agency uses health-based levels, or HBLs, to evaluate levels of
concern of toxic constituents in various media. In establishing HBLs,
EPA evaluates a wide variety of health effects data and existing
standards and criteria. EPA uses any Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
promulgated under the Safe Drinking Water Act as an HBL for
contaminants in aqueous streams. MCLs are Drinking Water Standards
promulgated under section 1412 of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
(SDWA), as amended in 1984 for both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic
compounds. In setting MCLs, EPA considers a range of pertinent factors
(see 52 FR 25697-98, July 8, 1987). For other media, or if there is no
MCL, EPA uses an oral reference dose (RfD), an inhalation reference
concentration (RfC), and/or a carcinogenic slope factor (CSF) to derive
the HBL, in conjunction with various exposure assumptions and, for
carcinogens, a risk level of concern. The Agency relies on standard
intake and exposure assumptions to derive HBLs. Standard daily intake
assumptions are: 2 liters of water; 20 cubic meters of air; 200 mg of
soil for six years (children) and 100 mg of soil for 24 years (adults).
For carcinogens, the daily intake is averaged over a 70 year lifetime;
for noncarcinogens, the daily intake is averaged over a daily period of
exposure. The risk level of concern may vary, but for the purpose of
deriving HBLs in the following discussion, the minimal or threshold
risk level of concern is taken as 10-6 (i.e., one incremental
cancer risk in a million based on lifetime exposure). A given
constituent may have an RfD, and RfC, and/or a CSF, depending on the
variety and nature of the toxic effects exhibited. The RfD is an
estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a
daily exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups,
that is likely not to present appreciable risk of deleterious effects
during a lifetime. The CSF is an estimate of the upper bound confidence
limit of the lifetime risk of developing cancer, per unit dose, which
results from the application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure.
When available, EPA uses RfDs, RfCs, and CSFs that have been verified
by the Agency's Reference Dose/Reference Concentration (RfD/RfC) Work
Group or Carcinogen Risk Assessment Verification Endeavor (CRAVE). If
no verified value exists, other estimates of RfDs, RfCs, and CSFs are
examined to determine if they are appropriate for use in establishing
HBLs. Health-based levels in water and soil, and the criteria used to
establish them, are shown in Table 11 for the constituents identified
in the carbamate wastes. A more detailed discussion of the toxicity of
these constituents is included in the background document ``Carbamate
Waste Listing Support: Health Effects Background Document'' and
associated materials for this proposal and is available from the Public
Docket at EPA Headquarters. See ADDRESSES section.
Table. 11.--Oral and Inhalation Toxicity Information for Waste Constituents
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RfD (mg/kg/ Oral CSF (mg/ Inhalation CSF HBL water (mg/ HBL soil (mg/
Constituents day) kg/day)-1 RfC (mg/m\3\) (mg/kg/day)-1 L) kg) MCL (mg/L) Toxicity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acetone (67-64-1).. 1E-1 (1) Na (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4E+0 8E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Increased
liver and kidney
weights, and
nephrotoxicity.
Acetophenone (98-86- 1E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4E+0 8E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: General
2). toxicity.
Aniline (62-53-3).. N (1,7) 5.7E-3 (1) 1E-3 (1) N (1,7) 6.25E-3 1.0E+2 N (1,6) Cancer: Spleen
tumors.
Systemic: Spleen
toxicity.
Anthracene (120-12- 3E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+1 3E+4 N (1,6) Systemic:
7). Phototoxic
dermatitis,
inflammation of
the
gastrointestinal
tract.
Antimony (7440-36- 4E-4 N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 6E-3 3E+1 0.006 (6) Systemic: Increased
0). (1,6,7) mortality and
altered blood
glucose and
cholesterol
levels.
Arsenic (7440-38-2) 3E-4 (1) 1.75E+0 (1) N (1,7) 1.5E+1 (1) 5E-2 4E-1 0.05 (6) Cancer: Respiratory
system tumors.
Systemic:
Hyperpigmentation,
keratosis, and
possible vascular
complications.
Barium (7440-39-3). 7E-2 (1) N (1,7) 5E-4 (7) N (1,7) 2E+0 6E+3 2 (6) Systemic: Oral;
Increased blood
pressure.
Inhalation:
Fetotoxicity.
Benomyl (17804-35- 5E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+0 4E+3 N (1,6) Systemic:
2). Fetotoxicity
(decreased pup
weanling weights).
Bensulide (741-58- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic: Neuro-
2). muscular
pathologyb.
Benz[a]-anthracene 2E-1 (92)c 2E+1 (92) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E-4 3E-2 0.0001 Cancer: Liver
(56-55-3). PMCL (6) hepatoma.
Systemic:
Respiratory system
effects.
Benzene (71-43-2).. N (1,7) 2.9E-2 (1) N (1,7) 2.9E-2 (7) 5E-3 2E+1 0.005 (6) Cancer: Human
leukemia.
Benzo[b]- N (1,7) 7.3E-1 N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E-4 9E-1a 0.0002 Cancer: Lung
fluoranthene (205- (TEFd)e PMCL (6) adenomas and
99-2). epidermoid
carcinomas,
putative
forestomach
tumors.
Benzo[k]- N (1,7) 7.3E-2 N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E-4 9E+0a 0.0002 Cancer: Lung
fluoranthene (207- (TEFd)e PMCL (6) adenomas and
08-9). epidermoid
carcinomas,
putative
forestomach
tumors.
Benzoic acid (65-85- 4E+0 (1,7)f N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+2 3E+5 N (1,6) Systemic:
0). Practically safe
to humans and
animals.
Butylamine (109-73- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
9).
Butylate (2008-41- 5E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+0 4E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Increased
5). relative liver
weights.
Cadmium (7440-43-9) 5E-4g, N (1,7) N (1,7) 6.3E+0 (1) 5E-3 8E+1 0.005 (6) Cancer: Human lung,
1E-3h (1) tracheal, and
bronchial tumors.
Systemic:
Significant
proteinuria.
Carbendazim (10605- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
21-70). Reproductive
effects.
Carbofuran (1563-66- 5E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4E-2 4E+2 0.04 (6) Systemic: RBC and
2). plasma
cholinesterase
inhibition, and
testicular and
uterine effects.
Carbon disulfide 1E-1 (1) N (1,7) 1E-2 (7) N (1,7) 4E+0 8E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Oral;
(75-15-0). Fetal toxicity and
teratogenicity.
Inhalation: Fetal
toxicity.
Carbon 7E-4 (1) 1.3E-1 (1) N (1,7) 5.2E-2 (1) 5E-3 5E+0 0.005 (6) Cancer: Liver
tetrachloride (56- tumors.
23-5). Systemic: Liver
lesions.
Carbosulfan (55285- 1E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4E-1 8E+2 N (1,6) Systemic: Decreased
14-8). body weight.
Chlorobenzene (108- 2E-2 (1) N (1,7) 2E-2 (7) N (1,7) 1E-1 2E+3 0.1 (1) Systemic:
90-7). Histopathological
changes in liver.
Chloroform (67-66- 1E-2 (1) 6E-3 (1) N (1,7) 8.1E-2 (1) 5.8E-3 1E+2 N (1,6) Cancer: Kidney
3). tumors.
Systemic: Fatty
cyst formation in
liver.
Chromium VI (18540- 5E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4.2E+1 (1) 1E-1 4E+2 0.1 (6) Cancer: Human lung
29-9). tumors.
Systemic: Kidney
and liver damage,
and cardiovascular
and
gastrointestinal
effects.
Chrysene (218-01-9) N (1,7) 7.3E-2 (TEFd)e N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E-4 9E-0a 0.0002 Cancer: Putative
PMCL (6) forestomach
tumors.
Cyanide (57-12-5).. 2E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E-1 2E+3 0.2 (6) Systemic:
Degenerative
neurotoxicity, and
thyroid effects.
Cycloate (1134-23- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
2). neurotoxicity
skeletal muscle
myopathy. (2)i.
Dibutylamine (111- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
92-2).
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 9E-2 (1) N (1,7) 2E-1 (7) N (1,7) 6E-1 8E+3 0.6 (6) Systemic: Oral;
(95-50-1). Liver pathology.
Inhalation:
Decreased relative
spleen weight.
1,3-Dichlorobenzene N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
(541-73-1). Hemoglobin changes
and liver and
kidney damage.
1,4-Dichlorobenzene N (1,7) 2.4E-2 (7) 7E-1 (7) N (1,7) 7.5E-2 3E+1 0.075 (6) Cancer: Liver
(106-46-7). tumors.
Systemic: Liver
damage.
Diethylphthalate 8E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 3E+1 7E+4 N (1,6) Systemic: Decreased
(84-66-2). growth rate, food
consumption, and
altered organ
weights.
Dimethylamine (124- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic: Liver
40-3). fatty degeneration
and necrosis, and
tubular
degeneration of
the testes. (2)j.
Dimethyldodecylamin N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
e (112-18-5). Respiratory tract
effects.
Dipropylamine (142- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
84-7).
Eptam (EPTC) (759- 2.5E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 8.8E-1 2E+3 N (1,6) Systemic:
94-4). Degenerative
cardiomyopathy.
Esprocarb (85785-20- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
2).
Ethylbenzene (100- 1E-1 (1) N (1,7) 1E+0 (1) N (1,7) 7E-1 8E+3 0.7 (6) Systemic: Liver and
41-4). kidney effects.
2-Ethylhexylamine N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
(104-75-6).
Fluoranthene (206- 4E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+0 3E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Kidney
44-0). effects, increased
liver weights,
hematological
alterations.
Formaldehyde (50-00- 2E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4.5E-2 (1) 7E+0 2E+4 N (1,6) Cancer: Nasal
0). cavity tumors.
Systemic:
Gastrointestinal
histopathology.
Hexachloroethane 1E-3 (1) 1.4E-2 (1) N (1,7) 1.4E-2 (1) 3E-3 5E+1 N (1,6) Cancer:
(67-72-1). Hepatocellular
carcinoma.
Systemic: Atrophy
and degeneration
of kidney tubules.
Hexane (110-54-3).. 6E-2 (7) N (1,7) 2E-1 (1) N (1,7) 2E+0 5E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Oral;
nervous system
effects,
testicular
atrophy.
Inhalation:
Neurotoxicity
(electrophysiologi
cal alterations),
and epithelial
lesions in the
nasal cavity.
Hexylamine (111-26- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
2).
Isopropanol (67-63- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
0).
Lead (7439-92-1)... N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Cancer: Renal
tumors.
Systemic:
Neurotoxic,
adverse
hematopoietic, and
reproductive and
developmental
effects.
Mercury (7439-97-6) 3E-4 (7) N (1,7) 3E-4 (7) N (1,7) 2E-3 3E+1 0.002 (6) Systemic: Damage to
brain, kidneys,
and developing
fetuses.
Metam-Sodium (137- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
42-8). Developmental
effects. (A).
Methanol (67-56-1). 5E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+1 4E+4 N (1,6) Systemic:
Alterations in
liver enzyme
levels, and
decreased brain
weight.
Methomyl (16752-77- 2.5E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 9E-1 2E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Kidney
5). and spleen
pathology.
Methylamine (74-89- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Data not available.
5).
Methyl chloride (74- N (1,7) 1.3E-2 (7) N (1,7) 6.3E-3 (7) 3E-3 5E+1 N (1,6) Cancer: Renal
87-3). tumors in mice
from intermittent
inhalation
exposure.
Systemic: Liver and
kidney effects,
and degeneration
and atrophy of the
seminiferous
tubules.
Methylene chloride 6E-2 (1) 7.5E-3 (1) 3E+0 (7) 1.6E-3 (1) 5E-3 9E+1 .005 (6) Cancer: Liver
(75-09-2). PMCL tumors.
Systemic: Adverse
liver effects.
Methyl ethyl ketone 6E-1 (1) N (1,7) 1E+0 (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+1 5E+4 N (1,6) Systemic: Decreased
(78-93-3). fetal birth
weight.
Methyl isobutyl 5E-2 (7) N (1,7) 8E-2 (7) N (1,7) 2E+0 4E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Liver and
ketone (108-10-1). kidney toxicity.
Methyl N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Data not available.
isothiocyanate
(556-61-6).
Molinate (2212-67- 2E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 7E-2 2E+2 N (1,6) Systemic:
1). Reproductive
toxicity.
Molybdenum (7439-98- 5E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E-1 4E+2 N (1,6) Systemic: Increased
7). uric acid in the
urine, decreased
blood copper
levels, and
painful swelling
in the joint in
humans.
Nabam (142-59-6)... N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Cancer: Putative
induction of
thyroid adenomas
and
adenocarcinomas,
and hepatomas
(75).k,l
Naphthalene (91-20- 4E-2 (7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+0 3E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Decreased
3). whole body weight
in rats.
Nickel (7440-02-0). 2E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) 8.4E-1 (1) 1E-1 2E+3 0.1 (6) Cancer: Respiratory
system tumors in
humans.
Systemic: Pulmonary
toxicity.
Nitrobenzene (98-95- 5E-4 (1) N (1,7) 2E-3 (7) N (1,7) 2E-2 4E+1 N (1,6) Systemic: Adrenal,
3). renal, and hepatic
lesions and
hematopathology.
N-Nitroso-di-n- N (1,7) 5.4E+0 (1) N (1,7) 5.6E+0 (1) 6E-6 1E-1 N (1,6) Cancer: Bladder and
butylamine (924-16- gastrointestinal
3). tract tumors.
N-Nitroso-di-n- N (1,7) 5.1E+1 (1) N (1,7) 4.9E+1 (1) 7E-7 1E-2 N (1,6) Cancer: Liver
methylamine (62-75- tumors.
9).
Oxamyl (23135-22-0) 2.5E-2 N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 9E-1 2E+3 0.2 (6) Systemic:
Cholinesterase
inhibition, liver
effects, and
fetotoxicity.
Pebulate (1114-71- 5E-2 (7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+0 4E+3 N (1,6) No data available.
2).
Phenol (108-95-2).. 6E-1 (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 2E+1 5E+4 N (1,6) Systemic:
Developmental
effects (stunted
growth).
o-Phenylenediamine N (1,7) 4.7E-2 (7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 7.4E-4 1.4E+1 N (1,6) Cancer: Liver
(95-54-5). tumors.
Piperidine (110-89- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
4). Developmental and
reproductive
effects (5).
n-Propylbenzene N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
(103-65-1).
Prosulfocarb (52888- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) No data available.
80-9).
Pyrene (129-00-00). 3E-2 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+0 3E+3 N (1,6) Systemic: Kidney
effects (renal
tubular pathology,
decreased kidney
weight).
Pyridine (110-86-1) 1E-3 (1) N (1,7) 5E-3 (53) N (1,7) 4E-2 8E+1 N (1,6) Systemic: Increased
liver weight.
Selenium (7782-49- 5E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 5E-2 4E+2 0.05 (total) Systemic: Clinical
2). (6) selenosis.
Styrene (100-42-5). 2E-1 (1) N (1,7) 1E+0 (1) N (1,7) 1E-1 2E+4 0.1 (6) Systemic: Oral; Red
blood cell and
liver effects.
Inhalation: Human
central nervous
system effects.
Tetralin (119-64-2) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic: Kidney
effects and
cataracts.
Toluene (108-88-3). 2E-1 (1) N (1,7) 4E-1 (1) N (1,7) 1E+0 2E+4 1.0 (6) Systemic: Oral;
Altered kidney and
liver weights.
Inhalation:
Neurological
effects and
degeneration of
nasal epithelium.
Triethylamine (121- N (1,7) N (1,7) 7E-3 (1) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic: Nasal
44-8). passage toxicity
(inflammation).
1,2,3- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
Trimethylbenzene Diminished weight
(526-73-8). gain, central
nervous system
depression, and
lymphopenia and
neutrophilia (2)m.
1,2,4- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
Trimethylbenzene Diminished weight
(95-63-6). gain, central
nervous system
depression, and
lymphopenia and
neutrophilia (2).
1,3,5- N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
Trimethylbenzene Diminished weight
(108-67-8). gain, central
nervous system
depression, and
lymphopenia and
neutrophilia (2).
Vernolate (Vernam) 1E-3 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 4E-2 8E+1 N (1,6) Systemic: Altered
(1929-77-7). liver weight and
hematopoiesis, and
cholinesterase
inhibition,
elevated alkaline
phosphatase
levels, and spinal
cord and nerve
degeneration
(100).
Vinyl acetate (108- 1E+0 (7) N (1,7) 2E-1 (1) N (1,7) 4E+1 8E+4 N (1,6) Systemic: Nasal
05-4). tract toxicity
(lesions).
Xylene (1330-20-7). 2E+0 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+1 2E+5 10 (6) Systemic: Central
nervous system
effects
(hyperactivity),
decreased body
weight, and
increased
mortality.
o-Xylene (95-47-6). 2E+0 (7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 7E+12 E+5 N (1,6) Systemic: Central
nervous system
effects
(hyperactivity)
and decreased body
weight.
Zinc (7440-66-6)... 3E-1 (1) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) 1E+1 3E+4 N (1,6) Systemic: Decrease
in erythrocyte
superoxide
dismutase (ESOD)
in adult females.
Ziram (137-30-4)... N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) N (1,7) NA NA N (1,6) Systemic:
Alteration of
liver enzymes and
immune responses,
spleen
enlargement, and
developmental
effects (77, 2).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N No data found in reference.
NA Inadequate data for calculation of health based level.
a. None available.
b. At an animal oral LOAEL of 89.8 mg/kg/day.
c. Human cancer potency value.
d. Benzo[a]pyrene Toxicity Equivalent Factor.
e. USEPA Provisional Guidance for the Qualitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 1993.
f. The human per capita intake was used as the critical dose level.
g. Drinking water RfD.
h. Dietary exposure RfD.
i. Inhalation unit risk.
j. At an animal oral LOAEL of 55 mg/kg/day.
k. At animal LOAEL of 97 ppm.
l. Known toxic effect of ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate (EBDC) metabolite of nabam.
m. Exposure to a mixture of (1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, 1,3,5-) trimethylbenzenes.
References
(1) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). 1993.
(2) Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB). 1993.
(5) RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) July 1992.
(6) Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories.
(7) Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST). March 1993.
(53) Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Pyridine. June 1986.
(75) Nabam Pesticide Fact Sheet, Office of Pesticide Program, April 1987.
(77) Ziram TOX ONE-LINER. EPA Office of Pesticides, February 20, 1992.
(92) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, ``Evaluation of the Potential Carcinogenicity of Benz(a)anthracene'',
June 1988.
(100) Vernolate TOX ONE-LINER. EPA Office of Pesticides, September 23, 1991.
(A) Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Peer Review of Metam-Sodium. EPA Office of Pesticides.
3. Environmental Damage Cases
The nature and severity of the human health and environmental
damage that has occurred as a result of improper management is a factor
considered in the decision to list wastes as hazardous (see 40 CFR
261.11(a)(3)(ix)). The Agency has limited records of damages resulting
directly from the mismanagement of carbamate wastes. Most applicable is
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 4): Stauffer/Cold Creek, AL
(First Remedial Action), September, 1989 (PB90-186388). In studying
this site, which continues to manufacture thiocarbamate products, the
Agency found groundwater contaminated by wastes from the manufacture of
the products butylate, cycloate, EPTC, molinate, pebulate, and
vernolate at levels of concern. Groundwater contamination at this site
was attributed to past disposal of waste solids from thiocarbamate
manufacture in an on-site unlined landfill.
The Agency has a limited number of reports of adverse environmental
effects from carbamate waste streams proposed for listing. However,
because pesticide products when formulated for end use may contain from
0.01 to 100 percent active ingredient, EPA believes that reports of
adverse environmental impacts such as ground water contamination, fish
kills, birds kills, or other non-target impacts are comparable to the
possible adverse environmental impacts which could occur should wastes
which contain pesticide active ingredients at comparable concentrations
be mismanaged in the way pesticide products have been mismanaged. The
Agency has collected information on environmental damages caused by
improper use of carbamate products, mismanagement of containers
previously storing carbamate products, and an accidental spill
releasing a large volume of product to surface waters. The EPA believes
these incidents are appropriate to consider in proposing listing
several waste streams for the following reasons: (1) The wastes the
Agency is proposing to list typically contain the carbamate active
ingredients found in the products; (2) the concentrations of the active
ingredients in the waste streams are typically many times higher than
what is found in some formulated products; and, (3) the nature of some
of the waste streams is similar to the product (e.g., solid, granular,
fines) and would behave similarly if released uncontrolled to the
environment.
In the case of carbamate chemicals the Agency has recorded numerous
bird kill incidents associated with the use or possible misuse of
carbamate products, which the Agency feels are applicable to an open
disposal mismanagement scenario of solids. For example, between 1972
and 1991, 107 incidents have been attributed to granular carbofuran and
40 to flowable carbofuran. These incidents resulted in loss of 9,600
and 7,500 birds, respectively.
In general, carbamate products are acutely toxic to aquatic
organisms. A number of fish kills have been attributed to carbamate
products. From 1980 to 1988, the California Department of Fish and
Game's Pesticide Investigations Unit estimated 7,000 to 30,000 fish
were killed in the Colusa Basin Drain due to molinate entering the
waterway from carbamates in rice fields. The most severe fish kill
incident resulted from the July 14, 1991, derailment of a tank car
containing 19,500 pounds of metam-sodium, a dithiocarbamate product. As
a result of the spill, the surrounding environment along a 45-mile
stretch of the Sacramento River and portions of Lake Shasta were
significantly adversely affected. More than 200,000 fish were killed,
and several hundred people were treated for eye, skin, and respiratory
irritation.
The collected case studies document human exposure and wildlife
loss caused by the improper management or misuse of carbamate products.
While only a limited number of the carbamate products have documented
damage incidents, they do illustrate the potential ecological effects
that some carbamate active ingredients can exert if released
uncontrolled to the environment. These damage incident reports document
contamination in ground water, surface water, air and soil by carbamate
products. The Agency currently has a more limited number of damage
incidents for the carbamate wastes under consideration for listing. A
more extensive discussion of these and additional damage incident
reports can be found in risk assessment support document for carbamate
wastes included in the docket. See ADDRESSEES section.
4. Mobility and Persistence of Constituents in Carbamate Wastes
Mobility is the ability of a constituent to migrate from a waste to
a transport medium, such as air, groundwater, or surface water.
Persistence is a measure of a constituent's stability or its resistance
to degradation in the environment. To assess mobility and persistence,
the Agency has identified environmental release and transport pathways
representing plausible worst-case management and disposal scenarios. By
assessing these pathways, potential exposure can be estimated. Thus, if
a constituent is sufficiently mobile and does not degrade as it moves
along an environmental pathway, it may potentially reach a receptor and
threaten human health and the environment.
The Agency assesses mobility by estimating the concentration at
which a constituent could migrate from the waste disposal or storage
unit to the underlying aquifer, adjacent soils, or to the air above the
unit. The propensity of each specific constituent to either leach,
runoff, or volatilize can be estimated using well-established physical
parameters as well as historic damage incident cases and transport
theories.
To assess the potential hazard posed by the constituents of concern
in the wastes, the Agency compared the concentrations of constituents
found in the wastes to known\2\ health-based levels. The Agency also
compared the concentrations that may reach potential human and
environmental receptors to the health-based levels. The Agency took
into account the possible dilution and attenuation that may occur due
to leaching from the waste, movement of waste constituents adsorbed to
soil particulates, and subsequent dilution or release to the air as a
result of plausible worst-case mismanagement of the waste.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\The Agency acknowledges that it lacks health assessment
studies for every substance determined to be present in the wastes
sampled as indicated by the data gaps in Table 11. Health assessment
studies are and ongoing process where by future studies may uncover
additional information not considered in today's rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
To evaluate the dilution and attenuation associated with leaching
from the waste, the Agency considers the physical state of the waste.
If the physical state of the waste is solid, the Agency first estimates
the leaching rates for the constituents from the waste. A dilution/
attenuation factor is applied to account for dispersion in the
subsurface from the disposal site into ground water and subsequently to
a drinking water source. This dilution and attenuation may occur
because of various phenomena, such as hydrolysis, solubility, soil
conditions, adsorption onto soil particles, dilution with ground water,
and biodegradation to the extent those processes are likely to occur in
a plausible worst-case management or disposal scenario.
The Agency believes that liquid wastes are mobile if improperly
disposed and that they may reach environmental receptors through
groundwater transport or through direct overland flow. The carbamate
wastes proposed for listing can be either solids or liquids at ambient
temperature.
Ground-water fate and transport have been evaluated by EPA.
Evaluations of ground-water transport were conducted in support of the
Toxicity Characteristic (TC) (55 FR 11798). In the final TC rule
promulgated on March 29, 1990, EPA determined that a dilution and
attenuation factor of 100 was appropriate for a reasonable worst-case
management of non-specific wastes that may be disposed of in municipal
landfills. The factor of 100 was determined assuming no adsorption, or
degradation of a chemical.
In assessing the intrinsic risks associated with carbamate wastes,
the Agency compared concentrations of constituents found in the wastes
to 100 times their HBLs. While many carbamate active ingredients may
exhibit break down through rapid hydrolysis at pH extremes or other
degradation in the environment, they can be highly mobile in the soil
column, and have been documented to reach ground water where these
mitigating effects of hydrolysis/degradation are slowed. The factor of
100 times the HBL (i.e., assuming a dilution factor of 100X) in the
case of carbamate waste constituents is viewed as a screening level
representing a potential level of concern that would warrant further
analysis to better quantify potential risks.
Table 12 shows that certain of these wastes contain sufficient
levels of the constituents of concern to warrant further analysis.
Given the high concentrations of the constituents of concern in
comparison to HBLs, the Agency believes that there is the potential for
exposure to harmful concentrations of the constituents of concern
should the wastes be mismanaged.
Table 12.--Summary of Streams Exceeding 100 x HBL Constituent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percentage by
Percentage by number of
waste volume streams
containing containing
Waste group hazardous hazardous
constituent constituent
above 100 x above 100 x
HBL HBL
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1......................................... 82.8 47
2......................................... 97.2 88
3......................................... 0.75 30.4
4......................................... 98.1 64.7
5......................................... 99.4 70
6......................................... 100 100
7......................................... 11.1 51.7
8......................................... 0.01 0.16
9......................................... 46.2 80
10........................................ 87.6 85.7
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The mobility of carbamate active ingredients in the soil column is
documented in the Agency's Federal Reporting Database System,
maintained by the EPA Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water. This
database tracks groundwater monitoring data reported from both known
pesticide spills and as a result of normal applications. Carbamate
active ingredients have been found in the groundwater of 19 states.
Concentrations above health base levels of concern have been measured
for aldicarb, carbofuran, and oxamyl. (For additional damage incidents
cases and details, see the Carbamate Health Assessment Document and
associated materials available in the Public Docket at EPA
Headquarters. See ADDRESSES section, and section III.C.3.) EPA's
overall approach to damage case information and the relationship of
carbamate active ingredient damage cases to carbamate wastes is
discussed earlier in this preamble.
