[Military Pipe-Line Systems]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]
WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL J
NON-CIRCULATING
MILITARY
PIPE-LINE
SYSTEMS
- \
NTSU LIBRARY
Document Reserve
WI.35'./5'-3S'd>
fTAR DEPARTMENT • 15 NOVEMBER 1943
WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL
™5-350
MILITARY
PIPE-LINE
SYSTEMS
War Department • 15 November 1943
United States Government Printing Office Washington : 1943
This manual supersedes TM 5-350 (Tentative), 1 May 1943
WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington 25, D. C., 25 October 1943.
TM 5-350, Military Pipe-line Systems, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned.
[A. G. 300.7 (31 Aug 43).]
By order of the Secretary of War:
G. C. MARSHALL,
Chief of Staff.
Official:
J. A. ULIO,
Major General,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution:
B and H (3).
(For explanation of symbols see FM 21-6.)
MILITARY PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS • TM 5-350
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION:
Paragraph
General i____________________________________ _ j
Uses for pipe-line system__________________________ 2
CHAPTER 2. DESCRIPTION OF MILITARY PIPE-LINE EQUIPMENT:
Storage_____________________________________________________ 3
Pipe, couplings, and fittings, including repair accessories_ 4
Pumping units_______________________________________________ 5
Control equipment___________________________________________ 5
Portable storage tanks______________________________________ 7
Communications______________________________________________ g
CHAPTER 3. LAYOUT AND PLANNING:
Location of pipe line_____________________________________ 9
Design of system. _________________________________________ 10
CHAPTER 4. CONSTRUCTION:
Preparation of right-of-way________________________________ 11
Installation of communication system_______________________ 12
Primary distribution of pipe_______________________________ 13
Stringing pipe and couplings______________________________ 14
Coupling the line__________________________________________ 15
Stream and river crossing__________________________________ 16
Installation of reciprocating pump station_________________ 17
Storage tanks______________________________________________ 18
Camouflage_________________________________________________ 19
CHAPTER 5. OPERATION:
Testing of pipe line_______________________________________ 20
Starting the reciprocating pump____________________________ 21
Starting the pup centrifugal pump__________________________ 22
Starting the deep-well centrifugal pump_.___________________ 23
Intermittent pumping_______________________________________ 24
Restricted withdrawals_____________________________________ 25
Dispatching________________________________________________ 26
Gaging tanks_______________________________________________ 27
Maintenance and repair_____________________________________ 28
Communications_____________________________________________ 29
Safety precautions__________«.______________________________ 30
Phases of fuel supply______________________________________ 31
CHAPTER 6. AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL CONTROL: Paragraph
Automatic control for reciprocating pumps__________________ 32
Adjustment of control units________________________________ 33
Manual control_____________________________________________ 34
Troubleshooting__________________________________________ 35
CHAPTER 7. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP OPERATIONS:
General____________________________________________________ 36
Pup centrifugal pump_______________________________________ 37
Pump station operation with 4-inch pipe line_______________ 38
Pump station operation with 6-iilch pipe line______________ 39
Control of pup centrifugal pump on two-pump station installation_______________________________________________________ 40
Trouble shooting___________________________________________ 41
Deep-well centrifugal pump_________________________________ 42
CHAPTER 8. PIPE-LINE PERSONNEL AND ORGANIZATION:
Commissioned officer personnel for construction and operation. 43
Enlisted personnel for construction and operation__________ 44
CHAPTER 9. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY:
General____________________________________________________ 45
Tests which can be made with petroleum products testing laboratory sets____________________________________________ 46
Base laboratory____________________________________________ 47
Portable laboratory_______________________________________ 48
Petroleum products testing laboratory apparatus, equipment, and supplies_______________________________________________ 49
APPENDIX I. SPECIFICATIONS: Pa6e
Military 4-inch pipe-line section________________________ 157
Military 4-inch pipe-line valve sections_________________ 159
Military pipe-line pumping station_______________________ 160
Military 4-inch pressure-reduction station_______________ 163
Military 6-inch pipe-line section________________________ 164
Military 6-inch pipe-line valve sections_________________ 165
Military 6-inch pressure-reduction station_______________ 166
Manifold, two-unit, for 6-inch military pipe line________ 167
Pump, centrifugal, two-stage, series-parallel operation, gasolineengine driven____________________________________________ 170
Tanks: steel, gasoline, vertical, bolted_________________ 171
APPENDIX II. SELECTED REFERENCES_______________________________________ 177
This manual supersedes TM 5-350 (Tentative), 1 May 1943.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. GENERAL. This manual describes equipment, layout and planning, construction, operation, maintenance, and operating personnel organization for the portable pipe-line system designed for military use. Transmission capacities, using lightweight 4- and 6-inch pipe, are 200 and 400 barrels per hour, respectively. Associated pumping and control equipment has been designed for these capacities and for operation at 200 pounds per square inch.
2. USES FOR PIPE-LINE SYSTEM, a. Pipe line systems were designed to provide a means for transmitting, distributing, and storing bulk liquids in theaters of operations, and pipe-line equipment is considered to embrace all that is necessary for carrying out such operations.
b. Pipe lines will ordinarily be used to make bulk deliveries of gasoline or water from terminals
to distribution points. More specifically, they can be used for—
(1) Transmission of liquids over terrain too rugged for other means of transportation.
(2) Relief of congestion where road capacity is limited and traffic is heavy.
(3) Rapid transmission of liquids over long distances.
(4) Transmission of liquids over short distances where conditions arising from enemy action make other means of transportation impracticable.
c. Military pipe lines may also be used to ship crude petroleum from producing fields to shipping terminals or refineries.
d. Tests to determine a procedure for constructing and laying ship-to-shore submarine pipe lines are planned. Upon completion of such tests a supplementary manual outlining a recommended procedure will be issued.
1
CHAPTER 2
DESCRIPTION OF MILITARY PIPE-LINE EQUIPMENT
3. STORAGE.
a. Storage Tanks. Storage at terminals or loading locations normally will be in bolted steel tanks, with capacities ranging from 100 to 10,000 barrels (42 U. S. gallons equal 1 barrel). These tanks are to be supplied in accordance with American Petroleum Institute specifications, as modified for military use. (See app. I.) Bolted tanks will be shipped “knocked down” with bolts, gaskets, and fittings for erection. Pressure and vacuum release values are supplied with all sizes of tanks.
b. Storage Barges. For temporary or semipermanent storage at the source, there are several types of standard approved Army and Navy tank barges. These barges range in size from small ones of 21-foot beam and 43-foot length, 4-foot draft and capacity of 350 barrels, to large self-propelled barges of 43-foot beam and 107-foot length, 4-foot draft and capacity of 1,750 barrels. Discharge equipment is not a part of the barge and must be furnished as extra equipment.
c. Collapsible Containers. Collapsible containers have been developed for the storage of petroleum products, including high octane or aromatic gasoline. These cells or bags are constructed of synthetic rubber impregnated fabric, supported in suitable containers of duck or plywood panels.
(1 ) The cells are made for both stationary and portable service, in capacities ranging from 7% to 3,000 gallons, and are designed for use where transportation space and time of erection are controlling factors. Figures 1 and 2 show a 3,000-gallon cell of the type used for stationary storage; figures 3 and 4 show a 2,700-gallon cell of the type used for bulk transportation by rail. There is a 750-gallon tank, similar to that shown in figure 4, which is used for bulk transportation by truck (2%-ton 6 by 6, cargo).
(2 ) Three men can assemble a 3,000-gallon tank in 30 minutes, but a 2,700-gallon tank for stationary storage requires about 4 hours.
(3 ) Complete assembly instruction is furnished with each cell. In handling collapsible containers, care must be exercised that the treated fabric is not damaged by dragging it along the ground, walking upon it, or refolding it about tools and fastenings.
4. PIPE, COUPLINGS, AND FITTINGS, INCLUDING REPAIR ACCESSORIES.
a. Pipe. Lightweight pipe of the spiral or longitudinal weld types is commonly used. The 4- and 6-inch standard sizes of pipe are made of 14-and 12-gage steel, respectively. (See app. I.) For heavy wall pipe, standard American Petroleum Institute specifications have been adopted for both 4- and 6-inch sizes. All pipe is grooved on each end to accommodate Victaulic type couplings, and is supplied in standard lengths of 20 feet. The lightweight pipe is reinforced at the grooved ends.
b. Couplings. Victaulic type flexible pipe couplings (fig. 5) are utilized for military pipe lines. They allow for some degree of anguTar deflection and contraction or expansion. Such couplings are composed of a malleable iron housing in two or more parts (held together by two or more track neck bolts), which mechanically engage and lock adjacent grooved or shouldered pipe ends in a positive couple. A single, continuous, hollow-moulded, composition, sealing gasket, C-shaped in cross-section, is so installed that internal pressure or vacuum serves to increase the tightness of the seal. All of the standard types of fittings, such as elbows, reducers, tees, and crosses, may be obtained at equipment pools, with grooves for use with Victaulic type couplings.
c. Gate Valves. Commercial type gate valves of either flange, screw, or weld design are available, installed in joints of pipe fabricated to 20-foot total over-all length (fig. 6). (See app. I.)
d. Check Valves. Commercial type check valves are installed in joints fabricated into 20-foot lengths for installation at any point in
2
Figure 1. Stationary collapsible container, partially assembled.
Figure 2. Stationary collapsible container, capacity 3,000 gallons.
3
Figure 3. Transport collapsible container, partially assembled.
Figure 4. Transport collapsible container, capacity 2,700 gallons.
4
i Firm rmn
OPERATING FEATURES ____S...1’. L_ _ !?_ & /
________ i—i —n E 6 rt
WMBBV WBI BRB __1
() 9 4* PIPE 6" P/PE
L_
INSTALLED PRESSURE SEAL
--------------------- \ / .« 4" pipe = sj’_ /a MOULDED GASKET SHAPE-\ / SUCTION SEAL_E^P! PE * ■■'
K /'' LI Ar \ A
IB la 13. I* IB Mt 'Hh’ * v yF O < BBesEB __ ['pp ~ /’j" i h^h^B’
MfW’ IT__L \
-------- —1---------------- L— ^krw - - --■
VALVE PIPE SECTION
— FW 10 — FW 13 ^FW 11 — FW 8 — FW 9 —FW 6 -FW 5 — FW 19 — FW 7 -"FW 12 ^FW 2
"FW 3 — FW 4 ^FW 18
— FW 14
— FW 17 — FW 16
— FW 15
— FW 1
PART FW 1 BODY
PART FW 2 BONNET
PART FW 3 BONNET STUD
PART FW 4 BONNET STUD NUT
PART FW 5 STUFFING BOX
PART FW 6 GLAND
PART FW 7 STUFFING BOX PACKING
PART FW 8 STUFFING BOX & GLAND STUD
PART FW 9 STUFFING BOX & GLAND STUD NUT
PART FW 10 LOCKING PIN
PART FW 11 HAND WHEEL
PART FW 12 STEM
PART FW 13 STEM NUT
PART FW 14 NUT WEDGE
PART FW 15 LOOSE WEDGE
PART FW 16 DISC
PART FW 17 SEAT
PART FW 18 BONNET GASKET
PART FW 19 STUFFING BOX GASKET
Figure 6. Gate valve.
CHECK & GATE VALVE PIPE SECTION
V--------- 4" WHEATLEY TWIN GATE & CHECK VALVE
--------GROOVE FOR COUPLING \
* X A———------------------------------------A X
HW-3925 "' A"GATE VALVE HW-3925
4 "standard pipe
STANDARD 20'SECTION
Figure 7. Check and gate valve pipe section.
FWT 25
FWT 27
FWT 18
FWT 24
FWT 23
FWT 19
FWT 22
FWT 20
FWT 21
-FWT 10 ' FWT 13 FWT 11
“FWT 8 PART FWT 1
“FWT 9 PART FWT 2
“FWT 6 PART FWT 3
-FWT 5 PART FWT 4
FWT 28 -FWT 7 -FWT 12 PART PART PART PART PART PART FWT 5 FWT 6 FWT 7 FWT 8 FWT 9 FWT 10
‘FWT 2 PART FWT 11
FWT 3 PART FWT 12
SFWT 4 PART FWT 13
FWT 26 PART FWT 14
FWT 17 PART PART PART PART PART PART PART FWT 15 FWT 16 FWT 17 FWT 18 FWT 19 FWT 20 FWT 21
FWT 14 PART FWT 22
FWT 16 PART FWT 23
FWT FWT 15 1 PART PART PART PART FWT 24 FWT 25 FWT 26 FWT 27
PART FWT 28
BODY
BONNET
BONNET STUD
BONNET STUD NUT STUFFING BOX GLAND
STUFFING BOX PACKING
STUFFING BOX, GLAND STUD STUFFING BOX, GLAND NUT LOCKING PIN HAND WHEEL STEM STEM NUT NUT WEDGE LOOSE WEDGE DISC SEAT CHECK COVER CHECK DISC CHECK DISC NUT COTTER PIN CHECK ARM HINGE PIN PIN HOLE PLUG CHECK SEAT BONNET GASKET CHECK COVER GASKET STUFFING BOX GASKET
8
DOUBLE GATE AND REVERSIBLE CHECK VALVE
SYNTHETIC SEAL ON CHECK IS OPTIONAL
9
SYNTHETIC RUBBERrA SEAL f
—d
----LENGTH OF VALVE 2.-4^" --------------- ----OVERALL LENGTH OF VALVE
AND PIPE 3O£"
Figure 8. Double gate and reversible check valve.
4" PRESSURE REDUCING STATION
/--HANLON-WATERS TYPE 1628-4'
-GROOVE FOR COUPLING /\
^HW-3924 4"GATE VALVES HW-3924
'^~Z-----------------------------------------------------------------------
REGULATOR SECTION
■*------------------------------STANDARD 20' SECTION----------------------------
PARTS LIST
HW-107 SPRING CAP HW-139-A BODY GASKETS HW-142-B SPRING
HW-1909 SPRING
HW-2037 VALVE STEM BUSHING
HW-2765 ADJUSTING SCREW
HW-2820 UPPER SEAT RING
HW-2821 LOWER SEAT RING
HW-2899 SPRING SEAT
HW-3776 UPPER DISC
HW-3778 LOWER DISC
HW-3905 DIAPHRAGM PLATE
HW-3908 UPPER BACK-UP PLATE
HW-3909 UPPER PLUG GUIDE
HW-3910 LOWER PLUG GUIDE
HW-3911 DIAPHRAGM
HW-3933 VALVE STEM
A-791 BOTTOM PLATE
A-792 LOWER DIAPHRAGM CASING
A-793 UPPER DIAPHRAGM & SPRING CASE
A-797 VALVE BODY
HW-107 HW-2765 HW-2899 HW-1909 |'-13THD HEX NUTS HW-3905 HW-3911 |"x2|CAP SCREW W/NUT
PRESSURE GAUGE
4 ELBOW
HW-2821
HW-3909
-----n~w
A-791
4x6 NIPPLE A-792 —
HW-2037
HW-3933
A-797—
SET SCREW HW-142-B A-793
q" o'/
x if CAP SCREW
1"- 13 THD.HEX. NUT HW-139-A
HW-3910
HW-3778
13 THD.HEX. NUT
HW-2820
HW-3776
HW-3908
HW-139-A |x 1|"CAP SCREW
Figure 9. Regulator and regulator section Jor downhill installations.
10
Figure 10. Split repair clamp made up of two half-shells.
figure 11. Half-shell of split repair clamp used with stirrup bolts.
11
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
Figure 12. Saddle repair clamp.
figure 13. Dresser type split clamp for use over Fictaulic type couplings.
12
PLAN VIEW OF STATION ARRANGEMENT...SMALL PUMPING UNIT
belt guard
HW-3791
mA - 3920
■' HW-3797-'
Sample to be taken here
UP-STREAM±
FLOW
DOWN-STREAM
■4jheck VALVE
HW - 3793
SECTION
NO. 1
SUCTION
HEADER
SECTION
NO. 5 ( intone)
SECTION
NO.3 (intone)
DISCHARGE
HEADER
MAIN LINE HEADER SECTION
SUCTION VALVE
?IG. <860 - 4 j sjASQ.p> IMP
DISCHARGE VALVE
HIGH SUCTION RELIEF - HANLOM" WATERS TYPE 1627-A
SAND TRAP SECTION NO. 2
BUU~ LWmE
MuDH H 4 TH
CONTROL panel
HW-392C 1
HAN LON-WATERS TYPE ’626-A
HIGH DISCHARGE RELIEF,
NDUlT PIPE
-A 737
SAND TRAP
hw-3731
DISCHARGE LINE
Battery box
ENGINE GOVERNOR OIL RESERVOIR
Figure 14. Plan view of small reciprocating pump station arrangement.
552517 0 - 43 -2
13
NO V.i.-tiC 2 i‘BURGESS -
ExhauS1" SNUBBER
PLAN VIEW OF STATION ARRANGEMENT.. LARGE PUMPING UNIT
conw paw
—
battery box
-TOOL-BOX
___GASO PUMP FIG 1560
HW-3920
HW-3797
HW-3731
SAND TRAP
> Sample Iq be taken
here
DISCHARGE LINE i
FLOW
_ Figure 15. Plan view oj large reciprocating pump station arrangement.
MAIN LINE HEADER SECTION
SUCTION VALVE
MODEL MU-VO'-3 MAX V SILENCER
SECTION NO. 6
SAND TRAP SECTION NO. 2
ENGINE GOVERNOR
OH RESERVOIR
DISCHARGE HEADER
HANLON-WATERS
TYPE 1626-A
BUDA ENGINE
MODFt Jl-A
DISCHARGER
VALVE %
SECTION
NO. 5 (intone)
SECTION
NO.3 (in tone)
SECTION NO. 1 (intone)
_ ,..z U--..
UP-STREAM
.ZZ030
DOWN-STREAM
CHECK VALVE
SUCTION
HEADER
HIGH SUCTION RELIEF-HANLON “
WATERS TYPE 1627-A
14
y____ ‘ • j
^HiGH DISCHARGE RELIEF^
WIRING DIAGRAM SYNCHRO-START IGNITION INTERRUPTER
GROUNDED TO FRAME
Figure 16. Wiring diagram, synchro-start ignition interrupter.
15
GROUNDED I TO FRAME
MAGNETO
RELAX BOX
TO HOT SIDE OF AMMETER
\ PANEL
' SWITCH
centrifugal pump connected to a gear speed increaser built integrally with the pump (figs. 21 and 22). Connection to the engine is by means of a flexible coupling. The pump has two suction nozzles beneath and two discharge nozzles above, of the 4-inch Victaulic type, all of which are on the same side of the pump. Connecting pipe is supplied so that the two stages may be run either in series or in parallel (figs. 23 and 24). All pump parts are designed for a maximum working pressure of 700 pounds per square inch so that two units can be safely run in series. When the two impellers of one unit are operated in series at an engine speed of 1,950 revolutions per minute, the pump has a capacity of 200 barrels per hour at a differential pressure of 200 pounds per square inch when pumping 0.68 specific gravity gasoline.
(a) The pup unit is powered by a 6-cylinder General Motors model 270, 4-inch stroke, 269.5 cubic inches displacement, spark-ignition, water-cooled, automotive, gasoline engine. It is equipped with tachometer, overspeed governor, suction and discharge pressure gages, oil pressure shut-off switch, and water temperature safety shut-off switch.
(Z>) This unit is mounted on a skid fabricated from 8-inch H-beams and channels which are sufficiently strong to permit lifting on or off a truck. The total weight of the complete unit is about 2,000 pounds. (See app. I.)
(c) For a further description of this unit, see Manufacturers Parts List and Instruction Manuals furnished with each unit.
(2) The deep well unit consists of a vertical, six-stage, centrifugal pump with a V-belt drive. This pump has a capacity of 150 gallons per minute at 150-foot head (fig. 25). The pump is powered by a Wisconsin model AHH, sparkignition, air-cooled, industrial, gasoline engine (figs. 26 and 27). Engine and pump are mounted on a fabricated skid base. For further description of this unit see Manufacturers Parts List and Industrial Manuals, furnished with each pump.
c. Tools. All pumping units are equipped with a tool box containing tools and spare parts necessary for the maintenance and operation of the pumps and engines.
6. CONTROL EQUIPMENT. This equipment may be either automatic or manual.
a. Control Equipment for Reciprocating pumps.
(1) Automatic control equipment supplied is
manufactured by Hanlon-Waters, Inc., and is the conventional diaphragm-actuated, spring-loaded type used in conjunction with hydraulic engine speed governors. This control equipment is mounted on the engine-control panel and is an integral part of the pumping unit. It is capable of performing the following functions automatically:
(a) Control pumping rate so that the liquid received is pumped at a rate to maintain a predetermined suction pressure.
(6) Control pressure differential between the suction and discharge at a predetermined limit, and distribute any additional load between that station and other stations on the suction side.
(c) Control maximum discharge pressure of the pump at 650 pounds per square inch so that the pump will be automatically bypassed when a valve is closed on the discharge side of the pump.
(d) Control engine throttle so that when the suction pressure exceeds a predetermined maximum pressure the engine speed will be reduced to idling.
(2) Manual controls. Control equipment for manually controlled stations consists of pressure gages, gate valves, and engine throttle. A spring-loaded, high-pressure, bypass, relief valve is provided as a safety device.
b. Control Equipment for Centrifugal Pump. Automatic safety shut-down controls to protect centrifugal pumps from excessive discharge pressure, high temperature, and abnormally low suction pressure will be provided on military pipe lines.
7. PORTABLE STORAGE TANKS. Depending on the type of liquid to be handled, various types of portable tanks are available as follows:
a. Steel tanks for gasoline and other petroleum fuels. (See app. I.)
b. Adaptation of the collapsible container for gasoline and other petroleum fuels.
c. Canvas tanks can be used for water storage.
8. COMMUNICATIONS. U. S. Signal Corps field telephone equipment is standard for service with military pipe lines. Field radio and messengers may be also used. Field Manuals should be consulted for details on operation, installation, and maintenance of these types of communication systems.
16
PRESSURE SHUT-DOWN SWITCH FOR PUP PUMP
MANUAL RESET FRONT VIEW WITHOUT COVER REAR VIEW
Figure 17. Pressure shut-down switch for Pup Pump.
17
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__:____:____r--- - R~Ji—Mj---jRxg-j_ 1 "' ।_____
\3B PITCH DIAX5NQ 144-CX 28.8" PITCH DIA. SHEAVE
SHEAVE O.QHUB V-BELTS SOLID OFFSET HUB
-T----------li'“E
_________Xgy Rig- i860-4j"i6"
XF-—CS——GASO PUMFJ-
MODEL K-428
BUDA ENGINE ___ /4" DISCH. FLANGE 10" O.D. ._
fl I . । /8" i"studs 0N 7k bc A wntrol panQx
ii''NLn Ml/ h®0®r
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«o|_-OR «
II A - p 'A —a
4" FLANGE - 10" 0D.
8- I "HOLES ON 7-j’B.C.
Figure 18. Dimension drawing of small reciprocating pump unit.
18
Figure 19. View of small reciprocating pump unit.
19
___J « MAXIM SILENCER
* tz=J /MODEL MU-NO. 7-3j" I—GAS0 PUMP FIG. 1560
‘<£ r BATTERY /
£ (J 80x _ TOOL BOX I
----------- JI / ” I ~ 1 in nl J ~^E«Bt3’F •• =
----------t=ie=3b;:f^
- „n u ___________)
8-| STUD BOLTS ON 6" “I /
/----DIA. BOLT CIRCLE IN v~ SERIES CONNECTION
/ EACH FLANGE \*F0R MAiN PIPE )
L „ \ LINE USE)
If ■*-/ 8"—►! DISCHARGE DISCHARGE \ \
]-[&-----T<(VICTAULIC GROOVE) V /
//* —^^^VT-l-EZ------Loo SUCTION | \
\( ["TTfcJ !/(VICTAULIC GROOVE) ~L___________________________________________\ /
vx ■^2S!/2''LG. 18-8 2
98-1 LOCK SCREW - deflector - %"x72''LG. STEEL ~T~
103 BLIND END BEARING_______ BEARIUM BRONZE 1
111 SPLIT GLAND_____________ HARD BRONZE ~
146 PIN - centersleeve - 3/g"x 334"LG. S.A.E. 10 20 ~ 1
159 PUMP SHAFT_______________11.5-13% CHR.ST'L. 1
161 DRIVESHAFT_______________S.A.E. 2340 H.T. 1
176'1 IMPELLER-1ST STAGE_______HARD BRONZE 1
176-2 IMPELLER-2ND STAGE_________” v 1
207 CASE WEAR RING______________BRONZE______2
229 CENTER BUSHING___________BEARIUM BRONZE 1
236 CAGE RING IHARD BRONZE F
241 DEFLECTOR BRONZE ~F
249 LOCKNUT ________________ MRC-N-Q6 F
257 LOCATING RING______________S.A.E. 10-20 1
257-1 LOCATING RING_______________» »_____1
281 GEAR BOX COVER_______________C. I._____1
281-1 BEARING HOLDER______________C. I._____1
344 BALL BEARING SLEEVE________S.A.E. 1020 1
462 CONNECTOR__________________TdooT^s^ 1
571 GEAR-DRIVEN__________caseA'hardened___1
572 GEAR-DRIVER_________________» «______1
654 BALL BEARING_____________M R C <7407 1
654-1 BALLBEARING__________M R C * 7406
655 BALL BEARING______________ MRC*407R 2
673 LOCK WASHER_________________MRC-W-Q6 1
676-1 KEY-IMPELLER 11.5-13% CHR.ST’L. 2
676'2 KEY-GEAR-DRIVEN________n »> >. „ ~F
676-3 KEY-GEAR-DRIVER__________S.A.E. 2340 H.T. 1
677 KEY-COUPLING__________________STEEL_____1_
686 NATIONAL Oil ^FAI No. 50049 FOR 1’/♦"SHAFT i
OOP INAIIUNAL UIL otAL______ 200 FT/MIN. RUBBING SPEED 1
686*1 NATIONAL OIL SEAL No.50055 FOR 1H"SHAFT n
oou I INAIIUINAL OCAL________200 FT/MIN. RUBBING SPEED 2
697 SPECIAL LOCK PLUG ~ center sleeve S.A.E. 10-20 1
742 PACKING RING JOHN CRANE 6
756 GEAR BOX | C. I, |~T~
PETTI HHHHMWWVPVmHMHI I3WQ
24
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DEEP WELL PUMPING UNIT
SECTION & DIMENSION DRAWING FOR 6 STAGE - MODEL NO. PI - 606
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Figure 25. Section and dimension drawing of deep-well pump unit..
25
AIR CLEANER
BREATHER
LINE '
CARBURETOR
CHOKE LEVER
-OPEN- K
CARBURETOR*
NEEDLE VALVE
magneto
SWITCH *
WISCONSIN ENGINE
FOR DEEP WELL UNIT
GOVERNOR
CONTROL
Fi-YWHEEL
Magneto
BREAKER COVER
STARTING SHEAVE
Figure 26. Front view oj Wisconsin engine J or deep-well unit.
26
CHAPTER 3
LAYOUT AND PLANNING
9. LOCATION OF PIPE LINE.
a. Reconnaissance.
(1) After study of existing maps the first step in determining the location of a pipe line is to make a ground reconnaissance of the country through which the line is to be laid. Knowledge of the topography thus gained will enable the engineer to choose the most suitable route for the line, both from the standpoint of military necessity and from that of good pipe-line practice. The most nearly level route should be chosen whenever possible. Natural cover, such as brush and trees, should be used in order to protect the line from enemy observation. A route along the bank of a stream is seldom desirable, especially where the stream is likely to overflow its banks.
(2) Wherever possible the pipe line should be located more or less parallel to an existing road or trail, in order to facilitate the transportation of pipe and requisite equipment along the route of the pipe line. Speed of construction will in a large measure depend upon the prompt supply of component parts of the pipe-line system along the site. (3) If contour maps of the area are available, they can be used to great advantage in supplementing reconnaissance information. Airplane flights and aerial maps are also valuable aids in choosing the best route for a pipe line, particularly from the standpoint of locating the line so as to conceal it from enemy aerial observation.
b. Survey.
(1) When the approximate route for the pipe line has been chosen, a survey must be made to determine its bearing, length, and elevation changes (profile). There are several methods of surveying the route which are practicable and sufficiently accurate for designing a workable pipe-line system. Each of these methods will be outlined in some detail. As the survey progresses the course of the pipe line should be marked for the benefit of the construction and installation crews. Wooden
stakes, placed at approximately 500-foot intervals in wooden areas and at approximately greater intervals in open areas, are used for this marking. In wooded and brushy areas the route can be plainly marked by tying small strips of cloth or drafting tape to trees and brush along the line between stakes. Notes should be made of the location of all clearings and wooded areas, stream and river crossings, road crossings, and other points of possible future interest.
(2) When the pipe-line system has been designed and the location of pump stations, block and check valves, and pressure-reducing regulators determined, their location along the line should be plainly marked with stakes. Following is a list of stake colors which may be used for this marking:
Location Stake color Remarks
Route Pump station Gate block valve Check valve Reducing regulator. Loading station Branch line Plain Blue. ... Number stakes in sequence. Mark pump station number on stake as well as distance from Station No. 1.
Green Yellow Red
Orange White Place 2 stakes, 1 on main route and 1 about 20 feet toward branch line.
(3) Use of contour maps. The course of the line is plotted on contour maps of the area to be traversed (fig. 28). Starting at the source (Station No. 1), a profile of the pipe-line route is plotted showing ground elevation at all critical points, such as ridges, valleys, and abrupt changes in slope, over the entire length of the line (fig. 29). This profile should be plotted with a vertical scale of 1 inch equals 500 feet and a horizontal scale of 1 inch equals 5 miles. If more detail of the route
27
between some of the stations is desired, the profile may be plotted with a vertical scale of 1 inch equals 500 feet, and a horizontal scale of 1 inch equals 2% miles. When the course of the pipe line has been first laid out on a contour map, it will be necessary to transfer it from the map to the ground. This should be done using stakes as previously outlined. In addition, several significant elevation changes should be checked with a transit, level, or barometer, to be sure that the profile constructed from the contour map is an accurate representation of the ground.
(4) Use of aneroid barometer and compass.
(a) If no contour map is available, a simple, rapid survey can be made using an aneroid barometer and compass. Accompanying distances are obtained from a map or by chain, tape, foot pace, or automobile speedometer.
(6) When an aneroid barometer is used, elevation at all critical points along the proposed route should be recorded. Careful use of the barometer will insure the measurement of approximate elevations. At the time elevations are measured the location and length of the line are also obtained by compass survey. Data obtained by the compass survey consist of magnetic bearing and length of each segment of the line between the source and discharge. The length of each segment can be measured by chain, tape, or foot pacing. Where maps are available, or where the approximate route can be traversed by automobile, over-all distance thus obtained should be used, proportionate corrections being made in the individual segment lengths. A ground profile can be readily constructed from the elevation and distance measurements obtained.
(5) Use of level and chain or transit and stadia. Surveys by level and chain, or by transit and stadia are the most accurate, but they consume considerable time and are applicable only to areas which are relatively inactive.
(6) If reconnaissance of the proposed pipe-line route shows that the terrain to be crossed is fairly level and that the relief is compensating, a detailed elevation survey will not be necessary. The pipe line in this case can be laid in a straight line. Locations of the pump stations will depend on line friction, static head, and the suction pressure required at each station along the line, as will be discussed later in this manual.
10. DESIGN OF SYSTEM. Inasmuch as military pipe lines are to be constructed with standard sizes of pipe and pumping equipment, the problem
28
of design need be based on the following considerations only: size of pipe available (4-inch or 6-inch), size of pumps available, and amount and kind of liquid to be delivered through the line. With these considerations established and with the ground profile plotted to a vertical scale of 1 inch equals 500 feet, and to a horizontal scale of 1 inch equals 5 miles, the next step is to compute the hydraulics of the system, in order to determine the number and location of pump stations and pressure reduction stations.
a. Modular System of Pipe-line Design. A detailed analysis of the hydraulics of a pipeline system is complicated; therefore a simplified method of pipe-line design, called the modular system, has been adopted, so named because it is a model measuring method of determining the location of pumping and pressure-reducing stations by combining static and friction heads on a hydraulic gradient triangle, the scales of which correspond to scales selected for the profile of the pipe-line route. This graphical method should be used by the survey engineer in the field during the progress of the survey.
(1) The procedure to be followed in using the modular system for pipe-line design is as follows:
(a) Knowing the kind of liquid and the rate at which it is desired to pump it, the friction pressure loss per mile is determined from figure 30 for 4-inch pipe, or from figure 31 for 6-inch pipe. For example, from figure 30 the friction loss for 4-inch spiral weld pipe carrying 200 barrels per hour of 0.70 specific gravity gasoline is 20 pounds per square inch per mile.
(b) Having determined the friction loss per mile, a right triangle called a hydraulic gradient triangle is next made from a piece of heavy bristol board or other suitable material about 10 inches square. This triangle is constructed in the following described manner. Figure 32 also outlines the procedure for construction. The finished triangle is shown on figure 33.
1. On the side of the piece of chosen material lay out a scale on its base or horizontal side using the same scale in miles per inch as was used on the profile. Make this scale cover a distance of at least 40 scale miles. Calibrate the scale in 1-mile divisions, or less if desired, although this is not essential. Make the zero point at the right angle of the triangle.
2. Lay out the vertical side of the triangle to represent 2,500 feet on the same vertical scale used in plotting the profile. For example, if the vertical scale is 1 inch equals 500 feet, the
FUEL TANK AIR VENT
HOLE
WISCONSIN ENGINE
FOR DEEP WELLUNIT
SPARK PLUG
SPARK PLUG WIRE
GASOLINE
FLYWHEEL
GOVERNOR SPRING
GOVERNOR
CONTROL ROD
OIL DRAIN
Figure 27. Front view of Wisconsin engine for deep-well unit.
