[U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]
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1. ADVICE TO AUTHORS AND EDITORS
1.1. This Style Manual is intended to facilitate Government
printing. Careful observance of the following suggestions will
aid in expediting your publication and also reduce printing
costs.
1.2. Changes on proofs add greatly to the expense of and
delay the work. Therefore, copy must be carefully edited before
being submitted to the Government Printing Office.
1.3. Legible copy, not faint reproductions, must be
furnished.
1.4. Copy should be on one side only with each sheet numbered
consecutively. If both sides of reprint copy are to be used, a
duplicate set of copy must be furnished.
1.5. To avoid unnecessary expense, it is advisable to have
each page begin with a new paragraph.
1.6. Proper names, signatures, figures, foreign words, and
technical terms should be written plainly.
1.7. The chemical symbols Al, Cl, Tl are sometimes mistaken
for A1, C1, T1. Editors must indicate whether the second
character is a letter or a figure.
1.8. Footnote reference marks in text and tables should be
arranged consecutively from left to right across each page of
copy.
1.9. Photographs, drawings, and legends being used for
illustrations should appear in the manuscript where they are to
appear. They should be on separate sheets, as they are handled
separately during typesetting.
1.10. If a publication is composed of several parts, a scheme
of the desired arrangement must accompany the first installment
of copy.
1.11. To reduce the possibility of costly blank pages, avoid
use of new odd pages and halftitles whenever possible.
Generally these refinements should be limited to quality
bookwork.
1.12. Samples should be furnished if possible. They should be
plainly marked showing the desired type, size of type page,
illustrations if any, paper, trim, lettering, and binding.
1.13. In looseleaf or perforated-on-fold work, indicate folio
sequence, including blank pages, by circling in blue. Begin
with first text page (title). Do not folio separate covers or
dividers.
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1.14. Indicate on copy if separate or self-cover. When
reverse printing in whole or in part is required, indicate if
solid or tone.
1.15. Avoid use of oversize fold-ins wherever possible. This
can be done by splitting a would-be fold-in and arranging the
material to appear as facing pages in the text. Where fold-ins
are numerous and cannot be split, consideration should be given
to folding and inserting these into an envelope pasted to the
inside back cover.
1.16. Every effort should be made to keep complete jobs of
over 4 pages to signatures (folded units) of 8, 12, 16, 24, or
32 pages. Where possible, avoid having more than two blank
pages at the end.
1.17. Indicate alternative choice of paper on the
requisition. Where possible, confine choice of paper to general
use items carried in inventory as shown in the GPO Paper
Catalog.
1.18. If nonstandard trim sizes and/or type areas are used,
indicate head and back margins. Otherwise, GPO will determine
the margins.
1.19. Customers should submit copy for running heads and
indicate the numbering sequence for folios, including the
preliminary pages.
1.20. All corrections should be made on first proofs
returned, as later proofs are intended for verification only.
All corrections must be indicated on the ``R'' set of proofs,
and only that set should be returned to the Government Printing
Office.
1.21. Corrections should be marked in the margins of a proof
opposite the indicated errors, not by writing over the print or
between the lines. All queries on proofs must be answered.
1.22. The following Government Printing Office and
departmental publications relate to material included in the
Style Manual. Most may be purchased from the Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
For lists of these and other such publications, request SB-077,
Graphic Arts, and SB-087, Communication and Office Skills.
Word Division, a supplement to Government Printing Office Style Manual,
144 pages. 1987. GP 1.23/4:St 9/supp.976. S/N 021-000-00139-2.
Basic rules for division of words; division into syllables of about
20,000 words.
Government Paper Specification Standards, Volume 11. 1999. Discontinued
as a subscription service. Sold as a single sales publication,
beginning with S/N 021-000-00174-1. O/N 99-20.
Basic manual in looseleaf form. Should be of value and interest to
paper manufacturers, printing establishments, and others concerned
with paper standards. Contains standards to be used in testing and
definitive color standards for all mimeograph, duplicator, writing,
manifold, bond ledger, and index papers.
Technical and scientific guides
American National Standard Guidelines for Format and Production of
Scientific and Technical Reports, 16 pages. American National
Standards Institute, Inc. ANSI/NISO Z39.18-1995.
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Prescribes the order and specifications of the elements of a
report. Takes into account the growing use of microform and
electronic storage and abstract services. Contains guidelines that
will help the researcher in locating, referencing, and comparing
source information. Covers type and page size, tables, formulas,
paper stock, and binding.
Data base publishing
Publishing From a Full Text Data Base. Graphic Systems Development
Division, Government Printing Office, 184 pages. Illustrated. 1983,
2d edition. S/N 021-000-00116-3.
Describes GPO's concept of full text data base development and
discusses such factors as design, application, and job control.
Microfiche specifications
National Standard Microfiche of Documents, 15 pages. National
Micrographics Association. ANSI PH5.9-1975 (NMA MS5-1975).
Specifications provided for microfiche intended for direct use by
the customer: ``distribution fiche.'' Offers definitions of some
terms.
Guide for Selecting Microfiche Requirements and Quality Attributes for
Microfiche Contract. Available from GPO, Manager of Quality Control
and Technical Department.
Correspondence style
U.S. Government Correspondence Manual, 92 pages. 1992. Book. S/N 022-
000-212-1.
Also helpful to writers and editors are such publications as:
Bartlett, John. Familiar Quotations: A Collection of Passages, Phrases,
and Proverbs Traced to Their Sources in Ancient and Modern
Literature. Edited by Justin Kaplan. 16th ed., revised and
enlarged. Boston: Little, Brown, 1992.
The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press. 14th ed.,
revised and expanded. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
New York Times Manual of Style and Usage. New York: Contains a
dictionary of names and terms primarily for newspaper writers.
Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language,
Unabridged. Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1964.
Words into Type. Based on studies by Marjorie E. Skillin, Robert M.
Gay, and other authorities. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1992.
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1.23. Corrections made to proofs by authors, editors, or
readers at departments should be indicated as follows:
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
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[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
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Note.--The system of marking proofs can be made easier by the use
of an imaginary vertical line through the center of the type area. The
placement of corrections in the left-hand margin for those errors found
in the left-hand portion of the proof and in the right-hand margin for
right-side errors prevents overcrowding of marks and facilitates
corrections.
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NOTES
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2. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
JOB PLANNING
2.1. The use of computers has dramatically altered every
phase of the printing industry beginning with the basic
planning of each new job. New publications are evaluated by
application specialists who review their requirements and
design the necessary formats. Each format is made to conform
exactly to the copy's specifications for page dimensions, line
length, indentions, typefaces, etc. Upon completion, sample
pages are produced and submitted to the customer. At this time,
the customer agencies are requested to indicate precise details
of any style changes because this set of pages serves as a
guide for the copy preparer, the beginning of actual
production.
2.2. In recent years, changes in the needs of the library
community have led to a move toward uniform treatment of the
component parts of publications. In developing standards to
guide publishers of Government books, consideration has been
given to the changing needs of those who seek to produce,
reference, index, abstract, store, search, and retrieve data.
Certain identifying elements shall be printed on all
publications in accordance with this Manual and with standards
developed by the (ANSI) American National Standards Institute, Inc.
Publications such as books and pamphlets should contain:
(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Name of department issuing or creating publication;
(c) Name of author(s) and editor(s) (department or
individual);
(d) Date of issuance;
(e) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and
address);
(f) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock
numbers if applicable; and
(g) The ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
(See ANSI Standard Z39.15, Title Leaves of a Book.)
Reports of a scientific or technical nature should contain:
(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Report number;
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[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
NOTES:
(1) This sample report cover is reduced in size.
(2) In this sample, items are justified left. Other cover designs and
typefaces are acceptable.
(3) This sample page was prepared according to the guidelines of the
American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42d St., New York, NY
10036. Users of ANSI standards are cautioned that all standards are
reviewed periodically and subject to revision.
[[Page 9]]
(c) Author(s);
(d) Performing organization;
(e) Sponsoring department;
(f) Date of issuance;
(g) Type of report and period covered;
(h) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and
address); and
(i) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock
numbers if applicable.
(See ANSI/NISO Standard Z39.18--1995, Scientific and
Technical Reports--Elements, Organization, and Design.)
Journals, magazines, periodicals, and similar publications
should contain:
(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Volume and issue numbers;
(c) Date of issue;
(d) Publishing or sponsoring department;
(e) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and
address);
(f) International Standard Serial Number; and
(g) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock
numbers if applicable.
(See ANSI Standard Z39.1, American Standard Reference Data
and Arrangement of Periodicals.)
MAKEUP
2.3. When the following elements occur in Government
publications, they should appear in the sequence listed below.
The designation ``new odd page'' generally refers to bookwork
and is not required in most pamphlet- and magazine-type
publications.
a. Frontispiece, faces title page.
b. False title (frontispiece, if any, on back).
c. Title page (new odd page).
d. Back of title, blank, but frequently carries such useful
bibliographic information as list of board members,
congressional resolution authorizing publication, note of
editions and printings, GPO imprint if departmental imprint
appears on title page, sales notice, etc.
e. Letter of transmittal (new odd page).
f. Foreword, differs from a preface in that it is an
introductory note written as an endorsement by a person other
than the author
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(new odd page). An introduction differs from a foreword or a
preface in that it is the initial part of the text; if the book
is divided into chapters, it should be the first chapter.
g. Preface, by author (new odd page).
h. Acknowledgments (if not part of preface) (new odd page).
i. Contents (new odd page), immediately followed by list of
illustrations and list of tables, as parts of contents.
j. Text, begins with page 1 (if halftitle is used, begins
with p. 3).
k. Glossary (new odd page).
l. Bibliography (new odd page).
m. Appendix (new odd page).
n. Index (new odd page).
2.4. Preliminary pages use small-cap Roman numerals. Pages in
the back of the book (index, etc.), use lowercase Roman
numerals.
2.5. Booklets of 32 pages or less can be printed more
economically with a self-cover. A table of contents, title
page, foreword, preface, etc., is not usually necessary with so
few pages. If some of this preliminary matter is necessary, it
is more practical if combined; i.e., contents on cover;
contents, title, and foreword on cover 2, etc.
2.6. Widow lines (lines less than full width of measure) at
top of pages are to be avoided, if possible, but are permitted
if absolutely necessary to maintain uniform makeup and page
depth. Rewording to fill the line is a much preferred
alternative.
2.7. Paragraphs may start on the last line of a page,
whenever necessary. If it is found necessary to make a short
page, the facing page should be of approximate equal depth.
2.8. A blank space or sink of 6 picas should be placed at the
head of each new odd or even page of 46-pica or greater depth;
pages with a depth of from 36 to 45 picas, inclusive, will
carry a 5-pica sink; pages less than 36 picas, 4 picas.
2.9. When top centered folios are used, the folio on a new
page is set 2 points smaller than the top folios. They are
centered at the bottom and enclosed in parentheses.
2.10. Where running heads with folios are used, heads are
included in overall page depth. However, first pages of
chapters and pages with bottom folios do not include the folios
as part of the overall page depth.
2.11. Jobs that have both running heads and bottom folios or
just bottom folios will align all of the page numbers on the
bottom in the margin, including those on preliminary pages. If
at all possible avoid use of running heads in conjunction with
bottom folios.
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2.12. Contents, list of illustrations, preface, or any other
matter that makes a page in itself will retain normal 6-pica
sink.
2.13. Footnote references are repeated in boxheads or in
continued lines over tables, unless special orders are given
not to do so.
2.14. When a table continues, its headnote is repeated
without the word Continued.
2.15. A landscape or broadside table that continues from an
even to an odd page must be positioned to read through the
center (gutter) of the publication when its size is not
sufficient to fill both pages.
2.16. A broadside table of less than page width will center
on the page.
2.17. Centerheads, whether in boldface, caps, caps and small
caps, small caps, or italic, should have more space above than
below. Uniform spacing should be maintained throughout the
page.
2.18. In making up a page of two or more columns, text
preceding a page-width illustration will be divided equally
into the appropriate number of columns above the illustration.
2.19. Two or more short footnotes may be combined into one
line, with 2 ems of space between.
\1\ Preliminary. \2\ Including imported cases. \3\ Imported.
2.20. All backstrips should read down (from top to bottom).
COPY PREPARATION
2.21. At the beginning of each job the proper formats must be
plainly marked. New Odd or New Page, Preliminary, Cover, Title,
or Back Title should also be plainly indicated.
2.22. Copy preparers must mark those things not readily
understood when reading the manuscript. They must also mark the
correct element identifier code for each data element, as well
as indicate other matters of style necessary to give the
publication good typographic appearance.
2.23. Preparers must indicate the proper subformat at the
beginning of each extension; verify folio numbers; and plainly
indicate references, footnotes, cut-ins, etc. Unless otherwise
marked, text matter will be set in 10-point solid and tables in
7 point. In tables utilizing down rules, unless a specific
weight is requested by the customer, hairline rules will be
used. (See rule 13.3.)
2.24. Quoted, or extract matter, and lists should be set
smaller than text with space above and below. Quotation marks
at the beginning and end of paragraphs should be omitted. If
the same type size is used, quoted matter should be indented 2
ems on both sides with space top and bottom, and initial and
closing quotes should be omitted.
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capitalization
2.25. Unusual use of capital and lowercase letters should be
indicated by the customer to guarantee correct usage.
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
2.26. Copy preparers must mark caps, small caps, italic,
abbreviations, indentions, and line breaks where necessary.
(For more detailed instructions, see the chapter ``Datelines,
Addresses, and Signatures.'')
Decimals and common fractions
2.27. In figure columns containing both decimals and common
fractions, such decimals and/or fractions will not be aligned.
The columns will be set flush right.
``Et cetera,'' ``etc.,'' and ``and so forth''
2.28. In printing a speaker's language, the words and so
forth or et cetera are preferred, but in FIC & punc. matter
etc., is acceptable. If a quoted extract is set in type smaller
than that of the preceding text and the speaker has summed up
the remainder of the quotation with the words and so forth or
et cetera, these words should be placed at the beginning of the
next line, flush and lowercase, and an em dash should be used
at the end of the extract.
Folioing and stamping copy
2.29. Folio numbers should be placed in the upper right
corner, preferably half an inch from the top.
Headings
2.30. The element identifier codes to be used for all
headings must be marked. Caps, caps and small caps, small caps,
caps and lowercase, lowercase first up (first word and proper
nouns capitalized), or italic must be prepared. (See rule
3.49.)
Pickup
2.31. The jacket number of a job from which matter is to be
picked up must be indicated. New matter and pickup matter
should conform in style.
Sidenotes and cut-in notes
2.32. Sidenotes and cut-in notes are set each line flush left
and ragged right, unless otherwise prepared, and are always set
solid. Sidenotes are usually set in 6 point, 4\1/2\ picas wide.
Footnotes to sidenotes and text should be set 21\1/2\ picas.
[[NOTE: Sec. 920. Abuse of the rule.]] An alleged violation of the
rule relating to admission to the floor presents a question of privilege
(III, 2624, 2625; VI, 579), but not a higher question of privilege than
an election case (III, 2626). In one case where an ex-Member was abusing
the privilege * * *.
[[Page 13]]
Signs, symbols, etc.
2.33. All signs, symbols, dashes, superiors, etc., must be
plainly marked. Names of Greek letters must be indicated, as
they are frequently mistaken for italic or symbols.
2.34. Some typesetting systems produce characters that look
the same as figures. A lowercase l resembles a figure 1 and a
capital O looks like a figure 0. Questionable characters will
be printed as figures unless otherwise marked.
Letters illustrating shape and form
2.35. Capital letters of the text face will be used to
illustrate shape and form, as U-shape(d), A-frame, T-bone, and
T-rail.
2.36. Plurals are formed by adding an apostrophe and the
letter s to letters illustrating shape and form, such as T's
and Y's. Golf tee(s) should be spelled, as shape is not
indicated.
2.37. A capital letter is used in U-boat, V-8, and other
expressions which have no reference to shape or form.
``Follow literally'' and ``FIC & punc.''
2.38. After submittal to the GPO, manuscript copy is rubber-
stamped ``Fol. lit.'' or ``FIC & punc.'' The difference between
these two typesetting instructions is explained thus:
Copy is followed when stamped ``Fol. lit.'' (follow
literally). Copy authorized to be marked ``Fol. lit.'' must be
thoroughly prepared by the requisitioning agency as to
capitalization, punctuation (including compounding),
abbreviations, signs, symbols, figures, and italic. Such copy,
including even obvious errors, will be followed. The lack of
preparation on copy so designated shall, in itself, constitute
preparation. ``Fol. lit.'' does not include size and style of
type or spacing.
Obvious errors are corrected in copy marked ``FIC & punc.''
(follow, including capitalization and punctuation).
2.39. In congressional hearings, the name of the interrogator
or witness who continues speaking is repeated following a head
set in boldface, a paragraph enclosed in parentheses, and a
paragraph enclosed in brackets.
In a head set in boldface, the title ``Mr.'' is not used, and
``the Honorable'' preceding a name is shortened to ``Hon.''
Street addresses are also deleted. Example: ``Statement of Hon.
John P. Blank, Member, American Bar Association, Washington,
DC.''
2.40. Paragraph or section numbers (or letters) followed by
figures or letters in parentheses will close up, as ``section
7(B)(1)(a),'' ``paragraph 23(a),'' ``paragraph b(7),''
``paragraph (a)(2)''; but section 9(a) (1) and (2); section 7 a
and b. In case of an unavoidable
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break, division will be made after elements in parentheses, and
no hyphen is used.
2.41. Bill style.--Bill copy will be followed as supplied.
Bills will be treated as FIC & Punc. This data is transmitted
to the GPO via fiber optic transmission with element identifier
codes in place, therefore, it is not cost effective to prepare
the manuscript as per the GPO Style Manual and update the data
once it is in type form.
2.42. Copy preparer's instructions, which accompany each job,
are written to cover the general style and certain
peculiarities or deviations from style. These instructions must
be followed.
Abbreviations
2.43. In marking abbreviations to be spelled, preparers must
show what the spelled form should be, unless the abbreviations
are common and not susceptible of more than one construction.
An unfamiliar abbreviation, with spelled-out form unavailable,
is not changed.
TYPE COMPOSITION
2.44. Operators and revisers must study carefully the rules
governing composition.
2.45. In correcting pickup matter, the operator must indicate
plainly on the proof what portion, if any, was actually reset.
2.46. Every precaution must be taken to prevent the soiling
of proofs, as it is necessary for the reviser to see clearly
every mark on the margin of a proof after it has been
corrected.
2.47. Corrections of queries intended for the author are not
to be made. Such queries, however, are not to be carried on
jobs going directly to press.
Leading and spacing
2.48. Spacing of text is governed by the leading, narrow
spacing being more desirable in solid than in leaded matter.
2.49. A single justified word space will be used between
sentences. This applies to all types of composition.
2.50. Center or flush heads set in caps, caps and small caps,
small caps, or boldface are keyed with regular justified spaces
between words.
2.51. Centerheads are set apart from the text by the use of
spacing. The amount of space varies with each publication;
however, more space is always inserted above a heading than
below. In 10-point type, the spacing would be 10 points over
and 8 points under a heading; in 8- and 6-point type, the
spacing would be 8 points above and 6 points below.
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2.52. Solid matter (text) is defined as those lines set
without horizontal space between them. Leaded text is defined
as lines separated by 1 or 2 points of space.
2.53. Unless otherwise marked, flush heads are separated from
text by 4 points of space above and 2 points of space below in
solid matter, and by 6 points of space above and 4 points of
space below in leaded matter.
2.54. Full-measure numbered or lettered paragraphs and quoted
extracts are not separated by space from adjoining matter.
2.55. Extracts which are set off from the text by smaller
type or are indented on both sides or indented 3 ems on the
left side (courtwork only) are separated by 6 points of space
in leaded matter and by 4 points of space in solid matter.
2.56. Extracts set solid in leaded matter are separated from
the text by 6 points.
2.57. Flush lines following extracts are separated by 6
points of space in leaded matter and by 4 points in solid
matter.
2.58. Footnotes are leaded if the text is leaded, and are
solid if the text is solid.
2.59. Legends are leaded if the text is leaded, and solid if
the text is solid. Leaderwork is separated from text by 4
points above and 4 points below.
Indentions
2.60. In measures less than 30 picas, the paragraph indention
is 1 em. Paragraph indentions in cut-in matter are 3 ems, overs
are 2 ems. Datelines and signatures are indented in multiples
of 2 ems. Addresses are set flush left.
2.61. In matter set 30 picas or wider, the paragraph
indention is 2 ems. Paragraph indentions in cut-in matter are 6
ems, overs are 4 ems. Datelines and signatures are indented in
multiples of 2 ems. Addresses are set flush left.
2.62. In measures less than 30 picas, overruns in hanging
indentions are 1 em more than the first line, except that to
avoid conflict with a following indention (for example, of a
subentry or paragraph), the overrun indention is made 1 em more
than the following line.
2.63. In matter set 30 picas or wider, overruns in hanging
indentions are 2 ems more than the first line, except that to
avoid conflict with a following indention (for example, of a
subentry or paragraph), the overrun indention is made 2 ems
more than the following line.
2.64. Indention of matter set in smaller type should be the
same, in points, as that of adjoining main-text indented
matter.
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2.65. Two-line centerheads are centered, but heads of three
or more lines are set with a hanging indention.
2.66. Overs in flush heads are indented 2 ems in measures
less than 30 picas, and 3 ems in wider measures.
Legends for illustrations
2.67. It is preferred that legends and explanatory data
consisting of one or two lines are set centered, while those
with more than two lines are set with a hanging indention.
Legends are set full measure regardless of the width of the
illustration. Paragraph style is acceptable.
2.68. Legend lines for illustrations which appear broad or
turn page (landscape) should be printed to read up; an even-
page legend should be on the inside margin and an odd-page
legend on the outside margin.
2.69. Unless otherwise indicated, legends for illustrations
are set in 8-point roman, lowercase.
2.70. Periods are used after legends and explanatory remarks
beneath illustrations. However, legends without descriptive
language do not use a period. (See rule 8.112.)
2.71. At the beginning of a legend or standing alone, Figure
preceding the identifying number or letter is set in caps and
small caps and is not abbreviated.
Figure 5, not Fig. 5 Figure A, not Fig. A
2.72. If a chart carries both a legend and footnotes, the
legend is placed above the chart.
2.73. Letter symbols used in legends for illustrations are
set in lowercase italic without periods.
PROOFREADING
2.74. All special instructions, layouts, and style sheets
must be sent to the Proof Section with the first installment of
each job.
2.75. If the proofreader detects inconsistent or erroneous
statements, it is his or her duty to query them.
2.76. If the grammatical construction of a sentence or clause
is questioned by a proofreader and it seems desirable to change
the form, he or she must indicate the proposed correction, add
a query mark, and enclose all in a circle.
2.77. All queries appearing on the copy must be carried to
the author's set of proofs.
2.78. Proofs that are illegible or are in any manner
defective must be called to the attention of the deskperson.
[[Page 17]]
2.79. The manner in which correction marks are made on a
proof is of considerable importance. Straggling, unsymmetrical
characters, disconnected marks placed in the margin above or
below the lines to which they relate, irregular lines leading
from an incorrect letter or word to a correction, large marks,
marks made with a blunt pencil, indistinct marks, and frequent
use of the eraser to obliterate marks hastily or incorrectly
made are faults to be avoided.
2.80. In reading proof of wide tables, the proofreader should
place the correction as near as possible to the error. The
transposition mark should not be used in little-known words or
in figures. It is better to cancel the letters or figures and
write them in the margin in the order in which they are to
appear.
2.81. To assure proper placement of footnotes, the
proofreader and reviser must draw a ring around footnote
references on the proofs, then check off each corresponding
footnote number.
2.82. Proofreaders must not make important changes in
indentions or tables without consulting the referee.
2.83. The marks of the copy preparer will be followed, as he
or she is in a position to know more about the peculiarities of
a job than one who reads but a small portion of it.
2.84. Any mark which will change the proof from the copy as
prepared must be circled in the margin.
2.85. All instructions on copy must be carried on proof by
readers.
2.86. Folios of copy must be run by the proofreader and
marked on the proof.
2.87. All instructions, comments, and extraneous notes on
both copy and proofs which are not intended to be set as part
of the text must be circled.
REVISING
Galley revising
2.88. The importance of revising proofs cannot be
overemphasized. Although a reviser is not expected to read
proof, it is not enough to follow the marks found on the proof.
He or she should be alert to detect errors and inconsistencies
and must see that all corrections have been properly made and
that words or lines have not been transposed or eliminated in
making the corrections.
2.89. A reviser must not remodel the punctuation of the
proofreaders or make any important changes. If an important
change should be made, the reviser must submit the proposed
change to the supervisor for a decision.
2.90. In the body of the work, new pages must be properly
indicated on the proof. (For new page information, see
``Makeup.'')
[[Page 18]]
2.91. All instructions and queries on proofs must be
transferred to the revised set of proofs.
Page revising
2.92. Page revising requires great diligence and care. The
reviser must see that the rules governing the instructions of
previous workers have been followed.
2.93. The reviser is responsible for marking all bleed and
offcenter pages.
2.94. A blank page must be indicated at the bottom of the
preceding page.
2.95. Special care must be exercised in revising corrected
matter. If it appears that a correction has not been made, the
reviser should carefully examine each line on the page to see
if the correction was inserted in the wrong place.
2.96. The following rules must be carefully observed:
a. See that the proof is clean and clear; request another if
necessary.
b. Verify that the galley proofs are in order and that the
data on the galleys runs in properly to facilitate continuous
makeup.
c. Make sure that different sets of proofs of the same job
are correctly marked in series (``R,'' ``2R,'' ``3R,'' etc.);
where a sheet is stamped ``Another proof,'' carry the same
designating ``R'' on the corresponding clean proof. Advance the
``R,'' ``2R,'' ``3R,'' etc., on each set of page proofs
returned from the originating office.
d. Run the page folios, make sure they are consecutive and
that the running heads, if used, are correct. Check connection
pages. Verify correct sequence for footnote references and
placement. It is imperative that footnotes appear or begin on
the same page as their reference, unless style dictates that
all footnotes are to appear together in one location.
e. Watch for dropouts, doublets, and transpositions.
f. Legend lines of full-page illustrations that appear broad
should be printed to read up--the even-page legend on the
binding or inside margin and the odd-page legend on the outside
margin.
g. If a footnote is eliminated, do not renumber the
footnotes; change footnote to read ``Footnote eliminated.''
2.97. If a footnote is added in proof, use the preceding
number with a superior letter added, as \15\a.
2.98. Where a table with footnotes falls at the bottom of a
page containing footnotes to text, print the table footnotes
above the text footnotes, separated by a rule 50 points long,
flush left, with spacing on each side of the rule. (See also
rule 13.77.)
[[Page 19]]
Press revising
2.99. Press revising calls for the exercise of utmost care.
The press reviser must be thoroughly familiar with the style
and makeup of Government publications. He or she is required to
OK all forms that go to press--bookwork, covers, jobwork, etc.,
and must see that all queries are answered. A knowledge of the
bindery operations required to complete a book or job and
familiarity with all types of imposition, folds, etc., is
helpful. The reviser must be capable of ascertaining the proper
head, back, and side margins for all work, to ensure proper
trimming of the completed job.
2.100. Although speed is essential when forms reach the press
reviser, accuracy is still paramount and must not be
sacrificed.
SIGNATURE MARKS, ETC.
2.101. Unless otherwise indicated, signature marks are set in
6-point lowercase and indented 3 ems.
2.102. Figures indicating the year should follow the jacket
number in signature marks:
125-327--00----4 116-529--00--vol. 1----3
116-529--00--pt. 5----3
2.103. When the allmark (O) and signature or the imprint and
signature appear on same page, the signature line is placed
below the allmark or imprint. (See rule 2.117.)
2.104. The allmark is placed below the page, bulletin, or
circular number but above the signature line, if both appear on
the same page.
2.105. Imprints and signature lines appearing on short pages
of text are placed at the bottom of the page.
2.106. On a congressional job reprinted because of change,
the House and Senate have approved the following styles:
House of Representatives: Senate:
17-234--00----2 17-235--00----2 (Star Print)
2.107. The following forms are used for signature marks in
House and Senate documents and reports printed on session
jackets:
H. Doc. 73, 00-1----2
S. Doc. 57, 00-2, pt. 1----2
H. Rept. 120, 00-2----8
S. Doc. 57, 00-1----2
S. Doc. 57, 00-2, vol. 1----2
S. Rept. 100, 00-2----9
2.108. In a document or report printed on other than a
session jacket, use the jacket number, year, and signature
number only, omitting the document or report number. (See rule
2.102.)
2.109. For pasters, the jacket number, the year, and the page
to be faced by the paster are used as follows (note
punctuation):
12-344----00 (Face p. 10)
[[Page 20]]
2.110. On a paster facing an even page, the marks are placed
on the lower right-hand side; on a paster facing an odd page,
the marks are placed on the lower left-hand side.
2.111. If more than one paster faces the same page, each is
numbered as follows:
12-344----00 (Face p. 19) No. 1
12-344----00 (Face p. 19) No. 2
2.112. When a paster follows the text, the allmark is placed
on the last page of the text and never on the paster.
REPRINTS, IMPRINTS, AND SALES NOTICES
Reprints
2.113. To aid bibliographic identification of reprints or
revisions, the dates of the original edition and of reprint or
revision should be supplied by the author on the title page or
in some other suitable place. Thus:
First edition July 1990
Reprinted July 1995
First printed June 1990
Revised June 1995
Original edition May 1990
Reprinted May 1995
Revised July 1997
2.114. The year in the imprint on cover, title page, or
elsewhere is not changed from that in the original print, nor
are the signatures changed, unless other mends are necessary.
Imprints
2.115. Unless otherwise stipulated, the Government Printing
Office imprint must appear on all printed matter, with the
exception of certain classified work.
2.116. The full GPO imprint is used on the title page of a
congressional speech.
2.117. The imprint and allmark are not used together on any
page; if one is used, the other is omitted.
2.118. The imprint is not used on a halftitle or on any page
of a cover, with the exception of congressional hearings.
2.119. If there is a title page, the imprint is placed on the
title page; but if there is no title page, or if the title page
is entirely an illustration, the imprint is placed on the last
page of the text 4 ems from flush right and below the bottom
folio.
2.120. The Government Printing Office crest is used only on
Government Printing Office publications. If it is printed on
page ii, the full imprint is used on the title page; if it is
printed on the title page, use the half imprint only, thus--
Washington : 2000.
[[Page 21]]
Sales notices
2.121. The use of sales notices is discouraged.
2.122. If there is a cover but no title page, the sales
notice is printed on the cover. Unless otherwise indicated, if
there is a title page, with or without a cover, the sales
notice is printed at the bottom of the title page below a cross
rule. If there is no cover or title page, the sales notice is
printed at the end of the text, below the imprint, and the two
are separated by a cross rule.
Imprint variations
2.123. This is one style of an imprint that can appear on the
title page.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office
Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov
Phone: 202-512-1800 Fax: 202-512-2250
Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
www.access.gpo.gov/su--docs
2.124. In the event that a title page is not used, the
imprint is printed on the last page and positioned flush left
below the text.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office
Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: 202-512-1800
Fax: 202-512-2250
Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
www.access.gpo.gov/su--docs
2.125. Outside-purchase publications are identified by an
open star at the beginning of the imprint line. These lines are
positioned 4 ems from the right margin.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000--456-789
2.126. Publications purchased outside which are reprinted by
the GPO use an em dash in lieu of the open star.
--U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000--456-789
2.127. Jobs set on outside purchase but printed by the GPO
use an asterisk in lieu of the open star.
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000--456-789
2.128. Publications produced from camera copy supplied to the
GPO are identified by cc printed at the end of the line.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000--123-456-cc
FRANKING
2.129. The franking (mailing) privilege on covers for
Government publications should be at least 1\1/8\ inches from
the trim.
[[Page 22]]
Bibliographies or references
2.130. There are many styles available to bibliographers, for
there are many classes of documents. A Government bulletin
citation, according to one authority, would be treated as
follows:
Author's name (if the article is signed); title of article (in
quotation marks); the publication (usually in italic), with correct
references to volume, number, series, pages, date, and publisher (U.S.
Govt. Print. Off.).
Therefore the example would read:
U.S. Department of the Interior, ``Highlights in history of forest and
related natural source conservation,'' Conservation Bulletin, No. 41
(serial number not italic), Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior (or
U.S. Govt. Print. Off.), 1997. 1 p. (or p. 1).
Another Government periodical citation would read as follows:
Reese, Herbert Harshman, ``How To Select a Sound Horse,'' Farmers'
Bulletin, No. 779, pp. 1-26 (1987), U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Clarity may be maintained by capitalizing each word in book
titles, but only the first word in the title of articles.
Other examples are:
Preston W. Slosson, The Great Crusade and After: 1914-1928 (New York:
Macmillan, 1930)
Edward B. Rosa, ``The economic importance of the scientific work of
the government,'' J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 10, 342 (1920)
or:
Preston W. Slosson, The Great Crusade and After: 1914-1928 (New York:
Macmillan, 1930)
Edward B. Rosa, ``The Economic Importance of the Scientific Work of
the Government,'' J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 10, 342 (1920)
Note that the principal words in both book titles and titles
of articles are capitalized. Consistency is more important in
bibliographic style than the style itself.
The science of bibliography is covered in many texts, and the
following references are available for study:
Bibliographic Procedures and Style: A Manual for Bibliographers in the
Library of Congress. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402.
Better Report Writing, by Willis H. Waldo. Reinhold Publishing Corp.,
New York, 1995.
Macmillan Handbook of English, by Robert F. Wilson. Macmillan Co., New
York, 1992.
A Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993.
Suggestions to Authors of the Reports of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402.
Words Into Type, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1994.
[[Page 23]]
3. CAPITALIZATION RULES
(See also ``Abbreviations and Letter Symbols'' and ``Capitalization
Examples'')
3.1. It is impossible to give rules that will cover every
conceivable problem in capitalization; but by considering the
purpose to be served and the underlying principles, it is
possible to attain a considerable degree of uniformity. The
list of approved forms given in chapter 4 will serve as a
guide. Obviously such a list cannot be complete. The correct
usage with respect to any term not included can be determined
by analogy or by application of the rules.
Proper names
3.2. Proper names are capitalized.
Rome
Brussels
John Macadam
Macadam family
Italy
Anglo-Saxon
Derivatives of proper names
3.3. Derivatives of proper names used with a proper meaning
are capitalized.
Roman (of Rome) Johannean Italian
3.4. Derivatives of proper names used with acquired
independent common meaning, or no longer identified with such
names, are set lowercased. Since this depends upon general and
long-continued usage, a more definite and all-inclusive rule
cannot be formulated in advance.
roman (type)
brussels sprouts
venetian blinds
macadam (crushed rock)
watt (electric unit)
plaster of paris
italicize
anglicize
pasteurize
Common nouns and adjectives in proper names
3.5. A common noun or adjective forming an essential part of
a proper name is capitalized; the common noun used alone as a
substitute for the name of a place or thing is not capitalized.
Massachusetts Avenue; the avenue
Washington Monument; the monument
Statue of Liberty; the statue
Hoover Dam; the dam
Boston Light; the light
Modoc National Forest; the national forest
Panama Canal; the canal
Soldiers' Home of Ohio; the soldiers' home
Johnson House (hotel); Johnson house (residence)
Crow Reservation; the reservation
[[Page 24]]
Federal Express; the express
Cape of Good Hope; the cape
Jersey City
Washington City
but city of Washington; the city
Cook County; the county
Great Lakes; the lakes
Lake of the Woods; the lake
North Platte River; the river
Lower California
but lower Mississippi
Charles the First; Charles I
Seventeenth Census; the 1960 census
3.6. If a common noun or adjective forming an essential part
of a name becomes separated from the rest of the name by an
intervening common noun or adjective, the entire expression is
no longer a proper noun and is therefore not capitalized.
Union Station: union passenger station
Eastern States: eastern farming States
United States popularly elected government
3.7. A common noun used alone as a well-known short form of a
specific proper name is capitalized.
the Capitol building in Washington, DC; but State capitol
building
the Channel (English Channel)
the Chunnel (tunnel below English Channel)
the District (District of Columbia)
the Soldiers' and Airmen's Home (District of Columbia
only)
3.8. The plural form of a common noun capitalized as part of
a proper name is also capitalized.
Seventh and I Streets
Lakes Erie and Ontario
Potomac and James Rivers
State and Treasury Departments
British, French, and United States Governments
Presidents Washington and Adams
3.9. A common noun used with a date, number, or letter,
merely to denote time or sequence, or for the purpose of
reference, record, or temporary convenience, does not form a
proper name and is therefore not capitalized. (See also rule
3.38.)
abstract B
act of 1928
amendment 5
apartment 2
appendix C
article 1
book II
chapter III
chart B
class I
collection 6
column 2
drawing 6
exhibit D
figure 7
first district (not congressional)
flight 007
graph 8
group 7
history 301
mile 7.5
page 2
paragraph 4
part I
phase 3
plate IV
region 3
room A722
rule 8
schedule K
section 3
signature 4
spring 1926
station 27
table 4
title IV
treaty of 1919
volume X
war of 1914
ward 2
[[Page 25]]
3.10. The following terms are lowercased, even with a name or
number.
aqueduct
breakwater
buoy
chute
dike
dock
drydock
irrigation project
jetty
levee
lock
pier
reclamation project
ship canal
shipway
slip
spillway
turnpike
watershed
weir
wharf
Definite article in proper place names
3.11. To achieve greater distinction or to adhere to the
authorized form, the word the (or its equivalent in a foreign
language) is capitalized when used as a part of an official
name or title. When such name or title is used adjectively, the
is not capitalized, nor is the supplied at any time when not in
copy.
British Consul v. The Mermaid (title of legal case)
The Dalles (OR); The Weirs (NH); but the Dalles region;
the Weirs streets
The Hague; but the Hague Court; the Second Hague
Conference
El Salvador; Las Cruces; L'Esterel
The National Mall; The Mall (Washington, DC only)
The Gambia
but the Congo, the Sudan, the Netherlands
3.12. In common practice, rule 3.11 is disregarded in
references to newspapers, periodicals, vessels, airships,
trains, firm names, etc.
the Washington Post
the Times
the Atlantic Monthly
the Mermaid
the U-3
the Los Angeles
the Federal Express
the National Photo Co.
Particles in names of persons
3.13. In foreign names such particles as d', da, de, della,
den, du, van, and von are capitalized unless preceded by a
forename or title. Individual usage, if ascertainable, should
be followed.
Da Ponte; Cardinal da Ponte
Den Uyl; Johannes den Uyl; Prime Minister den Uyl
Du Pont; E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Van Rensselaer; Stephen van Rensselaer
Von Braun; Wernher von Braun
but d'Orbigny; Alcide d'Orbigny; de la Madrid; Miguel de la
Madrid
3.14. In anglicized names such particles are usually
capitalized, even if preceded by a forename or title, but
individual usage, if ascertainable, should be followed.
Justice Van Devanter; Reginald De Koven
Thomas De Quincey; William De Morgan
Henry van Dyke (his usage)
Samuel F. Du Pont (his usage); Irenee du Pont
3.15. If copy is not clear as to the form of such a name (for
example, La Forge or Laforge), the two-word form should be
used.
De Kalb County (AL, GA, IL, IN)
but DeKalb County (TN)
[[Page 26]]
3.16. In names set in capitals, de, von, etc., are also
capitalized.
Names of organized bodies
3.17. The full names of existing or proposed organized bodies
and their shortened names are capitalized; other substitutes,
which are most often regarded as common nouns, are capitalized
only in certain specified instances to indicate preeminence or
distinction.
National governmental units:
U.S. Congress: 106th Congress; the Congress; Congress; the
Senate; the House; Committee of the Whole, the Committee;
but committee (all other congressional committees)
Department of Agriculture: the Department; Division of
Publications, the Division; similarly all major
departmental units; but legislative, executive, and
judicial departments
Bureau of the Census: the Census Bureau, the Bureau; but
the agency
Environmental Protection Agency: the Agency
Geological Survey: the Survey
Government Printing Office: the Printing Office, the Office
American Embassy, British Embassy: the Embassy; but the
consulate; the consulate general
Treasury of the United States: General Treasury; National
Treasury; Public Treasury; the Treasury; Treasury notes;
New York Subtreasury, the subtreasury
Department of Defense: Military Establishment; Armed
Forces; All-Volunteer Forces; but armed services
U.S. Army: the Army; All-Volunteer Army; the Infantry; 81st
Regiment; Army Establishment; the Army Band; Army
officer; Regular Army officer; Reserve officer; Volunteer
officer; but army shoe; Grant's army; Robinson's brigade;
the brigade; the corps; the regiment; infantryman
U.S. Navy: the Navy; the Marine Corps; Navy (Naval)
Establishment; Navy officer; but naval shipyard; naval
officer; naval station
U.S. Air Force: the Air Force
U.S. Coast Guard: the Coast Guard
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry; French
Army; British Navy
International organizations:
United Nations: the Council; the Assembly; the Secretariat
Permanent Court of Arbitration: the Court; the Tribunal
(only in the proceedings of a specific arbitration
tribunal)
Hague Peace Conference of 1907: the Hague Conference; the
Peace Conference; the Conference
Common-noun substitutes:
Virginia Assembly: the assembly; the senate; the house of
delegates
California State Highway Commission: Highway Commission of
California; the highway commission; the commission
Montgomery County Board of Health: the Board of Health,
Montgomery County; the board of health; the board
Common Council of the City of Pittsburgh: the common
council; the council
Buffalo Consumers' League: the consumers' league; the
league
Republican Party: the party
Southern Railroad Co.: the Southern Railroad; Southern Co.;
Southern Road; the railroad company; the company
Riggs National Bank: the Riggs Bank; the bank
Metropolitan Club: the club
Yale School of Law: Yale University School of Law; School
of Law, Yale University; school of law
3.18. The names of members and adherents of organized bodies
are capitalized to distinguish them from the same words used
merely in a descriptive sense.
[[Page 27]]
a Representative (U.S.)
a Republican
an Elk
a Federalist
a Shriner
a Socialist
an Odd Fellow
a Communist
a Boy Scout
a Knight (K.C., K.P., etc.)
Names of countries, domains, and administrative divisions
3.19. The official designations of countries, national
domains, and their principal administrative divisions are
capitalized only if used as part of proper names, as proper
names, or as proper adjectives. (See table on p. 228.)