When assessing the air pathway, constituents must be evaluated
considering the waste management and transport scenario to determine if
they are sufficiently mobile to support an air plume capable of
threatening human health. The key parameters used to estimate the
mobility of constituents into the air are the vapor pressure of the
pure substance and the Henry's Law Constant\3\ of the compound.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\Henry's Law Constants are physical chemistry constants which
equate the vapor pressure of a slightly soluble gas in contact with
a definite mass of liquid at a given temperature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Agency has evaluated several air release scenarios using these
parameters and has found that a number of constituents present in
carbamate wastes, including benzene, chloroform, formaldehyde, methyl
chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride, pyridine,
triethylamine, and xylene, may present a threat to human health by the
air transport pathway. These air transport assessments are consistent
with the assessments used by the Agency in its air emissions rule (56
FR 335490, July 22, 1991, ``Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and
Disposal Facilities: Emission Standards of Tanks, Surface Impoundments,
and Containers: Proposed Rule) and use the Quiescent Surface Model for
Inorganic Wastes and the Oil Film Model for Organic Waste to estimate
releases from tanks and materials balance calculations for
incineration. These models are explained in detail in ``Hazardous Waste
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) Air Emission
Models,'' Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC. EPA-450/3-87-0026. The model and documentation are
included in the docket supporting this proposed rule. See ADDRESSES
section.
Evaluation of the air transport assessments can be found in the
document Assessment of Risk from the Management of Carbamate Waste and
associated materials available in the Public Docket at EPA
Headquarters. See ADDRESSES section. The risks associated with the air
pathway are further discussed in section III.C.5.
Persistence can be evaluated by considering the various rates of
degradation or adsorption that affect the compound during transport. A
number of factors can potentially degrade or attenuate a compound
during transport. Many of these processes, including biodegradation,
photolysis, and adsorption, affect constituent concentrations under
certain situations. Under plausible worst-case waste management
scenarios, these processes and many others cannot be relied upon to
attenuate constituents, because of the limited circumstances under
which these mitigating processes could exist.
Table 13 presents the relevant hydrolysis half-lives of each
compound in water and air.
Table 13.--Persistence of Constituents of Concern
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hydrolysis half- Hydrolysis half-
Constituent life in water life in air
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acetone............................. 20 hours 22 days.
Acetonitrile (2).................... 5.5 days --
Acetophenone........................ -- --
Aniline............................. -- --
Benomyl............................. <1 week 1 hour.
Benzene (1)......................... 170 hours 17 hours.
Butylate............................ -- --
Cadmium............................. -- --
Carbaryl............................ 10.5 days 12 hours.
Carbendazim......................... -- --
Carbofuran.......................... 8.2 weeks 4 hours.
Carbon disulfide.................... 2 hours 9 days.
Carbon tetrachloride (1)............ 1,700 hours 1,700 hours.
Carbosulfan......................... -- --
Chlorobenzene (1)................... 1,700 hours 170 hours.
Chloroform (1)...................... 1,700 hours 1,700 hours.
Cycloate............................ -- --
Dibutylamine........................ 12.9 hours 4.4 hours.
o-Dichlorobenzene (1)............... 1,700 hours 550 hours.
Dimethylamine....................... 1.5 days 5.9 hours.
Eptam............................... -- --
Hexane.............................. 550 hours 17 hours.
Isopropyl alcohol................... 5.4 days 1 day.
Lead................................ -- --
Methanol............................ 2 days 17.8 days.
Methomyl............................ 38 weeks 1.14 months.
Methylamine......................... 1.9 days 22 hours.
Methyl ethyl ketone................. 12 days 2.3 days.
Methyl isobutyl ketone.............. 33 hours 15 hours.
Methyl chloride (1)................. 2.4 to 24 hours 168 to 672
hours.
Methylene chloride (3).............. 686 years Several months.
Methylisothiocyanate................ -- --
Molinate............................ -- --
Naphthalene (1)..................... 170 hours 17 hours.
o-Phenylenediamine.................. -- --
Pebulate............................ -- --
Phenol.............................. 4 days 15 hours.
Pyridine............................ 90 hours 32 days.
Sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate...... -- --
Tetralin............................ -- --
Toluene (1)......................... 550 hours 17 hours.
Vernolate........................... -- --
Xylene (1).......................... 550 hours 17 hours.
Zinc................................ -- --
Ziram............................... -- --
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--No Data
Unless otherwise specified, all values are from: Howard, Philip H., ed.
Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic
Chemicals. 1991.
(1) Mackay, Donald et al. Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical
Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals. 1992.
(2) J. Jackson Ellington et al. Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constants
for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal: Volume 2. Data on 54
Chemicals. 1987. U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/
3-87/019.
(3) J. Jackson Ellington et al. Chemical Specific Parameters for
Toxicity Characteristic Contaminants. 1991. U.S. EPA, Office of
Research and Development. EPA/600/3-91/004.
In the case of dithiocarbamates, thermal decomposition, hydrolysis,
and oxidation can lead to the formation of additional toxic chemicals
of concern. Dithiocarbamic acids are extremely reactive and are
commonly reacted to form more stable salts. Decomposition products
include carbon disulfide, hydrogen disulfide, alkylisothiocyanates such
as methylisothiocyanate, and amines. These amines react with nitrogen
oxides from the air or other nitrosating ingredients to form highly
toxic nitrosoamines. The carcinogenic potential of a number of these
nitrosoamines has been studied and found to be significant. The Agency,
therefore, believes dithiocarbamate chemicals typically exhibit the
characteristic of reactivity and that discarded dithiocarbamate
products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill
residues of dithiocarbamate products should be managed as reactive
hazardous wastes.
5. Risk Analysis
In support of this proposed rulemaking, the Agency estimated the
risks that the constituents and waste streams pose to human health and
the environment. A more detailed presentation is included in two
background documents entitled, ``Carbamate Waste Listing Support:
Health Effects Background Document'' and ``Assessment of Risk from the
Management of Carbamate Waste,'' which are included in the docket for
this proposed rulemaking. See ADDRESSEES section. The results of the
risk assessment are summarized in this section.
a. Baseline Waste Management Practices and Release Potential of
Constituents of Concern. For each proposed waste group, waste
management scenarios were developed based on current industry
practices. In developing these scenarios, waste management practices,
waste management units, treatment processes, and the quantities of
waste being managed were identified. For each waste group, RCRA
Sec. 3007 questionnaire data which identify waste descriptions, waste
quantities, waste management methods, and waste management units were
compiled. Site visit reports provided an additional source of
information.
Based on this information and best engineering judgment, six waste
management practices and the sequence of management units that would be
associated with each practice were identified as follows:
(1) Recycled Wastes--covered tank treatment/recycled;
(2) Incinerated Wastes--open tank storage/industrial boiler/landfill
ash;
(3) Wastewater Treatment Process Waste--open quiescent or aerated
treatment tank;\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\4\The RCRA section 3007 questionnaire data indicated that some
wastes were being deepwell injected. However, EPA has received
subsequent information that due to the expiration of the facility's
deepwell permit these wastes will no longer be deepwell injected but
will be sent to wastewater treatment processes once a NPDES
discharge is approved. Therefore, waste reported as deepwell
injected were assumed to be sent to wastewater treatment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Fuel Blended Wastes--covered treatment tank;
(5) Landfilled Wastes--open storage tank/landfill wastes; and
(6) Other--open quiescent treatment tank or impoundment.
Table 14 identifies baseline waste management practices and the
quantity of the waste groups going to each management practice.
Table 14.--Apportionment of Waste Stream Quantities to Baseline
Management Practices
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current management Percentage of
Waste codes practices waste stream
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste group 1................ Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle 1.
Open St. Tank/Boiler/ 8.
Landfill Ash
WWTP--Open Quiescent Trt. 91.
Tank
Waste group 2................ Open St. Tank/Boiler/ 1.
Landfill Ash
WWTP--Aerated Trt. Tank 99.
Waste group 3................ Covered St. Tank/Recycle 2.
Open St. Tank/Boiler/ 1.
Landfill Ash
Open St. Tank/Landfill 97.
WWT sludges.................. Other--Open Quies. Trt. Less than 1.
Impoundment
Open St. Tank/Landfill Greater than
99.
Waste group 4................ Open St. Tank/Boiler/ 100.
Landfill Ash
Waste group 5................ WWTP--Open Quies. Trt. 100.
Tank
Waste group 6................ Open St. Tank/Landfill 100.
Waste group 7................ Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle 1.5.
WWTP--Open Quies. Trt. 97.
Tank
Other--Open Quies. Trt. 1.5.
Tank
Waste group 8................ Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle Less than 1.
Open St. Tank/Boiler/ Less than 1.
Landfill Ash
WWTP--Open Quies. Trt. Greater than
Tank 99.
Other--Open Quies. Trt. Less than 1.
Tank
Waste group 9................ Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle Less than 1.
Open St. Tank/Boiler/ Less than 1.
Landfill Ash
Open St. Tank/Landfill 53.
Covered Trt. Tank--Fuel Less than 1.
Blending
Other--Open Quies. Trt. 46.
Tank
Waste group 10............... Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle 49.
Open St. Tank/Boiler/ 27.
Landfill Ash
Covered Trt. Tank--Fuel 6.
Blending
Other--Open Quies. Trt. 18.
Tank
------------------------------------------------------------------------
b. Exposure Pathway Analysis. For each constituent of concern in
each waste group, physical, chemical, and biological properties that
can be used to predict environmental persistence, mobility, and
bioaccumulation of constituents were identified. These properties
include aqueous solubility, octanol water partition coefficient,\5\
soil adsorption coefficient, vapor pressure, Henry's Law Constant,
bioconcentration factor for fish tissue, bioaccumulation factor for
meat and dairy products, air degradation value, and plant uptakes and
adherence values. The majority of the collected values were obtained
from available literature. In the absence of reported data, estimation
methods\6\ were used to calculate input parameter values.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\The octanol water partition coefficient is the ratio of a
chemical's concentration in the octanol phase to its concentration
in the aqueous phase of a two-phase octanol/water system. Values
represent the tendency of the chemical to partition itself between
an organic phase and an aqueous phase.
\6\The principle source of estimation methods for input
parameters was the ``Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation
Methods: Environmental Behavior of Organic Compounds'' by Warren L.
Lyman, William F. Reel, and David H. Rosenblatt, published by
McGraw-Hill Book Company in 1982.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For this analysis, all potential exposure pathways were identified
for each constituent in each waste stream using information on physical
and chemical properties of a constituent, and physical and chemical
properties that are associated with persistence and mobility in a
specific pathway. For example, a pathway in which a chemical is
released from a tank to the air, is transported through the air to the
exposed individual, and is directly inhaled by humans would be driven
primarily by vapor pressure and Henry's Law Constant. Constituents with
high vapor pressures and Henry's Law Constants (such as volatile
organic compounds) would be expected to be present in this pathway,
where as constituents with low values for these properties (such as
metals) would not be expected to show up in this pathway. Damage
incident cases and baseline management practices also were examined to
determine which constituents have been released to the environment at
concentrations presenting a concern and to determine which media and
exposure pathways are potentially significant, or are reasonably
expected to be released to the environment. For each waste group, Table
15 shows the number of potential exposure pathways identified using
this screening method.
Table 15.--Number of Potential Exposure Pathways Identified for
Evaluation
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of
Number of potential
Waste stream constituents exposure
of concern pathways
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste group 1.................................. 30 25
Waste group 2.................................. 39 31
Waste group 3.................................. 4 15
Waste group 4.................................. 13 20
Waste group 5.................................. 6 18
Waste group 6.................................. 14 18
Waste group 7.................................. 12 30
Waste group 8.................................. 20 31
Waste group 9.................................. 17 28
Waste group 10................................. 9 26
WWT sludge................................... 7 5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Based on baseline management practices and damage incident reports,
all relevant exposure pathways identified were evaluated for inclusion
in the risk analysis. The background document for the risk analysis
(Assessment of Risk from the Management of Carbamate Waste) examines
potential pathways for specific constituents of concern. Those pathways
determined to be plausible were identified for further assessment and
only the exposure routes associated with these pathways were considered
to be potential exposure routes. These routes included direct
inhalation, indirect inhalation of soil and dust, direct soil
ingestion, indirect soil ingestion, ingestion of ground-water,
ingestion of surface water, ingestion of crops, ingestion of animal/
dairy products, and ingestion of fish and shellfish.
c. Risk Estimates. i. Overview. In conducting the risk analysis,
EPA calculated risk estimates for each waste group/management unit/
exposure pathway/exposure route combination. (An example would be
direct inhalation of a constituent from Group 1 waste that has been
emitted as a gas from a treatment tank.) One exception to this
methodology concerned those wastes identified with the following waste
management sequence: tank storage/boiler/landfill ash. Preliminary
analysis of this exposure route indicated that constituents released
from the ash portion of this waste managed in landfills would not pose
risks at or above levels of concern for the most exposed individuals
(i.e., a risk of 1 in a million for carcinogens or a hazard quotient of
one or greater). This level of risk (<10-6 for carcinogens or a
hazard quotient of <1) is beneath the lower bound of EPA's regulatory
level of concern for hazardous waste listing, and for this reason, risk
estimates for the portion of waste being landfilled as ash were not
made.
The Agency developed baseline risk estimates by selecting plausible
mismanagement practices based on information collected in the RCRA 3007
survey for current management operations. For wastewaters, the Agency
selected the plausible mismanagement practice to be the current
practice of storage and treatment in tanks and boilers. The Agency has
no information or reason to believe that if not listed, the wastewaters
would likely be managed in a different manner (e.g., unlined surface
impoundment). The Agency believes firms would not switch to less
protective management methods, such as unlined surface impoundments,
because it would be expensive to do so. For sludges and waste solids,
the Agency selected the plausible mismanagement to be an unlined
industrial landfill. The Agency has information that a portion of these
wastes, while not regulated as hazardous, are managed as hazardous with
disposal in Subtitle C landfills. However, the Agency lacks adequate
information showing, that if not listed as hazardous, the wastes would
continue to be disposed in Subtitle C landfills and result in
significantly lower estimates of potential risk. The Agency requests
comment on this approach to modeling plausible mismanagement practices.
Risk characterization approach. The risk characterization approach
follows the recent EPA Guidance on Risk Characterization (Habicht,
1992) and Guidance for Risk Assessment (EPA Risk Assessment Council,
1991). The guidance specifies that EPA risk assessments will be
expected to address or provide descriptions of (1) individual risk to
include the central tendency and high-end portions of the risk
distribution, (2) important subgroups of the population such as highly
exposed or highly susceptible groups or individuals, if known, and (3)
population risk. In addition to the presentation of results, the
guidance also specifies that the results portray a reasonable picture
of the actual or projected exposures with an open discussion of
uncertainties.
Individual risk. Individual risk descriptors are intended to convey
information about the risk borne by individuals within a specified
population and subpopulations. These risk descriptors are used to
answer questions concerning the affected population, the risk levels of
various groups within the population, and the average risk for
individuals within a population of interests. The approach used in this
analysis for characterizing baseline individual risk included: (1)
identifying and describing the population of concern for each exposure
route and important subpopulations that would exhibit much higher
exposure patterns; (2) conducting screening analyses to obtain bounding
and high-end estimates and to determine the sensitivity of the model
parameters used in the risk estimation; (3) estimating central tendency
and high-end values for the most sensitive parameters in the risk
estimation procedures; and (4) calculating risk for each pathway that
provide a characterization of the average individual risk and high-end
risk descriptors.
Bounding estimates. Screening estimates of risk are developed to
determine whether an exposure pathway is of concern and to identify the
parameters in the exposure calculation that contribute most to the
certainty of the estimate. An initial screening estimate conducted for
the potential pathways of concern was a bounding estimate. ``Bounding
estimates'' purposefully overestimate the exposure or dose in an actual
population for the purpose of developing a statement that the risk is
``not greater than x.'' These bounding estimates were used to focus the
analysis of central tendency and high end risk estimates on the most
important pathways and constituents in these pathways.
Following the bounding estimate, all of the parameters used in risk
estimation for each of the exposure pathways were systematically
evaluated for their relative influence on the risk estimates. This
sensitivity analysis provides information as to which of the parameters
are the most important to include in the risk analysis.
Central tendency estimates. The central tendency risk descriptors
are intended to provide a characterization of risk for the typical
situation in which an individual is likely to be exposed. For each
waste stream/management practice/constituent/ pathway combination, a
central tendency estimate was made. Parameter values for waste stream
characteristics, management unit characteristics, environmental fate
and transport properties and exposure scenarios were all set at a
central tendency value simultaneously.
High-end estimates. The ``high-end'' of the risk distribution is,
conceptually, above the 90th percentile of the actual (either measured
or estimated) distribution. As described in the 1992 EPA Risk
Assessment Guidance for Risk Managers and Risk Assessors:
The high-end risk descriptor is a plausible estimate of the
individual risk for those persons at the upper end of the risk
distribution. The intent of this descriptor is to convey an estimate
of risk in the upper range of the distribution, but to avoid
estimates which are beyond the true distribution. Conceptually,
high-end risk means risk above the 90th percentile of the population
distribution, but not higher than the individual in the population
who has the highest risk. High-end estimates focus on estimates of
exposure or dose in the actual population. (EPA Risk Assessment
Council, 1991)
The ``high-end'' risk descriptor is intended to estimate the risk
that is expected to occur in a small but plausible high-end segment of
the population. The individuals with high-end risk may be members of a
special population segment or individuals in the general population who
are highly exposed.
If only limited information on the exposure or dose factors is
available, the guidance recommends an approach for estimating high-end
exposure or risk that identifies the most sensitive parameters and then
uses maximum or near maximum values for one or a few of these
variables, leaving others at their mean values. The guidance states
that maximizing all variables will, in virtually all cases, result in
an estimate that is above the actual values seen in the population.
For this analysis, data on exposure were generally not available
for estimating specific percentiles of the exposed population for any
of the pathways. Nonetheless, limited data were available to develop
high-end estimates following the approach described above. All exposure
factors for each of the pathways of concern\7\ were identified and
sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify those parameters that
are the most sensitive in the risk estimation process. Based on these
sensitivity analyses, a matrix was developed for each exposure pathway
of concern that included all of the important parameters. A base case
was then established using the arithmetic mean and median values for
all of the parameters; this approach provided the average estimate.
Then, each parameter was varied using a high-end value while keeping
all other parameters at their mean or median value. These were
considered high-end estimates of risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\High end estimates were made for only those pathways/
constituents associated with a bounding risk estimate of 1 x
10-6 or greater for carcinogens or a bounding hazard quotient
of 1 or greater for noncarcinogens. For a chemical constituent of
concern, a hazard quotient is the ratio of chemical's waste stream
concentration to its reported toxicity benchmark. A quotient of 1
shows that the toxicity benchmark was not exceeded.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Upper-tail estimates. An upper-tail estimate is conceptually above
the 99th percentile of the cumulative risk distribution. It represents
an extreme case, which could occur but is not probable. The EPA
developed upper-tail estimates by varying two parameters at the same
time using high-end values while keeping all other parameters at their
mean or median value. Parameters were varied in a way that did not
present inconsistencies, such as low body weight and high intake rate.
Also, combinations of high-end values for two parameters at a time that
seemed inconsistent or implausible were eliminated.
Population risk. Descriptors of population risk are intended to
convey information about the risk borne by the population or population
segment being studied. These risk descriptors are used to answer
questions concerning the number of cases of a particular health effect
that probabilistically could occur within the population during a given
time period, the number of persons or percent of the population above a
certain risk level or health benchmark (e.g., RfD or RfC), and risk for
a particular population segment.
The calculation of population risk based on estimates of risk for
all individuals in the population is very data-intensive and such data
are normally not available, as is the case for this analysis. As the
1992 EPA Guidelines for Exposure Assessment (57 FR 22888, May 29, 1992)
states:
. . . although it has been common practice to estimate the
number of cases of disease, especially cancer, for populations
exposed to chemicals, it should be understood that these estimates
are not meant to be accurate predictions of real (or actuarial)
cases of disease. The estimate's value lies in framing hypothetical
risk in an understandable way rather than in any interpretation of
the term cases.
The population risk estimates for each exposure route addressed in
this analysis were based on this approach. The exposure routes
described above have associated populations or subpopulations that are
distinct, although not necessarily mutually exclusive. For this
analysis, population data were collected to approximate the potential
number of individuals exposed within a 10 mile radius of a
representative facility. Data were collected for land surrounding eight
existing carbamate facilities. Population distributions within the
eight study areas were then computed using 1990 census tract-level
population data to estimate the total number of persons within each
study area, as well as subpopulations, including children.
Using these data and central tendency individual risk estimates or
hazard quotients (i.e., the ratio of the predicted concentration to the
applicable health based level), population risk estimates were
calculated. However, for inhalation risk, an overlay of estimated
concentration in 160 sectors surrounding a facility was used to more
accurately estimate population risk.
ii. Bounding Estimates for Individual Risk. The results of the
baseline bounding assessment are provided in the risk assessment
support document, ``Assessment of Risk from The Management of Carbamate
Waste'' (RTI, 1993). In conducting the bounding estimates all input
parameters were set at high-end values. The bounding estimates were
used to identify management practice/constituent/pathway combinations
for each waste group that could potentially present risk to individuals
at levels of concern. Two general results are of particular importance
from this analysis. First, all food chain pathways were found to result
in human health risk below levels of concern for all constituents in
all waste groups. Second, EPA developed bounding risk estimates for
wastewaters and organic liquids managed in surface impoundments from
the production of carbamates, thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates
assuming an unlined impoundment. Risks exceeding 1x10-6 or a
hazard quotient of 1 were predicted for ground water ingestion of
constituents in waste groups 1 and 2. However, since no case could be
documented of untreated waste from groups 1 and 2 currently being
managed in unlined surface impoundments, this management scenario was
not included for further evaluation in the baseline risk analysis.
iii. Risk Estimates by Exposure Route, Waste Group and Management
Practice. This section discusses baseline individual and population
risk estimation for direct inhalation, direct soil ingestion, indirect
soil ingestion, and ingestion of ground water. For each waste
management unit/exposure route combination, the methodologies used in
calculating individual and population risk and the resulting risk
estimates are presented. The waste/management practice/constituent/
pathway combinations discussed in this section include only those with
bounding risk estimates of 1x10-6 or greater for carcinogens and a
hazard quotient of 1 or greater for noncarcinogens.
Direct Inhalation
Individual risk estimates for tanks. The methodology used to
estimate risk from the direct inhalation of contaminants by humans is
based on the premise that humans live in close proximity to a facility
where wastes are managed in tanks. The potential exists for humans to
be exposed to hazardous constituents that volatilize from the wastes in
the tanks.
For this analysis, EPA estimated the typical and high-end ambient
air concentrations using air emission and dispersion models. The EPA
model CHEMDAT7 was used for air emissions, the EPA Industrial Source
Long Term model (version 2) (ISCLT2) was used for emission dispersion.
For each waste group/management practice/exposure route, Table 16
presents the high-end and central tendency risk estimates for those
constituents identified presenting risk at levels of concern (i.e.,
having a high-end risk estimate greater than or equal to 1 x 10-6
for carcinogens or a hazard quotient greater than or equal to 1 for
noncarcinogens). Table 16 also identifies the parameters that
significantly defined the lower and upper boundaries of the high-end
range.
A detailed discussion of the methodology used to estimate exposure
and the various air modeling assumptions and values of the input
parameters for high-end and central tendency exposures is found in the
risk assessment background document. A sensitive parameter in the air
modeling is the distance from the emissions source to the receptor. The
Agency used distances of 250 feet and 1000 feet to represent high-end
and central tendency receptor distances,\8\ respectively. The Agency
specifically requests comments on the appropriateness of using these
distances in the analysis. The Agency also requests comment on the
exposure assumptions for a receptor living in the vicinity of the waste
streams being considered in today's proposal. Information requested
includes length of time an individual dwells at any one residence in
these areas and the amount of time (number of days a year, hours per
day) an individual spends in and around the residence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\From ``Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facilities-Organic Air Emissions Standards for Process Vents an
Equipment Leaks Final Rule'', 55 FR 25454, June 21, 1990.
Table 16.--Individual Risk Estimates for Direct Inhalation: Tanks
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Central tendency
High-end parameters High-end risk High-end ----------------------
Waste No. Management practice Constituent of concern single/double estimate hazard Risk Hazard
quotient estimate quotient
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 1....... Covered Treatment Tank/ Triethylamine.......... Recept. distance/tank & NA 4-30 NA 1
Recycle. recept. distance.
Waste Group 1....... Open Tank Storage/Boiler/ Methylene Chloride..... Recept. dist./conc. & 3E-07--1E-06 NA 3E-08 NA
Landfill Ash. recept. distance.
Triethylamine.......... Recept. dist./recept. NA 20-40 NA 2
distance & met. data.
Waste Group 1....... WWTP--Open Quiescent Formaldehyde........... Quantity/tank & recept. 3E-06--1E-05 NA 6E-07 NA
Treatment Tank. distance.
Methylene Chloride..... Conc./tank & exposure 1E-05--5E-05 NA 3E-06 NA
duration.
Triethylamine.......... Met data/tank & recept. NA 500-2000 NA 200
distance.
Waste Group 2....... WWTP--Aerated Tank...... Carbon Disulfide....... Quantity/quantity & NA 0.4-2 NA 0.07
recept. distance.
Carbon Tetrachloride... Recept. distance/ 2E-06--7E-06 NA 4E-07 NA
recept. dist. & expo.
dur.
Chloroform............. Quantity/quantity & 1E-06--7E-06 NA 2E-07 NA
recept. distance.
Methyl Chloride........ Quantity/conc. & 4E-05--2E-04 NA 7E-06 NA
quantity.
Methyl Ethyl Ketone.... Recept. distance/conc. NA 0.2-1 NA 0.04
& recept. dist.
Methylene Chloride..... Conc./conc. & quantity. 9E-06--5E-05 NA 9E-07 NA
Pyridine............... Recept. distance/tank & NA 3-20 NA 0.6
conc.
Triethylamine.......... Recept. distance/conc. NA 40-200 NA 7
& distance.
Waste Group 3....... Open Tank Storage/ Chloroform............. Recept. distance/ 4E-06--1E-05 NA 4E-07 NA
Landfill. recept. dist. & expo.
dur.
Methylene Chloride..... Recept. distance/ 4E-07--1E-06 NA 5E-08 NA
recept. dist. & expo.
dur.