FUEL
strainer
OIL FILLER PLUG
THROTTLE LEVER
FUEL
LINE
GOV.
LEVER
552517 0 - 43 -3
29
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Figure 29. Profile of pipe-line route.
DISTANCE - MILES
Figure 28. Route of pipe line on contour map.
30
PIPE LINE ON CONTOUR MAP thfater of operations ■ STATION ? REDUCING REGULATOR SCALE -1 10 MILES
RATE BARRELS PER HOUR
PRESSURE DROP-POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH PER MILE
Figure 30. Flow of gasoline and water in 4-inch pipe.
31
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side of the triangle will be 5 inches long. Graduate this vertical side in hundreds of feet with the zero point at the top of the triangle. This scale in feet represents the static head in feet of the flowing liquid Convert this head in feet to static head in pounds per square inch by using the following equation:
P HXS 2.31
where P=pressure in pounds per square inch, H = head in feet of flowing liquid, and
S = specific gravity of flowing liquid.
Using the above relation, compute the number of feet of head corresponding to 50 pounds per square inch static head. In the case of gasoline with a specific gravity of 0.70, this value will be 165 feet. Subdivide the vertical scale on the side of the triangle into units of 165 feet each, beginning at the zero end of the scale, each unit representing 50 pounds per square inch static head. In the example, these units will be plotted at 165 feet, 330 feet, 495 feet, etc., the 2,500 foot static head being equal to 758 pounds per square inch.
3. The friction loss in pounds per square inch per mile obtained above is used to establish the slope of the hypotenuse of the hydraulic gradient triangle by dividing the total length of the vertical scale in terms of pounds per square inch static head by the friction loss in pounds per square inch per mile. For example:
™ = 37 9 20
This factor of 37.9 denotes the point on the base, or horizontal side on the scale of miles used, from which a connecting line is drawn to the zero point on the vertical side of the triangle, thus delineating the hypotenuse. Complete the triangle by cutting along the hypotenuse. It should be noted that the slope of this hypotenuse represents the friction loss in pounds per square inch per mile for a particular size of pipe carrying a particular liquid at a predetermined rate. A change in either the size of pipe, the type of liquid, or the rate of flow requires the construction of another hydraulic gradient triangle.
b. Example. Determine the location of and the number of pumping stations required on the pipe line shown in plan on figure 28 and in profile on figure 29.
(1) Conditions:
Throughput_______ 200 barrels per hour.
Pump pressure. _ 30 pounds per square inch suction, 230 pounds per square inch discharge.
Pipe line________4 inch spiral weld.
Liquid___________0.70 specific gravity gasoline.
Pump unit________ small reciprocating.
(2) Several general statements regarding pipe-line design and operation should be noted before proceeding with the task of locating pump stations.
(a) The first consideration is to establish the pressure at which the pumps are to operate. On level ground and using the conditions of this example, the differential pressure at Station No. 1 will be 200 pounds per square inch only because there are 10 miles of 4-inch thin wall pipe and 200 barrels per hour being pumped through the pipe. Reference to figure 30 shows that the pressure loss in the pipe is 20 pounds per square inch per mile. If the pipe line extends uphill, however, the same quantity of liquid will not be moved 10 miles with the pump operating at 200 pounds per square inch differential pressure. In part 9 of figure 32, 60 pounds per square inch of the available pressure at the pump is used to lift gasoline and the remaining 140 pounds per square inch is used to overcome friction in 7 miles of pipe.
(b) A pipe line must be designed and operated so that there is sufficient pressure on the suction side of the pump. When handling gasoline, the suction pressure must not be below 30 pounds per square inch. Lower pressure may cause vapor lock in the system, thus impairing pipe-line efficiency. An exception to this rule will be the pressure on the suction side of Station No. 1, as described in chapter 4 of this manual.
(3) Solution.
(a) Place the hydraulic gradient triangle on the profile, figure 29, with the base of the triangle parallel to the datum line of the profile, with zero miles at Station No. 1 (source station), and with the desired pressure graduation on the side of the triangle on the line of the profile. In this example the 200 pounds per square inch graduation, representing the 200 pounds per square inch pressure differential between suction and discharge as desired at Station No. 1, is placed on the line of the profile.
(6) Draw a light vertical line along the edge of the triangle to the apex and then draw a line along the hypotenuse of the triangle until this line intersects the profile line. On figure 29, the hypotenuse will intersect the profile at a distance of 7 miles from Station No. 1. At this point the pressure on the line will be reduced to the same
32
RATE BARRELS PER HOUR
PRESSURE DROP-POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH PER MILE
Figure 31. Flow of gasoline and water in 6-inch pipe.
33
।
SPECIFIC GRAVITY GASOLINE
0.65 0.70 0.75
■ill
FLOW OF GASOLINE AND WATER j IN 6" ‘PIPE
.based on Fanning's equation
FOR TURBULEN7 FLOW
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NOTE’2.31 FT. HD. WATER -300 -1000 k---I---X----1"--J
±41000 I LB. PER. SO. IN. |____30Q |qoq| ______________________________
©CONSTRUCT LINES C.B. AND A. B. LOCATING wB TO FORM ANGLE
POINT B.
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20 PSI PER MILE bx t?[ THE TR,ANGLE Fl6'31 ,S OBTAINED.
£ 200 PSI -10 MILES X? L,NE ° B- 'NTERSECTING AT 37.9 MILES.
£-»oo S-ioo _________________________________
Y° ^’50° ■> '50° X. ^F HOW TRIANGLE IS USED.
A -200 J---------A -200-------------------------X® Or 0.
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y pp MILE. W,TH 200 RS.I.AVAILABLE USED LIFTING
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Procedure for hydraulic gradient triangle.
Figure 32.
34
Figure 33. Finished hydraulic gradient triangle.
35
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t______________________1_____________________I_____________________L____________________L______________________I---------------------1_____________________I________X
37.9
STATION NO. 1 CONNECTION IN PARALLEL
UNIT(B)
BELT GUARD
1^" CONDUIT PIPE
1^" CONDUIT PIPE
TOOL BOX
TOOL BOX
CONTROL PANEL
CONTROL PANEL
MAIN LINE
2
HW-3920
SUCTION VALVE
SUCTION VALVE
O
O
O
16-0 DI A.
STORAGE
BELT GUARD —
Ml. MAX. ON LEVEL GROUND
A-737 SAND TRAP
BLANK CAP ON SUCTION
BLANK CAP
PUMP UNIT (A)
A-737 SAND TRAP
BLANK CAP
HW-3797 DISCHARGE HEADER
BLANK CAP ON SUCTION
HW-3797
DISCHARGE HEADER
GATE, CHECK SECTION
GATE, CHECK SECTION
BUDA ENGINE MODEL K-428
WHEN 2 OR MORE TANKS ARE USED PER STATION KEEP TANKS AS FAR APART AS POSSIBLE 600 FEET IS MAXIMUM DISTANCE
HANLON-WATERS TYPE 1626-A G
FIG. 1860-4 ^'x6" GASO PUMP
HANLON-WATERS TYPE 1627
FIG. 1860-4 ^X6" GASO PUMP
NO SDHC 2^ BURGESS EXHAUST SNUBBER
BUDA ENGINE MODEL K-428
NO SDHC 2%"BURGESS EXHAUST SNUBBER
HANLON-WATERS TYPE 1627-A
HIGH SUCTION RELIEF
ENGINE GOVERNOR OIL RESERVOIR
HANLON-WATERS TYPE 1626
SUCTION HEADER
HW-3791 '
HIGH SUCTION RELIEF
SUCTION HEADER HW-3791
HIGH DISCHARGE RELIEF
HW-3920
HIGH DISCHARGE RELIEF
MAKE INOPERATIVE BY SETTING SPRING COMPRESSION HIGHER THAN HIGH SUCTION
RELIEF
ENGINE GOVERNOR
BATTERY BOX /OIL RESERVOIR
TANK FOR
UNIT A)
TANK FOR
UNIT B
36
Figure 34. Arrangement of Station No. 1 (two small reciprocating units in parallel).
. MINIMUM DISTANCE 150'
value as the pressure (30 pounds per square inch) on the suction side of Station No. 1. Station No. 2 is located at this point.
(c) Station No. 3 and succeeding stations are located in the same manner as Station No. 2 by shifting the hydraulic gradient triangle along the profile, using each station located as a base for locating succeeding stations. The intersection of the hypotenuse with the line of the profile in each case gives the location for a station at which the suction pressure will be the same as for the preceding station, provided the differential pressure (shown on the side of the triangle) is maintained at the designed value.
(d) Proper location of stations on the line is very important and they should be located on the ground as near the point indicated on the profile as possible, so that the desired pressure gradient may be maintained in the pipe-line system.
(e) The hydraulic gradient triangle can also be used to determine the actual pressure which will be on the line at any desired point when there is flow. Without flow, the friction loss in the pipe, of course, does not exist and only the scale of pounds per square inch on the triangle is used.
c. Other Considerations in Pipe-Line Design. There are many other consideration in the design of a pipe-line system. Some of these are discussed in the following paragraphs as a continuation of the design example for a 4-inch spiral weld line to carry gasoline. Reciprocating pump stations along this line and the pressure regulation stations on the downhill grades are to operate automatically.
(1) Station No. 1 has two pumping units, one of which is a stand-by connected in parallel on the line at the same place hydraulically (fig. 34). The requirement that the two units be at the same place hydraulically means that each unit should be installed at approximately the same elevation, even though they are a considerable distance apart. Station No. 1 sets the rate of pumping for the whole system. It is important, therefore, that the two pumping units be placed at Station No. 1 to be certain that the station can pump into the line under all conditions.
(a) The differential pressure controls on Station No. 1 are adjusted to hold a maximum differential pressure of 200 pounds per square inch on the line between Station No. 1 and Station No. 2 (230 pounds per square inch discharge at No. 1). This 200 pounds per square inch differential pressure sets the rate at which liquid will flow in the line.
(6) The high suction relief valve at Station No. 1 will be set so that it opens at 250 pounds per square inch. Connection to the diaphragm will be made from the discharge manifold. The double port opening of this valve is large enough to return the full capacity of the pump to the storage tanks. Connection to the tanks is made into the suction line behind the check valve between the tanks arid the pump. The connection to the high discharge relief diaphragm will be plugged so that it stays closed.
(c) The low suction controller at Station No. 1 is set to control at 30 pounds per square inch if the suction pressure at this station is supplied by a booster pump operating on a storage tank. If the suction pressure at Station No. 1 is due to head of liquid in storage tank only, the low suction controller must be made inoperative and the station placed on manual control. This controller is not, in general, sufficiently sensitive to respond properly to small variations in pressure such as that brought about by change in the fluid level as liquid is withdrawn from a tank. Manual operation of the pump will necessitate maintaining an accurate check on tank gages at all times while pumping.
(2) (a) Station No. 2 is another two-pumping-unit station, one unit of which is a spare. Station No. 1 can pump no farther than Station No. 2 with its maximum discharge fixed at 250 pounds per square inch and the continued delivery of liquid through the line will depend upon Station No. 2 being operative at all times. The two pumping units should be located at approximately the same elevation, not over 1,000 feet apart, and connected in series (fig. 35).
(b) Station No. 2 differential pressure controller is adjusted for 300 pounds per square inch. With Stations No. 1 and No. 2 at the same elevation and no flow in the line, the suction pressure at Station No. 2 is 250 pounds per square inch. If Station No. 2 is at an elevation greater than that of Station No. 1, the suction pressure at Station No. 2 with no flow will be reduced by the difference in static head between the two stations. With this maximum suction pressure of 250 pounds per square inch, plus 300 pounds per square inch differential setting, the maximum discharge pressure and the setting of the high discharge relief valve will be determined. When Stations No. 1 and No. 2 are at the same elevation, or when Station No. 1 is located at a higher elevation than Station No. 2, the high discharge relief valve setting will be 550 pounds per square inch.
37
(3) Stations Nos. 3 and 4 are located only 150 pounds per square inch pressure differential from Station No. 2 and Station No. 3, respectively. This is required because:
(a) The high discharge reliefs at Stations Nos. 3 and 4 are set at 650 pounds per square inch maximum.
(b) Differential pressure controllers are set to control at 300 pounds per square inch differential pressure. With Stations Nos. 3 and 4 located only 150 pounds per square inch remote from Station No. 2 and Station No. 3, respectively, either one of these stations could be out of operation and normal flow maintained. Both Stations Nos. 3 and 4 cannot be down at the same time and have the line maintain its 200 barrel per hour capacity rate without overtaxing Station No. 2 with 500 pounds per square inch differential pressure. The differential pressure controller is used to insure that the engine of a pumping unit is not overloaded,
(c) When neither Stations Nos. 3 nor 4 are operating the spare unit at No. 2 should be started and the two units operated in series with 250 pounds per square inch differential pressure across each station. This is necessary because there is 150 pounds per square inch pressure loss between Stations Nos. 2 and 3, 150 pounds per square inch between Stations Nos. 3 and 4, and 200 pounds per square inch between Stations Nos. 4 and 5, a total pressure loss between Stations Nos. 2 and 5 of 500 pounds per square inch. A balancing pressure would be developed at Station No. 2 by operating both units there in series, as above outlined.
(d) Stations Nos. 2 and 3, and Nos. 3 and 4 can be only 150 pounds per square inch apart, because Station No. 2 is limited by its differential pressure controller to 330 pounds per square inch discharge pressure. Therefore, Station No. 2 is capable of pumping to Station No. 4, when Station No. 3 is out of service.
(e) The high discharge relief valve at Station No. 3 is set at the maximum discharge pressure of Station No. 2, plus 300 pounds per square inch differential setting, less the static head between Stations No. 2 and No. 3 when Station No. 3 is at a higher elevation than Station No. 2, but not to exceed 650 pounds per square inch. The high discharge relief valves at all stations beyond Station No. 3 are set at 650 pounds per square inch, except in the special cases discussed elsewhere in this chapter, thus allowing a maximum operating discharge pressure of 630 pounds per square inch when required.
(4) All other stations are located at 200 pounds per square inch differential pressure spacings.
(5) Figure 36 shows the hydraulic relationships of stations by means of a hydraulic gradient when various stations are out of service. In normal operation Station No. 1 has a discharge pressure of 230 pounds per square inch. Stations Nos. 2 and 3 each have discharge pressures of 180 pounds per square inch, and all stations beyond No. 3 have discharge pressures of 230 pounds per square inch. It should be noted that all pressure values shown in Figure 36 must be increased by 30 pounds per square inch, since minimum suction pressure at the pumping station has arbitrarily been assumed as 30 pounds per square inch. When one or more adjacent intermediate stations in a given pipe line are not operating, the increased load on the station immediately upstream is spread over the upstream stations, thus distributing the additional load uniformly. This is accomplished by the operation of the differential pressure controller which limits the differential pressure between suction and discharge on any station to 300 pounds per square inch.
(a) For example: Consider that Station No. 5 is not operating. Station No. 4 must discharge at 430 pounds per square inch to reach Station No. 6; therefore the suction pressure at Station No. 4 must reach 130 pounds per square inch and Station No. 3 must discharge at 280 pounds per square inch so that the suction pressure of 130 pounds per square inch can be maintained at Station No. 4. Station No. 2 is not affected since Station No. 3 can work against 300 pounds per square inch differential pressure if necessary.
(b) Suppose Stations Nos. 6 and 7 are not operating. Station No. 5 must discharge at 630 pounds per square inch to reach Station No. 8 which of necessity increases the suction pressure at Station No. 5 to 330 pounds per square inch, and Station No. 4 must discharge at 530 pounds per square inch to maintain 230 pounds per square inch suction pressure at Station No. 5; since Station No. 4 is only 150 pounds per square inch away from Station No. 3, the discharge at Station No. 3 is raised to 380 pounds per square inch to maintain a 230 pounds per square inch suction pressure at Station No. 4 and Station No. 2 must discharge at 180 pounds per square inch to maintain a suction pressure of 30 pounds per square inch at Station No. 3.
(c) The hydraulic gradient diagram in figure 36 shows that normally no more than two adjacent
38
stations can be out of operation at the same time, and still maintain the desired rate of flow. Furthermore, if two adjacent stations are not in operation, the first four stations immediately upstream must be pumping to maintain operation at the designed rate. An illustration of pumping at a reduced rate in a pipe-line system, due to three adjacent stations not being in operation, is brought out by the following example: Assume a 20-station pipeline system, with Stations Nos. 9, 10, and 11 not in operation, and with a static head of 80 pounds per square inch between each station. This condition would require that Station No. 8 pump all the way through to station No. 12. The maximum allowable discharge pressure at station No. 8 is 630 pounds per square inch and the assumed suction pressure at Station No. 12 is 30 pounds per square inch. The available pressure for pumping liquid from Station No. 8 to Station No. 12 is, therefore, 600 pounds per square inch. Total static head between Station No. 8 and Station No. 12 is (80 times 4) 320 pounds per square inch, which leaves 280 pounds per square inch to be consumed as friction loss over the distance of 24 miles between Station No. 8 and Station No. 12. This represents a pressure loss due to friction of approximately 11.7 pounds per square inch per mile. Reference to figure 30 shows that a pressure drop of 11.7 pounds per square inch per mile in a 4-inch pipe line with gasoline of a specific gravity of 0.70 gives a rate of about 155 barrels per hour. . This rate can be maintained with Stations Nos. 9, 10, and 11 not in operation.
(d) In case three or more adjacent stations are out of service the first upstream station will reach a pressure at which both the high discharge and high suction relief valves will open and the pump speed will be reduced to idling. This idling condition will prevail until the first downstream station which continues to pump pulls the line pressure down to such a value that the idling upstream station resumes pumping. After building up to the maximum predetermined discharge pressure, the upstream station will again bypass and slow down to an idling speed. This intermittent operation will continue until a sufficient number of stations have resumed pumping to permit the system to operate at the designed throughput of 200 barrels per hour.
(6) Steep uphill gradients. In pumping liquid over a steep uphill grade requiring more than one station where pressure reducing regulators are used on the downhill side to control pressure, it is nec
essary to place a standby pumping unit at the foot of the downgrade for the same reasons that one was placed at Station No. 1. The downhill line is equivalent to the storage tanks at Station No. 1, inasmuch as a limited suction pressure is available due to the action of the reducing pressure regulators. All successive stations should be spaced at the usual 200 pounds per square inch pressure intervals along the line.
(7) Pump station locations on hill crests. A pump station should not be placed at or near the crest of the hill shown, for example, on the profile in figure 29 at mile 72. The downhill slope beyond mile 72 is so steep that no pumping is needed. In the example illustrated in figure 29, two stations should be installed between the double pump station and the top of the hill to prevent the two-unit station from operating continuously against a high discharge pressure.
d. Use of pressure-reducing regulators. Pressure-reducing regulators are used to protect pipe on downhill grades from excessive pressures which are developed where static pressures greatly exceed friction losses.
(1) Normally, these regulators should be adjusted to reduce the pressure to 50 pounds per square inch on the downstream side and are spaced 200 pounds per square inch pressure differential apart. One regulator can be used for a 400-pounds-per-square-inch differential, but it is recommended that they be spaced at not more than 200 pounds per square inch apart when a series of them is required.
(2) The regulator is constructed so that failure of the diaphragm will allow the valve to open wide, with only the valve orifice restricting the liquid flow. This restriction would probably be enough to prevent the pressure from becoming excessive under flow conditions, but if a shut-down of the line occurred downstream from the broken regulator the line would not be protected against excessive static pressure.
(3) The Hydraulic Gradient Triangle should be used to locate both pump and pressure reduction stations all along the profile. There may be a condition when the profile and the hydraulic gradient (hypotenuse of the triangle) approximately coincide. When this is the case, both flow and static conditions should be investigated. In general, it is safe to locate pressure reduction regulators on the profile with the scale of pounds per square inch on the Hydraulic Gradient Triangle. This procedure is as follows:
(a) Place the zero point of the vertical scale of
39
BATTERY BOX ENGINE GOVERNOR BATTERY BOX ENGINE GOVERNOR
NO SDHC 2^" BURGESS ,—1 OIL RESERVO,R NO SDHC 2pBURGESS _ X / OIL RESERVOIR
EXHAUST SNUBBER 45/1 EXHAUST SNUBBER
BUDA ENGINE / I BUDA ENGINE
K 1 PUMP ;! ® ^MODEL K-428 |[ 1 PUMP !; U ^MODEL K-428
OC1T ' ib UNIT (A) !! I [\ UNIT(B) !■
BELT GUARD । , L-rv- <4, , u BELT GUARD 1 L 3. «
CONDUIT PIPE BtLI UUAK}^| i t~~ 1 CONDUIT PIPE
FIG. 1860-4 ^"x6" I [/ I --'—4 .—-TOOL BOX FIG. 1860-4 X 6" I \l~ZZ “1L.—-TOOL BOX
GASO PUMP. j iH _JJ___■ GASO PUMP } jU—. —JJ i
I ! | /CONTROL PANEL ' || CONTROL PANEL
J__K HANLON WATERS I jf HANLON-WATERS
suca^”. Wia tyx2>h,gi^tion suTwn3ycMa type 'r>H,GHRsTioN
T HhW-3920 IJhW-3920
/LR HW-3920 H HW-3920
A-737 / j tIJ—A-737 / / nu-A;---9
SANDTRAP-^. / ^^7 \ SAND TRAP_ / f \
HW-3797 7 / HANLON-WATERS X HW-3797 7 / UAmi^m watcoc
DISCHARGE HEADER / TYPE 1626-A DISCHARGE HEADER / HAt!?CNi*^T|RS
/ / IT Pt lo26”A
HIGH P’^CHARGE H|GH DISCHARGE
PI--p, RELIEF a——D RELIEF
HW-3731 IJ HW-3731
DISCHARGE LINE x NOT OVER 1000 ON JT DISCHARGE LINE^
rA j_g LEVEL GROUND T I, ~£I
(gk-SUCTION VALVE DISCHARGE VALVE-kW (HL-SUCTION VALVE DISCHARGE VALVE
UP-STREAM A FLOW H UP-STREAM H FLOW
IE J L - g n XL JSXagS- ------------------------Oja
/ DOWN-STREAM MAIN LINE DOWN-STREAM
duudimc iimit CHECKVALVE ONE UNIT OPERATES AT A TIME HW-3793 CHECKVALVE
PUMPING UNIT BYPASS SECTION BYPASS SECTION PUMPING UNIT
(SMALL) (SMALL)
Figure 35. Arrangement of Station No. 2 (two small reciprocating units in series').
40
HYDRAULIC GRADIENTS : PRESSURES AT VARIOUS RECIPROCATING PUMP STATIONS
41
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH ’
| STATION _ . _ _ _ _ 2 '3 -4 -5 -6 ~7 -8 9 ________ I - 2 :3 :: 4 ~5 ::6 7 8 9-10 11-1213 14
■ 'z W
LOCATION OF TANKS AND DISPENSING STATIONS
SCHEMATIC LAYOUT - NO SCALE
SITE OF AIRFIELD
P
LOCATION CLOSE TO MAIN LINE
Underground Tanks
Block Valve
WOODED AREA
O
DISPENSING SECTION
Deep Well Pumping Unit (one per tank) Used to Supply Airfield Pumping System
TERMINAL TANKS (near Road or R.R.)
FLOW a
PUMP
BLOCK VALVE
-I PUMP
Figure 37. Schematic layout of tanks and dispensing stations along a main pipe line.
BLOCK VALVE As close as possible To Main Line
K AUXILIARY
LINE TANK
To Advanced Bases
Reducing Regulator
STATION NO. 11
REDUCING REGULATOR
Highway
? STATION
NO. 10
MAIN LINE
7 to 10 Miles between Stations
200 Differential
LOCATION
AWAY FROM MAIN LINE
£ ,0
42
BRANCH LINES
.SCHEMATIC LAYOUT - NO SCALE
FROM STATION NO. 1
LINE STORAGE TANK
STATION NO. 11
STATION NO. I 2
Station No. 11-1
Form
PUMP-
COUNTRY ROAD
STATION NO. 13
To Advanced Bases
- BLOCK VALVES
Terminal Storage Tanks
\ Short
Branch Line
Main Line
7 — 10 Miles between Station
200 # Max. Differential
STATION NO. 10
Station No.1V!
Branch Line
7 to 10 Miles between Stations
200 # Max. Differential
BLOCK VALVE
REDUCING REGULATOR
PUMP-*
BASE
DISPENSING SECTION
Pipe Line 7 to 10 Miles
Long, Differential
200 # between Station
No. 11 and Station No. 11 — 1
Church
Yard
Station No. 113
Figure 38. Schematic layout of a branch line.
43
c A
the Hydraulic Gradient Triangle at the point representing the top of the hill on the vertical profile. The base of the triangle should be horizontal. Mark on the profile paper the 200 pounds per square inch point and extend this point with a line drawn horizontally until it intersects the profile. This is the location of a pressure reduction regulator. Succeeding regulators are located in a similar manner (fig. 29).
(b) This method considers only the static pressure between stations and should be used to prevent the building up of excessive static pressure under “no flow” conditions. If the gradient method of locating stations is used, there is a possibility on long downhill slopes that the hydraulic gradient may be parallel to the ground slope. This condition would not require the use of reducing regulators under flow conditions, but under static conditions it would be possible to build up excessive pressure. Where friction loss is greater than static head, a regular pumping unit would be installed in the usual manner.
e. Large reciprocating pumps equipped with 4- by 10-inch liners operate at 400 pounds per square inch differential pressure while pumping 200 barrels per hour through a 4-inch pipe line and with stations spaced at twice the normal distance for the small reciprocating pump service. It is for this reason a station cannot be bypassed as a pressure of 800 pounds per square inch would be developed and this value is greater than the allowable working pressure recommended for the equipment.
f. Use of Check Valves.
(1) Check valves are used in the line to prevent back flow of liquid when upstream pumping units are not operating, or when the uphill line is broken at some point. These valves are especially neces
sary on long uphill lines. They have no use on downhill lines.
(2) It is good practice to place a check valve section in the main line at the discharge side of each station. This prevents the backing up of liquid in the pump when the system is shut down and makes it easier to resume pumping operations.
g. Use of Block Valves.
(1) Block valves are used to isolate pump stations and sections of the line during repair in the event of breakage, and also to divert the flow into branch lines. A block valve should be placed in the line at intervals of approximately 1 mile. Concealed locations should be used wherever possible, and they should be reasonably accessible in case it becomes necessary to close the valve for any reason.
(2) The section of line most vulnerable to enemy action and natural destructive forces should be well protected with block valves.
h. Location of Dispensing Station. Dispensing stations will be located along the pipe line as required for tactical operations. It is anticipated that storage tanks will be provided for the dispensing stations and fluid may be withdrawn from the line at any point where the pressure is sufficiently high to cause flow into the tanks. Reducing pressure regulators will be provided to reduce pipe-line pressure to values around 10 or 15 pounds per square inch for delivery into products storage. The reducing pressure regulators can be adjusted to provide higher delivery pressures if required.
i. Branch Lines. Pipe-line distribution systems may be more extensive than a simple line connecting a supply with a single point of distribution. Branch lines, the operation of which is outlined in this manual, may be used in a wide variety of ways as required. Figure 38 shows a schematic layout of a branch line.
44
CHAPTER 4
CONSTRUCTION
11. PREPARATION OF RIGHT-OF-WAY.
a. Military pipe lines should always be laid out along a course which provides the maximum concealment. Benefits of this precaution will be lost, however, if the right-of-way is not prepared with a minimum of disturbance of natural cover. Obstructions such as small brush will be an inconvienience in laying the line but nonetheless should be left undisturbed so far as possible. Major obstructions, such as steep cliffs, large boulders, and deep ravines should be avoided, whenever possible.
b. Grading and leveling the right-of-way is not necessary. Flowing streams should be crossed by utilizing existing bridges. If none are available, simple suspension bridges of the type shown in figure 39 should be constructed.
12. INSTALLATION OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM. As soon as the course of the projected pipe line has been determined and the right-of-way prepared, a telephone or telegraph line should be installed along it for communication during the pipe-line construction period and for dispatching purposes when the pipe line is in operation. Alternative systems of communication are radio and messenger.
13. PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION OF PIPE. Pipe, couplings, and miscellaneous fittings will be received at beach or rail head, (fig. 40) depending upon the location of the projected line. The primary distribution of the pipe should be to stock piles at about 20-mile intervals where road net permits stringing of pipe by truck. Pipe should be transported from stock piles to the right-of-way by truck or truck-drawn trailer. Over rugged terrain where manual stringing is necessary, stock piles should be established at shorter intervals, at points where trucks can reach the right-of-way. A Type I, two-wheel, utility pole type trailer, equipped with two load
binders, drawn by a 2K-ton 6 by 6 truck, or other suitable prime mover has been found satisfactory for this service. The maximum permissible load for the trailer is approximately fifty 20-foot joints of light weight 4-inch pipe (4,500 pounds) on average dry dirt roads. (See figs. 41, 42, and 43 for examples of this equipment in use.) Trucks of conventional oil field design are being built for use of the pipe-line detachments (fig. 44). These trucks will be 2 ^-ton 6 by 6 prime movers, with rear mounted winch, flat bed, detachable A-frame. Such trucks may be used also for hauling the pumping units and spotting them.
14. STRINGING PIPE AND COUPLINGS.
a. Pipe in stock pile which shows pronounced rusting should be thoroughly swabbed with wire brush cleaner provided for this purpose and swept with compressed air before it is strung along the right-of-way for laying. Extreme care should be exercised when coupling the pipe in the field to guard against dirt and other objectionable particles being left in the completed line.
b. Since the pipe is lightweight, it can be strung by a two-man crew unloading from a slowly moving truck (fig. 45). Pipe must be distributed with care and laid end to end so that lengths will not have to be carried along the line by the coupling crews. This will also eliminate extra trips by the trucks to supply additional pipe at points where the stringing crew has already passed.
c. Couplings should be strung from a separate truck. One coupling, complete with bolts and gasket assembled, is laid out at each joint along the entire line (fig. 46). At least 15 percent more couplings than are actually necessary to connect the line should be on hand for replacements in the event of failure of any couplings after the line has been tested. They should be held in stock by the maintenance and repair crew at convenient locations along the line.
45
552517 0 - 43 -4
RIVER CROSSINGS
SCHEMATIC, LAYOUT - NO SCALE
Select Sturdy mature trees well rooted
10'0
BLOCK VALVE
BLOCK VALVE
SUSPENDERS
PIPE LINE
ANCHOR
Guy Wires
SUSPENSION LINE
BLOCK VALVE
LOOP
PIPE LINE SUSPENDED FROM TREES
Guy Wires
SUSPENDER
JOINT
LOOP
PIPE
SUSPENSION LINE
PIPE LINE
G a-
weldedpipe nrFwrmi
Figure 50. Detail drawings of pipeliner's jack and lazy board.
54
line, will span 650 feet without intermediate support with a safety factor of four. All spans must be anchored firmly at each bank or cliff, as the reciprocating pumps used cause a pulsation, the repeating action of which may result in fatigue failure of the pipe.
b. One valve section should be installed on each side of a crossing.
c. The general rule for sag in cable is 10 feet per 100 feet of span.
17. INSTALLATION OF RECIPROCATING PUMP STATION. Pump station sites should be chosen with a view of concealing the equipment by taking advantage of any natural cover that is available. The site chosen must be firm, level ground, large enough to permit the wide dispersal of all the equipment included in the installation.
a. The site for the pumping unit or units should be leveled. Pumps should be set on a wood-beam base, if possible, otherwise it must be set on solid ground. Filled ground is unsuitable for a pumping unit. Leveling up a pumping unit is important, since the proper functioning of the unit depends upon having the machinery level. For this purpose use a spirit level.
b. Procedure for Leveling Pumping Unit.
(1) Block up the skid frame on substantial timbers (6 inch by 6 inch or 8 inch by 8 inch) if available, so that the unit is nearly level and at the desired distance from the main line.
(2) With a spirit level placed on the pump skid, or a machined surface which can be used as a datum, level the unit in both directions by using wood or steel wedges or bars. The suction and discharge flanges of the pump then can be checked for plumb. A slight variation from plumb will be compensated for by the Victaulic couplings.
(3) Having leveled the unit in this manner, replace the temporary blocking with permanent blocking. If materials are available and time allows, pour a concrete foundation for the engine and pump, and anchor the skid frame to this base, with anchor bolts through the holes in the skid frame. Blocking is also required under suspended valves, relief valves, sand traps, and other unsupported parts.
c. Alinement of Pump and Engine, and Belt Drive.
(1) Use the adjusting screws on the skid frame that bear against the engine base plate to increase or decrease the spacing of the engine from the pump (fig. 59).
(2) Use a straightedge or string to aline the motor with the pump. A straightedge placed along the
side of the driving sheave on the engine and along the side of the driven sheave on the pump should touch both sides of both sheaves at the same time.
(a) When the straightedge touches only one edge of the drive sheave and one edge of the driven sheave, the motor must be shifted in the proper direction toward or away from the front of the engine. This is done by means of the two adjusting screws at the base of the motor.
(b) Draw the adjusting screws up snugly to prevent any shifting in this direction while the drive belts are being adjusted.
(3) Belt adjustment.
(a) Check the tension of the belts after their installation by pressing down on them with the hand. It should be possible to depress each belt from 1 inch to 1% inches when they are in proper adjustment.
(b) If the belts are too tight, the engine must be moved toward the pump in order to relieve the belt tension. This is done by use of the adjusting screws on the bed plate, being careful to maintain the alinement of the drive sheaves.