United States: the Republic; the Nation; the Union; the Government;
also Federal, Federal Government; but republic (when not referring
specifically to one such entity); republican (in general sense); a
nation devoted to peace
New York State: the State, a State (a definite political subdivision of
first rank); State of Veracruz; Balkan States; six States of
Australia; State rights; but state (referring to a federal
government, the body politic); foreign states; church and state;
statehood; state's evidence
Territory (Canada): Yukon, Northwest Territories; the Territory(ies),
Territorial; but territory of American Samoa, Guam, Virgin Islands
Dominion of Canada: the Dominion; but dominion (in general sense)
Ontario Province, Province of Ontario: the Province, Provincial; but
province, provincial (in general sense)
3.20. The similar designations commonwealth, confederation
(federal), government, nation (national), powers, republic,
etc., are capitalized only if used as part of proper names, as
proper names, or as proper adjectives.
British Commonwealth, Commonwealth of Virginia: the Commonwealth; but a
commonwealth government (general sense)
Swiss Confederation: the Confederation; the Federal Council; the
Federal Government; but confederation, federal (in general sense)
French Government: the Government; French and Italian Governments: the
Governments; but government (in general sense); the Churchill
government; European governments
Cherokee Nation: the nation; but Greek nation; American nations
National Government (of any specific nation); but national customs
Allied Powers, Allies (in World Wars I and II); but our allies, weaker
allies; Central Powers (in World War I); but the powers; European
powers
Republic of South Africa: the Republic; but republic (in general sense)
Names of regions, localities, and geographic features
3.21. A descriptive term used to denote a definite region,
locality, or geographic feature is a proper name and is
therefore capitalized; also for temporary distinction a coined
name of a region is capitalized.
the North Atlantic States
the Gulf States
the Central States
the Pacific Coast States
the Lake States
East North Central States
Eastern North Central States
Far Western States
Eastern United States
the West
the Midwest
the Middle West
the Far West
the Eastern Shore
(Chesapeake Bay)
the Badlands (SD and NE)
the Continental Divide
Deep South
Midsouth
the Far East
Far Eastern
the East
Middle East
Middle Eastern
Mideast
Mideastern (Asia)
[[Page 28]]
Near East (Balkans, etc.)
the Promised Land
the Continent (continental Europe)
the Western Hemisphere
the North Pole
the North and South Poles
the Temperate Zone
the Torrid Zone
the East Side
Lower East Side (sections of a city)
Western Europe, Central Europe (political entities)
but
lower 48 (States)
the Northeast corridor
3.22. A descriptive term used to denote mere direction or
position is not a proper name and is therefore not capitalized.
north; south; east; west
northerly; northern; northward
eastern; oriental; occidental
east Pennsylvania
southern California
northern Virginia
west Florida; but West Florida (1763-1819)
eastern region; western region
north-central region
east coast; eastern seaboard
northern Italy
southern France
but East Germany; West Germany (former political entities)
Names of calendar divisions
3.23. The names of calendar divisions are capitalized.
January; February; March; etc.
Monday; Tuesday; Wednesday; etc.
but spring; summer; autumn (fall); winter
Names of historic events, etc.
3.24. The names of holidays, ecclesiastic feast and fast
days, and historic events are capitalized.
Battle of Bunker Hill
Christian Era; Middle Ages
Feast of the Passover; the Passover
Fourth of July; the Fourth
Ramadan
Reformation
Renaissance
Veterans Day
War of 1812; World War II
but war of 1914; Korean war; Vietnam war; gulf war
Trade names
3.25. Trade names, variety names, and names of market grades
and brands are capitalized. Common nouns following such names
are not capitalized.
Snow Crop (trade name)
Choice lamb (market grade)
Yellow Stained cotton (market grade)
Red Radiance rose (variety)
[[Page 29]]
Scientific names
3.26. The name of a phylum, class, order, family, or genus is
capitalized. The name of a species is not capitalized, even
though derived from a proper name. (See rule 11.9.)
Arthropoda (phylum), Crustacea (class), Hypoparia (order), Agnostidae
(family), Agnostus (genus)
Agnostus canadensis; Aconitum wilsoni; Epigaea repens (genus and
species)
3.27. In scientific descriptions coined terms derived from
proper names are not capitalized.
aviculoid
menodontine
3.28. Any plural formed by adding s to a Latin generic name
is capitalized.
Rhynchonellas
Spirifers
3.29. In soil science the 24 soil classifications are
capitalized.
Alpine Meadow
Bog
Brown
3.30. Capitalize the names of the celestial bodies Sun and
Moon, as well as the planets Earth, Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.
but the moons of Jupiter
Appellations
3.31. An appellation of historical, political, etc., events
used with or for a proper name is capitalized.
Big Four
Dust Bowl
Fall of Rome
Great Depression
Great Society
Holocaust
Hub (Boston)
Keystone State
New Deal
New Federalism
New Frontier
Prohibition
Third World
War on Poverty
Personification
3.32. A vivid personification is capitalized.
The Chair recognizes the gentlewoman from New York;
but I spoke with the chair yesterday.
For Nature wields her scepter mercilessly.
All are architects of Fate,
Working in these walls of Time.
Religious terms
3.33. Words denoting the Deity except who, whose, and whom;
names for the Bible and other sacred writings and their parts;
names of confessions of faith and of religious bodies and their
adherents; and words specifically denoting Satan are all
capitalized.
Heavenly Father; the Almighty; Lord; Thee; Thou; He; Him; but himself;
[God's] fatherhood
Mass; red Mass; Communion
Divine Father; but divine providence; divine guidance; divine service
Son of Man; Jesus' sonship; the Messiah; but a messiah; messiahship;
messianic; messianize; christology; christological
[[Page 30]]
Bible, Holy Scriptures, Scriptures, Word; Koran; also Biblical;
Scriptural; Koranic
New Testament; Ten Commandments
Gospel (memoir of Christ); but gospel truth
Apostles' Creed; Augsburg Confession; Thirty-nine Articles
Episcopal Church; an Episcopalian; Catholicism; a Protestant
Christian; also Christendom; Christianity; Christianize
Black Friars; Brother(s); King's Daughters; Daughter(s); Ursuline
Sisters; Sister(s)
Satan; the Devil; but a devil; the devils; devil's advocate
Titles of persons
3.34. Civil, religious, military, and professional titles, as
well as those of nobility, immediately preceding a name are
capitalized.
President Clinton
King George
Ambassador Acton
Lieutenant Fowler
Chairman Smith
Dr. Bellinger
Nurse Joyce Norton
Professor Leverett
Examiner Jones (law)
Vice-Presidential candidate Kemp
but baseball player Ripken; maintenance man Flow; group chief
Collins
3.35. To indicate preeminence or distinction in certain
specified instances, a common-noun title immediately following
the name of a person or used alone as a substitute for it is
capitalized.
Title of a head or assistant head of state:
William J. Clinton, President of the United States: the
President; the President-elect; the Executive; the Chief
Magistrate; the Commander in Chief; ex-President Bush;
former President Truman; similarly the Vice President;
the Vice-President-elect; ex-Vice-President Mondale
James Gilmore, Governor of Virginia: the Governor of
Virginia; the Governor; similarly the Lieutenant
Governor; but secretary of state of Idaho; attorney
general of Maine
Title of a head or assistant head of an existing or a proposed National
governmental unit:
Madeleine Albright, Secretary of State: the Secretary;
similarly the Acting Secretary; the Under Secretary; the
Assistant Secretary; the Director; the Chief or Assistant
Chief; the Chief Clerk; etc.; but Secretaries of the
military departments; secretaryship
Titles of the military:
General of the Army(ies): United States only; Supreme
Allied Commander; Gen. Henry H. Shelton, Chairman, Joint
Chiefs of Staff; Joint Chiefs of Staff; Chief of Staff,
U.S. Air Force; the Chief of Staff; but the commanding
general; general (military title standing alone not
capitalized)
Titles of members of diplomatic corps:
Walter S. Gifford, Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary: the American Ambassador; the British
Ambassador; the Ambassador; the Senior Ambassador; His
Excellency; similarly the Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary; the Envoy; the Minister; the
Charge d'Affaires; the Charge; Ambassador at Large;
Minister Without Portfolio; but the consul general; the
consul; the attache; etc.
Title of a ruler or prince:
Elizabeth II, Queen of England: the Queen; the Crown; Her
Most Gracious Majesty; Her Majesty; similarly the
Emperor; the Sultan
Charles, Prince of Wales: the Prince; His Royal Highness
Titles not capitalized:
Charles F. Hughes, rear admiral, U.S. Navy: the rear
admiral
Lloyd H. Elliott, president of George Washington
University: the president
C.H. Eckles, professor of dairy husbandry: the professor
Betty Acton, chairwoman of the committee; the chairman; the
chairperson; the chair
[[Page 31]]
3.36. In formal lists of delegates and representatives of
governments, all titles and descriptive designations
immediately following the names should be capitalized if any
one is capitalized.
3.37. A title in the second person is capitalized.
Your Excellency
Your Highness
Your Honor
Mr. Chairman
Madam Chairman
Mr. Secretary
but not salutations:
my dear General
my dear sir
Titles of publications, papers, documents, acts, laws, etc.
3.38. In the full or short English titles of periodicals,
series of publications, annual reports, historic documents, and
works of art, the first word and all important words are
capitalized.
Statutes at Large; Revised Statutes; District Code; Bancroft's History;
Journal (House or Senate) (short titles); but the code; the
statutes
Atlantic Charter; Balfour Declaration; but British white paper
Chicago's American; but Chicago American Publishing Co.
Reader's Digest; but New York Times Magazine; Newsweek magazine
Monograph 55; Research Paper 123; Bulletin 420; Circular A; Article 15:
Uniform Code of Military Justice; Senate Document 70; House
Resolution 45; Presidential Proclamation No. 24; Executive Order
No. 24; Royal Decree No. 24; Public Law 89-1; Private and Union
Calendars; Calendar No. 80; Calendar Wednesday; Committee Print No.
32, committee print; but Senate bill 416; House bill 61
Annual Report of the Public Printer, 1998; but seventh annual report,
19th annual report
Declaration of Independence; the Declaration
Constitution (United States or with name of country); constitutional;
but New York State constitution: first amendment, 12th amendment
Kellogg Pact; North Atlantic Pact; Atlantic Pact; Treaty of Versailles;
Jay Treaty; but treaty of peace, the treaty (descriptive
designations); treaty of 1919
United States v. Four Hundred Twenty-two Casks of Wine (law)
The Blue Boy, Excalibur, Whistler's Mother (paintings)
3.39. All principal words are capitalized in titles of
addresses, articles, books, captions, chapter and part
headings, editorials, essays, headings, headlines, motion
pictures and plays (including television and radio programs),
papers, short poems, reports, songs, subheadings, subjects, and
themes. The foregoing are also quoted.
3.40. In the short or popular titles of acts (Federal, State,
or foreign) the first word and all important words are
capitalized.
Revenue Act; Walsh-Healey Act; Freedom of Information Act;
Classification Act; but the act; Harrison narcotic law; Harrison
narcotic bill; interstate commerce law; sunset law
3.41. The capitalization of the titles of books, etc.,
written in a foreign language is to conform to the national
practice in that language.
First words
3.42. The first word of a sentence, of an independent clause
or phrase, of a direct quotation, of a formally introduced
series of items or phrases following a comma or colon, or of a
line of poetry, is capitalized.
[[Page 32]]
The question is, Shall the bill pass?
He asked, ``And where are you going?''
The vote was as follows: In the affirmative, 23; in the negative, 11;
not voting, 3.
Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime.
3.43. The first word of a fragmentary quotation is not
capitalized.
She objected ``to the phraseology, not to the ideas.''
3.44. The first word following a colon, an exclamation point,
or a question mark is not capitalized if the matter following
is merely a supplementary remark making the meaning clearer.
Revolutions are not made: they come.
Intelligence is not replaced by mechanism: even the televox must be
guided by its master's voice.
But two months dead! nay, not so much; not two.
What is this? Your knees to me? to your corrected son?
3.45. The first word following Whereas in resolutions,
contracts, etc., is not capitalized; the first word following
an enacting or resolving clause is capitalized.
Whereas the Constitution provides * * *; and
Whereas Congress has passed a law * * *;
Whereas, moreover, * * *: Therefore be it
Whereas the Senate provided for the * * *: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That * * *; and be it further
Resolved (jointly), That * * *
Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That
* * *. (Concurrent resolution, Federal Government.)
Resolved by the Senate of Oklahoma (the House of Representatives
concurring therein), That * * *. (Concurrent resolution, using name
of State.)
Resolved by the senate (the house of representatives concurring
therein), That * * * . (Concurrent resolution, not using name of
State.)
Resolved by the Assembly and Senate of the State of California
(jointly), That * * *. (Joint resolution, using name of State.)
Resolved by the Washington Board of Trade, That * * *
Provided, That * * *
Provided further, That * * *
Provided, however, That * * *
And provided further, That * * *
Ordered, That * * *
Be it enacted, That * * *
Center and side heads
3.46. Unless otherwise marked, centerheads are set in
capitals, and sideheads are set in lowercase and only the first
word and proper names are capitalized. In centerheads making
two lines, wordbreaks should be avoided. The first line should
be centered and set as full as possible.
3.47. In heads set in caps, a small-cap c or ac, if
available, is used in such names as McLean or MacLeod;
otherwise a lowercase c or ac is used. In heads set in small
caps, a thin space is used after the c or the ac.
3.48. In such names as LeRoy, DeHostis, LaFollette, etc.
(one-word forms only), set in caps, the second letter of the
particle is
[[Page 33]]
made a small cap, if available; otherwise lowercase is used. In
heads set in small caps, a thin space is used. (See rule 3.15.)
3.49. In matter set in caps and small caps or caps and
lowercase, capitalize all principal words, including parts of
compounds which would be capitalized standing alone. The
articles a, an, and the; the prepositions at, by, for, in, of,
on, to, and up; the conjunctions and, as, but, if, or, and nor;
and the second element of a compound numeral are not
capitalized. (See also rule 8.129.)
World en Route to All-Out War
Curfew To Be Set for 10 o'Clock
Man Hit With 2-Inch Pipe
No-Par-Value Stock for Sale
Yankees May Be Winners in Zig-Zag Race
Ex-Senator Is To Be Admitted
Notice of Filing and Order on Exemption From Requirements
but Building on Twenty-first Street (if spelled)
One Hundred and Twenty-three Years (if spelled)
Only One-tenth of Shipping Was Idle
Many 35-Millimeter Films in Production
Built-Up Stockpiles Are Necessary (Up is an adverb here)
His Per Diem Was Increased (Per Diem is used as a noun
here); Lower Taxes per Person (per is a preposition
here)
3.50. If a normally lowercased short word is used in
juxtaposition with a capitalized word of like significance, it
should also be capitalized.
Buildings In and Near the Minneapolis Mall
3.51. In a heading set in caps and lowercase or in caps and
small caps, a normally lowercased last word, if it is the only
lowercased word in the heading, should also be capitalized.
All Returns Are In
3.52. The first element of an infinitive is capitalized.
Controls To Be Applied
but Aid Sent to Disaster Area
3.53. In matter set in caps and small caps, such
abbreviations as etc., et al., and p.m. are set in small caps;
in matter set in caps and lowercase, these abbreviations are
set in lowercase.
Planes, Guns, Ships, etc.
Planes, Guns, Ships, etc.
James Bros. et al. (no comma)
James Bros. et al.
In re the 8 p.m. Meeting
In re the 8 p.m. Meeting
3.54. Paragraph series letters in parentheses appearing in
heads set in caps, caps and small caps, small caps, or in caps
and lowercase are to be set as in copy.
section 1.580(f)(1)
[[Page 34]]
Addresses, salutations, and signatures
3.55. The first word and all principal words in addresses,
salutations, and signatures are capitalized. See Chapter
``Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures.''
Interjections
3.56. The interjection O is always capitalized. Interjections
within a sentence are not capitalized.
Sail on, O Ship of State!
For lo! the days are hastening on.
But, oh, how fortunate!
Historic or documentary accuracy
3.57. Where historic, documentary, technical, or scientific
accuracy is required, capitalization and other features of
style of the original text should be followed.
[[Page 35]]
4. CAPITALIZATION EXAMPLES
(Based on the rules in the preceding chapter, ``Capitalization Rules'')
A-bomb
abstract B, 1, etc.
Academy:
Air Force; the Academy
Andover; the academy
Coast Guard; the Academy
Merchant Marine; the Academy
Military; the Academy
National Academy of Sciences; the Academy of Sciences; the academy
Naval; the Academy
but service academies
accord, Paris peace (see Agreement)
accords, Helsinki
Act (Federal, State, or foreign), short or popular title or with
number; the act:
Appropriation
Classification
Economy
Flood Control
Lend-Lease Act; but lend-lease materials, etc.
National Teacher Corps
Organic Act of Virgin Islands
Panama Canal
Pay
Public Act 145 (see also Public Act)
Revenue
River and Harbor Act of 1996
Selective Training and Service
Stock Piling
Tariff
Trademark
Walsh-Healey Act; but Walsh-Healey law (or bill)
act, labor-management relations
Acting, if part of capitalized title
ACTION (independent Federal agency)\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Not an acronym. Capitalization represents agency's preference.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Adjutant General, the (see The)
Administration, with name; capitalized standing alone if Federal unit:
Farmers Home
Food and Drug
Maritime
Veterans' (follow apostrophe)
but Reagan administration; administration bill, policy, etc.
Administrative Law Judge Davis; Judge Davis; an administrative law judge
Administrator of Veterans' Affairs; the Administrator
Admiralty, British, etc.
Admiralty, Lord of the
Adobe Acrobat Portable Document Format (PDF)
Adobe Acrobat Reader
Adviser, Legal (Department of State)
Africa:
east
East Coast
north
South
South-West (Territory of)
West Coast
African-American (see Black)
Agency, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
Federal unit:
Central Intelligence; the Agency
Chippewa (Indian); the agency
agent orange
Ages:
Age of Discovery
Dark Ages
Elizabethan Age
Golden Age (of Pericles only)
Middle Ages
but atomic age; Cambrian age; copper age; ice age; missile age; rocket
age; space age; stone age; etc.
Agreement, with name; the agreement:
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); the general agreement
International Wheat Agreement; the wheat agreement; the coffee
agreement
North American Free-Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Status of Forces; but status-of-forces agreements
United States-Canada Free-Trade Agreement; the free-trade agreement
but the Geneva agreement; the Potsdam agreement; Paris peace agreement
Air Force:
Air National Guard (see National)
Base (with name); Air Force base (see Base; Station)
Civil Air Patrol; Civil Patrol; the patrol
Command (see Command)
[[Page 36]]
One (Presidential plane)
Reserve
Reserve Officers' Training Corps
WAF (see Women in the Air Force)
Airport: La Guardia; Reagan National; the airport
Alaska Native (collective term for Aleuts, Eskimos, and Indians of
Alaska): the Native; but a native of Alaska, Ohio, etc.
Alliance, Farmers', etc.; the alliance
Alliance for Progress; the Alliance
Alliance for Progress Program
alliances and coalitions (see also powers):
Allied Powers; the powers (World Wars)
Atlantic alliance
Axis, the; Axis Powers; the powers
Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg)
Big Four (European); of the Pacific
Big Three
Central Powers; the powers (World War I)
European Economic Community (see also Common Market)
Fritalux (France, Italy, Benelux countries)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (see Organization)
Western Powers
Western Union (powers); the union
Allied (World Wars I and II):
armies
Governments
Nations
peoples
Powers; the powers; but European powers
Supreme Allied Commander
Allies, the (World Wars I and II); also members of Western bloc
(political entity); but our allies; weaker allies, etc.
Alzheimer's disease
Ambassador:
British, etc.; the Ambassador; the Senior Ambassador; His Excellency
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary; the Ambassador; Ambassador at
Large; an ambassador
amendment:
Social Security Amendments of 1954; 1954 amendments; the Social
Security amendments; the amendments
Baker amendment
to the Constitution (U.S.); first amendment, 14th amendment, etc.
American:
Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-
CIO); the federation
Gold Star Mothers, Inc.; Gold Star Mothers; a Mother
Legion (see Legion)
National Red Cross; the Red Cross
Veterans of World War II (AMVETS)
War Mothers; War Mothers; a Mother
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
AmeriCorps Program
Amtrak (National Railroad Passenger Corporation)
Ancient Free and Accepted Masons; a Mason; a Freemason
Annex, if part of name of building; the annex
ANSI Z39.50
Antarctic Ocean (see Arctic; Ocean)
appellations:
Bay State (Massachusetts)
Big Four (powers, railroad, etc.)
City of Churches (Brooklyn)
Fair Deal
Great Depression
Great Society
Holocaust
Keystone State (Pennsylvania)
New Deal
New Federalism
New Frontier
the Hub (Boston)
Third World
appendix 1, A, II, etc.; the appendix; but Appendix II, when part of
title: Appendix II: \2\ Education Directory
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ The colon is preferred; a dash is permissible; but a comma is too
weak.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AppleShare
AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP)
appropriation bill (see also bill):
deficiency
Department of Agriculture
for any governmental unit
independent offices
aquaculture; acquiculture
Arab States
Arabic numerals
Arboretum, National; the Arboretum
Archipelago, Philippine, etc.; the archipelago
Architect of the Capitol; the Architect
Archivist of the United States; the Archivist
Arctic:
Circle
Current (see Current)
Ocean
zone
but subarctic
arctic (descriptive adjective):
clothing
conditions
fox
grass
night
seas
Arctics, the
Area, if part of name; the area:
Cape Hatteras Recreational
White Pass Recreation; etc.
[[Page 37]]
Area--Continued
but area 2; free trade area; Metropolitan Washington area; bay area;
nonsmoking area
Arlington:
Memorial Amphitheater; the Memorial Amphitheater; the amphitheater
Memorial Bridge (see Bridge)
National Cemetery (see Cemetery)
Arm, Cavalry, Infantry, etc. (military); the arm
Armed Forces (synonym for overall Military Establishment); British Armed
Forces; the Armed Forces of the United States
armed services
armistice
Armory, Springfield, etc.; the armory
Army, American or foreign, if part of name; capitalized standing alone
only if referring to U.S. Army:
Active; Active-Duty
Adjutant General, the
All-Volunteer
Band (see Band)
branches; Gordon Highlanders; Royal Guards; etc.
Brigade, 1st, etc.; the brigade; Robinson's brigade
Command (see Command)
Command and General Staff College (see College)
Company A; A Company; the company
Confederate (referring to Southern Confederacy); the Confederates
Continental; Continentals
Corps (see Corps)
District of Washington (military); the district
Division, 1st, etc.; the division
Engineers (the Corps of Engineers); the Engineers; but Army engineer
Establishment
Field Establishment
Field Forces (see Forces)
Finance Department; the Department
1st, etc.
General of the Army; but the general
General Staff; the Staff
Headquarters, 1st Regiment
Headquarters of the; the headquarters
Hospital Corps (see Corps)
Medical Museum (see Museum)
Organized Reserves; the Reserves
Regiment, 1st, etc.; the regiment
Regular Army officer; a Regular
Revolutionary (American, British, French, etc.)
service
Surgeon General, the (see Surgeon General)
Volunteer; the Volunteers; a Volunteer
army:
Lee's army; but Clark's 5th Army
mobile
mule, shoe, etc.
of occupation; occupation army
Red
Arsenal, Rock Island, etc.; the arsenal
article 15; but Article 15, when part of title: Article 15: Uniform Code
of Military Justice
Articles
of Confederation (U.S.)
of Impeachment; the articles
Assembly of New York; the assembly (see also Legislative Assembly)
Assembly (see United Nations)
Assistant, if part of capitalized title; the assistant
assistant, Presidential (see Presidential)
Assistant Secretary (see Secretary)
Associate Justice (see Supreme Court)
Association, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
Federal unit:
American Association for the Advancement of Science; the association
Federal National Mortgage (Fannie Mae); the Association
Young Women's Christian; the association
Astrophysical Observatory (see Observatory)
Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM)
Atlantic:
Charter (see Charter)
coast
community
Coast States
Destroyer Flotilla; the destroyer flotilla; the flotilla
Fleet (see Fleet)
mid-Atlantic
North
Pact (see Pact)
seaboard
slope
South
time, standard time (see time)
but cisatlantic; transatlantic
Attorney General (U.S. or foreign country); but attorney general of
Maine, etc.
attorney, U.S.
Authority, capitalized standing alone if referring to Federal unit:
National Shipping; the Authority
Port of New York; the port authority; the authority
St. Lawrence Seaway Authority of Canada; the authority
Tennessee Valley; the Authority
Auto Train (Amtrak)
autumn
Avenue, Constitution, etc.; the avenue
Award: Academy, Distinguished Service, Merit, Mother of the Year, etc.;
the award (see also decorations, etc.)
Axis, the (see alliances)
Ayatollah
[[Page 38]]
Badlands (SD and NE)
Balkan States (see States)
Baltic States (see States)
Band, if part of name; the band:
Army, Marine, Navy
Eastern, etc. (of Cherokee Indians)
Bank, if part of name; the bank; capitalized standing alone if referring
to international bank:
Export-Import Bank of the United States; Ex-Im Bank; the Bank
Farm Loan Bank of Dallas; Dallas Farm Loan Bank; farm loan bank; farm
loan bank at Dallas
Farmers & Mechanics, etc.
Federal home loan bank at Cumberland
Federal Land Bank of Louisville; Louisville Federal Land Bank; land
bank at Louisville; Federal land bank
Federal Reserve Bank of New York; Richmond Federal Reserve Bank; but
Reserve bank at Richmond; Federal Reserve bank; Reserve bank;
Reserve city
First National, etc.
German Central; the Bank
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the Bank
International Monetary; the Bank
International World; the Bank
but blood bank, central reserve, soil bank
Bar, if part of name; Maryland (State) Bar Association; Maryland (State)
bar; the State bar; the bar association
Barracks, if part of name; the barracks:
Carlisle
Disciplinary (Leavenworth)
Marine (District of Columbia)
but A barracks; barracks A; etc.
Base, Andrews Air Force; Air Force base; the base (see also Naval); but
Sandia Base
Basin (see geographic terms)
Battery, the (New York City)
Battle, if part of name; the battle:
of Gettysburg; but battle at Gettysburg; etc.
of the Bulge; of the Marne; of the Wilderness; of Waterloo; etc.
battlefield, Bull Run, etc.
battleground, Manassas, etc.
Bay, San Francisco Bay area; the bay area
Belt, if part of name; the belt:
Bible
Corn
Cotton
Dairy
Farm
Ice
Oil
Rust
Sun
Wheat
but money belt
Beltway, capitalized with name; the beltway
Bench (see Supreme Bench)
Benelux (see alliances)
Bible; Biblical; Scriptures; Ten Commandments; etc. (see also book)
Bible Belt (see Belt)
Bicentennial
Commission; the Commission
the Bicentennial
celebration, ceremony
State bicentennial
a bicentennial (general sense)
bill, Kiess; Senate bill 217; House bill 31 (see also appropriation
bill)
Bill of Rights (historic document); but GI bill of rights
Bizonia; bizonal; bizone
Black (synonym for African-American)
Black Caucus (see Congressional)
bloc (see Western)
block (grants)
Bluegrass region, etc.
B'nai B'rith
Board, if part of name; capitalized standing alone only if referring to
Federal or international board:
Employees' Compensation Appeals
Federal Maritime
Federal Reserve (see Federal)
General (Navy)
Loyalty Review
Macy Board, etc. (Federal board with name of person)
Military Production and Supply (NATO)
National Labor Relations
of Directors (Federal unit); but board of directors (nongovernmental)
of Health of Montgomery County; Montgomery County Board of Health; the
board of health; the board
of Managers (of the Soldiers' Home)
of Regents (Smithsonian)
of Visitors (Military and Naval Academies)
on Geographic Names
Railroad Retirement
Bolshevik; Bolsheviki (collective plural); Bolshevist; bolshevism
bond:
Government
savings
series EE
Treasury
war
book:
books of the Bible
First Book of Samuel; etc.
Good Book (synonym for Bible)
book 1, I, etc.; but Book 1, when part of title: Book 1: The Golden
Legend
Boolean logic
Boolean operator
Boolean search
Border Patrol (U.S.)
border, United States-Mexican
[[Page 39]]
Borough, if part of name: Borough of the Bronx; the borough
Botanic Garden (National); the garden (not Botanical Gardens)
Bowl, Dust, Ice, Rose, etc.; the bowl
Boxer Rebellion (see Rebellion)
Boy Scouts (the organization); a Boy Scout; a Scout; Scouting; Eagle
Scout; Explorer Scout
Branch, if part of name; capitalized standing alone only if referring to
a Federal unit:
Accounts Branch
Public Buildings Branch
but executive, judicial, or legislative branch
Bridge, if part of name; the bridge:
Arlington Memorial; Memorial
Francis Scott Key; Key
M Street
but Baltimore & Ohio Railroad bridge
Brother(s) (adherent of religious order)
Budget of the United States (publication); the Budget (Office implied);
the budget
budget:
department
estimate
Federal
message
performance-type
President's
Building, if part of name; the building:
Capitol (see Capitol Building)
Colorado
House (or Senate) Office
Investment
New House (or Senate) Office
Old House Office
Pentagon
the National Archives; the Archives
Treasury; Treasury Annex
bulletin board service (BBS)
Bulletin 420; Farmers' Bulletin No. 420
Bureau, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
Federal or international unit:
of Customs (name changed to U.S. Customs Service)
of Engraving and Printing
of Indian Affairs
of Social Hygiene, New York; the bureau; etc.
C-SPAN
Cabinet, American or foreign, if part of name or standing alone (see
also foreign cabinets):
British Cabinet; the Cabinet
the President's Cabinet; the Cabinet; Cabinet officer, member
cache
Calendar, if part of name; the calendar:
Consent; etc.
House
No. 99; Calendars Nos. 1 and 2
of Bills and Resolutions
Private
Calendar--Continued
Senate
Unanimous Consent
Union
Wednesday (legislative)
Cambrian age (see Ages)
Camp Lejeune; David, etc.; the camp
Canal, with name; the canal:
Cross-Florida Barge
Isthmian
Panama
Zone (Isthmian); the zone (see also Government)
Cape (see geographic terms)
Capital, Capital City, National Capital (Washington, DC); but the
capital (State)
Capitol Building (with State name); the capitol
Capitol, the (Washington, DC):
Architect of
Building
caucus room
Chamber
Cloakroom
dome
Grounds
Halls (House and Senate)
Halls of Congress
Hill; the Hill
Police (see Police)
Power Plant
Prayer Room
Press Gallery, etc.
rotunda
Senate wing
stationery room
Statuary Hall
the well (House or Senate)
west front
catch-22
caucus: Republican; but Black Caucus (incorporated name); Sun Belt
Caucus; Decimal Caucus
CD-ROM
Cemetery, if part of name: Arlington National; the cemetery
Census:
Nineteenth Decennial (title); Nineteenth Census (title); the census
1980 census
1980 Census of Agriculture; the census of agriculture; the census
the 14th and subsequent decennial censuses
Center, if part of name; the Center (Federal); the center (non-Federal):
Agricultural Research, etc.; the Center (Federal)
Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts; the Kennedy Center; the Center
(Federal)
the Lincoln Center; the center (non-Federal)
central Asia, etc.
Central America
Central Europe
central processing unit (CPU)
[[Page 40]]
Central States
central time (see time)
century, first, 21st, etc.
Chair, the, if personified
Chairman:
of the Board of Directors; the Chairman (Federal); but chairman of the
board of directors (non-Federal)
of the Committee of the Whole House; the Chairman
of the Federal Trade Commission; the Chairman
chairman (congressional):
of the Appropriations Committee
of the Subcommittee on Banking
but Chairman Davis
Chamber of Commerce; the chamber:
of Ada; Ada Chamber of Commerce; the chamber of commerce
of the United States; U.S. Chamber of Commerce; the chamber of
commerce; national chamber
Chamber, the (Senate or House)
channel 3 (TV); the channel
Chaplain (House or Senate); but Navy chaplain
chapter 5, II, etc.; but Chapter 5, when part of title: Chapter 5:
Research and Development; Washington chapter, Red Cross
Charge d'Affaires, British, etc.; the Charge d'Affaires; the Charge
chart 2, A, II, etc.; but Chart 2, when part of legend: Chart 2.--Army
strength
Charter, capitalized with name; the charter:
Atlantic
United Nations
cheese: Camembert, Cheddar, Parmesan, Provolone, Roquefort, etc.
Chief, if referring to head of Federal unit; the Chief:
Forester (see Forester)
Intelligence Office
Justice (U.S. Supreme Court); but chief justice (of a State)
Magistrate (the President)
of Division of Publications
of Engineers (Army)
of Naval Operations
of Staff
Chief Clerk, if referring to head of Federal unit
Chief Judge, if referring to Federal unit
Christian; Christian name, etc.; Christendom; Christianity;
Christianize; but christen
church and state
church calendar:
Christmas
Easter
Lent
Whitsuntide (Pentecost)
Church, if part of name of organization or building
Circle, if part of name; the circle:
Arctic
Logan
but great circle
Circular 420
cities, sections of, official or popular names:
East Side
French Quarter (New Orleans)
Latin Quarter (Paris)
North End
Northwest Washington, etc. (District of Columbia); the Northwest; but
northwest (directional)
the Loop (Chicago)
City, if part of corporate or popular name; the city:
Hub (Boston)
Kansas City; the two Kansas Citys
Mexico City
New York City; but city of New York
Twin Cities
Washington City; but city of Washington
Windy City (Chicago)
but Reserve city (see Bank)
civil action No. 46
civil defense
Civil Service Commission (obsolete) (now Office of Personnel Management)
Civil War (see War)
Clan, if part of tribal name; Clan MacArthur; the clan
class 2, A, II, etc.; but Class 2 when part of title: Class 2: Leather
Products
Clerk, the, of the House of Representatives; of the Supreme Court of the
United States
clerk, the, of the Senate
client
client/server
coal sizes: pea, barley, buckwheat, stove, etc.
coalition; coalition force; coalition members, etc.
coast: Atlantic, east, gulf, west, etc.
Coast Guard, U.S.; the Coast Guard; Coastguardsman Smith; but a
coastguardsman; a guardsman; Reserve
Coastal Plain (Atlantic and Gulf)
Code (in shortened title of a publication); the code:
District
Federal Criminal
Internal Revenue (also Tax Code)
International (signal)
of Federal Regulations
Penal; Criminal; etc.
Pennsylvania State
Radio
Television
Uniform Code of Military Justice
United States
ZIP Code (copyrighted)
but civil code; flag code; Morse code
codel (congressional delegation)
collection, Brady, etc.; the collection
collector of customs
[[Page 41]]
College, if part of name; the college:
Armed Forces Staff
Command and General Staff
Gettysburg
National War
of Bishops
but electoral college
college degrees: bachelor of arts, master's, etc.
Colonials (American Colonial Army); but colonial times, etc.
Colonies, the:
Thirteen
Thirteen American
Thirteen Original
but 13 separate Colonies
colonists, the
Command, capitalize with name; the command:
Air Materiel
GHQ Far East
Joint Far Eastern
Potomac River Naval
Zone of Interior
Commandant, the (Coast Guard or Marine Corps only)
Commandos, the; Commando raid; a commando
Commission (if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
Federal or international commission):
Alaska Road
International Boundary, United States, Alaska, and Canada
of Fine Arts
on Civil Rights
Public Buildings
Commissioner, if referring to Federal or international commission; the
Commissioner:
Land Bank; but land bank commissioner loans
of Customs
of Immigration and Naturalization
of the Five Civilized Tribes, etc.
U.S. (International Boundary Commission, etc.)
but a U.S. commissioner
Committee (or Subcommittee) (if part of name; the Committee, if
referring to international or noncongressional Federal committee
or to the Committee of the Whole, the Committee of the Whole
House, or the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the
Union):
American Medical Association Committee on Education; the committee on
education; the committee
Appropriations, etc.; the committee; Subcommittee on Appropriations;
the subcommittee; subcommittee of the Appropriations Committee
Democratic National; the national committee; the committee; Democratic
national committeeman
Democratic policy committee; the committee
Interagency Advisory Committee on Domestic Transport and Storage and
Post Utilization; the Committee
Joint Committee on Taxation; the Joint Committee; the committee; but a
joint committee
of Defense Ministers (NATO); the Committee (see also Organization,
North Atlantic Treaty)
of One Hundred, etc.; the committee
on Finance; the committee
on Public Safety; the committee
President's Advisory Committee on Management; the Committee
Republican National; the national committee; the committee; Republican
national committeeman
Republican policy committee; the committee
Senate policy committee
Subcommittee No. 5, etc.; the subcommittee
Subcommittee on Immigration; the subcommittee
but Baker committee
ad hoc committee
conference committee
Committee Print No. 32; Committee Prints Nos. 8 and 9; committee print
Common Cause
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
Commonwealth of Australia, Virginia, etc.; British Commonwealth; the
Commonwealth
Commune (of Paris)
Communist; communism; communistic
Compact Disk Interactive (CD-I)
Compact Disk--Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)
Compact Disk--Recordable (CD-R)
compact, U.S. marine fisheries, etc.; the compact
Company, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
unit of Federal Government:
Alaska Railroad Company; the Company
Panama Railroad Company; the Company
Procter & Gamble Co.; the company
COM port
Comptroller of the Currency; the Comptroller
Comptroller General (U.S.); the Comptroller
Comsat
Concord
conelrad
Confederacy (of the South)
Confederate:
Army
Government
soldier
States
Confederation, Swiss; the Confederation
[[Page 42]]
Conference, if referring to governmental (U.S.) or international
conference:
Bretton Woods; the Conference
Judicial Conference of the United States; U.S. Judicial Conference;
Judicial Conference; the Conference
Tenth Annual Conference of the United Methodist Churches; the
conference
Congress (convention), if part of name; capitalized standing alone if
referring to international congress:
International Good Roads; Good Roads; the Congress
of Parents and Teachers, National; the congress
Congress (legislature), if referring to national congress:
of Bolivia, etc.; the Congress
of the United States; First, Second, 11th, 82d, etc.; the Congress
Congressional:
Black Caucus; the Black Caucus; the caucus
Directory, the directory
District, First, 11th, etc.; the First District; the congressional
district; the district
Library; the Library
Medal of Honor (see decorations)
but congressional action, committee, etc.
Congressman; Congresswoman; Congressman at Large; Member of Congress;
Member; membership
Constitution, with name of country; capitalized standing alone when
referring to a specific national constitution; but New York State
Constitution; the constitution
constitutional
consul, British, etc.
consul general, British, etc.
consulate, British, etc.
Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and Telephony
(CCITT)
Consumer Price Index (official title); the price index; the index; but a
consumers' price index (descriptive)
Contadora group
Continent, only if following name; American Continent; the continent;
but the Continent (continental Europe)
Continental:
Army; the Army
Congress; the Congress
Divide (see Divide)
Outer Continental Shelf
Shelf; the shelf; a continental shelf
continental:
Europe, United States, etc.
not worth a continental [dollar]
Continentals (Revolutionary soldiers)
Contra
Convention, governmental (U.S.), international, or national political;
the convention:
Constitutional (United States, 1787); the Convention
Democratic National; Democratic
Genocide (international)
19th Annual Convention of the American Legion
on International Civil Aviation
Universal Postal Union; Postal Union
also International Postal; Warsaw
copper age (see Ages)
Corn Belt (see Belt)
Corporation, if part of name; the Corporation, if referring to unit of
Federal Government:
Commodity Credit
Federal Deposit Insurance
National Railroad Passenger (Amtrak)
Rand Corp.; the corporation (see also abbreviations)
St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
Union Carbide Corp.; the corporation
Virgin Islands
Corps, if part of name; the corps, all other uses:
Adjutant General's
Army Hospital
Artillery
Chemical
Counterintelligence
Enlisted Reserve
Finance
Foreign Service Officer (see Foreign Service)
Job
Judge Advocate General's
Marine (see Marine Corps)
Medical
Military Police
Nurse
of Cadets (West Point)
of Engineers; Army Engineers; the Engineers; but Army engineer; the
corps
Officers' Reserve
Ordnance
Peace; Peace Corpsman; the corpsman
Quartermaster
Reserve Officers' Training (ROTC)
VII Corps, etc.