Waste Group 4....... Open Tank Storage/Boiler/ Benzene................ Recept. distance/ 5E-05--2E-04 NA 6E-06 NA
Landfill Ash. recept. dist. & expo.
dur.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Population risk estimates for tanks. To estimate the population
risk associated with direct inhalation of volatile constituents, the
number of individuals that may potentially be exposed over a 70 year
period was estimated. Using typical case exposure conditions,
population risk was then calculated for each waste/constituent of
concern/waste management practice combination. For each combination,
estimates were made for individuals exposed in all directions (i.e.,
north, south, east, and west) out to 10 miles. Exposure concentrations
were estimated at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 miles from the modeled facility in
each direction and at 1.0 mile incremental distances thereafter. The
number of exposed individuals in each sector is an average of the
population data collected at eight carbamate production facilities. For
carcinogens, the number of cancer cases occurring over 70 years were
calculated based on the individual risk, number of exposed individuals,
and number of 9 year cohorts in a 70 year time period. For
noncarcinogens, the total number of people exposed to constituent
concentrations greater than or equal to the RfCs were identified. For
each combination, the estimates were summed across all directions and
out to 10 miles to obtain the population risk (Table 17).
Table 17.--Population Risk Estimates: Tanks
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
People
Cancer cases/ exposed
Waste codes Current management practices Constituent of concern 70 years over RfC
per 70 yrs
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 1....... Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle..... Methylene chloride 1.5E-04 NA
Triethylamine. NA 73
Open St. Tank/Boiler/Landfill Formaldehyde.................. 2.8E-05 NA
Ash. Methylene chloride............ 1.4E-04 NA
Triethylamine................. NA 73
WWTP--Open Quiescent Trt. Tank Chloroform.................... 1.4E-04 NA
Formaldehyde.................. 4.8E-03 NA
Methylene chloride............ 2.8E-02 NA
Triethylamine................. NA 54,000
Waste Group 2....... Open St. Tank/Boiler/Landfill Methyl chloride............... 1.3E-05 NA
Ash. Methylene chloride............ 2.3E-06 NA
WWTP--Aerated Trt. Tank....... Carbon tetrachloride.......... 7.7E-04 NA
Chloroform.................... 1.2E-03 NA
Formaldehyde.................. 6.2E-05 NA
Methyl chloride............... 3.4E-02 NA
Methylene chloride............ 4.4E-03 NA
Triethylamine................. NA 390
Waste Group 3....... Open St. Tank/Landfill........ Chloroform.................... 1.9E-03 NA
Methylene chloride............ 2.3E-04 NA
Waste Group 4....... Open St. Tank/Boiler/Landfill Benzene....................... 2.7E-02 NA
Ash.
Waste Group 6....... Open St. Tank/Landfill........ Benzene....................... 1.4E-04 NA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Individual risk estimates for boilers. As discussed above for
tanks, the methodology used to estimate baseline individual risk from
the direct inhalation of contaminants by humans is based on the premise
that humans live in close proximity to a facility where wastes are
managed. The potential also exists for humans living in close proximity
to a facility to be exposed to hazardous constituents that are emitted
from industrial boilers, furnaces or incinerators burning the wastes.
Results from air emission and dispersion modeling using ISCLT2 were
used to develop boiler-specific scaled modeled air concentrations
(SMACs) for use in calculating ambient air concentrations. These scaled
modeled air concentrations represent the downwind concentrations
normalized by the feed rate that would result if the boiler emission
rate is 1 gram per second (g/s). The SMACs were multiplied by the waste
constituent concentrations, estimations of the fraction of the boiler
feed that the waste comprised, and a specified destruction and removal
efficiency (DRE) to calculate ambient air concentrations. The high-end
air concentrations were estimated based on high-end waste constituent
concentrations and the boiler-specific coefficient associated with the
high-end boiler and meteorological data. The methodology used in
calculating the typical case air concentrations used typical case
values for the waste constituent concentrations and boiler-specific
coefficient. Based on the high end estimates, the potential risk posed
by the majority of the constituents in the wastes going to boilers is
below levels of concern. The only constituent shown to be of concern
(i.e., having a high-end risk estimate greater than or equal to
1 x 10-6 for carcinogens or a hazard quotient greater than or
equal to 1 for noncarcinogens) is benzene in waste Group 4. The central
tendency and high end range for this constituent are 9 x 10-8 and
4 x 10-7 to 1 x 10-6, respectively.
Population risk estimates for boilers. Using typical case exposure
conditions, EPA estimated the population risk for each waste group/
constituent of concern combination for waste managed in boilers, using
a methodology similar to that used for air emissions from tanks (Table
18).
Table 18.--Population Risk Estimates: Boilers
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
People
Cancer cases/ exposed over
Waste codes Current management practices Constituent of concern 70 years RfC per 70
yrs
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 1....... Open tank storage/boiler/ Methylene chloride............ 8.9E-01 NA
landfill ash.
Waste Group 2....... Open tank storage/boiler/ Chloroform.................... 2.0E-07 NA
landfill ash. Methyl chloride............... 5.7E-06 NA
Methylene chloride............ 7.5E-07 NA
Waste Group 3....... Open tank storage/boiler/ Methylene chloride............ 5.7E-08 NA
landfill ash.
Waste Group 4....... Open tank storage/boiler/ Arsenic....................... 9.6E-04 NA
landfill ash. Benzene....................... 3.4E-03 NA
Waste Group 8....... Open tank storage/boiler/ Chromium...................... 4.3E-06 NA
landfill ash. n-Nitrosodibutylamine......... 1.5E-07 NA
n-Nitrosodimethylamine........ 1.4E-04 NA
Waste Group 9....... Open tank storage/boiler/ Arsenic....................... 2.4E-08 NA
landfill ash. Cadmium....................... 2.0E-08 NA
Chromium...................... 4.2E-08 NA
Waste Group 10...... Open tank storage/boiler/ Chromium...................... 8.2E-07 NA
landfill ash.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Individual risk estimates for landfills. The equations used to
generate the hazard quotients and risk resulting from inhalation of
volatiles were consistent with those presented in EPA's Risk Assessment
Guidance for Superfund (RAGS Part B, 1991). The central tendency risk
estimates were derived from a 30 year average atmospheric concentration
and a 9 year exposure duration. A 30 year exposure duration was used as
a high-end exposure duration value when generating the high-end risk
estimates.
Central tendency and high-end risk estimates were generated for
those constituents with a bounding risk estimate greater than 10-6
and a bounding hazard quotient estimate greater than or equal to 1
(Table 19).
Table 19.--Individual Baseline Risk From Inhalation of Volatiles: Landfills
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current Risk
Waste codes management Constituent of concern ---------------------------------- High-end parameters
practices High-end Central
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 3....... Landfill........ Chloroform................ 8E-05--1E-04 2E-05 Receptor distance and exposure duration.
Methylene chloride........ 1E-05--2E-05 3E-06 Receptor distance and exposure duration.
Waste Group 6....... Landfill........ Benzene................... 1E-05--2E-05 4E-06 Receptor distance and exposure duration.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Population risk estimates for landfills. Population risk for the
inhalation of volatile emissions from the landfill is a function of
individual risk from inhalation of volatile contaminants and the number
of people living in the area where exposure will occur. The population
risks were based on centrally tendency risk estimates for individuals.
A sensitive parameter for many of the landfill pathways is the
volume and management of the wastes sent to a landfill. To calculate
the volatile emissions, waste run-off, and particle generation, EPA
assumed the disposal of an annual quantity for each waste stream. The
waste is allowed to remain uncovered while the portion of the landfill
is active. EPA estimates that the landfill disposal depth is 3 meters
and that the density of the waste is 150 kg/m\3\, a value resembling
highly organic, muck soils. EPA requests comments on these assumptions
or any data on these assumptions.
As discussed above regarding population risk estimates from direct
inhalation, the number of people living at various distances from a
facility were also evaluated for the population risk estimates. A total
of 493 people were determined to live within 0.3 miles of the facility.
The central tendency risk estimates used in the baseline analyses
incorporated a 30 year average air concentration.
The population risk estimates for constituents of concern in waste
group 3 are 8 x 10-2 cases over a 70-year period for chloroform,
and 1 x 10-2 cases over a 70-year period for methylene chloride.
The population risk for benzene, the constituent of concern in waste
group 6, is estimated at 2 x 10-2 cases over a 70-year period.
Individual risk estimates for surface impoundments. The sludge
waste group was the only untreated waste group currently being managed
in surface impoundments. The bounding risk estimates for those
constituents in the sludge waste group were below levels of concern.
Therefore, further risk evaluations were not required.
Population risks estimates for surface impoundments. The bounding
risk estimates did not indicate any constituents of concern. Therefore,
further risk evaluations were not required.
Direct Soil Ingestion
Individual risk estimates for landfills. The equations used to
quantify risks resulting from ingestion of contaminated soil are
consistent with those soil ingestion risk equations contained in EPA
RAGS Part B. The exposure durations of 9 years and 30 years were used
to represent central tendency and high-end. Obviously, this exposure
duration could occur during various stages of life. For this analysis,
it was assumed that 6 years of the exposure period was during childhood
when soil ingestion is estimated to be highest. This is consistent with
the RAGS Part B methodology.
The risk estimates for this pathway are sensitive to the amount of
the waste that travels from the landfill to off-site receptors either
through run-off or deposition of wind-blown particulates. EPA assumed
that landfills do not have run-off controls or that the local terrain,
roads, or other engineered controls do not channel run-off from
residences. The Agency requests comment on these assumptions and data
on these parameters.
Central tendency and high-end risk estimates were generated for
those constituents identified at levels of concern from the bounding
risk analysis (Table 20).
Table 20.--Individual Baseline Risk From Direct and Indirect Soil Ingestion
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Risk or hazard
Waste codes Current management Constituent of concern ---------------------------------- High end parameters
practices High end Central
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 3....... Landfill............ Methylene chloride........ 1E-07--2E-07 NA Soil mixing depth and soil intake rate.
Waste Group 6....... Landfill............ EPTC...................... 4-9 2 Constituent concentration and soil intake
rate.
Molinate.................. 20-40 10 Soil mixing depth and soil intake rate.
Waste Group 9....... Landfill............ Arsenic................... 3E-06--4E-06 1E-06 Exposure duration and soil intake rate.
Antimony.................. 600-1000 300 Constituent concentration and soil intake
rate.
Zinc...................... 1-2 0.4 Constituent concentration and soil intake
rate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Population risk estimates for landfills. Population risk estimates
for soil ingestion were not evaluated. The EPA concluded that the
general population in the vicinity of the facilities would not have
access to the facilities. Therefore, the direct soil ingestion route
was not considered an exposure scenario warranting population risk
estimates.
Indirect Soil Ingestion
Individual risk estimates for landfills. The same risk estimation
methodology used to calculate risks from direct soil ingestion was used
to calculate risks resulting from indirect soil ingestion. This
scenario considered soil that had eroded from the site to a nearby
field. Central tendency and high-end risk estimates were generated for
those constituents with bounding risk estimates greater than or equal
to 10-6 or hazard quotients greater than or equal to 1 (Table 20).
Ingestion of Ground Water
Individual risk estimates for landfills. The equations used to
calculate risk resulting from the ingestion of contaminated ground
water were consistent with those presented in EPA's RAGS Part B. The
ground-water concentration used in the central tendency and high-end
risk estimates reflects a 30 year average ground-water concentration.
The Multimedia Exposure Assessment Model (MULTIMED), an EPA analytical
model, was used to estimate the various contaminants at specific
receptor points downgradient from the source for a variety of
scenarios. A full discussion of the model and inputs used for this
analysis is contained in the report, ``Assessment of Risk from the
Management of Carbamate Waste'' (RTI, 1993), which is available in the
docket for this proposed rule. See ADDRESSES section.
Central tendency and high-end risk estimates were generated for
those constituents with bounding risk estimates greater than or equal
to 10-6 or hazard quotients greater than or equal to 1 (Table 21).
The groundwater modeling analysis assumes that groundwater
contamination results from the disposal of waste in an on-site unlined
landfill. The Agency collected data on well use surrounding the
facility in all directions and assumed that the nearest wells are
always downgradient of these facilities. The analysis further assumes
that groundwater downgradient of the source may be used for drinking
water, these wells are on the centerline of the plume, and these wells
draw from only the uppermost aquifer. Given the current practice that
most carbamate sludges and waste solids are disposed at off-site
landfills, the Agency requests comments on the appropriateness of its
assumptions, the resulting risk estimates, and the data used by the
Agency.
Table 21.--Individual Risk Estimates From Ground-Water Ingestion: Landfills
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current Risk or hazard
Waste Code management Constituent of concern ---------------------------------- High End parameters
practice High end Central
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 3....... Landfill........ Chloroform................ 1E-07--3E-07 1E-08 Landfill area/leachate conc./recharge rate/
infiltration rate & distance to well.
Methylene chloride........ 3E-06--9E-06 2E-07 Distance to well and exposure duration.
Waste Group 6....... Landfill........ Benzene................... 5E-07--2E-06 3E-08 Landfill area/leachate conc/recharge rate/
infiltration rate and distance to well.
EPTC...................... 10-50 0.1 Landfill area/leachate conc/recharge rate/
infiltration rate and distance to well.
Molinate.................. 60-70 0.6 Distance to well and neutral hydrolysis rate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Population risk estimates for landfills. In conducting this
analysis, EPA estimated the risk to the exposed population from
ingestion of ground-water based on the estimates of the population
using water from public or private wells and individual risk estimates.
Population risk estimates were generated for those constituents which
were quantitatively analyzed for the ground-water exposure route.
The number of people using well water was estimated from the
results of a land-use survey around 8 carbamate production facilities.
For most of the states in which the study areas are located, little
information was available on private well-use.
To characterize the spatial distribution of well-water use, EPA
contacted public works officials from the urban centers nearest the
study areas to determine which portions of the study areas were served
by their municipal facilities. These officials were then asked whether
those areas not served by their public water systems are likely to be
on private wells, or whether other smaller public utilities serve those
areas.
For those areas where smaller public utilities were in operation,
those utilities were contacted. Representatives for those smaller
utilities (usually serving rural areas adjacent to urban centers) were
asked whether they use well water, or pipe in water from the larger
municipalities nearby. In addition, the smaller public utilities were
asked whether those areas not receiving their service are on private
wells. Through this process, it was possible to identify those areas
likely to be on well water (both private and public) and those areas
likely to be on non-well water.
The land-use survey was also used to determine the location of the
well closest to each of the facilities evaluated in the survey. The
average of the well location point closest to each facility was
approximately 3.7 miles (5,985 m). This distance to the ground water
exposure point was used to generate the central tendency risk estimates
required for the population risk estimates. The survey results also
indicate that there is a total of 672 people within a 3.7 mile radius
of the site who use either public or private wells as their drinking
water source. The ground water concentration used to calculate the risk
represents a 70-year average ground water concentration.
The population risk estimates for the constituents of concern in
waste group 3 are 1 x 10-5 cases over a 70-year period for
chloroform and 2 x 10-4 cases over a 70-year period for methylene
chloride. For waste group 6, the total number of cases per 70-year
period resulting from benzene-contaminated ground water is estimated at
4 x 10-5. The other constituents in this waste stream which were
analyzed, eptam (EPTC), molinate, and toluene had hazard quotients less
than 1 and were not analyzed further. The population risk posed by the
constituent of concern in waste group 9, arsenic, was not significant.
6. Estimating Hazard Quotients: Dose Response Risk Assessment
Techniques for Noncancer Endpoints
Table 11 contains RfDs, RfCs, and observed toxic effects for
constituents detected in carbamate wastes. Because the noncarcinogens
EPTC (eptam), triethylamine, and ziram were significant to the Agency's
risk assessment, the Agency is seeking to further quantify the
probability of adverse effects resulting from exposures to these
chemicals at levels above hazard quotients. Exposure above the hazard
quotient is viewed by the Agency to provide an indication that adverse
effects similar to those observed in animal studies could also be
observed in the exposed human population. However, the likelihood of
particular effects above the RfD or RfC cannot be effectively
predicted. The Agency is considering using logistic regression on
ordered categories (i.e., categorical regression analysis) to provide
estimates of risks at exposure levels above the RfD or RfC, and for the
probability of adverse population effects. The following sections
present an overview of dose-response assessment and categorical
regression. A more detailed discussion of the categorical regression
methodology is found in a paper Using Categorical Regression Instead of
a NOEAL to Characterize a Toxicologist's Judgment in Noncancer Risk
Assessment by Richard C. Hertzberg, Ph.D. and Michael L. Dourson, Ph.D.
of EPA's Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. This paper is
available in the docket supporting this proposal. See ``ADDRESSES''
section.
Dose-Response Assessment. Dose-response assessment follows hazard
identification in the risk assessment process as defined by the
National Academy of Sciences (1983). Dose-response assessment involves
the quantitative evaluation of toxicity data to determine the like
incidence of the associated effects in humans. The information
available for dose-response assessment ranges from well-conducted and
controlled studies on human exposures, epidemiology studies with large
numbers of subjects and well-characterized exposures, and supportive
studies in several animal species, to a lack of human and animal
toxicity data with only structure-activity relationships to guide the
evaluation. In any case, the Agency considers all pertinent studies in
this process. However, only data of sufficient quality are used in the
dose-response assessment of a chemical.
The Chronic Reference Dose (RfD), and Reference Concentration
(RfC). Given at least a moderate amount of toxicity data, one risk
assessment goal is to determine a level of daily exposure that is
likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during
a lifetime. The Agency's Reference Dose (RfD) and Reference
Concentration (RfC) approaches strive to include scientific
considerations in their determination.
The Agency defines the chronic RfD as an estimate (with uncertainty
spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the
human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be
without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime.
In addition, the Agency is also using this model for inhalation
exposures and similarly defines a Reference Concentration (RfC).
The RfD and RfC are useful as reference points for gauging the
potential effects of other doses and for estimating hazard quotients.
Doses at the RfD or less (consistent with hazard quotients of 1 or
less) are not likely to be associated with any health risks, and are,
therefore, assumed likely to be of little regulatory concern. In
contrast, as the amount and frequency of exposures exceeding the RfD
increase (or the hazard quotient exceeds 1), the probability that
adverse effects may be observed in a human population also increases.
However, the conclusion that all doses below the RfD are acceptable and
that all doses in excess of the RfD are unacceptable cannot be
categorically stated because these models cannot effectively predict
the likelihood of particular effects above the RfD or RfC.
Another risk assessment goal is to determine or estimate the likely
human response to various exposure levels of a particular contaminant.
For carcinogens, a dose-response model is appropriate if sufficient
data exist. Dose response models for noncancer endpoints are just now
starting to be used. The next section highlights a new procedure,
categorical regression, for which the Agency asks for comments. The
Agency is interested in receiving comments on the categorical
regression technique as applied to estimating the probability of effect
above a benchmark level, and also on the appropriateness of using this
technique in a hazardous waste listing determination.
Categorical Regression. The categories of response used in the
analysis correspond to the RfD and RfC derivation: no-observed-effect
level (NOEL) = exposure level at which no effects were observed; NOAEL
= exposure at which no adverse effects were observed; AEL = exposure at
which mild to moderate adverse effects were observed; FEL = exposure at
which severe (frank) effects were observed. Categorical regression
procedures can be used to model the probabilities of these four
categories occurring as a function of exposure level expressed as the
logarithm of human equivalent dose or human equivalent concentration
and duration of exposure expressed as a proportion of life span. For
each of the compounds studied by this technique, a second data set is
constructed by identifying and censoring ``unreliable'' NOELs or NOAELs
from each data set; these ``censored'' studies would not include
measurement of sensitive toxicologic endpoints shown to be of interest,
or were studies that tested clearly insensitive species.
The categorical regression model is described as follows: Given a
categorical response variable where the K categories are ordered in
some fashion, the outcomes can be expressed as numbers 1....K (e.g.,
Y=1(NOEL), Y=2(NOAEL), Y=3(AEL), Y=4(FEL)). Categorical regression can
be used to express the relationship between category (Y) and an
explanatory variable (X) and to estimate, at a specified value of X,
the probability of the occurrence of a particular response category
(Y=i). The final 3- and 4-category regression equations can be used to
estimate the risk of a dose above the RfD or a concentration above the
RfC.
7. Ecological Risk Assessment
The degree to which the constituents in a waste or any degradation
product of the constituents bioaccumulates in ecosystems, and poses
ecological risks when improperly treated, stored or disposed of, or
otherwise managed are also considered in the Agency's listing
determinations. See 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3). The measure of a chemicals
tendency to bioconcentrate is expressed as a bioconcentration factor
(BCF). The BCF is calculated by dividing the concentration of the
chemical in exposed organism's tissues by the concentration of the
chemical in the exposure medium. The values calculated are normalized
to a 3% lipid content (typical to fish) for comparison. The higher the
BCF, the greater the potential for bioconcentration to levels which
would have ecological effects or pose risks to humans through
consumption. Table 22 presents BCFs for selected carbamate products. A
number of carbamate chemicals show significant potential to
bioaccumulate if wastes containing these chemicals were to be
mismanaged.
Table 22.--Bioconcentration Factors
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimated
bioconcentration
CAS# Common name factor (BCF) 3%
lipid
------------------------------------------------------------------------
116-06-3 Aldicarb........................ 3.03
1646-88-1 Aldicarb sulfone (Aldoxycarb)... 1
337-71-1 Asulam.......................... 1.22
2008-41-5 Butylate........................ 730
63-25-2 Carbaryl........................ 30.5
1563-66-2 Carbofuran...................... 35.8
101-21-3 Chloropropham................... 241
759-94-4 EPTC (Eptam).................... 171
2212-67-1 Molinate........................ 88.2
114-26-1 Propoxur........................ 7.02
122-42-9 Propham......................... 45
28249-77-6 Thiobencarb..................... 179
23564-05-8 Thiophanate-methyl.............. 7.31
23031-17-5 Triallate....................... 970
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Screening methodology. The EPA performed a screening analysis for
ecological risk based on waste stream description, waste management
practice, and reasonable release scenarios. Chemical properties of the
waste groups were another key component in determining ecological
exposure routes. For example, given the fact that most of the chemical
constituents had low BCFs, an estimate of exposure to chemicals that
bioaccumulate up the food chain was not necessary for most
constituents. Taking into account current waste management practices,
reasonable release scenarios were established only for those waste
streams going to landfills (Waste Groups 3, 6, 9, and Sludges). The
remaining waste streams are managed in wastewater treatment plants
(WWTP) and on-site treatment tanks, therefore significant releases to
either aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems are not likely. Examples of
relevant ecological exposure routes stemming from landfills include:
Direct contact with contaminated soil and surface water
that has been contaminated by overland runoff or by air particle
deposition, or by ground-water that was contaminated as a result of
landfill leachate;
Direct ingestion of contaminated soil or surface water
that has been contaminated by overland runoff, or by air particle
deposition, or by ground-water that was contaminated as a result of
landfill leachate.
Aquatic ecosystems. A comparison of waste stream chemical
concentrations to their respective aquatic benchmarks, such as ambient
water quality criteria and LC50s, was used as an initial screening to
isolate chemicals of potential ecological concern. Those chemicals
whose waste stream concentrations exceeded their aquatic benchmark,
were then modeled through various pathways to estimate surface water
(river) concentrations of the chemical. Only Ziram in waste group 9
appears at levels of concern in surface waters through the pathways
modeled. Wastes solids from the production of the dithiocarbamate ziram
were modeled to exceed the LC50 of trout by 11.9 fold for possible air
to overland transport of solids to surface waters, and by 8.9 fold for
overland transport to surface waters. The Agency concludes that solids
from the production of similar dithiocarbamate products would present
similar hazards, because of the acute aquatic toxicity exhibited by
dithiocarbamates as a chemical class.
Terrestrial ecosystems. A comparison of waste group concentrations
of chemicals to their respective terrestrial benchmarks was used as an
initial screening to isolate the chemicals of potential concern. Those
chemicals whose waste stream concentrations exceeded their terrestrial
benchmark, were identified as constituents of concern. Modeling was
conducted for each of these constituents through various pathways to
estimate exposure concentrations. Since terrestrial organisms could be
exposed through several media, chemical concentrations were estimated
in soil, in fish, and in river water. A comparison was made of the
estimated media concentrations of constituents to five types of
terrestrial toxicity data: lowest observable adverse effect level
(LOAEL) pertaining mostly to rat species, oral LD50 for rat,
dermal LD50 for rabbit, bird LD50 for a variety of avian
species, and reproductive TDLO (the toxic dose having the lowest
effect) for rats.
Several constituents are present in the media at concentrations
that exceed their respective terrestrial benchmark. Carbofuran in waste
group 3 presents a potential hazard to birds, as soil concentrations
are estimated to be above the avian LD50. Bensulide, EPTC (eptam),
vernolate, butylate and molinate in waste group 6 present potential
hazards to mammals, as soil concentrations exceed both oral and dermal
LD50s and other criteria. In waste group 9, ziram, molybdenum,
dibutylamine, dimethylamine, antimony and zinc are estimated to be
present in soils and food chain pathways at levels that may present a
hazard to both mammals and birds. Table 23 presents the results of this
screening analysis for terrestrial toxicity.
EPA was unable to thoroughly assess exposures of particular animal
species, their behavioral habits, and the complex relationships within
their ecosystems, in order to quantify the terrestrial risk from
carbamate waste.
Table 23.--Terrestrial Toxicity Assessment
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ratio of media conc. to:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste stream Pathway type Chemical CAS Concentration in media (mg/kg) Reproduct.