(c) If the belts can be easily depressed more than 1% inches, or if they seem to be hanging loosely on the sheaves, they need to be tightened. This requires that the motor be moved farther away from the pump.
(d) When the belts have the right amount of tension and the sheaves are alined, the adjusting screws should be securely locked in place with the lock nuts provided. The engine and pump mounting bolts should then be securely tightened to the skid frame, to prevent any movement of one unit relative to the other, and a final check made for alinement and level.
d. Installation of Station Header Piping. (1) When the engine and pump are properly set and alined, connect the station header piping to the pump and to the main line.
(2) The station header assembly consists of specially cut lengths of pipe, ells, flanges, valves and relief valves. Each section of pipe of this assembly as shipped from the factory has a part number stenciled on it corresponding to the numbers shown on the drawing.
(a) The station bypass section is installed in the main pipe line by removing the plain pipe section where it is desired to locate the station. The station bypass section is installed with the check valve set so that the discharge pressure will close it against the lower suction pressure. The check valve must open to allow fluid to bypass the station when the station is inoperative.
55
Figure 51. Placing gasket on pipe end.
Figure 52. Gaskets should be placed flush with pipe end.
56
Figure 53. Preparing pipe joint for alinement. The end of the assembled pipe line is on the lazy board.
Figure 54. Slipping gasket over ends of pipe.
57
Figure 55. Placing bottom and top halves of coupling over the gasket
Figure 56. Holding coupling in place while bolting it together.
58
Figure 57. Turning the nuts down evenly.
Figure 58. Completed coupling. _
59
Figure 59. Location of adjusting screws to facilitate sheave alinement.
60
(b) Install the pumping unit adjacent to the main line whenever practicable.
(c) In the usual installation the sand trap section, with suction valve and discharge valve sections, are connected to the bypass section with an L coming out of the top of the main line pipe.
(d) All connections between the various pipe sections are made with Victaulic type couplings.
(e) Connection of the piping to the pumps is by means of flanges which are fabricated with adapter nipples for connection with Victaulic type couplings.
(/) Make flange connections according to the following procedure:
1. Clean the surface of the flanges to remove all grit and other foreign material.
2. Place flange halves together loosely, using the studs or bolts that are provided. Loosely engage the two bottom bolts and the next two bolts above these but below the center line of the flange.
3. Place the gasket into proper position on the raised faces of the flanges.
4. Check the flanges for alinement by centering the inside of the pipe with the port on the pump. 5. Tighten two diametrically opposite bolts first, then two opposite bolts 90° from the original two. Work around the flange tightening opposite bolts until the flange is pulled up evenly.
6. Check the tightness of all bolts again.
(£) When space is not available, it is not imperative that the pumping unit use the standard type of installation shown in fig. 60. A compact hook-up, shown in fig. 61, can be used. In this layout the station pump and engine are inclosed inside the piping of the station, the whole station occupying an area of 20 by 24 feet, whereas, in the standard installation an area of approximately 20 by 34 feet is required. In the event it is desired to pump backward through the line, the hook-up shown in figure 62 is suggested as a quick method of changing the direction of flow. The check valves and the piping must be reversed on all stations along the line before pumping is started. A thorough check must be made of the hydraulic design of that portion of the system through which it is proposed to reverse the flow as uphill and downhill gradients become reversed.
18. STORAGE TANKS.
a. Select tank sites to take full advantage of available natural cover. Tanks should be set on hillsides, if convenient, so that the tank installation may be pitted. (See illustration of typical tank pit installation, fig.63.) A hillside tank site
has the additional advantage that it furnishes a positive gravity feed to the pump or dispensing stations located below it.
(1) If pump intake pressures are too low, gasoline will vaporize and cause a reduction in liquid pumping efficiency or even complete vapor lock of the pump. This gasoline vaporization can only be eliminated by maintaining a pressure in excess of the gasoline vaporizing (boiling) pressure throughout the system from storage tank to the lowest pressure point at the pump.
(2) Where gravity feed from tank to pump is to be employed there is a minimum elevation which a tank must be above a pump. This minimum elevation can be calculated for centrifugal pumps by adding pump entrance pressure loss constant to friction pressure loss for maximum liquid flow rate between tank and pump, and by converting the resultant total pressure from pounds per per square inch to feet of liquid head units. Reciprocating pump entrance pressure loss is more than equalized by suction effect, the net result being that gasoline can be “lifted” as much as 6 to 10 feet. In no case, however, should a reciprocating pump be located at an elevation above the supply tank outlet, as a positive prime must be maintained at all times.
(a) Pup centrifugal pump entrance pressure loss constants for maximum flow rates and minimum gasoline specific gravity are 2.2 and 4.9 pounds per square inch for 4- and 6-inch pipeline service, respectively.
(6) Figure 64 shows pipe friction loss for various lengths of 4- and 6-inch pipe transmitting 200 and 400 barrels per hour of maximum specific gravity gasoline, respectively. Figure 65 shows the frictional effect of pipe fittings expressed in terms of equivalent straight pipe. The total equivalent length of pipe for the pipe fittings between tank and pump should be added to the actual pipe length to obtain the maximum flow rate friction pressure loss from figure 64.
(c) Example. A tank is located 600 feet from a centrifugal pump. Gravity feed of 0.68 specific gravity gasoline through a 4-inch pipe from tank to pump is required. There are six ells in the line which, from figure 65, have a resistance to flow equivalent to 10 feet of straight pipe each, or a total of 60 feet. Add 2.2 pounds per square inch pump entrance pressure loss and 3 pounds per square inch friction pressure loss for the 660 feet of equivalent pipe, giving a total of 5.2 pounds per square inch. Convert to feet of head by multiply -
552517 0 - 43 -5
61
Figure 60. Standard small reciprocating unit installation.
62
PUMPING UNIT, SMALL (COMPACT HOOK UP)
HW-3793
A-737
BELT
GUARD
NO, SDHC 2? BURGESS
EXHAUST SNUBBER BATTERY BOX
HW-3791
HW-3920
HW-3797
FIG. 1860 4^X6 GASO. PUMP
TOOL BOX
HW-3731
CONDUIT PIPE
CONTROL PANEL
BUDA ENGINE MODEL K-428
HANLON-WATERS TYPE 1627-A
ENGINE GOVERNOR OIL RESERVOIR
HANLON-WATERS TYPE 1626-A
HW-3920
Figure 61. Compact arrangement for small reciprocating unit.
63
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54
SUGGESTED INSTALLATION OF STORAGE TANKS IN P
. ____________ y
gauge mesh
’ SCALE 'E" ~/'O" FOR CAMOUFLAGE
GASOLINE TANK
/ ® NATURAL 4F'
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B* GASOLINE LINE SO THAT HAND WHEEL
MAINS IS ABOVE GROUND
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SEE DETAIL Of V xSR nozzle O \i ---H- ..—■ t °
SWING JOINT dSK& FIG. N^ 301C -‘ X^k Y ~X.*.~T, „„, DRAIN DITCH , ?’
FOK WCLOtNG T X|W I \ -R-» "GASOLINE MAIN~G b’ DRAIN f ____? inches high by approximately 60 inches wide, and all bolt together with synthetic rubber strip gaskets between the laps. Photographs illustrating the preparation of foundations and erection of tanks show details. The drawing which accompanies each tank must be studied. It will show the number and arrangement of interchangeable parts.
(a) Tank foundation. Firm graded dirt is a satisfactory tank foundation for almost all conditions. A concrete pad or spread foundation is not warranted. Where the ground is moist and subsoil drainage poor, a pad of uniformly sorted gravel makes an excellent foundation. Level ground with a sweep (fig 66) attached to a stake driven in the center of the tank location. By using a carpenter’s level on the sweep the ground can be dragged level. The leveled area should be 2 feet larger in diameter than the tank. 7 he tank deck will not fit unless the tank bottom
66
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Figure 65. Resistance of fittings.
68
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Steam and Gases
is level. If the ground is corrosive (sour) a 2-inch layer of clean sand or gravel, or a sheet of tar paper spread over it, will protect the tank bottom.
(6) Tools. Two sets of field erection tools are furnished with all tanks of 500-barrel capacity and greater, and one set with each 100- and 250-barrel tank. Each set consists of—
3 speed wrenches.
5 ’/z-inch short sockets.
4 ’/rinch long sockets.
3 5/8-inch by 12-inch drift pins.
3 5/8-inch by 18-inch drift pins.
3 8-inch crescent type adjustable wrenches. 2 deck rope hooks.
2 5/8-inch by 6-inch flat cold chisels.
2 5/8-inch by 6-inch diamond point chisels.
2 14-pound ball peen hammers.
24 patch bolts.
2 3-inch flat paint brushes.
1 Ampco metal No. C-3 flat caulking tool, and
1 Ampco metal No. H-3 ball peen hammer.
Some of these tools are shown in figure 67.
(c) Bottom section. All sizes of tank bottoms are made up of pie-shaped segments assembled around a circular center plate. There are two rows of segments in the 5,000- and 10,000-barrel tanks. The center plate of the 10,000-barrel tank is in two halves.
1. Spread out all pieces of the bottom section in approximate position on the foundation (fig. 68). If the center piece is in two halves, bolt them together with a bolt-head retaining channel on the underside and a strip of punched gasket between the halves. The channel must not cover the end holes, but the gasket must extend all the way from end to end of the seam. Use countersunk or recessed nuts or washers and Neoprene ring washers throughout the bottom-section assembly as a precaution against leakage around the bolts.
2. The outer gasket for the circular center plate is furnished unpunched. To install this gasket place a strip of plain gasket over the circumferential holes and punch down through it with a drift pin, rolling the pin around several times to clear the hole. Place one short channel on the underside of each hole; and use %-inch by 1%-inch bolts. String a strip of straight gasket from bolt to bolt, pressing it down firmly over each bolt after a hole has been punched through it. The puckers in the gasket will not prevent making a tight joint. Center plates of the small tanks are fabricated to
hold bolt heads so that bolt-head channels are not needed; and gaskets are furnished in three pieces cut to a circle. A molded chime lap gasket is placed flat side up beneath the circumferential strip gasket at each bottom plate seam. When more than one single piece of gasket is used, the pieces must be spliced by overlapping them the distance between two bolt centers (fig. 69).
3. Fasten each inner pie-shaped piece to its outer pie-shaped piece in the same manner the two halves of the center plate were fastened. The outer piece laps over the top of the inner piece; the bolthead retaining channel must not cover the holes at either end; but the gasket must extend from end to end of the seam.
4. Place strips of punched gasket on both edges of the starting segment (fig. 70). Note that the inner part channels are not the same length as the outer part channels. Keep the innermost end of the inner channel clear of the hole which will lap over the bottom center plate; keep the outermost end of the outer channel clear of the chime hole; and extend the gasket a bit beyond both ends of the seam (fig. 71).
5. Place a strip of punched gasket on the righthand (looking at the center plate) edge of each pie-shaped piece after having first placed a bolthead channel underneath the edge of the plate with the bolts in place. A loosely placed nut on a bolt at each end of the channel will hold the channel in place, but these nuts must be removed before the plates are laid together. Work around the bottom in a counterclockwise direction to the last pie-shaped piece. The last plate will lap on top at both edges. The bottom is now assembled.
6. To bolt the bottom plates together slide a 1- by 4-inch board under each edge of the starting segment (fig. 72). Take off the nuts which had been used to hold the bolt-head channel in place. Insert a molded chime lap gasket, smooth side down, under the right-hand edge of the segment where it laps over the center plate. Pick up the next bottom segment to the right (counterclockwise direction) and set its left-hand edge holes down easily over the right-hand edge of the starting segment, starting at the inner end and working out. Spin all of the nuts onto the bolts loosely. Use only the special countersunk or recessed nuts or washers with accompanying Neoprene ring washers. Pick up the right-hand edge of the last bottom segment laid, pull out the 1- by 4-inch plank from under the left-hand edge and re-lay it under the right-hand edge (fig. 73). Continue around the tank bottom in this manner.
69
Figure 66.
Figure 68.
SCAFFOuO BRACKET
* DECK ROPE HOOK
PATCH BOLT wtHW., -p_- .■■■■■,.■■■■■■■■ ,„,—^
S«ORT OR ITT Pin
LONG OR If T PIN
"t- /^ar^WBex
J^/ & [ M)
SJ&S £NC SHORT SOCKET i SPEEO FRENCH
WRENCH
a.....—..............................TBLga.
LONG SOCKET
Figure 69.
70
Figure 67.
Figure 70.
Figure 71.
Figure 73.
Figure 72.
71
The last segment to finish the tank bottom will overlay on the top side at both edge overlaps. All of the 1- by 4-inch boards should be removed from under the tank bottom, when the last segment has been laid.
7. Before tightening all the bottom bolts (see that only the countersunk or recessed nuts or washers have been used on these bolts), the tank assemblers should experiment to determine just how tight they should be. If the bolts are too tight, the gasket will be crushed away from the bolts and the tank will leak; if they are too loose, the tank will leak. Tighten the bolts until the gasket just begins to push out at the edge. Take the first seam apart after tightening it to make sure that the gaskets have not been crushed and that the right amount of force was used in tightening the bolts. When this has been determined, all of the tank bottom bolts should be tightened (fig. 74).
8. Block up the edge of the bottom with 4- by 4-inch blocks, so that the chime bolts can be inserted (fig. 75). Bolt head channel irons are not used under the chime. Do not dig a ditch under the chime as it may allow settling of a part of the tank bottom and cause leaks.
(d) Staves.
1. Place a gasket on the tank-bottom chime in the already described manner. Use punched gaskets, overlapped at gasket joints, and molded chime lap gasket smooth side up under this chime gasket at each joint in the bottom (fig. 76). Drive a drift pin to fair up each bottom lap hole (fig. 77). Determine where stave sheets will fit onto the chime and leave out each stave sheet end bolt. This is done so that a pin may be inserted to line up the staves.
2. Scatter the first ring of staves in an orderly fashion around the outside of the bottom section leaving about 4-foot clearance between the staves and the bottom. The staves should be concave side up (outside of tank down), with the chime crimp to the left. The drawing which accompanies each tank should be consulted to determine what prepunched connections there are in the staves so that they may be properly oriented.
3. Successively, block up the right edge of each stave, lay the bolt head retaining channel back side down over the holes, and push bolts down through the channel, the stave and the prepunched gasket. Be sure that the gasket extends one free hole beyond the stave at both ends. On staves that have two rows of bolts, use separate gaskets on each row. Bolts should be left out of the fourth
hole from each end and out of about three other holes so that these holes can be used for pinning. Catch nuts are not needed to hold gaskets and head channel in place.
4. Place gaskets and bolt-head channels on both edges of the starting stave (fig. 78). The starting stave is the only one which does not have a crimp on either edge. The starting stave is located adjacent to, and to the right of, the cleanout stave. There is no starting stave on either the second or third ring, and on some tanks there is no starting stave on the first ring. A gasket is placed on the right-hand side of all of the staves in these two rings, without exception.
5. In setting up the starting stave, care should be taken to place it so that its joints will not coincide with the bottom-section joints. Put nuts on all of the chime bolts with the exception of the end ones. Dip a small strand of asbestos in bolt seal and fit it beneath the vertical stave gasket in the crotch where the stave flanges out to form the chime (fig. 79). Place a similar strand under each vertical seam gasket.
6. Place a chime-lap gasket with its smooth side up, under the right-hand chime end of the starting stave (fig. 80), and each successive stave as it is erected. Raise the second stave, leaving a man to steady the starting one (fig. 81). Slip the lower, left-hand, crimped end in place first. Run a pin through the lap hole to center the second stave (fig. 82), place a bolt in the first hole to the right of the lap hole, and put a nut on it. Work around to the right placing nuts on the chime bolts. Next, insert a pin in one of the vertical holes and press downward on the handle end of the pin (fig. 83). This will pull the channel iron up against the inside of the tank. A bolt next to the pin should then be pushed through from the inside of the tank and a nut made up on it. This process should be repeated at intervals up and down the vertical seam, wherever a bolt hole was left vacant. The remainder of the bolts should then be pushed home from the inside of the tank and nuts placed upon them and tightened. In order tc be sure that all of the boltheads are fitted snugly in the channel iron (fig. 84), tap each one with a hammer. The remaining staves of the ring are erected in a similar manner. Steady the stave until three or four have been attached. If there is a strong wind blowing, it may be necessary to brace the staves with guys to stakes in the ground.
7. Before the last stave of the first ring is erected
72
Figure 74.
Figure 75.
Figure 76.
Figure 77.
73
Figure 78.
DOUBLE ROW VERTICAL SEAM
CHIME LAP GASKE UNDER STAVE
74
Figure 79.
Figure 80.
Figure 81.
I BOLT HEAD j CHANNEL
| CROTCH))
3. &
"I c_______
CHIME LAP GASKET
FIRST STAVE
SECOND STAVE
the center pole and rafters should be taken inside the tank. The last or finishing stave of the first ring has both edges crimped and a prepunched clean-out connection. Do not place the cover on the clean-out connection; it should be left clear as an access to the tank during construction.
8. Tighten the chime bolts, using the extension, socket, speed wrench on the nuts and an open-end wrench on the boltheads. Be sure that all chime bolts are tight, but not so tight that the gasket is crushed. Then, take two ballpeen hammers; hold one underneath the chime and pound the chime lap down with the other, being sure to strike between the bolts. Check the chime bolts again to be sure they are properly tightened. Remove all of the blocks from under the edge of the bottom.
9. Second and third ring staves are erected with the aid of brackets (fig. 85). These brackets are furnished with all tanks which are more than one stave high, and in the following tabulated quantities:
Number of
Capacity of tank barrels erection brackets
1,000____________________________________ 14
5,000____________________________________ 26
10,000____________________________________ 37
Erection brackets should be hung near the top of every second stave, around the tank. Fasten the top of the bracket on the third and fourth bolts from the top of the stave and the bottom where it will keep the bracket level. Lay one good quality, 2-inch by 12-inch by 14-foot or 16-foot board between each successive pair of brackets.
10. Fair up the chime lap holes on the top of the first ring of staves (fig. 86) and place a punched gasket on the chime and molded lap gaskets at each stave joint, just as was done on the bottom chime.
11. Scatter the staves for the second ring and affix gaskets and bolt-head channels to the righthand side of each one. There are no starting or closing staves on either the second or third tank rings. Lean the staves up against the tank so that they can be lifted up inside of the scaffold and set in place (fig. 87).
12. Install the second ring staves in the same way the first ring ones were installed (fig. 88). To place the last stave, free the left-hand end of the lower chime of the first stave placed, wedge the first stave chime joint open with a nut, and slip the lower right-hand end of the
last stave chime into this “chime gap” from the inside of the tank. Remove the wedging nut and insert one or two bolts in the chime. Fasten up the right-hand edge of the last stave before fastening the left-hand edge. Be prepared to guy the second ring staves during erection, for strong winds may require it.
13. The vertical seam bolts of the first ring staves can be tightened during the erection of the second ring. Because of the hazards of falling objects, the men tightening the first ring bolts should npt work directly under those erecting the second ring.
14. Third ring staves should be erected in a similar manner. Ropes can be used to lift the staves (fig. 89.) Always guy the staves against the wind. 15. In order to get at the inside vertical seams of the second and third rings a “flying cage” of metal or wood (fig. 90), a scaffold, or a ladder must be used.
(e) Gin pole and rafters.
1. Slip bottom telescoping extension inside the gin pole, slide this bottom end over against the shell of the tank and pull on the top of the pole with ropes until it is in a vertical position (fig. 91). Loosely fasten two rafters to the gin pole cap (fig. 92) and skid the pole over to the center of the tank, using planks for a skidway (fig. 93).
2. The outer end of each rafter has a bent gusset which fits between the bolthead retaining channel and the stave, and is affixed with the two top bolts. Where there are two rows of bolts the lefthand one should be used (fig. 94). Inner ends of rafters lap over and bolt to the cap of the gin pole. Adjust the pole as necessary by raising or lowering it on its telescoping foot piece, to fit last few rafters.
3. Bolt in the short, cross, jack rafters which span from one main rafter to another (fig. 95).
(f) Roof or deck.
1. The top chime should be prepared for the deck just as the lower chimes were for the stave rings.
2. Tank decks are composed of pie-shaf d segments and a center plate similar to those of the bottom and should be similarly assembled. In assembling the deck see that the outer segments fit in under the inner segments, in the manner of roof shingles, to provide water drainage. Place gaskets and bolthead retaining channels on both sides of the starting segment, using catch bolts. This may be done on the ground on one side of the tank from where the segments can be raised with a rope to the tank top (fig. 96).
3. Outlet connections on the deck should be located and oriented before assembling the deck.
75
Figure 82.
Figure 83.
Figure 84.
Figure 85.
82
76
I SECOND
I StAVE
STAVE TO THE RIGHT
—__——
I FIRST I
STAVE I
FIRST STAVE
I secondI
STAVE I
FIRST VERTICAL . SEAM
BOLT HEAD I
CHANNEL |
•X. „\ope Sod, etc., replaced
PUMP UNIT1 F / Ip' SAND EM'
TRAP o ■^;*^W**
d/Ox>o y •«. ’/■ A M- RAMP „\o<
«(©) BASE I
xVr ---4--1 X(8JF
**•> /-•....-kF
DITCHPiPE
Figure 101. Suggested layout of a pump station for both camouflage and protection from direct enemy fire.
82
.1,1 1 I
Joping Fill —Covered with Sod, etc. a| .
^^^^^Drainoge Ditch^Mtajklji^^^^ " I...........SAND O TRAP '
Flow
PERSPECTIVE VIEW
f MAIN LINE
SECTION
ENTRANCE
PUMP UNIT
CAMOUFLAGE
appropriately garnished in desert colors over the tanks. Place similar type fly-tops over the pumping equipment (figs. 99 and 100). Reestablish the natural appearance of the surrounding terrain where flat- or fly-top construction is used.
(6) Paint tanks and other installations, using a single tone-down or graduated tone-down colors, with appropriate ground painting to assist in disrupting cast shadows.
b. Prior to starting construction have aerial photographs taken at 5,000 and 10,000 feet elevation. Obtain similar photographs during the camouflage construction work and at the conclu
sion of the work, so that a final check-up and adjustment of camouflage effects can be made.
c. With respect to concealment of pipe lines in wooded or partially wooded areas, reference should be made to figures 37 and 38.
d. In figure 101 there is shown a suggested layout of a pump station both camouflaged and protected from direct enemy fire. The station is installed in a pit and concealed by branches, canvas, netting, or other suitable material. This installation must have adequate ventilation at all times, as the tendency for gasoline vapors to settle in low places creates a serious hazard from the standpoint of fire and asphyxiation.
83
CHAPTER 5
OPERATION
20. TESTING OF PIPE LINE.
a. As each section of pipe line from one station to another is complete, including the pumping unit, it should be tested, unless specifically instructed otherwise. Pump the line full of water, raise the pressure to 650 pounds per square inch and close the line. Any drop in pressure will indicate leaks. If leaks are indicated, inspect the line, marking all leaky couplings, valves, and joints. Then drain the line; repair or replace al1 defective parts. If the pipe line is to carry gasoline or other petroleum fuel, care must be taken to drain it completely. Drain valves should be placed at the bottom of each dip or valley to facilitate clearing the water from the line.
b. If the line is being laid in an active theater of operations, there will probably not be time available for testing. In this event serious leaks will have to be repaired without joints. Use stirrup or split repair case of leaky joints; use Dresser leak clamps on leaky couplings.
21. STARTING THE RECIPROCATING PUMP.
| •»
5 x<2
NUT
PACKING
SEAT RING
YOKE
TRAVEL PLATE UPPER HALF STEM ADJUSTING SCREW
FOLLOWER
SPRING UPPER
SEAT
PLUG COMPOSITION DISK
BACK-UP PLATE
i
I is
1 1 vsb 1 -
i _
UPPER
PLUG GUIDE
LOWER HALF STEM
BOTTOM PLATE
DIAPHRAGM PLATE
DIAPHRAGM UPPER DIAPHRAGM CASING UPPER GUIDE ASSEMBLY PACKING LOWER DIAPHRAGM CASING
GREASE CARTRIDGE
CAP SCREW
HW- 1651
13 THD. HEX. NUT
13 THD. HEX. NUT
H W-I37-A
Figure 105. Section and parts list of high discharge relief (Hanlon-Waters type 1626-A).
95
2" HIGH SUCTION RELIEF
PARTS LIST
HW-4 3 04
HW-4303
CAP SCREW
A-862
H W-4 3 0 2
HW-4305
HW-2882
HW-3697
HW-I42-B
HWH744
HW-376 7
HW-3823
HW-2 33 2
HW-2333
H W-4 3 I 8
HW-I2 2I
HW-I37-A
H W-3 8 0 4
HW-3805
HW-3801
HW-3 80 2
HW-3803
HW-3913
HW-3769
k
7.
j * 13 THD. HEX. NUT
HW-I37-A BODY GASKET
HW-I42-B SPRING
HW-574 GASKET
HW-912 STUFFING BOX BODY
HW-I22I GREASE RING
H W-1520 TRAVEL POINTER
HW-1744 SPRING
HW-2 332 PACKING NUT
HW-2333 PACKING FOLLOWER
HW-2812 UPPER SEAT
HW-2813 LOWER SEAT
HW-2882 YOKE
HW-2888 TRAVEL PLATE
HW-3697 UPPER HALF STEM
HW-376 7 ADJUSTING SCREW
HW-3769 SPRING SEAT
HW-3801 UPPER PLUG GUIDE
HW-3802 UPPER PLUG COMPOSITION DISK
HW-3803 UPPER BACK-UP PLATE
HW-3804 LOWER PLUG GUIDE
HW-3805 LOWER PLUG COMPOSITION DISK
HW-38 23 LOWER HALF STEM
HW-3913 BOTTOM PLATE
HW-4302 DIAPHRAGM PLATE
HW-4303 DIAPHRAGM
HW-4304 UPPER DIAPHRAGM CASING
HW-4305 UPPER GUIDE ASSEMBLY
HW-4318 PACKING
A-457 BODY
A-862 LOWER DIAPHRAGM CASING
HW-2 88 8
-HW-1520
H W-912
GREASE CARTRIDGE
HW-574
CAP SCREW f x |f
f- 13 THD. HE X. NUT
A-4 57
HW-2813
HW-2812
f—13 THD HEX NUT
CAP SCREW fx If
-H W-I37-A
Figure 106. Section and parts list of high suction relief {Hanlon-Waters type 1627-A).
96
inches of well-tamped earth over the damaged bottom and installing a new steel bottom on this tamped earth. In such cases, all outlets and inlets in the bottom ring of the tank must be raised to fit the new bottom,
(b) If the tank shell or roof is damaged, a patch may be welded over the hole, or a rivet or patch bolt inserted if the hole is small. If a large part of a plate is badly damaged, it will have to be replaced.
(4) Remove water from bottom of gasoline and fuel tank frequently. Water has a higher specific gravity than petroleum fuels and will, therefore, settle to the bottom of the tank and can be drawn off from there. After a tank has been filled, its content should be allowed to settle ias long as possible before being withdrawn. This precaution is taken to allow water to settle. Samples of tank contents must be taken with an oil thief and tested in a centrifuge to determine water content. Thief samples should be taken at various levels within the fluid to determine the gasoline-water contact within the tank. Check level of water every day so that it does not reach the tank discharge. Whenever tanks containing gasoline are found also to contain appreciable quantities of water, this fact should be reported to the company commander.
29. COMMUNICATIONS. Communication equipment used along the pipe-line system should be maintained by personnel specially trained for this work.
30. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.
a. Each individual who is to work with a pipeline system must have a complete understanding of safe practices for his job. The premises surrounding any installation must be kept clean and free from cans and rubbish.
b. Safe Handling of Gasoline. Men entrusted with the responsibility of handling gasoline have an important function to perform in furnishing fuel to planes, tanks, trucks, and other gasoline-fueled equipment. Any careless act of any one man may result in the grounding of a whole fighter or bomber command, or the immobilizing of armored ground forces due to insufficient fuel for operations. It is, therefore, important that each man be fully acquainted with the hazards of handling gasoline.
C. Gasoline is both an explosive and a highly combustible material. Its fire hazard, however, can be largely eliminated if proper pre
cautions are taken. A gasoline fire cannot be started unless all three of the following conditions are present:
(1) Gasoline must be present in vapor form.
(2) There must be sufficient air present to support combustion.
(3) The gasoline vapor-air mixture must be ignited by flame, spark, or some other source of sufficiently high temperature.
(4) Elimination of any of these factors will prevent fire. Thus, if gasoline is stored in closed containers, there is not sufficient air to support combustion. When, however, the gasoline is exposed to the air, sources of ignition should be eliminated.
d. Fire hazards.
(1) Spills, leaking joints, leaking hoses, and nozzles are the most common causes of fires, and these leaks should be carefully guarded against. Leaks should be repaired as soon as they are found. Spilled gasoline should be wiped up and the gasoline-soaked rags disposed of at once.
(2) Gasoline-soaked clothing should be removed as soon as possible and the parts of the body exposed to the gasoline washed thoroughly with soap and water. Wearing clothing soaked with gasoline creates a dangerous fire hazard, and painful blisters may be caused by the gasoline coming in contact with the skin. Burns caused by such direct contact with gasoline should be treated in the same manner as burns caused by fire. Gasoline containing tetraethyl lead is especially dangerous.
(3) “No Smoking” signs and regulations should be posted in the danger zones and the regulations strictly enforced. Smoking or striking matches near gasoline refueling stations or near breaks in lines or at pump stations must be prohibited.
(4) Open flames or lights, other than the approved safety type vaporproof lights, should never be permitted on or near storage tanks, tank trucks, loading stations, pump stations, or other areas where there is a possibility of gasoline vapors accumulating. The personnel working in these areas should not carry either matches or lighters. This rule should be rigidly enforced. Always be on the safe side, even though it requires a little more time and effort.
(5) Do not allow gasoline to remain in open containers, containers should be tightly closed at all times. Do not use gasoline to clean floors, start fires in stoves, or to wash pump engines or other machine parts; use special safety solvent or kerosene.
97
(6) Hammering or pounding on any line or fitting which contains gasoline under pressure must not be permitted. Caution must be taken to relieve line pressure before breaking into any line, such as by removing a pressure gage or plug. Valves should never be opened or closed unless accurate information has been obtained as to just what purpose they serve. A leaking valve on a high pressure line must never be stopped with a bull plug; a nipple and an extra valve should be used, the second valve being open while making the connection.
e. Precautions to be taken while repairing leaks on gasoline pipe line.
(1) Trucks and cars should stay a safe distance from a leak and always approach from the windward side.
(2) Gasoline vapors are heavier than air; therefore, never approach a leak with a car from a lower level.
(3) Repair crews must know first aid, and especially how to give artificial respiration and treatment for burns.
(4) Adequate first aid material, including burn ointment and blankets, should always be available.
(5) Only nonsparking tools (hardened beryllium copper) should be used in repairing leaks.
(6) Goggles should be worn by men making repairs.
(7) It is necessary for men to use rubber or Duprene leakproof boots when standing in gasoline.
(8) Every precaution possible must be employed to prevent a spark while removing and replacing sections of pipe line.
(9) Pit holes must not be spot-welded; use clamps. (10) Even after a leak has been repaired, continued care must be taken to prevent a flash and fire. Two or three days may be necessary to make the vicinity gas free. Test should be made with an approved gas indicator.
f. Static Electricity.
(1) A combustible mixture of gasoline and air may be ignited by an electric spark resulting from static electricity. A static-electrical discharge is caused by a difference in static-electrical potential between two objects. An example of one way in which static-electrical potential may be built up is by the friction which develops when walking with leather-soled shoes across a carpet. If, under conditions just described, the person reaches out to touch a metallic object which is at a lower potential, such as a door knob, a spark will jump just before the metallic object is touched. Simi
larly, a static-electrical potential is built up on a gasoline-tank truck as the truck moves along a road. The accumulation of a static charge on any object and sparks resulting therefrom can be prevented by keeping that object at ground potential.
(2) In the case of gasoline trucks the following precautions should be observed:
(a) Ground the truck to the loading-rack piping before the fill-cap is removed from the truck. The truck should be grounded as long as the tank is being filled because a considerable static charge is generated by the flow of the gasoline through hose, nozzle, and air while flowing into the tank.
(6) Each tank truck should be provided with a drag chain connected to the truck chassis, axles, and tank itself, to maintain all parts of the truck at the ground potential.
(3) Railroad rails frequently carry an electrical current, and where this occurs, care should be taken to prevent a spark at any point where cars are unloaded. This is usually done by insulating the loading rack section of the tracks from the spur or main line, grounding this section by bonding the rails together with copper cable, and connecting the cable to the same ground connection as the car unloading piping. This brings the car to the same potential as the piping and unloading equipment and keeps it that way during unloading operations.