Signal
Teachers; but Teacher Corps Act
Transportation
Women's Army (WAC); a Wac; the Wacs
Youth
but diplomatic corps
corpsman; hospital corpsman
corridor, Northeast
Cotton Belt (see Belt)
Council, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
Federal or international unit (see also United Nations):
Boston City; the council
[[Page 43]]
Choctaw, etc.; the council
Her Majesty's Privy Council; the Privy Council; the Council
National Security; the Council
of Foreign Ministers (NATO); the Council
of the Organization of American States; the Council
Philadelphia Common; the council
counsel; general counsel
County, Prince George's; county of Prince George's; County Kilkenny,
etc.; Loudoun and Fauquier Counties; the county
Court (of law) capitalized if part of name; capitalized standing alone
if referring to the Supreme Court of the United States, to the
Court of Impeachment (U.S. Senate), or to an international
court:
Circuit Court of the United States for the Tenth Circuit; Circuit
Court for the Tenth Circuit; the circuit court; the court; the tenth
circuit
Court of Appeals for the State of North Carolina, etc.; the Tenth
Circuit Court of Appeals; the court of appeals; the court
Court of Claims; the court
Court of Customs and Patent Appeals; the court
Court of Impeachment, the Senate; the Court
District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of
Missouri; the district court; the court
Emergency Court of Appeals, United States; the court
International Court of Justice; the Court
Permanent Court of Arbitration; the Court
Superior Court of the District of Columbia; the superior court; the
court
Supreme Court of the United States (see Supreme Court)
Supreme Court of Virginia, etc.; the supreme court; the court
Tax Court; the court
U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia; the court
Covenant, League of Nations; the covenant
Creed, Apostles'; the Creed
Crown, if referring to a ruler; but crown colony, lands, etc.
cruise missile
Current, if part of name; the current:
Arctic
Humboldt
Japan
North Equatorial
customhouse; customs official
czar; czarist
database
database management system (DBMS)
Dairy Belt (see Belt)
Dalles, The; but the Dalles region
Dam (see geographic terms)
Dark Ages (see Ages)
Daughters of the American Revolution; a Real Daughter; King's Daughters;
a Daughter
daylight saving time
days (see holidays)
Declaration, capitalized with name:
of Independence; the Declaration
of Panama; the declaration
decorations, medals, etc., awarded by United States or any foreign
national government; the medal, the cross, the ribbon (see also
Award):
Air Medal
Bronze Star Medal
Commendation Ribbon
Congressional Medal of Honor
Croix de Guerre
Distinguished Flying Cross
Distinguished Service Cross
Distinguished Service Medal
Good Conduct Medal
Iron Cross
Legion of Merit
Medal for Merit
Medal of Freedom
Medal of Honor
Purple Heart
Silver Star Medal
Soldier's Medal
Victoria Cross
Victory Medal
but oakleaf cluster
also Carnegie Medal; Olympic Gold Medal; but gold medal
Decree (see Executive; Royal Decree)
Deep South
Defense Establishment (see Establishment)
De Gaulle Free French; Free French; but General de Gaulle; de Gaullist
Deity, words denoting, capitalized
Delegate (U.S. Congress)
delegate (to a conference); the delegate; the delegation
Delta, Mississippi River; the delta
Department, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
a Federal or international unit:
of Agriculture
of the Treasury
Yale University Department of Economics; the department of economics;
the department
Department of New York, American Legion
department:
executive
judicial
legislative
Depot, if part of name; the depot (see also Station)
Depression, Great
Deputy, if part of capitalized title; but the deputy
[[Page 44]]
derivatives of proper names:
alaska seal (fur) india ink
angora wool india rubber
angstrom unit italic type
apache (Paris) jamaica ginger
argyle wool japan varnish
artesian well jersey fabric
astrakhan fabric johnin test
axminster rug joule
babbitt metal kafircorn
benday process knickerbocker
bohemian set kraft paper
bologna sausage lambert
bordeaux mixture leghorn hat
bourbon whiskey levant leather
bowie knife levantine silk
braille lilliputian
brazil nut logan tent
brazilwood london purple
brewer's yeast lufbery circle
bristolboard lyonnaise potatoes
britannia metal macadamized road
britanniaware mach (no period)
brussels carpet number
brussels sprouts madras cloth
bunsen burner maginot line
burley tobacco (nonliteral)
canada balsam manila paper
(microscopy) maraschino cherry
carlsbad twins mason jar
(petrography) maxwell
cashmere shawl melba toast
castile soap mercerized fabric
cesarean section merino sheep
chantilly lace molotov cocktail
chesterfield coat morocco leather
china clay morris chair
chinese blue murphy bed
climax basket navy blue
collins (drink) nelson, half nelson,
congo red etc.
cordovan leather neon light
coulomb newmarket cloak
curie newton
decauville rail nissen hut
degaussing norfolk jacket
apparatus oriental rug
delftware osnaburg cloth
derby hat oxford shoe
diesel engine, panama hat
dieselize parianware
dotted swiss paris green
epsom salt parkerhouse roll
fedora hat pasteurized milk
fletcherize persian lamb
frankfurt sausage petri dish
frankfurter pharisaic
french chalk philistine
french dressing photostat
french-fried pitman arm
potatoes pitot tube
fuller's earth plaster of paris
gargantuan prussian blue
gauss quisling
georgette crepe quixotic idea
german silver quonset hut
gilbert rembert wheel
glauber salt roentgen
gothic type roman candle
graham bread roman cement
harderian gland roman type
harveyized steel russia leather
herculean task russian bath
hessian fly rutherford
holland cloth sanforize
hoolamite detector saratoga chips
hudson seal (fur)
saratoga chips turkey red
scotch plaid, but turkish towel
Scotch tape utopia, utopian
(trademark) vandyke collar
shanghai vaseline
siamese twins venetian blind
simon pure venturi tube
spanish omelet victoria (carriage)
stillson wrench vienna bread
stubs wire virginia reel
surah silk wedgwoodware
swiss cheese, but wheatstone bridge
Swiss watch wilton rug
taintor gate woodruff key
timothy grass zeppelin
desktop management interface (DMI)
deutsche mark
dial-up
Diet, Japanese (legislative body)
diplomatic corps (see also Corps; service)
Director, if referring to head of Federal or international unit; the
Director:
District Director of Internal Revenue
of Coast and Geodetic Survey
of Fish and Wildlife Service
Office of Management and Budget
of the Mint
but director, board of directors (nongovernmental)
Director General of Foreign Service; the Director General; the Director
diseases and related terms:
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Alzheimer's disease
cerebral palsy
Down's syndrome
German measles
Hodgkin's disease
Lyme disease
Marfan's syndrome
Meniere's syndrome
myasthenia gravis
Parkinson's disease
Reye's syndrome
spina bifida
Distinguished Service Medal, etc. (see decorations)
District, if part of name; the district:
Alexandria School District No. 4; school district No. 4
Chicago Sanitary; the sanitary district
Congressional (with number)
Federal (see Federal)
1st Naval; naval district
Los Angeles Water; the water district
Manhattan Engineer (atomic)
but customs district No. 2; first assembly district
District of Columbia; the District:
Anacostia Flats; the flats
Arlington Memorial Bridge; the Memorial Bridge; the bridge
District jail; the jail; DC jail
Ellipse, the
General Hospital; the hospital
Highway Bridge; 14th Street Bridge; the bridge
[[Page 45]]
Mall, The National; The Mall
Mayor (when pertaining to the District of Columbia only)
Metropolitan Police; Metropolitan policeman; the police
Monument Grounds; the grounds
Monument, Washington; the monument
police court
Public Library; the library
Reflecting Pool; the pool
Tidal Basin; the basin
Washington Channel; the channel
Divide, Continental (Rocky Mountains); the divide
Divine Father; but divine guidance, divine providence, divine service
Division, Army, if part of name: 1st Cavalry Division; 1st Air Cavalry
Division; the division
Division, if referring to Federal governmental unit; the Division:
Buick Division; the division; a division of General Motors
Passport; the Division
but Trinity River division (reclamation); the division
Dixie; Dixiecrat
docket No. 66; dockets Nos. 76 and 77
Doctrine, Monroe; the doctrine; but Truman, Eisenhower doctrine
doctrine, fairness
Document, if part of name; the document:
Document No. 130
Document Numbered One Hundred and Thirty
Document Style and Semantics Language (DSSL)
Domain Name Service (DNS)
Dominion of Canada, of New Zealand, etc.; the Dominion; but British
dominions; a dominion; dominion status
dots per inch (dpi)
Draconian
drawing II, A, 3, etc.; but Drawing 2 when part of title: Drawing 2.--
Hydroelectric Power Development
Dust Bowl (see Bowl)
e-mail (lowercase within a sentence)
E-mail (uppercase ``E'' to start a sentence)
Earth (planet)
East:
Coast (Africa)
Europe (political entity)
Middle, Mideast (Asia)
Near (Balkans)
Side of New York
South Central States
the East (section of United States); also Communist political entity
east:
Africa
coast (U.S.)
Pennsylvania
Eastern:
Europe (political entity)
Far (Orient) (see Far East)
Gulf States
Hemisphere (see Hemisphere)
Middle, Mideastern (Asia)
North Central States
Shore (Chesapeake Bay)
States
United States
eastern:
France
seaboard
time, eastern standard time (see time)
Wisconsin
easterner
EE-bond
electoral college; the electors
Elizabethan Age (see Ages)
Emancipation Proclamation (see Proclamation)
Embassy, British, etc.; the Embassy
Emperor, Japanese, etc.; the Emperor
Empire, Ottoman; the empire
Engine Company, Bethesda; engine company No. 6; No. 6 engine company;
the company
Engineer officer, etc. (of Engineer Corps); the Engineers
Engineers, Chief of (Army)
Engineers, Corps of (see Corps)
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary; the Envoy; the
Minister
Equator, the; equatorial
Establishment, if part of name; the establishment:
Army
Army Field
Defense
Federal
Military
Naval; but naval establishments
Navy
Postal
Regular
Reserve
Shore
but civil establishment; legislative establishment
Estate, Girard (a foundation); the estate
estate, third (the commons); fourth (the press); etc.
Eurodollar
European theater of operations; the European theater; the theater
Excellency, His; Their Excellencies
Exchange, New York Stock; the stock exchange; the exchange
Executive (President of United States):
Chief
Decree No. 100; Decree 100; but Executive decree; direction
Document No. 95
Mansion; the mansion; the White House
Office; the Office
Order No. 34; Order 34; but Executive order
power
[[Page 46]]
executive:
agreement document
branch paper
communication privilege
department
exhibit 2, A, II, etc.; but Exhibit 2, when part of title: Exhibit 2:
Capital Expenditures, 1935-49
Expedition, Byrd; Lewis and Clark; the expedition
Experiment Station (see Station)
Explorer I, etc.
Exposition, California-Pacific International, etc.; the exposition
Express, if part of name: Federal Express, the
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Fair Deal
Fair, World's, etc.; the fair; Texas State Fair
fall (season)
Falls, Niagara; the falls
Far East, Far Eastern (the Orient); Far West (U.S.); but far western
Farm, if part of name; the farm:
Johnson Farm; but Johnson's farm
San Diego Farm
Wild Tiger Farm
Farm Belt (see Belt)
Fascist; Fascisti; fascistic; fascism
Father of his Country (Washington)
Fathers (Founding)
Fed, the (no period)
Federal (synonym for United States or other sovereign power):
District (Mexico)
Establishment
Government (of any national government)
grand jury; the grand jury
land bank (see Bank)
Register (publication); the Register
Reserve bank (see Bank)
Reserve Board, the Board; also Federal Reserve System, the System;
Federal Reserve Board Regulation W, but regulation W
but a federal form of government
Federal Bulletin Board (FBB)
Federal Depository Gateways
federally
fellow, fellowship (academic); (lowercase with name)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Field, Byrd, Stewart, etc.; the field
figure 2, A, II, etc. (illustration); but Figure 2, when part of legend:
Figure 2.--Market scenes
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
firewall
firm names:
ACDelco
Aluminium, Ltd.
America Online
Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.
Bausch & Lomb Inc.
Bristol Myers Squibb Co.
Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co.
Champion International Corp.
Coldwell Banker
Colgate-Palmolive Co.
Curtiss-Wright Corp.
DeVilbiss Air Power Co.
Dow Jones & Co., Inc.
Dun & Bradstreet
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc.
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. (A&P)
Hamilton Beach/Proctor Silex, Inc.
Hartmarx Corp.
Hewlett-Packard
Houghton Mifflin Co.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Intel Corp.
Johns-Manville Corp.
Kennecott Exploration Co.
Kmart
Libbey-Owens-Ford Co.
Macmillan Co.
MCI Worldcom
Merck Sharp & Dohme
Merrill Lynch & Co.
Microsoft
Olin Corp.
J.C. Penney Co., Inc.
Phelps Dodge Corp.
Pfizer Inc.
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Procter & Gamble Co.
Rand McNally & Co.
Rolls-Royce
Sears, Roebuck & Co.
Smith Corona Corp.
SmithKline Beecham
Sun Microsystems
Sunoco Inc.
3M
Trans World Airlines
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
Unisys Corp.
US Airways
USX Corporation
Wal-Mart
Weyerhaeuser Co.
Xerox Corp.
First Family (Presidential)
First Lady (wife of President)
First World War (see War)
flag code
flag, U.S.:
Old Flag, Old Glory
Stars and Stripes
Star-Spangled Banner
flags, foreign:
Tricolor (French)
Union Jack (British)
United Nations
Fleet, if part of name; the fleet:
Atlantic
Channel
Grand
High Seas
[[Page 47]]
Marine Force
Naval Reserve
Pacific, etc. (naval)
6th Fleet, etc.
U.S.
floor (House or Senate)
flyway; Canadian flyway, etc.
Force(s), if part of name; the force(s):
Active Forces
Active-Duty
Air (see also Air Force)
All-Volunteer
Armed Forces (synonym for overall U.S. Military Establishment)
Army Field Forces; the Field Forces
Fleet Marine
Navy Battle (see Navy)
Navy Scouting (see Navy); Reserve Force
Rapid Deployment
7th Task; the task force; but task force report (Hoover Commission)
United Nations Emergency; the Emergency Force; the Force; but United
Nations police force
foreign cabinets:
Foreign Office; the Office
Minister of Foreign Affairs; Foreign Minister; the Minister
Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry
Premier
Prime Minister
Foreign Legion (French); the legion
Foreign Service; the Service:
officer
Officer Corps; the corps
Reserve officer; the Reserve officer
Reserve Officer Corps; the Reserve Corps; the corps
Staff officer; the Staff officer
Staff Officer Corps; the Staff Corps; the corps
Forest, if part of name; the national forest; the forest:
Angeles National
Black
Coconino and Prescott National Forests
but State and National forests (see System)
Forester (Chief of Forest Service); the Chief; also Chief Forester
form 2, A, II, etc.; but Form 2, when part of title: Form 1040:
Individual Income Tax Return; but withholding tax form
Format Output Specifications Instance (FOSI)
Fort McHenry, etc.; the fort
Foundation, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
Federal unit:
Chemical; the foundation
Ford; the foundation
Infantile Paralysis; the foundation
National Science; the Foundation
Russell Sage; the foundation
Founding Fathers; Founders/Founder (of this Nation, Country)
four freedoms
Framers (of the U.S. Constitution; of the Bill of Rights)
free world
Frisco (for San Francisco; no apostrophe)
Fritalux (see alliances)
Fund, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
international or United Nations fund:
Common Market Fund; the Fund
Development Loan Fund; the Fund (U.S. Government corporation)
International Monetary; the Fund
Rockefeller Endowment; the fund
Special Projects (United Nations); the Fund
but civil service retirement fund; highway trust fund; mutual security
fund; national service life insurance fund; revolving fund
Gadsden Purchase
Gallery of Art, National (see National)
Gallup Poll; the poll
gateway
Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP)
Geiger counter
General Board (of Navy) (see Board)
General Order No. 14; General Orders No. 14; a general order
General Schedule
gentile
Geographer, the (State Department)
geographic terms (terms, such as those listed below,\3\ are capitalized
if part of name; are lowercased in general sense (rivers of
Virginia and Maryland)):
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\ List compiled with cooperation of the U.S. Board on Geographic
Names.
Archipelago Branch (stream)
Area Brook
Arroyo Butte
Atoll Canal; the canal
Bank (Panama)
Bar Canyon
Basin, Upper Cape
(Lower) Colorado Cascade
River, etc. (legal Cave
entity); but Cavern
Hansen flood- Channel; but
control basin; Mississippi River
Missouri River channel(s)
basin (drainage); Cirque
upper Colorado Coulee
River storage Cove
project Crag
Bay Crater
Bayou Creek
Beach Crossroads
Bench Current (ocean fea-
Bend ture)
Bight Cut
Bluff Cutoff
Bog Dam
Borough (boro) Delta
Bottom Desert
[[Page 48]]
Divide Neck
Dome (not geologic) Needle
Draw (stream) Notch
Dune Oasis
Escarpment Ocean
Estuary Oxbow
Falls Palisades
Fault Park
Flat(s) Pass
Floodway Passage
Ford Peak
Forest Peninsula
Fork (stream) Plain
Gap Plateau
Geyser Point
Glacier Pond
Glen Pool
Gorge Port (water body)
Gulch Prairie
Gulf Range (mountain)
Gut Rapids
Harbor Ravine
Head Reef
Hill Reservoir
Hogback Ridge
Hollow River
Hook Roads (anchorage)
Horn Rock
Hot Spring Run (stream)
Icefield Sea
Ice Shelf Seaway
Inlet Shoal
Island Sink
Isle Slough
Islet Sound
Keys (Florida only) Spit
Knob Spring
Lagoon Spur
Lake Strait
Landing Stream
Ledge Summit
Lowland Swamp
Marsh Terrace
Massif Thoroughfare
Mesa Trench
Monument Trough
Moraine Valley
Mound Volcano
Mount Wash
Mountain Waterway
Narrows Woods
Geological Survey (see Survey)
GI bill of rights
Girl Scouts (organization); a Girl Scout; a Scout; Scouting
G-man
Gold Star Mothers (see American)
Golden Age (see Ages)
Golden Rule
gopher
Gospel, if referring to the first four books of the New Testament; but
gospel truth
Government:
British, etc.; the Government
Canal Zone; the government
department, officials, -owned, publications, etc. (U.S. Government)
National and State Governments
Printing Office (see Office)
U.S.; National; Federal
Government Information Locator Service (GILS)
Government information product
government:
Churchill
Communist
District (of Columbia)
European governments
Federal, State, and municipal governments
insular; island
military
seat of
State
State and Provincial governments
Territorial
governmental
Governor:
of Louisiana, etc.; the Governor; a Governor; State Governor(s);
Governors' conference
of Puerto Rico; the Governor
of the Federal Reserve Board; the Governor
Governor General of Canada; the Governor General
GPO Access
grade, market (see market grades)
grand jury (see Federal)
Grange, the (National)
grant, Pell
graph 2, A, II, etc.; but Graph 2, when part of title: Graph 2.--
Production levels
Graphical Device Interface (GDI)
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
Great:
Basin
Beyond
Depression
Divide
Lakes; the lakes; lake(s) traffic
Plains; but southern Great Plains
Rebellion (see Rebellion)
Seal (any nation)
Society
War (see War)
White Way (New York City)
great circle (navigation)
Greater Los Angeles, Greater New York
gross national product (GNP)
Group:
G 7 (Group of 7) (representatives of the seven leading industrial
nations)
Helsinki Monitoring; the group
Military Advisory Group; the group
Standing (see Organization)
group 2, II, A, etc.; but Group 2, when part of title: Group II: List of
Counties by States
guaranteed annual wage (GAW)
Guard, National (see National)
guardsman (see Coast Guard; National Guard)
Gulf:
Coast States; but gulf coast
[[Page 49]]
of Mexico; the gulf
States
Stream; the stream
Hall (U.S. Senate or House)
Halls of Congress
H-bomb; H-hour
Headquarters:
Alaska Command; the command headquarters
4th Regiment Headquarters; regimental headquarters
32d Division Headquarters; the division headquarters
hearing examiner
Heaven (Deity); heaven (place)
Heimlich maneuver
hell (place)
Hells (no apostrophe) Canyon
Hemisphere, Eastern; Western; etc.; the hemisphere
High Church
High Commissioner
High Court (see Supreme Court)
High School, if part of name: Western; the high school
Highway Bridge (Washington, DC); the bridge
Highway No. 40; Route 40; State Route 9; the highway
Hill (the Capitol)
His Excellency the Duke of Argyll, etc.; His Excellency; Their
Excellencies
His Majesty; Her Majesty; Their Majesties
Hispanic
historic events and epochs:
Reformation, the
Renaissance, the
Restoration, the (English)
Revolution of July (French)
Revolution, the (American, 1775; French, 1789; English, 1688)
holidays and some special days:
Admission Day
All Fools' (April Fools') Day
Arbor Day
Armed Forces Day
Christmas Day, Eve
Columbus Day
D-day; D-plus-4-day
Father's Day
Flag Day
Founders' Day
Fourth of July
Halloween
Hanukkah
Hogmanay
Inauguration Day (Federal)
Independence Day (Fourth of July)
Labor Day
Lincoln's Birthday
Lord's day
M-day (mobilization day)
Martin Luther King, Jr., Day
Memorial Day (also Decoration Day)
Mother's Day
New Year's Day, Eve
Presidents Day
Rosh Hashanah
St. Valentines Day
Thanksgiving Day
V-E Day; V-J Day
Veterans (no apostrophe) Day
Washington's Birthday
Yom Kippur
but election day; primary day
Holocaust (World War II); a holocaust
Holy Scriptures; Holy Writ (Bible)
Home (see Naval; Soldiers')
home page
Hospice, if part of name
Hospital, if part of name; the hospital:
District of Columbia General
5th Regiment
Freedmen's
St. Elizabeths (no apostrophe)
but naval (marine or Army) hospital
hospital corpsman (see corpsman)
House, if part of name:
Johnson house (private residence)
Lee (hotel); the house
of Representatives; the House (U.S.)
of the Woods (palace); the house
Office Building (see Building)
Ohio (State); the house
but both Houses; lower (or upper) House (Congress)
House of Representatives (U.S.), titles of officers standing alone
capitalized:
Chairman (Committee of the Whole)
Chaplain
Clerk; but legislative clerk, etc.
Doorkeeper
Official Reporter(s) of Debates
Parliamentarian
Postmaster
post office
Sergeant at Arms
Speaker pro tempore
Speaker; speakership
HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development)
Hudson's Bay Co.
Hurricane Dale, Danny, Darcy, etc.
HyperText-browser for Telnet accessible sites (HYTELNET)
HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
HyperText Transfer Protocol Daemon (HTTPD)
ice age (see Ages)
Indians:
Absentee Shawnee
Alaska (see Native)
Eastern (or Lower) Band of Cherokee; the band
Five Civilized Tribes; the tribes
Native Americans
Shawnee Tribe; the tribe
Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy)
Initiative, Caribbean Basin; but strategic defense initiative
[[Page 50]]
Inquisition, Spanish; the Inquisition
inspector general
Institute, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
Federal or international organization:
National Cancer; the Cancer Institute; the Institute
National Institutes of Health; the Institutes
of International Law; the Institute
Woman's Institute; the institute
Institution, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
Federal unit:
Brookings; the institution
Carnegie; the institution
Smithsonian; the Institution
insular government; island government
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
intercoastal waterway (see waterway)
interdepartmental
interface
International Court of Justice; the Court
international:
banks (see Bank)
dateline
boundary
law
Morse code (see Code)
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Internet, Intranet
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet service provider (ISP)
Interstate 95; I-95; the interstate
Intracoastal Waterway; the waterway (see also waterway)
intrastate
Irish potato
Iron Cross (see decorations)
Iron Curtain; the curtain
Isthmian Canal (see Canal)
Isthmus of Panama; the isthmus
Ivory Coast
Japan Current (see Current)
Java
Java applets
JavaBeans
JavaScript
Jersey cattle
Job Corps
Joint Chiefs of Staff; Chiefs of Staff
Joint Committee on Printing (see Committee)
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
Journal clerk; the clerk
Journal (House or Senate)
Judge Advocate General, the
judge; chief judge; circuit judge; district judge; but Judge Bryan
Justice; Justice O'Connor
just in time (JIT)
judiciary, the
Kennedy round
Kermit
King of England, etc.; the King
Koran, the; Koranic
Krugerrand
Laboratory, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
Federal unit: Forest Products; the Laboratory; but laboratory (non-
Federal)
Lake: Erie, of the Woods, Salt; the lake
Lane, if part of name: Maiden; the lane
Latter-day Saints
law, Walsh-Healey, etc.; law 176; law No. 176; copyright law; Ohm's,
etc.
League, Urban; the league
Legation, Finnish, etc.; the Legation
Legion:
American; the Legion; a Legionnaire;
French Foreign; the legion
Legislative Assembly, if part of name: of New York; of Puerto Rico,
etc.; the legislative assembly; the assembly
legislative branch, clerk, session, etc.
Legislature:
National Legislature (U.S. Congress); the Legislature
Ohio Legislature; Legislature of Ohio; the State legislature; the
legislature
Letters Patent No. 378,964; but patent No. 378,964; letters patent
Liberty Bell; Liberty ship
Librarian of Congress; the Librarian
Library:
Army; the library
Harry S. Truman; the library
of Congress; the Library
Hillsborough Public; the library
Lieutenant Governor of Idaho, etc.; the Lieutenant Governor
Light, if part of name; the light:
Boston
Buffalo South Pier Light 2; but light No. 2; light 2
but Massachusetts Bay lights
Lighthouse (see Light Station)
Lightship, if part of name; the lightship:
Grays Reef Lightship
North Manitou Shoal Lightship
Light Station, if part of name; the light station; the station:
Minots Ledge Light Station
Watch Hill Light Station
Line(s), if part of name; the line(s):
Burlington Lines (railroad)
Greyhound Line (bus)
Holland-America Line (steamship)
Maginot (fortification)
line:
DEW (Distant Early Warning)
Mason-Dixon line or Mason and Dixon's line
Pinetree
State
Link Access Procedure for Modems (LAPM)
[[Page 51]]
listserv
Little Inch; Big Inch (pipelines)
local area network (LAN)
Local: Teamsters Local Union No. 15; but local No. 15
local time, local standard time (see time)
locator service
Loop, the (see cities)
Louisiana Purchase
Low Church
Lower, if part of name:
California (Mexico)
Colorado River Basin
Egypt
Peninsula (of Michigan)
lower:
48 (States)
House of Congress
Mississippi
MacTCP
MacWais
Mafia
Magna Carta
Majesty, His, Her (see His Majesty)
Majority Leader Lott; but the majority leader (U.S. Congress)
Mall, The National; The Mall (District of Columbia)
Mansion, Executive (see Executive)
map 3, A, II, etc.; but Map 2, when part of title: Map 2.--Railroads of
Middle Atlantic States
mariculture
Marine Corps; the corps:
Marines (the corps); but marines (individuals)
Organized Reserve; the Reserve
also a marine; a woman marine; the women marines (individuals);
soldiers, sailors, coastguardsmen, and marines
Maritime Provinces (Canada) (see Province)
market grades and classes:
U.S. grade A
barley: Western, Mixed, Malting Two-rowed
beans: Red Kidney, U.S. No. 2 Pea
cattle: Prime, Choice, Good
corn: Yellow, White, Mixed, Dent
cotton: Middling, Strict Good Ordinary, Strict Low Middling, Good
Ordinary, etc.
hay: Timothy Light Clover Mixed, Upland Prairie
oats: White, Red, Mixed
soybeans: Yellow, Black, Mixed
tobacco: Flue-cured, Fire-cured, Cigar-wrapper
wheat: Hard Red Spring, Red Durum, Durum, Hard Red Winter, White,
Mixed, etc.
wool: Grade 60's or one-half blood
Marshal (see Supreme Court)
marshal (U.S.)
medals (see decorations)
Medicaid
Medicare Act; Medicare plan
Medicare Program
MediCal
Medicare-plus
Medigap
Member, if referring to Senator, Representative, Delegate, or Resident
Commissioner of U.S. Congress; also Member at Large; Member of
Parliament, etc.; but membership; member of U.S. congressional
committee
Memorial: Jefferson, Lincoln, Vietnam, etc.; the memorial
Merchant Marine Reserve; the Reserve; but U.S. merchant marine; the
merchant marine
methods of access
Metroliner
Metropolitan Washington, etc.; but Washington metropolitan area
MHz
midcontinent region
Middle Ages (see Ages)
Middle Atlantic States
Middle East; Mideast; Mideastern; Middle Eastern (Asia)
middle Europe
Middle West, Midwest (section of United States)
Middle Western States; Midwestern States; but midwestern farmers, etc.
Midsouth (section of United States)
Military Academy (see Academy)
Military Establishment (see Establishment)
Militia, if part of name; the militia:
1st Regiment Ohio
Indiana
Naval
of Ohio
Organized
milkshed, Ohio, etc. (region)
millennium
millions of instructions per second (MIPS)
Minister Plenipotentiary; the Minister; Minister Without Portfolio (see
also foreign cabinets)
Ministry (see foreign cabinets)
Minority Leader Thomas A. Daschle; but the minority leader (U.S.
Congress)
Mint, Philadelphia, etc.; the mint
minutemen (colonial)
missiles: capitalize such missile names as Hawk, Hound Dog, Redeye,
Scud, Trident, etc.; but cruise missile, air-to-air missile,
surface-to-air missile, etc.
Mission, if part of name; the mission:
Gospel Mission
Mission 66
but diplomatic mission; military mission; Jones mission
Monument:
Bunker Hill; the monument
Grounds; the grounds (Washington Monument)
[[Page 52]]
National (see National)
Washington; the monument (District of Columbia)
Moon
Mountain States
mountain time, mountain standard time (see time)
Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG)
Mr. Chairman; Mr. Secretary; etc.
MS-DOS
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
Museum, capitalize with name; the museum:
Army Medical; the Medical Museum
Field
National
National Air; the Air Museum
Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN)
Nation (synonym for United States); but a nation; nationwide; also
French nation, Balkan nations
Nation, Creek; Osage; etc.; the nation
nation, in general, standing alone
National, in conjunction with capitalized name:
Academy of Sciences (see Academy)
and State institutions, etc.
Archives and Records Administration
Capital (Washington); the Capital; but national capital area
Endowment for the Arts; the Endowment
Gallery of Art; the National Gallery; the gallery
Grange; the Grange
Guard, Ohio, etc.; Air National; the National Guard; the Guard; a
guardsman; but a National Guard man; National Guardsman
Institute (see Institute)
Legislature (see Legislature)
Monument, Muir, etc.; the national monument; the monument
Museum (see Museum)
Naval Medical Center (Bethesda, MD)
Park, Yellowstone, etc.; Yellowstone Park; the national park; the park
Treasury; the Treasury
War College
Woman's Party; the party
Zoological Park (see Zoological)
national:
agency check (NAC)
anthem, customs, spirit, etc.
British, Mexican, etc.
defense agencies
stockpile
water policy
Native, Alaska; but Ohio native, etc. (see Alaska)
Naval, if part of name:
Academy (see Academy)
Base, Guam Naval; the naval base
District, 1st Naval (see District)
Establishment (see Establishment)
Home (Philadelphia); the home
Militia; the militia
Observatory (see Observatory)
Potomac River Naval Command (see Command)
Reserve; the Reserve; a reservist
Reserve Force; the force
Reserve officer; a Reserve officer
Shipyard (if preceding or following name): Brooklyn Naval Shipyard;
Naval Shipyard, Brooklyn; but the naval shipyard
Station (if preceding or following name): Key West Naval Station;
Naval Station, Key West; the station
Volunteer Naval Reserve
War College; the War College; the college
naval, in general sense:
command (see Command)
district (see District)
expenditures, maneuvers, officer, service, stores, etc.
petroleum reserves; but Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 2 (Buena Vista
Hills Naval Reserve); reserve No. 2
navel orange
Navy, American or foreign, if part of name; capitalized standing alone
only if referring to U.S. Navy:
Admiral of the; the admiral
Battle Force; the Battle Force; the force
Establishment; the establishment
Hospital Corps; hospital corpsman; the corps
Regular
regulation 56
Scouting Force; the scouting force; the force
Seabees (construction battalion); a Seabee
7th Task Force (see Force)
navy yard
Nazi; nazism
Near East (Balkans, etc.)
network
network address translation module (NAT)
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
Negro (see Black)
New Deal; anti-New Deal
New, if part of name: New Willard
New England States
New World; but new world order
Nine Power Treaty; the treaty
North:
Atlantic
Atlantic Pact (see Pact)
Atlantic States
Atlantic Treaty (see Treaty)
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (see Organization)
Equatorial Current (see Current)
Korea
[[Page 53]]
Pole
Slope (Alaska)
Star (Polaris)
the North (section of United States)
north:
Africa
Ohio, Virginia, etc.
north-central region, etc.
Northeast corridor
northern Ohio
Northern States
northerner
Northwest Pacific
Northwest Territory (1799)
Northwest, the (section of the United States)
Northwest Washington (see cities)
Northwestern:
States
United States
numbers capitalized if spelled out as part of a name:
Air Force One (Presidential plane)
Charles the First
Committee of One Hundred
Nineteenth Census (see Census)
Observatory, capitalized with name:
Astrophysical; the Observatory
Lick; the observatory (nongovernmental)
Naval; the Observatory
Occident, the; occidental
Ocean, if part of name; the ocean:
Antarctic
Arctic
Atlantic
North Atlantic, etc.
Pacific
South Pacific, etc.
Southwest Pacific, etc.
Oceanographer (the Hydrographer), Navy
Office, if referring to unit of Federal Government; the Office:
Executive
Foreign (see foreign cabinets)
General Accounting; the Accounting Office; the Office
Government Printing; the Printing Office; the Office
Naval Oceanographic
of Alien Property
of Chief of Naval Operations
of General Counsel
of Management and Budget
of Personnel Management (formerly Civil Service Commission)
of the Secretary (Defense); Secretary's Office
Patent and Trademark
but New York regional office (including branch, division, or section
therein); the regional office; the office
officer:
Army
Marine; but naval and marine officers
Navy; Navy and Marine officers
Regular Army; Regular; a Regular
Reserve
WAC, WAVE
Old Dominion (Virginia)
Old South
Old World
Olympic games; Olympiad; XXIII Olympic games
ombudsman, Maryland (State)
online
Operation Deep Freeze, Snowdrop, etc.; but Deep Freeze operation
optical character recognition (OCR)
Order of Business No. 56 (congressional calendar)
Ordnance:
Corps (see Corps)
Department; the Department
Depot (see Depot)
Organization, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring
to international unit:
International Labor
North Atlantic Treaty (NATO):
Chiefs of Staff
Committee of Defense Ministers
Council
Council of Foreign Ministers
Defense Committee
Military Committee
Military Production and Supply
Board
Mutual Defense Assistance Program
Pact (see Pact)
Regional Planning Group;
the Group
Standing Group; the Group
of American States (formerly Pan American Union)
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
(Unesco/) (formerly UNESCO)
Organized:
Marine Corps Reserve; Marine Reserve; the Reserve
Militia; the militia
Naval Militia; the Naval Militia; the militia
Reserve Corps; the Reserve
Orient, the; oriental
Outer Continental Shelf (see Continental)
Pacific (see also Atlantic):
Basin
coast
Coast (or slope) States
Northwest
rim
seaboard
slope
South
States
time, Pacific standard time (see time)
but cispacific; transpacific
[[Page 54]]
Packet Internet Groper (PING)
Pact, capitalized with name; lowercased standing alone:
Atlantic; Atlantic Defense
Baghdad
Four Power
Kellogg
North Atlantic; North Atlantic Defense
page description language (PDL)
pan-American games; but Pan American Day
Pan American Union (see Organization of American States)
Panel, the Federal Service Impasses (Federal), etc.; the Panel
Panhandle of Texas; Texas Panhandle; the panhandle; etc.
papers, Woodrow Wilson, etc.; the papers; but white paper
Parish, Caddo, etc.; but parish of Caddo (Louisiana civil division); the
parish
Park, Fairmount, etc.; the park (see also National)
Park Police, U.S.; park policeman
Park, Zoological (see Zoological)
Parkway, George Washington Memorial; the memorial parkway; the parkway
Parliament, Houses of; the Parliament
Parliamentarian (U.S. Senate or House)
part 2, A, II, etc.; but Part 2, when part of title: Part 2: Iron and
Steel Industry
Pass, Brenner, capitalized if part of name; the pass
patent (see Letters Patent)
Patrol, U.S. Border; the Border Patrol
Peninsula Upper (Lower) (Michigan); the peninsula
Penitentiary, Albany, etc.; the penitentiary
permanent access service
personal computer (PC)
petrodollar
phase 2; phase I
Philippine Republic (see Republic)
Pilgrim Fathers (1620); the Pilgrims; a Pilgrim
Place, if part of name: Jefferson Place; the place
Plains (Great Plains), the
plan:
Colombo
controlled materials
5-year
Marshall (European Recovery Program)
Reorganization Plan No. 6 (Hoover Commission); plan No. 1
Planetarium, Fels, Hayden; the planetarium
Plant, Rockford Arsenal; the plant; but United States Steel plant
plate 2, A, II, etc.; but Plate 2, when part of title: Plate 2.--Rural
Structures
Plaza, Union Station (Washington, DC); the plaza
Pledge of Allegiance
Point 4 Program; point 4
Point of Presence (POP)
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
Pole: North, South; the pole; subpolar
Pole Star (Polaris); polar star
Police, if part of name; the police:
Capitol
Park, U.S.
White House
political action committee (PAC)
political parties and adherents (Party, if part of name; the party):
Communist; a Communist
Conservative; a Conservative
Democratic; a Democrat
Independent; an Independent
Liberal; a Liberal
Libertarian; a Libertarian
National Woman's; Woman's Party
Progressive; a Progressive
Republican; Grand Old Party; but grand old Republican Party; a
Republican
Socialist; a Socialist
Pool, Northwest Power, etc.; the pool
Pope; but papal, patriarch, pontiff, primate
Port, if part of name; Port of Norfolk; Norfolk Port; the port (see
Authority)
Post Office, Chicago, etc.
P.O. Box (with number); but post office box (in general sense)
Postal Union (see Union)
Postmaster General
PostScript
Powers, if part of name; the powers (see also alliances):
Allied (World Wars I and II)
Axis (World War I)
Big Four
Western
but European powers
precinct; first, 11th precinct
Premier (see foreign cabinets)
Preserve, Wichita National Forest Game, etc.; Wichita Game Preserve;
Wichita preserve
Presidency (office of the head of Government)
President:
of the United States; the Executive;
the Chief Magistrate; the Commander in Chief; the President-elect;
ex-President; former President; also preceding name
of any other country; the President
of Federal or international unit
but president of the Erie Railroad; president of the Federal Reserve
Bank of New York
Presidential assistant, authority, order, proclamation, candidate,
election, timber, year, etc.
Prime Minister (see foreign cabinets)
[[Page 55]]
Prison, Auburn, etc.; the prison
private key
Privy Council, Her Majesty's (see Council)
Prize, Nobel, Pulitzer, etc.; the prize
Proclamation, Emancipation; Presidential Proclamation No. 24;
Proclamation No. 24; the proclamation; but Presidential proclamation
Program, if part of name:
European Recovery
Food-for-Peace
Head Start
Mutual Assistance
Mutual Defense Assistance
Point 4
Social Security
Universal Military Training
project:
Central Valley
Manhattan
McNary Dam
Rochester atomic energy
University of California atomic energy
Project Farside, Head Start, Sidewinder, Vanguard, etc.; but Head Start
project; Vanguard project
proposition 13
Prosecutor; Special Prosecutor (Federal)
Province, Provincial, if referring to an administrative subdivision:
Ontario Province; Province of Ontario; Maritime Provinces (Canada);
the Province
Proving Ground, Aberdeen, etc.; the proving ground
Public Act 26; Public Law 9; Public 37; Public Resolution 3; but public
enemy No. 1
Public Printer; the Government Printer; the Printer
public utility district (see District)
Pueblo, Santa Clara; the pueblo
Puerto Rico:
government
Governor of; the Governor
Legislative Assembly of; the legislative assembly
Provisional Regiment; but Puerto Rico regiment
Resident Commissioner
Purchase, Gadsden, Louisiana, etc.
Puritan; puritanical
Pyrrhic victory
Quad Cities (Davenport, Rock Island, Moline, and East Moline)
queue
query
Radio Free Europe
Railroad, Alaska; the Railroad
Ranch, King, etc.; the ranch
Random-Access Memory (RAM)
Range, Cascade, etc. (mountains); the range
README file
Rebellion, if part of name; the rebellion:
Boxer
Great (Civil War)
War of the
Whisky
Reconstruction period (post-Civil War)
Red army
Red Cross, American (see American)
Reds, the; a Red (political)
redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID)
Reformation, the
Reformatory, Elmira, etc.; the reformatory
Refuge, Blackwater Migratory Bird, etc.; Blackwater Bird Refuge;
Blackwater refuge
region, north-central, etc.; first region, 10th region; region 7;
midcontinent
Register of the Treasury; the Register
Regular Army, Navy; a Regular (see also officer)
regulation:
ceiling price regulation 8
56 (Navy)
supplementary regulation 22
Veterans Regulation 8; but veterans regulations
W (see also Federal Reserve Board)
Reign of Terror (France, 1792)
religious terms:
Bahai
Baptist
Brahman
Buddhist
Catholic; Catholicism; but catholic (universal)
Christian
Christian Science
Evangelical United Brethren
Jewish
Latter-day Saints
Muslim (preferred) or Moslem: Shiite; Sunni
New Thought
Protestant; Protestantism
Seventh-day Adventists
Seventh-Day Baptists
Zoroastrian
remote procedure call (RPC)
Renaissance, the (era)
reorganization plan (see plan)
Report, if part of name (with date or number); the annual report; the
report:
Annual Report of the Secretary of Defense for the year ended September
30, 1991
1991 Report of the Chief of the Forest Service
Grace Commission report
President's Economic Report; the Economic Report
Railroad Retirement Board Annual Report, 1991; but annual report of
the Railroad Retirement Board
Report No. 31
United States Reports (publication)
Reporter, the (U.S. Supreme Court)
[[Page 56]]
Representative; Representative at Large (U.S. Congress); U.N.
Republic, capitalized if part of name; capitalized standing alone if
referring to a specific government:
Czech
French
Irish
of Bosnia and Herzegovina
of Panama
of the Philippines; Philippine Republic
Slovak (Slovakia)
United States
also the American Republics; South American Republics; the Latin
American Republics; the Republics
Reservation (forest, military, or Indian), if part of name; the
reservation:
Great Sioux
Hill Military
Reserve, if part of name; the Reserve (see also Air Force; Army Corps;
Coast Guard; Foreign Service; Marine Corps; Merchant Marine; Naval;
National Guard):
Active
Air Force
Army
bank (see Bank)
Board, Federal (see Federal)
city (see Bank)
components
Enlisted
Establishment
Inactive
Naval
officer
Officers' Training Corps
Ready
Retired
Standby
Strategic
Volunteer Naval
Reserves, the; reservist
Resident Commissioner (see Member; Puerto Rico)
Resolution, with number; the resolution:
House Joint Resolution 3
Public Resolution 6
Resolution 42
Senate Concurrent Resolution 18
War Powers Resolution (short title)
but Tonkin resolution
Revised Statutes (U.S.); Supplement to the Revised Statutes; the
statutes
Revolution, Revolutionary (if referring to the American, French, or
English Revolution) (see also War)
Rich Text Format (RTF)
rim; the Pacific rim
Road, if part of name: Benning; the road
Roman numerals, common nouns used with, not capitalized:
book II; chapter II; part II; etc.
but Book II: Modern Types (complete heading); Part XI: Early Thought
(complete heading)
route No. 12466; mail route 1742; railway mail route 1144; but Route 40,
State Route 9 (highways)
Royal Decree No. 24; Decree 24; the royal decree
rule 21; rule XXI; but Rule 21, when part of title: Rule 21: Renewal of
Motion
Ruler of the Universe (Deity)
Rules:
of the House of Representatives; but rules of the House; House rule X
Standing Rules of the Senate (publication); but rules of the Senate
also Commission rules
Sabbath; Sabbath Day
sanitary district (see District)
savings bond (see bond)
schedule 2, A, II, etc.; but Schedule 2, when part of title; Schedule 2:
Open and Prepay Stations
School, if part of name; the school:
any school of U.S. Armed Forces
Hayes
Pawnee Indian
Public School 13; P.S. 13
school district (see District)
Scriptures; Holy Scriptures (the Bible)
Seabees (see Navy)
seaboard, Atlantic, eastern, etc.
seasons:
autumn (fall)
spring
summer
winter
seaway (see geographic terms; Authority; Corporation)
Second World War (see War)
Secretariat (see United Nations)
Secretaries of the Army and the Navy; but Secretaries of the military
departments; secretaryship
Secretary, head of national governmental unit:
of Defense; of State; etc.; the Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs (British); for the Colonies; etc.; the
Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution; the Secretary
also the Assistant Secretary; the Executive Secretary
but secretary of the Interstate Commerce Commission; secretary of
state of Iowa
Secretary General: the Secretary General:
Organization of American States
South Pacific Commission
United Nations
section 2, A, II, etc.; but Section 2, when part of title: Section 2:
Test Construction Theory
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
Selective Service (see Service; System)
[[Page 57]]
Senate (U.S.), titles of officers standing alone capitalized:
Chaplain
Chief Clerk
Doorkeeper
Official Reporter(s)
Parliamentarian
Postmaster
President of the
President pro tempore
Presiding Officer
Secretary
Sergeant at Arms
Senate, Ohio (State); the senate
Senator (U.S. Congress); but lowercased if referring to a State senator,
unless preceding a name
senatorial
Sergeant at Arms (U.S. Senate or House)
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
Sermon on the Mount
server
Service, if referring to Federal unit; the Service:
Customs
Employment
Extension
Fish and Wildlife
Foreign (see Foreign Service)
Forest
Immigration and Naturalization
Internal Revenue
Marshalls
Mediation and Conciliation
National Park
Postal
Secret (Treasury)
Selective (see also System); but selective service, in general sense;
selective service classification 1-A, 4-F, etc.
