Endnotes

Endnotes

¹(1) The Role of Science in Making Good Decisions, June 10, 1998

(2) Communicating Science and Engineering in a Sound-Bite World, May 14, 1998

(3) The Irreplaceable Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research, April 22, 1998

(4) Math and Science Education Part II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to Succeed in Academia and Industry, April 1, 1998

(5) International Science, March 25, 1998

(6) Defining Successful Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research, March 11, 1998

(7) Math and Science Education 1: Maintaining the Interest of Young Kids in Science, March 4, 1998

Other Science Committee hearings on K12 education:

(8) Science, Math, Engineering, and Technology (SMET) Education in America--Collaboration and Coordination of Federal Agency Efforts in K12 SMET Education, October 29, 1997

(9) The Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)--A Comprehensive Analysis of Elementary and Secondary Math and Science Education, October 8, 1997

(10) Science, Math, Engineering, and Technology (SMET) Education in America--What Are We Trying to Teach, to Whom, and for What Purposes?, September 24, 1997

(11) The State Of Science, Math, Engineering, And Technology Education in America, July 23, 1997

2 Vannevar Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1945).

³Francis Narin, Kimberly S. Hamilton, and Dominic Olivastro, "The Increasing Linkage between U.S. Technology and Public Science," Research Policy 27 (1997): 317-330.

⁴Committee for Economic Development, America's Basic Research: Prosperity Through Discovery (New York: Committee on Economic Development, 1998) 11.

⁵M.I. Nadiri, Innovations and Technical Spillovers Working Paper no. 4423 (Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993).

⁶Congressional Budget Office, The Economic Effects of Federal Spending on Infrastructure and Other Investments (Washington: Congressional Budget Office, 1998) 25.

⁷Zvi Griliches, "The Search for R&D Spillovers," Scandinavian Journal of Economics 94, Supplement (1992) S29-S47.

⁸Kenan Patrick Jarboe and Robert D. Atkinson, "The Case for Technology in the Knowledge Economy," Policy Brief (Washington: Progressive Policy Institute, 1998) 9.

⁹Michael J. Boskin and Lawrence J. Lau, "Capital, Technology, and Economic Growth," Nathan Rosenberg, Ralph Landau, and David C. Mowery (eds.), Technology and the Wealth of Nations (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992).

¹⁰George Conrades, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

¹¹National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators--1998 (Arlington: National Science Foundation, 1998) A-176.

¹²Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Main Science and Technology Indicators 1998/1 (Paris: OECD, 1998) 16.

¹³George Conrades, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

¹⁴Michael Doyle, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

¹⁵Homer Neal, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

¹⁶George Conrades, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

¹⁷Claude Barfield, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

¹⁸George Conrades, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

¹⁹Department of Defense, Financial Management Regulation, Volume 2B, Budget Formulation and Presentation (Washington: Department of Defense, 1998) 5-2.

²⁰National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1995, 1996, and 1997, Volume 45, Detailed Statistical Tables (Arlington: National Science Foundation, 1997) 94.

²¹Department of Defense, Office of the Director, Defense Research and Engineering.

²²Study of Federal Health Related Research and Development, Office of Representative George R. Nethercutt, Jr.

²³Institute of Medicine, Committee on the NIH Research Priority-Setting Process, Health Sciences Policy Program, Health Sciences Section, Scientific Opportunities and Public Needs: Improving Priority Setting and Public Input at the National Institutes of Health (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998).

²⁴Jim McGroddy, testimony, hearing on "The Defining Successful Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 11 Mar. 1998.

²⁵George Conrades, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

²⁶Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, Task Force on Alternative Futures for the Department of Energy National Laboratories, Alternative Futures for the Department of Energy National Laboratories (Washington: Department of Energy, 1995).

²⁷P.L. 103-62

²⁸Jim McGroddy, testimony, hearing on "The Defining Successful Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 11 Mar. 1998.

²⁹Lewis Branscomb, testimony, hearing on "Defining Successful Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 11 Mar. 1998.

³⁰David Mowery, testimony, hearing on "Defining Successful Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 11 Mar. 1998.

³¹Charles Vest, testimony, hearing on "Defining Successful Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 11 Mar. 1998.

³²Caroline Wagner, testimony, hearing on "International Science," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 25 Mar. 1998.

³³Homer Neal, testimony, hearing on "International Science," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 25 Mar. 1998.

³⁴Bruce Alberts, testimony, hearing on "International Science," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 25 Mar. 1998.

³⁵Admiral James Watkins, testimony, hearing on "International Science," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 25 Mar. 1998.

³⁶J. Thomas Ratchford, testimony, hearing on "International Science," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 25 Mar. 1998.

             ³⁷National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators--1998 (Arlington: National Science Foundation, 1998) 6-31.