(4) Above-ground piping and tanks should always be grounded. If the tanks and piping are underground, no further precaution is necessary.
g. Demolition. All operating personnel of a pipe-line system should be instructed in the proper methods of demolishing the system, in case it becomes necessary to prevent it from falling into enemy hands. The completeness with which any pipe-line demolition program can be carried out depends upon the time available. A simple and effective method of demolishing a system which is being used to transport gasoline is to break the fuel line to the gasoline engine which powers the pumping unit and set the pump station on fire. Setting fire to gasoline in tanks will destroy them effectively. Where water is being handled the tanks should be filled and then destroyed by charges of explosives. Explosives may also be used to quickly and efficiently demolish pump stations. The demolition of the pipe line presents a more difficult problem. Where time is available, the line can be rendered unserviceab1e by smashing the cou-
98
SCHEMATIC SKETCH OF PROPOSED PLAN FOR GASOLINE TRANSPORTATION & DISTRIBUTION IN THEATRE OF OPERATIONS / . . . 1st PHASE
I
j-*—PIPE LINE
LOADING DEPOT
WATER
BEACHED LIGHTERS
RESPONSIBILITY OF____,
SHORE AMPHIBIOUS GROUPS
FLOATED CONTAINERS
FILLED CAN DUMP
FREIGHTER
Figure 107. Schematic sketch illustrating initial phase of gasoline transportation and distribution.
j
/
99
FILLED CAN DUMP
ARMORED
DIVISION —
DUMP
AIR FIELD DUMP
EMPTY CANS
SCHEMATIC SKETCH OF PROPOSED PLAN FOR
GASOLINE TRANSPORTATION & DISTRIBUTION
IN THEATRE OF OPERATIONS . ... 2nd PHASE
k- PIPE LINE
TANKER
FREIGHTER
WATER
MARINE LINE
BEACHED LIGHTERS
DOCK
RUM
CORPS OF
ENGINEERS
EMPTY CANS
ENGINEERS
Q. M. C.
XXX
TANK
FARM
LOADING DEPOT
AIR FIELD j DUMP
FLOATED
CONTAINERS -
FILLED CAN DUMP
FILLED CAN DUMP
FILLED CAN DUMP
DISPENSING UNIT
FILLED CAN DUMP FILLED CANS
RESPONSIBILITY OF SHORE AMPHIBIOUS
GROUP ri(irrxw_ FIL L E DJia CAN DUMP
H
ARMORED DIV. DUMP
air'field
DUMP
BOOSTER MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT FOR PIPE LINE BATTALION HANDLED BY AMPHIBIOUS GROUP
Figure 108. Schematic sketch illustrating second phase of gasoline transportation and distribution.
100
Q. M. C
filled cans! V
EMPTY CANS __
TANKER
FREIGHTER
BEACHED LIGHTERS-^
I DOCK
■*
CORPS OF
ENGINEERS
*
PIPE LINE
EMPTY CANS
TERMINAL TANKS
TERMINAL TANKS
Q. M. C.
FUTURE PIPE LINE EXTENSION}
Figure 109. Schematic sketch illustrating third phase oj gasoline transportation and distribution.
IN THEATRE OF OPERATIONS . ... 3rd PHASE
ARMORED DIV. DUMP
FUTURE PUMP-*
MARINE
‘ LINE
FLOATED
CONTAINERS
PUMP STATIONS
AIR FIELD DUMP
PUMP STATIONS
FILLED CAbfS
FILLED
CAN DUMP
RESPONSIBILITY OF SHORE AMPHIBIOUS GROUP
FILLED CAN DUMP
DISPENSING UNIT
FILLED -CAN DUMP
FILLED CAN
DUMP
FILLED CAN
AIR FIELD DUMP DUMP
DISPENSING UNIT
________r*--. PIPE LINE | LOADING DEPOT |
SCHEMATIC SKETCH OF PROPOSED PLAN FOR
GASOLINE TRANSPORTATION & DISTRIBUTION
-
Xj|t. VALVE DISPENSING
UNIT
ENGINEERS
BOOSTER PUMP ||Z MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT FOR PIPE LINE BATTALION HANDLED BY AMPHIBIOUS
II GROUP
TANK
FARM
101
Q. M. C
FILLED CANS EMPTY CANS I---->---------
plings with sledge hammers and flattening the pipe. The important part to be destroyed is the pump station equipment, particularly the engines and pumps. There will be assurance that serviceable pumps and engines cannot be assembled from damaged ones if identical parts, such as pump casings and engine distributors and carburetors are destroyed on all units.
31. PHASES OF FUEL SUPPLY. In any operation involving the establishment of a beach head or landing point the supply of fuels will be handled in three phases, as follows:
O. Figure 107 illustrates the initial phase in which fuel required is transported to the beach head in freighters and lighters, or floated ashore in metal cans or containers where it is stored in dumps. From these dumps or storage points the containers are moved forward by the Quarter
master Corps to points of use. Empty cans are;’, returned to beach head for refilling.
b. Figure 108 illustrates the second phase of | operations in which the Corps of Engineers hasi made its initial installation for the bulk storage of fuel in tanks, augmenting that stored by the Quartermaster Corps in cans. The Engineer I function is to install and operate a marine line from tanker to tank farm and to distribute to the Quartermaster Corps dump through pipe lines, jl^
c. Figure 109 illustrates the third phase of the operations in which the Corps of Engineers has extended its facilities to serve the various dumps established by the Quartermaster Corps during the first and second phases. This has been accomplished by the installation of pipe lines, stations, and terminal-storage tanks. Provisions are made for future expansion to forward areas as required.
102
CHAPTER 6
AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL CONTROL
32. AUTOMATIC CONTROL FOR RECIPROCATING PUMPS. This type of pump is controlled by a hydraulically operated diaphragm throttle connected directly to the carburetor of the gasoline engine used to drive the main line pump. Figure 110 illustrates the hydraulic engine control system. The complete control system, including relief valves, is shown in figure 112. Pressure in the hydraulic engine control system is maintained by the small rotary oil pump (OP) which circulates a mixture of kerosene and motor oil through the system. Any increase in pressure in this system brought about by restricting the flow of the control fluid is reflected directly on the head of the diaphragm throttle (DT), which in turn moves the carburetor arm toward a closed position and reduces the engine speed. A drop in pressure in this system caused by decreasing or removing the restriction to flow of the control fluid lowers the pressure on the diaphragm throttle and allows the spring in the throttle head to move the carburetor arm toward the open throttle position and increase the engine speed.
a. Control Oil Pump. The control oil pump is a small, rotary, positive-displacement type pump, chain-driven from the magneto shaft of the engine. Under normal operating temperatures, the control system fluid is made up of a mixture of 70 percent kerosene and 30 percent SAE 10 motor oil. In hot climates the mixture should be 50 percent kerosene and 50 percent SAE 10 motor oil. In extremely cold climates this mixture should be 90 percent kerosene and 10 percent SAE 10 motor oil. These mixtures have sufficient
lubricating characteristics to prevent excessive wear in the control oil pump. Do not experiment with other lubricants.
b. Oil Relief Valve. The control system is protected against excessive pressure by a diaphragm-actuated, spring-loaded relief value (RV), shown in figure 110, which can be adjusted to open
and relieve at a predetermined pressure. Excessive pressure in the control system will result when any restriction approaches or becomes a complete closure against the discharge of the control oil pump. Control oil pressure acts continuously against the diaphragm of the oil relief valve, and when the predetermined relieving pressure is reached this relief valve will open immediately and allow the control oil to flow directly to the oil reservoir (OR). When the pressure falls due to the reduction or complete removal of the restriction in the control oil system, the relief valve will close and normal oil circulation through the system will be resumed.
c. Orifice Valve. The orifice valve is a standard type of hand-operated needle valve placed in the system for use in adjusting the automatic controllers and relief valves. It may also be used in changing over from automatic to manual control and as a means of limiting the maximum engine speed.
d. Low Suction Controller.
(1) The low suction controller (LSC) regulates the engine speed so that the pumping unit will, within certain limits, handle all the liquid delivered to the suction side of the pump and at the same time maintain a constant predetermined minimum suction pressure. The low suction controller is of the spring-loaded, diaphragm-actuated type and is installed in the control oil system as shown in figure 110.
(2) The diaphragm space in the head of the low suction controller is connected to the pump suction by a small copper tubing. A pressure snubber (SPS) is installed in this line to reduce the transmission of suction pressure impulses to the controller diaphragm. By means of a spring adjusting screw, the controller spring is set to cause an upward force on the lower side of the diaphragm. In a state of equilibrium, this spring force must balance the force exerted by the suction pressure
103
GP
DIAPHRAGM
VALVE
THROTTLE STOP NUT
T SN
OCK NUT
CLOSED
SUCTION
rrrmwit
BOTTOM
DISCHARGE
FLOW
Figure 110. Hydraulic engine control system.
HYDRAULIC ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEM
UPPER 'STEM
LOWER STEM
UPPER STEM
SPRING ADJ SCREW
LOWER STEM
LOCK NUT
LOWER STEM
LOCK NUT
MANUALLY OPERATED
SEAT RING HW- 3868-
CONNECTION TO CARBURETOR
j COPPER
\ TUBING
CLOSE TIGHTLY WHEN MANUALLY CONTROLLED
RANGE IO*TO 50
j COPPER TUBING
INNER VALVE HW- 3786
SUCTION PRESSURE SNUBBER
S PS
-HW- 4286
INNER VALV
SEAT RING
HW- 3868
OIL PUMP
OP
ENGINE ' E
HIGH SUCTION CONTROLLER
HSC AUXILIARY GOVERNOR PRESSURE
AGP
LOW SUCTION CONTROLLER
L S C
CONTROL OIL RESERVOIR OR
MADE HERE FORI MAX. PRESSURE
STRAINER s
RELIEF VALVE
R V
RANGE 300* TO 650
DIAPHRAGM
SYNCHROSTART ‘"'OSG“
SPRING — ADJ.
SCREW
ORIFICE
O V
differential
PRESSURE
CONTROLLER
DPC |
DIAPHRAGM THROTTLE
DT
104
DISCHARGE n PRESSURE HU DPS
S-P range 50* TO 350*
1ARGE SURE
DETAIL OF CONTROL PILOTS
riN.P.T. i CAP SCREW. PARTS LIST
\ 1/5 STD. NUT
HW 3931 x \ /
I lit ,o.
HW 3891—V XTZZTTf l -T I ill ILhW 4130 HW 70-M PACKING
T ZZ Z/Z/iX- S I I I MJU —nw*nou HW 130-A SPRING
HW393O^ I i -J—-TT1 ■ I.ll HW 132-C SNAP RING
HW3R9iT^£=S?5WrEi r^^iT7rn HW 203 spring
nwjayi FFF/I I II' fronv HW 574 STUFFING BOX GASKET
lll /l^T... HW 862 UPPER DIAPHRAGM CASING
HW3894—. 'll I I THt/ CARTRIDGE , * HW 894-B SPRING
HW 574 ItfHrrZ I » ml I □ X In.P.T-x ,-p ^crfw r4*NPT HW9I2 STUFFING BOX BODY
HW9I2------tJJflJ^lST.-ELL HW352z/\ /2 CAP SCREW r< r'HW_3527 HW 1221 GREASE RING
HW 1221____It- i KJ X V-!r rr—n I \ rZ-n rrtl \ / r-r-ri HW 1442 DIAPHRAGM PLATE
HW2937_____F / ~~K ? nr 1 IT HW 862^ ;l IM |'|hW862^. 'I FLi I HW 1682 UPPER SPRING SEAT
r T I I/HW3895 T ZxZ/Z/Z/I T I I 11 ’ ZZ/wZXX"' / |^ [l'| HWI685 LOWER SPRING SEAT
HW2333-----_l! H rp ' I’ Tl HWICag-p- 1/ JX-Th I I JHWI688. £ - __/ I | | , || HW 1686 STEM GUIDE SLEEVE
HW2332—----.L-qMsdJb Ur HWI768-----------™*l*"g™*l*™,!:S3~|HW'l44P TP " ‘"ll ..I"" I l'';i HW 1688 LOWER DIAPHRAGM CASING L.P.
HW4I29---I 11 । HWI686 F=\rTTTTj IH W1686 ~ N s I hl H W 1688-B LOWER DIAPHRAGM CASING HP
HW4I70_____ |lI I HW 1739 —-, 1______ |JhWI739 | | .J H W 1725 YOKE COVER PLATE
HW 3884 Z4"~ HW [32°c2j| 1 ' T^^NhW ItS^V 1 I 11 ‘ill ” RETAINING^WASHER
j*STD nut-^TT ^J1 J lW yKW9 / [W K.l?
Uin mi it__________W r TX II 5 CAP SCREW// | HW 2332 PACKING NUT
i4 STD. NUT | «L h HW894 B FlSX HWI682--I HW 2333 PACKING FOLLOWER
2 3. i A629 ————^7 II HWI30-A - /// SS" I HW 2755 BODY GASKET
HW 203 -------4 | j S—- \ A629 */ |:< HW 2920 BONNET
A f a, \ Z \ / 7 I \ HW 2923 PACKING FOLLOWER
A629 -------7L*Z SC /fe 4 "XS Z\ L^7 । HW 2937 PACKING
/7~V f. rpxZt rv\ r\ f SSkB I r\ f ^xz.' r\ HW* 3527 diaphragm
HW 1685 ———7 O O\ HWI685 ——Z-Q- : O\ HWI685 ZO O\ H W 3786 IV. LOW SUCTION
/ _ 4 J | 1 /zz T JS“-| / A T I ______________| H W 3824 UPPER STEM
HW I725 ——J^7 7777777 ।—L-L-U-L ==J HWI725--4-TZ^Z/Zt-----/.Il HWI725--L . | ll HW 3868 SEAT RING
T 7E//7777 k ' — / \ 7/////Y / j I — I 27////A l»| I / HW 3884 UPPER SPRING SEAT
HW 4075----W4 -----X X | O / HW4075---------ZfT ----4, X D/ HW4075-----------\-f=y ---Ti \ (~\ I HW 3891 DIAPHRAGM PLATE
\W- g \i \^/ \V r V I s il HW 3894 distance piece
HW 3896 X J Xi / HW3824-— V T it X HW 3824 X T HW 3895 UPPER STEM
HW 3896 —. F / HW3»44—-----\ i y HW3824—Z ; / HW 3896 STEM SUB.
‘-- T>----IO-32xi x . .....I z >--------IO-32xg "---\A HW 3930 LOWER DIAPHRAGM CASING
jS.AE. NUT--------- X |!Z RD. HEAD —-•HI. 1/ Rp. HEAD ___HW 393I UPPER DIAPHRAGM.CASING
x ■ A\\ £s.A.E. NUT—-' | 7 1S.A.E NUT— ’ 7] HW 4075 ADJUSTING SCREW
HW2923—------~ / III HW2923______-____\ /' i HW2923------ ( HW 4130 DIAPHRAGM
’CAPSCREW_____Z II iCAP SCREW--— zfc^r / I I IcaP SCREW-----------HW 4170 HOLD DOWN RING
gCAHSCKLW y \ H______-HW2755 xUTT y y------------HW2755 HW 4286 INNER VALVE
HW9O,n_________uxJ-PT . ‘ kxlri T IJl i—1 Hl i a 629 yoke
HW2920 ~RSnl "'Zi ill _^-HW4286 —X—..< ■ ;l HW 2920 ----^706$ , I ' II] A 806 BODY
HW70-M---------HW 2920—2/L------------------------I HW 70-M-------
Tnpt— hw70-M—//I g^s^i 11Wp . I'—®
_I—__wW — | HW 428er T_i~r~~------* N-P,T—~~~ri MT ~ ~~L—Jn.pt.
HW 3868--------/TXT yy~) HW3868—-------HW 3868------------------------ pT/Z^Vl — —i|
. RnR ________| । HW3786-------—/
-------------A806 ----------------------------MpUI A806 ------------------------/L j( TZ_-----------------------fN.P.T.--------------Z_.------------ I'n.P.T ---------—T
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE HIGH SUCTION LOW SUCTION
CONTROLLER CONTROLLER CONTROLLER ,____________________________
WOW..HC W«—U««-_IM mvi.>O-» F.TTXMM
222________T,T" CONTROL PILOTS "tv~I625
owh c«« HANLON-WATVIt*, IMC. «»Q o . -
' ■ ■ ____________________________________________________________________________ »cxv« V4 « I OAt. 8-IOMq TOUAOKLA._ 0^48
Figure 111. Details of control pilot.
105
BV-2 CV BV-I
DOWNSTREAM I /I
,----------------------------- PxXkHWeLM er-^^w uwncy
I I I I I I 4’ PIPE
----1--1 DISCHARGE VALVE \y \1 \y I Lx^ \ / Dv V/
\ / NORMAL FLOW \ /
\/ X....................... .... u SUCTION \ /
Y DISCHARGE HEADER 4 PIPE A VALVE V
A d* 5V A
/ \ LT'2,~\ (--------■> । / \
el z—rA
r fiw S6 * X^X
WjT rj$K DISCHARGE CONTROL LINE > / X
Uli ill __________________________2£k_._,____________________ /_________J
LT-|7___|3I E*h Lu 17—\ Lu'14-\ *rLU-'3’ r-i-u-32 yiu'? rLU'3
I cs Pa \ \ \ 1_______■0'iiM sand
'AbH ify \ ✓V~\—~~~ I -rn-CA > B 1 jfl trap
I8 st
|| i| s! „ > «?■ sSk *9 Lu 21—wEUWnEnWrWl tTflr^zPM si ; K
gt g /w inWlTl xv- / o
3 ° LT‘ m------tT—n A V \y——I——J LUfli J BUJ
u' “■ In -f ~ LOWER STEM /X— I —/---^y U । / g >-—-
< LT- 31-------1---3if-Cf| I AUVSTNG NUT locx nutToRJ ~LX^ir^ HHLJlBBI
1 Si [ I I LOWER STEM *~UH0
I 11 LOWERStST/----wF H I I 5 HIGH DISCHARGE RELIEF ---<^SnX^
LT- 32-1---J| I J H D R /
LT-I® P- - -flfjfc | E . * .
liU 1
kWfl'RUSU »
WlE#7 i K
LMO ^header f
lT-4___ BY-PASS FLOW SJH ° ~
lt- 2 —- Hl | 1)/^ ~ ~ ' ~ \. y
LT’ 3 N SUCTION J ____ ______L„_
Jl-Mh SNuSf^fl^ 'p^pJlSCHARGE 1
s PnSJ H ' /
HIGH SUCTION RELIEF MB it I I '4
HSR U ’as’ I 4BJME----' '---pump.-x
SUCTION I J___ SUCTIONII ■
fps -[■'-■■ PS 1 /% C-4_____________________j
i tcXll I IVkZzI ' m DISCHARGE |
V. ’ n PRESSURE |
k» SNUBBER I
Tgp ysp AA^fDP ; FW dps ;
.• z---------X 50* TO MO______________ J____J_________J |.
vi COPPER r 1--------------
\TU8ING |_____ J
HANGE , ( TrANGE ' i
» T° 50 /-OIAPHRAGM'^ 300* TO 050* /TunS * J ! ’ 1-------1
rm OIAPIRAGM7 MjUa ff k"U----
TnH R iT ------------------< ।
UPPER _[ QD I H I "* ]| I
STEM tfjcdfeiijU ' •;
f I life I _.»««_L-llI S ! h
/I iHv~^T“ /Fli \ lower—/IJi \
/° Mlpa oy 5T“ 7otzlfcJo\ : ! '
«u~- V. Ca^X^ I HA 5”""° pump I I
saew A« 0/ TJZ 0/----s&r-ip I p
Y-IOBB s™---,T. „„ AP X-UM> Situ I |l
' l-JfT UKS WT T- JFl — IHMSR VALVE- 10 T LOCK MIT
SEAT RIW W IfaL - {COPPTA ifafel »AT RIH® LgflLJ > l|
w \tubinc . -nw-3«« tg||ga G
B* A MAMUUV
LOW SUCTION gm HIGH SUCTION_ /operated CONTROLLER CONTROLLER < L» - I close tightly J—-------------1 I
, Tl!: i-iccr 1« differential fc S53B4 wher manually L-belt
LS C ------s. AUx»iarv kk PRESSURE W** I B-HKOU-EO | 1^^ I
> aWEJBNOR F*3 CONTROLLER ORIFICE VALVE 1 |! V B D !
o pb«sure D p c O V -------------------------- I
pr^ *yx AGP v j
3 J , , ADJUSTMENT-1 -_________'_______________s.______________________
r ' I I A THROTTLE STOP NUT I
It TSN kj i ;
® 8 __________ ___^zz?.... 1 < ----=7, C0NKCTI0H TO J I t
L 1 j W v.ir"",",ie■*• I >
UR^^^aK;jUiUi^
44 v’-sF' , * x * t * * * -> - . r~^ >
KF j| ■ KHH U^UMMAi^^iRiaaMM»K
" "aKBPSBBHfi
■OlPSSBHITSSil^’ ••^wk
WT-^ wWBd»12L l -L'I.jI'Ill 1 A.. L Y ~ . .
>' v
Figure 117. Location of engine instruments.
115
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Wralfc K n J d L
N....................* 3 h
BE*x?*“~TZr-L_
^l|l fcaBawBd.EM
W intake
W _ .. t,^- - —j JE
I a —abhi^ ',
v «K^^@3MMK9PRkB ''
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>. - Ey;»/ fJ^|
•-jJmfWF tr ^MBKB^^aaSL -■ -"^SWR! MMk- .-
- ••• •;
*Tffliy / . ssffi fjHIl Hili XKShHlK
uw aHUHK
'Atk »
SYNCHi
Figure 119. Location oj engine instruments.
117
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■■^’"^Cz X!S? ,nwi' #W'-‘ ।
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9mBl " Jh
Figure 120. Carburetor throttle stop.
118
j. Adjustment of Pressure Reducing Regulator.
(1) The pressure reducing regulator is used on long downhill grades where pipe-line pressures exceed 600 pounds per square inch. This regulator reduces the line pressure to the desired pressure, which may range from 50 to 200 pounds per square inch, depending upon the requirements of the line. The regulator is a double-port, reverse-acting, spring-loaded, diaphragm-actuated, self-contained, pressure reducing valve.
(2) Pressure from the downstream side of the valve is applied to the under side of the diaphragm which closes the valve when the downstream pressure increases to a point where the force on the diaphragm exceeds that exerted by the spring. To increase the downstream pressure at which the valve will close, remove the cap and turn the spring adjusting screw so that it moves downward. To decrease the downstream pressure at which the valve will close, turn the spring adjusting screw so that it moves upward.
k. Checking Adjustment and Operation of Controllers and Relief Valves.
(1) To check operation of the low suction controller, close the suction valve (SV) on the station header and allow the pump (P) to decrease the suction pressure (SP). The engine speed should change to a slow idling condition without stalling after the suction valve has been completely closed. The suction valve should then be opened slowly because the next upstream station may have built up a high pressure against this valve. When the valve is opened the pump will speed up because the suction pressure is above normal for a short period of time. The pump should quickly pull the suction pressure down to the point at which the low suction controller is set. If the suction pressure, however, doe? not rapidly reach this control point it is possible that the engine is being throttled by some restriction in the control system. This throttling action may be due to the orifice valve, differential controller, or high suction controller. Check the orifice valve by opening it a part of a turn, and if this adjustment does not allow the engine speed to increase and reduce the suction pressure to the control point established by the low suction controller, change orifice valve setting to the original position. Check the differential controller and high suction controller separately by raising the inner valve a definite number of turns, being careful to note the exact setting before making this change in adjustment. By checking each of the three units in the control
system separately, it can be determined which one is out of adjustment and throttling the engine. After the pumping unit has resumed normal operation, the control unit which was found to be out of adjustment should be reset according to the procedure previously outlined in this manual.
(2) To check the operation of the differential controller, close the main line block valve at the station and slowly close the station discharge valve (DV) until the pump discharge pressure (DP) increases to between 400 and 450 pounds per square inch. If the differential pressure controller is in correct adjustment, the suction pressure should increase until it reaches a value of 300 pounds per square inch less than the discharge pressure. If the differential pressure between the suction and discharge is more than 300 pounds per square inch, the differential pressure controller should be adjusted in accordance with the procedure previously described. On the other hand, if the differential pressure between the suction and discharge is less than 300 pounds per square inch, it is possible that the orifice valve or one of the other controllers is restricting the flow of control oil and therefore throttling the engine.
(3) The setting of the high suction relief valve and high suction controller may be checked in one continuous operation as follows: disengage clutch on the engine so that pump is shut down, then close the station main line block valve. Slowly close station discharge valve until a suction pressure of 350 pounds per square inch is reached. At this pressure the high suction relief valve should just begin to open, as indicated by a downward movement of the stem. If the valve does not open under this condition, a pressure of 350 pounds per square inch should be held and the valve adjusted by unscrewing the spring adjusting screw until it does start to open. If the high suction relief valve opens at a pressure less than 350 pounds per square inch, this pressure should be held while tightening the spring adjusting screw until the valve is closed, and then slowly unscrewing the spring adjusting screw until the valve just begins to open. Further close the discharge valve until a suction pressure of 375 pounds per square inch is obtained. At this pressure the inner valve of the high suction controller should just seat and simultaneously slow down the engine. If the inner valve seats before the 375 pounds pressure is reached, screw up the inner valve off the seat, past the control point, and then unscrew it until it just seats while holding 375 pounds per square inch suction pressure. With this suction pressure
119
and with no differential pressure across the pump, the low suction controller and differential controller will ordinarily not be so far out of adjustment as to interfere with the checking of the high suction controller.
(4) To check the setting of the high discharge relief valve, the engine and pump must be in operation. Close the main line block valve and slowly pinch down on the station discharge valve until a discharge pressure of 650 pounds per square inch is reached. The high discharge relief valve should just begin to open at this pressure. If the high discharge relief valve does not open, hold the 650-pound discharge pressure and slowly unscrew the spring adjusting screw until it does just begin to open. If the high discharge relief valve opens before 650 pounds discharge pressure is reached, it will be necessary to tighten the spring adjusting screw beyond the control point, and then open station discharge valve until normal operating conditions prevail before rechecking the relief valve setting. This is necessary because the unit will bypass with equal suction and discharge pressures and slow the engine down to idling speed, due to the action of the high suction controller when the high discharge relief valve opens.
(5) If there remains any doubt as to the cause of abnormal operation after checking the adjustment of an individual controller or relief valve, it is best to undertake the entire sequence of adjustment on all controllers as outlined previously rather than to make hit-and-miss adjustments to eliminate the trouble.
34. MANUAL CONTROL.
a. There are two ways in which these units may be controlled manually. The first method is to adjust the throttle as required to obtain the desired speed by changing the direct mechanical connection to the carburetor; and the second method is to change the hand-controlled valve (HCV), as shown on figure 112, to obtain a change in pressure on the diaphragm throttle. In order to adjust by the first (mechanical) method, the hand-controlled valve is opened wide so that no pressure is built up on the diaphragm throttle. With the second (hand-controlled valve) method, the orifice valve has to be closed tightly so that all variations in pressure will be as a result of hand-controlled valve adjustment. This type of manual control will produce finer adjustment, but cannot be depended upon alone as the hy
draulic control system must be in operation for it to work.
b. Manual control for reciprocating pumps is similar to that for centrifugal units, in that the operator must watch closely both suction and discharge pressures.
35. TROUBLE SHOOTING.
a. Pump station crews must familiarize themselves with the general operation of the pipe-line system under normal conditions so that unusual conditions in the operation of a station will be immediately apparent. A daily pump station report should be made using the form shown in figure 121.
b. When a long line, with a number of stations, is operated at full capacity, each station will have a working pressure which is a characteristic of the length and gradient of the line to the next station, and at any given rate of output this pressure will remain approximately constant.
c. The pump itself is a fairly accurate meter. A definite number of barrels per hour will be delivered for a given number of strokes per minute. At each station, when the line is in normal operation, there will be a definite discharge pressure for each rate of pumping, for each product handled. These rates and pressures can be plotted against each other to provide a reference curve which will serve to check relative operating conditions at any time. Each station operator should plot curves for his particular station for each product handled, showing the relation between pump strokes per minute and discharge pressure. He must see that the station pump is operating efficiently, that there are no leaks in the pipe line downstream, and that the suction pressure of the downstream pump station is at its normal operating value when pump speed and discharge pressure values are recorded for operation-curve construction. Current pump operation should be checked regularly against these curves to determine the efficiency of the system. If pump speed and pressure values do not coincide with those which are plotted and which represent normal, efficient operation, it indicates that there is a leak in the pipe line downstream, or that an excessive amount of liquid is bypassing the pump pistons.
d. The volume of liquid pumped is directly related to pump speed and can be determined by applying a slip factor to pump displacement. For example, a duplex, double-acting, displacement pump with a 4%-inch bore and a 6-inch stroke displaces 382 cubic inches on each stroke cycle.
120
DAILY PUMPING STATION REPORT
STATION NO
TIME PUMP OPERATION MAINTENANCE REMARKS
DISCH. PRESS. SUCTION PRESS. ENGINE CONTROL PRESS. R.PM. NO. GALLONS OF GASOLINE USED NO. QTS. OF OIL ADDED TIME UNIT IS GREASED
MID. 12:00 Example: Such as sud-den increase or loss of suction or discharge pressure. Keep record of exact time change took place. Note all adjustments made to unit.
12:30
1:00
1:30 -
2:00 -
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30 •
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00 NOON
Figure 121. Daily pumping station report.
121
At 90 strokes per minute (revolutions per minute) 34,380 cubic inches, or 149 gallons per minute, would be displaced if there was no slippage past the pump pistons. Estimating slippage at 6 percent, this volume would be reduced to 140 gallons per minute or 200 barrels per hour. The pump discharge pressure required to pump 200 barrels per hour can be calculated by adding the downstream pump suction pressure, the static head between the two stations, and the friction loss in the line between the two stations. Values of strokes per minute and corresponding pressures can be plotted to form a smooth curve. This curve should be nearly identical to the operation curve (fig. 122).
e. Conditions indicating that the efficiency of a pipe-line system is low, along with probable reasons and suggested remedies, are listed and discussed below:
(1) Low discharge pressure. Low discharge pressure may be caused by leaks or a break in the downstream pipe line; by the pump pistons bypassing an excessive amount of liquid; by a leak in the station bypass check valve; or by a leak in the high discharge relief valve. Pipe-line leaks can be located by patrols. Methods of pipe repair or replacement have been outlined elsewhere in this manual. If line pressure returns to normal when a downstream block valve is closed, the bypass check valve leaks. It should be disassembled and repaired, or replaced. A leak through a closed high discharge relief valve usually can be detected by the hissing noise of the leaking liquid. In order to repair or replace this valve, the station must be shut down.
(2) Leaky pump valves. A leaky pump valve usually can be detected by listening to the operation of the valves themselves. A hissing sound during the closing of a valve indicates that it is not properly seating. An unusual discharge pressure pulsation or variation in the engine speed may also indicate leaking pump valves. The remedy is to remove the valve covers, clean, grind, and adjust the valves.
(3) Leaky pump piston packing. Piston packing may be worn and need replacing, although this will usually be done during the periodic overhauls. If replacement is necessary at any other time the packing can be replaced in the field with the regular tools supplied with the unit.
(4) Slipping clutch or drive belts. Overheating is characteristic of both clutch and belt slipping. A clutch that is too loosely adjusted can be detected
by the free action of the clutch lever. Adjust belt and clutch tensions as required.
f. High discharge pressures indicate either restrictions in the pipe line downstream or that one or more immediately downstream pump stations are out of service.
(1) If the immediate downstream station is out of service, liquid must be pumped approximately twice the normal distance. This condition arises quite often, and a set of curves should be prepared to show the relationship between pump strokes and discharge pressures under these conditions. This set of curves can be made by combining those, made as previously described, of two successive stations, care being taken to subtract the suction pressure of the intermediate station from the total pressure. Pumping under these conditions is known as “two section operation.” The curve will show about double the normal pressure for the station. Pumps will operate on differential pressure controller instead of low suction controller. During this type of operation the discharge pressure will come up to the line characteristic pressure, and the differential pressure between suction and discharge will be about 300 pounds per square inch. If this differential pressure exceeds, or is less than, 300pounds per square inch, the differential pressure controller should be adjusted accordingly. The low suction controller being open during this type of operation, the governor and the auxiliary governor pressures should be approximately equal.
(2) When two successive stations are not in operation the first upstream operating station will have to pump approximately three times normal distance. For this contingency suitable curves should be prepared to show the relationship between pump speed and discharge pressure. Under this “three section operation” the pump also will be governed by the differential pressure controller instead of the low suction controller. Pump discharge pressure will be about 630 pounds per square inch and suction pressure will be 330 pounds per square inch, without bypassing.
g. Intermittent Bypassing. If the valve at the end of the line is partially closed, all of the stations on the line will build up discharge pressures to a point where the pumps will bypass and cut out until the receiving station takes enough liquid from the line to require each station to resume pumping. This cycle will be repeated as long as the withdrawal of liquid at the receiving station is restricted by a partially closed valve. Therefore, there should be
122
belt
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revolutions ■
Figure 122. Operation curve for small reciprocating pump.
123
either capacity withdrawal from the pipe line or it should be shut down. An experienced operator can recognize intermittent bypassing and will shut down a pump until the line can operate at capacity. Care should be taken during such a shut-down to see that enough discharge pressure is maintained to assure delivery when it is again required downstream.
h. If the suction pressure rises above normal while the discharge pressure remains at normal, the pump is not pumping fast enough and should be checked. It will usually be found that either one of the controllers or the orifice valve is out of adjustment. By observing the engine governor and the auxiliary governor pressures it can be determined which controller is restricting the flow of control oil. In most instances it will be found that the orifice valve is out of adjustment. Open this valve a little at a time, waiting a few minutes after each change to note the point where the engine speed increases enough to pull the suction pressure down to normal. If this does not correct the trouble, check the adjustment of the other controller and make any adjustments that are necessary. Where the more complex adjustments are involved, consult the operations officer.
i. If the suction pressure drops below normal while the discharge pressure remains at normal, the low suction controller is not operating properly and its adjustment should be checked.
j. If both the suction and discharge pressures drop at a station, there may be a leak between that station and the next upstream station and the line should be patrolled to determine this and, if so, to locate and repair the leak. If the leak is large, the pump speed will decrease. The withdrawal of liquid from branch lines upstream from a station will have the same effect as a leak. If this condition arises, the clutch lever on the engine
should be pulled out and the pump stopped for a short period of time. If the suction pressure does not rise it is evident that there is either a large leak or a substantial withdrawal taking place upstream, and the unit can be shut down until the suction pressure starts to rise. When suction pressure returns to normal the engine should be started and the clutch engaged.
k. Under conditions of “three section operation,” the suction pressure of the first downstream station will be higher than that for which the high suction relief is set. This higher pressure will keep the high suction relief open and the'] e If
high suction controller closed, and will make it impossible for the pump to move liquid unless certain adjustments are made. ' put in operation by closing the main suction valve, starting the engine, and engaging the clutch' before the governor pressure reaches its maximum. This will pump down the pressure in the suction header so that the high suction relief valve will close. The pump will pick up the pipe-line load and function automatically if the main suction valve is then gradually opened.