Senior Executive
Soil Conservation
service:
airmail
Army
city delivery
consular
customs (see Service)
diplomatic
employment (State)
extension (State)
general delivery
naval
Navy
parcel post
postal field
railway mail (see Division)
rural free delivery; rural delivery; free delivery
special delivery
star route
Shelf, Continental (see Continental)
ship of state (unless personified)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
Simple Wide Area Information System (SWAIS)
Sister(s) (adherent of religious order)
Six Nations (see Indians)
Smithsonian Institution (see Institution)
Social Security Administration, application, check, pension, trust fund,
system, etc.
Socialist; socialism; socialistic (see also political parties)
Society, if part of name; the society:
American Cancer Society, Inc.
Boston Medical
of the Cincinnati
soil bank
soil classifications:
Alpine Meadow Prairie
Bog Ramann's Brown
Brown Red
Chernozem (Black) Rendzina
Chestnut Sierozem (Gray)
Desert Solonchak
Gray-Brown Solonetz
Podzolic Soloth
Half Bog Terra Rossa
Laterite Tundra
Pedalfer Wiesenboden
Pedocal Yellow
Podzol
Soldiers' Home, if part of name: Ohio Soldiers' Home; the soldiers'
home; etc.
Solicitor for the Department of Labor, etc.; the Solicitor
Solicitor General (Department of Justice)
Son of Man (Christ)
Sons of the American Revolution (organization); a Son; a Real Son
South:
American Republics (see Republic)
American States
Atlantic
Atlantic States
Deep South (U.S.)
Korea
Midsouth (U.S.)
Pacific
Pole
the South (section of United States); Southland
Southeast Asia
southern California, southeastern California, etc.
Southern States
Southern United States
southerner
Southwest, the (section of United States)
space shuttle; the shuttle
space station
Spanish-American War (see War)
SPAR, popular name, made up of initial letters of motto semper paratus--
always ready; a Spar
special agent
specialist
Special Order No. 12; Special Orders, No. 12; a special order
[[Page 58]]
Spirit of '76 (painting); but spirit of '76 (in general sense)
sputnik; but Sputnik I, etc.
Square, Lafayette, etc.; the square
Staff, Foreign Service (see Foreign Service); Air
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
standard time (see time)
Star of Bethlehem
Star-Spangled Banner (see flag)
star wars
State:
government
legislature (see Legislature)
line, Iowa, Ohio-Indiana, etc.
New York
of Israel
of Pennsylvania
of Veracruz
of the Union Message/Address
out-of-State (adjective); but out-of-stater
prison
rights; States rights
Vatican City
state:
church and
of the art: state-of-the-art technology
statehood, statehouse, stateside, statewide
downstate, tristate, upstate, instate, substate, multistate
welfare
State's attorney
state's evidence
States:
Arab
Balkan
Baltic
communistic
Eastern; but eastern industrial States
East North Central
East South Central
Eastern Gulf
Eastern North Central, etc.
Far Western
Gulf; Gulf Coast
Lake
Latin American
lower 48
Middle
Middle Atlantic
Middle Western
Midwestern
Mountain
New England
North Atlantic
Northwestern, etc.
Organization of American
Pacific
Pacific Coast
rights
South American
South Atlantic
Southern
the six States of Australia; a foreign state
Thirteen Original; original 13 States
Western; but western Gulf; western farming States
Station, if part of name; the station; not capitalized if referring to
surveying or similar work:
Grand Central
Key West Naval (see Naval)
Nebraska Experiment Station; Experiment Station, Nebraska; Nebraska
station
Syracuse Air Force
television station WSYR-TV
Union; Union Depot; the depot
WAMU station; station WMAL; radio station WSM; broadcasting station
WJSV
station 9; substation A
Statue of Liberty; the statue
Statutes at Large (U.S.) (see also Revised Statutes)
Stealth: bomber, fighter
stockpile, national
stone age (see Ages)
storage facility
Stream, Gulf (see Gulf; geographic terms)
Street, if part of name; the street:
I Street (not Eye Street)
Fifteen-and-a-Half
U Street (not You Street)
110th Street
subcommittee (see Committee)
Subtreasury, New York, etc.; subtreas-ury at New York; the subtreasury
subtropical, subtropic(s) (see tropical)
summit meeting; Earth summit
Sun
Super Bowl
Superfund; the fund
Superintendent, if referring to head of Federal unit; the
Superintendent:
of Documents (Government Printing Office)
of the Naval (or Military) Academy
Supplement to the Revised Statutes (see Revised Statutes)
Supreme Bench; the Bench; also High Bench; High Tribunal
Supreme Court (U.S.); the Court; also High Court; titles of officers
standing alone capitalized:
Chief Justice
Clerk
Marshal
Reporter
but Ohio Supreme Court; the supreme court
Surgeon General, the (Air Force, Army, Navy, and Public Health Service)
Survey, if part of name of Federal unit; the Survey: Coast and Geodetic;
Geological; National Wilderness Preservation
System, if referring to Federal unit; the System:
Alaska Communication; the system
Federal Credit; the System
[[Page 59]]
Federal Home Loan Bank; the System
Federal Reserve; the System
National Forest; the System
National Highway; the System
National Park; the System
National System of Interstate and Defense Highways; National System of
Interstate Highways; Interstate System of Highways; Interstate
Highway System; the Interstate System; the National System; the
system; but highway system; Federal road system
National Trails; the System
National Wild and Scenic Rivers; the System
New York Central System; the system
Regional Metro System; Metro system
Selective Service (see also Service)
but Amtrak railway system; Amtrak system; the system
also Federal land bank system
table 2, II, A, etc.; but Table 2, when part of title: Table 2: Degrees
of Land Deterioration
Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
task force (see Force; Report)
Team, USAREUR Field Assistance, etc.; the team
television station (see Station)
Telnet
Ten Commandments
Territorial, if referring to a political subdivision
Territory:
Northwest (1799); the territory
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; Pacific Islands Trust
Territory; the trust territory; the territory
Yukon, Northwest Territories; the Territory(ies), Territorial (Canada)
but territory of: American Samoa, Guam, Virgin Islands
The, part of name, capitalized:
The Dalles; The Gambia; The Hague; The Weirs; but the Dalles Dam; the
Dalles region; the Federal Bulletin Board; the Hague Conference; the
Weirs streets
but the Adjutant General; the National Archives; the Archives; the
Times; the Mermaid; the Federal Express
Third World
Thirteen American Colonies, etc. (see Colonies)
Thirteen Original States
Thruway, New York; the thruway
time:
Atlantic, Atlantic standard
central, central standard
Draconian (period of time)
eastern, eastern daylight, eastern daylight saving (no s), eastern
standard
Greenwich civil, etc.
local, local standard
mountain, mountain standard
Pacific, Pacific standard
universal
Time Division Multiplexing Access (TDMA)
title 2, II, A, etc.; but Title 2, when part of title: Title 2: General
Provisions
Tomb:
Grant's; the tomb
of the Unknowns; of the Unknown Soldier; Unknown Soldier's Tomb; the
tomb (see also Unknown Soldier)
Tower, Eiffel, etc.; the tower
Township, Union; township of Union
trade names and trademarks:
Acrilan Formica
Airwick Fathometer
Alemite Fiberglas
Alpha (protein) (fiberglass in
Alumel general sense)
Alundum Fig Newtons
Ameripol Freon
Anchor (fence) Frigidaire
Artgum
Gameboy
Bactratycin Geon
Bakelite Glyptal
Band-Aid Go Kart
Belleekware Gyropilot
Benzedrine Gyrosyn
Bessemer (steel)
Blendor (Waring) Halon (gas)
Blue Rock (clay Hercolyn
target) Hersheypark
Hush Puppies
Calgon (shoes)
Calrod Hydroseal
Carbitol
Carborundum Inconel
Catalin Invar
Caterpillar (tread) Iron-Clad
Celanese
Celastic Java
Cellosolve Jeep
Cellucotton
(surgical
dressing) Kepone
Celluloid (plastics) (chlordecone)
Celotex Kiddie Kar
Chevron Kleenex
(machinery Klieglight
packing) Kodak
Chlorex Kodapak
Chromel (alloy) Koroseal
CinemaScope Kovar
Claratin
Coca-Cola Lastex
Coke LaserWriter
Corex Laundromat
Crawlers Leatherette
Cyclone (fence) Lexide
Library (paste)
Dacron Lift Gate
Deepfreeze (home Lollypop
freezer) Lucite
De-Ion Lux
Dulux
Duraloy Masonite
Duraplex MasterCard
Methocel
Electro-Silicon Micarta
Elektron Modutrol
Emulphor Monel (metal)
[[Page 60]]
Nekal Steel-Flex
Nichrome Stellite
Nicofume Steri-Pad (surgical
Nonex dressing)
NutraSweet Stiflex
Styrofoam
Orlon Sylphon
Synpor
Paraplex Syntron
Peg Board
Pentium Tabasco sauce
Perbunan Talon (fastener)
Permutit Technicolor
Phosphor bronze Teflon
Photronic TelePrompter
Phytin Terramycin
(pharmaceutical Thermit
product) Thermofax
Ping-Pong Thermos (vacuum
Plexiglas bottle)
Pliolite Thiokol
Pliowax Transite
Polane Tylenol
Polaroid
Porocel Uformite
Portland cement U-Haul
Primacord UNIX
Prozac
Push-Back (theater Vacumatic
chairs) Varsol
Pyralin Vaseline
Pyrex glass Velcro
Verichrome
Refinite ViewSonic
Revertex Vistac
Rocklath (plaster- Vistanex (-Medium)
board) Vultex
Rockwell (tester)
Walkman
Scotch (pressure- Windbreaker
sensitive tape, Windows NT
etc.) Word Perfect
Shakeproof
Sheetrock Xerox
Slim Jims
Snow Crop Yahoo!
Solvesso
Speed-Nut ZIP Code (Postal)
(fastener) Zipper (heels)
Trade Representative (U.S.)
transatlantic; transpacific; trans-Siberian, etc.; but Transjordan;
Trans-Alaska
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Treasurer, Assistant, of the United States; the Assistant Treasurer; but
assistant treasurer at New York, etc.
Treasurer of the United States; the Treasurer
Treasury notes; Treasurys
Treasury, of the United States; General; National; Public; Register of
the
Treaty, if part of name; the treaty:
Jay Treaty
North Atlantic; North Atlantic Defense
of Versailles
but treaty of 1919
triad
tribe (see Indians)
Tribunal, standing alone capitalized only in minutes and official
reports of a specific arbitration; also High Tribunal; the Tribunal
(Supreme Court); Copyright Royalty Tribunal, the tribunal
Tris (chemical)
Tropic of Cancer, of Capricorn; the Tropics
tropical; neotropic, neotropical, sub- tropic(s), subtropical
Trust, Power, etc.
trust territory (see Territory)
Tunnel, Lincoln, etc.; the tunnel; but irrigation, railroad, etc.,
tunnel
Turnpike, Pennsylvania, etc.; the turnpike
Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul)
U-boat
Under Secretary, if referring to officer of Federal Government; the
Under Secretary:
of Agriculture
of State
of the Treasury
Uniform Code of Military Justice (see Code)
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Uniform Resource Name/Number (URN)
Union (if part of proper name; capitalized standing alone if synonym
for United States or if referring to international unit):
International Typographical; the Typographical Union; the union
Pan American (see Organization of American States)
Station; but union passenger station; union freight station
Teamsters Union; the Teamsters; the union; also the Auto Workers,
etc.
Universal Postal; the Postal Union; the Union
Western (see alliances)
Woman's Christian Temperance
but a painters union; printers union
Unit, if referring to Federal branch; the Unit:
Alcohol Tax
Income Tax
United Nations:
Charter; the charter
Conference on International Organization; the Conference
Economic and Social Council; the Council
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (Unesco)
(see Organization)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); the Organization
General Assembly; the Assembly
International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF); the Fund
[[Page 61]]
International Court of Justice; the Court
International Labor Organization (see Organization)
Little Assembly; the Assembly
Permanent Court of Arbitration (see Court)
Secretariat, the
Secretary General
Security Council; the Council
Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development (SUNFED)
Trusteeship Council; the Council
World Employment Conference
World Health Organization (WHO); the Organization
universal:
military training (see Program)
time (see time)
Universal Postal Union (see Union)
University, if part of name: Stanford; the university
Unknown Soldier; Unknown of World War II; World War II Unknown; Unknown
of Korea; Korea Unknown; the Unknowns (see also Tomb)
Upper, if part of name:
Colorado River Basin
Egypt
Peninsula (of Michigan)
but upper House of Congress
Uruguay round
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics):
Cominform (Communist Information Bureau)
Communist International
Communist States
New Independent State
Politburo
Red army
Reds, the; a Red
Soviet, if part of name; capitalized standing alone if referring to
central governmental unit:
Government; but Communist government
Moscow
National
of Labor and Defense
S.S.S.R. (Siberian Soviet Socialist Republics)
but a soviet; sovietic; sovietism; sovietize
Valley, Shenandoah, etc.; the valley; but the valleys of Virginia and
Maryland
V-E Day; V-J Day (see holidays); V-chip
veteran, World War
Veterans Day (see holidays)
vice consul, British, etc.
Vice President (same as President)
Victoria Cross (see decorations)
virtual LAN (VLAN)
Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)
Voice of America; the Voice
Voice of Democracy Contest; the contest
volume 2, A, II, etc.; but Volume 2, when part of title: Volume 2: Five
Rivers in America's Future
Volunteer Naval Reserve (see Reserve)
WAC (see Corps)
WAF (women in the Air Force; a Waf, Wafs (individuals)
WAIS Client Software
War, if part of formal name:
Between the States
Civil
First World War; World War I; World War; Great War; Second World War;
World War II; but world war III
for Independence (1776)
French and Indian (1754-63)
Mexican
of the Nations
of the Rebellion; the rebellion
of the Revolution; the Revolution
of 1812; but war of 1914
Philippine Insurrection
Revolutionary
Seven Years'
Six-Day (Arab-Israeli)
Spanish
Spanish-American
the two World Wars
also post-World War II
war, descriptive or undeclared:
cold, hot
European
French and Indian wars
Indian
Korean
Persian Gulf; gulf
third world; world war III
Vietnam
with Mexico
with Spain
War College, National (see College)
War Mothers (see American)
ward 1, 2, etc.; first, 11th, etc.
Washington's Farewell Address
water district (see District)
waterway, inland, intercoastal, etc.; but Intracoastal Waterway
WAVES (women accepted for volunteer emergency service); a Wave
Web
Web broadcasting
Web browser
Webcasting
WebTV
Web site
Week, Fire Prevention; etc.
welfare state
West:
Bank (Jordan)
Coast (Africa); but west coast (U.S.)
End, etc. (section of city)
Europe (political entity)
[[Page 62]]
Far West; Far Western States
Florida (1763-1819)
Middle (United States); Midwest
South Central States, etc.
the West (section of United States; also world political entity)
west, western Pennsylvania
Western:
bloc
civilization
countries
Europe(an) (political entity)
Hemisphere; the hemisphere
ideas
North Central States
Powers
States
Union (see alliances)
United States
World
but far western; western farming States (U.S.)
westerner
What you see is what you get. (WYSIWYG)
Wheat Belt (see Belt)
whip, the (of political party in Congress)
Whisky Rebellion (see Rebellion)
White (synonym for Caucasian)
White House:
Blue Room
East Room
Oval Office
Police (see Police)
Red Room
Rose Garden
State Dining Room
white paper, British, etc.
Wide Area Information Server (WAIS)
wide area network (WAN)
Wilderness, capitalized with name; San Joaquin Wilderness, CA; the
wilderness; but the Wilderness (Virginia battlefield)
WinWAIS
woman marine, etc. (see Marine Corps)
Women's Army Corps (see Corps)
Wood, if part of name:
Belleau Wood
House of the Woods (palace)
World: New, Old, Third; but free world
World Bank; the Bank
World Series
World War (see War)
World War II veteran
World Wide Web (WWW), the Web
Xmodem
x ray (note: no hyphen)
Year, International Geophysical; the Geophysical Year; the Year
year:
calendar
fiscal
Ymodem
Young Men's Christian Association (see Association)
Your Excellency; Your Honor; Your Majesty; etc.
Youth Corps; the Corps
ZIP Code number; ZIP+4
Z39.50
Zmodem
Zone, if part of name; the zone:
Bizonia; bizonal
British (in Germany)
Canal (Panama)
Eastern, Western (Germany)
Frigid
Hot (infectious area)
New York Foreign Trade; Foreign Trade Zone No. 1; but the foreign
trade zone
of Interior (see Command)
Temperate, Torrid; the zone
Trizonia; trizonal
but Arctic, eastern standard time, enterprise, polar, tropical zone,
etc.
Zoological Park (National); the zoo; the park
[[Page 63]]
5. SPELLING
(See also ``Compounding Examples'' and ``Abbreviations and Letter
Symbols'')
5.1. The Government Printing Office uses Webster's Third New
International Dictionary as its guide for the spelling of words
not appearing in the Manual. Colloquial and dialect spellings
are not used unless required by the subject matter or specially
requested. The tendency of some producers of computer-assisted
publications to rely on the limited capability of some spell-
checking programs adds importance to the Manual's list.
Preferred and difficult spellings
5.2. In addition to indicating the preferred forms of words
with variant spellings, the list also contains other words
frequently misspelled or causing uncertainty. (See also ``Word
Division,'' a supplement to the Style Manual.)
A
abattoir
aberration
abetter
abettor (law)
abridgment
absorb (take in)
adsorb
(adhesion)
abysmal
a cappella
accede (yield)
exceed (surpass)
accepter
acceptor (law)
accessory
accommodate
accordion
accouter
accursed
acetic (acid)
ascetic (austere)
acknowledgment
acousticam
adaptermit
adjurermp
adjusterace
ad nauseamghfare
advisernch
advisor (law)
adz Valley
aegisolcano
affect (influence,
v.)erway
effect (result,
finish, n., v.)
afterward(s)
afterword
aging
aid (n., v.)
aide
aide-de-camp
albumen (egg)
albumin
(chemistry)
align
allottee
all ready
(prepared)
already
(previous)
all right
altogether
(completely)
all together
(collectively)
aluminum
ambidextrous
ameba
ampoule
analog
analogous
anemia
anesthetic
aneurysm
anomalous
anonymous
antediluvian
antibiotics (n.)
antibiotic (adj.)
anyway (adv.)
anywise (adv.)
appall, -ed, -ing
appareled, -ing
aquatic
aqueduct
archeology
arrester
artifact
artisan
ascendance, -ant
ascent (rise)
assent (consent)
assassinate
atheneum
attester
autogiro
awhile (for
some time)
a while (a short
time)
ax
aye
B
backward
baloney
(nonsense)
bologna
(sausage)
bandanna
bargainer
bargainor (law)
baritone
bark (boat)
barreled, -ing
bastille
bathyscaph
battalion
bazaar
behoove
beneficent
benefited, -ing
bettor (wagerer)
beveled, -ing
biased, -ing
blessed
bloc (group)
block (grants)
blond (masc., fem.)
bluing
born (birth)
borne (carried)
bouillon (soup)
bullion (metal)
boulder
bourgeoisie
breach (gap)
breech (lower
part)
brier
briquet, -ted, -ting
Britannia
broadax
bronco
brunet (masc., fem.)
buccaneer
buncombe
bunion
bur
burned
bus, bused, buses, busing
butadiene
[[Page 64]]
C
caffeine
calcareous
calcimine
caldron
calender (paper finish)
caliber
caliper
calk (spike)
caulk (seal)
calligraphy
callus (n.)
callous (adj.)
calorie
canceled, -ing
cancellation
candor
canister
cannot
canoeing
cantaloup
canvas (cloth)
canvass (solicit)
capital (city, money)
capitol
(building)
carabao (sing., pl.)
carat (gem weight)
caret (omission
mark)
karat (gold
weight)
carbureted, -ing
carburetor
Caribbean
caroled, -ing
carotene
cartilage
caster (roller)
castor (oil)
casual
(informal)
causal (cause)
catalog, -ed, -ing
cataloger
catsup
caviar
caviled, -er, -ing
center
centipede
cesarean
chairmaned
chaise longue
chancellor
channeled, -ing
chaperon
chautauqua
chauvinism
chiffonier
chile con carne
chili (pepper)
chiseled, -ing
chlorophyll
cigarette
citable
cite (quote)
site (place)
clamor
climactic (climax)
climatic
(climate)
cocaine
coconut
cocoon
coleslaw
colloquy
colossal
combated, -ing
commenter
commentor (law)
commingle
commiserate
complement
(complete)
compliment
(praise)
confectionery
confidant (masc.,
fem.)
confident (sure)
confirmer
confirmor (law)
conjurer
connecter
connector (road)
connoisseur
consecrator
consensus
consignor
consulter
consummate
contradicter
control, -lable, -ling
converter
conveyor
cookie
coolie
cornetist
corollary
corvette
councilor (of
council)
counselor
(adviser)
counseled, -ing
cozy
crawfish
creneled, -ing
crystaled, -ing
crystalline
crystallize
cudgeled, -ing
cyclopedia
czar
D
darndest
debarkation
decaffeinated
decalog
defense
deliverer
deliveror (law)
demagog
demarcation
dependent
descendant (n., adj.)
desecrater
desiccate
desuetude
detractor
develop, -ment
device
(contrivance)
devise (convey)
dextrous
diagramed, -ing
diagrammatic
dialed, -ing
dialog
diaphragm
diarrhea
dickey
dieresis
dieretic
dietitian
diffuser
dike
dilettante
dinghy (boat)
diphtheria
discreet (prudent)
discrete
(distinct)
disheveled, -ing
disk
dispatch
dissension
distention
distill, -ed, -ing, -ment
distributor
diverter
divorcee
doctoral
doctrinaire
doggerel
dossier
doweled, -ing
downward
dreadnought
dreamed
drought
dueled, -ing
duffelbag
dullness
dumfound
dwelt
dyeing (coloring)
dying (death)
E
eastward
ecstasy
edema
edgewise
electronics (n.)
electronic (adj.)
eleemosynary
elicit (to draw)
illicit (illegal)
embarrass
embed
embellish
emboweled, -ing
emboweler
emigrant (go
from)
immigrant (go
into)
emigree
eminent(famous)
imminent
(soon)
employee
enameled, -ing
encage
encase
encave
enclasp
enclose
enclosure
encumber
encumbrance
encyclopedia
endorse, -ment
endwise
enfeeble
enforce, -ment
engraft
enroll, -ed, -ing, -ment
enshade
ensheathe
ensnare
ensure (guarantee)
insure (protect)
entrench
entrepreneur
entrust
entwine
envelop (v.)
envelope (n.)
enwrap
eon
epaulet, -ed, -ing
epiglottis
epilog
equaled, -ing
erysipelas
escaloped, -ing
escapable
esophagus
esthetic
etiology
evacuee
evanescent
eviscerate
evocative
exhibitor
exhilarate
exonerate
exorbitant
[[Page 65]]
expellent
expose (n.,
exposure)
expose (v., to
lay open)
exsiccate
extant (in
existence)
extent (range)
extoll, -ed, -ing
eying
eyrie
F
falderal
fantasy
farther (distance)
further (degree)
favor
fecal
feces
fetal
fetish
fetus
fiber
fiche (microfiche)
filigree
finable
finagle
financier
fiord
flammable (not inflammable)
flection
fledgling
flexitime
flier
flotage
flotation
fluorescent
focused, -ing
forbade
forbear (endurance)
forebear
(ancestor)
foresee
forgettable
forgo (relinquish)
forego (precede)
format, formatted,
formatting
forswear
fortissimo
forward (ahead)
foreword
(preface)
fricassee
fuchsia
fueler
fulfill, -ed, -ing, -ment
fulsome
fungus (n., adj.)
funneled, -ing
furor
fuse (all meanings)
fuselage
fusillade
G
gaiety
gaily
galosh
gamboled, -ing
garrote
gauge
gazetteer
gelatin
genealogy
generalissimo
germane
glamorous
glamour
glycerin
gobbledygook
goodbye
graveled, -ing
gray
grievous
groveled, -ing
gruesome
guarantee (n., v.)
guaranty (n.,
law)
guerrilla
(warfare)
gorilla (ape)
guesstimate
guttural
gypsy
H
hallelujah
hara-kiri
harass
harebrained
healthful
(for health)
healthy (with
health)
heinous
hemoglobin
hemorrhage
heterogeneous
hiccup
highfalutin
hijack
homeopath
homogeneity
homolog
hors d'oeuvre
hypocrisy
hypotenuse
I
idiosyncrasy
idyl
imminent
(soon)
eminent
(famous)
impaneled, -ing
impasse
imperiled, -ing
impostor
impresario
imprimatur
inculcate
indict (to accuse)
indite (to
compose)
inequity
(unfairness)
iniquity (sin)
inferable
infold
ingenious
(skillful)
ingenuous
(simple)
innocuous
innuendo
inoculate
inquire, inquiry
install, -ed, -ing, -ment
installation
instill, -ed, -ing
insure (protect)
ensure
(guarantee)
intelligentsia
interceptor
interment (burial)
internment
(jail)
intern
intervener
intervenor (law)
intransigent (n., adj.)
iridescent
italic
J
jalopy
jalousie
jerry-(built)
jury-(rigged)
jeweled, -ing, -er
jewelry
judgeship
judgment
jujitsu
juxtaposition
K
kerneled, -ing
kerosene
kidnaped, -ing
kidnaper
kilogram
knapsack
kopek
kumquat
L
labeled, -ing
lacquer
landward
lath (wood)
lathe (machine)
laureled
leukemia
leveled, -ing
leveler
liaison
libelant
libeled, -ing
libelee
libeler
license
licenser (issuer)
licensor
(grantor)
licorice
likable
lilliputian
linage (lines)
lineage
(descent)
liquefy
liquor
liqueur
liter
livable
loath (reluctant)
loathe (detest)
lodestar
lodestone
lodgment
logistics (n.)
logistic (adj.)
louver
luster
lyonaise
M
madam
Mafia
maim
maize (corn)
maze
(labyrinth)
maneuver
manifold
manikin
mantel (shelf)
mantle (cloak)
manywise (adv.)
marbleize
marijuana
marshaled, -ing
marshaler
marveled, -ing
marvelous
material (goods)
materiel
(military)
meager
medaled, -ing
medalist
medieval
metaled, -ing
metalize
[[Page 66]]
meteorology
(weather)
metrology
(weights and
measures)
meter
mil (\1/1000\ inch)
mill (\1/1000\
dollar)
mileage
miliary (tuberculosis)
milieu
milk cow
millenary (1,000)
millinery (hats)
millennium
minable
missilry
misspell
miter
moccasin
modeled, -ing
modeler
mold
mollusk
molt
moneys
monogramed, -ing
monolog
mortise
movable
mucilage
mucus (n.)
mucous (adj.)
Muslim
mustache
N
naphtha
Navajo
nazism
neophyte
niacin
nickel
Nisei
niter
nonplused
northward
Novocain
numskull
O
obbligato
obloquy
ocher
octet
offal
offense
omelet
ophthalmology
opossum
orangutan
orbited, -ing
ordinance (law)
ordnance
(military)
organdie
overseas or oversea
P
pajamas
paleontology
paneled, -ing
paraffin
paralleled, -ing
parallelepiped
parceled, -ing
partisan
pastime
patrol, -led, -ling
peccadillo
pedant (n.)
pedantic (adj.)
peddler
penciled, -ing
pendant (n.)
pendent (u.m.)
percent
peremptory
(decisive)
preemptory
(preference)
perennial
periled, -ing
permittee
perquisite
(privilege)
prerequisite
(requirement)
personal
(individual)
personnel
(staff)
perspective
(view)
prospective
(expected)
petaled, -ing
Pharaoh
pharmacopeia
phenix
phlegm
phony
phosphorus (n.)
phosphorous
(adj.)
photostated
pickax
picnicking
pipet
plaque
plastics (n.)
plastic (adj.)
pledger
pledgor (law)
plenitude
pliers
plow
poleax
pollination
pommeled, -ing
pontoon
porcelaneous
practice (n., v.)
precedence
(priority)
precedents
(usage)
pretense
preventive
principal (chief)
principle
(proposition)
privilege
proffer
programmed, -mer,-ming
programmatic
prolog
promissory
pronunciation
propel, -led, -ling
propellant (n.)
propellent (adj.)
prophecy (n.)
prophesy (v.)
ptomaine
pubic (anatomy)
pulmotor
pusillanimous
Q
quarreled, -ing
quartet
quaternary
questionnaire
queue
R
raccoon
racket (all meanings)
rapprochement
rarefy
rarity
ratable
rational (adj.)
rationale (n.)
rattan
raveled, -ing
reconnaissance
reconnoiter
recyclable
referable
refusenik
registrar
reinforce
relater
relator (law)
remodeler
renaissance
reparable
repellant (n.)
repellent (adj.)
requester
requestor (law)
rescission
responder (electronics)
responser (electronics)
reveled, -er, -ing
rhyme, rhythmic
RIFing, RIFed, RIFs
rivaled, -ing
roweled, -ing
ruble
S
saccharin (n.)
saccharine (adj.)
sacrilegious
salable
sandaled, -ing
savable
savanna
savior
Saviour (Christ)
scalloped, -ing
schizophrenia
scion (horticulture)
scurrilous
seismology
selvage (edging)
salvage (save)
sentineled, -ing
separate (v., adj.)
sepulcher
seriatim
settler
settlor (law)
sewage (waste)
sewerage (drain
system)
sextet
Shakespearean
shellacking
shoveled, -ing
shriveled, -ing
sideward
signaled, -ing
siphon
site (place)
cite (quote)
sizable
skeptic
skillful
skulduggery
sleight (deft)
slight (meager)
smolder
sniveled, -ing
snorkel
soliloquy
sometime
(formerly)
some time
(some time
ago)
sometimes (at
times)
southward
[[Page 67]]
spacious (space)
specious
(plausible)
specter
spirituous (liquor)
spirochete
spoliation
staunch
stationary (fixed)
stationery
(paper)
statue (sculpture)
stature (height)
statute (law)
stenciled, -ing
stenciler
stifling
stratagem
stubbornness
stultify
stupefy
subpoena, -ed
subtlety
succor
sulfur (also
derivatives)
sulfanilamide
sulfureted, -ing
supererogation
surfeit
surreptitious
surveillance
swiveled, -ing
sylvan
synonymous
syrup
T
taboo
tactician
tasseled, -ing
tattoo
taxied, -ing
technique
teetotaler
tercentenary
theater
therefor (for it)
therefore (for
that reason)
thiamine
thralldom
thrash (beat)
thresh (grain)
threshold
tie, tied, tying
timber (wood)
timbre (tone)
tinseled, -ing
titer
tonsillitis
tormenter
totaled, -ing
toward
toweled, -ing
toxemia
trafficking
trammeled, -ing
tranquilize(r)
tranquillity
transcendent
transferable
transferor
transferred
transonic
transponder (electronics)
transshipment
traveled, -ing
traveler
travelog
triptych
trolley
troop (soldiers)
troupe (actors)
troweled, -ing
tryptophan
tularemia
tunneled, -ing
tunneler
turquoise
typify
tyrannical
tyro
U
unctuous
unwieldy
upward
uremia
usable
V
vacillate
valance (drape)
valence
(chemistry)
veld
veranda
vermilion
vicissitude
victualed, -ing
victualer
vilify
villain
visa, -ed, -ing
vitamin
vitrify
volcanism
voluntarism
votable
vying
W
wainscoting
warranter
warrantor (law)
warranty
weeviled, -ing
welder
westward
whimsey
whiskey, -s
willful
withe
woeful
woolen
woolly
worshiped, -er, -ing
Anglicized and foreign words
5.3. Diacritical marks are not used with anglicized words.
abaca
aide memoire
a la carte
a la king
a la mode
angstrom
aperitif
applique
apropos
auto(s)-da-fe
blase
boutonniere
brassiere
cabana
cafe
cafeteria
caique
canape
cause celebre
chateau
cliche
cloisonne
comedienne
comme ci
comme ca
communique
confrere
consomme
cortege
coulee
coup de grace
coup d'etat
coupe
creme
crepe
crepe de chine
critique
critiquing
debacle
debris
debut
debutante
decollete
dejeuner
denouement
depot
dos-a-dos
eclair
eclat
ecru
elan
elite
entree
etude
facade
faience
faux pas
fete
fiance (masc., fem.)
frappe
garcon
glace
grille
gruyere
habitue
ingenue
jardiniere
laissez faire
litterateur
materiel
matinee
melange
melee
menage
mesalliance
metier
moire
naive
naivete
nee
opera bouffe
opera comique
papier mache
piece de resistance
pleiade
porte cochere
porte lumiere
portiere
pousse cafe
premiere
protege (masc., fem.)
puree
rale
recherche
regime
risque (masc., fem.)
role
rotisserie
roue
saute
seance
senor
smorgasbord
soiree
souffle
suede
table d'hote
tete-a-tete
tragedienne
vicuna
vis-a-vis
[[Page 68]]
5.4. Foreign words carry the diacritical marks as an
essential part of their spelling.
a l'americaine
attache
beton
blesse
caleche
canada
canon
charge
charge d'affaires
conge
credit foncier
credit mobilier
cure
deja vu
detente
dona
entrepot
expose
longeron
manana
mate
mere
nacre
outre
passe (masc., fem.)
pate
pere
pina
precis
raisonne
resume
touche
Plural forms
5.5. Nouns ending in o immediately preceded by a vowel add s
to form the plural; nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant
add es to form the plural, except as indicated in the following
list.
albinos
armadillos
avocados
banjos
cantos
cascos
centos
didos
duodecimos
dynamos
escudos
falsettos
gauchos
ghettos
halos
indigos
infernos
juntos
kimonos
lassos
magnetos
mementos
merinos
mestizos
octavos
octodecimos
pianos
piccolos
pomelos
provisos
quartos
salvos
sextodecimos
sextos
siroccos
solos
tangelos
tobaccos
twos
tyros
virtuosos
zeros
5.6. When a noun is hyphenated with an adverb or
preposition, the plural is formed on the noun.
comings-in
fillers-in
goings-on
hangers-on
listeners-in
lookers-on
markers-up
passers-by
swearers-in
5.7. When neither word is a noun, the plural is formed on the
last word.
also-rans
come-ons
go-betweens
higher-ups
run-ins
tie-ins
5.8. In forming the plurals of compound terms, the
significant word takes the plural form.
Significant word first:
adjutants general
aides-de-camp
ambassadors at large
attorneys at law
attorneys general
billets-doux
bills of fare
brothers-in-law
charges d'affaires
chiefs of staff
commanders in chief
comptrollers general
consuls general
courts-martial
crepes suzette
daughters-in-law
governors general
grants-in-aid
heirs at law
inspectors general
men-of-war
ministers-designate
mothers-in-law
notaries public
pilots-in-command
postmasters general
presidents-elect
prisoners of war
reductions in force
rights-of-way
secretaries general
sergeants at arms
sergeants major
solicitors general
surgeons general
Significant word in middle:
assistant attorneys general
assistant chiefs of staff
assistant comptrollers general
assistant surgeons general
[[Page 69]]
Significant word last:
assistant attorneys
assistant commissioners
assistant corporation counsels
assistant directors
assistant general counsels
brigadier generals
deputy judges
deputy sheriffs
general counsels
judge advocates
judge advocate generals
lieutenant colonels
major generals
provost marshals
provost marshal generals
quartermaster generals
trade unions
under secretaries
vice chairmen
Both words equally significant:
Bulletins Nos. 27 and 28
not Bulletin Nos. 27 and 28
but Bulletin No. 27 or 28
coats of arms
masters at arms
men buyers
men employees
secretaries-treasurers
women aviators
No word significant in itself:
forget-me-nots
hand-me-downs
jack-in-the-pulpits
man-of-the-earths
pick-me-ups
will-o'-the-wisps
5.9. Nouns ending with ful form the plural by adding s at the
end; if it is necessary to express the idea that more than one
container was filled, the two elements of the solid compound
are printed as separate words and the plural is formed by
adding s to the noun.
five bucketfuls of the mixture (one bucket filled five
times)
five buckets full of earth (separate buckets)
three cupfuls of flour (one cup filled three times)
three cups full of coffee (separate cups)
5.10. The following list comprises other words the plurals of
which may cause difficulty.
addendum, addenda
adieu, adieus
agendum, agenda
alga, algae
alumnus, alumni (masc.); alumna, alumnae (fem.)
antenna, antennas (antennae, zoology)
appendix, appendixes
aquarium, aquariums
automaton, automatons
axis, axes
bandeau, bandeaux
basis, bases
bateau, bateaux
beau, beaus
cactus, cactuses
calix, calices
cargo, cargoes
chassis (singular and plural)
cherub, cherubs
cicatrix, cicatrices
Co., Cos.
coccus, cocci
consortium, consortia
corrigendum, corrigenda
crisis, crises
criterion, criteria
curriculum, curriculums
datum (singular), data (plural,
but singular in collective sense)
desideratum, desiderata
dilettante, dilettanti
dogma, dogmas
ellipsis, ellipses
equilibrium, equilibriums (equilibria, scientific)
erratum, errata
executrix, executrices
flambeau, flambeaus
focus, focuses
folium, folia
forum, forums
formula, formulas
fungus, fungi
genius, geniuses
genus, genera
gladiolus (singular and plural)
helix, helices
hypothesis, hypotheses
index, indexes (indices, scientific)
insigne, insignia
italic, italic
Kansas Citys
lacuna, lacunae
larva, larvae
larynx, larynxes
lens, lenses
lira, lire
locus, loci
madam, mesdames
Marys
matrix, matrices
maximum, maximums
[[Page 70]]
medium, mediums or media
memorandum, memorandums
minimum, minimums
minutia, minutiae
monsieur, messieurs
nucleus, nuclei
oasis, oases
octopus, octopuses
opus, opera
parenthesis, parentheses
phenomenon, phenomena
phylum, phyla
plateau, plateaus
podium, podiums
proces-verbal, proces-verbaux
radius, radii
radix, radixes
referendum, referendums
sanatorium, sanatoriums
sanitarium, sanitariums
septum, septa
sequela, sequelae
seraph, seraphs
seta, setae
ski, skis
stadium, stadiums
stimulus, stimuli
stratum, strata
stylus, styluses
syllabus, syllabuses
symposium, symposia
synopsis, synopses
tableau, tableaus
taxi, taxis
terminus, termini
testatrix, testatrices
thesaurus, thesauri
thesis, theses
thorax, thoraxes
vertebra, vertebras
(vertebrae, zoology)
virtuoso, virtuosos
vortex, vortexes
Endings ``ible'' and ``able''
5.11. The following words end in ible; other words in this
class end in able.
abhorrible
accendible
accessible
addible
adducible
admissible
appetible
apprehensible
audible
avertible
bipartible
circumscriptible
coctible
coercible
cognoscible
cohesible
collapsible
collectible(s)
combustible
comestible
commonsensible
compactible
compatible
competible
compossible
comprehensible
compressible
conducible
conductible
confluxible
congestible
contemptible
controvertible
conversible
(convertible)
conversable
(oral)
convertible
convincible
corrigible
corrodible
corrosible
corruptible
credible
crucible
cullible
decoctible
deducible
deductible
defeasible
defectible
defensible
delible
deprehensible
depressible
descendible
destructible
diffrangible
diffusible
digestible
dimensible
discernible
discerpible
discerptible
discussible
dispersible
dissectible
distensible
distractible
divertible
divestible
divisible
docible
edible
educible
effectible
effervescible
eligible
eludible
erodible
evasible
eversible
evincible
exemptible
exhaustible
exigible
expansible
explosible
expressible
extensible
fallible
feasible
fencible
flexible
fluxible
forcible
frangible
fungible
fusible
gullible
horrible
ignitible
illegible
immersible
immiscible
impartible
impatible
impedible
imperceptible
impermissible
imperscriptible
impersuasible
implausible
impossible
imprescriptible
imputrescible
inaccessible
inadmissible
inapprehensible
inaudible
incircumscriptible
incoercible
incognoscrible
incombustible
incommiscible
incompatible
incomprehensible
incompressible
inconcussible
incontrovertible
inconvertible
inconvincible
incorrigible
incorrodible
incorruptible
incredible
indefeasible
indefectible
indefensible
indelible
indeprehensible
indestructible
indigestible
indiscernible
indivertible
indivisible
indocible
inducible
ineffervescible
ineligible
ineludible
inevasible
inexhaustible
inexpansible
inexpressible
infallible
[[Page 71]]
infeasible
inflexible
infractible
infrangible
infusible
innascible
inscriptible
insensible
instructible
insubmergible
insuppressible
insusceptible
intactible
intangible
intelligible
interconvertible
interruptible
intervisible
invendible
invertible
invincible
invisible
irascible
irreducible
irrefrangible
irremissible
irreprehensible
irrepressible
irresistible
irresponsible
irreversible
legible
mandible
marcescible
misicible
negligible
nexible
omissible
ostensible
partible
passible (feeling)
passable (open)
perceptible
perfectible
permissible
persuasible
pervertible
plausible
possible
prehensible
prescriptible
producible
productible
protrusible
putrescible
receptible
redemptible
reducible
reflectible
reflexible
refrangible
remissible
renascible
rendible
reprehensible
repressible
reproducible
resistible
responsible
reversible
revertible
risible
runcible
sconcible
seducible
sensible
sponsible
suasible
subdivisible
submergible
submersible
subvertible
suggestible
supersensible
suppressible
susceptible
suspensible
tangible
tensible
terrible
thurible
traducible
transmissible
transvertible
tripartible
unadmissible
uncorruptible
unexhaustible
unexpressible
unintelligible
unresponsible
unsusceptible
vendible
vincible
visible
vitrescible
Endings ``ise,'' ``ize,'' and ``yze''
5.12. A large number of words have the termination ise, ize,
or yze. The letter l is followed by yze if the word expresses
an idea of loosening or separating, as analyze; all other words
of this class, except those ending with the suffix wise and
those in the following list, end in ize.
advertise
advise
affranchise
apprise (to inform)
apprize (to appraise)
arise
chastise
circumcise
comprise
compromise
demise
despise
devise
disenfranchise
disfranchise
disguise
emprise
enfranchise
enterprise
excise
exercise
exorcise
franchise
improvise
incise
merchandise
misadvise
mortise
premise
prise (to force)
prize (to value)
reprise
revise
rise
supervise
surmise
surprise
televise
Endings ``cede,'' ``ceed,'' and ``sede''
5.13. Only one word ends in sede (supersede); only three end
in ceed (exceed, proceed, succeed); all other words of this
class end in cede (precede, secede, etc.).