LOAEL Oral LD50 Dermal LD50 Bird LD50 TDLo
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 3....... Soil............ Carbofuran...................... 1563662 soil--1.417E+0.................. 1.10E-01 2.30E-01 1.30E-03 2.90E+00 2.00E-02
veg--1.035E-1................... 8.00E-03 2.10E-02 1.20E-04 2.60E-01 1.50E-03
fish--1.759E-4.................. 1.40E-05 3.50E-05 2.00E-07 4.40E-04 2.50E-06
river--1.256E-5 (mg/L).......... 1.00E-06 2.50E-06 1.40E-08 3.20E-05 1.80E-07
Soil to Air to Carbofuran...................... 1563662 soil--1.417E+0.................. 1.10E-01 2.30E-01 1.30E-03 2.90E+00 2.00E-02
Soil.
veg--1.035E-1................... 8.00E-03 2.10E-02 1.20E-04 2.60E-01 1.50E-03
fish--8.329E-7.................. 6.70E-08 1.70E-07 9.40E-10 2.10E-06 1.20E-08
river--5.949E-8 (mg/L).......... 4.80E-09 1.20E-08 6.70E-11 1.50E-07 8.50E-10
Waste Group 6....... Soil............ Bensulide....................... 741582 soil--1.175E+3.................. na 4.30E+00 na 8.50E-01 na
veg--1.796E+1................... na 6.60E-02 na 1.30E-02 na
fish--4.976E-2.................. na 1.80E-04 na 3.60E-05 na
river--5.529E-4 (mg/L).......... na 2.00E-06 na 4.00E-07 na
EPTC............................ 759944 soil--4.000E+4.................. 4.00E+03 4.40E+01 2.70E+01 4.00E+02 4.00E+02
veg--7.520E+2................... 7.50E+01 8.20E-01 5.20E-01 7.50E+00 7.50E+00
fish--1.402E+0.................. 1.40E-01 1.50E-03 9.60E-04 1.40E-02 1.40E-02
river--2.089E-2 (mg/L).......... 2.10E-03 2.30E-05 1.40E-05 2.10E-04 2.10E-04
Vernolate....................... 1929777 soil--4.819E+1.................. 9.60E+00 4.00E-02 na na na
veg--4.753E-1................... 1.00E-01 4.00E-04 na na na
fish--4.48E-03.................. 9.00E-04 3.70E-06 na na na
river--2.546E-5 (mg/L).......... 5.10E-06 2.10E-08 na na na
Butylate........................ 2008415 soil--5.054E+2.................. 2.00E+01 1.70E-01 2.50E-01 na 5.10E+01
veg--3.683E+0................... 1.50E-01 1.20E-03 1.80E-03 na 3.70E-01
fish--7.340E-2.................. 2.90E-03 2.40E-05 3.70E-05 na 7.30E-03
river--2.549E-4 (mg/L).......... 1.00E-05 8.50E-08 1.30E-07 na 2.50E-05
Molinate........................ 2212671 soil--7.823E+3.................. 1.96E+03 2.10E+01 2.20E+00 na na
veg--2.289E+2................... 5.70E+01 6.20E-01 6.50E-02 na na
fish--1.507E-1.................. 3.80E-02 4.10E-04 4.30E-05 na na
river--4.319E-3 (mg/L).......... 1.10E-03 1.20E-05 1.20E-06 na na
Soil to Air to Bensulide....................... 741582 soil--1.175E+3.................. na 4.30E+00 na 8.50E-01 na
Soil.
veg--1.796E+1................... na 6.60E-02 na 1.30E-02 na
fish--7.227E-4.................. na 2.70E-06 na 5.20E-07 na
river--8.03E-6 (mg/L)........... na 3.00E-08 na 5.80E-09 na
EPTC............................ 759944 soil--4.000E+4.................. 4.00E+03 4.40E+01 2.70E+01 4.00E+02 4.00E+02
veg--7.520E+2................... 7.50E+01 8.20E-01 5.20E-01 7.50E+00 7.50E+00
fish--2.036E-2.................. 2.00E-03 2.20E-05 1.40E-05 2.00E-04 2.00E-04
river--3.034E-4 (mg/L).......... 3.03E-05 3.30E-07 2.10E-07 3.00E-06 3.00E-06
Vernolate....................... 1929777 soil--4.819E+1.................. 9.60E+00 4.00E-02 na na na
veg--4.753E-1................... 1.00E-01 4.00E-04 na na na
fish--6.508E-5.................. 1.30E-05 5.40E-08 na na na
river--3.697E-7 (mg/L).......... 7.40E-08 3.10E-10 na na na
Butylate........................ 2008415 soil--5.054E+2.................. 2.00E+01 1.70E-01 2.50E-01 na 5.10E+01
veg--3.683E+0................... 1.50E-01 1.20E-03 1.80E-03 na 3.70E-01
fish--1.066E-3.................. 4.30E-05 3.60E-07 5.30E-07 na 1.10E-04
river--3.702E-6 (mg/L).......... 1.20E-07 1.00E-09 1.50E-09 na 3.70E-07
Molinate........................ 2212671 soil--7.823E+3.................. 1.96E+03 2.10E+01 2.20E+00 na na
veg--2.289E+2................... 5.70E+01 6.20E-01 6.50E-02 na na
fish--2.189E-3.................. 5.50E-04 5.90E-06 6.20E-07 na na
river--6.272E-5 (mg/L).......... 1.60E-05 1.70E-07 1.80E-08 na na
Dipropylamine................... 142847 soil--3.973E+3.................. na 8.60E+00 3.20E+00 na na
veg--5.823E+2................... na 1.30E+00 4.70E-01 na na
fish--9.506E-5.................. na 2.10E-07 7.60E-08 na na
river--3.278E-5 (mg/L).......... na 7.10E-08 2.60E-08 na na
Waste Group 9....... Soil............ Ziram........................... 137304 soil--1.552E+5.................. na 5.81E+02 na 1.55E+03 6.21E+02
veg--7.536E+3................... na 2.80E+01 na 7.50E+01 3.00E+01
fish--1.375E-1.................. na 5.10E-04 na 1.40E-03 5.50E-04
river--7.766E-2 (mg/L).......... na 2.90E-04 na 7.70E-04 3.10E-04
Molybdenum...................... 7439987 soil--8.410E+1.................. 6.01E+02 na na na 1.40E+01
veg--1.750E+0................... 1.30E+01 na na na 2.90E-01
fish--3.881E-4.................. 2.80E-03 na na na 6.40E-05
river--3.881E-5 (mg/L).......... 2.80E-04 na na na 6.40E-06
Antimony........................ 7440360 soil--3.589E+4.................. 1.03E+05 5.10E+00 na na na
veg--1.198E+2................... 3.42E+02 1.70E-02 na na na
fish--1.84E-2................... 5.30E-02 2.60E-06 na na na
river--1.84E-2 (mg/L)........... 5.30E-02 2.60E-06 na na na
Zinc............................ 7440666 soil--5.107E+4.................. 5.11E+04 na na na na
veg--3.159E+3................... 3.16E+03 na na na na
fish--4.782E+1.................. 4.80E+01 na na na na
river--2.391E-2 (mg/L).......... 2.40E-02 na na na na
Soil to Air to Dibutylamine.................... 111922 soil--4.971E+2.................. na 2.60E+00 4.90E-01 na na
Soil.
veg--1.737E+1................... na 9.20E-02 1.70E-02 na na
fish--7.066E-5.................. na 3.70E-07 7.00E-08 na na
river--3.533E-6 (mg/L).......... na 1.90E-08 3.50E-09 na na
Dimethylamine................... 124403 soil--7.179E+3.................. na 1.00E+01 na na na
veg--2.079E+4................... na 3.00E+01 na na na
fish--8.269E-5.................. na 1.20E-07 na na na
river--2.067E-4 (mg/L).......... na 3.00E-07 na na na
Ziram........................... 137304 soil--1.552E+5.................. na 5.81E+02 na 1.55E+03 6.21E+02
veg--7.536E+3................... na 2.80E+01 na 7.50E+01 3.00E+01
fish--1.996E-3.................. na 7.50E-06 na 2.00E-05 8.00E-06
river--1.128E-3 (mg/L).......... na 4.20E-06 na 1.10E-05 4.50E-06
Waste Group 9....... Soil to Air to Molybdenum...................... 7439987 soil--8.410E+1.................. 6.01E+02 na na na 1.40E+01
Soil.
veg--1.750E+0................... 1.30E+01 na na na 2.90E-01
fish--5.636E-6.................. 4.00E-05 na na na 9.30E-07
river--5.636E-7 (mg/L).......... 4.00E-06 na na na 9.30E-08
Antimony........................ 7440360 soil--3.589E+4.................. 1.03E+05 5.10E+00 na na na
veg--1.198E+2................... 3.42E+02 1.70E-02 na na na
fish--2.673E-4.................. 7.60E-04 3.80E-08 na na na
river--2.673E-4 (mg/L).......... 7.60E-04 3.80E-08 na na na
Zinc............................ 7440666 soil--5.107E+4.................. 5.11E+04 na na na na
veg--3.159E+3................... 3.16E+03 na na na na
fish--6.946E-1.................. 6.90E-01 na na na na
river--3.473E-4 (mg/L).......... 3.50E-04 na na na na
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Summary of Basis for Listing For Additional K Listings and Other
Considerations
EPA's decision to propose additional hazardous waste listings
represents a determination by the Agency that six carbamate wastes
(identified as K156 through K161) meet the criteria for listing as
hazardous wastes presented in 40 CFR 261.11. Consequently, EPA is
proposing to add these 6 wastes to the list of hazardous wastes from
specific sources contained in 40 CFR 261.32. K156 through K161 wastes
typically and frequently contain mobile and persistent hazardous
constituents at levels such that concentrations of these constituents
at human or environmental receptors may exceed one or more human or
environmental health-based levels (HBLs) if the wastes are improperly
managed. The high concentrations of hazardous constituents in these
wastes, the mobility and persistence of the constituents of concern,
and the estimated risks associated with those constituents satisfy the
criteria set forth in 40 CFR 261.11 for listing a waste as hazardous
and provide the basis for listing these wastes as hazardous. EPA is
proposing that these wastes from carbamate production be listed as
hazardous and subject to the requirements of 40 CFR parts 124, 262-266,
268, 270, and 271 since they are capable of posing a threat to human
health and the environment when improperly treated, stored,
transported, disposed of, or otherwise handled.
As described in more detail below, these wastes frequently contain
significant concentrations of product material and raw materials listed
in Appendix VIII of 40 CFR part 261. These compounds may present a
threat to human health and the environment if mismanaged due to their
toxicity, mobility, and persistence. These constituents may be
carcinogenic, mutagenic, and/or cause other chronic systemic effects if
mismanaged. Some of these constituents are highly persistent and are
mobile in the environment based on their physical properties and
evidence from damage incidents studies collected by the Agency.
EPA in its risk analysis attempted to quantify the magnitude of the
risk posed by plausible mismanagement of each of the waste groupings.
EPA also notes that significant toxicological data gaps exist for all
wastes, precluding a full accounting of the total risk from plausible
waste mismanagement and from possible additive or synergistic
interactions. The Agency was able to calculate risks for only those
constituents of concern for which health-based numbers were available.
All these wastes contain significant quantities or percent levels of
chemicals which have limited toxicological data from which health-based
numbers can not be developed.
The Agency requests comment on the basis for listing these wastes.
EPA also requests comment on the data obtained for use in this listing
determination, the methodology and the assumptions used in the risk
assessment, and on the Agency's decision to list these waste streams.
Specifically, the Agency requests comments on the assumptions used in
the risk assessment which are highlighted in Section III.C.5 of this
preamble. In particular, the Agency requests comments on the
assumptions pertaining to characterization of the wastes, the distances
from where the waste is managed to a receptor, the operating management
practices for carbamate wastes disposed in a landfill, and the exposure
frequencies and durations assumed at a receptor.
The Agency also requests comments on the option of not listing
these waste streams. The Agency requests comments on the use of
carbamate active ingredient damage information in assessing the
potential damage from the mismanagement of carbamate waste streams and
on the relevance of the historical record on management of these waste
streams. In addition, EPA recognizes the volumes of some of the
carbamate waste streams are relatively low and the Agency requests
comment on whether and how they should be addressed in this listing.
The Agency requests comments on whether existing or potential
regulations under the Clean Air Act (CAA) or Clean Water Act (CWA), if
promulgated, would reduce incremental risks from the mismanagement of
carbamate wastes significantly to warrant not listing these wastes.
Finally, the Agency also solicits comments on the methodology and
assumptions used in the risk assessment. The Agency's risk assessment
finds that the central tendency risk estimates are on the order of one
in a million, with high end individual risk estimates falling in the
range of 10-4 to 10-6. EPA requests comments on the
representativeness of these high-end scenarios and on the merits of
alternative risk management strategies including decisions to list and
not to list these waste streams.
The following provides a summary of the rationale for each of the
proposed listings based on EPA's consideration of the criteria for
listing set forth in 40 CFR 261.11. The supporting data and specific
results of the risk assessment are presented elsewhere in this
preamble. Results of the Agency's risk assessment estimating individual
high-end and central tendency estimates and population estimates are
presented in Section III of this preamble.
K156 Carbamate Organic Wastes. From the carbamate/carbamoyl oxime
segment of the industry, the Agency is proposing to list organic wastes
(including heavy ends, still bottoms, light ends, spent solvents,
filtrates, and decantates) as Hazardous Waste Number K156. K156 wastes
frequently contain high concentrations of volatile solvents such as
methylene chloride, methyl chloride, pyridine, and methyl ethyl ketone,
and highly toxic products such as carbaryl and carbofuran. For K156
wastes, the primary pathway of concern was found to be air emissions
and subsequent transport to nearby residents from the plausible
mismanagement in open tanks. The high-end individual exposures were
estimated to present cancer risks above a 10-6 level, as well as
non-cancer effects based on exposures above reference concentrations.
The Agency has also collected damage resource information showing the
toxicity to wildlife of carbamate active ingredients such as those
found in these wastes resulting from their misuse or mismanagement.
K157 Carbamate Wastewaters. K157 wastes frequently contain high
concentrations of volatile solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile,
acetophenone, aniline, benzene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, o-
dichlorobenzene, hexane, methanol, methomyl, methyl ethyl ketone,
methyl isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride, naphthalene, phenol,
pyridine, toluene, triethylamine, and, xylene as well as toxic products
including benomyl, carbaryl, carbendazim, carbofuran, and carbosulfan.
The risk assessment primary pathway of concern was found to be air
emissions from management in aerated tanks. In this scenario, the high-
end individual exposure from volatile solvents were estimated to
present inhalation cancer risks above a 10-6 level and non-cancer
effects based on exposures above reference concentrations. The Agency
has collected damage information showing toxicity to wildlife from
carbamate active ingredients such as those found in these wastes
resulting from the misuse or mismanagement of these chemicals.
In the case of wastewaters proposed for listing as K157, air
emissions from current management practices were found to present
substantive high-end individual cancer risks, as well as non-cancer
effects. In order to control and reduce these emissions, a number of
possible options were considered by the Agency. The Agency believes
that industry should implement cost-effective source reduction efforts
to reduce the volume and toxicity of the wastes that pose these risks
through chemical substitution, process changes, or other measures that
could result in the greater recovery and reuse of volatile chemicals in
the original production process to reduce the risks. Where process
changes are not cost-effective, the Agency believes cost-effective
controls should be installed to capture these emissions for reuse or
off-site recycling.
Air emissions from hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal
facilities (TSDFs) can be addressed by regulations under RCRA 3004(n).
Currently, standards are in place for process vents and equipment leaks
(subparts AA and BB of 40 CFR part 264 and part 265). Regulations to
control air emissions from tanks, surface impoundments, containers, and
certain miscellaneous units were proposed July 22, 1991 (56 FR 33490).
This proposal would add part CC air emission requirements to 40 CFR
part 264 and part 265. However, under 40 CFR 264.1(g)(6) and
265.1(c)(10), wastewater treatment units which employ tanks and are
subject to regulation under either section 402 or 307(b) of the Clean
Water Act are not subject to either the part 264 or 265 standards, and,
as such, would not be subject to the CC regulations when promulgated as
a final rule. As a result, listing these wastes as hazardous without
also changing existing exemptions from waste management rules can not
mitigate the risks found, since the current exemptions would also
prevent application of part CC air emission standards, when finalized,
to these units. As EPA stated when it promulgated the limited
permitting exemption, these exemptions ``were intended to reduce the
regulatory burden on a class of facilities which pose less of a risk to
human health and the environment than other types of hazardous waste
management facilities'' (47 FR 4706). Removal of these exemptions as a
means to control the air emissions from this one industry group would
defeat this purpose, and necessitate the resource-intensive permitting
of thousands of low risk facilities. The Agency is not at this time
proposing to remove or amend 40 CFR 264.1(g)(6) and 264.1(c)(10).
However, the Agency is exploring additional options to control air
emissions from such facilities.
As an alternative to listing this wastewater stream as hazardous
and subjecting them to the management control of the air emission under
RCRA 3004(n) authority, the Agency also considered the availability of
other authorities that specifically direct EPA to control air
emissions. The primary statute providing such authority is the Clean
Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq., as amended by the Clean Air Act of
1990, Public Law 101-549, Nov. 15, 1990). Under the Clean Air Act
(CAA), the Agency has proposed a National Emission Standard for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for producers of hazardous organic
air pollutants (57 FR 62608). The proposed NESHAP, if promulgated as a
Final Rule, would control wastewaters from the production of one of the
carbamate products (carbaryl), provided the total hazardous air
pollutant (HAP) concentration is 10,000 parts per million by weight, or
a total average concentration greater than or equal to 1,000 parts per
million by weight and the average flow rate is greater than or equal to
10 liters per minute, but does not impact other carbamate product
lines. With the passage of the CAA, the Agency has embarked on a
multiyear plan for implementation through the year 2000 (57 FR 44147,
July 16, 1992). As explained in the July 16, 1992 notice, the Agency is
also developing additional NESHAPs to cover a number of other source
categories, but these actions would not fully control the risks
associated with the particular wastewaters of concern in the carbamate
industry segment. The Agency has also developed draft control technique
guidlines (CTGs) under the Clean Air Act (see document No. EPA 453/D-
93-056) which may address some air risks at facilities in non-
attainment areas. The Agency also plans to develop alternative control
techniques (ACTs) which are not mandatory. Because of the limited
applicability of the CTGs and ACTs, they will not address all air risks
from carbamate facilities.
In order to provide industry with flexibility to allow it to
accomplish the Agency's source reduction goals, the Agency is proposing
a regulatory strategy which allows for a concentration-based exemption
from the listing. For wastewaters from the production of carbamate and
carbamoyl oxime chemicals (proposed as hazardous waste code K157), a
hazardous waste listing coupled with a concentration-based listing
exemption is appropriate to define when the K157 wastewater in tanks
ceases to pose an unacceptable risk to human health or the environment.
Using models to calculate the atmospheric concentrations of chemicals
of concern, the Agency found that for these wastewaters a total
concentration of 5 parts per million by weight (ppmwt) would be
protective for wastewater containing formaldehyde, methyl chloride,
methylene chloride, and triethylamine. For these constituents of
concern, the 5 ppmwt level, while protective of air emission risks,
would be above the 40 CFR part 268 best demonstrated available
treatment (BDAT) level for these constituents in other hazardous
wastewaters and current delisting criteria. These treatment standards
assume that wastes have been subjected to final treatment prior to
disposal. Assuming further wastewater treatment as necessary before
discharge, under the ``plausible mismanagement'' scenario of treatment
in open tanks for K157 (see Section III.C.5), the Agency views this
level as protective. In addition, EPA notes that the 40 CFR Part 268
land disposal restrictions's would not apply to wastes managed in tanks
except to the extent the wastes were also managed in land-based units
such as surface impoundments. Therefore, the Agency is proposing a
concentration-based exemption to the listing description of these
wastewaters.
The Agency is proposing to list as Hazardous Waste Number K157 the
``group 2'' wastewaters as follows:
K157--Wastewaters (including scrubber waters, condenser waters,
washwaters, and separation waters) from the production of carbamates
and carbamoyl oximes.
Under Sec. 261.3(a)(2)(iv), a new exemption to the definition of
hazardous wastes would be created for these wastewaters. This proposed
new exemption would read:
Sec. 261.3(a)(2)(iv) * * *
(F) One or more of the following wastes listed in Sec. 261.32--
wastewaters from the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes
(EPA Hazardous Waste No. K157)--provided that the maximum weekly
usage of formaldehyde, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, and
triethylamine (including all amounts that cannot be demonstrated to
be reacted in the process or is recovered, i.e., what is discharged
or volatilized) divided by the average weekly flow of process
wastewater prior to any dilutions into the headworks of the
facility's wastewater treatment system does not exceed a total of 5
parts per million by weight.
Under this exemption, wastes which are calculated to contain less
than a total concentration of 5 ppmwt for the sum of the four
constituents of concern would not be hazardous wastes, and any sludges
generated from further biological treatment would not be derived from
hazardous wastes, assuming wastewaters are <5 ppmwt at the point of
generation.
The Agency does not intend to determine compliance with this
provision by requiring that generators actually monitor the
concentration of the constituents of concern in untreated wastewater,
but proposes to use the same strategy used in other exemptions for
wastewaters discharged into the headworks of a wastewater treatment
system found at 40 CFR 261.3(a)(2)(4) (46 FR 56582, November 17, 1981).
A generator must be able to demonstrate that the total amount of all
constituents of concern that is not converted to product or recovered
(i.e., what is discharged or volatilized) during the week divided by
the average weekly flow of the process unit discharge to into the
headworks of the final wastewater treatment step not exceed the
proposed standards.
This demonstration can be made through an audit of various records
already maintained at most facilities, including invoices showing
material purchases, lists including to whom and how much inventory was
distributed and other, similar, operating records. A facility can
exclude that portion of the constituents of concern not disposed to
wastewaters. No portion of the material of concern which is volatilized
may be excluded from the calculation. The Agency requests comment on
whether or not specific record keeping requirements should be
promulgated. Under current regulations (40 CFR 262.11 and 268.7)
generators are required to determine whether their wastes are
hazardous. Facilities claiming the exemption would have to be able to
demonstrate that they meet the exemption. Such information would be
intended to verify compliance with this concentration standard. An EPA
inspector would look to this information to verify the assessment made
by the generator, and may employ direct analytical testing as further
verification. Should either measurement indicate a total concentration
greater than 5 ppmwt for the sum of the concentrations of the four
chemicals of concern, then the wastes shall be subject to regulation as
K157 hazardous waste. In this manner, the Agency seeks to discourage
and prevent air stripping or other technologies which would merely
continue to volatilize these hazardous air pollutants of concern. The
Agency requests comment on using this regulatory strategy to achieve
risk reduction.
The Agency is also proposing to specifically exempt biological
treatment sludges from the treatment of wastewaters from the production
of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes from the definition of hazardous
waste. Under Sec. 263.3(c)(2)(ii), a new exemption to the definition of
hazardous wastes would be created for sludges from the biological
treatment of these wastewaters. This proposed new exemption would read:
Sec. 261.3(c)(2)(ii) * * *
(D) Biological treatment sludge from the treatment of one of the
following wastes listed in Sec. 261.32--wastewaters from the
production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes (EPA Hazardous Waste
No. K157).
Without exemption, a large volume of previously disposed wastes and
sludge currently collecting within the various treatment systems would
require management as derived from newly identified hazardous waste.
However, in the case of the biological sludges from the treatment of
carbamate and carbamoyl oxime wastewaters, the Agency could only
identify risks resulting from the hazardous volatile air pollutants
present in the wastewaters being treated. Neither these air pollutants
nor other hazardous substances were found to be accumulating in the
biological treatment sludges studied by the Agency. This leads the
Agency to believe these sludges do not meet the definition of hazardous
waste. Therefore, the Agency is proposing to exempt these sludges
derived from the proposed K157 wastes from the definition of hazardous
wastes, provided the wastes are not otherwise characteristically
hazardous. EPA believes that this exemption is particularly appropriate
because of the small number of facilities in this industry and the
Agency's through investigation of carbamate wastes, as described
elsewhere in this preamble.
K158 Carbamate Baghouse Dust and Filter/Separation Solids. K158
wastes frequently contain percent levels of such products as
carbofuran, carbosulfan, benomyl, and carbendazim as well as such
solvents as methylene chloride, chloroform, phenol, and xylene. These
materials are known to be mobile in soils and may pose risks above a
10-6 level by direct exposure or through groundwater transport
when landfilled. The product chemicals in K158 wastes are acutely toxic
to humans, birds, and fish. The Agency believes that, if mismanaged,
carbofuran wastes will present significant risks through a soil pathway
for wildlife. The Agency recognizes that there is 549 metric tons of
K158 waste generated annually. The Agency has collected damage
information showing toxicity to wildlife from carbamate active
ingredients such as those found in these wastes resulting from their
misuse or mismanagement.
K159 Thiocarbamate Organic Wastes. The Agency is proposing to list
organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes as Hazardous Waste
Number K159. These wastes frequently contain benzene, and toxic
thiocarbamate product materials, such as eptam, molinate, and butylate,
at percent levels.
EPA's risk assessment estimated high-end individual cancer risk
above a 10-6 level for inhalation of benzene, assuming plausible
mismanagement in open tanks. In addition, because EPA currently lacks
inhalation reference levels for the other constituents (eptam,
molinate, and butylate), EPA was unable to evaluate potential risks
from volatilization of these other constituents. The Agency has damage
case information for these wastes involving groundwater contamination.
K160 Thiocarbamate Solids. The Agency is proposing to list solids
(including spent carbon, filter wastes, separation solids and spent
catalysts) from the production of thiocarbamates and solids from the
treatment of thiocarbamate wastes as Hazardous Waste Number K160. These
wastes contain significant concentrations of benzene and percent levels
of thiocarbamate product materials, such as eptam, molinate, and
butylate. Also, similar to K159 wastes, the Agency was unable to
quantify risks from volatilization of eptam, molinate, and butylate.
Assuming plausible mismanagement in an unlined landfill, EPA's risk
assessment showed high-end individual cancer risks above a 10-6
level and non-cancer effects for the ground water, air, and soil
ingestion pathways.
In addition to the human health risk assessment results, EPA has
records of mismanagement contributing to ground water contamination.
These damage cases are discussed in Section III.C.4 of this preamble.
Furthermore, the Agency calculated numerous significant terrestrial
ecosystem risks, which are presented in Table 23 of this preamble.
There is approximately 665 metric tons of K160 waste generated
annually.
K161 Dithiocarbamate Solid Wastes. From the dithiocarbamate segment
of the industry the Agency is proposing to list purification solids
(including filtration, evaporation, and centrifugation solids), and
baghouse dust and floor sweepings as Hazardous Waste Number K161. K161
wastes frequently contain carbon disulfide, heavy metals such as lead,
nickel, arsenic, selenium, antimony and cadmium, and are comprised
largely of reactive dithiocarbamate product materials such as metam-
sodium and ziram, which are highly toxic to aquatic organisms. Because
these products readily react in the environment to form other gases or
vapors, such as carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide,
methylisothiocyanate, and amines, which can oxidize to carcinogenic
nitrosoamines, the EPA is proposing to require management of these
dithiocarbamate wastes as reactive and toxic hazardous wastes. High-end
individual cancer risks above a 10-6 level and non-cancer effects
for wastes disposed in an off-site landfill were estimated, and
significant adverse aquatic or terrestrial ecological effects were
predicted from airborne transport. The Agency has also collected damage
resource information showing the toxicity to wildlife if the wastes
containing dithiocarbamate product were mismanaged or the product was
misused.
9. Summary Basis for a No-Listing Decision on Wastewaters, and Certain
Wastewater Treatment Residuals
The Agency's decision to propose a ``no list'' determination for a
particular waste or waste stream represents a weight of evidence
finding that additional regulation is not required to protect human
health and the environment based on currently available information.
This in no way implies that there is no potential hazard, or that
significant environmental damage could not occur from gross
mismanagement of the wastes. However, based on a comprehensive survey
of the industry, EPA believes that no significant threat exists from
normal or plausible mismanagement.
Wastewaters of groups 5, 7, and 8 are generated throughout the
carbamate manufacturing processes. Typically, a facility's wastewaters
include reactor and tank washwaters, scrubber waters, condenser waters,
process decantates, mother liquors, rinsewaters, equipment washes, and
rainwater runoff. Several facilities treat wastewaters on site before
discharge to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) or a privately
owned treatment works (PrOTW) or through an on-site wastewater
treatment plant and then discharge under a National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit. Some wastewaters are incinerated and
many are recycled back to the process. The Agency has analyzed several
of these wastewaters and found that in some cases they may also contain
constituents of concern at significant levels.