1. In general, it can be stated that above-normal \ pump discharge pressures are not cause for alarm, but subnormal ones are. The cause of subnormal discharge pressures should be investigated at once, as they indicate trouble either at the pump or in the pipe line downstream from the pump station.
m. The suction and discharge pressure snubbers must be checked regularly to see that they are not closed or plugged with sediment, as it is essential to proper operation of the automatic control system that the true suction and discharge pressure are reflected on the controller diaphragms at all times. No attempt should be made to interpret irregular operating conditions without first checking the pressure snubbers to ascertain that they have not become plugged or accidentally closed.
124
CHAPTER 7
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP OPERATIONS
6. GENERAL. Information on the operation fugal pump performance and power requirements, f centrifugal pumps is set forth in this chapter e. Pump performance curves for conditions nd supplements information on the operation of where oil is being pumped are not included, for,
eciprocating pumps given in previous chapters. unlike gasoline and water, oil viscosities vary between wide limits with attendant effects on
7. PUP CENTRIFUGAL PUMP. Perform- pump power requirements.
nee curves for Pup centrifugal pumps handling f. There will be one pump per station on the
asoline and water are shown in figures 123 to 129. 4-inch line, manifolded as shown in figure 130.
a. Pump capacities are shown in barrels per g. Pump stations operating on 6-inch pipe-
our and in gallons per minute. Pump dis- line service will consist of two pup units each,
harge pressures are shown in pounds per square although normal operations will require the con-
ich and in feet of head of the liquid pumped. tinued use of only one. These two units are bo These performance curves, one for each connected with a manifold, as shown in figure
f several liquid specific gravities, are shown for 131. Valves A, D, H, and I should always be
oth series and parallel pump operation. Pipe- open when pumping. For normal one-unit opera-
ne systems will be designed for series operation. tion either valves B and C, or E and F, should
hould a pump be connected and operated in be open and valve G always closed. For normal
arallel, its capacity will be double and its dis- two-unit parallel operation, valves B, C, E, and F
tiarge pressure one-half that of series operation. are open, and valve G is closed; and for special
c. Lines of constant brake mean effective two-unit series operation valves B, F, and G
ressure are shown, as they represent loading of are open and valves C and E are closed. This
le engine. The brake horsepower, correspond- latter method of operation compounds pressure
ig to any brake mean effective pressure and and holds liquid volumes to the capacity of a single
igine revolutions per minute are shown as a unit and should, therefore, only be used where
art of figures 123 and 124. These charts are specifically required.
laracteristic of the General Motors model 270 h. For short lateral lines or service at tank igine, and apply to all the performance curves. farms pump manifolding for parallel and series
his engine will give continued satisfactory operation is shown in figures 132 and 133, respec-
jeration service as long as the brake mean tively.
fective pressure does not exceed 70 pounds per
luare inch. Within reasonable limits, slower 38. PUMP STATION OPERATION WITH 4-
•eeds and accompanying lower brake mean INCH PIPE LINE. Pup centrifugal pump sta-
fective pressures will give longer engine-service tions, located at 10-mile intervals along a level
e. 4-inch pipe line, pumping 0.68 specific gravity
d. When liquid of relatively high specific gasoline, will have the following operational
avity is pumped, the pump engine must be characteristics:
>erated at a lower speed so that the limiting a. Under normal operations, successive sta-ake mean effective pressure will not be exceeded. tions will have a pump engine speed of 1,950 comparison between the pump performance revolutions per minute and a differential pressure
irves for gasoline and water will show the great of 200 pounds per square inch while pumping
feet that liquid specific gravity has upon centri- liquid at the rate of 200 barrels per hour.
•52517 0 - 43 - 9 „
12S
PERFORMANCE OF PUP UNIT PUMPING GASOLINE 0.68 SPECIFIC GRAVITY PIPED IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL AND DRIVEN BY GMC-270 ENGINE
THE CHART TO THE RIGHT SHOWS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GMC-270 ENGINE GIVING BRAKE HP. AS A FUNCTION BRAKE MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE (BMEP) AND REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE (RPM)
50 £ §
40 gj «/> cz O *
30 uj
£
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1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
RPM
320
1050 A
1000-
300
0 280
UU
O i a. O
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900-
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800
700-
600-
500-
PARALLEL OPERATION - GALLONS
100 200 300 400
PER MINUTE 500 600
Z 240 3 o
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O 200
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180
LU
160
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110 „
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
50 100 150 200 250 300
SERIES OPERATION - GALLONS PER MINUTE
Figure 123. Performance of pup unit pumping gasoline of 0.68 specific gravity.
o
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R525
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-400
350
-300
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PARALLEL OPERATION - HEAD IN FEET
- 200
*—150
PERFORMANCE OF PUP UNIT PUMPING GASOLINE 0,70 SPECIFIC GRAVITY PIPED; IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL AND DRIVEN BY GMC-270 ENGINE
THE CHART TO THE RIGHT SHOWS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GMC-270 ENGINE GIVING BRAKE HP. AS A FUNCTION OF BRAKE MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE (BMEP) AND REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE (RPM)
PARALLEL OPERATION - GALLONS
100 200 300 400
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J SERIES OPERATION
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50 100 150
SERIES OPERATION
A50*5ft
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GALLONS PER MINUTE
150
40
Figure 124. Performance of pup unit pumping gasoline of 0.70 specific gravity.
127
PERFORMANCE.OF PUP UNIT PUMPING GASOLINE 0.725 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
PIPED IN SERIES AND. IN PARALLEL AND DRIVEN BY GMC-270 ENGINE
1050-
320
1000
900
0
co
300
280
260
800 -
UJ
240
700
O co
O 220
FOR BRAKE HORSEPOWER CORRESPONDING TO ANY BRAKE
MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE (BMEP) AND SPEED SEE FIGURE 118
PARALLEL OPERATION - GALLONS PER MINUTE 100 200 300 400 500 600
O t— 2
600
O 200
cd
o co
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500
O
180
160
140
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BARRELS PER HOUR;
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160
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130
120
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SERIES OPERATION - BARRELS PERHOUR^
HT00.jffil50fffl200ffl25
50 100 150 200 250 300
SERIES OPERATION - GALLONS PER MINUTE
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
co
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Figure 125. Performance of pup unit pumping gasoline of 0.725 specific gravity.
300
O
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rl50
128
.PERFORMANCE OF PUP UNIT PUMPING GASOLINE 0.74 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
PIPED IN SERIES. AND IN PARALLEL AND DRIVEN BY GMC-270 ENGINE
FOR BRAKE HORSEPOWER CORRESPONDING TO ANY BRAKE
MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE (BMEP) AND SPEED SEE FIGURE 118
340
320
300
40
PER MINUTE
500 600
PARALLEL OPERATION - GALLONS
100 200 300 400
50 100 150 200 250 300
SERIES OPERATION - GALLONS PER MINUTE
•!H ? 200 I 300 T 400i ;; 500j j 600:! 700 r 8QQ ± g900 gT : 111 HI |^pa^iiel,operation ; barrels per hourI| MuMM'
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- Figure 12&- Performance of pup .unit pumping gasoline of 0.74 specific gravity.
129
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PERFORMANCE OF PUP UNIT PUMPING GASOLINE 0.75 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
PIPED IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL AND DRIVEN BY GMC-270 ENGINE
FOR BRAKE HORSEPOWER CORRESPONDING TO ANY BRAKE MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE (BMEP) AND SPEED SEE FIGURE 118
O
130
Figure 127. Performance of pup unit pumping gasoline of 0.75 specific gravity.
PARALLEL OPERATION - GALLONS PER MINUTE 100 200 300 400 500 600
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120 IWir^ptr.A^ 60
50 100 150 200 250 300
SERIES OPERATION - GALLONS PER MINUTE
Figure 129. Performance of pup unit pumping water.
ONE UNIT MANIFOLD (4'* PIPE LINE)
PUP CENTRIFUGAL PUMPING UNIT
One Pump Series Operation' ■
PUMPING UNIT
O <0
------------------------u
yog
// / Vv< 3 Standard a. 20' Sections vw j.
----- -------........... ..........
Flow , lirxiO NlzNli
H------------—9' i0"-------------——
r*~---————-------------—_20' 0"—------—----—---—-------*1
' PLAN 1
PUMPING UNIT
—zJ
’ ’’ " ’ ELEVATION
NOTE:
1. When the units are installed on the opposite side of the pipeline, with flow in the same direction as that shown, the portions of the manifold shown in the elevation should both be rotated 90° about A and B.
2. To reverse the direction of flow thru the pipeline, turn the portions of manifold shown in the elevation 90° about A and B.
Remove the clapper in the check valve. If time permits the sand trap section may be moved to its proper position so that it again becomes the suction line.
Figure 130. Manifold for pup unit when operating on 4-inch pipe line.
133
FOR
I. Single Unit Operotion . rYa
2. Two Unit Parallel Operation ‘ f /[ L ~'■
3. Two Unit Series Operation ~~~ ’ r— K / z /
! F ' K' r--———— / /
| B I ———---------
== <—,5'-6"____________J Ofci
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■y‘ ) ——'—. j< AT /
3 Z
v
zz/y'
• Z/O ?F /y NOTE;
O.jCHARGE VALVE / j7/ Y '/ /X When the units are installed on the opposite side of
kX XG / S^CT/C) *raP sect*on anc! the discharge section are connected, end
T for end and transfer the short section J from the sand trap
, . to the discharge section. Remove the clapper in the check
"t"m valve. If time permits the sand trap section may be moved
to its proper position so that it again becomes the suction line.
6/? 20y. '
P'Pe^ 2ZX
Figure 131. Manifold for pup units when operating on 6-inch pipe line.
134
b. When, for example, the second station along he line is not in operation, the pumping load nor-nally carried by that station will have to be landled by the first station. Pup pumps are designed to operate at approximately 300 pounds >er square inch maximum differential pressure vhile being driven by an engine running at a maximum speed of 2,400 revolutions per minute, t is recommended, however, that pup pumps be lot operated continuously at the speed of 2,400 evolutions per minute. For this example, 285 founds per square inch pump differential pressure nd 2,350 revolutions per minute engine speed naximums will be used. Since pressure loss due to he friction of 200 barrels per hour flow through a -inch line is 20 pounds per square inch per mile, 400 pounds per square inch would be required to lump liquid from the first to the third station, 20 niles distant. With only 285 pounds per square nch available, the liquid flow rate could not exceed 75 barrels per hour (14.2 pounds per square inch riction loss per mile). The third, and all successive stations, will pump the 175 barrels per hour ivith a differential pressure of 142 pounds per i quare inch (14.2 pounds per square inch friction oss per mile times the 10 miles between stations), which will require an engine speed of 1,650 revolu-ions per minute.
c. If the third station along the line is not jperating, the first two stations should be oper-ited at capacity. The first station will operate it 2,350 revolutions per minute, pumping 200 carrels per hour with a differential pressure of >85 pounds per square inch. This liquid will irrive at the second station with a pressure of 35 pounds per square inch, 20 pounds per square nch being lost per mile between stations. The second station will operate with an engine speed )f 2,350 revolutions per minute and will discharge liquid at a pressure of 85 plus 285 or 370 sounds per square inch. As previously stated, t requires 400 pounds per square inch to move 200 barrels per hour of liquid through 20 miles tf 4-inch pipe line. Since this pressure is not vailable at the second station, a 200-barrel per hour rate cannot be maintained. If the above calculations are repeated, it will be found that slightly more than 190 barrels per hour can be delivered at the fourth station. The fourth and successive stations would operate with an engine speed of 1,850 revolutions per minute and a discharge pressure of 175 pounds per square inch.
d. If the fourth or any other single subsequent station is out of operation it will be possible to
build up a pressure in the three preceding stations which will maintain a 200-barrel per hour liquid flow through the pipe line.
e- When two successive stations are inoperative such as, for example, the third and fourth of a series, liquid will have to be pumped through 30 miles of pipe. Using figures 30 and 123 and following the method of calculation previously used, it will be found that 175 barrels per hour of liquid can be pumped through the line with the first station operating at 2,350 revolutions per minute and 285 pounds per square inch discharge pressure; the second station operating at 2,350 revolutions per minute, 145 pounds per square inch suction pressure, and 430 pounds per square inch discharge pressure; and the fifth and all subsequent stations operating at 1,650 revolutions per minute and 140 pounds per square inch discharge pressure.
f- For this example, centrifugal pump differential pressures have been used. Pump suction pressures are additive. There will be a corresponding increase in liquid flow rates, with a net decrease in suction pressure.
39. PUMP STATION OPERATION WITH 6-INCH PIPE LINE. Pump stations, located at 10-mile intervals along a level 6-inch pipe line and pumping 0.68 specific gravity gasoline, will have the following operational characteristics:
a. Under normal or single-unit operations, successive stations will have a pump engine speed of 1,625 revolutions per minute and a differential pressure of 100 pounds per square inch while pumping liquid at the rate of 400 barrels per hour.
b. If the second station along the line is inoperative, the first station will have to pump through to the third station. This can be done by a single unit operating at 2,100 revolutions per minute and with a differential pressure of 200 pounds per square inch, since the pressure loss due to friction in the 20 miles of line between the first and third station is approximately 200 pounds per square inch.
c. When, for example, the second and third stations along the line are not in operation, liquid will have to be pumped for the 30-mile distance between the first and fourth stations. The first station would operate both pump units in parallel, at 285 pounds per square inch differential pressure and 2,350 revolutions per minute. Allowable friction loss along the 30-mile line would be 285 pounds per square inch, or 9.5 pounds per square inch per mile. From figure 30 it can be found
135
SHUT-DOWN CONTROLS
FOR TWO PUP PUMP STATION OH 6" PIPE LINE
136
Figure 132. Shut-down controls for two-pup pump station on 6-inch line.
=-* COPPER TUBING ssss-CAPILLARY TUBING — -ELECTRIC CABLE T.C.-TEMPERATURE CONTROL D.P.-DISCHARGE PRESSURE S.P.-SUCTION PRESSURE
PUMPING UNIT o
—
_ I J_ x
STANDARD SAND TRAP ■ . \ 2
MAY BE SUBSTITUTEl 1 iTTi STANDARD GATE VALVE SECTION £
1 । । <
s XX B b
o IT TT |o ■-
L J i -i °j
ZTZ_ Zjt I ™
4 lT flqw ------------------------------------L
flow laxiui
-----------------PARALLEL OPERATION FOR SHORT PUMPING UNIT-----LATERAL LINE OR AT TANK FARM
400 BARRELS PER HOUR AT 100
14T4W‘l'IM!I POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH.
TOT
<^4=4 ONE UNIT MANIFOLDED FOR
< = 7" NIPPLE _ PARALLEL OPERATION
\ /
Figure 133. Manifold for pup units when operating on short lateral lines {parallel operation}.
137
____________■■■
PUMPING UNIT O
*— T
-L-/ x
S, °
—^STANDARD GATE VALVE SECTION I £ y <
=?
HU - FL0W- S
-Hr-------— ......-------------------------
FLOW ? usu
-------------A SERIES OPERATION FOR SHORT dumdum iimit-LATERAL LINE OR AT TANK FARM
PUMPING UNIT 20Q BARRELS pER H0UR AT 2Q0
px POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH.
7" NIPPLE-
IJIsWWKITI ONE UNIT MANIFOLDED
FOR SERIES OPERATION
PUP CENTRIFUGAL PUMPING UN
Figure 134. Manifold for pup units when operating on short lateral lines {series operation').
138
hat this friction allowance will provide for a [quid flow of 380 barrels per hour. The fourth ind subsequent stations will operate at 1,600 evolutions per minute and 95 pounds per square nch differential pressure.
d. Pump suction pressures are additive, as was (.escribed for 4-inch pipe-line pump station opera-iion.
e. There may be times when it is impossible to btain the proper pump suction pressure at the rst station. In such cases, the units themselves /ill have to be operated with impellers in parallel s will the two units of the station (fig. 135). A •ump engine speed of 1,400 revolutions per minute > recommended for this operation. At the sound f a sharp “crackle” pump speed must be reduced, s this is a warning that cavitation is starting.
0. CONTROL OF PUP CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ON TWO-PUMP STATION INSTALLATION.
a. General. Automatic safety shut-down con-rols will be provided for pup centrifugal pumps at istallations where two pumps are manifolded as i figure 131 to protect the units against excessive ischarge pressure, abnormally low suction pres-ure, and high temperature. The shut-down of he pumping units will be by means of mercury witches which will interrupt the ignition circuit f the gasoline engines driving the pumps. The hut-down instruments will be supplied with lanual reset mechanisms which will allow the nercury switches to be hand set after the pumps lave been stopped. In some instances it will be iesirable to start a pump turning over before the Iressure or temperature condition which caused he unit to be stopped has changed sufficiently to ermit the mercury switch to reset automatically, ^he manual reset mechanism will make it possible 0 start up a pumping unit under such conditions.
b. The pressure control mercury switches are f the Bourdon tube actuated type, snap action zith manual reset. They are factory set to act t a predetermined pressure but the setting may e changed in the field as outlined in figure 17. The low suction control is factory set to stop the ump when the suction pressure falls to a value f around 5 pounds per square inch. The high ischarge pressure control is preset to shut the ump down when the pressure on the discharge ide of the station reaches 700 pounds per square ich. These controls will be automatically reset /hen the pressure values have changed sufficiently approximately 10 pounds for the suction pressure
instrument and about 30 pounds for the high discharge pressure instrument).
c. The temperature control switch is of the vapor pressure operated type with Bourdon tube power element. The complete control consists of a bulb inserted in the pump discharge which is connected to the instrument proper by means of armored capillary tubing. The controls supplied will have a range of 100° to 200° F. and may be set in the field to shut down the pumping units at any desired temperature within the range of the instrument.
d. The arrangement of shut-down controls on a two pup pump station along with location of control points for pressures and temperature is shown in figure 132. All pressure tubing and electrical cable between control points and instruments will be installed in the field in a neat and orderly manner by attaching to the header piping wherever possible. (Warning: Installation instructions supplied with the mercury switches should be referred to when making adjustments on these instruments).
41. TROUBLE SHOOTING.
a. It will be the duty of the pump station operating crew members to familiarize themselves with the construction and auxiliary piping of the pump (fig. 135) and the operational details of the pipe-line system so that any unusual conditions which may arise will be quickly recognized.
b. Individual pump station operation will be characterized by the length and gradient of the pipe line between it and the next downstream station and, at any given flow pump pressures will remain approximately constant. These pump pressures may be plotted on the performance curve for the various operating speeds. The curve thus formed should be constantly referred to so that high operating efficiency is maintained.
c. Following are listed several operating conditions which indicate low efficiency, along with suggested remedies:
(1) Low discharge pressure. If discharge pressures are low check operation of station bypass valve by closing adjacent block valve. If pressure is restored to normal the check valve is leaking and should be repaired or replaced. If pressure is not restored there is a leak in the line downstream.
(2) Worn wearing rings. Pump speed will require progressive increases to maintain normal discharge pressure if the pump wearing rings are worn. This change will be gradual, taking place
139
PUP CENTRIFUGAL PUMPING UNIT
PUMPING UNIT
a? / ) W
2‘ / \°v SPECIAL ARRANGEMENT MAY BE
$\\ \°* USED FOR NUMBER ONE UNIT
\ \ \ v XV \ WHEN SUCTION PRESSURE IS LOW.
STANDARD \
l* SECTIONS STANDARD
flow.......j
FLOW a /________________9._10. _| FL0W ,
--------------------------------20’- O" —-------------------------- NOTE: VICTAULIC PIPE CONNECTION-USilkB
PUMPING UNIT
*—7"N|ppLE -------------------------------/ ONE UNIT MANIFOLDED FOR QQSEI1EI3----------------------PARALLEL OPERATION
Figure. 135. Special manifold arrangement for pipe-line service.
140
A PRIMER ASSEMBLY
\B END BEARING GREASE CONNECTION \ C DISCHARGE PRESSURE GAUGE LINE J CENTER SLEEVE SHAFT
^\4> BLEEDER CONNECTION g RETURN COOLING LINE I GREASE CONNECTION
\ Xk I □! \FR0M GEAR HOUSING p|~|
W \ \H LANTERN RING GREASE pW B
\ ‘□r’ B \XCONNECTlON QHJ A
<®< 'A1 i y
TT Xtx I v T'fl v
TTo / \ L I——। ‘Hen,A.h-^r .A,
____(J) - W _ n_______________________________________
\ \ GEAR CASE STUFFING BOX
GEAR CASE OIL LEVEL \ I ----END BEARING
ASSEMBLY f=? \ /
M. \. / n
'—___ nj-i— \ /
Zk '^ । I k DETAIL
-4b —O — ©>/ FUEL LINE TO TANK AUXILIARY PIPING
!kn ©1 L\ COOLING LINE TO
STUFFING BOX DRAIN CONNECTION HJ \ GEAR MOUSING
E-—___ SUCTION - COMBINATION PRESSURE ® \ A
"--->- VACUUM GAUGE LINE & DRAIN |~]---
- — ...... ; z. .-zh^- \xLr Ji 1
iii A n-h r i_ ___J =|i-1
i i li jt J 4=^
i__________T GEAR CASE xL-J
Figure 136. Detail of pup pump auxiliary piping.
141
552517 0 - 43 - 10
LBS. PER SQ. INCH Q PRESSURE
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47 - 7 " 54 -
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• 44 - ’ ’ 140
42 ' _ " 48 - 60 -
41 - ■ 44 - 7
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39 _ 7 42 - 7 - 130
38 _ 40 7 - 44 -55-
37 - „ " 40 7 7
38 - - 42 - - 120
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32 -
31 ' 32 7 7 36 7 45 _
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142
PERFORMANCE CURVE
DEEP WELL PUMPING UNIT
FEET^ OF HEAD OF FL UID PUMPED |
80% DERATED NET AVAILABLE HORSEPOWER^
^8^
Jis Sfffiti 11^.750,::^:
I ^00
"MODEL NO. PI-606 \
IH®
■^1600^'■^‘'1-1
EEE^fEiEEEEEEE^
I E/NES OF CONSIANT EFFIC^NCy B
§ g EIE E E E
^EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE fcg|:Fo\o.------EEEEEEEEEE OOfg :PEEE|EE1H;E +W/7ffOT t w°\°j+B E E :E E E E E E i®||IBs;E^=14E-B =
Ttfri TIT ~t pT : =: = 4TfT' 'Ub - - - °\° ||giOj;EEB;S:gvgE
//o 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220
GALLONS PER MINUTE
Figure 137. Performance curves for deep-well unit.
over a period of months. Operating conditions should be compared with other units as an additional means of isolating this trouble. Wearing rings can only be replaced at a machine shop.
(3) Worn packing. Pump packing will normally be replaced during periodic overhauls. If replacement is necessary at other times new packing can be installed with the regular tools supplied with the unit. Packing gland adjustment which causes excessive friction between packing and shaft will be reflected in high power requirement and heating of packing case.
(4) High discharge pressures. High discharge pressures indicate that there is either a restriction in the pipe line downstream or that one or more of the downstream stations are out of service.
(5) Failure of pump to start. When a pump fails to maintain its prime and pump liquid it is probable that an impeller is clogged, that air enters the suction line, or that the liquid supply is exhausted.
42. DEEP-WELL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP.
Deep-well centrifugal pump performance curves relating pump speed, liquid capacities, horsepower requirements, and feet of head or pressure are shown on figure 136. Use of these curves may be illustrated with the example of a pump moving 0.75 specific gravity gasoline, with a discharge pressure of 49.5 pounds per square inch and a pump speed of 1,800 revolutions per minute. The abscissa of pressure intercepts the upper line of constant 1,800 revolutions per minute at 150 gallons per minute ordinate. This ordinate of 150 gallons per minute intercepts the lower curve of constant 1,800 revolutions per minute at the 5.5 brake horsepower abscissa. Maximum power available is 7.2 horsepower, as determined by the intercept of the 150 gallons per minute ordinate, with the curve of constant 80 percent of rated net available horsepower for 0.75 specific gravity liquid.
143
CHAPTER 8
PIPE-LINE PERSONNEL AND ORGANIZATION
43. COMMISSIONED OFFICER PERSONNEL FOR CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION.
a. As a general rule, an Engineer Petroleum Distribution Unit will operate under the command of a commissioned officer of the rank of captain, who will be an engineer and will have had extensive experience in petroleum pipe-line construction and operation. The additional commissioned officer personnel will usually consist of two first lieutenants and four second lieutenants, with responsibility and stations assigned as uniformly along the entire pipe-line system as circumstances permit. It is desirable that all commissioned officers be engineers with previous experience in petroleum pipe-line construction and operation.
b. It is essential that the second lieutenant in direct charge of a beach head or port terminal be familiar with oil refinery laboratory procedure, and it is desirable that he be a chemical engineer. This officer will supervise work carried out by the portable laboratory unit. At least one of the second lieutenants should be a man with considerable experience in safety engineering work as applied to oil fields and refineries. This officer will supervise the activities of two noncommissioned officer assistants. Another second lieutenant should be sufficiently familiar with camouflage work to be able to supervise such activity for the entire pipe-line system.
44. ENLISTED PERSONNEL FOR CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION.
a. General. Construction and operation personnel of military pipe lines should be divided into groups or crews and the several phases of the work to be done assigned to these crews. These crews should be organized in a military manner. An outline of the operations for all phases of this work and the suggested size, organization, and specific duties of each crew follow:
144
b. Construction.
(1) Reconnaissance layout, planning, and design are conducted by the commissioned officer personnel with the assistance of their technical staff. These operations do not require crew unit organization. After the design of a system has been completed, construction crew units are organized. (2) Terminal construction work will be conducted by earth-moving, tank-construction, pipe-coupling, pump-installation, and welding crews.
(a) An earth-moving crew may include both hand labor and mechanical equipment operators.
(b) A tank-construction crew normally consists of five men under the direction of a noncommissioned officer who must be thoroughly experienced in tank erection.
(c) Pipe-coupling crews each consist of four or five men under the direction of a noncommissioned officer. The duties of individual members in this crew and the operation of the crew as a whole are described in detail elsewhere in this manual.
(d) Pump-station installation crews normally consist of five men under the direction of a noncommissioned officer designated as “terminal supervisor.” Each crew should include two terminal operator assistants who are competent to install and operate the pumping equipment, two machinist helpers from a warehouse depot repair shop trained in the installation and operation of pumping units, and one or more additional men to assist in the installation work.
(e) The welding crew consists of four or five men under the direction of a noncommissioned officer experienced in oil field welding, or who has been an oil field foreman. He should have a thorough knowledge of welding standards and requirements. The crew should include experienced welders from one of the warehouse depot shops or portable shop, a machinist’s helper from the portable shop, and two or more helpers re-
cruited from either the patrol crew or the technical grade 5th, station operation group.
(3) Pipe-line construction groups will include pipe stringing crews, coupling crews, and pumpstation installation crews.
(a) Where motor trucks and pipe trailers are used, stringing crews consist of a truck driver, a truck driver helper, and two men to unload the pipe as the truck moves along the pipe-line right of way. Normally, a noncommissioned officer will direct the pipe stringing by walking along the right-of-way with the pipe-stringing truck. Should it be necessary to string the pipe by hand by carrying it from the pipe depots established along the pipe-line right-of-way, larger crews will be required.
(b) Where motor transportation is available, a coupling stringing crew will consist of a truck driver, a truck driver helper, and two basics. These men will be under the supervision of the noncommissioned officer in charge of stringing the pipe. If motor transportation along the right-of-way cannot be used, the coupling crew must be augmented by additional labor, the amount depending on the distance the material has to be carried from supply depots.
(c) The coupling crew when using the grasshopper method will include four crews of five men each and one tie-in crew of five or more men, each under the direction of a noncommissioned officer. Duties of each crew and of the individual members in the crews are described in detail elsewhere in this manual.
(d) Pump-station installation crews will normally consist of five men under the direction of a noncommissioned officer designated as operating and pipe-line construction foreman. Each five-man crew includes three pump-station operators and two men from the patrol crew who have had training in the installation of the pumping units. All pump-station operators and operator assistants should be thoroughly competent to handle the entire installation job as well as to operate the units. The pipe-line construction and operating foreman will be qualified to properly install and adjust the automatic pump-control system if such control equipment is included.
c. Operation.
(1) Beach head or port terminal. Beach head or port terminals will be operated by a minimum crew of seven men. Under the noncommissioned officer designated as terminal supervisor, there should be two laboratory assistants, two terminal operator assistants, and two gagers. Large terminals may require additional personnel. Security troops will be assigned to the terminal officer to protect the installations, as required.
(2) A pump station operating crew will normally consist of ten men under the direct supervision of a noncommissioned officer designated as the operating and pipe-line construction foreman. Each pump station operating crew will be required to operate independently, and will consist of four pump station operators, one cook, one cook’s helper, and four men for pipe-line patrol duty. This crew will maintain the pump station and make all routine and other minor adjustments to equipment. Major repairs and replacements will be made by the depot or motorized shops.
(a) Operating reports relative to pump station activities should be made daily and forwarded to the proper authorities.
(6) The pipe line should be patrolled each day by men walking in pairs along the line itself. This is not a security patrol, but rather one to check for leaks which may develop at any time.
(3) Bulk distribution terminal crews normally consist of four men; one, a noncommissioned officer designated as the terminal operator assistant, two gagers, and one basic.
(4) Crew for the warehouse depot shop should consist of nine men under the immediate supervision of a master sergeant designated as master mechanic. The crew includes one mechanic repairman, one communication repairman, one dispatcher (materials and equipment), one combination welder, one truck driver, two machinist helpers, one basic, and one clerk.
(5) The motorized shop will have a crew of five men under the supervision of a sergeant designated as master mechanic. The crew will be made up of one mechanic repairman, one combination welder, one truck driver, and one basic.
145
CHAPTER 9
PETROLEUM' PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY
45. GENERAL.
a. Each engineer petroleum distribution company is equipped with a petroleum products testing laboratory set, which includes sufficient apparatus, equipment, and supplies to provide a base laboratory and a portable laboratory unit. The portable laboratory equipment is transported and housed in a collapsible trailer which can be pulled by a 2,L-ton 6 by 6, cargo truck over average roads. The equipment supplied with petroleum products testing laboratories is sufficiently complete to permit the units to conduct testing without the use of additional facilities in the field such as electric power, gas for heating, ice, and distilled water.
b. The four laboratory assistants included in the Table of Organization of engineer petroleum distribution companies are skilled technicians and are qualified by experience and training to carry out all routine testing of petroleum products as well as octane rating determinations on gasoline.
46. TESTS WHICH CAN BE MADE WITH PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY SETS.
Gasoline
Gravity. Octane number.
Color. Gum, ASTM.
Vapor pressure. Gum, C. D.
Distillation. Gum, Army accelerated.
Tetraethyl lead content. Corrosion.
Sulfur (lamp). Stability.
Kerosene
Smoke point. Distillation.
Ftash. Sulfur (lamp).
Color. . Gravity.
146
Gravity.
Flash.
Ash.
Distillation.
Water.
B. S. & W.
Fuels
Viscosity.
Pour.
Diesel index.
Carbon residue.
Asphalt.
Sediment.
Lubricating oil
Viscosity. Viscosity index.
Pour. Flash.
Ash. Gravity.
Carbon residue. Corrosion.
Neutralization number. Color.
Viscosity.
Stability.
Turbidity
Gear oil
Viscosity index.
Corrosion.
Gravity.
Grease
Penetration.
Ash.
Corrosion.
Viscosity and flash of oil component.
Water.
Alkali content.
Dropping point.
47. BASE LABORATORY.
a. The base laboratory will normally be expected to conduct routine testing on all petroleum products in theaters of operation, and, in addition, will make octane rating determinations on aviation gasoline up to an octane value of 100. In most cases the base laboratory will be set up at a port, beach head, or tank farm terminal where suitable housing facilities can be made available for properly installing the special equipment such as precision analytical balances, octane rating engine, and heavy duty electric generating plant.
b. The base laboratory will be equipped with a 15-kilowatt, 60-cycle, 3-phase, 220/115-volt Diesel engine-driven electric generator. This unit will provide electric power for the octane rating engine sychronous induction motor and suitable current for all laboratory apparatus and
equipment requiring electric energy. A bottled gas system is furnished to provide fuel for bunsen burners and blow pipes. The laboratory is also equipped with a mechanical ice-making and refrigerating machine, which is capable of reaching a temperature as low as 20° below zero Fahrenheit and can be used to provide low temperature baths for cloud and pour tests. Water distillation apparatus of ample capacity is also provided.
48. PORTABLE LABORATORY.
a. As it is anticipated that the portable laboratory unit will be shifted from place to place in a theater as operations require, a limited amount of apparatus and equipment will be provided. Deter-n inations requiring the use of highly sensitive ana-Ij tical balances or heavy and bulky equipment must necessarily be carried out at a base laboratory.