Doubled consonants
5.14. A single consonant following a single vowel and ending
a monosyllable or a final accented syllable is doubled before a
suffix beginning with a vowel.
bag, bagging
get, getting
red, reddish
rob, robbing
corral, corralled
input, inputting
format, formatting
transfer, transferred
but
total, totaled
travel, traveled
[[Page 72]]
5.15. If the accent in a derivative falls upon an earlier
syllable than it does in the root word, the consonant is not
doubled.
refer, reference
prefer, preference
infer, inference
Indefinite articles
5.16. The indefinite article a is used before a consonant and
an aspirated h; an is used before a silent h and all vowels
except u pronounced as in visual and o pronounced as in one.
a historic occasion
a hotel
a human being
a humble man
a union
an herbseller
an hour
an honor
an onion
an oyster
but
an H-U-D directive
a HUD directive
5.17. When a group of initials begins with b, c, d, g, j, k,
p, q, t, u, v, w, y, or z, each having a consonant sound, the
indefinite article a is used.
a BLS compilation
a CIO finding
a GAO limitation
a WWW search
5.18. When a group of initials begins with a, e, f, h, i, l,
m, n, o, r, s, or x, each having a vowel sound, the indefinite
article an is used.
an AEC report
an FCC (ef) ruling
an NSC (en) proclamation
an RFC (ahr) loan
5.19. Use of the indefinite article a or an before a
numerical expression is determined by the consonant or vowel
sound of the beginning syllable.
an 11-year-old
a onetime winner
a III (three) group
an VIII (eight) classification
a IV-F (four ef) category (military draft)
a 4-H Club
Geographic names
5.20. The spelling of geographic names must conform to the
decisions of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names (BGN). In the
absence of such a decision, the U.S. Directory of Post Offices
is to be used.
5.21. If the decisions or the rules of the BGN permit the use
of either the local official form or the conventional English
form, it is the prerogative of the originating office to select
the form which is most suitable for the matter in hand;
therefore, in marking copy or reading proof, it is required
only to verify the spelling of the particular form used. The
Government Printing Office preference is for the conventional
English form. Copy will be followed as to accents, but these
should be consistent throughout the entire job.
[[Page 73]]
Nationalities, etc.
5.22. The table beginning on page 233 shows forms to be used
for nouns and adjectives denoting nationality.
5.23. In designating the natives of the several States, the
following forms will be used.
Alabamian
Alaskan
Arizonan
Arkansan
Californian
Coloradan
Connecticuter
Delawarean
Floridian
Georgian
Hawaiian
Idahoan
Illinoisan
Indianian
Iowan
Kansan
Kentuckian
Louisianian
Mainer
Marylander
Massachusettsan
Michiganian
Minnesotan
Mississippian
Missourian
Montanan
Nebraskan
Nevadan
New Hampshirite
New Jerseyan
New Mexican
New Yorker
North Carolinian
North Dakotan
Ohioan
Oklahoman
Oregonian
Pennsylvanian
Rhode Islander
South Carolinian
South Dakotan
Tennessean
Texan
Utahn
Vermonter
Virginian
Washingtonian
West Virginian
Wisconsinite
Wyomingite
5.24. Observe the following forms:
African-American
Alaska Native (Aleuts, Eskimos, Indians of Alaska)
Amerindian
Native American (American Indian)
Puerto Rican
Part-Hawaiian (legal status)
but part-Japanese, etc.
Native American words
5.25. Words, including tribal and other proper names of
Indian, Aleut, Hawaiian, and other groups, are to be followed
literally as to spelling and the use of spaces, hyphens, etc.
Transliteration
5.26. In the spelling of nongeographic words transliterated
from Chinese, Japanese, or any other language that does not
have a Latin alphabet, copy is to be followed literally.
[[Page 74]]
NOTES
[[Page 75]]
6. COMPOUNDING RULES
(See also ``Compounding Examples'')
6.1. A compound word is a union of two or more words, either
with or without a hyphen. It conveys a unit idea that is not as
clearly or quickly conveyed by the component words in
unconnected succession. The hyphen is a mark of punctuation
that not only unites but separates the component words, and
thus facilitates understanding, aids readability, and ensures
correct pronunciation. When compound words must be divided at
the end of a line, such division should be made leaving
prefixes and combining forms of more than one syllable intact.
6.2. In applying the rules in this chapter and in using the
list of examples in the following chapter, ``Compounding
Examples,'' the fluid nature of our language should be kept in
mind. Word forms constantly undergo modification. Two-word
forms, which often acquired the hyphen first, frequently bypass
the hyphen stage and instantly assume a one-word form.
6.3. The rules, therefore, are somewhat flexible. Exceptions
must necessarily be allowed. Current language trends continue
to point to closing up certain words which, through either
frequent use or widespread dissemination through modern media
exposure, have become fixed in the reader's mind as units of
thought. The tendency to merge two short words continues to be
a natural progression toward better communication.
General rules
6.4. In general, omit the hyphen when words appear in regular
order and the omission causes no ambiguity in sense or sound.
banking hours
blood pressure
book value
census taker
day laborer
eye opener
fellow citizen
living costs
palm oil
patent right
real estate
rock candy
training ship
violin teacher
6.5. Words are usually combined to express a literal or
nonliteral (figurative) unit idea that would not be as clearly
expressed in unconnected succession.
afterglow
bookkeeping
cupboard
forget-me-not
gentleman
newsprint
right-of-way
whitewash
6.6. A derivative of a compound retains the solid or
hyphenated form of the original compound unless otherwise
indicated.
coldbloodedness
footnoting
ill-advisedly
outlawry
praiseworthiness
railroader
Y-shaped
[[Page 76]]
6.7. A hyphen is used to avoid doubling a vowel or tripling a
consonant, except after the short prefixes co, de, pre, pro,
and re, which are generally printed solid. (See also rules 6.29
and 6.32.)
cooperation
deemphasis
preexisting
anti-inflation
micro-organism
semi-independent
brass-smith
Inverness-shire
thimble-eye
ultra-atomic
shell-like
hull-less
but
co-occupant
cross section
Solid compounds
6.8. Print solid two nouns that form a third when the
compound has only one primary accent, especially when the
prefixed noun consists of only one syllable or when one of the
elements loses its original accent.
airship
bathroom
bookseller
cupboard
dressmaker
fishmonger
footnote
locksmith
workman
6.9. Print solid a noun consisting of a short verb and an
adverb as its second element, except when the use of the solid
form would interfere with comprehension.
blowout
breakdown
builddown
cooldown
flareback
giveaway
hangover
holdup
makeready
markoff
pickup
runoff
setup
showdown
throwaway
tradeoff
but
cut-in
phase-in
run-in
sit-in
tie-in
6.10. Compounds beginning with the following nouns are
usually printed solid.
book
eye
horse
house
mill
play
school
shop
snow
way
wood
work
6.11. Compounds ending in the following are usually printed
solid, especially when the prefixed word consists of one
syllable.
berry
bird
blossom
board
boat
book
borne
bound
box
boy
brained
bug
bush
craft
field
fish
flower
fly
girl
grower
headed
hearted
holder
hopper
house
keeper
keeping
land
light
like
line
load
maid
maker
making
man
master
mate
mill
mistress
monger
over
owner
but #ownership
person
picker
picking
piece
plane
power
proof
roach
room
shop
site
skin
smith
stone
store
tail
tight
time (not clock)
ward
ware
water
way
wear
weed
wide
wise
woman
wood
work
worker
working
worm
worthy
writer
writing
yard
6.12. Print solid any, every, no, and some when combined with
body, thing, and where. When one is the second element, print
as
[[Page 77]]
two words if meaning a single or particular person or thing. To
avoid mispronunciation, print no one as two words at all times.
anybody
anything
anywhere
anyone
everybody
everything
everywhere
everyone
nobody
nothing
nowhere
no one
somebody
something
somewhere
someone
but any one of us may stay; every one of the pilots is
responsible; every body was accounted for
6.13. Print compound personal pronouns as one word.
herself
himself
itself
myself
oneself
ourselves
themselves
thyself
yourself
yourselves
6.14. Print as one word compass directions consisting of two
points, but use a hyphen after the first point when three
points are combined.
northeast
southwest
north-northeast
south-southwest
also north-south alignment
Unit modifiers
6.15. Print a hyphen between words, or abbreviations and
words, combined to form a unit modifier immediately preceding
the word modified, except as indicated in rule 6.16 and
elsewhere throughout this chapter. This applies particularly to
combinations in which one element is a present or past
participle.
agreed-upon standards
Baltimore-Washington road
collective-bargaining talks
contested-election case
contract-bar rule
cost-of-living increase
drought-stricken area
English-speaking nation
fire-tested material
Federal-State-local cooperation
German-English descent
guided-missile program
hearing-impaired class
high-speed line
large-scale project
law-abiding citizen
long-term loan
line-item veto
long-term-payment loan
low-cost housing
lump-sum payment
most-favored-nation clause
multiple-purpose uses
no-par-value stock
one-on-one situation
part-time personnel
rust-resistant covering
service-connected disability
state-of-the-art technology
supply-side economics
tool-and-die maker
up-or-down vote
U.S.-owned property; U.S.-flag ship
1-inch diameter; 2-inch-diameter pipe
a 4-percent increase, the 10-percent rise
but
4 percent citric acid
4 percent interest. (Note the absence of an article: a, an, or the. The
word of is understood here.)
6.16. Where meaning is clear and readability is not aided, it
is not necessary to use a hyphen to form a temporary or made
compound. Restraint should be exercised in forming unnecessary
combinations of words used in normal sequence.
atomic energy power
bituminous coal industry
child welfare plan
civil rights case
[[Page 78]]
civil service examination
durable goods industry
flood control study
free enterprise system
ground water levels
high school student
elementary school grade
income tax form
interstate commerce law
land bank loan
land use program
life insurance company
mutual security funds
national defense appropriation
natural gas company
per capita expenditure
Portland cement plant
production credit loan
public at large
public utility plant
real estate tax
small businessman
Social Security pension
soil conservation measures
special delivery mail
parcel post delivery
speech correction class
but no-hyphen rule (readability aided); not no hyphen rule
6.17. Print without a hyphen a compound predicate adjective
or predicate noun the second element of which is a present
participle.
The duties were price fixing.
The effects were far reaching.
The shale was oil bearing.
The area is used for beet raising.
6.18. Print without a hyphen a compound predicate adjective
the second element of which is a past participle. Omit the
hyphen in a predicate modifier of comparative or superlative
degree.
The area is drought stricken.
The paper is fine grained.
Moderately fine grained wood.
The boy is freckle faced.
This material is fire tested.
The cars are higher priced.
The reporters are better informed.
6.19. Print without a hyphen a two-word modifier the first
element of which is a comparative or superlative.
better drained soil
best liked books
higher level decision
highest priced apartment
larger sized dress
better paying job
lower income group
but
uppercrust society
lowercase, uppercase type
upperclassman
bestseller (noun)
lighter-than-air craft
higher-than-market price
6.20. Do not use a hyphen in a two-word unit modifier the
first element of which is an adverb ending in ly, nor use
hyphens in a three-word unit modifier the first two elements of
which are adverbs.
eagerly awaited moment
wholly owned subsidiary
unusually well preserved specimen
very well defined usage
longer than usual lunch period
not too distant future
most often heard phrase
but
ever-normal granary
ever-rising flood
still-new car
still-lingering doubt
well-known lawyer
well-kept secret
6.21. Proper nouns used as unit modifiers, either in their
basic or derived form, retain their original form; but the
hyphen is printed when combining forms.
Latin American countries
North Carolina roads
a Mexican-American
South American trade
Spanish-American pride
Winston-Salem festival
African-American program
Anglo-Saxon period
Franco-Prussian War
Seventh-day Adventists
[[Page 79]]
but
Minneapolis-St. Paul region
North American-South American sphere
French-English descent
Washington-Wilkes-Barre route
or Washington/Wilkes-Barre route
6.22. Do not confuse a modifier with the word it modifies.
elderly clothesman
old-clothes man
competent shoemaker
wooden-shoe maker
field canning factory
tomato-canning factory
gallant serviceman
service men and women
light blue hat (weight)
light-blue hat (color)
average taxpayer
income-tax payer
American flagship (military)
American-flag ship
well-trained schoolteacher
elementary school teacher
preschool children (kindergarten)
pre-school children (before school)
rezoned wastesite
hazardous-waste site
but
common stockholder
stock ownership
small businessman
working men and women
steam powerplant site
meat packinghouse owner
6.23. Where two or more hyphenated compounds have a common
basic element and this element is omitted in all but the last
term, the hyphens are retained.
2- to 3- and 4- to 5-ton trucks
2- by 4-inch boards, but boards 2 to 6 inches wide
8-, 10-, and 16-foot boards
6.4-, 3.1-, and 2-percent pay raises
moss- and ivy-covered walls, not moss and ivy-covered
walls
long- and short-term money rates, not long and short-term
money rates
but twofold or threefold, not two or threefold
goat, sheep, and calf skins, not goat, sheep, and
calfskins
intrastate and intracity, not intra-state and -city
American owned and managed companies
preoperative and postoperative examination
6.24. Do not use a hyphen in a unit modifier consisting of a
foreign phrase.
ante bellum days
bona fide transaction
ex officio member
per capita tax
per diem employee
prima facie evidence
6.25. Do not print a hyphen in a unit modifier containing a
letter or a numeral as its second element.
abstract B pages
article 3 provisions
class II railroad
grade A milk
point 4 program
ward D beds
6.26. Do not use a hyphen in a unit modifier enclosed in
quotation marks unless it is normally a hyphenated term, but
quotation marks are not to be used in lieu of a hyphen.
``blue sky'' law
``good neighbor'' policy
``tie-in'' sale
but
right-to-work law
line-item veto
6.27. Print combination color terms as separate words, but
use a hyphen when such color terms are unit modifiers.
bluish green
dark green
orange red
bluish-green feathers
iron-gray sink
silver-gray body
[[Page 80]]
6.28. Do not use a hyphen between independent adjectives
preceding a noun.
big gray cat
a fine old southern gentleman
Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms
6.29. Print solid combining forms and prefixes, except as
indicated elsewhere.
afterbirth
Anglomania
antedate
antislavery
biweekly
bylaw
circumnavigation
cisalpine
cooperate
contraposition
countercase
deenergize
demitasse
excommunicate
extracurricular
foretell
heroicomic
hypersensitive
hypoacid
inbound
infrared
interview
intraspinal
introvert
isometric
macroanalysis
mesothorax
metagenesis
microphone
misstate
monogram
multicolor
neophyte
nonneutral
offset
outbake
overactive
pancosmic
paracentric
particoated
peripatetic
planoconvex
polynodal
postscript
preexist
proconsul
pseudoscholastic
reenact
retrospect
semiofficial
stepfather
subsecretary
supermarket
thermocouple
transonic
transship
tricolor
ultraviolet
unnecessary
underflow
6.30. Print solid combining forms and suffixes, except as
indicated elsewhere.
portable
coverage
operate
plebiscite
twentyfold
spoonful
kilogram
geography
manhood
selfish
pumpkin
meatless
outlet
wavelike
procurement
innermost
partnership
lonesome
homestead
northward
clockwise
6.31. Print solid words ending in like, but use a hyphen to
avoid tripling a consonant or when the first element is a
proper name.
lifelike
lilylike
girllike
bell-like
Scotland-like
MacArthur-like
6.32. Use a hyphen or hyphens to prevent mispronunciation, to
ensure a definite accent on each element of the compound, or to
avoid ambiguity.
anti-hog-cholera serum
co-occurrence
co-op
mid-decade
multi-ply (several plies)
non-civil-service position
non-tumor-bearing tissue
pre-midcourse review
pre-position (before)
pro-choice
pro-life
re-cover (cover again)
re-creation (create again)
re-lay (lay again)
re-sorting (sort again)
re-treat (treat again)
un-ionized
un-uniformity
but
rereferred
rereviewed
[[Page 81]]
6.33. Use a hyphen to join duplicated prefixes.
re-redirect
sub-subcommittee
super-superlative
6.34. Print with a hyphen the prefixes ex, self, and quasi.
ex-governor
ex-serviceman
ex-son-in-law
ex-vice-president
self-control
self-educated
quasi-academic
quasi-argument
quasi-corporation
quasi-young
but
selfhood
selfsame
6.35. Unless usage demands otherwise, use a hyphen to join a
prefix or combining form to a capitalized word. (The hyphen is
retained in words of this class set in caps.)
anti-American
pro-British
un-American
non-Government
neo-Nazi
post-World War II
or post-Second World War
non-Federal
but
nongovernmental
overanglicize
transatlantic
Numerical compounds
6.36. Print a hyphen between the elements of compound numbers
from twenty-one to ninety-nine and in adjective compounds with
a numerical first element.
twenty-one
twenty-first
6-footer
6-foot-11-inch man
24-inch ruler
3-week vacation
8-hour day
10-minute delay
20th-century progress
3-to-1 ratio
5-to-4 vote
.22-caliber cartridge
2-cent-per-pound tax
four-in-hand tie
three-and-twenty
two-sided question
multimillion-dollar fund
10-dollar-per-car tax
thirty- (30-) day period
but
one hundred and twenty-one
100-odd
foursome
threescore
foursquare
$20 million airfield
second grade children
6.37. Print without a hyphen a modifier consisting of a
possessive noun preceded by a numeral. (See also rule 8.14.)
1 month's layoff
1 week's pay
2 hours' work
3 weeks' vacation
1 minute's delay
but a 1-minute delay
6.38. Print a hyphen between the elements of a fraction, but
omit it between the numerator and the denominator when the
hyphen appears in either or in both.
one-thousandth
two-thirds
two one-thousandths
twenty-three thirtieths
twenty-one thirty-seconds
three-fourths of an inch
[[Page 82]]
6.39. A unit modifier following and reading back to the word
or words modified takes a hyphen and is printed in the
singular.
motor, alternating-current, 3-phase, 60-cycle, 115-volt
glass jars: 5-gallon, 2-gallon, 1-quart
belts: 2-inch, 1\1/4\-inch, \1/2\-inch, \1/4\-inch
Civil and military titles
6.40. Do not hyphenate a civil or military title denoting a
single office, but print a double title with a hyphen.
ambassador at large
assistant attorney general
commander in chief
comptroller general
Congressman at Large
major general
sergeant at arms
notary public
secretary general
secretary-treasurer
treasurer-manager
under secretary
but under-secretaryship
vice president
but vice-presidency
6.41. The adjectives elect and designate, as the last element
of a title, require a hyphen.
President-elect (Federal)
Vice-President-elect (Federal)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development-designate
ambassador-designate
minister-designate
Scientific and technical terms
6.42. Do not print a hyphen in scientific terms (names of
chemicals, diseases, animals, insects, plants) used as unit
modifiers if no hyphen appears in their original form.
carbon monoxide poisoning
guinea pig raising
hog cholera serum
methyl bromide solution
stem rust control
equivalent uranium content
whooping cough remedy
but
Russian-olive plantings
Douglas-fir tree
6.43. Chemical elements used in combination with figures use
a hyphen, except with superior figures.
Freon-12
polonium-210
uranium-235
U235
Sr90
92U234
6.44. Note use of hyphens and closeup punctuation in chemical
formulas.
9-nitroanthra(1,9,4,10)bis(1)oxathiazone-2,7-bisdioxide
Cr-Ni-Mo
2,4-D
6.45. Print a hyphen between the elements of technical or
contrived compound units of measurement.
candela-hour
crop-year
horsepower-hour
light-year
passenger-mile
staff-hour
work-year
but kilowatthour
[[Page 83]]
Improvised compounds
6.46. Print with a hyphen the elements of an improvised
compound.
blue-pencil (v.)
18-year-old (n., u.m.)
know-it-all (n.)
know-how (n.)
lick-the-finger-and-test-the-wind economics
make-believe (n., u.m.)
one-man-one-vote principle
roll-on/roll-off ship
George ``Pay-As-You-Go'' Miller
stick-in-the-mud (n.)
let-George-do-it attitude
how-to-be-beautiful course
hard-and-fast rule
penny-wise and pound-foolish policy
first-come-first-served basis
but a basis of first come, first
served
6.47. Use hyphens in a prepositional-phrase compound noun
consisting of three or more words.
cat-o'-nine-tails
government-in-exile
grant-in-aid
jack-in-the-box
man-of-war
mother-in-law
mother-of-pearl
patent-in-fee
but
coat of arms
heir at law
next of kin
officer in charge
6.48. When the corresponding noun form is printed as separate
words, the verb form is always hyphenated.
cold-shoulder
blue-pencil
cross-brace
6.49. Print a hyphen in a compound formed of repetitive or
conflicting terms and in a compound naming the same thing under
two aspects.
boogie-woogie
comedy-ballet
dead-alive
devil-devil
even-stephen
farce-melodrama
fiddle-faddle
hanky-panky
murder-suicide
nitty-gritty
pitter-patter
razzle-dazzle
walkie-talkie
willy-nilly
young-old
but
bowwow
dillydally
hubbub
nitwit
riffraff
6.50. Use a hyphen in a nonliteral compound expression
containing an apostrophe in its first element.
asses'-eyes
ass's-foot
bull's-eye
cat's-paw
crow's-nest
6.51. Use a hyphen to join a single capital letter to a noun
or a participle.
H-bomb
I-beam
T-shaped
U-boat
C-chip
C-section
V-necked
S-iron
T-square
X-ed out
but
x ray
x raying
S turns
6.52. Print idiomatic phrases without hyphens.
come by
inasmuch as
insofar as
Monday week
nowadays
[[Page 84]]
NOTES
[[Page 85]]
7. COMPOUNDING EXAMPLES
7.1. The following examples are based on the rules for
compounding found in chapter 6. Obviously, this list or any
other list of compound words could not possibly be a complete
reference due to sheer volume. However, an analogy of the words
listed with like prefixes and suffixes together with an
application of the rules will result in easier handling of
those compound words not listed.
7.2. In order to keep the list from becoming cumbersome,
certain restrictions had to be adopted.
7.3. The listing of hyphenated compounds ending in ed was
kept to a minimum. The rationale was to provide one or two
examples under a keyword rather than needless repetition.
7.4. Similarly, many two-word forms which create no
difficulty were omitted.
7.5. Care was exercised to achieve fuller coverage of solid
compounds, particularly when the adopted form is different than
that of Webster's Third New International Dictionary. This
dictionary is our guide for spelling with the exception of
those words listed in rule 5.2. It is not our guide to
compounding.
7.6. A distinction exists between words used in a literal
sense and a nonliteral sense. With few exceptions, two-word
forms invariably convey a literal meaning, while one-word forms
usually express a nonliteral interpretation. For example, a
person may have an interesting sideline or hobby, but be forced
to sit on the side line during periods of inactivity.
7.7. Distinction should also be made in the compounding of
two words to form an adjective modifier and the use of the same
words as a predicate adjective; e.g., ``crystal-clear water,''
but ``the water is crystal clear''; ``fire-tested material,''
but ``the material is fire
tested.''
7.8. Caution should be exercised when distinguishing whether
a succession of words is being used as a compound or whether
they simply appear together. Consider, for example, ``We know
someone should do it and who that some one ought to be.''
7.9. For better appearance, it may sometimes be necessary to
treat alike words which would have different forms when they
appear separately; e.g., bumblebee and queen bee, farmhand and
ranch hand. In juxtaposition, these and similar words should be
[[Page 86]]
made uniform by being printed as two words. This is only a
temporary expedient and does not supersede the list.
7.10. Combining forms and prefixes are usually printed solid.
For greater readability, the hyphen is sometimes used to avoid
doubling a vowel (anti-inflation, naso-orbital); to facilitate
a normally capitalized word (mid-April, non-European); to
assure distinct pronunciation of each element of a compound or
ready comprehension of intended meaning (contra-ion, un-
ionized); or to join a combining form or prefix to a hyphenated
compound (equi-gram-molar, pro-mother-in-law).
7.11. As nouns and adjectives, holdup, calldown, layout,
makeup, and similar words should be printed solid. Their er
derivatives (holder-up, caller-down, layer-out, and maker-up)
require hyphens. Such compounds as run-in, run-on, and tie-in
resist quick comprehension when solid. They are therefore
hyphenated.
7.12. Words spelled alike but pronounced differently, such as
tear-dimmed and tearsheet, wind tunnel and windup, are listed
under the same keyword.
7.13. Words printed flush in the following list combine with
the words which follow to indicate solid or hyphenated
compounds. A spacemark (#) appearing before an indented entry
indicates a two-word form, but two-word forms appearing in the
adjective position usually take a hyphen.
7.14. To indicate word function, several abbreviations have
been appended. They are: adv., adverb; n., noun; v., verb;
u.m., unit modifier; pref., prefix; c.f., combining form; and
conj., conjunction.
- A -
A
BC(s) (n.)
-B-C (u.m.)
-bomb
-day
-flat
-frame
-pole
-sharp
a
borning, etc.
foot
while (adv.)
abdomino (c.f.)
all one word
able
-bodied (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
about-face
above
-cited (u.m.)
deck
-found (u.m.)
-given (u.m.)
ground (u.m.)
-mentioned (u.m.)
-named (u.m.)
-said (u.m.)
-water (u.m.)
-written (u.m.)
absentminded
ace-high (u.m.)
acid
fast
-treat (v.)
works
ack-ack
acre
-foot
-inch
actino (c.f.)
all one word
addle
brain
head
pate
add-on (n., u.m.)
adeno (c.f.)
all one word
aero (c.f.)
-otitis
rest one word
afore
all one word
after (c.f.)
all one word
agar-agar
age
less
long
-old (u.m.)
-stricken (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
agribusiness
ague
-faced (u.m.)
-plagued (u.m.)
-sore (u.m.)
aide-de-camp
air
bag
base
bill
blast
-blasted (u.m.)
blown
brake
brush
burst
cargo
-clear (u.m.)
coach
-condition (all forms)
-cool (v.)
-cooled (u.m.)
course
crew
-dried (u.m.)
-driven (u.m.)
drome
drop
-dry (u.m., v.)
fare
-floated (u.m.)
flow
foil
-formed (u.m.)
frame
freight
gap
glow
hammer
head
hole
hose
lane
lift
#line (line for air)
line (aviation)
liner
link
locked
mail
mark (v.)
marker
mass
minded
park
path
photo
port (all meanings)
#raid
scoop
ship
show
sick
-slaked (u.m.)
sleeve
space
speed
stream
strike
strip
#time (radio and TV)
[[Page 87]]
wave
woman
worthy
alder-leaved
(u.m.)
ale
cup
-fed (u.m.)
glass
alkali#land
all
-absorbing (u.m.)
-aged (u.m.)
-American
-clear (n., u.m.)
-fired (u.m.)
-flotation (mining)
#fours
#in
-inclusive (u.m.)
mark (printing)
-out (u.m.)
-possessed (u.m.)
-round (u.m.)
spice
-star (u.m.)
time (u.m.)
wise
alleyway
allo (c.f.)
all one word
almsgiver
along
ship
shore
side
alpen
glow
stock
alpha
-cellulose
-iron
-naphthol
also-ran (n., u.m.)
alto
cumulus
relievo
stratus
amber
-clear (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
-tipped (u.m.)
ambi (c.f.)
all one word
amidships
amino
#acid
as prefix, all one word
ampere
-foot
-hour
meter
-minute
-second
amphi (pref.)
all one word
amylo (c.f.)
all one word
anchor
hold
#light
plate
angel
cake
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
food
angio (c.f.)
all one word
angle
hook
meter
wing
worm
Anglo (c.f.)
-American, etc.
rest one word
anhydr(o) (c.f.)
all one word
ankle
bone
-deep (u.m.)
jack
ant
eater
hill
ante (pref.)
#bellum, etc.
-Christian, etc.
#mortem
mortem (nonliteral)
rest one word
antero (c.f.)
all one word
anthra (c.f.)
all one word
anthropo (c.f.)
all one word
anti (pref.)
-American, etc.
-choice
christ
god
-hog-cholera (u.m.)
-icer, -imperial,
-inflation, etc.
-life
-missile-missile (u.m.)
missile, personnel, trust, etc.
-New#Deal, etc.
rest one word
antro (c.f.)
all one word
anvil
-faced (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
any
body
how
one
#one (one thing or one of a group)
place (adv.)
aorto (c.f.)
all one word
apo (pref.)
all one word
apple
cart
jack
juice
sauce
-scented (u.m.)
April-fool (v.)
aqua
culture
lung
marine
meter
puncture
tint
tone
aquo (c.f.)
-ion
rest one word
arc
-over (n., u.m.)
-weld (v.)
arch (pref.)
band
bishop
duke
enemy
-Protestant
archeo (c.f.)
all one word
archi (pref.)
all one word
archo (c.f.)
all one word
areo (c.f.)
all one word
aristo (c.f.)
all one word
arithmo (c.f.)
all one word
arm
band
bone
chair
hole
lift
pit
plate
rack
rest
-shaped (u.m.)
armor
-clad (u.m.)
-piercing (u.m.)
plate
-plated (u.m.)
smith
arm's-length (u.m.)
arrow
head
-leaved (u.m.)
plate
-shaped (u.m.)
shot
-toothed (u.m.)
arseno (c.f.)
all one word
art-colored (u.m.)
arterio (c.f.)
all one word
arthro (c.f.)
all one word
artillery
man
woman
asbestos
-covered (u.m.)
-packed (u.m.)
ash
bin
can
-colored (u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
-gray (u.m.)
#heap
pan
pile
pit
tray
assembly
#line
man
#room
astro (c.f.)
all one word
attorney#at#law
audio
frequency
gram
meter
tape
visual
auri (c.f.)
-iodide
rest one word
authorship
auto (c.f.)
-logon
matic#backup
-objective
-observation
-omnibus
-ophthal-moscope
rest one word
awe
-bound (u.m.)
-filled (u.m.)
-inspired (u.m.)
some
ax
-adz
-grinding (u.m.)
hammer
head
-shaped (u.m.)
axletree
axo (c.f.)
all one word
azo (c.f.)
-orange
-orchil
-orseilline
rest one word
- B -
B-flat
baby
#boomer
face (n.)
#food
sit (v.)
sitter
back
ache
band
bite (v.)
biter
bone
breaker
cap
chain
charge
-country (u.m.)
cross
date
down (n., u.m.)
drop
face
feed
fill
fire
flap
flash
flow
-focus (v.)
furrow
ground
hand
haul
-in (n., u.m.)
lash
list (v.)
log
lotter
packer (n.)
paddle (v.)
pay
payment
pedal (v.)
plate
rest
road
run
saw
scatter
set
shift
slide
space
spin
spread
staff
stage
stairs
stamp
stay
stitch
stop
strap
-streeter
stretch (n.)
string
strip (book)
stroke
-swath (v.)
swept
swing
tack
talk
tender
[[Page 88]]
tenter
-titrate (v.)
track (v.)
trail
up (n., u.m.)
wall
wash
water
backer
-down
-off
-up
bag
boy, girl
-cheeked
(u.m.)
pipe
-shaped (u.m.)
baggage
man
#rack
#room
#train
bailout (n., u.m.)
bake
oven
pan
shop
bald
faced
head (n.)
pate
ball
field
#game
-like
park (nonliteral)
#park (literal)
player
point (n., u.m.)
stock
ballot#box
band
aid
box
cutter
saw
stand
string
-tailed (u.m.)
wagon
width
bandy
ball
-legged (u.m.)
bangup (n., u.m.)
bank
book
note
#paper
side (stream)
bantamweight
bar
#bit
code
keeper
maid
post
tender
-wound (u.m.)
bare
-armed (u.m.)
back
bone
faced
foot
handed
legged
necked
worn
barge-laden (u.m.)
bark
cutter
peel
-tanned (u.m.)
barley
corn
mow
#water
barnstormer
barrel
head
-roll (v.)
-shaped (u.m.)
base
ball
ball#bat
line
#line (surveying)
-minded (u.m.)
basi (c.f.)
all one word
basketball
bas-relief
bat
blind
-eyed (u.m.)
fowl
wing
batch#file
bath
mat
robe
#towel
tub
batswing (cloth)
battercake
battle
ax
-fallen (u.m.)
front
ground
-scarred (u.m.)
ship
stead
wagon
baud#rate
baybolt
beach
comber
head
wagon
bead
flush
roll
beak
head
iron
-shaped (u.m.)
beam
filling
-making (u.m.)
bean
bag
cod
-fed (u.m.)
pole
pot
setter
-shaped (u.m.)
stalk
bear
baiting
herd
hide
hound
off (n., u.m.)
trap
beater
-out
-up
beauty
-blind (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
#shop
beaverpelt
bed
board
chair
chamber
clothes
cord
cover
-fallen (u.m.)
fast
fellow
frame
lamp
linen
pad
pan
plate
post
quilt
rail
#rest
ridden
rock
sheet
sick
side
sore
space
spread
spring
stand
stead
straw
time
bee
bread
-eater
herd
hive
keeper
line
way
beechnut
beef
eater
#extract
-faced (u.m.)
head
steak
tongue
bees
wax
wing
beet
field
#sugar
beetle
-browed (u.m.)
head
stock
before
-cited (u.m.)
hand
-mentioned (u.m.)
-named (u.m.)
behindhand
bell
-bottomed (u.m.)
crank
-crowned (u.m.)
hanger
hop
mouthed
ringer
wether
belly
ache
band
buster
button
fed (u.m.)
pinch
belowstairs
belt
-driven (u.m.)
saw
bench
fellow
-hardened (u.m.)
made (u.m.)
mark (nonliteral)
#mark (surveying)
warmer
bentwing (n., u.m.)
benzo (c.f.)
all one word
berry-brown (u.m.)
best
#man
seller (n.)
beta
-glucose
tron
between
decks
whiles
bi (pref.)
-iliac
rest one word
big
-eared (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
head (ego)
horn (sheep)
-horned (u.m.)
-leaguer
mouthed
name (top rank) (n., u.m.)
bill
back
beetle
broker
fold
head
hook
poster
sticker
billet
-doux
head
billingsgate
bio (c.f.)
-aeration
-osmosis
rest one word
birchbark
bird
bath
bander
cage
call
catcher
#dog (literal)
dog (nonliteral)
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
life
lime
lore
mouthed
seed
shot
watcher
bird's
-eye
#nest (literal) (n.)
-nest (n., u.m., v.)
birth
bed
#date
day
mark
place
right
#year
biscuit-shaped (u.m.)
bismuto (c.f.)
all one word
bit
stock
-mapped
bitter
-ender
head
sweet
-tongued (u.m.)
black
ball (nonliteral)
-bordered (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
face
fire
guard
jack
leg
list
mail
mark
#market (n.)
-market (u.m., v.)
-marketeer
-marketer
out (n., u.m.)
plate (printing)
print
-robed (u.m.)
#sheep (all meanings)
shirted
snake
strap (n.)
-tie (u.m.)
top
#widow
[[Page 89]]
blast
hole
plate
blasto (c.f.)
all one word
bleach
ground
works
blear
eye
-eyed (u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
blepharo (c.f.)
all one word
blight-resistant (u.m.)
blind
-bomb (v.)
-flying (u.m.)
fold
-loaded (u.m.)
#man
spot
stitch
story
blink-eyed (u.m.)
blithe-looking (u.m.)
blitz
buggy
krieg
block
buster
head
hole (v.)
ship
blood
-alcohol (u.m.)
bath
beat
curdling
-drenched (u.m.)
-giving (u.m.)
guilty
-hot (u.m.)
hound
letting
mobile
-red (u.m.)
ripe
shed
shot
spiller
spot
stain
stock
stream
sucker
thirsty
-warm (u.m.)
bloody
-nosed (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
blossom
-bordered (u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
blow
back
by (n., u.m.)
cock
down (n., u.m.)
gun
hard (n.)
hole
iron
lamp
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pipe
spray
through (u.m.)
torch
tube
up (n., u.m.)
blue
-annealed (u.m.)
beard (n.)
blood
bonnet
book (nonliteral)
bottle
coat (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
gill
grass
-gray (u.m.)
-green (u.m.)
-hot (u.m.)
jack
jacket
nose
-pencil (v.)
point (oyster)
print
stocking
streak (nonliteral)
tongue (n.)
blunder
buss
head
blunt
-edged (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
boar
spear
staff
board
#foot
rack
walk
boat
builder
crew
head
hook
house
loader
owner
#people
setter
shop
side
swain
wright
yard
bob
cat
sled
stay
tail
white
bobby
pin
-soxer
body
bearer
bending
builder
-centered
(u.m.)
guard
-mind
plate
bog
-eyed (u.m.)
land
man
trot (v.)
boil
down (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
boiler
-off
-out
plate
works
boiling#house
bold
face (printing)
-spirited (u.m.)
bolt
cutter
head
hole
-shaped (u.m.)
strake
bomb
drop
fall
shell
sight
thrower
-throwing (u.m.)
bone
ache
#ash
black
breaker
-bred (u.m.)
-dry (u.m.)
-eater
-hard (u.m.)
head
lace
meal
set
shaker
-white (u.m.)
boobytrap
boogie-woogie
book
binder
case
dealer
#end
fair
-fed (u.m.)
fold
-learned (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
list
lore
lover
mark
mobile
plate
rack
rest
sale
seller
shelf
stack
stall
stamp
stand
stitch
-stitching (u.m.)
-taught (u.m.)
wright
boom
town
truck
boondoggling
boot
black
hose
jack
lace
last
leg
lick
strap
bore
hole
safe
sight
bosom
-deep (u.m.)
-folded (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
bottle
-fed (u.m.)
neck
-nosed (u.m.)
bottom#land
boughpot
bow
back
bent
grace
head
knot
legged
-necked (u.m.)
pin
shot
sprit
stave
string
wow
box
car
haul
head (printing)
truck
boxer
-off
-up
brachio (c.f.)
all one word
brachy (c.f.)
all one word
brain
cap
child
-cracked (u.m.)
pan
sick
-spun (u.m.)
storm
-tired (u.m.)
wash
brake
drum
head
meter
shoe
brandnew (u.m.)
brandy
-burnt (u.m.)
wine
brass
-armed (u.m.)
-bold (u.m.)
-smith
works
brave
hearted
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
brazen
-browed (u.m.)
face
bread
basket
crumb
earner
fruit
#knife
liner
plate
seller
stuff
#tray
winner
break
away (n., u.m.)
ax
back (n., u.m.)
bone (fever)
#circuit
down (n., u.m.)
-even (u.m.)
fast
fast#room
front
-in (n., u.m.)
neck
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
point
through (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
wind (n.)
breaker
-down
-off
-up
breast
band
beam
bone
-deep (u.m.)
-fed (u.m.)
-high (u.m.)
hook
mark
piece
pin
plate
plow
rail
rope
work
breath
-blown (u.m.)
-tainted (u.m.)
taking
breech
block
cloth
loader
-loading (u.m.)
lock
pin
plug
sight
[[Page 90]]
breeze
-borne (u.m.)
-lifted (u.m.)
-swept (u.m.)
way
bribe
-free (u.m.)
giver
taker
bric-a-brac
brick
bat
-built (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
kiln
layer
liner
mason
-red (u.m.)
setter
work
yard
bride
bed
bowl
cake
chamber
cup
groom
knot
lace
maiden
stake
bridge
builder
head
pot
tree
#wall
work
briefcase
bright
-colored (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
brilliant
-cut (u.m.)
-green (u.m.)
brine-soaked (u.m.)
bringer-up
bristle
cone (u.m.)
-pointed (u.m.)
broad
acre
ax
band (radio) (n., u.m.)
-beamed (u.m.)
brim
cast
cloth
head
#jump
leaf (n.)
-leaved (u.m.)
loom
minded
-mouthed (u.m.)
share (n., v.)
sheet (n.)
side
sword
wife
woven
broken
-down (u.m.)
-legged (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
bromo (c.f.)
all one word
bronchio (c.f.)
all one word
broncho (c.f.)
all one word
broncobuster
bronze
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
broom
#handle
-leaved (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
stick
brother
-german
hood
-in-law
brow
beat
point
post
brown
back
-eyed (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
print
brush
ball
#holder
off (n., u.m.)