Most wastewaters are collected and treated in an on-site wastewater
treatment plant. As a result, the effluent from the wastewater
treatment plant is subject to either the effluent guidelines and
pretreatment standards promulgated for the Organic Chemicals, Plastics,
and Synthetic Fibers (OCPSF) industries (52 FR 42522, November 5, 1987)
or the Pesticide Chemicals Manufacturing Effluent Limitations,
Guidelines, Pretreatment Standards, and New Source Performance
Standards. These pesticide chemical manufacturing effluent limitations,
guidelines and standards have been promulgated for a limited number of
carbamate pesticides (58 FR 50638, September 28, 1993).
In response to the effluent guidelines, a number of facilities may
install steam stripping or other technologies to aid in compliance with
the new effluent guidelines. The result of such action could be a
reduction in the volatile materials currently reaching the wastewater
treatment systems, if the stripper heads are recycled.
In addition to the wastewaters proposed as hazardous waste number
K157, the Agency also considered the following possible listings for
wastewaters:
Group 5--Wastewaters from the production of thiocarbamates and
treatment of wastes from thiocarbamate production.
Group 7--Process Wastewater (including supernates, filtrates, and
washwaters) from the production of dithiocarbamates.
Group 8--Reactor vent scrubber water from the production of
dithiocarbamates.
A large proportion of these streams are treated on site in tanks
before discharge under the Clean Water Act (CWA). Current risks were
modeled for air emissions from the wastewater treatment units (i.e.,
tanks). Although the gross mismanagement of these wastewaters in
unlined surface impoundments could result in significant environmental
harm, management in unlined surface impoundments currently exists only
for wastewaters which have been treated to reduce toxicity. Therefore,
the Agency determined that for these wastewaters ``plausible
mismanagement'' would be continued management in the open tanks of the
existing treatment systems. The Agency is proposing not to list
wastewaters from groups 5, 7, and 8, which were modeled and found to
not present significant risks from current management practices.
The Agency requests comment on its decisions not to list these
wastes, and in particular on its selection of ``plausible
mismanagement'' of the wastewaters to be the current management in
tanks. Had the Agency selected ``plausible mismanagement'' to be
``gross mismanagement'' such as management in unlined surface
impoundments or discharge without treatment, then the significant
intrinsic hazard of these wastes would have likely resulted in
significantly greater estimates of potential risk. In this case, the
Agency surveyed the entire industry and identified all current
management practices to be treatment in tanks, except in the last
stages of wastewater treatment. The Agency can foresee no reason for
these facilities to abandon their current treatment works, and
therefore, it is reasonable for the Agency to conclude, for these
wastes in this industry, that current practices constitute ``plausible
mismanagement.''
The treatment of wastewaters generates sludges from aqueous
separation, neutralization, and biological treatment. The Agency has
found that organic/aqueous separator sludges are concentrated organic
residuals containing significant levels of the constituents of concern.
In contrast, most of the constituents of concern were not detected in
wastewater neutralization and biological sludges from the production of
carbamate and carbamoyl oxime products. Constituents present in these
wastes, when detected, were typically present at levels below 100 times
the HBI. Thus, the Agency is proposing to not exempt biological
wastewater treatment sludges derived from the production of carbamate
and carbamoyl oxime products from the definition of hazardous wastes
and to provide an exemption for the source wastewaters provided
hazardous air pollutants have been removed.
In addition, a significant volume of spent carbons are generated
from the production of carbamate and carbamoyl oxime products. These
spent carbons are currently regulated as D022 hazardous wastes due to
the leachable concentration of chloroform absorbed on the spent carbon.
During its data collection effort in support of this proposal, the
Agency characterized the spent carbons and found chloroform to be the
driving contaminant of concern. In the Agency's opinion, existing
hazardous waste regulations are adequate for these spent carbons, and
therefore proposes to narrow the scope of the waste grouping of solids
from the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes to focus on bag
house dusts and filter/separation solids which are currently not
regulated.
Similarly, for organic wastes from the production of
dithiocarbamates, the Agency found from its Sec. 3007 Carbamate
Industry Survey that all wastes in the grouping were already regulated
as either hazardous waste F003 or F005. The Agency feels that these
wastes are adequately regulated by existing regulations, and is
proposing not to separately list these wastes as hazardous to avoid
redundant regulation.
10. Summary of Basis for Listing For Additional P & U Listings
The 23 materials listed in Table 5 meet the criteria for listing as
acute hazardous wastes presented in 40 CFR 261.11(a)(2). They are
acutely hazardous because they have been found to be fatal to humans in
low doses or in the absence of data on human toxicity, have been shown
in animal studies to have an oral (rat) LD50 of less than 50 milligrams
per kilogram, a dermal rabbit LD50 of less than 200 milligrams per
kilogram, an inhalation (rat) LC50 of less than 2 mg/L, or are
otherwise capable of causing or significantly contributing to serious
illness. Table 24 presents these commercial chemical products proposed
for listing as acute hazardous waste, the oral LD50 (rat), inhalation
LC50 (rat), and the dermal LD50 (rabbit). As shown in this table, each
of these chemicals meets at least one of these criteria. Consequently,
based in part on these aquatic and acute mammalian toxicity data, EPA
is proposing to add these 23 materials to the list of hazardous wastes
in 40 CFR 261.33(e).
Chemical substances which pose toxic threats to human health or the
environment are listed in 40 CFR 261.33(f). For the purposes of
identifying compounds to be included on this list, the Agency considers
principally the nature of the toxicity (see 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3)(i)) and
its concentration (see 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3)(ii)). Concentration of the
material will be high because commercial chemicals will consist in a
large degree the toxic compound or contain the compound as the sole
active ingredient. Table 25 presents aquatic and acute mammalian
toxicity data, including the oral LD50 (rat), inhalation LC50 (rat),
and dermal LD50 (rabbit), used to support the proposed hazardous waste
listing of these toxic commercial chemical products.
In compiling the basic toxicological information contained in Table
25, the Agency found that for many carbamate products or captive
intermediates, there was little or no toxicological studies recorded in
either the available literature, the Agency's records, or on current
Material Safety Data Sheets. To facilitate the assessment of
toxicological properties of the chemicals of concern in the production
of carbamate chemicals, these chemicals with limited toxicity data were
divided into structure-toxicity groups. These groups are:
a. esterase (cholinesterase) inhibiting,
b. other non-cancer toxicity,
c. potentially carcinogenic, and
d. toxic metal (metallocarbamates).
Structure-toxicity surrogates were then selected for each group and
their toxicity ascribed to the group members, for which human data are
lacking and animal data are inadequate. For most of the constituents,
some data on the toxicity of the chemical itself or of its metabolites
were available. This information was used to assign the chemicals to
one of the four toxicity groups. The assignment of groups was used to
develop surrogate health benchmarks for use in the analysis. Although
the data were adequate for identifying the toxicity of a chemical,
there is considerable uncertainty in assigning surrogate health
benchmarks for these chemicals. Further discussion of this approach can
be found in ``Integrative Evaluation of the Toxicity of Data-Poor
Constituents of the Carbamate Waste Listing,'' available in the docket
supporting this proposed rule. See ``ADDRESSES'' section. The Agency
believes that this approach is especially valid for such structurally
similar chemicals as carbamates. The Agency requests comment on this
approach, and any additional toxicity information.
Table 25 also includes four generic listings; one each for each
specific chemical group of carbamate products. The Agency feels that
these generic descriptions are warranted to help emergency first
responders identify the potential hazards of carbamate, carbamoyl
oxime, thiocarbamate, and dithiocarbamate products. These descriptions
are intended to be analogous to the current Department of
Transportation labeling requirements for carbamate pesticides and
dithiocarbamate pesticides to speed hazard identification in the advent
of future transportation accidents.
The Agency feels such generic product listings are especially
appropriate for such structurally similar chemicals as carbamate,
carbamoyl oximes, thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates. As a group this
chemicals exhibit significant toxicity to a number of organisms, which
has been the basis for the registration and use of a number of these
substances as pesticide active ingredients.
As a chemical class dithiocarbamates are highly reactive materials,
which are normally utilized as a more stable metal salt. However, even
these salts are subject to decomposition to toxic amines,
alkylisothiocyanates, and carbon disulfide, and to the oxidation of the
amines to form carcinogenic nitrosoamines. The Agency, therefore,
believes that the entire class of dithiocarbamate discarded products
and spill residues will typically exhibit the characteristic of
reactivity and is subject to existing regulation as D003 Characteristic
Hazardous Wastes. Because no facility reported current management of
these dithiocarbamate products waste as reactive hazardous wastes, the
Agency is proposing to separately designate these dithiocarbamate
wastes as hazardous wastes.
Table 24.--Toxicity Data for Proposed Acutely Hazardous Commercial Chemical Products
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed Acutely hazardous wastes CAS name Oral LD50 (rat) mg/ Inh. LC50 (rat) mg/L Dermal LD50 Aquatic LC50 mg/L 4 day
waste code (common name in parentheses) CAS No. kg 4 hr. rabbit mg/kg unless noted
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P185 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4- 26419-73-8 1................... .................... 350 ..........................
dimethyl-, O-
[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime
(Tirpate).
P186 2-Butanone, 3,3-dimethyl-1- 39196-18-4 8.5................. 0.070............... 39 ..........................
(methylthio)-, O-
[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime
(Thiofanox).
P187 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-, 22781-23-3 64-119 female rat, 0.55 2.2/1hr........ 566 rat...... 0.47-1.67 (BG), 1.2-1.5
methyl carbamate (Bendiocarb). 72-156 male rat. (Trout), 5.55 (RC).
P127 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2- 1563-66-2 5................... 0.017-0.047......... 885.......... 0.165 (BG), 0.380 (RT)a,
dimethyl-, methylcarbamate 0.872 (FM)a.
(Carbofuran).
P188 Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, compd. with 57-64-7 2.5 (mouse) ..........................
(3as-cis)-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-
1,3a,8-trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-
5-yl methylcarbamate ester (1:1)
(Physostigmine salicylate).
P189 Carbamic acid, 55285-14-8 51.................. 1.53/1hr............ >2,000....... ..........................
[(dibutylamino)thio]methyl-, 2,3-
dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl
ester (Carbosulfan).
P190 Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3- 1129-41-5 268................. 0.475 ..........................
methylphenyl ester (Metolcarb).
P191 Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 1- 644-64-4 25.................. .................... 2,000........ 0.012/0.5 hr (DM), 0.074/
[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-5-methyl- 2d (TC).
1H-pyrazol-3-yl ester (Dimetilan).
P192 Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-methyl-1- 119-38-0 10.8................ .................... ............. 10.7 (RT).
(1-methylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl
ester (Isolan).
P193 Carbamic acid, [1,2- phenylenebis 23564-05-8 6,640............... 1.7................. >10,000...... 11.4/3d (RT), 16/2d (DM).
(imino carbonothioyl)]bis-, dimethyl
ester (Thiophanate-methyl).
P194 Ethanimidothioc acid, 2-(dimethy 23135-22-0 2.5 female.......... 0.064 male.......... 740.......... 8.3 (FM).
lamino)-N- [[(methy lamino)carbonyl]
oxy]-2-oxo-, methyl ester (Oxamyl).
P195 Ethanimidothioic acid, N,N'-[thiobis 59669-26-0 66.................. 0.52................ 6,310........ 1.21 (BG), 2.55 (RT).
[(methy limino)carbony loxy]]bis-,
dimethyl ester (Thiodicarb).
P196 Manganese, bis(dimethyl 15339-36-3 32 ..........................
carbamodithioato-S,S')-, (Manganese
dimethyldithio carbamate).
P197 Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl -N'-[3- 17702-57-7 7.2 ..........................
methyl-4-[[(methyl
amino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-
(Formparanate).
P198 Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3- 23422-53-9 20.................. .................... 10,200 ..........................
[[(methylamino) carbonyl]oxy]
phenyl]-, monohydro chloride
(Formetanate hydrochloride).
P128 Phenol, 4-(dimethylamino)-3,5- 315-18-4 14.................. .................... >500......... 10.4 (BG), 12 (RT)a, 23.7
dimethyl-, methylcarbamate (ester) (FM), 15.8 (CT)a.
(Mexacarbate).
P199 Phenol, (3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylthio)- 2032-65-7 20.................. .................... >2,000 350 0.8 (RT), 0.21 (BG).
, methylcarbamate (Methiocarb). (rat).
P200 Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-, 114-26-1 70.................. 1.44/1hr............ 800 (Rat).... 1.47 (DM), 8.2 (RT)a, 25
methylcarbamate (Propoxur). (FM)a, 4.8 (BG)a.
P201 Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, 2631-37-0 35.................. .................... >1,000....... 28 (TD).
methyl carbamate (Promecarb).
P202 Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), methyl 64-00-6 16.................. .................... 40........... 0.180 (RT).
carbamate (Hercules AC-5727).
P203 Propanal, 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)- 1646-88-4 20.................. 0.14................ 200.......... 1.017/2d (DL).
, O-[(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime
(Aldicarb sulfone).
P204 Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 57-47-6 3 (mouse) ..........................
1,2,3,3a,8,8a- hexahydro-1,3a,8-
trimethyl-, methylcarbamate (ester),
(3aS-cis)-(Physostigmine).
P205 Zinc, bis(dimethyl carbamodithioato- 137-30-4 267................. 0.081............... >2,000....... 0.002/60d (RT), 0.17/4d
S,S')-, (Ziram). (FM)\1\.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BG: Blue Gill
DS: Daggerblade Shrimp
RT: Rainbow Trout
WM: White Mullet
b: interperitoneal
CT: Cutthroat Trout
FM: Fathead Minnow
SC: Scud
a: Active ingredient
DP: Daphnia Pulex
DL: Daphnia Laevis
HF: Harlequinfish
TC: Tooth Carp
DM: Daphnia Magna
RC: Red Crayfish
TD: Toad
\1\Recalculation involved
Table 25.--Toxicity Information for Proposed Toxic Commercial Chemical Products
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed Toxic hazardous wastes IUPAC name Oral LD50 (rat) mg/ Inh. LC50 (rat) mg/L Dermal LC50 Aquatic LC50 mg/L 4 day
waste code (common name in parentheses) CAS No. kg 4 hr. rabbit mg/kg unless noted
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U360 Carbamates N.O.S ..........................
U361 Carbamoyl Oximes N.O.S ..........................
U362 Thiocarbamates N.O.S ..........................
U363 Dithiocarbamate acids, salts, and/or ............ .................... .................... ............. ..........................
esters, N.O.S. (This listing
includes mixtures of one or more
dithiocarbamic acid, salt, or
ester.).
U279 1-Naphthalenol, methylcarbamate 63-25-2 230................. >3.4................ 2,000........ 3.28 (DM), 6.7 (BG), 2.1
(Carbaryl). (RT), 13.4 (FM).
U364 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-, 22961-82-6 4,640............... .................... ............. 10 (RT), 25/2d (DM).
(Bendiocarb phenol).
U365 1H-Azepine-1-carbothioic acid, 2212-67-1 369................. >0.2................ 3,536........ 0.32 (BG)a, 14.0 (RT).
hexahydro-, S-ethyl ester
(Molinate).
U366 2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione, 533-74-4 320................. 8.4................. 7,000........ 0.28/2d1 (HF).
tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-(Dazomet).
U367 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2- 1563-38-8 .................... .................... ............. 16/2d (DP).
dimethyl-(Carbofuran phenol).
U368 Antimony tris 15890-25-2 16,400.............. .................... 16,000 ..........................
(dipentylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-
(Antimony
trisdipentyldithiocarbamate).
U369 Antimony, tris[bis(2- 15991-76-1 16,400.............. .................... 16,000 ..........................
ethylhexyl)carbamodithioato-S,S']-,
(Antimony tris(2-
ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate).
U370 Bismuth, 21260-46-8 >3,000 ..........................
tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S-, (Methyl bismate).
U371 Carbamic acid, 65086-85-3 >11,000 ..........................
[(dimethylamino)iminomethyl)]
methyl, ethyl ester
monohydrochloride (Hexazinone
intermediate).
U280 Carbamic acid, (3-chlorophenyl)-, 4- 101-27-9 527................. 27.4................ 23,000....... 1.16/2d (HF)1.
chloro-2-butynyl ester (Barban).
U372 Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, 10605-21-7 6,400............... .................... >10,000...... >3.20 (BG), 0.48 (RT),
methyl ester (Carbendazim). 0.55/2d (DM).
U373 Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1- 122-42-9 1,000............... .................... >5,000 (Rat). 38 (RT)a, 29 (BG)a, 10
methylethyl ester (Propham). (SC).
U374 Carbamic acid, [[3- 112006-94-7 >11,000............. >5.7 ..........................
[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-2-
pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-phenyl ester
(U9069).
U271 Carbamic acid, [1- 17804-35-2 10,000.............. >2.................. >10,000...... 1.3 (BG), 0.29 (RT), 2.05
[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H- (FM)a.
benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl ester
(Benomyl).
U375 Carbamic acid, butyl-, 3-iodo-2- 55406-53-6 372................. .................... >2,000....... 1.1 (RT).
propynyl ester (Troysan Polyphase).
U376 Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, 144-34-3 104 (mouse) ..........................
tetraanhydrosulfide with
orthothioselenious acid (Selenium
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
U377 Carbamodithioic acid, methyl,- 137-41-7 630................. .................... ............. 0.012/2d (DM), 0.08 (RT).
monopotassium salt (Potassium n-
methyldithiocarbamate).
U378 Carbamodithioic acid, 51026-28-9 590 ..........................
(hydroxymethyl)methyl-,
monopotassium salt (Busan 40).
U277 Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 2- 95-06-7 850................. .................... 2,200........ ..........................
chloro-2-propenyl ester
(Sulfallate).
U379 Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl, 136-30-1 670................. .................... ............. ..........................
sodium salt (Sodium
dibutyldithiocarbamate).
U380 Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl-, 10254-57-6 >16,000............. .................... >2,000 ..........................
methylene ester (Vanlube 7723).
U381 Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 148-18-5 1,500............... .................... >1,000 (Rat). 0.91/2d (DM).
sodium salt (Sodium
diethyldithiocarbamate).
U382 Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, 128-04-1 1,000............... .................... ............. 0.0064/60d (RT), 0.67/2d
sodium salt (Dibam). (DM).
U383 Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl, 128-03-0 .................... .................... ............. 0.049 (DS).
potassium salt (Potassium dimethyl
dithiocarbamate) (Busan 85).
U384 Carbamodithioic acid, methyl-, 137-42-8 450................. .................... 800.......... 0.33/1.08d (DM)1.
monosodium salt (Metam Sodium).
U385 Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-,S- 1929-77-7 1,200............... .................... >9,000....... 2.5 (BG)a, 4.3 (RT)a, 1.8
propyl ester (Vernolate). (SC).
U386 Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl- 1134-23-2 1,678............... .................... 3,000........ 2.6 (SC)1.
, S-ethyl ester (Cycloate).
U387 Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S- 52888-80-9 1,820............... >4.7................ >2,000....... ..........................
(phenylmethyl) ester (Prosulfocarb).
U388 Carbamothioic acid, (1,2- 85785-20-2 >2,000.............. .................... >2,000 (rat). ..........................
dimethylpropyl) ethyl-, S-
(phenylmethyl) ester (Esprocarb).
U389 Carbamothioic acid, bis(1- 2303-17-5 .................... .................... ............. 6.0/2d (HF)1.
methylethyl)-, S-(2,3,3-trichloro-2-
propenyl) ester (Triallate).
U390 Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S- 759-94-4 916................. 4.3................. 1,460........ 17 (CT)a.
ethyl ester (Eptam).
U391 Carbamothioic acid, butylethyl-, S- 1114-71-2 921................. .................... 4,640........ 6.25/2d (WM)1.
propyl ester (Pebulate).
U392 Carbamothioic acid, bis(2- 2008-41-5 4,000............... .................... 2,000-5,000.. 5.5 (BG), 3.6 (RT), 11
methylpropyl)-, S-ethyl ester (SC).
(Butylate).
U393 Copper, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato- 137-29-1 .................... .................... ............. 0.15 (FM)1, 0.32 (BG)1.
S,S')-, (Copper
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
U394 Ethanimidothioic acid, 2- 30558-43-1 >7,000 ..........................
(dimethylamino)-N-hydroxy-2-oxo-,
methyl ester (A2213).
U395 Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, dicarbamate 5952-26-1 8,300 (mouse)....... .................... ............. 5.0/2d (RT), 5.0/2d (BG).
(Reactacrease 4-DEG).
U396 Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato- 14484-64-1 1,130............... .................... ............. .0029/60d (RT), 2.2 (FM),
S,S')-, (Ferbam). 0.9/2d (DM).
U397 Lead, bis(dipentylcarbamodithioato- 36501-84-5 >10................. .................... >4.64 ..........................
S,S')-.
U398 Molybdenum, 68412-26-0 >10,000............. >34.4............... >10,000 ..........................
bis(dibutylcarbamothioato)-di-.mu.-
oxodioxodi-, sulfurized.
U399 Nickel, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato- 13927-77-0 17,000 ..........................
S,S')- (Nickel
dibutyldithiocarbamate).
U400 Piperidine, 1,1'- 120-54-7 200 (mouse) b ..........................
(tetrathiodicarbonothioyl)-bis-
(Sulfads).
U401 Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) sulfide 97-74-5 .................... .................... ............. 0.038/60d (RT), 2.9/2d
(Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide). (DM).
U402 Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, 1634-02-2 2,350 (mouse)....... .................... ............. >0.56/2d (DM).
tetrabutyl (Butyl Tuads).
U403 Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, 97-77-8 8,600............... .................... ............. 0.009/60d (RT), 0.12/2d
tetraethyl (Disulfiram). (DM).
U404 Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl- 121-44-8 460................. 6/2hr (mouse)....... 570.......... 137/60d (RT).
(Triethylamine).
U405 Zinc, bis[bis(phenyl 14726-36-4 >2,000 ..........................
methyl)carbamodi thioato-S,S']-
(Arazate).
U406 Zinc, bis(dibutyl carbamodi thioato- 136-23-2 290 ..........................
S,S')-(Butyl Ziram).
U407 Zinc, bis(diethyl carbamodi thioato- 14324-55-1 2,910............... .................... ............. 0.24/2d (DM).
S,S')-(Ethyl Ziram).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BG: Blue Gill
CT: Cutthroat Trout
DL: Daphnia Laevis
DM: Daphnia Magna
DS: Daggerblade Shrimp
FM: Fathead Minnow
HF: Harlequinfish
RC: Red Crayfish
RT: Rainbow Trout
SC: Scud
TC: Tooth Carp
TD: Toad
WM: White Mullet
a: Active ingredient
b: interperitoneal
DP: Daphnia pulex
1Recalculation involved
D. Source Reduction
In the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 13101 et seq.,
Pub. L. 101-508, November 5, 1990), Congress declared pollution
prevention the national policy of the United States. The Act declares
that pollution should be prevented or reduced whenever feasible;
pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled or reused in an
environmentally safe manner wherever feasible; pollution that cannot be
recycled should be treated; and disposal or release into the
environment should be chosen only as a last resort. While the Pollution
Prevention Act gives first priority to source reduction, RCRA promotes
``waste minimization.'' This section provides a brief discussion of
some pollution prevention and waste minimization techniques that
facilities may wish to consider exploring.
Pollution prevention, recycle and reuse practices fall into three
general groups: Actual production practices, housekeeping practices,
and practices that employ the use of equipment that by design promote
pollution prevention. Some of these practices/equipment listed below
conserve water, others reduce the amount of product in the waste
stream, while others may prevent the creation of the waste altogether.
EPA acknowledges that some of these practices/equipment may lead to
media transfers or increased energy consumption. This information is
presented for general information, and is not being proposed as a
regulatory requirement.
Production practices include:
Triple-rinsing raw material shipping containers and
returning the rinsate directly to the reactor;
Scheduling production to minimize changeover cleanouts;
Segregating equipment by individual product or product
``families;''
Packaging products directly out of reactors;
Using raw material drums for packaging final products; and
Dedicating equipment for hard to clean products.
Housekeeping practices include:
Performing preventative maintenance on all valves,
fittings, and pumps;
Promptly correcting leaky valves and fittings;
Placing drip pans under valves and fitting to contain
leaks;
Cleaning up spills or leaks in bulk containment areas to
prevent contamination of storm or wash wasters.
Equipment that promote pollution prevention by reducing or
eliminating waste generation:
Use of low volume--high pressure hoses for cleaning;
Drum triple rinsing stations;
Reactor scrubber systems designed to return captured
reactants to the next batch rather than to disposal;
Construction of material storage tanks with inert liners
to prevent contamination of water blankets with contaminants which
would prohibit its use in the process;
Enclosed automated product handling equipment to eliminate
manual product packaging; and
Steam stripping wastewaters to recovery reactants or
solvents for reuse.
One or more of these practices was observed to be already
implemented at the facilities EPA visited during its engineering site
visit and sampling effort in the carbamate industry. The Agency took
note that in some cases the ability of a facility to implement further
pollution preventions efforts may be inhibited by the manner in which
the facility elected to comply with other existing regulations. For
example, the Agency observed that facilities dedicated to one or two
product lines often dedicated equipment and hence air pollution control
scrubbers to the individual processes, where facilities with larger
product lines and numerous reactors often chose to treat air emissions
in a central control system. The result of this choice is that the
facilities with fewer products were able to potentially recover
reactants for reuse, while the facilities with central treatment
systems generated wastes which were not reusable in any one process.
The Agency seeks additional information on any other factors which
might inhibit the implementation of the pollution prevention practices
described, as well as information on additional pollution prevention
practices.
Section 1003 of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, a
nation policy under the Resource Conservation And Recovery Act (RCRA),
was established to ``minimize the generation of hazardous waste by
encouraging process substitution, materials recovery, properly
conducted recycling, and reuse and treatment.'' To further EPA's
pollution prevention goals, the Waste Minimization Branch (WMB) in
EPA's Office of Solid Waste (OSW) established the RCRA Waste
Minimization Action Plan to integrate source reduction and recycling
into the National RCRA Program, and RCRA activities into the Agency's
Pollution Prevention Strategy. As part of this effort, EPA attempts to
incorporate pollution prevention alternatives in hazardous waste
listing determinations.
The residuals reported on EPA's RCRA section 3007 carbamate
questionnaire were evaluated for possible pollution prevention
opportunities. Each residual and its generating process was examined
for a limited number of facilities. As noted in section III.D, a number
of possible pollution prevention options were identified for those
residuals with waste minimization potential. EPA also performed a
literature search to determine the feasibility of the pollution
prevention technologies identified. The residuals were then ranked
considering quantity of waste generated, impact on the environment, and
pollution prevention potential.