As previously mentioned, the portable laboratory equipment is transported and housed in a collapsible trailer which can be pulled by a 2%-ton, 6 by 6 cargo truck over average roads.
b. The 2X-ton cargo tractor-truck will transport a 5-kilowatt, 60-cycle, 3-phase, 115-volt, skid-mounted, gasoline engine-driven electric generator, which will provide the necessary current for all apparatus and equipment requiring electric power. A bottled gas system is built into the laboratory trailer to supply necessary fuel for bunsen burners and other gas-burning devices. The portable laboratory will also be provided with water distillation apparatus of ample capacity for all normal requirements, and an ice-making and refrigerating machine of the same size and capacity as the one for the base laboratory.
49. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY APPARATUS EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, a. Section 1.
Item Unit Quantity
Octane rating engine (C. F. R.-1C) equipped motor and aviation method complete with 3-phase, 60-cycle, 220-volt, synchronous induction motor (manufactured only by Waukesha Motor Company, Waukesha, Wisconsin). Spare parts and accessories, 6 months’ maintenance, octane rating engine as listed below, plus such other spare parts as may be considered necessary by supplier to provide 6 months’ supply of maintenance items: Each 1
Piston _ _ _ Each 1
Pin, piston Each 1
Rings, piston (set of 3 compression and 2 oil). Set 10
Bushing, connecting rod pin Each 1
Cylinder Each 1
Valve (intake and exhaust same). Each 12
Inserts, valve seat Each 6
Bolts, manifold stud (with nuts and washers). Each 6
Bushings, rocker arm Set 2
Petcock, radiator drain . Each 1
Breaker points, ignition Pair 4
Gasket, condenser body Each 12
Gasket, condenser water pipe . Each 12
Cap screw, water inlet pipe (with washers). Each 6 •
Bolts, condenser body (with lock washers). Each 4
Gasket, condenser gage Each 6
Gage glass, condenser Each 2
Waste, cotton for oil filter Pounds 2
Tubing, rubber, for carburetor connections (%" ). Feet 10
Float valve seal assembly, carburetor. Each 2
Gasket, carburetor, thin Each 6
Gasket, carburetor, thick _ Each 1
Fuse, panel, plug, 3 amp Each 6
Rheostat, carbon pile Each 1
Item Unit Quantity
Spare parts and accessories—Con. Manifold, exhaust Each 2
Gasket, manifold, exhaust. Each 12
Galvanometer suspension, po- Each 2
tentiometer. Fuse, potentiometer, 45/100 amp. Gasket, thermal plug Each 2
Each 12
Thermometer, intake manifold Each 3
Thermometer, water jacket Grease, worm wheel Each 3
Pounds 2
Oil, motor, SAE 50 Gallons 25
Pressure gage assembly, compression. Chamois for carburetor bowl Each 1
Each 4
filters. Plug, spark, 18-mm. _ _ Each 20
Graph paper, operating curve _ Data sheet, engine Calibration charts, reference Each .... 150
Each 400
Set I
fuel. Compound, valve-grinding Plug, thermal Can 1
Each 2
Colorimeter, Tag Robinson, with N. P. A. color scale, complete with 3 color standards, wooden carrying case and color table, but without Tag Standard Daylight Lamp, Tag No. 55300. Spare parts for above: Tube, oil immersion, complete, Tag No. 55300F. Color standards, full Color standard one-half Each _ _ 1
Each _ _ 2
Each 4
Each _ _ 3
Headpiece Chromometer, Saybolt, Standard Universal, A. S. T. M., complete with 3 color standards, wooden carrying case and color table, but without daylight lamp, Tag No. 55350. Spare parts for above: Tube, plain, with connection, Tag No. 55350B. Each 1
Each _ 1
Each 2
147
49. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY APPARATUS,
EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, a. Section 1.- Continued.
Item Unit Quantity Item Unit Quantity
Spare parts for above—Con. Tube, graduated, with connection, Tag No. 55350D. Each 2 Spare parts and accessories for above:
Burner, alcohol,Tag No. 56100B Thermometer, closed tester, range 20° to 230° F., Tag No. 56070. Thermometer, closed tester, Each 1
Glass, plain, for bottom of grad- Each _ 2 Each 4
uated tube. Gasket, drain spout (package of 24). Each , 1 Each. - 6
Headpiece, complete with hinges. Viscosimeter, Saybolt thermostatic, Each Each. . _ 1 4 range 0° to 120° F., Tag No. 56085. Thermo-Viscosimeter, aybolt, Tag No. 55500. Spare parts and accessories for above: Tube, capillary, Tag No. 55510. Bulb, rubber, Tag No. 55500P. Thermometer, etched stem, ex- Each 1 2
constant temperature bath, motor stirrer, heater, cooling coil, receiving flask guide, Tag No. 55470. Each
Spare parts and accessories for Each. 2
above: Each. _ 3
Tube, viscosity, Saybolt Universal, Tag No. 55411. Tube, viscosity, Saybolt Furol, Tag No. 55426. Each Each 8 3 treme precision grade, range 60° to 110° F., Tag No. 55520. Jar, glass, Tag No. 55500V Apparatus, carbon residue, A. S. T. M., complete with asbestos block, Tag No. 55900. Spare parts and accessories for Each 2
Wrench, orifice, Tag No. Each 2 Each 2
55400X. Flask, viscosity, Saybolt, Tag No. 55417 (case of 24). • Pipette, Tag No. 55418.__ Strainer, 55400Q Case 1
Each 3
Each 4 Hood, Monel metal, Tag No. 55900B. Crucible, outer, Monel metal, Each 1 2
Pan, with lip, Tag No. 55400T Bulb, pilot, Tag No. 55461 Each , Each 4 4 Each
Coil, heating, for 2-tube, Tag 55460A. Each 3 with cover, Tag No. 55900C. Crucible, Skidmore, Tag No. 55900D. Crucible, porcelain, Coors, Size 1. Triangle, chromel, Tag No. 55900K. Apparatus, sediment, A. S. T. M., complete, Tag No. 55595. Spare parts and accessories for above: Support, thimble, Tag No. 55595C. Condenser, extraction, Tag No. 55595B
Each 2
Points, Tungsten, Tag 55464 Rheostat (variable heater) Tag Set Each _ 2 1 Each 12
No. 55465. Motor, for 1-tube and 2-tube Each 2 Each 4
bath, 110-volt, 60 cycle a-c, Tag No. 55465B. Each 3
Coil, cooling, for 1 and 2 tube Thermometer, viscosimeter, Each 1
Each 4
etched stem, range 66° to 80° F„ Tag No. 55443. Each 4
Range 94° to 108° F., Tag 55444. Each 18
Each 4
Range 120° to 134° F., Tag 55445. Each 12
Tubing, rubber, for condenser connection. Thimble, alundum, Tag No. 55595A. Apparatus, water determination, A. S. T. M., with bunsen burner and supports, Tag No. 56233. Spare parts and accessories for Feet 25
Range 204° to 218° F., Tag 55447. Each 8 Each 24
Standard Oil for 100° F Quart 1
Standard Oil for 122° F Quart 1 Each 2
Standard Oil for 210° F Quart 1
Guard, thermometer, metal, Tag No. 55400G. Tester, Standard Pensky-Martens, closed, A. S. T. M. Tag No. 55952. Each _ _ 12
Each _ _ 1
Tubing, rubber (condenser connection). Receiver, Pyrex, Tag No. Feet - 40
Spare parts and accessories for above: Each 3
Thermometer, A. S. T. M., range 20° to 230° F., Tag Each 6 56238A. Flask, Pyrex (500 ml) Condenser, Pyrex, Tag No. 56236A. Apparatus, cloud and pour test,
Each - _ 6
No. 55960. Each 4
Thermometer, A. S. T. M., Each 6
range 200° to 700° F., Tag Each. - - 2
No. 55970. Cup, with handle, Tag No. 55950F. Top, complete with steering mechanism and cup, Tag No. 55950E. Tester, closed, A. S. T. M., Tag No. 56050. Each. 1 ♦ A. S. T. M., Tag No. 55550; complete with 10 No. 55560 thermometers, range —36° to +120° F., and two Tag No. 55561 thermometers, range —70° to +70° F.
Each Each 1 1
148
49. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY APPARATUS, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, a. Section 1—Continued.
Item Unit Quantity Item Unit Quantity
Spare parts and accessories for above: Thermometer, range —36° to + 120° F., Tag No. 55560. Jar, test, Tag No. 55570 Bath, insulated, cooling, Tag No. 55550J. Cover, wooden, Tag No. 55550E. Penetrometer, Universal model, with adjustible head, Tag No. 55849 complete with two Tag No. 55841 needles and two Tag No. 55843 A. S. T. M. grease cones. Grease worker, A. S. T. M., Tag No. 55844. Apparatus, grease dropping point, A. S. T. M., complete with all accessories including two A. S. T. M. thermometers. Tag No. l>1140 range 20° to 580° F., one 400-ml beaker, stand with rod, and clamp holder for thermometers, and special 4" test tube, grease cup, electric heater stirrer, and special rod for working grease in cup. Apparatus, preformed gum, single unit, A. S. T. M., complete with beaker, condenser, flowmeter, and air reducing valve, Tag No. 55925. Spare parts and accessories for above: Beaker, Pyrex, No. 1040, 100-ml capacity, without spout, Tag No. 55927. Apparatus, distillation, A. S. T. M. (gasoline) complete, to include 100-ml Engler distilling flask, condenser system shield, ring and ring stand, asbestos board 6" x 6" Xi'//' hole, battery jar, 45/s" diameter by 9" to hold receiver, 100-ml graduate, 10-ml graduate, electric heater fitted with asbestos board top thick and having I'A" hole. Tag No. 55852. Spare parts and accessories for above: Jar, battery, 45/gzz diameter by 9” high. Board, asbestos, 4” hole 8" x 10" x 'A". Board, asbestos, 2%" hole, 6" x 6" x Board, asbestos, I’ZX hole 6" x 6" x I/4". Board, asbestos, 1%" hole, 6" x 6" x V4". Thermometer, range 30° to 580° F., Tag No. 55870. Thermometer, range 30° to 760° F., Tag No. 55872. Washer (rubber or plastic) Cylinder, single graduated, 10-ml Cenco No. 16120. Cylinder, single graduated, 100-ml Cenco No. 16120. Cylinder, single graduated, 200-ml Cenco No. 16120. Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each - Each Each Each Each 12 24 4 4 1 1 1 1 6 2 4 2 4 6 6 12 8 12 6 12 12 Spare parts and accessories for above—Continued. Heater, electric, for 110 volts a-c, Tag No. 55853. Flask, distilling, 100-cc Flask, distilling, 250-cc Cork, for 100 cc, distilling flask. Cork, for 250 cc, distilling flask. Shield, ice, for graduate Bomb, vapor pressure, Reid, immersion type, consisting of gasoline chamber, air chamber, gage bushing, complete with one pressure gage 0 to 15 lb., and one pressure gage 0 to 45 lb. (gasoline chamber to have female connection), Curtin 16513 (W. H. Curtin and Company, Houston, Texas). Spare parts and accessories for above: Bath, thermostatically controlled, for 4 bombs. Thermometer, range 94° to 108° F., Curtin No. 16633. Thermometer, range —30° to + 120° F., Curtin No. 16525. Gage, pressure, range 0 to 15 lb., standard pipe thread, 4J^" dial, Curtin No. 16520. Gage, pressure, range 0 to 45 lb., l’/4" standard pipe thread, 4’/2ZZ dial, Curtin No. 16521. Apparatus, gum stability (motor gasoline bomb method), complete apparatus to include bomb, glass liner, bomb accessories, pressure gage (200 psi maximum), water bath (4l/2-gal-)» gaskets and wrench. Tag. No. 55980. Spare parts and accessories for above: Clamp, bench, Tag No. 55980C. Liner, glass, only Tag No. 55981. Gage, pressure, 200 psi maximum, Tag No. 6632. Thermometer, range 204° to 218° F., Tag No. 55447. Washer, Neoprene, Tag No. 55980A. Apparatus, sulfur in petroleum oils (lamp method) complete apparatus to consist of: lamp, chimney, absorber, spray, trap, cotton wicking, suction pump, cylinder, glass beads, ground glass joints with glass connections interchangeable, Tag No. 56214. Spare parts and accessories for above: Chimney, Pyrex, Tag No. 56215B. Absorber, Pyrex, Tag No. 56215A. Spray trap, Pyrex, Tag No. 56215C. Burner, Tag No. 56215E Each Each Each Dozen Dozen Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each 2 24 12 12 6 4 4 1 4 6 3 1 2 1 6 2 4 12 2 4 3 4 3
149
49. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY APPARATUS,
EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, a. Section 1— Continued.
Item Unit Quan-
tity
Spare parts and accessories for above—Continued. Wicks, Tag No. 56212H Beads, glass Gross. Set 2 4
Apparatus, tetraethyl, lead extraction, A. S. T. M., complete apparatus of Pyrex glass to consist of heating tube with chimney, 500-ml boiling flask Hoskins reflux condenser, 70-ml thistle tube, support stand and slide wire rheostat, Cenco No. 27640. Spare parts for above: Set 2
Apparatus, Pyrex, two-piece construction, T-joint similar to B. K. H. 51975. Set 4
Apparatus, acid heat, A. S. T. M., apparatus to include thermos bottle (calibrated), molded rubber stopper, pressure release tube and stopcock, acid heat thermometer, 30° to 220° F., 6" immersion, metal retaining cap and 100-ml graduate, Tag No. 55810. Spare parts and accessories for above: Set 2
Bottle, thermos, calibrated, Tag No. 55812. Each 2
Pressure release tube and stopcock, Tag No. 55814. Each 6
Stopper, molded, rubber, Tag No. 55816. Each 6
Thermometer acid heat, 30° to 220° F., 6" immersion, Tag No. 51131. Each 6
Tester, flash point Cleveland, A. S. T. M., complete with thermometer, Tag No. 56008. Spare parts for above: Each 2
Thermometer, range 20° to 760° F., Tag No. 56010. Each 6
Cup, with handle, flash, Cleveland, Tag No. 56003C. Each 4
Apparatus, aniline point, complete.-Spare parts and accessories for above: Each 1
Test tube. _ __ Each 6
Stirring rod Each 2
Thermometer, for aniline point determination. Each 2
Apparatus, gum content of gasoline, copper dish method, 6-open-ing, complete with 6 copper dishes and steam bath, B. K. H. No. 51912. Spare parts for above: Set 2
Copper dishes Each 12
Apparatus, smoke, I. P. T Spare parts for above: Each 1
Wicks Package 6
Wick holder, stainless steel Each 2
Oil container for wick holder, stainless steel with connection. Each 2
Centrifuge, electric, 110-volt a-c for 100-ml pear-shaped tubes, Tag No. 57910. Each 2
Item Unit
Centrifuge, hand powered, 15-ml tubes, Tag No. 57805. Spare parts for above: Each
Tube, centrifuge, 15-ml, cone-shaped. Hydrometer, certified, double gravity scale, solid metal ballast streamline tip, 10J4*: Each
Tag No. C 32031, range 0° to 10°. Each
Tag No. C 32033, range 10° to 20°. Each
Tag No. C 32036, range 20° to 30°. Each
Tag No. C 32039, range 30° to 40°. Each
Tag No. C 32042, range 40° to 50°. Each
Tag No. C 32045, range 50° to 60°. Each
Tag No. C 32048, range 60° to 70°. Each
Tag No. C 32051, range 70° to 80°. Each
Tag No. C 32054, range 80° to 90°. Each
Balance, pulp, enclosed type, No. “B” Cenco No. 2620. Each
Weights, set, precision, lacquered, Class S Cenco No. 8121. Set
Balance, torsion, Fisher 2—080 Each
Weights, balance, Fisher 2—300.. Each
Balance, analytical, E&A model, Fisher 1-918. Each
Weights, Fisher No. 2—216 (For Fisher 1-918 analytical balance). Set
Bath, test, corrosion, 6-place electric, Cenco No. 27809. Each
Bath, thermostatically controlled with rheostat and stirrer, 110-volt a-c, Cenco No. 97000. Each
Gas system, Pyrofax, or similar Each
Bottles, for Pyrofax gas system Each
Heater, Ful-Kontrol-Electnc, 750 watts, P&S No. 1600. Spare parts for above: Each
Heating element, P&S 1856 Each
Element, replacement coil, P&S 1876. Each
Refractory top, reversible, porcelain with opening 39s" diameter, P&S 1820. Each
Hot Plate, 8" diameter, 110-volt a-c, Fisher No. 11-464. Spare parts for above: Each
Heating element Each
Switch Each
Ice making machine, York Ice Corporation, approximately 42 lb. ice per 24 hours capacity, minimum temperature —20° F., 115-volt, 60-cycle, approximate dimensions 18" x 23" x 58". Each
Heater, immersion style A, 115-volt, Fisher No. 13-580. Each.—
Furnace, muffle Cooley electric, type M. P., Serial A, 110-volt, 60-cycle. Each
Quantity
2
24
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
2
2
2
2 2
1
1
2
2
2
10
6
4
4
4
6
2 3
2
150
49. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY APPARATUS,
EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, a. Section 1—Continued.
Item Unit Quantity Item
Spare parts for above: Rheostat, for type M. P., Serial A Cooley electric muffle furnace. Heating unit for type M. P. furnace, Curtin No. 8720. Lamp “Daylite”, A. S. T. M., Tag MacBeth with 60-watt, 110-volt bulb, 6-ft extension cord, adjustable base, Tag No. 55373. Spare parts for above: Bulb, light, A-21, 60-watt, 110-volt for Tag 55373 Daylite lamp. Lens, for Daylite lamp Oven, electric, high temperature, 110-volt a-c, maximum not less than 220° C., Cenco No. 95200. Pump, vacuum, “Hyvac”, iron Each Each Each Each..,.- _ Each Each Each 2 2 2 12 2 2 3 base, Serial A, complete with motor for 101-volt a-c, 60-cycle, Curtin No. 18155. Spare parts and accessories for above: Oil, Curtin No. 18160 Belt Pump, air, rotary, Serial B, 8 P. S. I., vacuum and pressure, 110-volt a-c, 60-cycle, Curtin No. 18135. Spare parts for above: Belt Apparatus, distilling, precision, all metal, electrically heated, capacity 1 gal per hour, for 110 volts, Curtin No. 7208. Spare parts for above: Heating elements for 110 volts.
Unit Quantity
Gallons 2
Each 2
Each. 2
Each . 4
Each 2
Each 2
b. Section 2.
Apron, rubber, Fisher No. 1-350__
Cord, asbestos, diameter yie", Fisher No. 1-455.
Gloves, asbestos, Fisher No. 1-460
Cup, asphalt sample, A. S. T. M., Fisher 1-520.
Airejector, Fisher 9 956_________
Bottles, reagent with glass stoppers, clear glass, wide-mouth stopper, 16 oz, A. H. T. No. 6285.
Bottles, clear glass, stoppered, narrow-mouth, 16 oz. A. H. T. 2207-K.
Bottles, brown glass, stoppered, narrow-mouth 16-oz.
Bottles, clear glass, stoppered, narrow-mouth 8-oz, A. H. T. 2207-K.
Bottles, narrow-mouth, Bakelite screw cap, 1-qt capacity.
Bottles, narrow-mouth, Bakelite screw top, amber, 32-oz.
Bottles, pressure, for saponification numbers.
Bottles, wide-mouth, brown glass, 16-oz.
Bottles, wide-mouth, clear glass, stoppered, 4-oz, A. H. T. number 6285 A.
Bottles, narrow-mouth, 4-oz, Cenco No. 10305.
Bottles, washing, 500-ml capacity, Curtin No. 2520.
Bottles, for testing aviation fuel, 8-oz.
Bottles, narrow-mouth, 5-gal capacity.
Bottles, reagent, with chemically resistant resin caps:
Narrow-mouth, clear glass, 2-oz, A. H. T. No. 2207K.
Narrow-mouth, brown glass, 2-oz.
Wide-mouth, clear glass, 1-oz, A. H. T. 6285.
Wide-mouth, brown glass, 1-oz, A. H. T. 6285A.
Each . _ 4
Pounds . 3
Pair. 2
Dozen 6
Each 3
Each 48
Each 48
Each 24
Each 48
Each 24
Each _ 144
Each 4
Each. 12
Each. 72
Each______
Each______
Each______.
Each______
24
12
144
12
Each______ 24
Each______
Each______
Each______
24
24
24
Bottles, reagent, with chemically resistant resin dropper caps:
Narrow-mouth, clear glass, 2-oz, A. H. T. 2248B.
Narrow-mouth, brown glass, A. H. T. 2248-B. Bottles, reagent, Fisher No. 3-120:
Acetic acid___________________
Alcohol ethyl_________________
Ammonium, hydroxide, concentrated.
Ammonium hydroxide diluted
Hydrochloric acid, concentrated
Hydrochloric acid diluted_____
Sulfuric acid, concentrated___
Sulfuric acid diluted_________
Nitric acid, concentrated_____
Nitric acid, diluted__________
Beakers, Griffin, with spout, Pyrex
glass, Fisher No. 2-540:
20-ml capacity________________
50-ml capacity________________
100-ml capacity_______________
250-ml capacity_______________
400-ml capacity_______________
600-ml capacity_______________
1000-ml capacity______________
Beaker, 1-qt capacity with opening, Tag. No. 56428.
Borer, cork, set Fisher 7-850______
Sharpener, borer, Fisher 7-865_____
Burette, 50-ml capacity with stopcock, blue line, “Exax”, retested, Fisher No. 3-699.
Burette, automatic zero, with central filling tube, 10-ml capacity.
Burette, Fisher automatic, clear glass with pincock and rubber connection, Fisher No. 3-843.
Burner, Fisher No. 3-900___________
Burner, Fletcher for natural gas, Fisher No. 3-952.
Burner, acetylene, Bunsen type, Fisher 3-970.
Box, wood, Hercules, style 16 to hold 6 acid bottles (manufactured by National Box and Lumber Co., Newark, New Jersey).
Each . 24
Each. 24
Each 2
Each 2
Each. - _ 2
Each .. . 2
Each _ _ 2
Each 2
Each. 2
Each _ _ . 2
Each 2
Each 2
Each.. 24
Each. 24
Each. 24
Each. _ 24
Each. 24
Each 24
Each 12
Each. 12
Each. 3
Each .... 2
Each 4
Each 6
Each 4
Each 6
Each 3
Each 3
Each 2
151
49. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY APPARATUS,
EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, b. Section 2 Continued.
Item Unit Quantity
Brushes: Beaker, Fisher No. 3—540 Each 3
Beaker, Fisher No. 3—565 Each 3
Large test tube, Fisher 3-572__ Dozen 1
Small test tube, Fisher No. Dozen 1
3-574. Burette, Fisher 3—614 . _ Each 3
Pipette, Fisher No. 3—625 Each 3
Paint, 1" wide, Fisher 3-645 Each 2
Paint 2” wide, Fisher 3—645 Each 4
Paint, 4" wide, Fisher 3-645 Each 2
Balance, size B, Fisher No. 3- Each 12
654. Scrub, Fisher 3—675 . Each 3
Table, Fisher, No. 3-680 Each 3
Single, Fisher No. 3-682 Each 2
Wire, Fisher No. 3-685 Each _ 2
Brdom, mill, fiber Each 6
Burner, alcohol, Fisher 4—245 Each 3
Wick, burner, Fisher No. 4-250 Package 4
(package of 12). Tongs, beaker, Fisher No. 2-620 Each 3
Burner, blast, gasoline, Fisher Each 4
4- 295. Barometer, aneroid, Fisher 2-405 Each 2
Cement, DeKhostisky, 1-oz packages: Soft Package 6
Medium Package 6
Hard Package.... 6
Cement, tube, 1-oz Fisher No. 4—752 Box 2
(box of 12). Clamp, beaker, Cenco No. 12090 Each 4
Clamp, double, burette holder, Each 3
Fisher No. 5-779. Clamp, pinchcock, Fisher No. 5-849_ Each 6
Clamp holder, Castaloy, Fisher Each 12
No. 5 756. Clamp, Castaloy, Fisher No. 5-734 . _ Each 6
Clamp, Castaloy, Fisher No. 5-742 . _ Each 6
Clamp, Castaloy, hosecock, Fisher Each 6
No. 5 847. Clamp, for rubber tubing, Fisher No. 14 197: %" size Each 6
H” size Each 12
%" size Each 6
size Each 6
Clock and interval timer, electric, Each . 2
Fisher No. 6-661. Cloth, cheese, rolls of 100 yd, Fisher Each 4
6- 665. Crucible, Coors Curtin No. 5932: Size 2 Each 12
Size 4 Each 12
Crucible, Gooch, Coors, porcelain, Each 12
size 3, Curtin No. 5947. Perforated disks, size 3, Curtin No. Each 6
5949. Crucible holder, Walker’s, for size 3 Each 3
Gooch Crucible, Curtin No. 6026. Crucible, porcelain, hign form, Coors, Each 12
ml capacity (30) complete with covers, Cenco No. 18535-1. Cylinder, Pyrex glass, lifetime red, graduated, Fisher No. 8 552R: 5-ml capacity Each 6
10-ml capacity Each 6
Item Unit Quantity
Cylinder, Pyrex glass, lifetime red, graduated—Continued.
25-ml capacity Each 12 24
100-ml capacity Each
200 (graduated in percent to 100 percent). Cylinders, Pyrex glass, plain: Each 24
500-ml capacity . _ _ _ Each 24 24
1,000-ml capacity .. ... Each
Cloth, emery, No. 1 (package of 12)_ Package 6
Cloth, emery, No. 0 Package 6
Cloth, emery, No. 00 Cotton, absorbent, 12” wide (1-lb package). Package 6
Package 6
Chamois, 2 ft square (for filtering gasoline). Can, screw top, gasoline: Each 12
1 -gal. capacity Each 144
2-gal. capacity Each 24
5-gal. capacity Corks, regular length, XXXX quality in bags of 100, Fisher No. 7-795: Each 24
No. 2 Bag 1
No. 3 Bag 1
No. 4 ... ..... Bag 1
No. 5 Bag 1
No. 6 Bag 1
No. 7 Bag 1
No. 8 . Bag 1 1
No. 9 _ _ Bag
No. 10 Bag 1
Corks, regular length, quadruple quality, assorted No. 6 to 15, bags of 100, Fisher 7-795. Each 5
Cork press, rotary, Fisher No. 7-880. Each 2
Corkscrew, Fisher No. 7- 885 Each 2
Dispenser, P- Hydrion paper (manufactured by Cargille and Company, 118 Liberty Street, New York City). Set 12
Dish, evaporating, porcelain, 100-ml capacity. Each 12
Desiccator, 250-mm diameter, with porcelain place, Cenco No. 14550E. Each 6
Dish, evaporating, opaque, 45-ml capacity, fused silica. Each 6
Dish, evaporating, opaque, 80-ml capacity, fused silica. Each 6
Diamonds, for writing on glass, Fisher No. 8-675. Funnel, separatory, Curtin No. 8446: Each 1
125-ml capacity Each 6
250-ml capacity Each 12
500-ml capacity Each 6
Funnel, glass, extra long stem, 50-mm, Curtin No. 8274B. Funnel, glass, ribbed, Serial A, 4^”, Curtin No. 8298. Each 6
Each 6
Funnel, glass, extra long stem, 75-mm, Curtin No. 8274D. Funnel, glass, ribbed. Serial C, 7”, Curtin No. 8298. Each 6
Each 6
Flexaframe, set No. 1, complete, Fisher 14-661-1. Set 2
152
49. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY APPARATUS,
EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, b. Section 2—Continued.
Item Unit Quantity Item Unit Quantity
Cots, finger:
Style A for fingers, Fisher 9- Each 12
998. Style B for thumbs, Fisher 9- Each 4
998. Flask, Erlenmeyer, narrow-mouth, Each 12
Pyrex brand, 250-ml, Cenco No. 14905. Flask, Erlenmeyer, narrow-mouth, Each 12
Pyrex brand, 500-ml, Cenco No. 14905. Flask, Erlenmeyer, narrow-mouth, Each 12
Pyrex brand, 1000-ml, Cenco No. 14905. Burner, flame test, with base, Cur- Each 4
tin No. 16242. Flask, distilling, Hempie, Pyrex, Each 6
Curtin No. 8004. Flask, Erlenmeyer, Pyrex, wide mouth, Curtin No. 7952: 250-ml capacity Each 12
500-ml capacity Each 12
Flask, glass, Pyrex, Curtin No. 7944: 500-ml capacity Each 4
1000-ml capacity Each 3
2000-ml capacity Each 2
File, rat tail, 5" Each 6
File, 3-cornered, 6", papered Each 6
Flask, volumetric, glass stoppered, Cenco No. 16230: 1 liter capacity Each 6
500-ml capacity Each 6
250-ml capacity Each 6
Flask, filter, heavy wall, 1000-ml, Each 4
Curtin 8054. Gloves, rubber, lightweight, size 9, Pair 8
Fisher 14-094. Gloves, rubber, heavy weight, size Pair 3
9, Fisher 14- 097. Cutter, glass tubing, Griffin form, Each 3
Curtin No. 9416. Cutting wheels, glass cutter, Cur- Dozen 2
tin No. 9416A. Glass blower, shaper, Fisher No. Each 1
11 348-25. Labels, E&A Catalog No. 223 Box 24
Lighter, or gas, Fisher 12005 Each 6
Tips, for No. 12-005 lighter, Fisher Dozen 2
12-010. Measure, meterstick, Fisher 12-095- Each 3
Manometer, “U-tube” type, low Each 2
pressure, Serial D, 30" long, Curtin No. 13006. Mortar, porcelain, Coors, size E Each 2
with pestle, Cenco No. 17381. Mop, floor, with handle Each 3
Paper, filter (Whatman No. 40) 110- Package 12
mm diameter, Curtin No. 7806. Paper, filter (Whatman No. 40) 150- Package 12
mm diameter, Curtin No. 7806. Paper, filter (Whatman No. 12) 240- Package 24
mm diameter, Curtin No. 7818. Plate, cast iron, 2^6/z hole test flame, Each 4
bead-covered Heat-Rock board, P. S. 1840. Pencil, carborundum, Curtin No. Each 2
17178. Pencil, wax, red, Curtin No. 17180. Each 2
Pipette, transfer, precision: 100-ml, Cenco No. 16360 50-ml, Cenco No. 16360 25-ml, Cenco No. 16360 10-ml, Cenco No. 16360 1-ml, Cenco No. 16360 Each Each Each Each Each
Pen, round, writing single point, assorted. Box
Pen holder, writing ordinary Each
Pails, wood, 14-qt . _ Each
Pan, dust Each
Bulb, red rubber, Curtin No. 18672. Each
Policeman, rubber, diagonal form, complete with rod, Curtin No. 18716. Dozen
Stretcher, rubber tubing, Fisher 14-195. Each
Stool, laboratory, wood, about 30" tall. Each
Speed indicator, Curtin No. 19979.. Each
Splashgon, Fisher 9—959 Each
Grease, stopcock, Curtin No. 20088 (1-oz tube). Tube
Sponge, Fisher 14-415 Pound
Stopcock, laboratory, Fisher No. 14540. Each
Watch, stop, 60-second dial, Curtin No. 20140. Each
Stirrer, electric, variable speed, worm drive, universal motor, propeller type stirrer with two metal stirrers, Fisher 14-498. Each
Sheet, copper, 12" wide by 10' long, 22-gage. Each
Steel strips, for apparatus for determining gum in gasoline, P. S. No. 4737 (100 strips per package). Package
Stopcock, Pyrex, 2-way straight bore, Cenco No. 15406. Each
Shears, 6", general utility, Curtin 19031. Each
Shears, 11", Curtin No. 19039 Each
Scissors, 2", trimming Each
Spatula, 4" blade, Curtin No. 19247. Each
Slide rule, polyphase (Mannheim).. Stands, tripod, with concentric rings, Curtin No. 21833: Serial A Each
Each
Serial C Stoppers, rubber, 2-hole, 4 sizes: Each
Size No. 3 Dozen
Size No. 4 Dozen
Size No. 5 Dozen
Size No. 6 Dozen
Stand, supported, Cenco 13825 Each
Support, burette, wood, Chaddock, double, Cenco 19010. Each
Tube, test, Pyrex, thick wall, Serial D, 18 x 150 mm, Curtin No. 20555. Tubing, glass, Pyrex, standard wall, Dozen
in factory lengths of 5 ft, Curtin No. 9402:
6-mm outside diameter Pound
8-mm outside diameter Pound
10-mm outside diameter Pound
12-mm outside diameter Pound
Ol S3 Ci Ki to Oi C Oi to
1
2
4
2
3
24
1
12
12
4
2
2
0
1
1
2 4
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
12
4
12
1
2
2
2
49. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY APPARATUS,
EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, b. Section 2—Continued.