-treat (v.)
brusher
-off
-up
buck
eye
-eyed (u.m.)
horn
hound
passer
plate
pot
saw
shot
skinned
stall
stay
stove
tooth
wagon
wash
bucket-shaped (u.m.)
buff
-tipped (u.m.)
ware
-yellow (u.m.)
bug
bear
bite
-eyed (u.m.)
build
down (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
built
-in (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
bulb-tee (u.m.)
bulbo (c.f.)
all one word
bulk
head
-pile (v.)
weigh (v.)
bull
baiting
dog
doze
-faced (u.m.)
fight
frog
head
-mouthed
(u.m.)
neck
nose
pen
ring
#terrier
toad
-voiced (u.m.)
whack
whip
bullet
head
maker
proof
bull's
-eye
(nonliteral)
-foot
bumble
bee
foot
kite
bung
hole
start
burn
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
burned-over (u.m.)
burner-off
burnt
-out (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
bus
boy
#conductor
driver
fare
girl
line
load
bush
beater
buck
fighter
-grown (u.m.)
hammer
-leaguer
ranger
whacker
wife
bustup (n., u.m.)
busy
body
-fingered (u.m.)
head
butt
-joint (v.)
saw
stock
strap
-weld (v.)
butter
ball
-colored (u.m.)
fat
fingers
head
milk
mouth
nut
print
-rigged (u.m.)
scotch
-smooth (u.m.)
wife
-yellow (u.m.)
button
-eared (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
hold
hole
hook
mold
buzzerphone
by
-and-by
-by
-the-way (n., u.m.)
-your-leave (n., u.m.)
rest one word
- C -
C
-sharp
-star
-tube
cab
driver
fare
#owner
stand
cabbagehead
cabinet
maker
making
cable-laid (u.m.)
caco (c.f.)
all one word
cage#bird
cake
baker
bread
-eater
mixer
-mixing (u.m.)
pan
walk
calci (c.f.)
all one word
calk-weld (v.)
call
back (n., u.m.)
box
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
note
-off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-over (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
camshaft
camel
back (rubber)
-backed (u.m.)
driver
-faced (u.m.)
camel's-hair (u.m.)
camp
fire
ground
stool
can
capper
not
#opener
canalside
candle
bomb
-foot
holder
-hour
lighter
lit
-meter
-shaped (u.m.)
stand
stick
wick
wright
candystick
cane
-backed (u.m.)
brake
crusher
cutter
#sugar
canker
-eaten (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
cannonball
canvas-covered (u.m.)
cap
-flash (v.)
nut
screw
sheaf
shore
car
barn
break
builder
fare
goose
hop
jacker
lot
-mile
owner
pool
port
sick
wash
carbo (c.f.)
all one word
[[Page 91]]
carbol (c.f.)
all one word
carcino (c.f.)
all one word
card
case
-index (u.m., v.)
player
sharp
stock
cardio (c.f.)
-aortic
rest one word
care
free
giver
-laden (u.m.)
taker
-tired (u.m.)
worn
carpet
bagger
beater
#cleaner
-cleaning (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
fitter
layer
-smooth (u.m.)
-sweeping (u.m.)
weaver
-weaving (u.m.)
web
woven
carpo (c.f.)
-olecranal
rest one word
carriage-making (u.m.)
carrot
-colored (u.m.)
head (nonliteral)
juice
top (nonliteral)
carry
all (n., u.m.)
around (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
forward (n.)
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
cart
load
wheel (coin)
whip
wright
case
bearer
finding
hammer
harden
load
mated
worker
caser-in
cashflow
cast
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-by (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-ridden (u.m.)
-weld (v.)
caster
-off
-out
castlebuilder
(nonliteral)
cat
back
beam
bird
call
-eyed (u.m.)
face (n.)
fall
gut
head
hole
hook
-ion
like
nap
nip
-o'-nine-tails
stitch
walk
CAT scan
catch
all (n., u.m.)
-as-catch-can (u.m.)
cry
penny
plate
up (n., u.m.)
weight
word
cater
corner
wauling
cat's
-eye (nonliteral)
-paw (nonliteral)
cattle
#boat
feed
-raising (u.m.)
yak
cauliflower
-eared (u.m.)
#ware
causeway
cave
dweller
-dwelling (u.m.)
#fish
-in (n., u.m.)
cease-fire (n., u.m.)
cedar-colored (u.m.)
celi (c.f.)
all one word
celio (c.f.)
all one word
cement
-covered (u.m.)
mason
-temper (v.)
census
#taker
-taking
center
#field (sports)
head (printing)
line
most
#piece
-second
centi (c.f.)
all one word
centimeter-gram-
second
centri (c.f.)
all one word
centro (c.f.)
all one word
cephalo (c.f.)
all one word
cerato (c.f.)
all one word
cerebro (c.f.)
-ocular
rest one word
certificate holder
cervico (c.f.)
-occipital
-orbicular
rest one word
cess
pipe
pit
pool
chaffcutter
chain
#belt
-driven (u.m.)
#gang
stitch
chair
fast
mender
person
-shaped (u.m.)
warmer
chalk
cutter
line
-white (u.m.)
chamber
maid
woman
changeover
chapfallen
chapelgoing
char
broiler
coal
pit
charge
#book
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
chartbook
chattermark
cheapskate
check
bite
forger
hook
-in (n., u.m.)
list
mark
nut
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
passer (n.)
point
rack
rail
rein
ring
roll
rope
row
sheet
strap
string
up (n., u.m.)
washer
weigher
writer
checker
-in
-off
-out
-up
cheek
bone
strap
cheerleader
cheese
burger
cake
cloth
curd
cutter
head
lip
parer
plate
chemico (c.f.)
all one word
chemo (c.f.)
all one word
cherry
-colored (u.m.)
stone (nonliteral)
#stone (literal)
chestnut
-colored (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
chicken
bill
-billed (u.m.)
#breast
breasted
#coop
#farm
feed
heart
pox
#yard
chief
#justice
-justiceship
#mate
child
bearing
bed
birth
care
crowing
hood
kind
life
-minded (u.m.)
ridden
wife
chill-cast (u.m., v.)
chin
band
-bearded (u.m.)
-chin
cloth
cough
-high (u.m.)
rest
strap
china
-blue (u.m.)
#shop
ware
Chinatown
chipmunk
chiro (c.f.)
all one word
chisel
-cut (u.m.)
-edged (u.m.)
#maker
chitchat
chitter-chatter
chloro (c.f.)
all one word
chock
ablock
-full (u.m.)
chocolate
-brown (u.m.)
-coated (u.m.)
#maker
choir
boy
#master
choke
bore
damp
out (n., u.m.)
point
strap
chole (c.f.)
all one word
chondro (c.f.)
-osseous
rest one word
chop
-chop
stick
chowchow
Christ
-given (u.m.)
-inspired (u.m.)
like
chromo (c.f.)
all one word
chrono (c.f.)
all one word
chuck
hole
plate
wagon
chucklehead
chunkhead
church
goer
like
work
yard
churn
-butted (u.m.)
milk
cigar
case
cutter
-shaped (u.m.)
cigarette
#holder
#maker
-making (u.m.)
cine (c.f.)
all one word
circuitbreaker
circum (pref.)
arctic, pacific, etc.
-Saturnal, etc.
rest one word
[[Page 92]]
cirro (c.f.)
all one word
cis (pref.)
alpine
atlantic
-trans (u.m.)
rest one word
city
-born (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
folk
#man
scape
clam
bake
shell
clampdown (n., u.m.)
clap
net
trap
clasphook
class
book
-conscious (u.m.)
#consciousness
#day
work
claw
bar
-footed (u.m.)
hammer
hatchet
-tailed (u.m.)
clay
bank
-colored (u.m.)
pan
pit
works
clean
-cut (u.m.)
handed
out (n., u.m.)
-shaved (u.m.)
-smelling (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
clear
cole
-cut (u.m.)
cut (forestry)
(n., v.)
-eyed (u.m.)
headed
-sighted (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
wing
clearinghouse
cleft
-footed (u.m.)
-graft (v.)
client/server
cliff
dweller
-dwelling (u.m.)
hanger
side
top
-worn (u.m.)
climbpath
clinch-built (u.m.)
clink-clank
clinker-built
(u.m.)
clip
-clop
-edged (u.m.)
sheet
clipper-built (u.m.)
cloak
-and-dagger (n., u.m.)
room
clock
case
face
-minded (u.m.)
setter
#speed
watcher
clod
head
hopping
pate
close
bred
-connected (u.m.)
cross
-cut (u.m.)
down (n.)
-fertilize (v.)
fisted
handed
-knit
minded
mouthed
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
closed
-circuit (u.m.)
#end
#shop
cloth-backed (u.m.)
clothes
bag
basket
brush
#closet
horse
pin
press
rack
#tree
cloud
base
burst
cap
-hidden (u.m.)
clover
bloom
leaf
seed
sick
club
#car
foot
hand
haul
mobile
ridden
room
root
-shaped (u.m.)
co (pref.)
-op
exist, operate, etc.
processor
rest one word
coach
-and-four
builder
whip
coal
bag
bed
bin
-black (u.m.)
breaker
#car
dealer
digger
-faced (u.m.)
hole
-laden (u.m.)
#loader
#mine
pit
rake
sack (astron. only)
shed
ship
#tar
#truck
yard
coastside
coat
hanger
rack
tailed
cob
head
meal
shed
web
cock
bill
brain
crow
eye
fight
head
pit
#robin
spur
sure
-tailed (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
cockleshell
cockscomb
cod
bank
fishing
head
#liver
pitchings
smack
code
#name
-named (u.m.)
coffee
break
cake
-colored (u.m.)
-growing
(u.m.)
pot
room
cofferdam
coffin-headed (u.m.)
cogwheel
coin-operated
(u.m.)
cold
blooded
-chisel (v.)
cuts
-draw (v.)
finch
-flow (v.)
-forge (v.)
frame
-hammer (v.)
-hammered (u.m.)
pack
-press (v.)
-roll (v.)
-rolled (u.m.)
-short (u.m.)
-shortness
-shoulder (v.)
type (printing)
#war
#wave
-work (v.)
cole
seed
slaw
coli (c.f.)
all one word
collar
bag
band
bone
colo (c.f.)
all one word
color
bearer
blind
#blindness
fast
-free (u.m.)
#line
type (printing) (n.)
-washed (u.m.)
comb-toothed (u.m.)
come
-along (tool)
back (n., u.m.)
-between (n.)
down (n.)
-off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
-out (n.)
-outer
uppance
comic#book
command
-line
#prompt
commander#in #chief
common
-carrier
#law
place
#sense (n.)
sense (u.m.)
weal
wealth
companionship
compressed#file
comptime
cone
-shaped (u.m.)
speaker
conference#room
Congressman#at #Large
contra (pref.)
-acting
-approach
-ion
rest one word
cook
book
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
shack
stove
coolheaded
cooped
-in (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
cop
#out (v.)
out (n.)
copper
-bottomed (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
#mine
nose
plate
-plated (u.m.)
smith
works
copy
cat
cutter
desk
#editor
fitter
holding
reader
right
writer
coral
-beaded (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
cork
-lined (u.m.)
screw
corn
bin
bread
cake
cob
cracker
crib
crusher
cutter
dodger
-fed (u.m.)
husk
loft
meal
#pone
stalk
starch
corner
bind
post
corpsmember
cost
#effective (n.)
-effectiveness
wise
costo (c.f.)
all one word
cotton
-clad (u.m.)
[[Page 93]]
-covered (u.m.)
-growing (u.m.)
#mill
mouth (snake)
packer
picker, ing
seed
sick
countdown (n., u.m.)
counter
#check (banking)
#septum
-off
act, propaganda, top, etc.
as combining form, one word
country
-born (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
folk
people
side
wide
county
#seat
wide
court
bred
-martial
ship
cousin
-german
hood
-in-law
cover
alls
let
side
up (n., u.m.)
cow
barn
bell
catcher
-eyed (u.m.)
gate
hand
herd
hide
hitch
lick
path
pen
#pony
pox
puncher
shed
sucker
crab
cake
catcher
eater
faced
hole
meat
stick
crack
down (n., u.m.)
house (slang)
jaw
pot
-the-whip (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
cradle
side
#snatcher
song
cranio (c.f.)
all one word
crank
case
-driven (u.m.)
pin
pit
shaft
crapehanger
crashdive (v.)
crawlup (n., u.m.)
crazy
bone
cat
cream
cake
-colored (u.m.)
creditworthiness
creek
bed
side
creep
hole
mouse
crepe#de#chine
crestfallen
crew
cut
member
cribstrap
crime
fighter
solver
wave
crisscross
crook
all one word
crooked
-foot (n.)
-legged (u.m.)
-nosed (u.m.)
crop
-bound (u.m.)
-haired (u.m.)
head
mark
-year
cross
-appeal
arm
band
bar
beam
bearer
bedded
belt
bench
-bidding
bill (bird)
#bill (legal)
bind
bolt
bond
bones
bred
breed
-bridge (v.)
-brush (v.)
-carve (v.)
-channel (u.m.)
-check
-claim
-compound (v.)
-connect (v.)
-country (u.m.)
-cultivate (v.)
current
-curve (math.) (n.)
cut
-date (v.)
-drain (v.)
-dye (v.)
-dyeing (n.)
-examine (v.)
-eye (n., u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
feed
-fertile (u.m.)
-fertilize (v.)
-fiber (u.m.)
file
fire
flow
foot
-grained (u.m.)
hair
hand
hatch
haul
head
-immunity
-index (u.m.)
-interrogate (v.)
-interrogatory
-invite (v.)
legged
legs
-level (v.)
-license (v.)
lift (v.)
lock
lots
mark
member
patch
path
plow (v.)
-pollinate (v.)
-purpose (n.)
-question
rail
-reaction
-refer (v.)
-reference
road
row
-service
-shaft
-slide
-staff
-sterile
-stitch
-stone
-stratification
-sue (v.)
-surge (v.)
talk
tie
town
track
trail
tree
under (n., u.m.)
-vote
walk
web
wind
word
crow
bait
bar
foot
crownbar
crow's
-foot (nonliteral)
-nest (nonliteral)
crybaby
crypto (c.f.)
-Christian, etc.
rest one word
crystal
-clear (u.m.)
-girded (u.m.)
-smooth (u.m.)
cubbyhole
cumulo (c.f.)
all one word
cup
bearer
cake
ful
head
curb
side
stoner
cure-all (n., u.m.)
curly
head
locks (n.)
currycomb
cussword
custom
-built (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
-tailored (u.m.)
cut
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
glass
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
rate (u.m.)
throat
-toothed (u.m.)
-under (u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
cutter
-built (u.m.)
-down
head
-off
-out
-rigged (u.m.)
-up
cuttlebone
cyano (c.f.)
all one word
cyclecar
cyclo (c.f.)
-olefin
rest one word
cysto (c.f.)
all one word
cyto (c.f.)
all one word
- D -
D
-day
-major
-plus-4-day
dairy
-fed (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
daisy#chain
damp
proofing
-stained (u.m.)
damping-off (n., u.m.)
dancehall
danger#line
dare
-all (n., u.m.)
devil
say
dark
-eyed (u.m.)
horse (nonliteral)
room (n.)
-skinned (u.m.)
dash
plate
wheel
data
bank
base
date
lined
mark
daughter-in-law
dawn
-gray (u.m.)
streak
day
beam
bed
break
-bright (u.m.)
care
dawn
dream
-fly (aviation) (v.)
-flying (u.m.)
going
lighted
lit
long (u.m.)
mark
side
star
-to-day (u.m.)
worker
de (pref.)
-air
icer
[[Page 94]]
-ink
-ion
centralize, energize, etc.
rest one word
dead
-alive
beat (n.)
born
-burn (v.)
#center
-cold (u.m.)
-dip (v.)
-drunk (u.m.)
-ender
eye (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
head
-heated (u.m.)
-heater
-heavy (u.m.)
latch
#load
lock
pan
-roast (v.)
weight (n., u.m.)
wood
death
bed
blow
day
-divided (u.m.)
-doom (v.)
#house
-struck (u.m.)
trap
watch
-weary (u.m.)
decisionmaking
deckhand
deep
-affected (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
-felt (u.m.)
-freeze (u.m., v.)
-frying (u.m.)
going
-grown (u.m.)
-laid (u.m.)
most
mouthed
-rooted (u.m.)
#sea
-seated (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-sunk (u.m.)
-voiced (u.m.)
water (u.m.)
deer
drive (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
food
herd
horn
hound
meat
stalker
stand
dehydr(o) (c.f.)
all one word
demi (pref.)
-Christian, etc.
-incognito
rest one word
dermato (c.f.)
all one word
desk
#room
top (n., u.m.)
dessert
#fork
#knife
spoon
deutero (c.f.)
all one word
devil
-devil
dog (a marine)
-inspired (u.m.)
-ridden (u.m.)
dew
beam
cap
-clad (u.m.)
claw
damp
-drenched (u.m.)
drop
fall
-fed (u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
lap
point
dextro (c.f.)
all one word
di (pref.)
all one word
dia (pref.)
all one word
dialog#box
dial-up
diamond
back
-backed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
diazo (c.f.)
-oxide
rest one word
dice
cup
play
die
-away (u.m.)
back
case
-cast (u.m., v.)
caster
-cut (u.m., v.)
cutter
hard (n., u.m.)
head
#proof (philately) (n.)
setter
sinker
-square (u.m.)
stock
diesel
-driven (u.m.)
-electric (u.m.)
dillydally
dim
-lighted (u.m.)
lit
out (n., u.m.)
diner-out
ding
bat
dong
dining#room
dinitro (c.f.)
#spray
rest one word
dip
-dye (v.)
-grained (u.m.)
head
stick
dipper-in
direct
-connected
(u.m.)
-indirect
direction-finding (u.m.)
dirt
-cheap (u.m.)
fast
-incrusted (u.m.)
plate
dirty
-faced (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
#work
dis (pref.)
all one word
dish
cloth
#cover
pan
rack
rag
#towel
washer
wiper
disk
#drive
jockey
pack
plow
-shaped (u.m.)
ditch
bank
digger
rider
side
dive
-bomb (v.)
#bomber
do
-all (n., u.m.)
-gooder
-little (n., u.m.)
-nothing (n., u.m.)
dock
hand
head
side
worker
dog
bite
-bitten (u.m.)
breeder
cart
catcher
#days
-drawn (u.m.)
-ear (v.)
-eared (u.m.)
face (soldier)
-faced (u.m.)
fall
fight
food
-headed (u.m.)
hole
leg
#owner
race
shore
sled
-tired (u.m.)
tooth
-toothed (u.m.)
trick
trot
watch
-weary (u.m.)
doll
face
-faced (u.m.)
dollyhead
donkey
back
-drawn (u.m.)
-eared (u.m.)
doomsday
door
bed
bell
case
check
frame
head
jamb
keeper
knob
mat
nail
#opener
plate
post
-shaped (u.m.)
sill
step
stop
dope
fiend
passer
pusher
sheet
dorsi (c.f.)
all one word
dorso (c.f.)
-occipital
rest one word
dot
-matrix
#pitch
double
-barrel (n., u.m.)
-barreled (u.m.)
-bitt (v.)
-breasted (u.m.)
-charge (v.)
check (n., v.)
checked (u.m., v.)
-chinned (u.m.)
-click
cross (nonliteral)
deal (v.)
-decker
dipper (nonliteral)
-duty (u.m.)
-dye (v.)
-edged (u.m.)
-ender
-entendre
handed
-headed (u.m.)
header
-jointed
-leaded (u.m.)
-quick (u.m.)
-sided
#space (v.)
#take
talk
tone (printing)
tree
-trouble
-up (u.m., v.)
#work
dough
boy
-colored (u.m.)
face
-faced (u.m.)
head
mixer
nut
down
beat
by
cast
check
coast
come
-covered (u.m.)
crier
cry
curved
cut
dale
draft
drag
face
fall
feed
filled
flow
fold
grade
gradient
growth
hanging
haul
hearted
hill
lead
load
lock (n.)
look
most
payment
pour
rate
right
river
rush
shore
side
sitting
slip
slope
-soft (u.m.)
spout
stage
stairs
state
stream
street
stroke
sun (adv.,
u.m.)
[[Page 95]]
swing
take
throw
thrust
time
town
trampling
trend
trodden
turn
valley
weigh
weight
wind
draft
age (allowance)
#age
-exempt (u.m.)
drag
bar
bolt
net
pipe
rope
saw
staff
wire
dragger
-down
-in
-out
-up
dragon
-eyed (u.m.)
fly
#piece
drain
cleaner
pipe
plug
tile
drainage
#area
#basin
way
draw
-arch (n.)
arm
back
bar
beam
bench
bolt
bore
bridge
cut
down (n., u.m.)
file
gate
gear
glove
head
horse
knife
knot
link
loom
net
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pin
plate
point
sheet
span
stop
string
tongs
tube
drawer
-down
-in
-off
-out
drawing
#board
#room
dream
-haunted (u.m.)
land
lore
world
dredge#net
dressup (n., u.m.)
dressing#room
drift
#boat
bolt
meter
-mining (u.m.)
#net
pin
wind
drill
case
-like
stock
drip
cock
-drip
-dry (u.m., v.)
sheet
stick
drive
away (n., u.m.)
belt
bolt
by (n., u.m.)
cap
head
-in (n., u.m.)
pipe
screw
#shaft
way
drop
away (n., u.m.)
bolt
cloth
-down
-forge (v.)
front
hammer
head
kick
leaf (n., u.m.)
leg
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
sonde
stitch
drug
-addicted (u.m.)
mixer
passer
pusher
seller
#user
drum
beat
fire
head
stick
-up (n., u.m.)
dry
-burnt (u.m.)
#cell
clean
-cure (v.)
dock
-dye (v.)
-farm (v.)
farming (n., u.m.)
gulch (nonliteral)
lot
-pack (u.m., v.)
-rotted (u.m.)
-salt (v.)
wash
duck
bill
-billed (u.m.)
blind
foot (tool)
-footed (u.m.)
pin
pond
walk
due
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
duffelbag
dug
out (n.)
-up (u.m.)
dull
-edged (u.m.)
head
-looking (u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
dumdum
dumb
bell
head
waiter
dump
car
cart
site
dunderhead
duo (c.f.)
all one word
dust
bag
bin
brush
cloth
-covered (u.m.)
fall
-gray (u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
pan
storm
duty
bound
-free (u.m.)
dwelling#house
dye
mixer
stuff
works
dys (pref.)
all one word
- E -
e-mail
eagle
#eye
-eyed (u.m.)
ear
ache
cap
drop
drum
flap
guard
hole
lap
mark
#muff
phone
-piercing (u.m.)
plug
ring
screw
shot
sore
splitting
tab
wax
wig
witness
earth
bank
born
-bred (u.m.)
fall
fast
-fed (u.m.)
fill
grubber
#house
kin
lit
mover
nut
quake
-shaking (u.m.)
slide
-stained (u.m.)
wall
east
bound
-central (u.m.)
going
-northeast
#side
-sider
-southeast
Eastertime
easy
going
mark (n.)
-rising (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
eavesdrop
ebbtide
edge
#plane
shot
ways
wise
eel
cake
catcher
fare
pot
pout
spear
egg
beater (all meanings)
cup
eater
fruit
head (nonliteral)
hot (n.)
nog
plant
-shaped (u.m.)
shell
-white (u.m.)
eight
-angled (u.m.)
#ball
fold
penny (nail)
-ply (u.m.)
score
-wheeler
elbowchair
elder
#brother
-leaved (u.m.)
electro (c.f.)
-optics
-osmosis
-ultrafiltration
rest one word
embryo (c.f.)
all one word
empty
handed
-looking
(u.m.)
en
#banc
#gros
#route
encephalo (c.f.)
all one word
end
-all (n., u.m.)
bell
brain
gate
lap
long
-match (v.)
matcher
-measure (v.)
most
-shrink (v.)
ways
ender
-on
-up
endo (c.f.)
all one word
engine
#shop
-sized (u.m.)
work
#worker
#yard
entero (c.f.)
all one word
entry
#book
way
[[Page 96]]
envelope
#holder
#maker
epi (pref.)
all one word
equi (c.f.)
-gram-molar
rest one word
ere
long
now
errorproof
erythro (c.f.)
all one word
even
glow
handed
minded
-numbered (u.m.)
song
-tempered (u.m.)
ever
-abiding (u.m.)
bearing
blooming
-constant (u.m.)
-fertile (u.m.)
glade
going
green
lasting
more
-normal (u.m.)
-present (u.m.)
-ready (u.m.)
sporting (biol.)
which
every
day (n., u.m.)
#day (each day)
how
one (all)
#one (distributive)
#time
evil
doer
#eye
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
minded (u.m.)
sayer
speaker
wishing
ex
#cathedra
cathedral
communicate
-Governor
#libris
#officio
#post#facto
#rights
-serviceman
-trader
-vice-president
extra
-alimentary
-American
bold
-Britannic
-condensed (u.m.)
curricular
-fine (u.m.)
hazardous
judicial
-large (u.m.)
-long (u.m.)
marginal
mural
ordinary
polar
-strong (u.m.)
territorial
vascular
eye
#appeal
ball
bank
bar
blink
-blurred (u.m.)
bolt
brow
-conscious (u.m.)
cup
flap
glance
glass
hole
lash
lens
lid
mark
-minded (u.m.)
#opener
peep
pit
point
service
shade
shield
shot
sick
sight
sore
spot
-spotted (u.m.)
stalk
strain
string
tooth
wash
#weariness
wink
witness
- F -
F
-flat
-horn
-sharp
fable
#book
teller
face
about (n., u.m., v.)
-arbor (v.)
cloth
-harden (v.)
-hardened (u.m.)
lifting
mark
-off (n.)
-on (n., u.m.)
plate
up (n., u.m.)
fact
book
finding
sheet
fade
away (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
fail-safe
faint
heart
-voiced (u.m.)
fair
ground
-lead (n., u.m.)
minded
play
-skinned (u.m.)
#trade
fairy
folk
hood
tale
faithbreaker
fall
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
#guy
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-plow (v.)
-sow (v.)
trap
fallow#land
false
-bottomed (u.m.)
#face
-faced (u.m.)
hood
-tongued (u.m.)
fame
-crowned (u.m.)
-thirsty (u.m.)
fan
back
bearer
#belt
fare
fold
foot
-jet
-leaved (u.m.)
marker
-shaped (u.m.)
-tailed (u.m.)
fancy
-free (u.m.)
-loose (u.m.)
-woven (u.m.)
-wrought (u.m.)
far
-aloft (u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
-borne (u.m.)
-distant (u.m.)
-eastern (u.m.)
-famed (u.m.)
fetched
flung (u.m.)
gone
-off (u.m.)
#out
-reaching (u.m.)
seeing
-seen (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
sight
farm
-bred (u.m.)
hand
hold
owner
people
place
stead
worker
fashion
-led (u.m.)
#piece (naut.)
#plate
-setting (u.m.)
fast
-anchored (u.m.)
back
-dyed (u.m.)
going
hold
-moving (u.m.)
-read (v.)
-reading (u.m.)
#time (daylight saving)
fat
back
-bellied (u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
head
-soluble (u.m.)
father
-confessor
-in-law
land
fault
finder
line
slip
faux#pas
fax
-and-voice# mailbox
#modem
-on-demand
fear
-free (u.m.)
nought
-pursued (u.m.)
-shaken (u.m.)
feather
bed (v.)
bedding
bone
brain
edge
-footed (u.m.)
head
-leaved (u.m.)
stitch
-stitched (u.m.)
-stitching
-tongue (v.)
weight
wing (moth)
fed-up (u.m.)
feeble
-bodied (u.m.)
minded
feed
back (n., u.m.)
bag
bin
box
crusher
cutter
head
lot
mixer
pipe
rack
store
stuff
feeder
-in
-up
fellow
craft
ship
rest two words
felt
cutter
-lined (u.m.)
packer
fenbank
fence
post
#row
fern
-clad (u.m.)
leaf
-leaved (u.m.)
ferro (c.f.)
-carbon-titanium
-uranium
rest one word
ferry
boat
#car
#slip
fever
less
-stricken (u.m.)
trap
-warm (u.m.)
fiber
-faced (u.m.)
glass
#optics
stitch
Fiberglas
(copyright)
fibro (c.f.)
-osteoma
rest one word
fickleminded
fiddle
back
-faddle
head
-shaped (u.m.)
stick
string
[[Page 97]]
field
ball
glass
goal
-strip
fierce
-eyed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
fiery
-flaming (u.m.)
-hot (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
-tempered (u.m.)
fig
bar
eater
leaf
shell
figure
head
-of-eight (u.m.)
#work (printing)
file
card
-hard (u.m.)
name
setter
-soft (u.m.)
fill
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
filler
cap
-in
-out
-up
film
cutter
goer
going
#paper
slide
strip
-struck (u.m.)
fin
back
-shaped (u.m.)
fine
-cut (u.m., v.)
-draw (v.)
-drawn (u.m.)
-featured (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
finger
breadth
-cut (u.m.)
hold
hole
hook
mark
nail
parted
post
print
shell
spin
stall
tip
fire
arm
back (n.)
ball
bell
bolt
bomb
brand
brat
break
brick
-burnt (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
coat
cracker
crest
-cure (v.)
damp
#drill
-eater
fall
fang
fighter
guard
-hardened (u.m.)
horse
hose
lit
pit
place
plow
plug
-polish (v.)
power
proof
-red (u.m.)
-resistant (u.m.)
safe
side
spout
trap
truck
wall
warden
firm
-footed (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
first
#aid
-aider
-born (u.m.)
-class (u.m.)
comer
hand (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
-named (u.m.)
-nighter
-rate (u.m.)
-rater
fish
back
bed
-bellied (u.m.)
bolt
bone
bowl
cake
eater
eye
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
#farm
-fed (u.m.)
food
garth
hook
-joint (v.)
kill
#ladder
meal
mouth
plate
pond
pool
pot
pound
trap
weir
works
fisher
folk
man
people
fishyback (n., u.m.)
fit
out (n.)
strip
five
bar
fold
-ply (u.m.)
-pointed (u.m.)
-reeler
score
flag
bearer
pole
post
-raising (u.m.)
ship
-signal (v.)
staff
stick
flame
-colored (u.m.)
-cut (v.)
out (n.)
proof
thrower
flannelmouth
flap
cake
doodle
-eared (u.m.)
jack
flare
back (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
path
up (n., u.m.)
flash
back (n., u.m.)
bulb
card
cube
gun
lamp
pan
point
flat
back
(book-
binding)
bed (printing)
-bottomed (u.m.)
car
-compound (v.)
fold
foot (n.)
hat
head
iron
nose
out (n., u.m.)
-rolled (u.m.)
sawn
top
-topped (u.m.)
woods
flax
drop
-leaved (u.m.)
-polled (u.m.)
seed
flea
bite
-bitten (u.m.)
fleet
foot
-footed (u.m.)
wing
flesh
brush
hook
-pink (u.m.)
pot
fleur-de-lis
flextime
flight
crew
-hour
path
-test (v.)
flimflam
flip
-flap
-flop
-up (n., u.m.)
flood
cock
flow
gate
lamp
lighting
mark
#plain
tide
wall
water
floor
beam
cloth
head
lamp
mat
mop
#show
space
stain
walker
#wax
-waxing (u.m.)
flophouse
floppy#disk
flour
bag
bin
#mill
sack
#sifter
flow
chart
meter
off (n., u.m.)
sheet
through (n., u.m.)
flower
bed
bud
-crowned (u.m.)
#grower
-hung (u.m.)
#piece
pot
-scented (u.m.)
#shop
flue-cure (v.)
fluid
-compressed (u.m.)
extract (pharm.) (n.)
glycerate
fluo (c.f.)
all one word
fluoro (c.f.)
all one word
flush
-cut (u.m.)
-decked (u.m.)
-decker
gate
fluvio (c.f.)
all one word
fly
away
back
ball
-bitten (u.m.)
blow
blown
-by-night (n., u.m.)
catcher
eater
-fish (v.)
-fisher
-fisherman
#fishing
flap
-free (u.m.)
leaf
paper
sheet
speck
-specked (u.m.)
tier
trap
weight
wheel
winch
flying
#boat
#fish
foam
bow
-crested (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
fog
bound
bow
dog
eater
-hidden (u.m.)
horn
#light
-ridden (u.m.)
fold
-in
up (n., u.m.)
folk
#dance
lore
song
follow
-on
through (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
follower-up
[[Page 98]]
food
-fasted (u.m.)
-fasting (v.)
packer
store
stuff
foolhardy
foolscap
foot
-and-mouth (u.m.)
ball
band
bath
blower
board
brake
breadth
bridge
candle
fall
-free (u.m.)
gear
-grain
hill
hold
lambert
licker
light(s)
lining
locker
loose
mark
note
pad
path
pick
plate
-pound
-pound-second
print
race
rail
rest
rope
scald
-second
slogger
sore
stalk
stall
step
stick
stock
stool
-ton
walk
wall
-weary (u.m.)
worn
for (pref.)
all one word
fore
-age
-and-aft (n., u.m.)
-and-after (n.)
-edge
-end
-exercise
word
rest one word
forest
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#land
side
fork
head
lift
-pronged (u.m.)
tail
-tailed (u.m.)
form
fitting
#work (printing)
forth
coming
right
with
fortune
#hunter
teller
forty-niner
foul
#line
-looking (u.m.)
mouthed
-spoken (u.m.)
-tongued (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
fountainhead
four
-bagger
-eyed (u.m.)
flusher
fold
-footed (u.m.)
-in-hand (n., u.m.)
-masted (u.m.)
-master
penny (nail)
-ply (u.m.)
score
some
square
-wheeler
fox
-faced (u.m.)
hole
hound
#hunting
skinned
tailed
trot
fracto (c.f.)
all one word
frameup (n., u.m.)
free
booter
born
drop
-for-all (n., u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
hand (drawing)
handed
hold
lance
loader
-minded
masonry
#post
-spoken (u.m.)
standing (u.m.)
thinker
trader
wheel (u.m., v.)
wheeler (n.)
#will (n.)
will (u.m.)
freedom#fighter
freeze
down (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
freight
#house
-mile
#room
fresh
-looking (u.m.)
-painted (u.m.)
water
frog
belly
eater
-eyed (u.m.)
face
mouth
nose
pond
tongue (medicine)
front
-end (u.m.)
-focused (u.m.)
runner
stall
-wheel (u.m.)
fronto (c.f.)
-occipital
-orbital
rest one word
frost
bite
bow
-free (u.m.)
-hardy (u.m.)
-heaving (u.m.)
-killed (u.m.)
lamp
line
fruit
cake
#fly
growing
#shop
stalk
frying#pan
fuel
#line
#oil
full
back
-bellied (u.m.)
blood
-bound (u.m.)
-duplex
face
-fashioned (u.m.)
-flowering (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
#load
mouth
-strength (u.m.)
-text
-time (u.m.)
fundraising
funlover
funnel
form
-shaped (u.m.)
fur
-clad (u.m.)
coat
-lined (u.m.)
-trimmed (u.m.)
fuse
box
#gauge
plug
- G -
G
-major
-man
-minor
-sharp
gabfest
gad
about (n., u.m.)
fly
gaff-topsail
gag
-check (v.)
root
#rule
gaugepin
gain
say
-sharing (u.m.)
galact(o) (c.f.)
all one word
gallbladder
galley#proof (printing)
galvano (c.f.)
all one word
game
bag
cock
gang
boss
plank
saw
gapeseed
garnet-brown (u.m.)
gas
bag
bomb
-driven (u.m.)
field
-fired (u.m.)
firing
fitter
-heated (u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
lamp
lighted
line (auto)
#line (people queue)
lock
#main
#mask
meter
works
gastro (c.f.)
-omental
rest one word
gate
house
keeper
leg (u.m.)
pin
post
tender
works
gay
#blade
cat
-colored (u.m.)
#dog
-looking (u.m.)
gear
box
case
-driven (u.m.)
fitter
-operated (u.m.)
set
shift
wheel
gelatin
-coated (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
gelatino (c.f.)
bromide
chloride
gem
cutter
-set (u.m.)
#stone
genito (c.f.)
all one word
gentle
folk
-looking (u.m.)
man
-mannered (u.m.)
mouthed
-spoken (u.m.)
woman
geo (c.f.)
all one word
germ-free (u.m.)
gerrymander
get
-at-able
away (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-together (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
ghost
-haunted (u.m.)
write (v.)
giddy
brain
head
-paced (u.m.)
gilt-edge (u.m.)
gin-run (u.m.)
ginger
#ale
bread
-colored (u.m.)
snap
spice
[[Page 99]]
give
-and-take (n., u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
glacio (c.f.)
all one word
glass
blower
#ceiling
cutter
-eater
-eyed (u.m.)
-hard (u.m.)
house
works
glauco (c.f.)
all one word
glidepath
globetrotter
glosso (c.f.)
all one word
glow
lamp
meter
gluc(o) (c.f.)
all one word
glue
pot
stock
glycero (c.f.)
all one word
glyco (c.f.)
all one word
go
-ahead (n., u.m.)
-around (n., u.m.)
-as-you-please (u.m.)
-back (n., u.m.)
-between (n.)
by (n.)
cart
-devil (n.)
-getter
-getting (n., u.m.)
-off (n., u.m.)
goal
post
#setter
goat
-bearded (u.m.)
-drunk (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
herd
goat's
-hair
-horn
God
-conscious (u.m.)
-fearing (u.m.)
-forsaken (u.m.)
-given (u.m.)
head
-man
-ordained (u.m.)
-sent (u.m.)
-sped (u.m.)
speed
-taught (u.m.)
god
child
daughter
father
head
hood
less
mother
parent
send
ship
son
sonship
goggle-eyed (u.m.)
goings-on
gold
beater
brick (shirker)
#brick (of real gold)
-bright (u.m.)
-brown (u.m.)
digger
#dust
-filled (u.m.)
foil
-inlaid (u.m.)
leaf
plate (v.)
-plated (u.m.)
-plating (u.m.)
smithing
-wrought (u.m.)
golden
-fingered (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
good
bye
-for-nothing (n., u.m.)
-looker
-looking (u.m.)
-natured (u.m.)
#will (kindness)
will (salable asset)
goose
bone
bumps
-cackle
#egg
-eyed (u.m.)
flesh
-footed (u.m.)
herd
mouth
neck
pimples
rump
step
wing
gospel
like
-true (u.m.)
gourdhead
Government (U.S. or foreign)
-in-exile
-owned (u.m.)
wide
governmentwide
(State, city, etc.)
grab
-all (n., u.m.)
#bag
hook
rope
grade
finder
mark
grain
-cut (u.m.)
field
-laden (u.m.)
mark
sick
gram
-fast (u.m.)
-meter
-molecular
-negative (u.m.)
-positive (u.m.)
grand
aunt
child, etc.
stand
grant-in-aid
grape
fruit
juice
-leaved (u.m.)
seed
stalk
vine
graph
alloy
#paper
grapho (c.f)
all one word
grass
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
cutter
flat
-green (u.m.)
hop
nut
plot
roots (nonliteral)
#roots (literal)
widow
grave
clothes
digger
side
stead
gravel
-blind (u.m.)
stone
gray
back (n., u.m.)
beard (n.)
-clad (u.m.)
coat (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
-haired (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
grease
#gun
#pit
proof
great
-aunt
coat
-eared (u.m.)
-grandchild, etc.
-headed (u.m.)
heart
mouthed
green
back (n., u.m.)
belt (community)
-clad (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
gage (plum)
gill
grocer
horn
keeper
-leaved (u.m.)
sand (geology)
sick
stuff
sward
town (community)
#wood (literal)
wood (forest)
greyhound
grid
iron
lock
griddlecake
grillroom
grip
sack
wheel
gross
-minded (u.m.)
#weight
ground
breaking
hog
mass
nut
path
plot
-sluicer
speed
#water
wave
work
group-connect
(v.)
grownup (n., u.m.)
grubstake
guard
house
plate
rail
guest
chamber
house
room
guided-missile (u.m.)
guidepost
guider-in
gum
boil
chewer
digger
drop
-gum
lac
-saline (n.)
shoe
gun
#barrel
bearer
blast
builder
cotton
crew
deck
fight
fire
flint
lock
paper
pit
play
point
powder
rack
-rivet (v.)
runner
shop
shot
-shy (u.m.)
sight
stock
wale
gut
less
string
gutter
blood
-bred (u.m.)
snipe
spout
gymno (c.f.)
all one word
gyneco (c.f.)
all one word
gyro
#horizon
#mechanism
#pelorus
plane, compass, etc.
- H -
H
-bar
-beam
-bomb
-hour
hack
barrow
hammer
log
saw
hailstorm
hair
band
breadth
brush
-check (n.)
cloth
cut (n.)
do
dresser
-fibered (u.m.)
lock
pin
#ribbon
[[Page 100]]
space (printing)
splitting
spring
streak
stroke (printing)
#trigger
half
-and-half (n., u.m.)
-afraid
-alive
-angry
back (football)
-backed (u.m.)
-baked (u.m.)
-bound (u.m.)
caste
-clear
cock (v.)
cocked (nonliteral)
-dark
#day
deck
-decked (u.m.)
-decker
-feed (v.)
hearted
-hourly (u.m.)
-life
#load
-loaded (u.m.)
-mast
-miler
-monthly (u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
pace
penny
-ripe
-shy
-sole (v.)
staff
stitch
-strength (u.m.)
title
tone (printing)
track
-true
-truth
-weekly (u.m.)
wit
-witted (u.m.)
-yearly (u.m.)
hallmark
ham
shackle
string
hammer
cloth
dress (v.)
-hard (u.m.)
-harden (v.)
-hardened (u.m.)
head
lock
#thrower
toe
-weld (v.)
-wrought (u.m.)
hand
bag
ball
bank (v.)
barrow
bill
book
-bound (u.m.)
bow
brake
breadth
brush
-built (u.m.)
car
-carry (v.)
cart
-carve (v.)
clap
clasp
-clean (v.)
crank
cuff
-cut (v.)
-embroidered (u.m.)
-fed (v.)
fold
grasp
grenade
grip
guard
gun
-held (u.m.)
-high (u.m.)
hold
hole
-in-hand (u.m.)
kerchief
-knit (v.)
-knitter
laid
-letter (v.)
lift (truck)
liner
made
-me-down (n., u.m.)
mix (v.)
mold (v.)
mower
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pick (v.)
post
press
print
rail
reading
saw
scrape (v.)
set
shake
spade
spike
splice
split
spring
spun
-stamp (v.)
stand
stitch
stroke
stuff
-tailored (u.m.)
tap
tool
-tooled (u.m.)
-tooling (u.m.)
truck
weave
wheel
worked
woven
write (v.)
written
wrought
handie-talkie
handlebar
hang
dog
nail
net
out (n., u.m.)
up (n.)
hanger
-back
-on
-up
happy-go-lucky
hara-kiri
harbor
master
side
hard
-and-fast (u.m.)
back (beetle)
-baked (u.m.)