A pollution prevention economic analysis was performed for a
limited number of facilities. The economic analysis was conducted to
estimate the monetary value the carbamate industry forgoes by not
instituting pollution prevention programs. Two value components were
estimated: Constituent value and avoided costs of disposal. Many
constituent values were found in the residuals from the sampling
analysis results and/or questionnaire responses. If these constituents
were recovered in the production process, it would reduce the cost of
raw materials. The avoided cost of disposing of the residuals was
estimated using the questionnaire waste management costs. The two
component values were added to determine the total revenues of avoided
costs (i.e., savings to the facility by implementing pollution
prevention programs).
Pollution prevention/waste minimization measures can be tailored to
the needs of individual industries, processes, and firms. This approach
may make it possible to achieve greater pollution reduction with less
cost and disruption to the firm. The Agency's economic analysis of the
carbamate industry indicates that there may be monetary benefits to be
gained by implementing further waste minimization programs.
The economic analysis result was provided to each individual
facility to review and comment. Since the 1990 base year of the
questionnaire, some facilities have initiated pollution prevention
programs while others had not considered recovering these waste streams
until they received the economic analysis but felt there was a
possibility for them to reclaim these wastes. The overall theme of the
comments from these limited number of facilities indicates that they do
not want the current or future regulations to inhibit their ability to
perform source reduction and recycling efforts at their facilities.
To this end, the Agency intends to gather information on pollution
prevention potential wherever feasible and thus is requesting comment
on particular opportunities for additional volume and toxicity
reduction through increased recycling or other process changes for
carbamate wastes proposed to be listed as hazardous in this rule.
The Agency invites all parties concerned to use this open
communication approach to give inputs that might help better promote
pollution prevention. Through cooperative efforts such as these, the
Agency can better inform the public and make enlightened decisions on
regulatory matters. At the same time, the information collected as a
response to this proposed rule can be assembled, evaluated, and
potentially disseminated through the Agency's technology transfer
program, potentially resulting in short-term positive impacts on volume
reductions.
Defined process control, waste segregation, and good housekeeping
practices can often result in significant volume reduction. Evaluations
of existing processes may also point out the need for more complex
engineering approaches (e.g., waste reuse, secondary processing of
distillation bottoms, and use of vacuum pumps instead of steam jets) to
achieve pollution prevention objectives. Simple physical audits of
current waste generation and in-plant management practices for the
wastes can also yield positive results. These audits often turn up
simple non-engineering practices that can be successfully implemented.
Pollution prevention opportunities for the manufacturing processes
generating carbamate wastes (K156 through K161) may potentially result
in reductions in waste generation.
The Agency is interested in comments and data on such
opportunities, including both successful and unsuccessful attempts to
reduce waste generation, as well as the potential for volume or
toxicity reductions. It is also possible that, owing to previous
implementation of waste minimization procedures, some facilities or
specific processes have very little potential for decreases in waste
generation rates or toxicity. The Agency is particularly interested in
such specific information as: (1) Data on the quantities of wastes that
have been or could be reduced; (2) a means of calculating percentage
reductions that are achievable (accounting for changes in production
rates); (3) the potential for reduction in toxicity and mobility of the
wastes; (4) the results of waste audits that have been performed; and
(5) potential cost savings that can be (or have been) achieved; (6) the
feasibility and cost burden that could be faced to reuse/recycle these
wastes including an estimated return on investment; (7) lead time
required to successfully implement a recovery and/or recycling method;
or other methods (such as process modification to improve efficiency)
that significantly reduce the volume and/or toxicity of the wastes; and
(8) other barriers to implementation.
IV. Applicability of the Land Disposal Restrictions Determinations
A. Request for Comment on the Agency's Approach to the Development of
BDAT Treatment Standards
RCRA requires EPA to make a land disposal prohibition determination
for any hazardous waste that is newly identified or listed in 40 CFR
part 261 after November 8, 1984, within six months of the date of
identification or final listing (RCRA section 3004(g)(4), 42 U.S.C.
6924(g)(4)). EPA is also required to set ``* * * levels or methods of
treatment, if any, which substantially diminish the toxicity of the
waste or substantially reduce the likelihood of migration of hazardous
constituents from the waste so that short-term and long-term threats to
human health and the environment are minimized'' (RCRA Section
3004(m)(1), 42 U.S.C. 6924(m)(1)). Land disposal of wastes that meet
treatment standards thus established by EPA is not prohibited. The
wastes being proposed for listing in this action would be subject to
this requirement once a final rule is promulgated.
A general overview of the Agency's approach in performing analysis
of how to develop treatment standards for hazardous wastes can be found
in greater detail in section III.A.1 of the preamble to the final rule
that set land disposal restrictions (LDR's) for the Third Third wastes
(55 FR 22535, June 1, 1990). The framework for the development of the
entire Land Disposal Restrictions program was promulgated November 7,
1986. (51 FR 40572).
While the Agency prefers source reduction/pollution prevention and
recycling/recovery over conventional treatment, inevitably, some wastes
(such as residues from recycling and inadvertent spill residues) will
be generated. Thus, standards based on treatment using BDAT will be
required to be developed for these wastes, if a final rule listing them
as hazardous is promulgated.
Treatment standards typically are established based on the
performance data from the treatment of the listed waste or wastes with
similar chemical and physical characteristics or similar concentrations
of hazardous constituents. Treatment standards are established for both
wastewater and nonwastewater forms on a constituent-specific basis. The
constituents selected for regulation under the Land Disposal
Restrictions Program are not necessarily limited to those identified as
present in the listings proposed in this action, but include those
constituents or parameters that will ensure that the technologies are
operated properly.
Although data on waste characteristics and current management
practices for wastes proposed in this action have been gathered as part
of the administrative record for this rule, the Agency has not
completed its evaluation of the usefulness of these data for developing
specific treatment standards or assessing the capacity to treat (or
recycle) these wastes.
Available treatment performance data show that incineration,
chemical hydrolysis, and biological treatment are potentially
applicable to carbamate wastes. These technologies have shown some
promise, and the data are under review for the purpose of developing
treatment standards for K156 through K161. A collection of the
available treatment information has been placed in the docket for this
rule.
EPA intends to propose treatment standards for K156 through K161
and the proposed P and U wastes in a separate rulemaking. However, EPA
specifically is soliciting comment and data on the following as they
pertain to the proposed listing of carbamate wastes K156 through K161
as described in this action:
(1) Technical descriptions of treatment systems that are or
could potentially be used for these wastes;
(2) Descriptions of alternative technologies that might be
currently available or anticipated as applicable;
(3) Performance data for the treatment of these or similar
wastes (in particular, constituent concentrations in both treated
and untreated wastes, as well as equipment design and operating
conditions);
(4) Information on known or perceived difficulties in analyzing
treatment residues or specific constituents;
(5) Quality assurance/quality control information for all data
submissions;
(6) Factors affecting on-site and off-site treatment capacity;
(7) Information on the potential costs for set-up and operation
of any current and alternative treatment technologies for these
wastes;
(8) Information on waste minimization approaches.
B. Request for Comment on the Agency's Approach to the Capacity
Analyses in the LDR Program
In the land disposal restrictions determinations, the Agency must
demonstrate that adequate commercial capacity exists to manage the
waste with BDAT standards before it can restrict the listed waste from
further land disposal. The Agency performs capacity analyses to
determine if sufficient alternative treatment or recovery capacity
exists to accommodate the volumes of waste that will be affected by the
land disposal prohibition. If adequate capacity exists, the waste is
restricted from further land disposal. If adequate capacity does not
exist, RCRA section 3004(h) authorizes EPA to grant a national capacity
variance for the waste for up to two years or until adequate
alternative treatment capacity becomes available, whichever is sooner.
To perform capacity analyses, the Agency needs to determine the
volumes of the listed waste that will require treatment prior to land
disposal. The volumes of waste requiring treatment depend, in turn, on
the waste management practices employed by the listed waste generators.
Data on waste management practices for these wastes were collected
during the development of this proposed rule. However, as the
regulatory process proceeds, generators may decide to minimize or
recycle their wastes or otherwise alter their management practices.
Thus EPA will update and monitor changes in management practices
because these changes will affect the final volumes of waste requiring
commercial treatment capacity. Therefore, EPA needs information on
current and future waste management practices for these wastes,
including the volumes of waste that are recycled, mixed with or co-
managed with other waste, discharged under Clean Water Act provisions,
and the volumes and types of residuals that are generated by the
various management practices applicable to newly listed and identified
wastes (e.g., treatment residuals).
The availability of adequate commercial treatment capacity for
these wastes determines whether or not a waste is granted a capacity
variance under RCRA section 3004(h). EPA continues to update and
monitor changes in available commercial treatment capacity because the
commercial hazardous waste management industry is extremely dynamic.
For example, national commercial treatment capacity changes as new
facilities come on-line, as new units and new technologies are added at
existing facilities, and as facilities expand existing units. The
available capacity at commercial facilities also changes as facilities
change their commercial status (e.g., changing from a fully commercial
to a limited commercial or captive facility). To determine the
availability of capacity for treating these wastes, the Agency needs to
consider currently available data, as well as the timing of any future
changes in available capacity.
For previous land disposal restriction rules, the Agency performed
capacity analyses using data from national surveys including the 1987
National Survey of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and
Recycling Facilities (the TSDR Survey) and the 1987 National Survey of
Hazardous Waste Generators (the Generator Survey). However, these
surveys cannot be used to determine the volumes of carbamate wastes
requiring treatment, since the wastes were not included in the surveys.
Additionally, these surveys may not contain adequate information on
currently available capacity to treat newly identified wastes because
the data reflect 1986 capacity and do not include facility expansions
or closures that have occurred since then. Although adjustments have
been made to these data to account for changes in waste management
through 1990, this was not done on a consistent basis across all waste
management practices.
Data on waste characteristics and management practices have been
gathered for the purpose of the carbamates hazardous waste listing
determinations in the carbamate RCRA Section 3007 survey. The Agency
has compiled the capacity-related information from the survey responses
and is soliciting any updated or additional pertinent information.
To perform the necessary capacity analyses in the land disposal
restrictions rulemaking, the Agency needs reliable data on current
waste generation, waste management practices, available alternative
treatment capacity, and planned treatment capacity. The Agency will
need the annual generation volumes of waste by each waste code
including wastewater and nonwastewater forms, and soil or debris
contaminated with these wastes and the quantities stored, treated,
recycled, or disposed due to any change of management practices. The
Agency also requests data from facilities capable of treating these
wastes on their current treatment capacity and any plans they may have
in the future to expand or reduce existing capacity. The Agency is also
requesting comments from companies that may be considering developing
new hazardous waste treatment capacity. Specifically, the Agency
requests information on the determining factors involved in making
decisions to build new treatment capacity. Waste characteristics such
as pH level, BTUs, anionic character, total organic carbon content,
constituents concentration, and physical form may also limit the
availability of certain treatment technologies. For these reasons, the
Agency requests data and comments on waste characteristics that might
limit or preclude the use of any treatment technologies.
V. State Authority
A. Applicability of Rule in Authorized States
Under section 3006 of RCRA, EPA may authorize qualified States to
administer and enforce the RCRA program within the State. (See 40 CFR
part 271 for the standards and requirements for authorization.)
Following authorization, EPA retains enforcement authority under
sections 3007, 3008, 3013, and 7003 of RCRA, although authorized States
have primary enforcement responsibility.
Before the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA)
amended RCRA, a State with final authorization administered its
hazardous waste program entirely in lieu of the Federal program in that
State. The Federal requirements no longer applied in the authorized
State, and EPA could not issue permits for any facilities located in
the State with permitting authorization. When new, more stringent
Federal requirements were promulgated or enacted, the State was
obligated to enact equivalent authority within specified time-frames.
New Federal requirements did not take effect in an authorized State
until the State adopted the requirements as State law.
By contrast, under section 3006(g) of RCRA, 42 U.S.C. 6926(g), new
requirements and prohibitions imposed by the HSWA (including the
hazardous waste listings proposed in this notice) take effect in
authorized States at the same time that they take effect in non-
authorized States. EPA is directed to implement those requirements and
prohibitions in authorized States, including the issuance of permits,
until the State is granted authorization to do so. While States must
still adopt HSWA-related provisions as State law to retain final
authorization, the federal HSWA requirements apply in authorized States
in the interim.
B. Effect on State Authorizations
Because this proposal (with the exception of the actions proposed
under CERCLA authority) will be promulgated pursuant to the HSWA, a
state submitting a program modification is able to apply to receive
either interim or final authorization under section 3006(g)(2) or
3006(b), respectively, on the basis of requirements that are
substantially equivalent or equivalent to EPA's requirements. The
procedures and schedule for State program modifications under 3006(b)
are described in 40 CFR 271.21. It should be noted that all HSWA
interim authorizations are currently scheduled to expire on January 1,
2003 (see 57 FR 60129, February 18, 1992).
Section 271.21(e)(2) of EPA's state authorization regulations (40
CFR part 271) requires that states with final authorization modify
their programs to reflect federal program changes and submit the
modifications to EPA for approval. The deadline by which the states
must modify their programs to adopt this proposed regulation, if it is
adopted as a final rule, will be determined by the date of promulgation
of a final rule in accordance with Sec. 271.21(e)(2). If the proposal
is adopted as a final rule, Table 1 at 40 CFR 271.1 will be amended
accordingly. Once EPA approves the modification, the State requirements
become RCRA Subtitle C requirements.
States with authorized RCRA programs already may have regulations
similar to those in this proposed rule. These State regulations have
not been assessed against the federal regulations being proposed to
determine whether they meet the tests for authorization. Thus, a State
would not be authorized to implement these regulations as RCRA
requirements until State program modifications are submitted to EPA and
approved, pursuant to 40 CFR 271.21. Of course, States with existing
regulations that are more stringent than or broader in scope than
current Federal regulations may continue to administer and enforce
their regulations as a matter of State law.
It should be noted that authorized States are required to modify
their programs only when EPA promulgates Federal standards that are
more stringent or broader in scope than existing Federal standards.
Section 3009 of RCRA allows States to impose standards more stringent
than those in the Federal program. For those Federal program changes
that are less stringent or reduce the scope of the Federal program,
States are not required to modify their programs. See 40 CFR 271.1(i).
This proposed rule, if finalized, is neither less stringent than nor a
reduction in the scope or the current Federal program and, therefore,
states would be required to modify their programs to retain
authorization to implement and enforce these regulations.
VI. CERCLA Designation and Reportable Quantities
All hazardous wastes listed under RCRA and codified in 40 CFR
261.31 through 261.33, as well as any solid waste that exhibits one or
more of the characteristics of a RCRA hazardous waste (as defined in
Secs. 261.21 through 261.24), are hazardous substances under the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended. See CERCLA Section 101(14)(C). CERCLA
hazardous substances are listed in Table 302.4 at 40 CFR 302.4 along
with their reportable quantities (RQs). RQs are the minimum quantity of
a hazardous substance that, if released, must be reported to the
National Response Center (NRC) pursuant to CERCLA Sec. 103. In this
proposal, the Agency is proposing to list the proposed wastes in this
action as CERCLA hazardous substances in Table 302.4 of 40 CFR 302.4,
but is taking no action to adjust the one-pound statutory RQs for these
substances.
Reporting Requirements. Under section 102(b) of CERCLA, all
hazardous substances newly designated under CERCLA will have a
statutory RQ of one pound unless and until adjusted by regulation.
Under CERCLA section 103(a), the person in charge of a vessel or
facility from which a hazardous substance has been released in a
quantity that is equal to or exceeds its RQ shall immediately notify
the NRC of the release as soon as that person has knowledge thereof.
The toll free number of the NRC is 1-800-424-8802; in the Washington,
DC metropolitan area, the number is (202) 426-2675. In addition to this
reporting requirement under CERCLA, section 304 of the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA) requires
owners or operators of certain facilities to report the release of a
CERCLA hazardous substance to State and local authorities. EPCRA
section 304 notification must be given immediately after the release of
a RQ or more to the community emergency coordinator of the local
emergency planning committee for each area likely to be affected by the
release, and to the State emergency response commission of any State
likely to be affected by the release.
If this proposal is promulgated as a final rule, releases equal to
or greater than the one-pound statutory RQ will be subject to the
requirements described above, unless and until the Agency adjusts the
RQs for these substances in a future rulemaking.
Table 26.--Proposed One-Pound Statutory RQs for Proposed K, P, and U
Wastes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statutory RQ
Waste code Constituent of concern (pounds)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
K156 acetone, acetonitrile, acetophenone, 1
aniline, benomyl, benzene, carbaryl,
carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan,
chlorobenzene, chloroform, o-
dichlorobenzene, hexane, methanol,
methomyl, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl
isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride,
naphthalene, phenol, pyridine, toluene,
triethylamine, xylene.
K157 acetone, acetonitrile, acetophenone, 1
aniline, benomyl, carbaryl, carbofuran,
carbosulfan, chloroform, o-dichlorobenzene,
hexane, methanol, methomyl, methyl ethyl
ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methylene
chloride, naphthalene, phenol, pyridine,
toluene, xylene.
K158 benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran, 1
carbosulfan, methylene chloride.
K159 benzene, butylate, eptc, molinate, pebulate, 1
vernolate, thiocarbamate N.O.S.
K160 benzene, butylate, eptc, molinate, pebulate, 1
vernolate, thiocarbamate N.O.S.
K161 arsenic, antimony, cadmium, metam-sodium, 1
xylene, ziram, dithiocarbamate product
N.O.S.
P185 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4- 1
dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime
(Tirpate).
P187 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-, methyl 1
carbamate (Bendiocarb).
P188 Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, compd. with (3as- 1
cis)- 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-l,3a,8-
trimethylpyrrolo[2,3- b]indol-5-yl
methylcarbamate ester (1:1) (Physostigmine
salicylate).
P189 Carbamic acid, [(dibutylamino)thio]methyl-, 1
2,3-dihydro- 2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl
ester (Carbosulfan).
P190 Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3-methylphenyl ester 1
(Metolcarb).
P191 Carbamic acid, dimethyl-,1- 1
[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-5- methyl-1H-
pyrazol-3-yl ester (Dimetilan).
P192 Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-methyl-1-(1- 1
methylethyl)-1H- pyrazol-5-yl ester
(Isolan).
P193 Carbamic acid, [1,2- 1
phenylenebis(iminocarbonothioyl)]bis-,
dimethyl ester (Thiophanate-methyl).
P194 Ethanimidothioc acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N- 1
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-2-oxo-, methyl
ester (Oxamyl).
P195 Ethanimidothioic acid, N,N'- 1
[thiobis[(methylimino)carbonyloxy]]bis-,
dimethyl ester (Thiodicarb).
P196 Manganese, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato- 1
S,S')- (Manganese dimethyldithiocarbamate).
P197 Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4- 1
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-
(Formparanate).
P198 Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3- 1
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-,
monohydrochloride (Formetanate
hydrochloride).
P201 Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, methyl 1
carbamate (Promecarb).
P202 Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), methyl carbamate 1
(Hercules AC-5727).
P203 Propanal, 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)-, O- 1
[(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime (Aldicarb
sulfone).
P204 Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a- 1
hexahydro-1,3a,8- trimethyl-,
methylcarbamate (ester), (3aS-cis)-
(Physostigmine).
P205 Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-, 1
(T-4)- (Ziram).
U360 Carbamates N.O.S............................ 1
U361 Carbamoyl Oximes N.O.S...................... 1
U362 Thiocarbamates N.O.S........................ 1
U363 Dithiocarbamate acids, salts, and/or esters 1
N.O.S., (This listing includes mixtures of
one or more dithiocarbamate acid, salt, and/
or ester.).
U364 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl- 1
(Bendiocarb phenol).
U365 1H-Azepine-1-carbothioic acid, hexahydro-, S- 1
ethyl ester (Molinate).
U366 2H-1,3,5-Thiadiazine-2-thione, tetrahydro- 1
3,5-dimethyl- (Dazomet).
U367 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl- 1
(Carbofuran phenol).
U368 Antimony, tris(dipentylcarbamodithioato- 1
S,S')- (Antimony
trisdipentyldithiocarbamate).
U369 Antimony, tris[bis(2- 1
ethylhexyl)carbamodithioato-S,S']-
(Antimony tris(2-
ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate).
U370 Bismuth, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S'- 1
, (Methyl bismate).
U280 Carbamic acid, (3-chlorophenyl)-, 4-chloro-2- 1
butynyl ester (Barban).
U371 Carbamic acid, [(dimethylamino)iminomethyl)] 1
ethyl ester monohydrochloride (Hexazinone
intermediate).
U372 Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, methyl 1
ester (Carbendazim).
U373 Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1-methylethyl ester 1
(Propham).
U271 Carbamic acid, [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H- 1
benzimidazol-2- yl]-, methyl ester
(Benomyl).
U374 Carbamic acid, [[3-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]- 1
2- pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-phenyl ester (U9069).
U375 Carbamic acid, butyl-, 3-iodo-2-propynyl 1
ester (Troysan Polyphase).
U376 Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, 1
tetraanhydrosulfide with orthothioselenious
acid (Selenium dimethyldithiocarbamate).
U377 Carbamodithioic acid, methyl,- monopotassium 1
salt (Potassium n-methyldithiocarbamate).
U378 Carbamodithioic acid, (hydroxymethyl)methyl- 1
, monopotassium salt (Busan 40).
U379 Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl, sodium salt 1
(Sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate).
U380 Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl-, methylene 1
ester (Vanlube 7723).
U381 Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, sodium salt 1
(Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate).
U277 Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 2-chloro-2- 1
propenyl ester (Sulfallate).
U382 Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, sodium salt 1
(Dibam).
U383 Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl, potassium 1
salt (Potassium dimethyl dithiocarbamate)
(Busan 85).
U384 Carbamodithioic acid, methyl-, monosodium 1
salt (Metam Sodium).
U385 Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-,S-propyl ester 1
(Vernolate).
U386 Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S- 1
ethyl ester (Cycloate).
U387 Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S- 1
(phenylmethyl) ester (Prosulfocarb).
U388 Carbamothioic acid, (1,2-dimethylpropyl) 1
ethyl-, S- (phenylmethyl) ester (Esprocarb).
U389 Carbamothioic acid, bis(1-methylethyl)-, S- 1
(2,3,3- trichloro-2-propenyl) ester
(Triallate).
U390 Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-ethyl ester 1
(Eptam).
U391 Carbamothioic acid, butylethyl-, S-propyl 1
ester (Pebulate).
U392 Carbamothioic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl)-, S- 1
ethyl ester (Butylate).
U393 Copper, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')- 1
(Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate).
U394 Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N- 1
hydroxy-2-oxo-, methyl ester (A2213).
U395 Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, dicarbamate 1
(Reactacrease 4-DEG).
U396 Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-, 1
(Ferbam).
U397 Lead, bis(dipentylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-1..
U398 Molybdenum, bis(dibutylcarbamothioato)di- 1
.mu.-oxodioxodi-, sulfurized.
U399 Nickel, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-S,S')- 1
(Nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate).
U400 Piperidine, 1,1'-(tetrathiodicarbonothioyl)- 1
bis- (Sulfads).
U401 bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) sulfide 1
(Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide).
U402 Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetrabutyl 1
(Butyl Tuads).
U403 Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetraethyl 1
(Disulfiram).
U404 Zinc, bis[bis(phenylmethyl)carbamodithioato- 1
S,S']- (Arazate).
U405 Zinc, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-S,S')- 1
(Butyl Ziram).
U406 Zinc, bis(diethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')- 1
(Ethyl Ziram).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
VII. Compliance Dates
A. Notification
Under the RCRA section 3010 any person generating, transporting, or
managing a hazardous waste must notify EPA (or an authorized State) of
its activities. Section 3010(a) allows EPA to waive, under certain
circumstances, the notification requirement under section 3010 of RCRA.
If these hazardous waste listings are promulgated, EPA is proposing to
waive the notification requirement as unnecessary for persons already
identified within the hazardous waste management universe (i.e.,
persons who have an EPA identification number under 40 CFR 262.12). EPA
is not proposing to waive the notification requirement for waste
handlers who have neither notified the Agency that they may manage
hazardous wastes nor received an EPA identification number. Such
individuals will have to provide notification under section 3010.
B. Interim Status and Permitted Facilities
Because HSWA requirements are applicable in authorized States at
the same time as in unauthorized States, EPA will regulate K156 through
K161 and the P and U listed wastes until States are authorized to
regulate these wastes. Thus, once this regulation becomes effective as
a final rule, EPA will apply Federal regulations to these wastes and to
their management in both authorized and unauthorized States.
VIII. Executive Order 12866
Under Executive Order 12866, [58 FR 51735 (October 4, 1993)] the
Agency must determine whether the regulatory action is ``significant''
and therefore subject to OMB review and the requirements of the
Executive Order. The Order defines ``significant regulatory action'' as
one that is likely to result in a rule that may:
(1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more
or adversely affects in a material way the economy, a sector of the
economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public
health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or
communities;
(2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interferes with
an action taken or planned by another agency;
(3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements,
grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of
recipients thereof; or
(4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal
mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in
this Executive order.
Pursuant to the terms of Executive Order 12866, it has been
determined that this rule is a ``significant regulatory action''
because of policy issues arising out of legal mandates. As such, this
action was submitted to OMB for review. Changes made in response to OMB
suggestions or recommendations will be documented in the public record.
IX. Economic Impact Analysis
This section of the preamble summarizes the costs and the economic
impact analysis (EIA) for the proposed carbamate hazardous waste
listings. Based upon the EIA for this proposal, the Agency estimates
that the listing of the six carbamate production wastes discussed above
may result in nationwide annualized costs of at least $890,000. A
complete discussion of the EIA is available in the regulatory docket
for this proposed rule in a report entitled ``Economic Impact Analysis
of the Identification and Listing of Carbamate Production Waste,''
January 26, 1994.
A. Compliance Costs for Proposed Listings
The remainder of this section briefly describes (1) the universe of
carbamate production facilities and volumes of carbamate production
wastes in the 6 waste groups proposed for hazardous waste listing, (2)
the methodology for determining incremental cost and economic impacts
to regulated entities, and (3) the regulatory flexibility analysis.
Results of the analysis are summarized in section 3, Tables 30 and 31.
1. Universe of Carbamate Production Facilities and Waste Volumes
In order to estimate costs for the EIA, it was first necessary to
estimate total annual generation of carbamate production wastes. As
described in section III of this preamble, the carbamate production
industry is composed of 64 chemical products produced by 20
manufacturers at 24 facilities. Total annual waste quantities generated
by these facilities were derived from a 1990 survey of the carbamate
production industry. Table 27 presents the total waste quantities
reported, by waste group, for the carbamate production industry.