Item Unit Quantity Item Unit Quantity
Tubing, rubber, “Scimatco”, thin-wall, Fisher No. 14-150: Ya" bore 3/16" bore %" bore Tubing, rubber, “Scimatco”, thickwall, Fisher No. 14-155: Ya" bore 3/ie" bore. Yi" bore 5/16" bore Tubing, pressure and vacuum, red, Fisher 14-173: Ya" inside diameter 3/ie" inside diameter Y\" inside diameter Hook, thermometer, suspension, P. S. No. 4560. Thermometer, general purpose, - 5C to 4 300° F., Curtin No. 20730. Thermometer, general purpose, -20° to -|150° C. Curtin No. 20736. Pigment, thermometer (1-oz. bottle). Tag, shipping, cloth with wire fasteners. Tape, adhesive, 3" wide, 10-ft roll Tongs, 8" long, Curtin No. 21690. _ Tongs, 16" long, Curtin No. 21690. Triangle, iron wire, Curtin 21780. _ Twine, Belfast cord, in balls: Heavy size Medium size. _ Light size Thermo-regulator, red top mercury, range 0° to 500° F., complete with protecting armor, P. S. No. 5910 15. Foot.. Foot Foot Foot Foot Foot Foot Foot Foot.. Foot Each Each Each Each Each Rolls Each _ Each Each _ Ball Ball Ball Each 25 50 50 20 20 50 20 20 20 40 6 12 12 2 1, 000 6 6 1 12 12 1 2 12 4 Charts, viscosity, conversion, Tag No. 55469. Charts, viscosity blending, A. S. T. M., Tag 55467. Charts, viscosity temperature, pads of 25 each, Tag No. 55468-A. Ringer, mop Wire, round, iron: 18-gage, 25-ft spool 22-gage, 25-ft spool 26-gage, 25-ft spool Burner, wing tip, Cenco No. 11205 _ Wool, steel, triple O, Fisher 15-595 Watch, glass, well-annealed glass, concave, with edges ground, laboratory grade, Curtin No. 22326: 40-mm diameter 65-mm diameter 100-mm diameter Pipette, 1-cc, graduated in 0.01-cc increments Pipette, 5-cc, graduated in 0.10-cc increments. Paper, filter, 330-mm, heavy white creped surface. Funnel, porcelain, diameter at top, 115 mm. Wire, resistance, rated as follows: 4 ohms per ft 2 ohms per ft Valve, needle, Cenco No. 13820 Tester, gage (dead weight) 1,000 pounds maximum range, complete with weights and carrying case (manufactured by Crosby Gage and Valve Company). Each Each Pad Each Each Each . Each Each Pound Each Each Each Each Each- Package Each Foot Foot Each Each.-. 6 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 6 12 12 12 1 1 2 2 50 50 12 1
c. Section 3.
Acetone, tech, in 1-gal bottles_______
Acid, acetic, glacial, C. P. in 1 lb bottles.
Acid, hydrochloric, C. P. specific gravity Sp. Gr. 1.18-1.19 in 6-lb bottles.
Acid, nitric, specific Sp. Gr. 1.415-1.42 in 7-lb bottles.
Acid, sulfuric, specific Sp. Gr. 1.835-1.84 in 9-lb bottles.
Acid, tannic, C. P. in 1 -lb bottles_
Acid, benzoic, U. S. Bureau of Standards.
Ammonium hydroxide in 4-lb bottles.
Ammonium molybdate, C. P. in 1-lb bottles.
Aniline, high grade, in 1-lb bottles Alcohol, ethyl, C. P. in 2-gal cans. Benzene, C. P. in 1-lb bottles_____
Benzene, C. P. in 1-gal containers Benzol, 90 percent in 5-gal can... .. Bromine, C. P. in 1-oz bottles ______
Calcium chloride, purified anhydrous in 1-lb bottles.
Each _ Each
Each..
Each _ _
Each..
Each _-Grams.
Each _ _
Each-_
Each -Each.. Each. _ Each.. Each-_ Each-_ Each..
6 Calcium, chloride, tech, anhydrous Each 2
6 for desiccator in 5-gal cans.
3 Carbon tetrachloride, tech., in 5-gal cans. Each 2
Chromic oxide, C. P. in 1-lb container. Each 4
2 Glycerine, tech., in 1-gal cans. . Each _ 2
6 Hydrogen, peroxide, U. S. P. in 1-lb bottles. Each 3
2 Iodine, C. P. resublimed, A. C. S. ’/4-lb bottles. Each 4
300 Lead nitrate, C. P., A. C. S., in 1-lb bottles Each 4
3 Indicator, powder, methyl orange, '/4-lb bottles. Each 2
Indicator, methyl red, ’/4-lb bottles. Each 2
2 Indicator, phenolphthalein, A. P. H_ Each 12
2 Methylene blue, U. S. P., ’/4-lb bottles. Each 1
4 Mercury metal, triple distilled in Each 6
12 1-lb bottles.
20 Potassium chromate, C. P. in 1-lb bottles. Each 6
6 4 Potassium dichromate, C. P. in 1-lb bottles. Each.. 2
2 Potassium dichromate, tech., powdered in 5-lb containers. Each 2
154
49. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY APPARATUS,
EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, c. Section 3—Continued.
Item Unit Quantity Item Unit Quantity
Potassium sodium tartrate, C. P. in 1-lb bottles. Potassium hydroxide, pellets, C. P. in 1-lb bottles. Potassium, acid, phthalate, in 100-gram bottles. Para Nitro Phenol, Ph., range 5-7, 25-gram bottle. „ Barium Chloride in 1-lb bottles Barium hydroxide, in 1-lb bottles— Sulfur, flowers, in 5-lb packages Pumice stone, lump in 1-lb cans Sodium chloride, C. P. in 1-lb bottles. Sodium carbonate in 1-lb bottles Sodium sulfate, anhydrous, C. P. in 1-lb bottles. Each Each Each Each Each Each Each Each 2 4 3 2 2 2 6 4 2 2 2 Sodium hydroxide, C. P., pellets in 1-lb bottles. Sodium oxalate, C. P. in 1-lb bottles Silver nitrate, C. P. in ’Xlb bottles. Solvent, stoddard in 1-gal container Xylene, C. P. in 1-lb bottles Powder, tripoli in 1-lb packages Tetraethyl lead, fluid, 1-T mix in 918 cc cans. Ethylene glycol in 1-gal cans Octane rating engine, reference fuel M-3, 55-gal drums. Octane rating engine, reference fuel F-4, 55-gal drums. Wool, glass in %-lb cans Each 9 1 4 4 2 6 2 3 2 7 4
Each
Each Each
Each .
Each Each
Each Each Each Each
Each Each
Each
d. Section 4.
Tape, gaging, Lufkin type, 50-ft, locking handle, chrome-face or white enamel, graduated in Yt>" (zero at intersection of snap and bob) Curtin No. 16708.
Spare parts for above:
Tape only, extra, for replacement, Curtin No. 16709.
Bob, gaging, plain, 6", Bakelite insert (manufactured by Standard Inspection Supply).
Bob, gaging, deep cut, 6", Bakelite insert (manufactured by Standard Inspection Supply).
Thermometer, tank, cup case, Tag No. 57216SS.
Tube, thermometer, graduated and numbered 0° to 180° F. Tag No. 57217SS.
Paste, water indicating, gage 0, 3-oz tube, Curtin No. 16718 in carton of 12 tubes.
Thief,drum, glass, Curtin No. 16732.
Thief, sampling, figure H-386-B, Tulsa type, 12".
Dies, letters a to z and a period, height of letters Fisher No. 8 680.
Dies, numbers, height of letters %", Fisher 8-685.
Extinguisher, fire, Pyrene, 1-qt capacity.
Extinguisher, foam type, 21/2'Sal__
Hammer, claw_______________________
Extractor, nail____________________
Screw driver:
2"_____________________________
6"______________________'._____
8"_____________________________
Goggles, safety chemical, Curtin No. 9424.
Motor, Universal (DC-AC), Fisher No. 9-522.
Each______
Each______
Each______
Each______
Each______
Each______
Carton____
Each______
Each______
Set;______
Set_______
Each______
Each______
Each______
Each______
Each______
Each______
Each______
Pair______
Each______
6
6
6
12
24
2
6
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
6
1
Pliers, side cutting, 8", Curtin No. Each 2
17665. Relay, precision, Model “A,” 110- Each 2
volt, 60-cycle a-c, Curtin No. 21620. Relay, precision, Model “B,” 110- Each 4
volt, 60-cycle a-c, Curtin No.
21622.
Rectifier, transformer, Curtin No. Each 2
21624. Soldering lead, with resin center in Each 12
spools of 10 ft. Soldering lead, with acid center, in Each 12
spools of 10 ft. Iron, soldering, electric, with extra Each 2
hot point, 110-volt. Vise, bench, 4" jaw Each 2
Wire, nichrome, 1-mm diameter Feet 20
(approximately 16 B&S gage). Wrench, pipe, adjustable: 6" Each . 2
8" Each 4
10" - Each 4
12" -- - - Each 2
14" . - - Each 2
18" __ _ . Each 1
Wrench, crescent, adjustable: 6" Each 2
8" _ . Each 2
10" Each 2
12" Each 2
Wrench, end, thin, alloy steel, set to Set 1
handle hex nuts for U. S. Standard bolts Yt" to lj4", inclusive (steps to be by eighths). Each- 2
Generator, electric, 15-kw, 220- Each 1
volt, 60-cycle a-c, Diesel engine driven, specification number GS 1209. Trailer, type K-19, Signal Corps, Each 1
converted to collapsible chemical laboratory trailer.
9
1S5
49. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TESTING LABORATORY APPARATUS,
EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, e. Laboratory Reference Library.
Item Unit Quantity Item Unit Quantity
Library, reference, regimental Each 1 Federal Standard Stock Catalogue, Each 2
Scott’s Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis (2 volumes). *A. S. T. M., Standards on Petro- Each Each 1 2 Section 4, Part 2, W-L 791b, dated February 19, 1942. Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- Each 2
leum Products and Lubricants. "The Significance of Tests of Petro- Each 2 ics, 26th Edition. Instructions for Measuring, Sam- Each 6
leum Products. ’Evaluation of Petroleum Products. New and revised Tag Manual for Inspectors of Petroleum, available Each Each 2 4 pling and Testing Petroleum Shipments (available from Standard Oil Development Company, 26 Broadway, New York City). Standard Methods for Testing Pe- Each 2
from C. J. Tagliabue Manufacturing Company, Brooklyn, New York. troleum and its Products, I. P. T., 3rd Edition (Amil and Griner Co., New York City).
♦Available from American Society of Testing Materials, 260 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
156
APPENDIX I
SPECIFICATIONS
CORPS OF ENGINEERS PL-1701 B
PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATION 17 SEPTEMBER 1942
Superseding PL-1701 A
MILITARY 4-INCH PIPE-LINE SECTION
1. GENERAL. This specification shall cover a 4-inch, No. 14 gage, welded steel tubing, with a nipple or sleeve welded on each end for use with a Victaulic coupling. The couplings themselves shall not be furnished but the section shall be complete and ready for field erection. The over-all length of the section shall be 20 feet, 0 inch ± %-inch.
2. PROCESS. Tubing shall be straight butt-welded, straight seam lap-welded, spiral butt-welded, spiral lap-welded, or lock joint spiral-welded. The steel for the tubing shall be of good weldable quality. The tubing may be either hot or cold finished, depending on the process necessary to assure compliance with the hydrostatic test in paragraph 4.
3. SECTION ENDS. Each end of the tubing shall be fitted with a 4-inch long nipple or sleeve grooved for use with a standard 4-inch diameter Victaulic coupling. All dimensions and tolerances shall be those recommended by the Victaulic Coupling Co. of America, 30 Rockfeller Plaza, New York, N. Y. If a sleeve is used, it shall protrude past the end of the tube at least ^6-inch, and the space between the end of the tubing and the inside of the sleeve shall be fillet-welded. If a nipple is used, it shall be butt-welded to the tubing, and the inside flash must be cleaned off if the burr exceeds a height of %4-inch.
4. HYDROSTATIC TESTS. Each completed section shall be given a hydrostatic test of not less than 900 pounds per square inch.
552517 0 - 43 - 11
5. FINISH. The finished section shall be reasonably straight and free from injurious defects.
6. WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS. The tubing may be 4 inches inside diameter or 4 inches outside diameter. Any slight deviation in the contractor’s nominal wall thickness, still guaranteeing the working pressure of 650 pounds and complying with the hydrostatic test of 900 pounds per square inch, will be acceptable. Tolerances and dimensions conforming with standard mill practice will be acceptable.
7. MARKING. One nipple of each section shall be stamped, rolled or the completed section shall be stenciled with the manufacturer’s name or trade-mark and the inside diameter.
8. INSPECTION. Each completed section of tubing will be inspected to insure compliance with paragraph 4. Any obvious defects such as slag inclusions will be cause for rejection. All tests and inspections shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment and at the contractor’s expense.
9. COATING. Prior to coating, the tubing shall be thoroughly cleaned of all oil, grease, dirt, loose scale, and foreign matter. After cleaning, the tubing shall be given one coat of paint in accordance with the latest revision of Corps of Engineers Preliminary Specification No. PL-1712. The dried film shall match approximately Corps of Engineers Tentative Specification T—1213, Supplement B, color card, No. 9, olive-drab.
157
10. SHIPMENT. The finished sections shall be crated or bundled for export in bundles not exceeding 3 tons in weight. The bundles or crates shall be suitable for handling by shipboard and dock booms. Details of the crate the contractor proposes to furnish shall be submitted to the contracting officer for approval.
11. SHORT LENGTHS. Short lengths of the 4-inch, 14-gage tubing may be butt-welded, end to end, to form a finished section, provided the butt weld flush does not exceed %4 inch on the inside and outside, and provided the finished section thus formed complies with all the requirements listed above.
1S»
CORPS OF ENGINEERS PL-1702 A
PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATION 8 OCTOBER 1942
Superseding PL-1702 13 May 1942
MILITARY 4-INCH PIPE-LINE VALVE SECTIONS
1. GENERAL. This specification covers two types of valve sections:
a. A gate valve section, consisting of a gate valve mounted in the center of a 20-foot length of 4-inch pipe, and
b. A check valve section consisting of a check valve and one gate valve mounted in the center of a 20-foot section of 4-inch pipe.
2. VALVES. The gate valves shall be flanged, 4-inch, cast iron, bronze trim, full opening, nonrising stem, double disk, and conforming with the American Petroleum Institute standard, No. 5-G-l, 500-pound work pressure, ASA-B16b Cast Iron 250-pound. The check valve shall be full opening, 4-inch, flanged, bronze trim, of the swing type, and conforming to the American Petroleum Institute standard, No. 5-G-l 500-pound working pressure, AS A-B16b-( American 250-pound standard) Wheatley Bros. Pump & Valve Manufacturers. Twin Gate and Check Valves will be acceptable if they conform generally with the above requirements.
3. GATE VALVE SECTION. The gate valve section shall consist cf a 20-foot length of standard 4-inch steel pipe with a gate valve set in the center. The pipe shall be connected to the valve by means of a companion flange with a welding neck. The ends of the pipe shall be grooved for a 4-inch, standard, Victaulic coupling. All dimensions and tolerances shall be those recommended by the Victaulic Co. of America, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N. Y. The over-all length of the section shall be 20-0" ±%". The
couplings themselves shall not be furnished but the section shall be complete and ready for field erection.
4. CHECK VALVE SECTION. The check valve section shall consist of a 20-foot length of standard, 4-inch, steel pipe with a check valve and a gate valve set in the center. The gate valve shall be connected to the pipe by means of a companion flange with a welding neck. Both ends of the section shall be grooved for use with a standard 4-inch Victaulic coupling. All dimensions and tolerances shall be those recommended by the Victaulic Co. of America, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N. Y. The over-all length of the section shall be 20-0" ± ft". The couplings themselves shall not be furr.ished but the section shall be complete and ready for field erection.
5. TEST. The pipe and fittings shall be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic test of 1,000 pounds per square inch.
6. COATING. Prior to coating, the pipe shall be thoroughly cleaned of all dirt, oil, grease, loose scale, and other foreign matter. After cleaning, the pipe shall be given one coat of paint in accordance with the latest revisions of Corps of Engineers Preliminary Specification No. PL-1712. The dried film shall match approximately Corps of Engineers Tentative Specification T-1213, Supplement B, color card, No. 9 olive drab.
7. SHIPMENT. Both the check-valve section and the gate-valve section shall be boxed for export,
159
CORPS OF ENGINEERS PL 1704
PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATION 15 MAY 1942
MILITARY 4-INCH PIPE-LINE PUMPING STATION
200 barrels per hour, 200 pounds per square inch
SMALL UNIT
1. GENERAL. This specification is intended to provide a complete portable pipe-line pumping station. The station shall be furnished in five sections for easy erection in the field. These sections shall be the pump and engine mounted on a common base, the sand-trap section, the discharge section, the main line header section, and the suction section. The main line header section shall be interchangeable with the pipe-line sections and shall be fitted with two nipples leading to the suction and discharge of the pump. The sand-trap section shall take the gasoline out of the main line pumping section and introduce it to the suction header. There shall be a sand trap and a gate valve in this section. The suction header shall connect the sand-trap section and the suction flange on the pump. The discharge header shall connect the discharge piping of the pump and the discharge section. The station shall be complete with all piping, valves, and controls, and shall be ready for field operation. Each pumping station manifold shall be equipped with sufficient 90° Vic-taulic elbows to permit location of the station to the right or left of the main line gate valve within the limits of a parallelogram defined by the main line header section, the sand-trap section, the station manifold, and the station discharge line.
2. PUMPING UNIT.
a. Pump. The pump shall be a V -belt driven 4%-inch diameter bore, 6-inch stroke, double acting, duplex piston power pump capable of delivering 200 barrels per hour at a pressure of 625 pounds per square inch, and shall be a Wheatley Bros. Pump & Valve Manufacturer’s figure 2050 or a Gaso Pump and Burner Manufacturer’s figure 1740, cr equal. Pump cylinders, stuffing boxes, and flanges shall be constructed to withstand “closed in” pressures up to 900 pounds per square inch, and normal working pressure up to 625 pounds per square inch.
b. Engine. The engine shall be a 4-cycle, spark-ignition, water-cooled industrial type gasoline engine of at least 800-cubic-inch displacement.
The engine shall be equipped with an oil bath type air filter, an oil-pressure gage, an oil filter, muffler, water temperature indicator, and a fuel filter. Starting shall be accomplished by an electric starting motor. A generator, a voltage controller, battery and ammeter shall be provided. The cooling system shall include a circulating pump, fan, and a tubular type radiator, and shall limit the jacket water temperature to 200° F. while operating at full load with an ambient temperature of 130° F. The engine shall be equipped with a suitable hand operated friction clutch, and shall be totally enclosed in a steel housing with removable side panels.
A warning plate reading as follows shall be installed adjacent to the gasoline tank fill pipe: “Do not fill the gasoline tank while the engine is in operation.”
The engine shall be equipped with a light receptacle mounted on the engine dash. The receptacle shall be of the type to accommodate a two-prong bayonet-type plug.
The engine shall be equipped with an electrically operated fuel pump. The fuel pump shall be piped in a manner which will permit pumping to the fuel tank or directly from storage to the carburetor by the operation of a single valve.
The engine shall be equipped with a Model G-l combination governor as manufactured by the Syncro-Start Corporation, Chicago, Ill.
c. Skid. The pump and engine shall be mounted on a skid fabricated from heavy 6-inch I-beams, extra heavy 3-inch steel pipe, and structural channels. The mounting shall be sturdy enough to permit lifting on and off of a truck or a trailer and movement by skidding.
d. Controls. The assembled unit shall constitute a complete pipe-line pumping station capable of receiving and delivering 200 barrels per hour. The controlling equipment shall be built into the pumping unit and shall be capable of the following functions:
160
(1) Control the pumping rate to match the incoming stream so as to maintain a suction pressure of approximately 15 pounds per square inch.
(2) Control the discharge pressure so that upon closure of a downstream valve at any point on the line, the discharge pressure shall not exceed 625 pounds per square inch.
(3) Control the working pressure of the pump so that when a valve is closed downstream or the discharge pressure exceeds 625 pounds per square inch, the pump shall automatically bypass and lower the discharge pressure to equal the suction pressure.
(4) Control the engine so that when the suction pressure exceeds 400 pounds per square inch, the speed shall be reduced to idling.
(5) Control the engine speed so that when the quantity of the income stream is reduced, the corresponding pressure rise shall be distributed over two or three stations upstream. The discharge pressure shall be controlled at some value below 625 pounds per square inch.
(6) Provide two methods by which the discharge pressure of the pump shall be maintained at a value lower than 625 pounds per square inch.
(7) Control the maximum pumping rate when the discharge pressure is below 625 pounds and the suction pressure is below 15 pounds.
e. Finish. The pumping unit shall be painted in accordance with United States Army Corps of Engineers Tentative Specification No. T-1184, class A, type 1.
f. Tool box. Each pumping unit shall be equipped with a tool box for carrying the tools and spare parts necessary for the maintenance and operation of the pump and engine. The box shall be made of sheet steel and shall be bolted to the frame of the unit in some convenient location. The box shall have a hinged cover and shall be provided with a hasp and padlock. Two keys shall be provided per unit and shall be interchangeable with keys of other units.
g. Tools, spore ports, and accessories. Sufficient tools for operation and maintenance of the pumping station in the field shall be furnished. Sufficient spare parts for 6 months continuous operation shall also be furnished. An extra positive displacement pump for the hydraulic control system shall be furnished with each pumping unit. The bidder shall submit with his bid a list of the tools and spare parts he proposes to furnish.
3. SAND-TRAP SECTION. The sand-trap section shall consist of a sand trap manifold, a gate valve, nipples at each end of the section grooved for Victaulic couplings, a drain plug, and an inspection plug not less than 4 inches in diameter. It shall be the function of the sand-trap section to take gasoline out of the upstream nipple on the main line pipe section, settle out the solid matter, and deliver it to the section header. The sand trap shall be constructed of 57-pound seamless 12-inch steel pipe, or equal, and shall be fitted with a drain plug at the pipe-line end, and an inspection plug at the top and center of the sand trap. The drain plug shall be welded into the bottom of the pipe line of the sand trap in such a manner that it does not retard movement by skidding. Both the drain plug and the inspection plug shall be fitted with Victaulic coupling plug ends. The sand trap shall be divided into two parts and shall be connected by a 12-inch Victaulic coupling. One extra gasket shall be packed in the tool box. There shall be furnished with each sand-trap section a suitable sand-trap cleaning device. This device shall be of such a size that it can be inserted in the 4-inch clean-out pipe of the sand trap. The handle of the clean-out shall be sectionalized. The device shall be fastened to the base of the pumping unit when not in use.
4. MAIN-LINE PIPE SECTION. The mainline pipe section shall consist of a 20-foot length of standard 4-inch steel pipe with two gate valves and a check valve mounted in the center and with two nipples grooved for Victaulic couplings for connection to the suction and discharge piping of the pump. The check valve shall be set in the center of the section with the two gate valves on each side.
The main-line pipe section shall be in accordance with Hanlon-Waters, Inc., drawing HW-3793. The dimensions shall be approximately
as follows:
Over-all length of section__________________ 20'0"
Discharge nipple to suction nipple (C to
C)________________________________________ 9'10"
Suction nipple center to section center_____6'7"
Discharge nipple center to section center___6'7"
5. DISCHARGE SECTION. The discharge section shall connect the discharge header and the discharge nipple on the main-line pipe section, and shall be a standard gate valve section conforming to Corps of Engineers, Preliminary Specification No. PL-1702.
161
6. SUCTION AND DISCHARGE HEADERS.
It shall be the function of the suction header to connect the suction flange on the pump and the sand-trap section. It shall be the function of the discharge header to connect the discharge piping of the pump and the discharge section. The suction and discharge headers shall be interchangeable and shall be fabricated out of a short length of standard 4-inch pipe and the necessary Victaulic elbow fittings to effect the above-mentioned functions.
7. FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS. All flexible couplings on the pumping station shall be the standard 4-inch coupling as manufactured by the Victaulic Co. of America, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N. Y. Dimensions and grooves shall be as recommended by the Victaulic Co.
8. VALVES. Gate valves and check vales on the pumping station shall conform to the following description.
a. Gate valve. The gate valves shall be flanged, 4-inch, cast iron, bronze trim, full pipe line opening, nonrising stem, double disk, and conforming to the American Petroleum Institute standard, No. 5-G-l, 500-pound working pressure, ASA-Blb-Cast Iron 250-pound.
b. Check valve. The check valve shall be full pipe line opening, flanged, bronze trim, of the swing type, and conforming to the American Petroleum Institute standard, No. 5-G-l, 500-pound working pressure, AS A-B16b-( American, 500-pound, standard). A Wheatley twin check and gate will be accepted if it is in general accordance with the above-mentioned standard in the 500-pound class.
9. COATING. Prior to coating, the above-mentioned sections shall be thoroughly cleaned of all dirt, oil, grease, loose scale, and other foreign
matter. After cleaning, these sections shall be given one coat of paint in accordance with the latest revisions of Corps of Engineers, Preliminary Specification No. PL-1712. The dried film shall match approximately Corps of Engineers, Tentative Specification T-1213, Supplement B, color card, No. 9, olive-drab.
10. TESTS. The sand-trap section, the suction header, the discharge header, the discharge section, the discharge section and the main line pipe section shall be given a hydrostatic test of not less than 900 pounds per square inch. The pump and the discharge piping shall also be given a hydrostatic test of not less than 900 pounds per square inch. The complete pumping station shall be given sufficient operating tests to satisfy representative of the Office, Chief of Engineers, that the unit is capable of satisfactorily performing all the functions listed in paragraph 2d of this specification.
11. WORKMANSHIP. All parts of the complete unit shall be designed, manufactured, and finished in a thoroughly workmanlike manner. All dimensions shall be held as close as is consistent with good shop practice.
12. DESIGN. The pumping station shall be in accordance with Hanlon-Waters, Inc., drawing No. B-222.
13. SHIPMENT. The pumping station shall be boxed for export.
14. CLOSURE NIPPLES. There shall be furnished with each pumping station four-foot lengths of standard pipe grooved for Victaulic couplings and five Victaulic couplings and gaskets. These lengths of pipe and couplings shall be boxed together and the box shall be designated MS “Makeup Section.”
162
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATION
PL-1705
13 MAY 1942
MILITARY 4-INCH PRESSURE-REDUCTION STATION
1. GENERAL. The pressure-reduction station covered in this specification shall consist of a 20-foot section of standard, 4-inch, pipe with a gate valve in the center, bypassed with a section of 4-inch standard pipe containing two gate valves and a pressure reduction valve.
2. VALVES. The gate valves shall be flanged, 4-inch, cast iron, bronze trim, full pipe-line opening, nonrising stem, double disk, and conforming with the American Petroleum Institute standard No. 5-G-l, 500-pound working pressure, ASA B15b (American 250-lb. standard).
The pressure reduction valve shall be a Hanlon-Waters Type 120-four inches.
3. PIPING. One gate valve shall be placed in the exact center of the 20-foot length of pipe. This valve shall be bypassed with two gate valves and a pressure reduction valve. The two gate valves shall be bolted to each side of the pressure reduction valve. The pipe shall be standard, 4-inch, black, and wrought steel. The piping and valves shall be able to withstand a hydrostatic test of 1,000 pounds per square inch. It shall be the
function of this station to prevent excessive line pressures on downgrades. The valve shall be suitable for field adjustment for maximum pressures of 300 to 600 pounds per square inch. The two ends of the pipe shall be grooved for a standard, 4-inch, Victaulic Coupling. All dimensions and tolerances shall be as recommended by the Victaulic Company of America, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N. Y.
4. COATING. Prior to coating, the pipe shall be thoroughly cleaned of all dirt, oil, grease, loose scale, and other foreign matter. After cleaning, the pipe shall be given one coat of paint in accordance with the latest revisions of Corps of Engineers, Preliminary Specification No. PL-1712. The dried film shall match approximately Corps of Engineers Tentative Specification T-1213, Supplement B, color card, No. 9, olive-drab.
5. TEST. The pipe and valves shall be able to withstand a hydrostatic test pressure of 1,000 pounds per square inch.
6. SHIPMENT. The pressure-reduction station shall be boxed for export shipment.
163
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATION
PL-1708
7 NOVEMBER 1942
MILITARY 6-INCH PIPE-LINE SECTION
1. GENERAL. This specification shall cover a 6-inch number 12 gage, welded steel tubing with a nipple or sleeve welded on each end for use with Victaulic coupling. The couplings themselves shall not be furnished, but the section shall be complete and ready for field erection. The overall length shall be 20 feet—plus or minus % inch.
2. PROCESS. The tubing shall be straight seam butt-welded, straight seam lap-welded, spiral butt-welded, spiral lap-welded, or lock joint spiral-welded. The steel for the tubing shall be of good weldable quality. The tubing may be either hot or cold finished, depending on the process necessary to assure compliance with the hydrostatic test in paragraph 4.
3. SECTION ENDS. Each end of the tubing shall be fitted with a 5-inch long nipple or sleeve grooved for use with a standard 6-inch diameter Victaulic coupling. All dimensions and tolerance shall be those recommended by the Victaulic Coupling Company of America, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N. Y.
If a sleeve is used, it shall protrude past the end of the tube at least inch, and the space between the end of the tubing and the inside of the sleeve shall be fillet-welded. If a nipple is used, it shall be butt-welded to the tubing and the inside circumferential flash shall be cleaned off if the burr exceeds a height of %4 inch.
4. HYDROSTATIC TESTS. Each completed section shall be given a hydrostatic test of not less than 900 pounds per square inch.
5. FINISH. The completed section shall be reasonably straight and free from injurious defects.
6. WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS. The tubing may be 6-inch inside diameter or 6-inch outside diameter. Any slight deviation in the contractor’s
nominal wall thickness still guaranteeing the working pressure of 650 pounds and complying with the hydrostatic test of 900 pounds per square inch will be acceptable. Tolerances and dimensions conforming with standard mill practice will be acceptable.
7. MARKING. One nipple of each section shall be stamped, rolled, or the completed section shall be stenciled with the manufacturer’s name or trade mark and the inside diameter.
8. INSPECTION. Each completed section of the tubing will be inspected to insure compliance with paragraph 4. Any obvious defects such as slag inclusions will be cause for rejection. All tests and inspections shall be at the place of manufacture prior to shipment and at the contractor’s expense.
9. COATING. Prior to painting, the tubing shall be thoroughly cleaned of all dirt, oil, grease, loose scale, and other foreign matter. After cleaning, the tubing shall be given one coat of paint in accordance with the latest revisions of Corps of Engineers Preliminary Specification No. PL-1712. The dried film shall match approximately Corps of Engineers Tentative Specification T-1213, Supplement B, color card, No. 9, olive-drab.
10. SHIPMENT. The finished sections shall be crated or bundled for export in bundles not exceeding 5 tons in weight. The bundles or crates shall be suitable for handling by shipboard and dock booms. Details of the crate the contractor proposes to furnish shall be submitted to the contracting officer for approval.
11. SHORT LENGTHS. Short lengths of the 6-inch 12-gage tubing may be butt welded end-to-end to form a finished section, provided the finished section thus formed complies with all the requirements listed above.
164
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATION
PL-1711
10 NOVEMBER 1942
MILITARY 6-INCH PIPE-LINE VALVE SECTIONS
1. GENERAL. This specification covers two types of valve sections:
a. Valve section, gate, 6-inch, for a portable pipe line.
b. Valve section, check, 6-inch, for a portable pipe line.
2. VALVES. The gate valves shall be flanged, 6-inch, cast iron, bronze trim, full opening, nonrising stem, double disk, and conforming with the American Petroleum Institute standard, No. 5-G-l, 500-pound working pressure, ASA-B1 Ob-Cast Iron, 250-pound. The check valve shall be full opening, 6-inch, flanged bronze trim, of the swing type, and conforming to the American Petroleum Institute standard, No. 5-G-l, 500-pound working pressure, ASA-B16b (American 250-pound standard). Wheatley Brothers Pump and Valve Manufacturers twin gate and check valves will be acceptable if they conform generally with the above requirements.
3. GATE-VALVE SECTION. The gate-valve section shall consist of an assembly of two lengths of standard 6-inch pipe and a gate valve. The
gate valve shall be fitted with two short nipples each grooved for Victaulic 6-inch couplings. The two lengths of standard pipe grooved for Victaulic couplings on each end shall be of equal length and shall be of such length that the assembled section will be 20 feet plus or minus ft inch long. Two couplings shall be furnished with the unit. All dimensions and tolerances shall be those recommended by the Victaulic Co. of America, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N. Y.
4. CHECK-VALVE SECTION. The checkvalve section shall consist of an assembly of two lengths of standard 6-inch pipe, one check valve, and one gate valve. The gate valve and check valve shall be flanged together and shall be fitted with nipples grooved for Victaulic coupling. The two lengths of pipe shall be of equal length, shall be grooved for Victaulic 6-inch couplings, and shall be of such length that the assembled section is 20 feet plus or minus ft inch long. Two couplings shall be furnished with the assembly. All dimensions and tolerances shall be those recommended by the Victaulic Co. of America, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N. Y.
165
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATION
PL-1713
10 NOVEMBER 1942
MILITARY 6-INCH PRESSURE-REDUCTION STATION
1. GENERAL. The pressure reduction station covered in this specification shall consist of a 20-foot section of standard 6-inch pipe with a gate valve in the center, bypassed with a section of 6-inch standard pipe containing two gate valves and a pressure reduction valve.
2. VALVE. The gate valves shall be flanged, 6-inch, cast-iron, bronze trim full pipe-line opening, nonrising stem, double disk, and conforming with the American Petroleum Institute Standard No. 5-G-l, 500-pound working pressure, ASA B16b (American 250-pound standard). The pressure reduction valve shall be a Hanlon-Waters, Inc., or equal.
3. PIPING. One gate valve shall be placed in the approximate center of the 20-foot length of pipe. This valve shall be bypassed with two gate valves and a pressure reduction valve. The two gate valves shall be bolted to each side of the pressure reduction valve. All other connections shall be Victaulic. The pipe shall be standard, 6-inch, black, and steel. The piping and valves shall be able to withstand a hydrostatic test of 1,000 pounds per square inch. It shall be the function of this station to prevent
excessive line pressures on down grades. The valve shall be suitable for field adjustment for maximum pressures of 300 to 600 pounds per square inch. The two ends of the pipe shall be grooved for a standard, 6-inch Victaulic coupling. All dimensions and tolerances shall be as recommended by the Victaulic Company of America, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, New York.