-bitten (u.m)
-boiled (u.m.)
case
copy (n.)
core
#disk
#drive
fist (n.)
handed
hat (n.)
head
-hit (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
mouthed
nose
pan
-pressed (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
#shell (n.)
ship
spun
stand
tack
top (auto)
ware
-won (u.m.)
#work
-working (u.m.)
wrought
hare
brain
foot
hound
lip
-mad (u.m.)
harness-making (u.m.)
harum-scarum
harvesttime
has-been (n.)
hashmark
hat
band
box
brim
brush
cleaner
pin
rack
rail
stand
#tree
hatchback
hatchet-faced (u.m.)
haul
about (n., u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
back (n.)
have-not (n., u.m.)
haversack
hawk
bill
-billed (u.m.)
head
-nosed (u.m.)
hawse
hole
pipe
hay
band
cap
cart
cock
#fever
field
fork
lift
loft
market
mow
rack
rake
rick
-scented (u.m.)
seed
stack
wire
hazardous #waste#site
hazel
-eyed (u.m.)
nut
he-man
head
ache
achy
band
bander
block
cap
chair
cheese
chute
cloth
count
dress
-ender
first
frame
gate
gear
hunter
lamp
ledge
lighting
liner
lock
long
master
mistress
mold
most
note
-on (u.m.)
phone
plate
post
quarters
rail
reach
rest
ring
rope
set
shake
sill
space
spin
spring
stall
stand
start
stick
stock
stream
strong
waiter
wall
wind
header-up
heal-all (n., u.m.)
heart
ache
aching
beat
block
blood
break
burn
deep
felt
free (u.m.)
grief
heavy
leaf
-leaved (u.m.)
nut
quake
seed
sick
sore
string
struck
throb
-throbbing (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
hearth
rug
warming
heat
drops
#pump
#rash
-resistant (u.m.)
stroke
treat (v.)
-treating (u.m.)
#wave
heaven
bound
-inspired (u.m.)
-sent (u.m.)
heaver
-off
-out
-over
heavy
back
-duty (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
-footed (u.m.)
handed
-looking (u.m.)
[[Page 101]]
-set (u.m.)
#water
weight (n., u.m.)
hecto (c.f.)
all one word
hedge
born
breaker
hog
hop
pig
row
#trimmer
heel
ball
band
block
cap
fast
grip
pad
path
plate
post
print
ring
stay
strap
tap
helio (c.f.)
all one word
hell
bender
bent
born
bound
bred
cat
diver
dog
fire
hole
hound
-red (u.m.)
helpmeet
helter-skelter
hemstitch
hema (c.f.)
all one word
hemato (c.f.)
all one word
hemi (pref.)
all one word
hemo (c.f.)
all one word
hemp
seed
string
hen
bill
coop
-feathered
(u.m.)
pecked
roost
hence
forth
forward
hepato (c.f.)
all one word
hepta (c.f.)
all one word
here
about
after
at
by
from
in
inabove
inafter
inbefore
into
of
on
to
tofore
under
unto
upon
with
herringbone
hetero (c.f.)
-ousia, etc.
rest one word
hexa (c.f.)
all one word
hi
-fi
jack
hide
-and-seek (n., u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
high
ball
binder
born
bred
brow (nonliteral)
-caliber (u.m.)
-class (u.m.)
-density
flier (n.)
flying (u.m.)
-foreheaded (u.m.)
#frequency
handed
-hat (v.)
jinks
lander
#light (literal)
light (nonlit.)
-minded (u.m.)
-power (u.m.)
-pressure
(u.m., v.)
-priced (u.m.)
#proof
-reaching (u.m.)
-rigger (n.)
rise (building)
road
#seas
-speed (u.m.)
stepper
-tension (u.m.)
#tide
-up (u.m.)
#water
higher-up (n.)
hill
culture (farming)
side
top
hind
brain
cast
gut (n.)
head
leg
most
quarter
saddle
sight
wing
hip
bone
mold
shot
hippo (c.f.)
all one word
histo (c.f.)
all one word
hit
-and-miss (u.m.)
-and-run (u.m.)
-or-miss (u.m.)
hitchhiker
hoarfrost
hoary-haired (u.m.)
hob
goblin
nail
nob
hobbyhorse
hockshop
hocus-pocus
hod#carrier
hodgepodge
hog
back
-backed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
fat
frame
hide
nose (machine)
-nosed (u.m.)
pen
sty
-tie (v.)
wash
-wild (u.m.)
hog's-back (geol.)
hogshead
hoistaway (n.)
hold
all (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-clear (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
fast (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
holder
-forth
-on
-up
hole
#in#one
-high (u.m.)
-in-the-wall (n.)
through
hollow
back
(book-
binding)
-backed (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
faced
-ground (u.m.)
holo (c.f.)
all one word
holy
#day
stone
home
-baked (u.m.)
body
born
bred
brew
builder
#buyer
comer
coming
-fed (u.m.)
felt
folk
freeze (u.m., v.)
front
furnishings (n.)
going
grown
lander
life
made
maker
owner
#ownership
page
plate
#rule
seeker
sick
spun
stead
stretch
town
woven
homeo (c.f.)
all one word
home#page
homo
#legalis
#sapiens
homo (c.f.)
-ousia, etc.
rest one word
honey
-colored (u.m.)
comb
-cured (u.m.)
dew
drop
eater
-laden (u.m.)
lipped
moon
mouthed
pot
sucker
sweet
honor
bound
#guard
#man
hood
cap
mold
wink
hoof
beat
mark
print
-printed (u.m.)
hook
ladder
nose
-nosed (u.m.)
pin
up (n., u.m.)
hooker
-off
-on
-out
-over
-up
hoopstick
hop
about (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
scotch
toad
hope#chest
hopper
burn
dozer
horehound
hormono (c.f.)
all one word
horn
bill
blende
blower
-eyed (u.m.)
pipe
stay
tip
hornyhanded
horse
back
breaker
car
cloth
dealer
fair
fight
flesh
hair
head
herd
hide
hoof
-hour
jockey
laugh
meat
mint
play
pond
power-hour
power-year
pox
race
#sense (n.)
shoe
thief
#trade
whip
hot
bed
blood
-blooded (u.m.)
brain
cake
-cold
dog
foot
head (n.)
-mix (u.m.)
pack
patch
plate
-press (v.)
rod (nonliteral)
-roll (v.)
[[Page 102]]
-rolled (u.m.)
spot
-work (v).
hotelkeeper
houndshark
hourglass
house
breaking
broken
builder
#call
cleaner
-cleaning (u.m.)
coat
dress
father
furnishing(s)
(n.)
guest
hold
husband
mother
owner
parent
pest
-raising (u.m.)
ridden
top
trailer
wares
warming
wife
how
-do-you-do (n.)
ever
soever
hub
cap
-deep (u.m.)
humankind
humble
bee
-looking (u.m.)
mouthed
-spirited (u.m.)
humdrum
hump
back
-shouldered (u.m.)
humpty-dumpty
hunchback
hundred
fold
-legged (u.m.)
-percenter
-pounder
weight
hung-up (u.m.)
hunger
-mad (u.m.)
-worn (u.m.)
hurly-burly
hush
-hush
#money
up (n., u.m.)
hydro (c.f.)
all one word
hydro#station
hygro (c.f.)
all one word
hyper (pref.)
-Dorian, etc.
linked
text
rest one word
hypo (c.f.)
all one word
hystero (c.f.)
-oophorectomy
-salpingo-oopho-rectomy
rest one word
- I -
I
-bar
-beam
-iron
-rail
ice
berg
blind
#blindness
blink
block
bone
breaker
cap
-clad (u.m.)
-cold (u.m.)
-cooled (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#cream
fall
#fishing
floe (island)
flow
(current)
-free (u.m.)
maker
melt
pack
plant
plow
quake
#storm
#water
ideo (c.f.)
-unit
rest one word
idle
headed
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
ileo (c.f.)
all one word
ilio (c.f.)
all one word
ill
-advised (u.m.)
-being (n.)
-born (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
#breeding (n.)
-doing (n., u.m.)
-fated (u.m.)
-humored (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-treat (v.)
-use (v.)
#will
-wisher
-wishing (u.m.)
in
-and-in (u.m.)
-and-out (u.m.)
-and-outer
-being (u.m.)
-flight (u.m.)
-house
-law (n.)
asmuch, sofar
#re, #rem, #situ, etc.
in (pref.)
active (u.m.)
depth (u.m.)
hospital (u.m.)
migration (u.m.)
service (u.m.),
etc.
inch
-deep (u.m.)
-long (u.m.)
meal
-pound
-ton
index-digest
indigo
-blue (u.m.)
-carmine (u.m.)
Indo (c.f.)
chinese
-European, etc.
infra (pref.)
-anal
-auricular
-axillary
-esophageal
-umbilical
rest one word
ink
-black (u.m.)
mixer
pot
slinger
spot
-spotted (u.m)
stain
stand
well
inner
-city (u.m.)
#man
spring
ino (c.f.)
all one word
insect-borne
(u.m.)
inter (pref.)
-American, etc.
rest one word
intra (pref.)
-atomic, etc.
rest one word
intro (pref.)
all one word
Irish
-American (u.m.)
-born (u.m.)
iron
#age
back
-braced (u.m.)
clad
fisted
-free (u.m.)
handed
hard
-lined (u.m.)
mold
-red (u.m.)
shod
shot (mineral) (u.m.)
#shot (golf)
side
works
ironer-up
island
-born (u.m.)
-dotted (u.m.)
iso (c.f.)
-octane
-oleic
-osmosis
rest one word
ivory
-tinted (u.m.)
type (photog.)
-white (u.m.)
ivy
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
- J -
J-bolt
jack
ass
hammer
head
-in-the-box
knife
-of-all-trades
-o'-lantern
-plane (v.)
pot
rabbit
screw
jail
bird
house
jam
nut
packed
Java
#applets
Beans
Script
jaw
bone
breaker
-locked (u.m.)
twister
jay
hawk
walk
jelly
bean
roll
jerry
-build (v.)
builder
-built (u.m.)
jet
#airliner
#airplane
-black (u.m.)
lag
liner
port
-powered (u.m.)
prop
-propelled (u.m.)
#propulsion
stream
wash
jewel
-bright (u.m.)
-studded (u.m.)
jib
head
-o-jib
stay
jig
-a-jig
back
-drill (v.)
saw
job
#lot
seeker
#shop
site
joggle#piece
joint#owner
joulemeter
joy
hop
ride
stick
jump
master
off (n., u.m.)
rock
jungle
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#gym
side
junkpile
jury
#box
-fixing (u.m.)
-rigged (u.m.)
just#in#time
juxta (c.f.)
-ampullar
-articular
rest one word
[[Page 103]]
- K -
K
#car
-ration
-term
keel
block
fat
haul
-laying (u.m.)
#line
keepsake
kerato (c.f.)
all one word
kettle
drum
stitch
key
board
bolt
hole
lock
note
punch
ring
seat
stone
stop
word
worker
kick
about (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
killjoy
kiln
-dry (u.m., v.)
eye
hole
rib
stick
tree
kilo (pref.)
gram-meter
voltampere
watthour
rest one word
kindheart
king
bolt
#crab
head
hood
hunter
maker
piece
pin
kins
folk
people
kiss-off (n., u.m.)
kite
flier
flying
knapsack
knee
-braced (u.m.)
brush
cap
-deep (u.m.)
-high (u.m.)
hole
-jerk (u.m.)
pad
pan
strap
knick
knack
point
knight
-errant
head
hood
knitback
knock
about (n., u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
-knee (n.)
-kneed (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
knocker
-off
-up
knot
hole
horn
know
-all (n., u.m.)
-how (n., u.m.)
-it-all (n., u.m.)
-little (n., u.m.)
-nothing (n., u.m.)
knuckle
bone
buster
-deep (u.m.)
-kneed (u.m.)
- L -
L
-bar
-beam
-block
-shaped
-square
labio (c.f.)
all one word
laborsaving
lace
-edged (u.m.)
#edging
wing (insect)
-winged (u.m.)
worked
lackluster
ladder-backed (u.m.)
lady
beetle
finger
killer
ship
lake
bed
front
lander
shore
side
lameduck (nonliteral) (n., u.m.)
lamp
black
-blown (u.m.)
-foot
hole
-hour
house
lighter
lit
post
shade
stand
wick
land
#base
-based (u.m.)
#bird
borne
fall
fast
fill
flood
form
grabber
-grant (u.m.)
holding
lady
locked
look
lord
lubber
mark
mass
mine
#office
owner
-poor (u.m.)
right
scape
sick
side
slide
slip
spout
storm
wash
wire
wrack
lantern-jawed (u.m.)
lap
belt
-lap
robe
streak
top
weld (v.)
-welded (u.m.)
-welding (u.m.)
large
-eyed
-handed (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
mouthed
-scale (u.m.)
lark
-colored (u.m.)
spur
laryngo (c.f.)
all one word
last
-born (u.m.)
-cited (u.m.)
-ditcher
-named (u.m.)
latch
bolt
key
string
late
-born (u.m.)
comer
-lamented (u.m.)
-maturing (u.m.)
latero (c.f.)
all one word
lath-backed
(u.m.)
lathe-bore (v.)
latter
-day (u.m.)
most
lattice
#stitch
work
laughing
#gas
stock
launch
#pad
site
laundry#room
law
-abiding (u.m.)
book
breaker
-fettered (u.m.)
giver
#office
suit
lawnmower
lay
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-by (n.)
down (n., u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
layer
-on
-out
-over
-up
lazy
bones
boots
#guy
legs
lead
-alpha
-burn (v.)
-filled (u.m.)
-gray (u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
line
#line (medical, naut. only)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
#pencil
time
leaden
-eyed (u.m.)
pated
-souled (u.m.)
leader#line
leaf
bud
-clad (u.m.)
-eating (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
stalk
lean
-faced (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-to (n., u.m.)
leap
frog
#year
lease
back (n., u.m.)
hold
leased-line
leather
back
-backed (u.m.)
-bound (u.m.)
-brown (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
head
neck
side
ware
leavetaking
lee-bow (v.)
leech
eater
#rope
left
-bank (v.)
#field (sports)
-hand (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
-hander
most
-sided (u.m.)
wing (political)
leg
band
puller
rope (v.)
work
lend-lease (n., u.m.)
length
ways
wise
lepto (c.f.)
all one word
let
down (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
[[Page 104]]
letter
bomb
#carrier
drop
gram
head
-perfect (u.m.)
press
space
writer
leuc(o) (c.f.)
all one word
liberal-minded (u.m.)
lieutenant
#colonel
-colonelcy
#governor
-governorship
life
belt
blood
boat
#buoy
drop
float
giver
giving
guard
hold
jacket
long
#net
raft
ring
saver
-size (u.m.)
-sized (u.m.)
span
spring
stream
style
tide
time
vest
weary (u.m.)
lift-off (n., u.m.)
light
-armed (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
-drab (u.m.)
-draft (u.m.)
face (printing)
-footed (u.m.)
handed
house#keeping (nautical)
#housekeeping
(domestic)
mouthed
-producing (u.m.)
ship
-struck (u.m.)
weight (n., u.m.)
-year
lighter-than-air (u.m.)
like
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
lily
handed
-shaped (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
lime
juice
kiln
lighter
pit
quat
stone
wash
water
linch
bolt
pin
line
-bred (u.m.)
-breed (v.)
casting
crew
cut (printing)
finder
-item (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
walker
link
up (n., u.m.)
#up (v.)
lion
-bold (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
hearted
-maned (u.m.)
lip
read
service
stick
listener-in
litho (c.f.)
-offset
rest one word
little
-known (u.m.)
neck (clam)
-used (u.m.)
live
#load
long
stock
#wire
wire
(nonliteral)
liver
-brown (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
wurst
living#room
loadmeter
loanword
lob
fig
lolly
lobster-tailed (u.m.)
lock
box
fast
hole
jaw
nut
out (n., u.m.)
pin
ring
step
stitch
up (n., u.m.)
washer
locker#room
lode
star
stone
stuff
log
book
in
jam
on
off
roll
sheet
loggerhead
logo (c.f.)
all one word
long
-awaited (u.m.)
beard (n.)
-bearded (u.m.)
-billed (u.m.)
bow
cloth
-distance (u.m.)
-drawn (u.m.)
felt
hair (n.)
-haired (u.m.)
hand (nonliteral)
-handed (u.m.)
-handled (u.m.)
head (n.)
horn (cattle)
-horned (u.m.)
#jump
leaf
-leaved (u.m.)
-legged (u.m.)
legs (n.)
-lived (u.m.)
mouthed
-necked (u.m.)
nose (n.)
-nosed (u.m.)
-past (u.m.)
play (records)
playing (u.m.)
run (u.m.)
shoreman
spun
standing (u.m.)
stitch
#term (n.)
-term (u.m.)
wave (radio)
ways
wool (sheep)
look
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
#over (v.)
through (n., u.m.)
looker-on
loop
hole
#knot
stitch
loose
leaf (u.m.)
mouthed
-tongued (u.m.)
lop
-eared (u.m.)
sided
loud
mouthed
#speaker (orator)
speaker (radio)
-voiced (u.m.)
love
bird
born
-inspired (u.m.)
#knot
lorn
seat
sick
low
born
boy
bred
brow (nonliteral)
browed
(nonliteral)
-built (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
-downer
-lander
-lived (u.m.)
-lying (u.m.)
-power (u.m.)
-pressure (u.m.)
rise
#water
lower
case (printing)
#deck
most
lug
bolt
mark
sail
lukewarm
lumber
jack
#room
lumbo (c.f.)
-ovarian
rest one word
lumen-hour
lunch
box
room
time
lying-in (n., u.m.)
- M -
M-day
macebearer
machine
-finished (u.m.)
gun
-hour
-made (u.m.)
#shop
#work
macro (c.f.)
all one word
mad
brain
cap
#money
made
-over (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
magnetite
-basalt
-olivinite
-spinellite
magneto (c.f.)
-optics
rest one word
mahjong
maid
#of#honor
servant
maiden
hair
head
hood
#name
mail
bag
clad
clerk
guard
-order (u.m.)
pouch
room
slot
truck
main
frame
mast
pin
sail
sheet
spring
stay
stream (nonliteral)
top
topmast
#yard
major
-domo
#league
-leaguer
-minor
make
-believe (n., u.m.)
fast (n.)
over
ready (printing)
shift
up (n., u.m.)
weight
maker
-off
-up
making#up
mal (c.f.)
all one word
man
back
-child
-created (u.m.)
-day
eater
[[Page 105]]
-fashion (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
handle
hater
-high (u.m.)
hole
-hour
killer
kind
made (u.m.)
-minute
-of-war (ship)
power
servant
-size (u.m.)
slaughter
slayer
stealer
stopper
trap
-woman
-year
manic-depressive
manifold
mantel
piece
shelf
tree
many
-colored (u.m.)
-folded (u.m.)
plies
-sided (u.m.)
mapreader
marble
head
-looking (u.m.)
-topped (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
mare's
-nest
-tail
mark
down (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
shot
up (n., u.m.)
marker
-down
-off
-up
marketplace
marrowbone
marsh
buck
mallow (confection)
#mallow (plant)
mass
-minded (u.m.)
-produce (v.)
mast
-brown (u.m.)
head
master
#at#arms
mind
#of#ceremonies
piece
ship
#stroke
#workman
mat-covered (u.m.)
match
book
head
-lined (u.m.)
mark
safe
stick
maxi (n.)
maxi (pref.)
all one word
May
#Day
-day (u.m.)
pole
tide
may
be (adv.)
beetle
day (distress call)
hap
mealymouth
mean
-acting (u.m.)
-spirited (u.m.)
time (meanwhile)
#time (astro-
nomical)
tone (u.m.)
while
meat
ball
cutter
-eater
-fed (u.m.)
hook
-hungry (u.m.)
packer
works
wrapper
mechanico (c.f.)
all one word
medico (c.f.)
all one word
medio (c.f.)
all one word
medium
-brown (u.m.)
-size(d) (u.m.)
weight (n., u.m.)
meek
-eyed (u.m.)
hearted
-spirited (u.m.)
meetingplace
megalo (c.f.)
all one word
melon
grower
-laden (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
melt
down (n., u.m.)
water
men
folk
kind
meningo (c.f.)
all one word
menu-driven
merry
-go-round
meeting
-minded (u.m.)
meshbag
meso (c.f.)
all one word
mess
hall
kit
room
tin
-up (n., u.m.)
meta (pref.)
all one word
metal
ammonium
-clad (u.m.)
-coated (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
works
meter
-amperes
gram
-kilogram
-kilogram-second
-millimeter
metro (c.f.)
all one word
mezzo
graph
relievo
soprano
tint
micro (c.f.)
-organism
rest one word
mid (c.f.)
-American, etc.
-April
day
-decade
-dish
-ice
-level
-1958
-Pacific, etc.
-Victorian, etc.
rest one word
middle
-aged (u.m.)
breaker
brow (nonliteral)
-burst (v.)
buster
#ear
#ground
man (nonliteral)
most
-of-the-roader
-sized (u.m.)
splitter
weight
midi (n.)
midi (pref.)
all one word
mighty-handed (u.m.)
mil-foot
mild
-cured (u.m.)
-mannered (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
mile
-long (u.m.)
-ohm
post
-pound
-ton
-wide (u.m.)
milk
-fed (u.m.)
head
#run
shake
shed
sick
sop
-white (u.m.)
mill
cake
course
dam
feed
hand
-headed (u.m.)
pond
post
race
ring
stock
stream
wright
milli (c.f.)
gram-hour
rest one word
mincemeat
mind
#healer
-healing (u.m.)
reader
set (n.)
sight
mine
field
layer
ship
sweeper
thrower
works
mini (n.)
mini (pref.)
all one word
minor
#league
-leaguer
minute#book
mirror
-faced (u.m.)
scope
mis (pref.)
all one word
mischiefmaking
mist
bow
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
fall
miter
#box
-lock (v.)
mix
blood
up (n.)
mixing#room
mizzenmast
mock
-heroic (u.m.)
#turtle
up (n., u.m.)
mocker-up
mocking
stock
-up (u.m.)
mold
made (u.m.)
#shop
mole
catcher
-eyed (u.m.)
head
heap
hill
money
bag
changer
getter
grubber
lender
-mad (u.m.)
maker
saver
monkey
-faced (u.m.)
nut
pod
pot
shine
#wrench
mono (c.f.)
-ideistic
-iodo
-iodohydrin
-ion
-ousian
rest one word
month
end
long (u.m.)
moon
beam
blind
#blindness
blink
born
-bright (u.m.)
eye
face
gazing
glow
head
lighter
lit
-mad (u.m.)
path
rise
sail
set
shade
shine
shot
sick
struck
tide
walker
-white (u.m.)
moosecall
mop
head
stick
up (n., u.m.)
mopper-up
mopping-up (u.m.)
morning
#sickness
#star
tide
mosquito
-free (u.m.)
#net
moss
back
-clad (u.m.)
[[Page 106]]
-green (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
head
-lined (u.m.)
most-favored-nation (u.m.)
moth
ball
-eaten (u.m.)
hole
proof
mother
board
hood
-in-law
-of-pearl
moto (c.f.)
all one word
motor
bike
bus
cab
cade
car
coach
cycle
-driven (u.m.)
jet
-minded (u.m.)
ship
truck
van
moundbuilder
mountain
-high (u.m.)
side
top
-walled (u.m.)
mouse
-brown (u.m.)
-eared (u.m.)
-eaten (u.m.)
hole
trap
mouth
-filling (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
piece
wash
muck
rake (v.)
raker
sweat
muco (c.f.)
all one word
mud
bank
bath
cap
-colored (u.m.)
flat
flow
guard
head
hole
lark
sill
slinger
-splashed (u.m.)
stain
sucker
track
#turtle
muddlehead
mule
back
#deer
skinner
multi (c.f.)
all one word
multiple-purpose
(u.m.)
muscle
bound
power
music
lover
-mad (u.m.)
maker
room
musico (c.f.)
all one word
musk
#deer
melon
#ox
rat
mutton
#chop (meat)
chop (shape)
fist
head
myria (c.f.)
all one word
mytho (c.f.)
all one word
myxo (c.f.)
all one word
- N -
nail
bin
brush
head
-headed (u.m.)
#hole
print
puller
rod
-shaped (u.m.)
-studded (u.m.)
name
-calling (u.m.)
-dropping (u.m.)
plate
sake
naptime
narco (c.f.)
all one word
narrow
-mouthed (u.m.)
minded
naso (c.f.)
-occipital
-orbital
rest one word
nationwide
native-born
(u.m.)
navy-blue (u.m.)
near
by
-miss
sighted
neat's-foot (u.m.)
neck
band
bone
-breaking
(u.m.)
cloth
-deep (u.m.)
fast
guard
-high (u.m.)
hole
lace
line
mold
tie
necro (c.f.)
all one word
needle
bill
case
-made (u.m.)
nose (pliers)
point
-shaped (u.m.)
-sharp (u.m.)
worked
ne'er-do-well
neo (c.f.)
-Greek, etc.
rest one word
nephro (c.f.)
all one word
nerve
ache
-celled (u.m.)
-racked (u.m.)
net
ball
braider
-veined (u.m.)
work
#worth
nettle
fire
foot
some
neuro (c.f.)
all one word
never
-ending (u.m.)
more
theless
new
born
-car (u.m.)
comer
-created (u.m.)
fangled
-fashioned (u.m.)
-front (v.)
-made (u.m.)
-mown (u.m.)
-rich (u.m.)
newlywed
news
boy
case
cast
clip
dealer
#editor
letter
paper
paper#work
photo
print
reader
reel
sheet
stand
story
teller
nick
-eared (u.m.)
name
nickel
plate (v.)
-plated (u.m.)
-plating (u.m.)
type
night
-black (u.m.)
#blindness
cap
-clad (u.m.)
clothes
club
dress
fall
-fly (aviation)
(v.)
-flying (u.m.)
gown
-grown (u.m.)
hawk
long (u.m.)
mare
#school
shade
#shift
shirt
side
tide
walker
nimble
-fingered (u.m.)
footed
nimbostratus
(clouds)
nine
fold
#holes
-lived (u.m.)
pin
score
nitpicker
nitro (c.f.)
-hydro-carbon
rest one word
no
-account (n., u.m.)
-fault
-fee
-good (n., u.m.)
-hitter (n.)
how
#man's land
#one
-par (u.m.)
-par-value (u.m.)
-show (n., u.m.)
-thoroughfare (n.)
whit
-year (funds)
noble
-born (u.m.)
-featured (u.m.)
heartedness
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
nol-pros (v.)
non
-civil-service (u.m.)
-European, etc.
-interactive
-pros (v.)
#sequitur, etc.
-tumor-bearing (u.m.)
as prefix, one word
none
such
theless
noon
day
tide
time
north
-central
(u.m.)
east
going
most
-northeast
-sider
nose
bag
bleed
bone
dive
down (n., u.m.)
gay
guard
-high (u.m.)
hole
-led (u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
pipe
ring
-thumbing (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
wheel
note
book
#paper
worthy
notwithstanding
novel
-reading (u.m.)
#writer
-writing (u.m.)
nucleo (c.f.)
all one word
nut
breaker
-brown (u.m.)
cake
cracker
hatch
hook
pecker
pick
-shaped (u.m.)
shell
sweet
[[Page 107]]
- O -
oak
-beamed (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-green (u.m.)
#leaf
-leaved (u.m.)
oar
-footed (u.m.)
lock
oarsman
oat
bin
cake
-fed (u.m.)
meal
seed
oathbreaker
object-oriented
oblong
-elliptic (u.m.)
-leaved (u.m.)
-linear (u.m.)
-ovate (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
-triangular (u.m.)
occipito (c.f.)
-otic
rest one word
ocean
-born (u.m.)
borne
-girdled (u.m.)
going
side
-spanning (u.m.)
octo (c.f.)
all one word
odd
-jobber
-job man
-looking (u.m.)
man (arbiter)
-numbered (u.m.)
off
-and-on (u.m.)
beat
cast
center (u.m.)
color (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
cut (printing)
day
-fall (v.)
-flavor (n., u.m.)
-flow
-go (n.)
going
grade
hand
-hours
line
loading
look
-lying (u.m.)
peak
print
put
-reckoning (n.)
saddle
scape
scour
scum
-season
set
shoot
shore
side
site
-sorts (n.)
spring
stage
street
take
-the-record (u.m.)
type
-wheel (n.)
-wheeler (n.)
-white (u.m.)
#year
office
#boy
holder
seeker
-seeking (u.m.)
oftentimes
ofttimes
ohm
-ammeter
meter
-mile
oil
#burner
cake
can
cloth
coat
cup
-driven (u.m.)
-fed (u.m.)
field
-forming (u.m.)
-harden (v.)
hole
meal
paper
proofing
seed
#shale
skinned
-soaked (u.m.)
spill (n.)
stove
-temper (v.)
tightness
#well
old
-fashioned (u.m.)
-fogy (u.m.)
-growing (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
#maid
-maidish (u.m.)
#man
-new
style (printing)
timer
#woman
-young
oleo
#butter
#gear
#oil
#strut
as combining form, one word
olive
-brown (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-drab (u.m.)
-growing (u.m.)
#oil
-skinned (u.m.)
wood
#wood (color)
omni (c.f.)
-ignorant
rest one word
on
-and-off (n., u.m.)
board (u.m.)
-go (n.)
going
line#service
site
noun, adjective, one word
once
-over (n.)
-run (u.m.)
one
-armed (u.m.)
-decker
-eyed (u.m.)
fold
-half
-handed (u.m.)
ness
-piece (u.m.)
self
-sided (u.m.)
-sidedness
signed (u.m.)
-step (dance)
-striper
time (formerly) (u.m.)
-time (one action) (u.m.)
-two-three
-way (u.m.)
onion
peel
skin
op-ed (newspaper)
open
-air (u.m.)
-armed (u.m.)
-back (u.m.)
-backed (u.m.)
band (yarn)
cast
cut (mining)
-end (u.m.)
-ended
-faced (u.m.)
handed
#house
minded
mouthed
#shop
side (u.m.)
-sided (u.m.)
worked
opera
goer
going
#house
operating#system
ophthalmo (c.f.)
all one word
orange
ade
colored (u.m.)
peel
-red (u.m.)
stick
orchard#house
orderly#room
organo (c.f.)
all one word
ornitho (c.f.)
all one word
orrisroot
ortho (c.f.)
all one word
osteo (c.f.)
all one word
other
wise
#world
worldly
oto (c.f.)
all one word
out
-and-out (u.m.)
-and-outer (n.)
-loud (u.m.)
-Machiavelli, etc.
migration
-of-date (u.m.)
-of-door(s) (u.m.)
-of-State (u.m.)
-of-the-way (u.m.)
placement
-to-out (u.m.)
as prefix, one word
outer
-city (u.m.)
#man
most
wear
outward
-bound (u.m.)
-bounder
ovate
-acuminate (u.m.)
-oblong (u.m.)
ovato (c.f.)
-oblong
-orbicular
rest one word
oven
baked
dried
peel
ware
over
age (surplus)
age (older) (n., u.m.)
all (n., u.m.)
-the-counter (u.m.)
as combining form, one word
owl-eyed (u.m.)
ox
biter
blood (color)
bow
brake
cart
cheek
eye
-eyed (u.m.)
gall
harrow
hide
horn
shoe
tail
#team
oxy (c.f.)
all one word
oyster
bed
#crab
house
root
seed
shell
-white (u.m.)
- P -
pace
maker
#setter
-setting (u.m.)
pachy (c.f.)
all one word
pack
builder
cloth
horse
-laden (u.m.)
sack
saddle
staff
thread
up (n., u.m.)
packing#box
padlock
paddlefoot
page
-for-page (u.m.)
#proof (printing)
painkiller
painstaking
paint
brush
mixer
pot
spray
stained (u.m.)
[[Page 108]]
pale
belly
-blue (u.m.)
buck
-cheeked (u.m.)
face (n.)
-faced (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-reddish (u.m.)
paleo (c.f.)
-Christian, etc.
rest one word
pallbearer
palm
-green (u.m.)
#leaf
#oil
-shaded (u.m.)
palmi (c.f.)
all one word
pan
-American, etc.
-broil (v.)
#ice
rest one word
Pan
#American Union
hellenic
panel-lined
(u.m.)
panic-stricken
(u.m.)
panto (c.f.)
all one word
panty hose
paper
back (n.)
#box
#carrier
cutter
hanger
shell (n., u.m.)
-shelled (u.m.)
-thin (u.m.)
weight
-white (u.m.)
papier#mache
para (c.f. or pref.)
-analgesia
-anesthesia
legal
medic
rest one word
parcel
#carrier
-plate (v.)
#post
parchment
-covered (u.m.)
#maker
-making (u.m.)
parieto (c.f.)
-occipital
rest one word
parimutuel
park
#forest
land
way
part
-finished (u.m.)
#owner
-time (u.m.)
-timer (n.)
#way
parti (c.f.)
all one word
party#line
parvi (c.f.)
all one word
pass
back (n.)
book
key
out (n., u.m.)
port
through (n., u.m.)
word
passenger-mile
passer(s)-by
passion
-driven (u.m.)
-feeding (u.m.)
-filled (u.m.)
#play
paste
down (n., u.m.)
pot
up (n., u.m.)
pastureland
patent-in-fee
path
breaker
finder
way
patho (c.f.)
all one word
patri (c.f.)
all one word
patrol
man
#wagon
pattycake
pawn
broker
shop
pay
back (n., u.m.)
check
#cut
day
dirt
load
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
#raise
roll
sheet
-TV
pea
#coal
coat
cod
-green (u.m.)
hen
jacket
nut
pod
shooter
-sized (u.m.)
stick
peace
-blessed (u.m.)
breaker
-loving (u.m.)
maker
#pipe
time
peach
bloom
blow (color)
-colored (u.m.)
pear-shaped
(u.m.)
pearl
-eyed (u.m.)
fishing
-pure (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-studded (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
peat
-roofed (u.m.)
moss
stack
pebble
-paved (u.m.)
-strewn (u.m.)
peeloff (n., u.m.)
peep
eye
hole
show
sight
peer-to-peer
pegleg
pellmell
pen
-cancel (v.)
head
knife
manship
#name
point
pusher
rack
script
-shaped (u.m.)
stock
trough
pencil
#box
holder
-mark (v.)
penny
-a-liner
pincher
weight
winkle
worth
pent-up (u.m.)
penta (c.f.)
-acetate
rest one word
pepper
corn
#jelly
mint
pot
-red (u.m.)
peptalk
per
#annum
cent
#centum
compound (chemical)
current (botanical)
#diem
salt (chemical)
#se
sulfide
peri (pref.)
-insular
rest one word
permafrost
pest
hole
-ridden (u.m.)
petcock
peternet
petit
grain
#jury
#larceny
#point
petro (c.f.)
-occipital
rest one word
pharmaco (c.f.)
-oryctology
rest one word
pharyngo (c.f.)
-esophageal
-oral
rest one word
phase
-in (n., u.m.)
meter
out (n., u.m.)
-wound (u.m.)
pheno (c.f.)
all one word
philo (c.f.)
-French, etc.
rest one word
phlebo (c.f.)
all one word
phonebook
phono (c.f.)
all one word
phospho (c.f.)
all one word
photo (c.f.)
-offset
-oxidation
-oxidative
rest one word
phrasemark
(music)
phreno (c.f.)
all one word
phyllo (c.f.)
all one word
phylo (c.f.)
all one word
physico (c.f.)
all one word
physio (c.f.)
all one word
phyto (c.f.)
all one word
piano
forte
graph
#player
pick
aback
ax
lock
-me-up (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
#over (v.)
pocket
pole
shaft
up (n., u.m.)
picker-up
picket#line
pickle-cured (u.m.)
picture
#book
#writing
pie
bald
crust
-eater
-eyed
marker
pan
plant
#plate
-stuffed (u.m.)
#tin
piece
-dye (v.)
#goods
meal
mold
piezo (c.f.)
-oscillator
rest one word
pig
-back (v.)
-backed (u.m.)
-bellied (u.m.)
belly
-eyed (u.m.)
face
-faced (u.m.)
foot
-footed (u.m.)
headed
herd
#iron
out
pen
root
stick
sty
tailed
wash
pigeon
gram
hole
-toed (u.m.)
wing
piggyback
pike
-eyed (u.m.)
staff
pile
driver
-driving (u.m.)
hammer
up (n., u.m.)
#weave
woven
pill
pusher
rolling
taker
pillow
case
made
slip
pilot
#boat
house
#light
pin
ball
block
bone
case
cushion
-eyed (u.m.)
[[Page 109]]
fall
feather
fire
fold
head
hold
hole
hook
lock
paper
point
prick
rail
setter
spot
stripe
-tailed (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
wheel
pinch
back
bar
beck
cock
fist
-hit (v.)
-hitter
penny
pine
apple
-bearing (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
#cone
-fringed (u.m.)
#needle
#oil
-shaded (u.m.)
#tar
pink
-blossomed (u.m.)
eye (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
pipe
-drawn (u.m.)
dream
fitter
layer
line
-shaped (u.m.)
stem
walker
welder
pisci (c.f.)
all one word
pistol-whipped (v.)
piston
head
#pin
#rod
#valve
pit
#bull
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
head
-headed (u.m.)
hole
mark
-marked (u.m.)
-rotted (u.m.)
saw
side
pitch
-black (u.m.)
blende
#box
-colored (u.m.)
-dark (u.m.)
#darkness
fork
hole
-lined (u.m.)
man
-marked (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
#pipe
up (n., u.m.)
place
card
kick
plague-infested (u.m.)
plain
back (fabric)
-bodied (u.m.)
clothes (u.m.)
clothesman
-headed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
woven (u.m.)
plane
#curve
load
-mile
-parallel (u.m.)
table (surveying)
plani (c.f.)
all one word
plano (c.f.)
all one word
plant
#food
life
site
plasterboard
plate
cutter
#glass
-incased (u.m.)
layer
mark
#proof (printing)
-roll (v.)
-rolled (u.m.)
platy (c.f.)
all one word
play
-act (v.)
back (n., u.m.)
bill
book
boy
broker
day
down (n., u.m.)
fellow
goer
going
ground
mate
off (n., u.m.)
pen
reader
room
script
suit
thing
time
wright
#yard
pleasure
-bent (u.m.)
#boat
-seeking (u.m.)
-tired (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
pleo (c.f.)
all one word
pleuro (c.f.)
all one word
plow
back (n., u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
hand
horse
pan
point
-shaped (u.m.)
share
shoe
sole
staff
#tail
wright
plug
-and-play
hole
-in (n., u.m.)
tray
-ugly (n., u.m.)
plumbline
plume-crowned (u.m.)
pluri (c.f.)
all one word
pluto (c.f.)
all one word
pneumato (c.f.)
-hydato-genetic (u.m.)
rest one word
pneumo (c.f.)
all one word
pock
mark
-marked (u.m.)
-pit (v.)
pocket
book (purse)
#book (book)
-eyed (u.m.)
knife
-sized (u.m.)
-veto (v.)
poet
-artist
#laureate
-painter
pointblank
Point-to-Point
poison-dipped (u.m.)
pole
arm
-armed (u.m.)
ax
burn
cat
-dried (u.m.)
horse
-pile (v.)
setter
-shaped (u.m.)
sitter
-stack (v.)
star
timber
trap
-vault (v.)
#vaulter
politico (c.f.)
-orthodox
rest one word
poll
book
#parrot
#tax
poly (c.f.)
all one word
poor
-blooded (u.m.)
farm
-spirited (u.m.)
pop
corn
eye
gun
up (n., u.m.)
poppy
-bordered (u.m.)
cock
-red (u.m.)
seed
pork
barrel (n., u.m.)
#chop
#pie
port
cullis
fire
folio
hole
hook
manteau
-mouthed (u.m.)
side
#wine
post
#bellum
#boat
card
-Christian, etc.
-cold-war (u.m.)
#diem
-free (u.m.)
haste
#hospital (military)
#meridiem
#mortem (literal)
mortem (non-literal)
#partum
#school (military)
audit, graduate, etc.
as prefix, one word
postal#card
pot
ash
bellied
boil
eye
hanger
head
herb
hole
hook
hunter
latch
lid
luck
pie
pourri
rack
#roast
shot
whiskey
potato#field
poultry
#house
#keeper
-keeping (u.m.)
#raiser
-raising (u.m.)
#yard
pound
cake
-foolish (u.m.)
-foot
worth
powder
-blue (u.m.)
box
#house
#keg
#mill
#room
-scorched (u.m.)
power
boat
#mower
-operated (u.m.)
pack
plant
praise
-deserving (u.m.)
-spoiled (u.m.)
worthiness
pre (pref.)
-Incan, etc.
audit, existing, etc.
rest one word
president
-elect
#pro#tempore
press
#agent
-agentry
board
feeder
-forge (v.)
-made (u.m.)
mark
pack (v.)
plate
#proof (printing)
preter (pref.)
all one word
price
#cutter
-cutting (u.m.)
#fixer
-fixing (u.m.)
#index
list
-support (u.m.)
tag
prick
-eared (u.m.)
mark
seam
priesthood
[[Page 110]]
prime
#minister
-ministerial (u.m.)
-ministership
-ministry
prince
hood
-priest
print
cloth
out
script
printing
-in (n., u.m.)
#ink
#office
-out (n., u.m.)
prison
bound
-free (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
prisoner-of-war (u.m.)
prize
fighter
#ring
taker
winner
-winning (u.m.)
pro
-Ally, etc.
-choice
#football, etc.
#forma
-life
#rata
#tem
#tempore
as prefix, one word
problem-solver
procto (c.f.)
all one word
profit
-and-loss (u.m.)
-sharing (u.m.)
prong
buck
-hoe (v.)
horn
-horned (u.m.)
proof
#press
read
reader
sheet
prop
jet
wash
proso (c.f.)
all one word
proto (c.f.)
-Egyptian, etc.
rest one word
proud
hearted
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
psalmbook
pseudo (c.f.)
-Messiah, etc.
-occidental
-official
-orientalism
-orthorhombic
-osteomalacia
-owner
rest one word
psycho (c.f.)
-organic
rest one word
ptero (c.f.)
all one word
public
hearted
-minded (u.m.)
-spirited (u.m.)
#works
pug
nose
-pile (v.)
pull
back (n., u.m.)