Table 27.--1990 Total Waste Quantities of Concern, by Waste Group,
Reported by the Carbamate Production Industry
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total
Waste category(Quantities given in Metric tons per year) quantity
reported
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category 1--Organic wastes from the production of carbamates
and carbamoyl oximes........................................ 126,000
Category 2--Wastewaters from the production of carbamates and
carbamoyl oximes............................................ 269,000
Category 3--Solids from the production of carbamates an
carbamoyl oximes............................................ 1,390
Category 4--Organic wastes from the production of
thiocarbamates.............................................. 500
Category 5--Wastewaters from the production of thiocarbamates 344,000
Category 6--Solids from the production of thiocarbamates..... 700
Category 7--Process wastewater from the production of
dithiocarbamates............................................ 51,000
Category 8--Reactor vent scrubber water from the production
of dithiocarbamates......................................... 46,000
Category 9--Purification solids from the production of
dithiocarbamates............................................ 3,400
Category 10--Organic wastes from the production of
dithiocarbamates............................................ 400
----------
Total:................................................... a839,500
------------------------------------------------------------------------
aNumbers may not add due to rounding.
2. Method for Determining Cost and Economic Impacts
This section details EPA's approach for estimating the incremental
compliance cost and the economic impacts attributable to the listing of
carbamate production waste. Because the carbamate production industry
is relatively small (only 20 manufacturers at 24 facilities in 1990),
EPA was able to collect facility-specific information and estimate
incremental costs at the waste stream level. The information used in
this analysis was collected in 1990 under the authority of a RCRA
section 3007 survey; the survey included engineering site visits, and
sampling and analysis of waste streams.
Approach to the Cost Analysis
EPA's approach to the cost analysis for this proposal was to
compare the cost of current management practices, as reported in the
3007 survey of carbamate production facilities, with the projected cost
of management to comply with the RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste
program as would be required by the proposed rule. This difference in
cost, when annualized,\9\ represents the incremental annual compliance
cost attributable to the proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\9\Costs are discounted at a rate of 7 percent over a 20 year
period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baseline or Current Management Scenario
Relying on survey responses and engineering site visits, EPA was
able to determine the current (i.e., 1990) management practices for the
handling and disposal of carbamate production wastes. Current
management practices varied among facilities and waste streams, and
included such practices as off-site incineration, deep-well disposal,
on-site destruction in boilers, and off-site landfilling. These current
management practices at each facility represent the baseline scenario
of the analysis.
As part of the 3007 survey, EPA asked each facility to identify
current costs for the management of carbamate production wastes. For
this analysis, EPA has relied on and has not changed the industry's own
waste-specific estimates concerning the cost of current management. EPA
realizes that future events such as waste minimization efforts or
increased demand for carbamate products may change waste generation
volumes and, thus, future waste management costs.
Post-Regulatory Management Scenarios
In predicting how industry would comply with the listing of
carbamate production waste as RCRA hazardous waste, EPA developed nine
post-regulatory management scenarios, described below, that represent
plausible management reactions on the part of industry. EPA developed
these post-regulatory management categories based on its knowledge of
current waste management and the physical and chemical properties of
the waste.
Management Category (MC) 1: Wastes Currently Managed as Hazardous
Waste, Either On or Off Site
EPA assumed in this post-regulatory scenario, that wastes would
continue to be managed as in the baseline scenario. On-site hazardous
waste management implies that there already exists a RCRA Subtitle C
permitted (or interim status) unit at the facility, such as a RCRA
permitted incinerator. If wastes are managed as hazardous on site, the
incremental change due to the proposed rule would be to modify the RCRA
permit (or interim status/permit application) to account for the new
listing of carbamate production waste.\10\ If wastes are managed as
hazardous off site, the incremental change would be the cost from the
completion of a waste generator manifest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\10\For this category, EPA assumed that the facility would need
a RCRA Class II permit modification to the facility's annual
contingency plan maintenance and biennial reporting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Management Category 2: Wastes Currently Managed in Boilers Subject to
BIF Requirements\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\11\Boilers and Industrial Furnaces.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
EPA assumed that these wastes would continue to be managed in
boilers. If the boiler is on site, costs for a Class II incinerator
permit modification and manifest and biennial reporting would be
incurred, similar to management Category 1. If the waste is sent to
off-site boilers subject to BIF requirements, the only incremental cost
would be that for completing the manifest.
Management Category 3: Wastes Currently Managed in On Site, Subtitle D,
Non-hazardous Waste Incinerators
EPA assumed that post-regulatory management would be off site at
the nearest commercial hazardous waste (i.e., RCRA Subtitle C
permitted) incinerator.\12\ In addition to the commercial treatment and
transportation costs, the post-regulatory management of these wastes
would include contingency plan maintenance, biennial reporting, and
manifesting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\12\EPA estimated each of facility-to-commercial incinerator
distance from road maps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Management Category 4: Wastes Currently Discharged Under National
Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permits, Treated at
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) Under the Clean Water Act,
Privately Owned Treatment Works, or On-Site Wastewater Treatment
Systems
EPA assumed that the post-regulatory management of these wastes as
a result of this proposal would be the same as baseline management,
because the systems or wastes would still be, either exempt from RCRA
regulation (see 40 CFR 264.1(g)(6)), or that the systems are already
covered under a RCRA permit by rule (see 40 CFR 265.1(c)(10)), and
would therefore not incur any significant incremental costs.
Consequently, the only incremental cost attributed to this proposal is
for contingency plan maintenance and biennial reporting.
Management Categories 5 and 6: Wastes Currently Being Recycled
(Category No. 5) or Recovered (Category No. 6)
No incremental cost is attributed to these waste volumes as
recycled wastes were assumed to be exempt from RCRA Subtitle C
regulation.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\13\Because of the complexities of RCRA recycling and reuse, it
is possible that these carbamate production wastes are recycled in a
manner that is not exempt from RCRA permitting and other
requirements. Without further investigation of each process
configuration it is impossible to determine which wastes would
continue to be recycled or recovered in the post-regulatory
scenario. There are 2,630 metric tons assigned to management
categories 5 and 6, if all this waste was to be shipped off site to
a Subtitle C hazardous waste landfill (at $200/metric ton), then the
incremental annualized cost reported in this analysis would increase
by at least $530,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Management Category 7: Wastes Currently Managed Off Site in Subtitle D,
Non-Hazardous Waste Incinerators
EPA assumed that this waste will continue to be shipped off site,
but to the nearest commercial hazardous waste incinerator. In addition
to treatment costs, incremental costs would include those for
contingency plan maintenance, manifesting, and biennial reporting.
Management Categories 8 and 9: Wastes Currently Managed in Subtitle D
Landfills (Category No. 8 for Wastes Managed Off Site, and Category No.
9 for Wastes Managed On Site)
In the post-regulatory scenario, wastes in both categories would be
shipped off site to the nearest commercial Subtitle C hazardous waste
landfill. Commercial landfilling costs, biennial reporting, and
manifesting would present incremental costs associated with this
proposal.
Management Category 10: Segregation of Subtitle D Wastes Currently
Commingled
In the post-regulatory scenario, wastes currently commingled with
industrial or process trash and managed in Subtitle D landfills may
incur separation costs. The process trash will be managed in the
current fashion, while the listed waste will be managed under Subtitle
C facilities. Carbamate producers must devote labor and capital to
separate these materials and devote space to storage.
Unit costs for Subtitle C treatment (i.e., incineration) or land
disposal, waste transportation between facilities, permit
modifications, maintenance of contingency plans, manifesting and
biannual reporting system (BRS) reporting are contained in Table 28
below. The total volume of waste affected by each waste management
category described above are presented below in Table 29. EPA requests
comments on these cost estimates.
Table 28.--Post-Regulatory Waste Management Unit Cost Estimates
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cost (1992 $) Source
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Commercial hazardous $1,600 per metric ton SAIC/ICF analysis.
waste incineration.
Commercial hazardous $200 per metric ton.. SAIC/ICF analysis.
waste landfill.
Hazardous waste $0.27 per metric ton SAIC analysis.
transportation. per mile if under
200 miles.
$0.24 per metric ton ..........................
per mile if over 200
miles.
Class II on-site $80,102.............. ICF analysis.
hazardous waste
landfill permit
modification\1\.
Class II on-site $40,585.............. ICF analysis.
hazardous waste
incinerator permit
modification\1\.
Other class II on- $7,476............... ICF analysis.
site hazardous waste
treatment permit
modification.
Segregation of $10 per metric ton... EPA estimate.
industrial Subtitle
D waste.
Maintenance of $200 per facility per Source a.
contingency plan. year.
Manifesting\2\....... $36 per shipment..... Sources b, c.
BRS reporting........ $428 per facility per Sources c, d.
year.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Permit modification costs were assumed to be incurred no more than
once for each type of treatment at each facility. These costs were
annualized over 20 years using a discount rate of 7 percent.
\2\Manifest completion costs were assumed to be incurred once a year for
each waste shipped off site. One shipment was assumed to equal one
truckload of 20 tons.
Sources: a. ``Estimating Costs for the Economic Benefits of RCRA Non-
compliance,'' Draft Report prepared by DPRA for Office of Waste
Programs Enforcement, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 1993.
b. ICF No. 801 ``Requirements for Generators, Transporters, and Waste
Management Facilities Under the RCRA Hazardous Waste Manifest
System,'' June 15, 1992.
c. Employment and Earnings, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1993.
d. ``1991 Hazardous Waste Report,'' U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
Table 29.--Total Carbamate Production Waste Quantities and Total
Incremental Annual Cost Incurred by Each Post-Regulatory Waste
Management Category
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Post-regulatory
waste Total quantity of carbamate Total annualized
management production waste affected incremental cost incurred
scenario (in metric tons)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MC 1........... 234,000 $25,600
MC 2........... 6,400 8,200
MC 3........... 1 700
MC 4........... 809,900 776,700
MC 5 and 6..... 2,700 200
MC 7........... 0 20
MC 8 and 9..... 200 58,100
MC 10.......... 4,100 41,000
--------------------------------------------------------
Total\1\... 840,000 910,000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Numbers may not add due to rounding.
Specific Analysis of K157 Wastewaters
EPA examined two scenarios for the post-regulatory management of
K157 wastewaters. The first scenario assumed that K157 wastewaters
would continue to be sent through NPDES-permitted discharges or to
POTWs, but that (1) sludge would be managed as hazardous waste, (2)
surface impoundments would be closed and converted to tanks. The second
scenario assumed that wastewaters would be treated by steam stripping
before discharge into centralized wastewater treatment systems.
Exemption of these sludges from the definition of hazardous waste was
found to not impact the incremental costs, which are dominated by
impoundment conversion costs.
For the first K157 wastewater scenario, EPA reviewed the
information collected as part of the RCRA section 3007 survey. The
facility-specific information shows that only two facilities employ
operational surface impoundments (as of 1990). EPA thus calculated the
costs associated with the closure of the surface impoundments and
conversion to tanks. The EIA technical background document contains
details of these cost calculations. EPA estimated that the costs
associated with the first scenario to be approximately $760,000 per
year.
For the second K157 wastewater scenario, EPA explored the
possibility of off-site steam stripping as well as constructing on-site
steam stripping units. EPA identified seven facilities with K157
wastewater streams in significant quantities to merit construction of
on-site steam stripping units. For these facilities, EPA calculated
rough engineering cost estimates for the on-site systems, both for
capital costs and annual operation and maintenance. EPA identified two
additional facilities which did not produce significant quantities of
K157 wastewaters to merit construction of on-site steam stripping
units. For volumes generated by these facilities (approximately 400
tons), EPA estimated the total annualized cost of off-site steam
stripping.\14\ The total estimated annualized cost for scenario two is
$6.4 million.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\14\Recent vendor quotes of off-site steam-stripping showed a
cost of $0.75 per gallon (approximately $200 per metric ton).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Because the K157 incremental annualized cost of scenario two is
more than seven times that of scenario one, EPA assumed that industry
would minimize its cost by adopting the lower-cost management.\15\ The
costs estimated for scenario one have been used in the total costs for
K157 wastes reported below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\15\EPA also considered facility specific comparisons between
scenarios one and two. It should be noted that, under scenario one,
given the worst possible case (conversion of three surface
impoundments, one tank cover and sludge disposal) costs were still
favorable to those that would be incurred by the same facility under
scenario two.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. P and U List Wastes
EPA has not estimated the amounts of P and U wastes that are
generated annually by the carbamate producers or wastes resulting from
spills or other one-time generation occurrences. EPA would appreciate
any comment concerning the costs of on-going P and U waste generation
as well as costs resulting from spills and other such incidents.
Similarly, EPA has not explored the possible use of carbamate products
for the precipitation of metals in the waste treatment of other
industries.
4. Potential Remedial Action Costs
In addition to carbamate process wastes, the proposed carbamate
hazardous waste listing could affect the management of soils, ground
water, and other remedial materials. The Agency's ``contained in''
policy defines certain remediation wastes ``containing'' a listed
hazardous waste as a RCRA hazardous waste. It is possible that areas of
past carbamate waste management, spills, or disposal, which met the
proposed K156-K161 listing description at the time they were placed on
the land, may still have contaminant concentrations which exceed
``contained in'' levels. A person who disturbs such material could
become a generator of RCRA hazardous waste. The likelihood of this
imposing a significant additional burden is low since at least 22 of 24
carbamate production facilities are already permitted TSDFs. Releases
from all solid waste management units at these TSDFs, including those
that in the future would be found to contain a waste meeting the
carbamate listing descriptions, are already covered by facility-wide
cleanup rules under 40 CFR 264.101. This issue would be more likely to
arise from historical offsite management at facilities that were not
TSDs.
There are two remedial possibilities for land containing this
material. First, it may be possible to not disturb the contaminated
area or manage the material in place with source controls or in situ
treatment and thus avoid generating a hazardous waste. Owners may be
unable to make full value use of the land. In this case, the cost under
this scenario is the difference between the cost of the land at its
highest valued use and the cost of the land at the lower value. The
Agency also recognizes that under this alternative property owners
surrounding these locations may experience a change in their property
values but this is difficult to evaluate. Second, owners may excavate
the material. If the material contains a hazardous waste owners would
bear hazardous waste treatment, disposal, management, and potentially
permitting costs. Owners and EPA are likely to prefer the first
alternative when that action is protective of human health and the
environment.
The Agency requests comment on the likely costs associated with
remediation of wastes found to contain the wastes identified for
listing in today's proposal. The Agency is interested in estimates of
potential remedial wastes that would be defined as hazardous under RCRA
because of this proposed listing and the potential management costs.
EPA specifically requests comments on the number of carbamate
production facilities already subject to federal (e.g., RCRA Corrective
Action) or state authorities compelling owners to clean up their entire
facility, including areas of past K165-K161 management, both onsite and
offsite.
5. Summary of Results
Table 30 presents a summary of estimated national incremental
annualized compliance costs, by waste group,\16\ associated with this
proposal to list certain carbamate production wastes as hazardous.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\16\For a detailed description of these waste groupings, please
refer to Table 27 of this preamble.
Table 30.--Summary of Estimated National Incremental Annualized
Compliance Costs (1992 dollars/year)\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
RCRA
Waste group waste Annual incremental compliance cost
code
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.......... K156 $14,000
2.......... K157 770,000
3.......... K158 37,000
4.......... K159 1,200
6.......... K160 2,100
9.......... K161 69,000
------------------------------------------------------------
Total.. ....... \2\890,000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Numbers may not add up due to rounding.
\2\EPA also estimated the incremental compliance costs associated with
waste groups 5, 7, 8 and 10, which are not recommended for listing
under today's proposal. If listed, total incremental annual compliance
costs for these waste groups are estimated to be $22,000.
Table 30 presents the annual incremental compliance costs as they
correspond to the RCRA waste codes proposed for listing (i.e., K156
through K160). Please note that these codes correspond directly to the
waste groups proposed for listing under this proposal (i.e., groups 1,
2, 3, 4, 6 and 9). As indicated in Table 30 the total annual
incremental compliance cost attributable to this proposal is $890,000.
Waste category 2 (i.e., K157--wastewaters from the production of
carbamates and carbamoyl oximes) constitutes 86\17\ percent of national
incremental compliance cost. Waste category 9 (i.e., K161--purification
solids, bag-house dust, and floor sweepings from the production of
dithiocarbamates) constitutes 5 percent; and waste category 3 (i.e.,
K158--solids from the production of carbamate and carbamoyl oxime
products) constitutes 3 percent of national incremental compliance
cost. The remaining 1 percent are distributed among other waste groups.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\17\The bulk of this cost (99 percent) is attributable to one
facility for the conversion of three surface impoundments to tanks.
The ratio of total annual incremental cost that would be incurred by
this facility, to annual revenues for the entire company, is less
than 1 percent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
Table 31 presents the estimated annualized incremental compliance
costs borne by the five small businesses\18\ in the carbamate
production industry. The annual incremental cost of the rule for the
five facilities ranged from $628 to $772. The greatest ratio of
compliance cost to sales is 0.01%, thus, EPA concluded that no small
businesses are significantly affected by this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\18\A small business is defined by the Small Business Size
Regulations (13 CFR part 121) as one with under 500 employees.
Table 31.--Results of the Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annual cost
Annual of
incremental Annual compliance/
Facility cost of sales annual
rule (millions) sales
(percent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1................................. $772 $17.8 <0.01
2................................. 628 110 <0.01
3................................. 664 6.6 <0.01
4................................. 628 45 <0.01
5................................. 736 19 <0.01
------------------------------------------------------------------------
X. Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) of 1980 requires Federal
agencies to consider ``small entities'' throughout the regulatory
process. Section 603 of the RFA requires an initial screening analysis
to be performed to determine whether small entities will be affected by
the regulation. If affected small entities are identified, regulatory
alternatives must be considered which mitigate the potential impacts.
Small entities as described in the Act are only those ``businesses,
organizations and governmental jurisdictions subject to regulation.''
If, however, the head of the Agency certifies that the rule will
not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small
entities, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required. Of the 24
entities which are directly subject to this proposed rule, 18 entities
would incur incremental compliance costs. Of the 18 affected
facilities, 4 entities fit the definition of a ``small entity'' as
defined by the Regulatory Flexibility Act.\19\ The annual incremental
cost impact to these 4 entities ranges from $600 to $800. For each of
the 4 facilities impacted, these annual costs constitute less than 1
percent of total annual sales. EPA believes that these costs do not
represent a significant impact. Hence, pursuant to section 605(b) of
the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 605(b), ``the Administrator
certifies that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of entities.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\19\According to ``EPA Guidelines for Implementing the
Regulatory Flexibility Act'' (April, 1992), any producer of
pesticides and agricultural chemicals (SIC 2879) with less than 500
employees constitutes a ``small entity.'' None of the entities which
would incur incremental compliance costs as a result of this
proposal have less than 500 employees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
XI. Paperwork Reduction Act
This rule does not contain any information collection requirements
subject to OMB review under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980, 44
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
List of Subjects
40 CFR Part 261
Environmental protection, Hazardous materials, Waste treatment and
disposal, Recycling.
40 CFR Part 271
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Confidential business information, Hazardous material transportation,
Hazardous waste, Indians--lands, Intergovernmental relations,
Penalties, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Water pollution
control, Water supply.
40 CFR Part 302
Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Chemicals,
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, Extremely hazardous
substances, Hazardous chemicals, Hazardous materials, Hazardous
materials transportation, Hazardous substances, Hazardous wastes,
Intergovernmental relations, Natural resources, Pesticides and pests,
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Superfund, Waste treatment
and disposal, Water pollution control, Water supply.
Dated: January 31, 1994.
Carol M. Browner,
Administrator.
For the reasons set out in the preamble, 40 CFR parts 261, 271, and
302 are proposed to be amended as follows:
Part 261--IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
1. The authority citation for Part 261 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912(a), 6921, 6922, and 6938.
2. Section 261.3 is amended by adding paragraphs (a)(2)(iv)(F) and
(c)(2)(ii)(D) to read as follows.
Sec. 261.3 Definition of hazardous waste.
(a) * * *
(2) * * *
(iv) * * *
(F) One or more of the following wastes listed in Sec. 261.32--
wastewaters from the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes (EPA
Hazardous Waste No. K157)--provided that the maximum weekly usage of
formaldehyde, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, and triethylamine
(including all amounts that cannot be demonstrated to be reacted in the
process or is recovered, i.e., what is discharged or volatilized)
divided by the average weekly flow of process wastewater prior to any
dilutions into the headworks of the facility's wastewater treatment
system does not exceed a total of 5 parts per million by weight.
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(2) * * *
(ii) * * *
(D) Biological treatment sludge from the treatment of one of the
following wastes listed in Sec. 261.32--wastewaters from the production
of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes (EPA Hazardous Waste No. K157).
* * * * *
3. Section 261.32 is amended by adding in alphanumeric order (by
the first column) the following waste streams to the subgroup
``Pesticides'' to read as follows.
Sec. 261.32 Hazardous wastes from specific sources.
* * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Industry and EPA hazardous waste No. Hazardous waste Hazard code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
K156.................................. Organic waste (including heavy ends, still bottoms, light (T)
ends, spent solvents, filtrates, and decantates) from the
production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.
K157.................................. Wastewaters (including scrubber waters, condenser waters, (T)
washwaters, and separation waters) from the production of
carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.
K158.................................. Bag house dusts and filter/separation solids from the (T)
production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.
K159.................................. Organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes....... (T)
K160.................................. Solids (including filter wastes, separation solids, and (T)
spent catalysts) from the production of thiocarbamates
and solids from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes.
K161.................................. Purification solids (including filtration, evaporation, (R,T)
and centrifugation solids), baghouse dust and floor
sweepings from the production of dithiocarbamate acids
and their salts. (This listing does not include K125 or
K126.).
* * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Sections 261.33(e) and (f) are amended by adding in alphabetic
order (by the third column) the following substances to read as
follows:
Sec. 261.33 Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification
species, container residues, and spill residues thereof.
* * * * *
(e) * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chemical
Hazardous waste abstracts Substance
No. No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
P187............ 22781-23-3 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-,
methyl carbamate (Bendiocarb).
P127............ 1563-66-2 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-
, methylcarbamate (Carbofuran).
P188............ 57-64-7 Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, compd. with
(3aS-cis)- 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-
1,3a,8- trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-
yl methylcarbamate ester (1:1)
(Physostigmine salicylate).
* * * * * * *
P189............ 55285-14-8 Carbamic acid,
[(dibutylamino)thio]methyl-, 2,3-
dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl
ester (Carbosulfan).
P191............ 644-64-4 Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 1-
[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-5-methyl-1H-
pyrazol-3-yl ester (Dimetilan).
P192............ 119-38-0 Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-methyl-1-(1-
methylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl ester
(Isolan).
P190............ 1129-41-5 Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3-methylphenyl
ester (Metolcarb).
P193............ 23564-05-8 Carbamic acid, [1,2-
phenylenebis(iminocarbonothioyl)]bis-,
dimethyl ester (Thiophanate-methyl).
* * * * * * *
P185............ 26419-73-8 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-
dimethyl-, O-
[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime (Tirpate).
* * * * * * *
P194............ 23135-22-0 Ethanimidothioc acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-
N- [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-2-oxo-,
methyl ester (Oxamyl).
P195............ 59669-26-0 Ethanimidothioic acid, N,N'-
[thiobis[(methylimino)carbonyloxy]]bis-
, dimethyl ester (Thiodicarb).
* * * * * * *
P196............ 15339-36-3 Manganese, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-, (Manganese
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
* * * * * * *
P198............ 23422-53-9 Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-,
monohydrochloride (Formetanate
hydrochloride).
P197............ 17702-57-7 Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-
methyl-4-
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-
(Formparanate).
* * * * * * *
P128............ 315-18-4 Phenol, 4-(dimethylamino)-3,5-dimethyl-,
methylcarbamate (ester) (Mexacarbate).
P199............ 2032-65-7 Phenol, (3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylthio)-,
methylcarbamate (Methiocarb).
* * * * * * *
P200............ 114-26-1 Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-,
methylcarbamate (Propoxur).
P202............ 64-00-6 Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), methyl
carbamate (Hercules AC-5727).
* * * * * * *
P201............ 2631-37-0 Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-,
methyl carbamate (Promecarb).
* * * * * * *
P203............ 1646-88-4 Propanal, 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)-,
O- [(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime
(Aldicarb sulfone).
* * * * * * *
P204............ 57-47-6 Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-
hexahydro- 1,3a,8-trimethyl-,
methylcarbamate (ester), (3aS-cis)-
(Physostigmine).
* * * * * * *
P205............ 137-30-4 Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-
, (Ziram).
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(f) ***
* * * * * * *
U369............ 15991-76-1 Antimony, tris[bis(2-
ethylhexyl)carbamodithioato- S,S']-,
(Antimony tris(2-
ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate).
U368............ 15890-25-2 Antimony tris(dipentylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')- (Antimony
trisdipentyldithiocarbamate).
U365............ 2212-67-1 1H-Azepine-1-carbothioic acid, hexahydro-
, S-ethyl ester (Molinate).
* * * * * * *
U364............ 22961-82-6 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-,
(Bendiocarb phenol).
U367............ 1563-38-8 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-
(Carbofuran phenol).
* * * * * * *
U401............ 97-74-5 Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) sulfide
(Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide).
U370............ 21260-46-8 Bismuth, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S'-, (Methyl bismate).
* * * * * * *
U360............ ............ Carbamates N.O.S.
U372............ 10605-21-7 Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl,
methyl ester (Carbendazim).
U271............ 17804-35-2 Carbamic acid, [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-
1H- benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl ester
(Benomyl).
U375............ 55406-53-6 Carbamic acid, butyl-, 3-iodo-2-propynyl
ester (Troysan Polyphase).
U280............ 101-27-9 Carbamic acid, (3-chlorophenyl)-, 4-
chloro-2- butynyl ester (Barban).
U380............ 10254-57-6 Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl-,
methylene ester (Vanlube 7723).
U277............ 95-06-7 Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 2-chloro-
2-propenyl ester (Sulfallate).
U374............ 112006-94-7 Carbamic acid, [[3-
[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-2-
pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-phenyl ester
(U9069).
U371............ 65086-85-3 Carbamic acid,
[(dimethylamino)iminomethyl)] methyl,
ethyl ester monohydrochloride
(Hexazinone intermediate).
* * * * * * *
U373............ 122-42-9 Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1-methylethyl
ester (Propham).
* * * * * * *
U379............ 136-30-1 Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl, sodium
salt (Sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate).
U381............ 148-18-5 Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, sodium
salt (Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate).
U383............ 128-03-0 Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl,
potassium salt (Potassium dimethyl
dithiocarbamate) (Busan 85).
U382............ 128-04-1 Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, sodium
salt (Dibam).
U376............ 144-34-3 Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-,
tetraanhydrosulfide with
orthothioselenious acid (Selenium
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
* * * * * * *
U378............ 51026-28-9 Carbamodithioic acid,
(hydroxymethyl)methyl-, monopotassium
salt (Busan 40).
U384............ 137-42-8 Carbamodithioic acid, methyl-,
monosodium salt (Metam Sodium).
U377............ 137-41-7 Carbamodithioic acid, methyl,-
monopotassium salt (Potassium n-
methyldithiocarbamate).
* * * * * * *
U389............ 2303-17-5 Carbamothioic acid, bis(1-methylethyl)-,
S-(2,3,3- trichloro-2-propenyl) ester
(Triallate).