4. COATING. Prior to painting, the unit shall be thoroughly cleaned of all oil, dirt, grease, loose scale, and other foreign matter. The unit shall be given one coat of paint in accordance with the latest revisions of the Corps of Engineers, Preliminary Specification No. PL-1712. The dried film shall match approximately Corps of Engineers, Tentative Specification T-1213, Supplement B, color card No. 9, olive drab.
5. TEST. The pipe and valves shall be able to withstand a hydrostatic test pressure of 1,000 pounds per square inch.
6. SHIPMENT. The pressure reduction station shall be boxed for export shipment.
7. COUPLINGS. Ten couplings shall be provided for each station.
166
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATION
PL-1715
12 APRIL 1943
(Revised 23 July 1943)
MANIFOLD, TWO-UNIT, FOR 6-INCH MILITARY PIPE LINE
1. GENERAL. This specification covers a pipe manifold which will permit the operation of two “Pup” pumping units (Corps of Engineers, Preliminary Specification P-724), in series, parallel, individually; or will allow the pumps to stand by idle to the main pipe line which is connected to the pump manifolds. The general arrangements of the manifold shall be in accordance with Hanlon -Waters, Inc., Drawing No. B 322-S, except the discharge branch from each pump shall include a swing check valve.
2. FITTING. The following fittings shall be furnished as a part of each ma.nifold:
10 elbows, 90°, 4-inch, grooved for Victaulic couplings.
5 elbows, 90°, 6-inch, grooved for Victaulic couplings.
4 tees, 4-inch, grooved for Victaulic couplings.
2 tees, 6-inch, grooved for Victaulic couplings.
2 reducers, 6-inch by 4-inch, grooved for Victaulic couplings.
2 plugs, 6-inch, grooved for Victaulic couplings.
Fittings shall be malleable iron, wrought iron, or fusion welded from standard pipe. For all types of fittings the dimensions and tolerances shall be identical with those used with Victaulic grooved type fittings and shall be suitable for a working pressure of 600 pounds per square inch.
3. COUPLINGS. The following couplings, complete with gaskets and bolts, shall be provided as a part of each manifold:
35, each, couplings, 4-inch, grooved type.
20, each, couplings, 6-inch, grooved type.
The dimensions and tolerances shall be those recommended by the Victaulic Company of America, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, New York. The gasket material shall be suitable for use in a pipe line which will be required to handle 100-octane gasoline containing 40 percent aromatics. If any grooved type coupling, other than that
manufactured by the Victaulic Company of America, is supplied, the gaskets, bolts, and both halves of the coupling shall be interchangeable, part for part, with the Victaulic couplings. In addition to the above requirements, the following spare gaskets and bolts shall be furnished:
10 gaskets, 4-inch for Victaulic grooved type coupling.
5, each, gaskets, 6-inch for Victaulic grooved type coupling.
20, each, bolts and nuts for 4-inch Victaulic couplings.
10, each, bolts and nuts for 6-inch Victaulic couplings.
4. FLANGES. Companion flanges shall be cast iron, A. S. A. Standard B 16-e-1939, 300-pound drilling, Xe-inch raised face.
5. VALVES. The gate valves shall be of cast iron or semisteel, bronze trim, full pipe-line opening, inside screw, vzedge or double disk type, flanged with raised face. Check valves shall have cast iron or semisteel bodies, bronze trim, and shall be of the swing type with full pipe openings. Check valves shall have flanged ends with raised faces. A Wheatley Brothers Pump and Valve Company’s combination gate and check valve will be considered as a substitute for one gate valve and one check valve in the main line header, if it meets the remainder of the valve specifications. All gate valves, check valves, and combination gate and check valves shall conform with A. P. I. Standard No. 5-G-l, latest revision, 500 pounds per square inch working pressure; and shall have flanged ends conforming with A. S. A. Standard B-16-E 1939, 300-pound drilling, raised faces. Ring gaskets of gasoline-resistant material, suitable for an operating pressure of 600 pounds per square inch, shall be furnished for all valves. Carbon steel bolts with square heads and washer faced nuts conforming to A. S. T. M. Specification A 107-42, minimum tensile strength 65,000 pounds per square inch, shall be furnished with the valves for assembling in pipe manifold.
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6. CONNECTIONS. All pipe connections, except where valves are fitted into pipe manifolds, shall be with Victaulic couplings. Valve connections are to be made with bolted flange joints. All bolts, gaskets, flanges, and split couplings necessary for assembling a liquid-tight manifold for 650 pounds per square inch working pressure shall be furnished under this specification. The sand trap, discharge section, and main line gate valve and check valve header shall also be furnished.
7. SAND TRAP. The sand trap shall consist of a 12-foot length of 16-inch O. D., 73 pounds per foot, seamless line pipe with four 6-inch standard weight pipe nipples welded on in locations shown on Drawing No. B322-S, for flow connections, clean-out, and inspection. The overall length of the sand trap, including pipe nipples, shall be 20 feet, plus or minus %-inch. The nipple adjacent to the main line shall consist of a 6-foot length of standard weight 6-inch line pipe with a 6-inch Wheatley self-cleaning rack, flanged gate valve fitted in the center. The 14-foot section containing the 12-foot length of 16-inch pipe shall have welded joints. Sand traps shall be fitted with a 6-inch inspection plug and a 6-inch drain plug. Inspection plug shall be placed on the top center of the 16-inch pipe. The drain plug shall be located near the bottom of the 16-inch pipe in such a position as not to retard movement by skidding. Both of the openings shall be grooved for Victaulic couplings and shall be fitted with Victaulic plugs.
8. CONTROLS. The following control equipment shall be provided for each manifold:
a. Temperature control. Two each Mer-coid Figure DR-38 temperature control switches with a range of 100° F. to 200° F., 20-foot capillary, No. 2 bulb, %-inch I. P. S. union connection shall be provided. Capillary shall be armored full length. The instrument shall be equipped with a manual reset; and 12 feet of two-conductor cable shall be furnished for connecting the Mercoid switch in series with the low-voltage primary feeder to the ignition distributor. The circuit is to be broken by an increase in temperature beyond that of the instrument setting. The instruments shall be furnished with steel bushings to screw into %-inch I. P. S. couplings.
b. Low suction pressure control. One each Mercoid Figure 23R103, range 0-800 pounds per square inch with manual reset shall be provided.
The instrument shall be factory set to break the circuit at 5 pounds per square inch and to close the circuit when the suction pressure reaches approximately 15 pounds per square inch. The instrument shall be furnished with 20 feet of two-conductor armored cable for connecting the Mercoid switch in series with the low voltage primary feeder to the ignition distributor. The instrument shall be adjustable upward. The instrument shall be furnished with- a steel bushing to screw into a %-inch I. P. S. coupling.
c. High discharge pressure control. Two each Mercoid Figure 23R, range 0-1500 pounds per square inch with manual reset, high discharge pressure protection instruments shall be provided. The instruments shall be factory set to open the circuits at 700 pounds per square inch and to close the circuits at approximately 30 pounds per square inch. The instruments shall be furnished with 29 feet of two-conductor armored cable each for connecting in series with the low voltage primary feeders to the ignition distributors. The instruments shall be furnished with steel bushings to screw into %-inch I. P. S. couplings.
9. MAINLINE HEADER SECTION. A mainline header section for connecting both the discharge section and the sand trap into the main line shall be furnished, and shall consist of a gate valve and a check valve or a twin check and gate valve, mounted in the center of a 6-foot length of standard 6-inch line pipe, two 6-inch Victaulic grooved type tees, and two short lengths of standard 6-inch line pipe to make up an over-all length of 20 feet, plus or minus %-inch. The valves shall meet the requirements of paragraph 5 and the pipe joints and fittings shall be made up with Victaulic couplings.
10. COATING. All of the pipe shall be given one coat of paint conforming to the latest revision of Corps of Engineers, Preliminary Specification PL-1712. The color shall be olive-drab conforming to color card, Supplement B to No. T-12B, No. 9.
11. SHIPMENT.
a. Packaging and Packing. Manifolds required for oversea shipment shall be packaged and packed in accordance with the requirements of Army-Navy General Specification for Packaging and Packing for Oversea Shipment, No. 100-14A.
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Manifolds required for domestic shipment shall be shipped in such manner as to insure arrival at destination in an undamaged condition, and shall be acceptable to the freight agent in compliance with the current issue of the Consolidated Freight Classification. All equipment and parts shall be suitably protected to insure against damage during transit. The hardware, accessories, nuts, and
bolts shall be coated with a suitable rust preventive and wrapped in oil paper. The hardware and accessories shall be packed in separate boxes from the gaskets, nuts, and bolts.
b. Marking. Shall be in accordance with Corps of Engineers Tentative Specification T-1729, Standard Requirements for Marking Corps of Engineers Shipments.
169
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATION
P-724
5 SEPTEMBER 1942
PUMP, CENTRIFUGAL, TWO-STAGE, SERIES-PARALLEL OPERATION, GASOLINE-ENGINE DRIVEN
(Series Operation, 0.68 Specific Gravity Gasoline, 200 Barrels per Hour at 200 Pounds per Square Inch; Parallel
Operation, 400 Barrels per Hour at 100 Pounds per Square Inch)
1. GENERAL. This specification is intended to cover a gasoline-engine-driven, two-stage, skidmounted pump for handling gasoline and fuel oil.
2. PUMP. The pumping unit shall be a Byron Jackson Co. “Pup” and shall be equipped with a built-in increaser gear and complete manifolding which will allow the two stages of the pump to be operated either in series or parallel. All pump parts shall be designed for a working pressure of 700 pounds per square inch. The increaser gear shall be fully inclosed for an oil bath and shall be jacketed so that a small amount of the fluid to be pumped can be circulated through the jacket and returned to the suction of the pump. A suitable coupling shall connect the pump and the engine. The suction and the discharge flanges shall be fitted with a companion flange and a short nipple grooved for a standard, 4-inch, Victaulic coupling. The suction and discharge of the pump shall be fitted with suitable pressure gages.
3. RATING. For parallel operation at a speed not to exceed 2,400 rpm and a head of 147 pounds, the pumping unit shall be capable of delivering 420 gallons of .68 specific gravity gasoline per minute.
For series operation at a speed not to exceed 2,400 rpm and a head of 294 pounds, the pumping unit shall be capable of delivering 210 gallons of .68 specific gravity gasoline per minute.
4. ENGINE. The engine shall be a standard, General Motors model 270 engine. The cooling system shall include radiator, fan, and circulating pump, and shall provide sufficient cooling to
maintain a temperature not to exceed 200° when the engine is operating at full load with an ambient temperature of 120°. The engine shall be equipped with an oil-bath type air filter, an oil-pressure gage, and oil filter, electric starting equipment (including battery, generator starting motor, and ammeter), governor, tachometer, muffler, gasoline sediment bulb, and all other accessories necessary to make a complete pumping unit. The fuel tank shall have a capacity of at least 25 gallons. To facilitate the filling of the fuel tank when pumping gasoline, a small gasoline line with a petcock shall connect the fuel tank and some point in the pump piping—the suction flange, the discharge flange, or the manifolding. The engine shall be completely inclosed in a suitable sheet steel housing with removable side panels. The pumping unit shall be equipped with a suitable lifting bail to facilitate loading and unloading from trucks.
5. SHIPMENT. The pumping unit shall be boxed for export shipment.
6. PAINT. The pumping unit shall be painted in accordance with the U. S. Army Quartermaster Tentative Specification ES No. 680.
7. SPARES. All tools and spare parts necessary for successful field operation and maintenance shall be provided. The contractor shall furnish a list of the spares and tools which he proposes to furnish, with his quotation. This list shall include such items as pump packing, wearing rings, gaskets, and any other items necessary for 6-month continuous duty in the field.
179
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATION
NO. GE-501 TANKS: STEEL, GASOLINE, VERTICAL, BOLTED 14 JULY 1943
Supersedes BT-2501C Amended 17 March 1943
TANKS: STEEL, GASOLINE, VERTICAL, BOLTED (Aboveground Type)
A. APPLICABLE SPECIFICATIONS.
A-l. The following specifications and drawings, of the issue in effect on the date of the invitation to bid, form a part of this specification:
A-la. Federal Specifications.
ZZ—R—601—Rubber Goods; General
Specifications (Methods of Physical Tests and Chemical Analysis).
A— lb. Army and Navy Specifications. AN-813—Aviation Fuel.
A-lc. U. S. Army Specifications.
100-14—Army-Navy General Specification for Packaging and Packing for Oversea Shipment.
A-ld. Corps of Engineers Specifications.
PL-1712—Enamel, Lusterless, Sand.
T-1213—Supplement B, Color Card.
T-1739—Standard Requirements for Marking Corps of Engineers Shipments.
A-le. American Petroleum Institute Specifica tion.
12-B—Bolted Tanks.
A-l/. O. C. E. Drawing.
GE-500-501—Details of Connections for Bolted Steel Gasoline Storage Tanks.
B. TYPE.
B—1. This specification covers vertical aboveground bolted steel gasoline storage tanks of the following sizes:
100 barrel 1,000 barrel low 5,000 barrel
250 barrel 1,000 barrel high 10,000 barrel
500 barrel low
C. MATERIAL AND WORKMANSHIP.
C-l. Material. Shall be as specified hereinafter.
C-2. Workmanship. Shall be first class.
D. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
D-l. See section E.
E. DETAIL REQUIREMENTS.
E—1. Tanks.
Material, fabrication and design of the tanks shall comply with American Petroleum Institute Specification No. 12-B (third edition, dated September 1940) except that the thickness of the plates shall conform to the following:
THICKNESS OF PLATES IN DECIMAL PARTS OF AN INCH
(Commercial tolerance will be permitted)
Tank size in barrels Bottom plates First ring plates Second ring plates Third ring plates Top plates
100 . 1406 . 1406 . 1094
250 . 1406 . 1406 1094
500 low . 1406 . 1406 . 1094
1,000 low . 1406 . 1406 . 1406
1,000 high . 1406 . 1406 . 1406 . 1406
5,000 . 1406 . 1875 . 1406 . 1406 1406
10,000 . 1406 . 1875 . 1406 . 1406 . 1406
E-la. Tank equipment.
E-la(l). Pressure and vacuum relief valves. Each tank shall be equipped with a pressure and vacuum relief valve set at 1 ounce internal pressure and one ft ounce internal vacuum. The valve shall be 8-inch nominal size with adequate capacity for the rates of filling and emptying indicated below. The bolt punching of the flange shall be as shown on the attached Drawing No. GE-500-501. The make and type of the pressure and vacuum relief valve shall be approved by the contracting officer. No flame arrester is required.
171
Size of tanks, in barrels_______________ 5, 000 100, 250
10,000 500, 1,000
Rate of filling, in barrels per hour____ 4, 000 500
Rate of emptying, in barrels per hour. 600 600
E-la(2). Thief hatch. Each tank shall be equipped with an 8-inch vapor tight thief hatch. The bolt pattern on the thief hatch shall be in accordance with the attached drawing No. GE-500-501. The tanks will be gaged by hand and no mechanical gaging devices will be required.
E-la(3). Tank ladders. Each tank shall be equipped with an outside steel ladder. The ladder shall slope approximately 1 foot in 8 feet, and shall be securely braced against the tank. The sides of the ladder shall extend 3 feet above the roof and curve inward in accordance with standard practice. No inside ladder is required; however, a ladder may be incorporated as part of the roof support.
E-la(4). Gasket material, cement, bolts, nuts, and washers. The necessary amount of gasket material, standard square nuts, recessed or counter sunk steel washers, Neoprene ring washers and sealing cement required for proper erection of the tanks, plus 10 percent additional, shall be furnished with each tank. The bolts and nuts used in the tank shall be % inch. Recessed or countersunk washers with accompanying Neoprene ring washers shall be supplied in sufficient quantities for installation with the standard bolts and nuts in the tank bottom seams and in all vertical seams. Standard bolts and nuts only shall be supplied for all other seams.
E-lb. Tank connections. The tank will be filled and will deliver gasoline through the same connection. Each tank shall be provided with fill and delivery connections, a water draw-off connection, and a clean-out. Sizes of the fill and delivery connections and the sizes of the water draw-off are tabulated below. One connection of each size will be required as listed.
E-lb(l) Fill and delivery connections. The fill and delivery connections shall be fitted with flanges faced or ground with drilled holes, in accordance with American Standards Association and shall be
guaranteed liquid tight by the manufacturer. Blind flanges shall be provided for all tank connections. The location details and sizes of the fill and delivery connections shall be as shown on attached drawing No. GE-500-501.
E-lb(2). Water draw-off connection. Each water draw-off shall be equipped with a suitable valve. Sizes of the water draw-off are tabulated below. Installation details are shown on attached drawing No. GE-500-501.
E-lb(3). Tank clean-out. The cleanout shall be 24 inches by 24 inches and shall be located flush with the bottom of the tank.
Size of tanks, in barrels_____________ 10,000 5,000 1,000 1,000 500 250 100
High Low Low
Size, in inches, of fill
and delivery con- |8 8 6 6 6 6 6
nections_______ >6 6 4 4 4 4 4
|4 4
Size, in inches, of water draw-off connections __________ 4 4 2 2 2 2 2
E-2. Gasket material. Shall be synthetic rubber suitable for use with 100-octane gasoline containing 40 percent aromatics, or 130-octane aviation gasoline, and shall be approved by the Naval Research Laboratory, Anacostia Station, Washington, D. C. The gasket material shall be free from defects in material and workmanship and shall have smooth surfaces; however, a slight fabric imprint on the surface of the material is permissible. The material shall be 0.090 inch thick plus 0.016 inch or minus 0.008 inch. The gasket material shall have the following physical requirements:
Shore hardness______________ 75 4-5
Tensile strength____________ 900 psi minimum
Elongation__________________ 200 percent minimum
Aging: tensile strength-----75 percent of normal
Aviation Fuel Immersion (Army-Navy Specifications AN-813)
Volume increase___ 70 percent of normal-maximum
Tensile strength__ 75 percent of normal-minimum
Elongation_________65 percent of normal-minimum
Compression set___25 percent-maximum
Ply separation____None
Aviation Fuel Immersion (100 octane-zero percent aromatics)
Volume increase____________ 5 percent minimum
Brittle point______________ 40° C.
E-3. Sealing cement. Shall be approved by the Naval Research Laboratory for use with 100-
172
octane gasoline containing 40 percent aromatics or 130-octane gasoline and shall be furnished in sufficient quantities to seal all the overlaps in the chimes and along the chimes for the distance of 4 inches on either side of the overlap and on all bottom overlaps. The quantity of sealing cement furnished with each size of tank shall be as follows:
Size of tank, in barrels
100
250
500 low
1,000 low
1,000 high
5,000
10,000
Sealing cement, in gallons
y2
i i l'/2
2
3
6
Thinner, in gallons
'4 '4 ’4 '4 ’/2 '/2
E-4. Painting, and protection. Before shipment the inside of the tanks shall be thoroughly cleaned of any traces of paint and shall be given a coating of suitable flushing oil. The outside surface of the tanks, fittings and accessories shall be given one coat of paint in accordance with the latest revisions of Corps of Engineers, Preliminary Specification No. PL-1712. The dried film shall match approximately Corps of Engineers, Tentative Specification T-1213, Supplement B, color card, No. 9, olive-drab.
E-5. Erection brackets. Shall be furnished with each tank more than one ring high. The number of brackets to be furnished shall be as follows:
Tank size in barrels 1,000 high 5,000 10,000
Number of erection brackets
14
26
37
E-6. Field erection tools. Shall be furnished with each tank. Each set of field erection tools shall consist of the following:
3_____Speed wrenches
5_____ 'ffinch short sockets
4_____ '/ffnch long sockets
3_____ Vs'inch by 12-inch driftpins
3_____ 5/8’inch by 18-inch driftpins
3-----8-inch crescent type adjustable wrenches
2_____Deck rope hooks
2_____ yffnch by 6-inch flat cold chisels
2----- 5/g-inch by 6-inch diamond point chisels
2----- l^-pound ball peen hammers
24____Patch bolts
2-----3-inch flat paint brushes
1_____Ampco metal No. C-3 flat calking tool
1-----Ampco metal No. H-3 ball peen hammer
One set of field erection tools shall be furnished with each 100 and 250-tarrel tank, and two sets for each tank of all other sizes.
E-7. Wiping cloths. Suitable washed wiping cloths for wiping the flushing oil off the inside of
the tanks shall be provided with each tank. The quantities of cloths to be furnished with each type of tank are tabulated below.
Size of tank, 500, 1,000 high,
in barrels. _ 100 250 1,000 low 5,000 10,000
Wiping cloths, pounds per tank___________ 5 15 25 50 100
E-8. Instruction manual. An instruction manual shall be furnished with each tank. The manual shall include instructions for the proper preparation of the tank foundation.
F. METHODS OF INSPECTION AND TESTS.
F-l. Inspection. Equipment furnished under this specification will be subject to inspection during and after the process of manufacture by authorized Government inspectors who shall be afforded proper facilities for determining compliance with this specification.
F-2. Tests for gasket material. The methods of test for the gasket material shall be as follows:
F-2a. Hardness. Hardness shall be determined with a shore durometer, type A. Three plies, superimposed, shall be used for test.
F-26. Tensile and aging tests. Tensile and aging tests shall be made in accordance with Federal Specification No. ZZ-R-601A.
F-2c. Aging test. Aging specimens shall be exposed for 168 hours to circulating air in a Geer oven at 158° F.
F-2d. Aviation fuel immersion. Test specimens for immersion test shall conform to Figure No. 2 of Federal Specification No. ZZ-R-601a. They shall be immersed in aviation fuel AN-813 at a temperature of 21° to 27° C. for 48 hours. Within 10 minutes after removal from the fuel the tensile strength shall be determined, calculations being based on dimensions just before load application.
F-2e. Volume increase. Volume increase shall be measured in accordance with Federal Specification No. ZZ-R-601a.
F-2f. Water immersion test. A sample approximately 1 inch by 2 inches shall be immersed in distilled water and boiled for 1 hour. The specimen shall show no surface tackiness, softening, or other
552517 0 - 43 - 12
173
indication of solubility and shall retain 90 percent of its original tensile strength.
F-2£. Brittle point. After cooling at — 40° C. in an air bath for 48 hours, a strip of the gasket material 1 inch by 5 inches shall not crack when folded double so that the opposing plane surfaces are in contact with each other to within inch from the fold.
F-2h. Ply separation. A sample approximately 1 inch by 2 inches shall be immersed in AN-813 fuel for 8 hours. After removal the sample shall be examined to determine evidence of separation into distinct layers or laminations.
F-2i. Compression set. The method described in A. S. T. M. D.-395-40 T, Method “B,” shall be used to determine the compression set.
6. PACKAGING, PACKING, AND MARKING FOR SHIPMENT.
G-l. Packaging and packing. Tanks required for oversea shipment shall be packaged and packed in accordance with the requirements of Army-Navy General Specification for Packaging and Packing for Oversea Shipment, No. 100-14A. Tanks required for domestic shipment shall be shipped in such manner as to insure arrival at destination in an undamaged condition, and shall be acceptable to the freight agent in compliance with the current issue of the Consolidated Freight
Classification. All equipment and parts shall be suitably protected to insure against damage during transit. The hardware, accessories, nuts, and bolts shall be coated with a suitable rust preventive and wrapped in oil paper. The hardware and acessories shall be packed in separate boxes from the gaskets, nuts, bolts and cement.
G-2. Marking. Shall be in accordance with Corps of Engineers, Tentative Specification T-l 739, Standard Requirements for Marking Corps of Engineers Shipments.
H. NOTES.
H-l. Copies of this specification may be obtained from the Office, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C.
NOTICE: When Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than in connection with a definitely related Government procurement operation, the United States Government thereby incurs no responsibility or obligation whatsoever, and the fact that the Government may have formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data, is not to be regarded by implication or otherwise as in any manner licensing the holder or any other person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto.
174
Designation: t
Section I
ORGANIZATION
Engineer Petroleum Distribution Company
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
16
17
18
19
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Headquarters platoon Operating platoon
Unit | Technician grade | Company headquarters | Safety section Laboratory sec- I tlon Camouflage sec- 1 tlon | Total Platoon i Platoon head* 1 quarters Far terminal 1 section 1 Near terminal 1 section 12 pipe fine operating section (each) Maintenance and transportation section | Total platoon Total company Attached medical Aggregate | Enlisted cadre
Captain ... First lieutenant Second lieutenant 1 1 1 .... 1 1 3 1 .... 1 — 1 2 1 1 2 4 ... 1 2 4 ...
Total commissioned 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 7 7 ...
Master sergeant, including Master mechanic (342) ..... 1 .... 2 (2) 3 (3) 3 (2) 3 (2) 2 (1)
uperaung ana pipc-nne construction foreman (usy;.... (1) (1) (1) ... (1) (1)
r irsL sergeant __ Technical sergeant, including 1 —— 1 1 1 1 — 1 1 2 1 2 1 1
camouflage supervisor (804) . Terminal supervisor (485)... (1) (1) (1) — (1) 8i ... |i) (1)
Dian sergeant, inciuamg . _ 2 2 2 — 6 1 1 13 19 1 20 5
Assistant safety engineer (4»b) Laboratory assistant (411) 42) (2) — (2) (2) — e! ... (2) (2) 8?
Medical (673) ...... ... Mess (824) (1) .... (1) (D (i) (1) (1) (i)
Motor (813)... (1) (1) (1) — (i)
Operating and pipe-line construction foreman (059).... (1) ...... (12) (12) --- (12) —
supply , Sergeant, including (1) 2 — — (1) 2 1 2 — 1 4 (1) 6 ... (1) 6 (1)
communications (042) (1) (1) (1) —
Dispatcher (materials and equipment) (769) (1) (1) ... —
Master mechanic (342) (1) (D (1) ... (1) —
Terminal operator, assistant (081)... (1) (2) (3) (3) ... (3) —
corporal, including 3 (1) 3 3 — 3 1
communications (MZ) (1) (1) ... —
Warehouseman (769) . (1) (1) Qi! --- (1) —
cierK, company lwo; (1) (1) — (1) (36 i (1) 37 (1) 1
Technician, grade 5 L ji„„ Private, first class.. deluding.. 32 — 2 .... 34 — 2 3 9 35 148 J 57 137 1 1 58 38 1
Private ) m (i) b(7) b(7) 152 1 53 —
Clerk, general (055). Clerk, general (055). Cook (060) Cook (060) 5 4 5 .... (1) 1) (7) (7) (1) 0) (2) 8i (7) ... $ (7) (7) (i) (i)
Cook s helper (062) b(12) (12) (12) — (12) --
Gauger (488)... b U) U) (4) (4) (4) —
Laboratory assistant (411). 5 . .... (2) - -- - (2) (2) — (2) —
Machinist helper (431) 5 °(4) 14) (4) — (4) —
Mechanic, repairman (487). 4 (D (I) (1) - -- (1) —
Mechanic, repairman (487) 5 (2) (2) (2) - -- (2) —
Operator, air compressor (467) 5 (1) (1) (I) — (1) —
Patrolman, pipe-line (489) (4) (48) (48) — (48) —
Pump station operator (081) 4 (2) (24) (24) - -- (24) —
Pump station operator (081). 5 (2) (24) (24) (24) —
Repairman, communications (646) 4 (1) (1) (1) (1) —
Repairman, communications (646) 5 (1) (1) (1) — (1) ...
Surgical technician (861) Surgical technician (861) Surgical technician (861) 4 5 (1) (1) (I) (I) (2) ...
(2) ...
Tractor operator (359) 5 (1) (1) W ... (1)
Truck, driver, heavy (245) 5 (1) (I) (i) - -- (1) —
Truck driver, light (345) 5 — . — —- — - . — (8) (8) (8) — (8) —
Truck driver, light (345). (13) (13) (13) — (13) —
Welder, combination (256) 4 (2) (3) (3) (3) — (3)
Basic (521) (2) — (1) (1) (13) (15) — (15) ---
Total enlisted 40 2 4 1 47 1 3 6 10 39 169 216 5 221 12
Aggregate 172
42 3 4 2 51 2 3 7 10 40 223 5 228 12
Compressor, air, motorized Shop, motorized, general purpose repair
E 1 1 1 — 1 ...
E 1 1 1 - - - 1 —
E Tractor, crawler type, gasoline engine driven, w/bull-dozer, 35 DBHP. ---- 1 1 1 ... 1 —
E E 0 Trailer, full flat bed, 8 ton Trailer, 2 wheel, utility pole type, 2)^ ton, type I — .... 1 2 1 2 1 2 175 ... 1 2 175 ...
0 Gun, machine, cal. .50, HB, flexible. 2 — 24 24 ... 24 ...
0 Launcher, grenade, Ml... 48 — 48 ...
0 0 Rifle, U. S. cal. .30, M1903 Launcher, rocket, AT .... 1 12 48 12 — 48 12
0 Trailer, 1-ton, 2-wheel, water tank, 250-gallon 2 2 2 — 2 —
0 Truck, J^-ton.. 6 6 6 — 6 —
0 Truck, 54-ton, weapons carrier... 3 3 3 — 3 ...
0 Truck, 2j+ton, cargo 6 6 6 — 6 ...
0 Truck, 2V?-ton, cargo, w/winch_ 6 6 6 6 ...
0 Truck, 4-ton. cargo, ponton .... 1 1 1 ... 1 —
Remarks
t Insert number of company.
* 1 captain or first lieutenant, Medical Corps; 1 ambulance. H-ton, 4 x 4; 1 ambulance driver (699) and 1 ambulance orderly (696) may be provided when two or more petroleum distribution companies are operating independently and no other medical facilities are available, when authorized by the War Department. The medical officer to be authorized only when required and available within the- continental United States, will be authorized prior to overseas departure.
b Mess personnel provided to operate 12 separate messes (one at each pumping station).
♦ Drives truck (1).
This unit is capable of constructing and operating 120 miles of pipe-line system composed of 12 pumping stations, 2 tank terminals and 2 warehouses. 1 engineer general service company is required when the construction of the pipe line must be completed within a short time.
The serial number symbol shown in parentheses is an inseparable part of the specialist designation. See AR 615-26.
Figure 138.
175
PERSONNEL CHART
FOR
120 MILE LORO, 12 POMP STATION, ENGINEER PETROIEUM DISTRIBUTION COMPANY “*---—--------------------------------------—----------------120 Miles---------------—-----------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------Captain— ------------------------------------------------, ------------1Bt Lieutenant--------------------<--------------------------------------- 1st Lieutenant---------------------------- ------------2nd Lieutenant------*- —*--------2nd Lieutenant----*- -<■ 2nd Lieutenant-*--•--------------2nd Lieutenant.- «-----------e----f, ---
Warehouse
'S __P.sg1 1 Headquarters Warehouse Bulk Station
___________ Depot Terminal
o _________
® Motorized m
& » --------- S
h 9 a
£ -------a, i ? I
is t I
| w | £ ------ 2
Pt* i a £
s 4 4 T
8-1 ufleur T/Sgt. 1-Communication £ 2-Gauger, T/5
2-Gauger T/5 1-Cook's Helper, T/4 & T/5 2-Asa’t Safety Engr., S/Sgt. ” Repairman T/4 & T/5 £ 1-Basic
1-Lab. Ass’t. T/5 2-Station Operator - T/5 1-lst Sergeant o 1-Dispatcher, s
4-Patrol 1-Mess S/Sgt. ° Material, Sgt. & Cpl. c
1-Motor S/3gt. 1-Welder (Comb.) T/4 “cc
1-Supply S/Sgt. 2-Truck Drivers T/5 *' c
l-0per., Air Compr. T/5 3-Truck Drivers Pf. «
6-Baslcs 2-Mach. Helper T/5
... „ * < . , 2-Clerk Cpl. & Pf. 1-Clerk T/5 ®
u +^ L t/i '
Truck, 2f ton, 6x6 Cargo 6 ’Drivers T/5
Truok, 2^ ton, 6x6 Cargo with Winch 6 7-Trnek Driver Pf
Truck, 4 ton, 6x6 Cargo with 12' Loading ’ ed 1 1-Traetor Onerstor T/a
Trailer, Full Flat Bed & Ten 1 1-Tractor Operator T/5
Trailer, 2 Wheel, Utility Pole Type, 24 Ton 2 ___________________
Trailer, 1 Ton, 2 Wheel, Water Tank 2 ... 1-Welder (Comb.) T/4 1-laboratory Ass’t., S/Sgt.
Tractor, Crawler Type, Gasoline Engine Driven, Officers 7 1-Basic 1-Latoratory Ass’t., T/5
with Bulldozer, 35 DBHP 1 Enlisted Men 221 1-Truck Driver T/5 1-Basic
1-Master Mechanic, Sgt. 1-Truck Driver, T/5
Total 22S 1-Mechanic Repairman, T/4
Total ffumber of Motor Vehicles ” 25
Figure 139.
176
APPENDIX II
SELECTED REFERENCES
FM 5-10 Communications, Construction, and Utilities. TM TM 5-230 Topographic Drafting.
5-235 Surveying.
FM 5-20 Camouflage. TM 5-236 Surveying Tables.
FM FM 5-21 5-25 Camouflage Painting of Vehicles and Equipment. Explosives and Demolitions. TM TM 5-240 5-269 Aerial Phototopography. Materials for Protective Concealment.
FM 21-45 Protective Measures, Individuals and Small Units. TM 5-280 Construction in the Theater of Operations.
FM FM TM 21-105 24-5 5-2’25 Engineer Soldier’s Handbook. Signal Communication. Rigging and Engineer Hand Tools. TM 5-281 Construction in the Theater of Operations.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1943
177
UNT LIBRARIES DfNTON TX 78203
1001895427
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