             ³⁸P.L. 105-34
             ³⁹William Todd, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.
             ⁴⁰National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, Data Brief: Six States Account for Half the Nation's R&D (Arlington: National Science Foundation, 1998).

             ⁴¹ http://www.rand.org/radius/

             ⁴² http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/overview.html

             ⁴³P.L. 96-517

             ⁴⁴Roger McClellan, testimony, hearing on "The Role of Science in Making Good Decisions," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 10 Jun. 1998.

             ⁴⁵Lindley Darden, "The Nature of Scientific Inquiry," http://www.inform.umd.

             ⁴⁶Dennis Barnes, testimony, hearing on "The Role of Science in Making Good Decisions," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 10 Jun. 1998.

             ⁴⁷John Graham, testimony, hearing on "The Role of Science in Making Good Decisions," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 10 Jun. 1998.
             ⁴⁸Stephen G. Breyer, "The Interdependence of Science and Law", address, American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting and Science Innovation Exposition, Philadelphia, 16 Feb. 1998.

             ⁴⁹Mark Frankel, testimony, hearing on "The Role of Science in Making Good Decisions," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 10 Jun. 1998.

             ⁵⁰Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 92-102, U.S. Supreme Court, 1993.
             ⁵¹Ina V.S. Mullis, Michael O. Martin, Albert E. Beaton, Eugenio J. Gonzalez, Dana L. Kelly, and Teresa A. Smith, Mathematics and Science Achievement in the Final Year of Secondary School: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) (Chestnut Hill: TIMSS International Study Center, Boston College, 1998).
             ⁵²Bill Nye, testimony, hearing on "Math & Science Education I: Maintaining the Interest of Young Kids in Science," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 4 Mar. 1998.
             ⁵³Willam Schmidt, testimony, hearing on "The Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)--A comprehensive analysis of elementary and secondary math and science education," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 8 Oct., 1997.
             ⁵⁴Michael Peralta, testimony, hearing on Math & Science Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to Succeed in Academia and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 1 Apr. 1998.
             ⁵⁵National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators--1998 (Arlington: National Science Foundation, 1998) 1-23-24.
             ⁵⁶President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology report, Panel on Educational Technology, Report to the President on the Use of Technology to Strengthen K-12 Education in the United States (Washington: Executive Office of the President of the United States, 1997) 96.
             ⁵⁷David Billington, testimony, hearing on "Math & Science Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to Succeed in Academia and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 1 Apr. 1998.
             ⁵⁸David L. Goodstein, testimony, hearing on "Math & Science Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to Succeed in Academia and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 1 Apr. 1998.
             ⁵⁹Earl Dowell, testimony, hearing on "Math & Science Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to Succeed in Academia and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 1 Apr. 1998.
             ⁶⁰National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers (Washington: National Academy Press, 1995) 144.
             ⁶¹Patrick J. Mulvey and Starr Nicholson, American Institute of Physics, Enrollments and Degrees Report (College Park: American Institute of Physics, 1998) 5.
             ⁶²Elizabeth Marincola and Frank Solomon, "The Career Structure in Biomedical Research: Implications for Training and Trainees," Molecular Biology of the Cell, in press (1998).
             ⁶³Sharon L. Hays, Biomedical Association of Stanford Students, At the Edge of a New Frontier: A Profile of the Stanford University Biomedical Ph.D. Class of 1996 and Recommendations for the Future (Stanford: Biomedical Association of Stanford Students 1996) 36-37.
             ⁶⁴Patrick J. Mulvey and Starr Nicholson, American Institute of Physics, Enrollments and Degrees Report (College Park: American Institute of Physics, 1998) 3.
             ⁶⁵National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators--1998 (Arlington: National Science Foundation, 1998) 2-18.
             ⁶⁶National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators--1998 (Arlington: National Science Foundation, 1998) 2-16.
             ⁶⁷Catharine Johnson, testimony, hearing on "Math & Science Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to Succeed in Academia and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 1 Apr. 1998.
             ⁶⁸National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers (Washington: National Academy Press, 1995) 77-84.
             ⁶⁹Phillip Griffiths, testimony, hearing on " Math & Science Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to Succeed in Academia
and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington,
1 Apr. 1998.
             ⁷⁰Association of American Universities, Committee on Postdoctoral Education, Report(Washington: Association of American Universities, 1998) 2.

             ⁷¹House Report 105-562, Part I.
             ⁷²National Research Council, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, Summary Report 1996: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998) 22-23.
             ⁷³Rick Chappell and Jim Hartz, testimony, hearing on "Communicating Science and Engineering in a Sound-Bite World," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 14 May 1998.
             ⁷⁴Deborah Blum, testimony, hearing on "Communicating Science and Engineering in a Sound-Bite World," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 14 May 1998.
             ⁷⁵Dr. Stuart Zola, testimony, hearing on "Communicating Science and Engineering in a Sound-Bite World," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 14 May 1998.