U392............ 2008-41-5 Carbamothioic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl)-
, S-ethyl ester (Butylate).
U391............ 1114-71-2 Carbamothioic acid, butylethyl-, S-
propyl ester (Pebulate).
U386............ 1134-23-2 Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S-
ethyl ester (Cycloate).
U388............ 85785-20-2 Carbamothioic acid, (1,2-dimethylpropyl)
ethyl-, S- (phenylmethyl) ester
(Esprocarb).
U390............ 759-94-4 Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-ethyl
ester (Eptam).
U385............ 1929-77-7 Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-propyl
ester (Vernolate).
U387............ 52888-80-9 Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-
(phenylmethyl) ester (Prosulfocarb).
U361............ ............ Carbamoyl Oximes N.O.S.
* * * * * * *
U393............ 137-29-1 Copper, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-, (Copper
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
* * * * * * *
U363............ ............ Dithiocarbamate acids, salts, and/or
esters, N.O.S. (This listing includes
mixtures of one or more dithiocarbamic
acid, salt, or ester.)
* * * * * * *
U404............ 101-44-8 Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-
(Triethylamine).
* * * * * * *
U394............ 30558-43-1 Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-
N-hydroxy- 2-oxo-, methyl ester
(A2213).
* * * * * * *
U395............ 5952-26-1 Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, dicarbamate
(Reactacrease 4-DEG).
* * * * * * *
U396............ 14484-64-1 Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')-, (Ferbam).
* * * * * * *
U397............ 36501-84-5 Lead, bis(dipentylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-
* * * * * * *
U398............ 68412-26-0 Molybdenum, bis(dibutylcarbamothioato)di-
.mu.- oxodioxodi-, sulfurized.
* * * * * * *
U279............ 63-25-2 1-Naphthalenol, methylcarbamate
(Carbaryl).
* * * * * * *
U399............ 13927-77-0 Nickel, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-
S,S')- (Nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate).
* * * * * * *
U400............ 120-54-7 Piperidine, 1,1'-
(tetrathiodicarbonothioyl)-bis
(Sulfads).
* * * * * * *
U366............ 533-74-4 2H-1,3,5-Thiadiazine-2-thione,
tetrahydro-3,5- dimethyl- (Dazomet).
U362............ ............ Thiocarbamates N.O.S.
* * * * * * *
U402............ 1634-02-2 Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetrabutyl
(Butyl Tuads).
U403............ 97-77-8 Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetraethyl
(Disulfiram).
* * * * * * *
U405............ 14726-36-4 Zinc,
bis[bis(phenylmethyl)carbamodithioato-
S,S']- (Arazate).
U406............ 136-23-2 Zinc, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-
(Butyl Ziram).
U407............ 14324-55-1 Zinc, bis(diethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-
(Ethyl Ziram).
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Appendix VII to Part 261 is amended by adding the following
waste streams in alphanumeric order (by the first column) to read as
follows.
Appendix VII to Part 261.--Basis for Listing Hazardous Waste
------------------------------------------------------------------------
EPA
hazardous Hazardous constituents for which listed
waste No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
K156 Acetone, acetonitrile, acetophenone, aniline, benomyl,
benzene, carbaryl, carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan,
chlorobenzene, chloroform, o-dichlorobenzene, hexane,
methanol, methomyl, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl
ketone, methylene chloride, naphthalene, phenol, pyridine,
toluene, triethylamine, xylene.
K157 Acetone, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, methomyl,
methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl chloride, methylene
chloride, o-phenylenediamine, pyridine, triethylamine.
K158 Benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chloroform,
hexane, methanol, methylene chloride, phenol, xylene.
K159 Benzene, butylate, eptc, molinate, pebulate, vernolate,
thiocarbamate N.O.S.
K160 Benzene, butylate, eptc, molinate, pebulate, vernolate,
thiocarbamate N.O.S.
K161 Metam-sodium, xylene, ziram, dithiocarbamate product N.O.S.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
6. Appendix VIII of Part 261 is amended by adding the following
hazardous constituents in alphabetical order (by the first column) to
read as follows.
Appendix VIII to Part 261.--Hazardous Constituents
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chemical Hazardous
Common name Chemical abstracts name abstracts No. waste No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
A2213.............. Ethanimidothioic acid, 30558-43-1 U394
2-(dimethylamino)-N-
hydroxy-2-oxo-, methyl
ester.
* * * * * * *
Acetone............ 2-Propanone............ 67-64-1 K156
* * * * * * *
Aldicarb sulfone... Propanal, 2-methyl-2- 1646-88-4 P203
(methylsulfonyl)-, O-
[(methylamino)carbonyl
] oxime.
* * * * * * *
Antimony tris(2- Antimony, tris[bis(2- 15991-76-1 U369
ethylhexyl)dithioc ethylhexyl)carbamodith
arbamate. ioato-S,S']-,.
Antimony Antimony tris 15890-25-2 U368
trisdipentyldithio- (dipentylcarbamodithio
carbamate. ato-S,S')-.
* * * * * * *
Arazate............ Zinc, 14726-36-4 U405
bis[bis(phenylmethyl)
carbamodithioato-
S,S']-.
Barban............. Carbamic acid, (3- 101-27-9 U280
chlorophenyl)-, 4-
chloro-2-butynyl ester.
* * * * * * *
Bendiocarb......... 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 22781-23-3 P187
2,2-dimethyl-, methyl
carbamate.
Bendiocarb phenol.. 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 22961-82-6 U364
2,2-dimethyl-,.
Benomyl............ Carbamic acid, [1- 17804-35-2 U271
[(butylamino)carbonyl]-
1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-
, methyl ester.
Bis(dibutylcarbamot Molybdenum, 68412-26-0 U389
hioato) bis(dibutylcarbamothio
dioxodimolybdenum ato) dioxodi-,
sulfurized. sulfurized.
* * * * * * *
Busan 40........... Carbamodithioic acid, 51026-28-9 U378
(hydroxymethyl)methyl-
, monopotassium salt.
Butylate........... Carbamothioic acid, 2008-41-5 U392
bis(2-methylpropyl)-,
S-ethyl ester.
* * * * * * *
Butyl Tuads........ Thioperoxydicarbonic 1634-02-2 U402
diamide, tetrabutyl.
Butyl Ziram........ Zinc, bis 136-23-2 U406
(dibutylcarbamodithioa
to-S,S')-.
* * * * * * *
Carbaryl........... 1-Naphthalenol, 63-25-2 U279
methylcarbamate.
Carbendazim........ Carbamic acid, 1H- 10605-21-7 U372
benzimidazol-2-yl,
methyl ester.
Carbofuran......... 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3- 1563-66-2 P127
dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-,
methylcarbamate.
Carbofuran phenol.. 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3- 1563-38-8 U367
dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-.
* * * * * * *
Carbosulfan........ Carbamic acid, 55285-14-8 P189
[(dibutylamino)thio]me
thyl-, 2,3-dihydro-
2,2-dimethyl-7-
benzofuranyl ester.
* * * * * * *
Copper Copper, 137-29-1 U393
dimethyldithiocarb bis(dimethylcarbamodit
amate. hioato-S,S')-,.
* * * * * * *
Cycloate........... Carbamothioic acid, 1134-23-2 U386
cyclohexylethyl-, S-
ethyl ester.
* * * * * * *
Dazomet............ 2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2- 533-74-4 U366
thione, tetrahydro-3,5-
dimethyl-.
* * * * * * *
Dibam.............. Carbamodithioic acid, 128-04-1 U382
dimethyl-, sodium salt.
* * * * * * *
Dimetilan.......... Carbamic acid, dimethyl- 644-64-4 P191
, 1-
[(dimethylamino)carbon
yl]-5-methyl-1H-
pyrazol-3-yl ester.
* * * * * * *
Disulfiram......... Thioperoxydicarbonic 97-77-8 U403
diamide, tetraethyl.
* * * * * * *
EPTC (Eptam)....... Carbamothioic acid, 759-94-4 U390
dipropyl-, S-ethyl
ester.
* * * * * * *
Esprocarb.......... Carbamothioic acid, 85785-20-2 U388
(1,2-dimethylpropyl)
ethyl-, S-
(phenylmethyl) ester.
* * * * * * *
Ethyl Ziram........ Zinc, 14324-55-1 U407
bis(diethylcarbamodith
ioato-S,S')-.
* * * * * * *
Ferbam............. Iron, 14484-64-1 U396
tris(dimethylcarbamodi
thioato- S,S')-,.
* * * * * * *
Formetanate Methanimidamide,N,N- 23422-53-9 P198
hydrochloride. dimethyl-N'-[3-
[[(methylamino)carbony
l]oxy]phenyl]-,
monohydrochloride.
* * * * * * *
Formparanate....... Methanimidamide,N,N- 17702-57-7 P197
dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-
4-
[[(methylamino)carbony
l]oxy]phenyl]-.
* * * * * * *
Hercules AC-5727... Phenol, 3-(1- 64-00-6 P202
methylethyl), methyl
carbamate.
* * * * * * *
Hexane............. n-Hexane............... 110-54-3 K156
Hexazinone Carbamic acid, 65086-85-3 U371
intermediate. [(dimethylamino)iminom
ethyl)] methyl, ethyl
ester
monohydrochloride.
* * * * * * *
Isolan............. Carbamic acid, dimethyl- 119-38-0 P192
, 3-methyl-1-(1-
methylethyl)-1H-
pyrazol-5-yl ester.
* * * * * * *
Lead, bis(dipentyl Lead, 36501-84-5 U397
carbamodithioato- bis(dipentylcarbamodit
S,S')-. hioato-S,S')-.
* * * * * * *
Manganese Manganese, bis(dimethyl 15339-36-3 P196
dimethyldithiocarb carbamodithioato-
amate. S,S')-,.
* * * * * * *
Metam Sodium....... Carbamodithioic acid, 137-42-8 U384
methyl-, monosodium
salt.
* * * * * * *
Methanol........... Methyl alcohol......... 67-56-1 K156
* * * * * * *
Methiocarb......... Phenol, (3,5-dimethyl-4- 2032-65-7 P199
(methylthio)-,
methylcarbamate.
* * * * * * *
Methyl bismate..... Bismuth, 21260-46-8 U370
tris(dimethylcarbamodi
thioato-S,S'-,.
* * * * * * *
Methyl isobutyl 4-Methyl-2-pentanone... 108-10-1 K156
ketone.
* * * * * * *
Metolcarb.......... Carbamic acid, methyl-, 1129-41-5 P190
3-methylphenyl ester.
* * * * * * *
Mexacarbate........ Phenol, 4- 315-18-4 P128
(dimethylamino)- 3,5-
dimethyl-,
methylcarbamate
(ester).
* * * * * * *
Molinate........... 1H-Azepine-1- 2212-67-1 U365
carbothioic acid,
hexahydro-, S-ethyl
ester.
* * * * * * *
Nickel Nickel, bis(dibutyl 13927-77-0 U399
dibutyldithio carbamodi thioato-
carbamate. S,S')-.
* * * * * * *
Oxamyl............. Ethanimidothioc acid, 2- 23135-22-0 P194
(dimethylamino)-N-
[[(methylamino)
carbonyl] oxy]-2-oxo-,
methyl ester.
* * * * * * *
Pebulate........... Carbamothioic acid, 1114-71-2 U391
butylethyl-, S-propyl
ester.
* * * * * * *
Physostigmine...... Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5- 57-47-6 P204
ol, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-
hexahydro-1,3a,8-
trimethyl-,
methylcarbamate
(ester), (3aS-cis)-.
Physostigmine Benzoic acid, 2- 57-64-7 P188
salicylate. hydroxy, compd. with
(3aS-cis)-
1,2,3,3a,8,8a-
hexahydro-1,3a,8-
trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-
b]indol-5-yl
methylcarbamate ester
(1:1).
* * * * * * *
Potassium dimethyl Carbamodithioic acid, 128-03-0 U383
dithiocarbamate. dimethyl, potassium
salt.
Potassium n- Carbamodithioic acid, 137-41-7 U377
methyldithiocarbam methyl,-monopotassium
ate. salt.
Promecarb.......... Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1- 2631-37-0 P201
methylethyl)-, methyl
carbamate.
* * * * * * *
Propham............ Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 122-42-9 U373
1-methylethyl ester.
Propoxur........... Phenol, 2-(1- 114-26-1 P199
methylethoxy)-,
methylcarbamate.
* * * * * * *
Prosulfocarb....... Carbamothioic acid, 52888-80-9 U387
dipropyl-, S-
(phenylmethyl) ester.
* * * * * * *
Reactacrease 4-DEG. Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, 5952-26-1 U395
dicarbamate.
* * * * * * *
Selenium Carbamodithioic acid, 144-34-3 U376
dimethyldithiocarb dimethyl-,
amate. tetraanhydrosulfide
with
orthothioselenious
acid.
* * * * * * *
Sodium Carbamodithioic acid, 136-30-1 U379
dibutyldithiocarba dibutyl, sodium salt.
mate.
Sodium Carbamodithioic acid, 148-18-5 U381
diethyldithiocarba diethyl-, sodium salt.
mate.
* * * * * * *
Sulfads............ Piperidine, 1,1'- 120-54-7 U400
(tetrathiodicarbonothi
oyl)-bis-.
Sulfallate......... Carbamodithioic acid, 95-06-7 U277
diethyl-, 2-chloro-2-
propenyl ester.
* * * * * * *
Tetramethylthiuram Bis(dimethylthiocarbamo 97-74-5 U401
monosulfide. yl) sulfide.
* * * * * * *
Thiodicarb......... Ethanimidothioic acid, 59669-26-0 P195
N,N'-
[thiobis[(methylimino)
carbonyloxy]]bis-,
dimethyl ester.
* * * * * * *
Thiophanate-methyl. Carbamic acid, [1,2- 23564-05-8 P193
phenylenebis
(iminocarbonothioyl)]
bis-, dimethyl ester.
* * * * * * *
Tirpate............ 1,3-Dithiolane-2- 26419-73-8 P185
carboxaldehyde, 2,4-
dimethyl-, O-
[(methylamino)
carbonyl] oxime.
* * * * * * *
Triallate.......... Carbamothioic acid, 2303-17-5 U389
bis(1-methylethyl)-, S-
(2,3,3-trichloro-2-
propenyl) ester.
* * * * * * *
Triethylamine...... Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl- 121-44-8 U404
.
* * * * * * *
Troysan Polyphase.. Carbamic acid, butyl-, 55406-53-6 U375
3-iodo-2-propynyl
ester.
* * * * * * *
U9069.............. Carbamicacid,[[3- 112006-94-7 U374
[(dimethylamino)carbon
yl]-2-
pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-
phenyl ester.
* * * * * * *
Vanlube 7723....... Carbamodithioic acid, 10254-57-6 U380
dibutyl-, methylene
ester.
Vernolate.......... Carbamothioic acid, 1929-77-7 U385
dipropyl-, S-propyl
ester.
* * * * * * *
m-Xylene........... 1,3-Dimethylbenzene.... 108-38-3 K156
o-Xylene........... 1,2-Dimethylbenzene.... 195-47-6 K156
p-Xylene........... 1,4-Dimethylbenzene.... 106-42-3 K156
* * * * * * *
Ziram.............. Zinc, 137-30-4 P204
bis(dimethylcarbamodit
hioato-S,S')- , (T-4)-.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
PART 271--REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTHORIZATION OF STATE HAZARDOUS WASTE
PROGRAMS
7. The authority citation for part 271 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912(a), and 6926.
8. Section 271.1(j) is amended by adding the following entry to
Table 1 in chronological order by date of publication to read as
follows.
Sec. 271.1 Purpose and scope.
* * * * *
(j) * * *
Table 1.--Regulations Implementing the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Register
Promulgation date Title of regulation reference Effective date
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
[Date of publication of final rule] Listing Wastes from the Production of [Federal [Effective date
Carbamates. Register page of final rule].
numbers].
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
PART 302--DESIGNATION, REPORTABLE QUANTITIES, AND NOTIFICATION
9. The authority citation for part 302 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 9602, 9603, and 9604; 33 U.S.C. 1321 and
1361.
10. Section 302.4 is amended by adding the following entries in
alphabetical order (by the first column) to Table 302.4, and by adding
footnote ``##'' to the table to read as follows. The other appropriate
footnotes to Table 302.4 are republished without change.
Sec. 302.4 Designation of hazardous substances.
* * * * *
Table 302.4.--List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities
[Note: All comments/notes are located at the end of this table]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statutory Final RQ
Regulatory -----------------------------------------------------------------
Hazardous substance CASRN synonyms RCRA waste
RQ Code+ No. Category Pounds (Kg)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Antimony, tris[bis(2-ethylhexyl)carbamodithioato-S,S']- 15991761 ................ *1 4 U369 ............. ##
, (Antimony tris(2-ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate).
Antimony, tris(dipentylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Antimony 15890252 ................ *1 4 U368 ............. ##
trisdipentyldithiocarbamate).
* * * * * * *
1H-Azepine-1-carbothioic acid, hexahydro-, S-ethyl 2212671 ................ *1 4 U365 ............. ##
ester (Molinate).
* * * * * * *
1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-, (Bendiocarb 22961826 ................ *1 4 U364 ............. ##
phenol).
1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-, methyl carbamate 22781233 ................ *1 4 P187 ............. ##
(Bendiocarb).
* * * * * * *
7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-(Carbofuran 1563388 ................ *1 4 U367 ............. ##
phenol).
* * * * * * *
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, compd. with (3aS-cis)- 57647 ................ *1 4 P188 ............. ##
1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-1,3a,8-trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-
b]indol-5-yl methylcarbamate ester (1:1)
(Physostigmine salicylate).
* * * * * * *
Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) sulfide (Tetramethylthiuram 97745 ................ *1 4 U401 ............. ##
monosulfide).
* * * * * * *
Bismuth, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S'-, (Methyl 21260468 ................ *1 4 U370 ............. ##
bismate).
* * * * * * *
Carbamates N.O.S....................................... ........... ................ *1 4 U360 ............. ##
Carbamic acid, butyl-, 3-iodo-2-propynyl ester (Troysan 55406536 ................ *1 4 U375 ............. ##
Polyphase).
Carbamic acid, [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H- 17804352 ................ *1 4 U271 ............. ##
benzimidazol-2-yl, methyl ester (Benomyl).
Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, methyl ester 10605217 ................ *1 4 U372 ............. ##
(Carbendazim).
Carbamic acid, (3-chlorophenyl)-, 4-chloro-2-butynyl 101279 ................ *1 4 U280 ............. ##
ester (Barban).
Carbamic acid, [(dibutylamino)thio]methyl-, 2,3-dihydro- 55285148 ................ *1 4 P189 ............. ##
2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl ester (Carbosulfan).
Carbamic acid, [[3-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-2- 112006947 ................ *1 4 U374 ............. ##
pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-phenyl ester (U9069).
Carbamic acid, [(dimethylamino)iminomethyl)] ethyl 65086853 ................ *1 4 U371 ............. ##
ester monohydrochloride (Hexazinone intermediate).
Carbamic acid, dimethyl-,1-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-5- 644644 ................ *1 4 P191 ............. ##
methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl ester (Dimetilan).
Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1H- 119380 ................ *1 4 P192 ............. ##
pyrazol-5-yl ester (Isolan).
* * * * * * *
Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3-methylphenyl ester 1129415 ................ *1 4 P190 ............. ##
(Metolcarb).
Carbamic acid, [1,2- 23564058 ................ *1 4 P189 ............. ##
phenylenebis(iminocarbonothioyl)]bis-, dimethyl ester
(Thiophanate-methyl).
Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1-methylethyl ester (Propham).. 122429 ................ *1 4 U373 ............. ##
* * * * * * *
Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl, sodium salt (Sodium 136301 ................ *1 4 U379 ............. ##
dibutyldithiocarbamate).
Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl-, methylene ester 10254576 ................ *1 4 U380 ............. ##
(Vanlube 7723).
Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 2-chloro-2-propenyl 95067 ................ *1 4 U277 ............. ##
ester (Sulfallate).
Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, sodium salt (Sodium 148185 ................ *1 4 U381 ............. ##
diethyldithiocarbamate).
Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl, potassium salt 128030 ................ *1 4 U383 ............. ##
(Potassium dimethyl dithiocarbamate).
Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, sodium salt (Dibam)... 128041 ................ *1 4 U382 ............. ##
Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, tetraanhydrosulfide 144343 ................ *1 4 U376 ............. ##
with orthothioselenious acid (Selenium
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
Carbamodithioic acid, (hydroxymethyl)methyl-, 51026289 ................ *1 4 U378 ............. ##
monopotassium salt (Busan 40).
Carbamodithioic acid, methyl,-monopotassium salt 137417 ................ *1 4 U377 ............. ##
(Potassium n-methyldithiocarbamate).
Carbamodithioic acid, methyl-, monosodium salt (Metam 137428 ................ *1 4 U384 ............. ##
Sodium).
* * * * * * *
Carbamothioic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl)-, S-ethyl ester 2008415 ................ *1 4 U392 ............. ##
(Butylate).
* * * * * * *
Carbamothioic acid, bis(1-methylethyl)-, S-(2,3,3- 2303175 ................ *1 4 U389 ............. ##
trichloro-2-propenyl) ester (Triallate).
Carbamothioic acid, butylethyl-, S-propyl ester 1114712 ................ *1 4 U391 ............. ##
(Pebulate).
Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl ester 1134232 ................ *1 4 U386 ............. ##
(Cycloate).
Carbamothioic acid, (1,2-dimethylpropyl) ethyl-, S- 85785202 ................ *1 4 U388 ............. ##
(phenylmethyl) ester (Esprocarb).
Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-ethyl ester (EPTC 759944 ................ *1 4 U390 ............. ##
(Eptam)).
Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-(phenylmethyl) ester 52888809 ................ *1 4 U387 ............. ##
(Prosulfocarb).
Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-propyl ester 1929777 ................ *1 4 U385 ............. ##
(Vernolate).
Carbamoyl Oximes N.O.S................................. ........... ................ *1 4 U361 ............. ##
* * * * * * *
Copper, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Copper 137291 ................ *1 4 U393 ............. ##
dimethyldithiocarbamate).
* * * * * * *
Dithiocarbamate acids, salts, and/or esters N.O.S., ........... ................ *1 4 U363 ............. ##
(This listing includes mixtures of one or more
dithiocarbamate acid, salt, and/or ester.).
1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- 26419738 ................ *1 4 P185 ............. ##
[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime (Tirpate).
* * * * * * *
Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-hydroxy-2- 30558431 ................ *1 4 U394 ............. ##
oxo-, methyl ester (A2213).
Ethanimidothioc acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N- 23135220 ................ *1 4 P194 ............. ##
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-2-oxo-, methyl ester
(Oxamyl).
* * * * * * *
Ethanimidothioic acid, N,N'- 59669260 ................ *1 4 P195 ............. ##
[thiobis[(methylimino)carbonyloxy]]bis-, dimethyl
ester (Thiodicarb).
* * * * * * *
Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, dicarbamate (Reactacrease 4-DEG) 5952261 ................ *1 4 U395 ............. ##
* * * * * * *
Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Ferbam)..... 14484641 ................ *1 4 U396 ............. ##
* * * * * * *
Lead, bis(dipentylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Lead 36501845 ................ *1 4 U397 ............. ##
bisdipentyldithiocarbamate).
* * * * * * *
Manganese, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')- 15339363 ................ *1 4 P196 ............. ##
(Manganese dimethyldithiocarbamate).
* * * * * * *
Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3- 23422539 ................ *1 4 P198 ............. ##
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-,
monohydrochloride (Formetanate hydrochloride).
Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4- 17702577 ................ *1 4 P197 ............. ##
[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-(Formparanate).
* * * * * * *
Molybdenum, bis(dibutylcarbamothioato)di-.mu.- 68412260 ................ *1 4 U398 ............. ##
oxodioxodi-, sulfurized.
* * * * * * *
Nickel, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Nickel 13927770 ................ *1 4 U399 ............. ##
dibutyldithiocarbamate).
* * * * * * *
Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), methyl carbamate (Hercules 64006 ................ *1 4 P202 ............. ##
AC-5727).
Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, methyl carbamate 2631370 ................ *1 4 P201 ............. ##
(Promecarb).
* * * * * * *
Piperidine, 1,1'-(tetrathiodicarbonothioyl)-bis- 120547 ................ *1 4 U400 ............. ##
(Sulfads).
* * * * * * *
Propanal, 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)-, O- 1646884 ................ *1 4 P203 ............. ##
[(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime (Aldicarb sulfone).
* * * * * * *
Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro- 57476 ................ *1 4 P204 ............. ##
1,3a,8-trimethyl-, methylcarbamate (ester), (3aS-cis)-
(Physostigmine).
* * * * * * *
2H-1,3,5-Thiadiazine-2-thione, tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl- 533744 ................ *1 4 U366 ............. ##
(Dazomet).
Thiocarbamates N.O.S................................... ........... ................ *1 4 U362 ............. ##
* * * * * * *
Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetrabutyl (Butyl Tuads). 1634022 ................ *1 4 U402
Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetraethyl (Disulfiram).. 97778 ................ *1 4 U403 ............. ##
* * * * * * *
Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-, (Ziram)..... 137304 ................ *1 4 P205 ............. ##
Zinc, bis(diethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Ethyl Ziram).. 14324551 ................ *1 4 U407 ............. ##
Zinc, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Butyl Ziram).. 136232 ................ *1 4 U406 ............. ##
Zinc, bis[bis(phenylmethyl)carbamodithioato-S,S']- 14726364 ................ *1 4 U405 ............. ##
(Arazate).
* * * * * * *
K156Organic waste (including heavy ends, still bottoms, ........... ................ *1 4 K156 ............. ##
light ends, spent solvents, filtrates, and decantates)
from the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.
K157Wastewaters (including scrubber waters, condenser ........... ................ *1 4 K157 ............. ##
waters, washwaters, and separation waters) from the
production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes (This
listing does not include sludges derived from the
treatment of these wastewaters).
K158Bag house dusts and filter/separation solids from ........... ................ *1 4 K158 ............. ##
the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.
K159Organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes ........... ................ *1 4 K159 ............. ##
K160Solids (including filter wastes, separation solids, ........... ................ *1 4 K160 ............. ##
and spent catalysts) from the production of
thiocarbamates and solids from the treatment of
thiocarbamate wastes.
K161Purification solids (including filtration, ........... ................ *1 4 K161 ............. ##
evaporation, and centrifugation solids), baghouse
dust, and floor sweepings from the production of
dithiocarbamate acids and their salts (This listing
does not include K125 or K126.).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+--indicates the statutory source as defined by 1, 2, 3, and 4 below.
4--indicates that the statutory source for designation of this hazardous substance under CERCLA is RCRA section 3001.
*1--indicates that the 1-pound RQ is a CERCLA statutory RQ.
##--The Agency may adjust the statutory RQ for this hazardous substance in a future rulemaking; until then the statutory RQ applies.
[FR Doc. 94-4051 Filed 2-28-94; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P