#box
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-push (u.m.)
through
(n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
puller
-in
-out
pulp
board
wood
punch
board
bowl
card
-drunk (u.m.)
mark
-marked (u.m.)
out (n.)
punctureproof
pup#tent
pure
blood
bred
#line (biological)
purple
-blue (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
heart (wood)
purse
making
-proud (u.m.)
#strings
push
button
card
cart
off (n., u.m.)
-pull (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
pussy
cat
foot
#willow
put
back (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-put (n.)
-up (n., u.m.)
putter
-forth
-in
-off
-on
-out
-through
-up
pyo (c.f.)
all one word
pyro (c.f.)
all one word
- Q -
Q
-boat
-fever
quadri (c.f.)
-invariant
rest one word
quarrystone
quarter
-angled (u.m.)
back
-bloom (u.m.)
#boards
-bound (u.m.)
-breed (u.m.)
-cast (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
deck
-miler
#note
pace
-phase (u.m.)
saw (v.)
staff
stretch
-yearly (u.m.)
quartermaster
#general
-generalship
quasi
all hyphened
queen#bee
quick
-change (u.m., v.)
-drawn (u.m., v.)
freeze (u.m., v.)
lime
sand
set
silver
step
#time
-witted (u.m.)
quin (c.f.)
all one word
quit
claim
rent
- R -
rabbit
-backed (u.m.)
-eared (u.m.)
#fever
#foot
mouth
-mouthed (u.m.)
skin
race
about (n., u.m.)
course
goer
horse
track
way
radarscope
radio
generally two words except the following forms
frequency
isotope
telegraph
telephone
rag
bolt
#doll
-made (u.m.)
sorter
tag
time
rail
bird
car
guard
head
-ridden (u.m.)
road
setter
splitter
#train
way#maker
wayman
rain
band
-beaten (u.m.)
bow
check
coat
drop
fall
#forest
-soft (u.m.)
spout
storm
wash
water
rakeoff (n., u.m.)
ram
jet
rod
shackle
ranch
#hand
house
Random-access
range
finder
#light
rider
rapid
#fire
#transit
rash
-brained (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-hearted (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
rat
bite
catcher
hole
-infested (u.m.)
#race
-tailed (u.m.)
-tight (u.m.)
trap
rate
#cutter
-cutting (u.m.)
-fixing (u.m.)
payer
-raising (u.m.)
setting
rattle
brain
snake
trap
raw
boned
-edged (u.m.)
hide
-looking (u.m.)
razor
back
-billed (u.m.)
#blade
edge
-keen (u.m.)
-sharp (u.m.)
strop
razzle-dazzle
re (pref.)
-cover (cover again)
-create
(create again), etc.
-cross-examination
-ice
-ink
-redirect
evaluate, process, etc.
rest one word
reading#room
read
out (n.)
through (n., u.m.)
README
[[Page 111]]
ready
-built (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
made (u.m.)
-mix (u.m.)
#reference
room
-witted (u.m.)
rear
#end
guard
most
view (u.m.)
ward
reception#room
recordbreaker
recti (c.f.)
all one word
recto (c.f.)
all one word
red
bait (v.)
-billed (u.m.)
-blooded (u.m.)
bone
buck
cap (porter)
coat (n.)
eye (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
-haired (u.m.)
handed
head (n.)
-hot (u.m.)
-legged (u.m.)
#line (literal)
#man
out (n., u.m.)
-skinned (u.m.)
tape (nonliteral)
#tape (literal)
-throated (u.m.)
-yellow (u.m.)
reformat
regionwide
religio (c.f.)
all one word
remote-access
repair#shop
representative
#at#large
-elect
research#worker
resino (c.f.)
all one word
retro (c.f.)
-ocular
-omental
-operative
-oral
rest one word
rheo (c.f.)
all one word
rhino (c.f.)
all one word
rhizo (c.f.)
all one word
rhod(o) (c.f.)
all one word
rhomb(o) (c.f.)
all one word
rice
growing
#water
rich
-bound (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
rickrack
ridge
band
pole
top
riffraff
rifleshot
rig
out (n., u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
right
about
about-face
-angle (u.m., v.)
-angled (u.m.)
#away
#field (sports)
-handed (u.m.)
-hander
-headed (u.m.)
most
-of-way
wing
(political)
rim
-deep (u.m.)
fire
lock
rock
ring
-adorned (u.m.)
-banded (u.m.)
-billed (u.m.)
bolt
giver
head
-in (n., u.m.)
lead (v.)
leader
-necked (u.m.)
-off (n., u.m.)
pin
-porous (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
side
sight
stand
stick
-tailed (u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
worm
rip
cord
-off (n., u.m.)
rap
roaring
sack
saw
snorter
tide
-up (n., u.m.)
river
bank
bed
#bottom
flow
-formed (u.m.)
front
head
scape
side
wash
-worn (u.m.)
road
bank
bed
block
builder
head
hog
kill
map
#runner (bird)
#show
side
-test (v.)
way
-weary (u.m.)
rock
abye
bottom (nonliteral)
#climber
-climbing (u.m.)
fall (n.)
-fallen (u.m.)
fill
firm
pile
-ribbed (u.m.)
#salt
shaft
slide
rod-shaped (u.m.)
roe
buck
#deer
roentgeno (c.f.)
all one word
roll
about (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
call
-fed (v.)
film
off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
top
up (n., u.m.)
roller
#blade
#coaster
-made (u.m.)
-milled (u.m.)
#skate
Romano (c.f.)
-canonical, etc.
-Gallic, etc.
roof
garden
line
top
tree
room
#clerk
keeper
mate
roominghouse
root
bound
cap
-cutting (u.m.)
fast
hold
#mean#square
#rot
stalk
stock
rope
dance
layer
stitch
walk
rose
-bright (u.m.)
bud
bush
head
-headed (u.m.)
-scented (u.m.)
-sweet (u.m.)
tan
#water
rotor
craft
ship
rotten
-dry (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
rough
-and-ready (u.m.)
-and-tumble
(n., u.m.)
cast (u.m., v.)
-coat (v.)
-cut (u.m.)
draw (v.)
dress (v.)
dry (u.m., v.)
-face (v.)
-faced (u.m.)
hew
house
-legged (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
neck
rider
setter
shod
-sketch (v.)
stuff
tailed
#work (n.)
work (v.)
wrought
rougher
-down
-out
-up
roughing-in (u.m.)
round
about (n., u.m.)
about-face
-faced (u.m.)
head
-made (u.m.)
mouthed
nose (tool)
out (n., u.m.)
robin (petition)
seam
table (panel)
-tailed (u.m.)
-topped (u.m.)
#trip
-tripper
up (n., u.m.)
rub
-a-dub
down (n., u.m.)
rubber
band
-down
-lined (u.m.)
neck
-off
-set (u.m.)
stamp (nonliteral) (n., u.m., v.)
#stamp (n.)
-stamped (u.m.)
ruby
-hued (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-throated (u.m.)
rudder
head
hole
post
stock
rule#of#thumb
rum
-crazed (u.m.)
runner
seller
rumpus#room
run
about (n., u.m.)
around
(n., u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
by (n.)
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
through
(n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
runner-up
Russo (c.f.)
-Chinese, etc.
rest one word
rust
-brown (u.m.)
-eaten (u.m.)
proofing
-resistant (u.m.)
-stained (u.m.)
rye#field
[[Page 112]]
- S -
S
-bend
-brake
-iron
-ray
-shaped
-trap
-wrench
saber
-legged (u.m.)
tooth
-toothed (u.m.)
sable-cloaked (u.m.)
Sabrejet
saccharo (c.f.)
all one word
sack
bearer
cloth
#coat
-coated (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
sacro (c.f.)
all one word
sad
-eyed (u.m.)
iron
#sack
-voiced (u.m.)
saddle
back
-backed (u.m.)
bag
bow
cloth
-graft (v.)
#horse
-making (u.m.)
nose
-nosed (u.m.)
sore
-stitched (u.m.)
tree
-wire (u.m.)
safe
blower
cracker
-deposit (u.m.)
guard
hold
#house
#site
sage
brush
leaf
-leaved (u.m.)
sail
cloth
-dotted (u.m.)
flying
saintlike
sales
book
clerk
manship
people
person
salmon
-colored (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
salpingo (c.f.)
-oophorectomy
-oophoritis
-ovariotomy
-ovaritis
rest one word
salt
box
cellar
-cured (u.m.)
#lick
mouth
pack
pan
peter
pit
pond
shaker
spoon
sprinkler
water
works
salver
form
-shaped (u.m.)
sample
#book
#box
maker
-making (u.m.)
sand
bag
bank
bar
bath
bin
blast
blown
box
-built (u.m.)
-buried (u.m.)
-cast (u.m., v.)
culture
#dune
fill
flea
glass
heat
hill
-hiller
hog
hole
lapper
lot
paper
pile
pipe
pit
-pump (u.m., v.)
shoe
spit
storm
table
weld (v.)
-welded (u.m.)
-welding (u.m.)
sandy-bottomed
(u.m.)
sangfroid
sans
#serif
#souci
sapphire
-blue (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
sarco (c.f.)
all one word
sashcord
satin
#cloth
-lined (u.m.)
-smooth (u.m.)
sauce
dish
pan
sauer
braten
kraut
save-all (n., u.m.)
saw
back
belly
bill (bird)
-billed (u.m.)
bones (n.)
buck
dust
-edged (u.m.)
horse
setter
timber
tooth
-toothed (u.m.)
sax
cornet
horn
tuba
say
-nothing
(n., u.m.)
-so (n.)
scale
bark
down (n., u.m.)
pan
-reading (u.m.)
scapegoat
scapulo (c.f.)
all one word
scar
-clad (u.m.)
face
-faced (u.m.)
#tissue
scare
crow
head
scarfpin
scarlet
-breasted (u.m.)
#fever
-red (u.m.)
scatter
brain
good
#rug
scene
shifter
wright
schisto (c.f.)
all one word
schizo (c.f.)
all one word
school
bag
#board
book
bus
children
day
-made (u.m.)
mate
ship
teacher
-trained (u.m.)
#year
scientifico (c.f.)
all one word
scissor
bill
-tailed (u.m.)
-winged (u.m.)
scissors
hold
-shaped (u.m.)
#smith
sclero (c.f.)
-oophoritis
-optic
rest one word
score
board
book
card
sheet
scot-free
Scoto (c.f.)
-Britannic, etc.
Scotsman
scout
#badge
#car
hood
master
scrap
basket
book
#paper
works
scratch
brush
-brusher
-coated (u.m.)
#pad
#test
screen
out (n., u.m.)
play
screw
ball
bolt
cap
down (u.m.)
drive (v.)
-driven (u.m.)
driver
head
hook
jack
-lifted (u.m.)
nut
ship
#thread
-threaded (u.m.)
-turned (u.m.)
scroll
-back
head
work
scuttlebutt
scythe-shaped (u.m.)
sea
#base
-based (u.m.)
-bathed (u.m.)
beach
-beaten (u.m.)
bed
#bird
-blue (u.m.)
board
#boat
-born (u.m.)
borne
bound
-bred (u.m.)
coast
-deep (u.m.)
dog
-driven (u.m.)
drome
-encircled (u.m.)
fare (food)
fighter
#floor
folk
food
front
girt
goer
going
hound
lane
#level
lift
#lion
mark
port
quake
#room
scape
#scout
scouting
shell
shine
shore
sick
side
stroke
#time (clock)
wall
weed
wing
worn
worthiness
-wrecked (u.m.)
seam
blasting
rend (v.)
stitch
weld (v.)
-welded (u.m.)
search
#engine
light
plane
seat
belt
#cover
-mile
second
-class (u.m.)
-degree (u.m.)
-foot
-guess (v.)
hand
(adv., u.m.)
#hand (n.)
#in#command
-rate (u.m.)
#sight
-sighted (u.m.)
[[Page 113]]
Secret Service
secretary
#general
-generalcy
-generalship
section#man
seed
bed
cake
case
coat
kin
stalk
seer
band
hand
sucker
seesaw
seismo (c.f.)
all one word
self
dom
-extracting
hood
less
ness
same
reflexive prefix, use hyphen
sell
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
semi (pref.)
-armor-piercing (u.m.)
-Christian, etc.
-idleness,
-indirect, etc.
annual, arid, etc.
rest one word
send
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
senso (c.f.)
all one word
septi (c.f.)
all one word
septo (c.f.)
all one word
sergeant #at#arms
serio (c.f.)
all one word
sero (c.f.)
all one word
serrate
-ciliate (u.m.)
-dentate (u.m.)
server-based
service
-connected (u.m.)
man
#man#and #woman
person
wide
servo
accelerometer
amplifier
control
mechanism
motor
system
sesqui (c.f.)
all one word
set
-aside (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
bolt
down (n., u.m.)
-fair (n.)
head
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
pin
screw
-stitched (u.m.)
-to (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
setter
-forth
-in
-on
-out
-to
-up
seven
-branched (u.m.)
fold
penny (nail)
score
-shooter
-up (n.)
severalfold
shade
-giving (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
shadow
boxing
gram
graph
#line
shag
bark
-haired (u.m.)
#rug
shake
down (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
shallow
-draft (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
shame
-crushed (u.m.)
faced
shank
bone
#mill
shapeup (n., u.m.)
share
bone
broker
cropper
holder
out (n., u.m.)
ware
sharp
-angled (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
-edged (u.m.)
-freeze (u.m., v.)
-freezer
-looking (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
shod
shooter
-tailed (u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
shavetail
naysayer
shear
pin
waters
shedhand
sheep
biter
crook
dip
#dog
faced
#farm
fold
gate
herder
hook
kill
-kneed (u.m.)
nose (apple)
pen
shank
shear (v.)
shearer (n.)
shed
stealer
walk
-white (u.m.)
sheer
off (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
sheet
block
flood
#glass
rock
ways
shell
back
burst
fire
fishery
#game
hole
-like
shocked
shelterbelt
shield-shaped (u.m.)
shilly-shally
shin
bone
guard
plaster
shiner-up
ship
breaker
broken
broker
builder
lap
mast
owning
-rigged (u.m.)
shape
side
wreck
shipping
#master
#room
shirt
band
#sleeve
tail
waist
shock
#therapy
#troops
#wave
shoe
black
brush
horn
lace
pack
scraper
shine
store
string
tree
shootoff
(n., u.m.)
shop
folk
lifter
-made (u.m.)
mark
owner
-soiled (u.m.)
talk
walker
window
shore
#bird
#boat
fast
going
#leave
side
short
-armed (u.m.)
bread
cake
change (v.)
changer
#circuit
-circuited (u.m.)
coming
cut (n., u.m., v.)
fall (n.)
-fed (u.m.)
hand (writing)
-handed (u.m.)
head (whale)
horn (n., u.m.)
-horned (u.m.)
-lasting (u.m.)
leaf (u.m.)
-lived (u.m.)
rib
run (u.m.)
sighted
staff
stop
#term
-term (u.m.)
wave (radio)
shot
gun
hole
put
star
shoulder
#belt
#blade
-high (u.m.)
#strap
show
boat
card
case
down (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
piece
place
room
through (printing)
(n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
shredout (n., u.m.)
shroud
-laid (u.m.)
plate
shut
away (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
eye (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (u.m.)
shuttlecock
sick
bay
bed
#call
#leave
list
room
sickle-cell (u.m.)
side
arms
band
board
bone
burns
car
check
-cut (u.m.)
dress (v.)
flash
head (printing)
hill
hook
kick
lap
#light (literal)
light (nonliteral)
#line (literal)
line (nonliteral)
long
note
plate
play
saddle
show
slip
splitting
step
stitch
-stitched (u.m.)
sway
swipe
track
walk
wall
-wheeler
winder
sight
hole
read
saver
seeing
setter
[[Page 114]]
sign
off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
post
up (n., u.m.)
silico (c.f.)
all one word
silk
#screen
-stockinged (u.m.)
works
siltpan
silver
-backed (u.m.)
beater
-bright (u.m.)
fish
-gray (u.m.)
-haired (u.m.)
-lead (u.m.)
-leaved (u.m.)
plate (v.)
-plated (u.m.)
point
(drawing)
print
tip
-tongued (u.m.)
top
simon-pure (u.m.)
simple
-headed (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
-rooted (u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
simulcast
sin
-born (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
sine#die
single
bar
-breasted (u.m.)
-decker
-edged (u.m.)
handed
hood
-loader
-minded (u.m.)
-phase (u.m.)
-seater
stick
#stitch
tree
singsong
sink
head
hole
Sino (c.f.)
-Japanese, etc.
sister
-german
hood
-in-law
sit
down (n., u.m.)
-downer
fast (n., u.m.)
-in
up (n., u.m.)
sitter
-by
-in
-out
sitting#room
sitz
#bath
mark
six
-cylinder
(u.m.)
fold
penny (nail)
-ply (u.m.)
score
-shooter
-wheeler
sizeup (n., u.m.)
ski
#jump
#lift
plane
#suit
skid
lift (truck)
road
#row
skin
-clad (u.m.)
deep
diver
flint
-graft (v.)
skipjack
skirtmarker
skullcap
skunk
head
top
sky
-blue (u.m.)
gazer
-high (u.m.)
jacker
lift
look (v.)
rocket
sail
scape
scraper
shine
writer
slab-sided (u.m.)
slack
-bake (v.)
-filled (u.m.)
#water
slambang
slant-eyed (u.m.)
slap
bang
dab
dash
down (n., u.m.)
happy
jack
stick
-up (n., u.m.)
slate
-blue (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
works
slaughter
house
pen
slave
-born (u.m.)
-deserted (u.m.)
holding
#market
owner
pen
Slavo (c.f.)
-Hungarian, etc.
sledge
#hammer
-hammered (u.m.)
meter
sleep
-filled (u.m.)
talker
walker
sleepy
-eyed (u.m.)
head
-looking (u.m.)
sleetstorm
sleeveband
sleuthhound
slide
film
knot
#rule
sling
ball
shot
slip
along (u.m.)
band
case
cover
knot
#law
-on (n., u.m.)
#proof
(printing)
proof
ring
sheet
shod
sole
step
stitch
stream
-up (n., u.m.)
washer
slit
-eyed (u.m.)
shell
#skirt
slop
-molded (u.m.)
seller
slopeways
slow
belly
down (n., u.m.)
-footed (u.m.)
going
-motion (u.m.)
mouthed
poke
#time
up (n., u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
sluice
box
#gate
slum
dweller
gullion
gum
lord
slumber-bound (u.m.)
small
#arms
#businessman
pox
-scale (u.m.)
sword
talk
town (u.m.)
smart
#aleck
-alecky (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
#set
-tongued (u.m.)
smashup (n., u.m.)
smearcase
smoke
-blinded (u.m.)
bomb
chaser
-dried (u.m.)
-dry (v.)
-dyed (u.m.)
-filled (u.m.)
house
jack
jumper
-laden (u.m.)
pot
screen
stack
smoking#room
smooth
bore
-browed (u.m.)
-cast (u.m.)
mouthed
-tongued (u.m.)
-working (u.m.)
snackbar
snail
-paced (u.m.)
-slow (u.m.)
snail's#pace
snake
bite
-bitten (u.m.)
-eater
-eyed (u.m.)
head
hole
pit
snap
dragon
head
hook
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n.)
ring
roll
shooter
shot
-up (u.m.)
snapper
-back
-up
snipe
bill
#eel
-nosed (u.m.)
sniperscope
snooperscope
snow
ball
bank
berg
blind
#blindness
blink
block
-blocked (u.m.)
blower
break
capped
-choked (u.m.)
clad (u.m.)
#cover
-covered (u.m.)
drift
fall
field
flake
line
melt
-melting (u.m.)
mobile
pack
pit
plow
scape
shade
shed
shine
shoe
sled
slide
slip
storm
suit
-topped (u.m.)
#water
-white (u.m.)
snuffbox
so
-and-so
beit (n., conj.)
-called (u.m.)
-seeming (u.m.)
-so
soap
box
bubble
dish
flakes
#opera
rock
stock
suds
sob
#sister
#story
sober
-minded (u.m.)
sides
social
#work
#worker
socio (c.f.)
-official
economic, etc.
sod
buster
culture
#house
soda
jerk
#pop
#water
sofa
#bed
#maker
-making (u.m.)
-ridden (u.m.)
soft
ball
-boiled (u.m.)
[[Page 115]]
#coal
#copy
#drink
#goods
head
-pedal (v.)
-shelled (u.m.)
-soap (nonliteral) (v.)
-soaper (nonliteral) (n.)
-spoken (u.m.)
tack
ware
wood
sole
cutter
plate
somato (c.f.)
all one word
some
day
how
one (anyone)
#one (distributive)
place (adv.)
time (adv., u.m.)
#time (some time ago)
what
son-in-law
song
bird
fest
writer
sonobuoy
sooth
fast
sayer
sore
-eyed (u.m.)
foot (n.)
footed (u.m.)
head (n., u.m.)
sorry-looking (u.m.)
soul
-deep (u.m.)
mate
-searching (u.m.)
sick
sound
-absorbing (u.m.)
#field
film
-minded (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
track
#wave
soup
bone
#bowl
#kitchen
#plate
spoon
sour
belly
bread
dough (n.)
faced
-natured (u.m.)
-sweet
source
book
#file
south
-born (u.m.)
bound
-central (u.m.)
east
going
lander
paw
#side
-sider
-southeast
west
soybean
sow
back
belly
space
bar
craft
-cramped
(u.m.)
#key
mark
ship
#time
spade
-dug (u.m.)
foot
-footed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
Spanish
-American
-born (u.m.)
-speaking (u.m.)
spare
-bodied (u.m.)
rib
#room
spark
#plug (literal)
plug (nonliteral)
speakeasy (n.)
spear
cast
head
-high (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
spectro (c.f.)
all one word
speech
-bereft (u.m.)
-read (v.)
speed
boating
letter
trap
up (n., u.m.)
spell
binding
check
down (n., u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
spend
-all (n.)
thrift
spermato (c.f.)
all one word
spermo (c.f.)
all one word
spheno (c.f.)
-occipital
rest one word
sphygmo (c.f.)
all one word
spice
-burnt (u.m.)
cake
-laden (u.m.)
spider
#crab
-legged
-spun (u.m.)
#web (n.)
web (u.m., v.)
spike
horn
-kill (v.)
-pitch (v.)
spill
over (n., u.m.)
way
spin
back
#doctor (slang)
off
spindle
-formed (u.m.)
head
-legged (u.m.)
legs
shanks
spine
bone
-broken (u.m.)
-pointed (u.m.)
spino (c.f.)
-olivary
rest one word
spirit
-born (u.m.)
-broken (u.m.)
#writing
spit
ball
fire
stick
splanchno (c.f.)
all one word
splay
footed
mouthed
spleen
-born (u.m.)
sick
-swollen (u.m.)
spleno (c.f.)
all one word
split
finger (crustacean)
fruit
mouth
saw
#second
-tongued (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
spoilsport
spondylo (c.f.)
all one word
sponge
#bath
cake
diver
-diving (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
spongio (c.f.)
all one word
spoolwinder
spoon
-beaked (u.m.)
-billed (u.m.)
bread
-fed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
ways
sporeformer
sporo (c.f.)
all one word
sports
#editor
person
wear
writer
spot
#check
-checked (u.m.)
-face (v.)
light
weld (v.)
welded (u.m.)
-welding (u.m.)
spray-washed (u.m.)
spread
-eagle (u.m., v.)
head
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
-set (v.)
spring
back
(bookbinding)
bok
-born (u.m.)
buck
-clean (v.)
#fever
finger
-grown (u.m.)
halt
head
-plow (v.)
-plowed (u.m.)
tide (season)
time
trap
spritsail
spur
-clad (u.m.)
-driven (u.m.)
gall
-galled (u.m.)
-heeled (u.m.)
spy
glass
hole
tower
square
-bottomed (u.m.)
-built (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
flipper
head
-headed
#mile
-rigged (u.m.)
#root
-set (u.m.)
shooter
squeeze
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
squirrel-headed (u.m.)
stackup (n., u.m.)
staff
-herd (v.)
-hour
time
stag
-handled (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
horn
-horned (u.m.)
hound
hunter
stage
coach
hand
#set
-struck (u.m.)
stair
case
head
step
#well
stake
head
out (n.)
stale-worn (u.m.)
stall
-fed (u.m.)
-feed (v.)
stand
by (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
fast (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
offish
out (n., u.m.)
pat
pipe
point
post
still (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
standard
#bearer
bred
#gauge
#time
staphylo (c.f.)
all one word
star
blind
bright
dust
gazer
-led (u.m.)
light
lit
lite (gem)
nose (mole)
shake
shine
shoot
-spangled (u.m.)
stroke
-studded (u.m.)
#time
starchworks
stark
-blind (u.m.)
-mad (u.m.)
-naked (u.m.)
-raving (u.m.)
starter-off
[[Page 116]]
start-stop
startup (n., u.m.)
stat (pref.)
all one word
State
-aided (u.m.)
#line
-owned (u.m.)
state
hood
-of-the-art (u.m.)
quake
room
side
station#house
stato (c.f.)
all one word
statute
-barred (u.m.)
#book
stay
-at-home
(n., u.m.)
bar
bolt
boom
lace
log
pin
plow
sail
wire
steam
boating
car
-cooked (u.m.)
-driven (u.m.)
fitter
pipe
plant
-pocket (v.)
power (n.)
#powerplant
-propelled
(u.m.)
roll (v.)
roller (u.m., v.)
ship
table
tightness
steamer#line
steel
-blue (u.m.)
-bright (u.m.)
-cased (u.m.)
clad
-framed (u.m.)
-hard (u.m.)
head
plate
works
steep
-rising (u.m.)
-to (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
-walled (u.m.)
steeple
chase
-high (u.m.)
jack
top
stem
head
post
sickness
winder
stencil-cutting (u.m.)
steno (c.f.)
all one word
step
aunt
child, etc.
dance
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
ladder
off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
stepping
-off (u.m.)
-out (u.m.)
stone
stereo (c.f.)
all one word
stern
castle
-faced (u.m.)
-heavy (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
most
post
#wheel
-wheeler
sterno (c.f.)
all one word
stetho (c.f.)
all one word
stew
pan
pot
stick
-at-it (n., u.m.)
fast (n.)
-in-the-mud
(n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pin
-to-it-iveness
(n.)
up (n., u.m.)
sticker
-in
-on
-up
stiff
-backed (u.m.)
neck
-necked (u.m.)
still
-admired (u.m.)
birth
born
-burn (v.)
-fish (v.)
-hunt (v.)
#life
-recurring
(u.m.)
stand
stink
ball
bomb
bug
damp
pot
stir
about (n., u.m.)
fry
-up (n., u.m.)
stitch
down (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
stock
breeder
broker
#car
feeder
holding
jobber
judging
list
pile
pot
rack
raiser
-still (u.m.)
taker
truck
wright
stoke
hold
hole
stomach
#ache
-filling (u.m.)
#pump
-shaped (u.m.)
-sick (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
stomato (c.f.)
all one word
stone
biter
blind
brash
breaker
broke
brood
cast
-cold (u.m.)
#crab
crusher
cutter
-dead (u.m.)
-deaf (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
head
layer
lifter
mason
shot
#wall (n.)
wall (u.m., v.)
#writing
stony
-eyed (u.m.)
#land
stop
back (n.)
block
clock
cock
gap
hound
list
log
-loss (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
watch
storage#room
store
front
house
storm
-beaten (u.m.)
cock
flow
-laden (u.m.)
-swept (u.m.)
-tossed (u.m.)
#trooper
wind
#window
storyteller
stout
-armed (u.m.)
heartedness
-minded (u.m.)
stove
brush
-heated (u.m.)
pipe
stow
away (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
straddle
back
-face (v.)
-legged (u.m.)
straight
away
-backed (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
edge
-edged (u.m.)
#face
-faced (u.m.)
forward
head
-legged (u.m.)
#line
-lined (u.m.)
-out (n., u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
#time
-up (u.m.)
-up-and-down (u.m.)
strainslip
strait
-chested (u.m.)
jacket
laced
stranglehold
strap
-bolt (v.)
hanger
head
-shaped (u.m.)
watch
strato (c.f.)
all one word
straw
berry#field
boss
-built (u.m.)
hat
-roofed (u.m.)
splitting
stack
-stuffed (u.m.)
#vote
walker
-yellow (u.m.)
stray
away (n., u.m.)
#line
mark
stream
bank
bed
flow
head
lined
side
street
-bred (u.m.)
car
cleaner
-cleaning (u.m.)
sweeper
walker
strepto (c.f.)
all one word
stretchout
(n., u.m.)
strike
breaker
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-over (n., u.m.)
striker
-in
-out
-over
string
course
halt
#proof (density)
ways
strip
cropping
#mine
tease
strong
-arm (u.m., v.)
back (nautical)
-backed (u.m.)
box
hold
#man (literal)
man (nonliteral)
-minded (u.m.)
point (n.)
stub
runner
-toed (u.m.)
wing
stubble
#field
-mulch (u.m.)
stubbornminded
stucco-fronted (u.m.)
stuck
up (n., u.m.)
-upper
-uppish (u.m.)
stud
bolt
horse
mare
stuntman
stupid
head
-headed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
sturdy-limbed (u.m.)
stylebook
stylo (c.f.)
all one word
sub (pref.)
-Himalayan, etc.
machinegun
#rosa, #specie, etc.
-subcommittee
[[Page 117]]
polar, standard, etc.
rest one word
subject
-object
-objectivity
subter (pref.)
all one word
such-and-such
suck
-egg (n., u.m.)
hole
-in (n., u.m.)
sugar
#beet
#bowl
cake
cane
-coat (v.)
-coated (u.m.)
-cured (u.m.)
loaf
plum
spoon
sweet
#water
works
sulfa (c.f.)
all one word
sulfo (c.f.)
all one word
sulfon (c.f.)
all one word
sullen
hearted
-natured (u.m.)
summer
-clad (u.m.)
-dried (u.m.)
-fallow (v.)
-made (u.m.)
tide
time (season)
#time (daylight saving)
sun
-baked (u.m.)
bath
-bathed (u.m.)
beam
blind
#blindness
bonnet
bow
break
burn
burst
-cured (u.m.)
dial
dog
down
dress
-dried (u.m.)
-dry (v.)
fall
fast
glade
glare
glass
glow
#hat
lamp
lit
quake
ray
rise
scald
set
shade
shine
-shot (u.m.)
shower
spot
stricken
stroke
struck
tan
#time (measure)
time (dawn)
up
sunny
-looking (u.m.)
-natured (u.m.)
super (pref.)
-Christian, etc.
#high frequency
-superlative
highway, market, etc.
rest one word
Super Bowl
supra (pref.)
-abdominal
-acromial
-aerial
anal
-angular
-arytenoid
-auditory
-auricular
-axillary
-Christian, etc.
rest one word
sur (pref.)
all one word
sure
-fire (u.m.)
-footed (u.m.)
-slow
surf
-battered (u.m.)
board
#fish
-swept (u.m.)
swallow
pipe
-tailed (u.m.)
swampside
swan
-bosomed (u.m.)
dive
herd
mark
neck
song
swansdown
swash
buckler
plate
sway
back (n., u.m.)
-backed (u.m.)
bar
-brace (v.)
swearer-in
sweat
band
#gland
#shirt
shop
sweep
back (aviation) (n., u.m.)
forward (aviation)
(n., u.m.)
stake
through
(n., u.m.)
washer
sweet
bread
-breathed (u.m.)
brier
faced
heart
meat
mouthed
-pickle (v.)
-sour
-sweet
swell
-butted (u.m.)
head
toad
swelled-headed (u.m.)
swept
back (n., u.m.)
forward
(n., u.m.)
wing (n., u.m.)
swift
foot
-footed (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
-running (u.m.)
swill
bowl
tub
swimsuit
swine
-backed (u.m.)
bread
head
herd
pox
sty
swing
back (n., u.m.)
bar
dingle
#gate
#shift
stock
-swang
tree
swingle
bar
tree
switch
back
blade
box
gear
plate
plug
rail
tender
swivel
#chair
eye
-eyed (u.m.)
-hooked (u.m.)
sword
-armed (u.m.)
bearer
#belt
bill
fishing
play
-shaped (u.m.)
stick
syn (pref.)
all one word
synchro
cyclotron
flash
mesh
tron
Syro (c.f.)
-Arabian, etc.
phenician
- T -
T
-ball
-bandage
-beam
-boat
-bone
-cloth
-iron
-man
-rail
-scale (score)
-shape
-shaped
-shirt
-square
table
cloth
-cut (u.m.)
cutter
-cutting (u.m.)
-formed (u.m.)
#linen
-shaped (u.m.)
spoon
talk
top
ware
tachy (c.f.)
all one word
tag
-affixing (u.m.)
lock
rag
sore
tail
band
#coat
-cropped (u.m.)
#end
-ender
first
foremost
gate
head
-heavy (u.m.)
hook
lamp
pin
pipe
race
spin
stock
-tied (u.m.)
twister
-up (n., u.m.)
wheel
wind
tailor
-cut (u.m.)
made (u.m.)
-suited (u.m.)
take
-all (n.)
down (n., u.m.)
-home (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
taker
-down
-in
-off
-over
-up
tale
bearer
carrier
teller
talkfest
talking-to (n.)
tall
boy (n.)
-built (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
tallow
-faced (u.m.)
-pale (u.m.)
tally
#board
#clerk
ho
#room
#sheet
tame
-grown (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
tan
bark
works
tangent
-cut (v.)
-saw (v.)
tangle
foot
-haired (u.m.)
tank
#car
farm
ship
town
tap
bolt
dance
hole
net
off (n., u.m.)
-riveted (u.m.)
room
root
-tap
water
tape
#deck
#drive
[[Page 118]]
#measure
string
-tied (u.m.)
taper
bearer
-fashion (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
tapestry
-covered (u.m.)
#maker
-making (u.m.)
#work
tapper-out
tar
-brand (v.)
brush
-coal (u.m.)
-dipped (u.m.)
#paper
-paved (u.m.)
pot
-roofed (u.m.)
works
tariff-protected
(u.m.)
tarpaulin
-covered (u.m.)
#maker
-making (u.m.)
tarso (c.f.)
all one word
task
#force
setter
tattletale
tauro (c.f.)
all one word
tax
-burdened (u.m.)
#collector
eater
-exempt (u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
gatherer
-laden (u.m.)
paid
payer
#roll
-supported (u.m.)
taxi
auto
bus
cab
meter
stand
tea
ball
cake
cart
-colored (u.m.)
cup
dish
kettle
#party
pot
room
-scented (u.m.)
spoon
taster
teamplay
tear
bomb
-dimmed (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
drop
#gas
-off (n., u.m.)
-out (n., u.m.)
pit
sheet
stain
-stained (u.m.)
teen
age (u.m.)
ager
teeter-totter
tele (c.f.)
all one word
teleo (c.f.)
all one word
tell
tale
truth
telo (c.f.)
all one word
tempest-rocked (u.m.)
temporo (c.f.)
-occipital
rest one word
ten
fold
penny (nail)
pins
tender
#boat
-faced (u.m.)
foot
-footed (u.m.)
footish
-handed (u.m.)
heart
loin
-looking (u.m.)
tenement#house
tent
-dotted (u.m.)
pole
-sheltered (u.m.)
#show
terra
#cotta
#firma
mara
terrace-fashion (u.m.)
test-fly (v.)
tetra (c.f.)
all one word
thanksgiving
thatch-roofed (u.m.)
text
-based
#file
#mode
theater
goer
going
thenceforth
theo (c.f.)
all one word
theologico (c.f.)
all one word
there
about(s)
above
across
after
against
among
around
at
away
before
between
by
for
fore
from
in
inafter
inbefore
into
on
over
through
tofore
under
until
unto
upon
with
thermo (c.f.)
all one word
thick
-blooded (u.m.)
head
-looking (u.m.)
pated
set (n., u.m.)
skinned
skull (n.)
skulled
-tongued (u.m.)
wit
-witted (u.m.)
-wooded (u.m.)
-woven (u.m.)
thin
-clad (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
set (u.m.)
-voiced (u.m.)
thio (c.f.)
all one word
third
-class (u.m.)
-degree (u.m.)
hand
(adv., u.m.)
#house
-rate (u.m.)
-rater
thistledown
thoraco (c.f.)
all one word
thorn
back
bill
-covered (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-strewn (u.m.)
tail
thorough
-bind (v.)
bred
-dried (u.m.)
fare
going
-made (u.m.)
paced
pin
thought
-free (u.m.)
-out (u.m.)
-provoking
(u.m.)
thousand
fold
-headed (u.m.)
-legged (u.m.)
legs (worm)
thrall
born
dom
-less
thread
bare
-leaved (u.m.)
worn
three
-bagger
-cornered (u.m.)
-dimensional (u.m.)
fold
-in-hand
-master
penny (nail)
-piece (u.m.)
-ply (u.m.)
score
some
-spot
-square
-striper
throat
band
cutter
latch
strap
thrombo (c.f.)
all one word
through
out
put
#road
way
throw
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
#line
off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
-weight
thrust-pound
thumb
#hole
-made (u.m.)
mark
-marked (u.m.)
nail
print
screw
stall
string
sucker
tack
worn
thunder
bearer
blast
bolt
clap
cloud
head
peal
shower
storm
struck
thymo (c.f.)
all one word
thyro (c.f.)
all one word
tibio (c.f.)
all one word
tick
#feed
seed
tacktoe
tick
tock
ticket
#seller
-selling (u.m.)
#writer
tidal#wave
tiddlywink
tide
flat
head
mark
-marked (u.m.)
race
table
-tossed (u.m.)
waiter
-worn (u.m.)
tie
back (n.)
#bar
#beam
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
-out (n., u.m.)
pin
-plater
#rod
#tack
up (n., u.m.)
tierlift (truck)
tiger
eye
#lily
#shark
-striped (u.m.)
tight
-belted (u.m.)
fisted
-fitting (u.m.)
lipped
rope
-set (u.m.)
-tie (v.)
wad
wire
tile
-clad (u.m.)
#drain
-red (u.m.)
setter
works
wright
tilt
hammer
up (n.)
timber
-built (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
jack
line
-propped (u.m.)
#wolf
wright
[[Page 119]]
time
bomb
born
card
clerk
clock
-consuming (u.m.)
frame
-honored (u.m.)
keeper
killer
lag
lock
outs (n., u.m.)
piece
pleaser
saver
server
sheet
slip
slot
span
-stamp (v.)
study
table
taker
waster
worn
tin
-bearing (u.m.)
#can
-capped (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
cup
#fish
(torpedo)
foil
horn
kettle
-lined (u.m.)
man
pan
plate
-plated (u.m.)
pot
-roofed (u.m.)
type
-white (u.m.)
tinsel
-bright (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#town
tintblock (printing)
tip
burn
cart
-curled (u.m.)
head
-in (n., u.m.)
most
off (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
staff
stock
tank
-tap
toe
top
-up (u.m.)
tire
changer
dresser
fitter
#gauge
#iron
-mile
#rack
shaper
some
tit
bit
#for#tat
mouse
titano (c.f.)
all one word
tithe
book
-free (u.m.)
payer
right
title
holder
-holding (u.m.)
#page
winner
-winning (u.m.)
to
-and-fro
-do (n.)
#wit
toad
back
-bellied (u.m.)
blind
fish
-green (u.m.)
stool
tobacco
#grower
-growing (u.m.)
#shop
toe
cap
#dance
hold
-in (n., u.m.)
-mark (v.)
nail
plate
print
toil
-beaten (u.m.)
some
-stained (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
worn
toilet#room
toll
bar
#bridge
#call
gate
gatherer
house
#line
payer
taker
tom
boy
cat
foolery
-tom
tommy
gun
rot
ton
-hour
-kilometer
-mile
-mileage
-mile-day
tone
-deaf (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
-producing (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
tongue
-baited (u.m.)
-bound (u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
-lash (v.)
#lashing
play
-shaped (u.m.)
shot
sore
tack
tied
tip
#twister
-twisting (u.m.)
tool
bag
#belt
box
builder
#chest
crib
dresser
fitter
#grinder
-grinding (u.m.)
head
holding
kit
mark
plate
post
rack
setter
shed
slide
stock
tooth
ache
#and#nail
-billed (u.m.)
brush
drawer
mark
-marked (u.m.)
paste
pick
plate
powder
puller
-pulling (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
some
wash
top
#brass
cap (n.)
coat
cutter
#dog
-drain (v.)
#drawer
dress (v.)
flight (u.m.)
full
gallant
(n., u.m.)
-graft (v.)
hat
-hatted (u.m.)
heavy
kick
knot
liner
mark
mast
milk
most
notch (nonliteral)
rail
rope
sail
-secret (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
side (naut.)
soil
topo (c.f.)
all one word
topsy-turvy
torch
bearer
#holder
lighted
lit
torpedo
#boat
#room
torquemeter
toss
pot
up (n., u.m.)
touch
#and#go
back (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
hole
-me-not (n., u.m.)
pan
reader
stone
up (n., u.m.)
tough
-headed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-skinned (u.m.)
tow
away
boat
head
line
mast
#net
-netter
path
rope
#truck
tower
-high (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
town
-bred (u.m.)
#clerk
#crier
-dotted (u.m.)
folk
gate
going
hall
lot
ship
side
site
talk
-weary (u.m.)
towns
fellow
people
toy
#dog
-sized (u.m.)
town
tracheo (c.f.)
all one word
trachy (c.f.)
all one word
track
barrow
hound
layer
mark
-mile
side
walker
tractor-trailer
trade
#board
-in (n., u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
mark
#name
off
#union
#wind
tradespeople
traffic-mile
tragico (c.f.)
all one word
trail
blazer
breaker
-marked (u.m.)
side
sight
-weary (u.m.)
train
bearer
bolt
crew
line
-mile
shed
sick
stop
tram
-borne (u.m.)
car
rail
road
way
trans (pref.)
alpine
atlantic
-Canadian, etc.
pacific
uranic
rest one word
transit#time
trap
door
fall
shoot
trashrack
travel
-bent (u.m.)
time
-tired (u.m.)
-worn (u.m.)
trawlnet
[[Page 120]]
tread
mill
wheel
treasure
-filled (u.m.)
#house
-laden (u.m.)
treaty
breaker
-sealed (u.m.)
tree
#belt
-clad (u.m.)
#line
-lined (u.m.)
nail
-ripe (u.m.)
scape
top
#trunk
trellis-covered (u.m.)
trench
back
coat
foot
#knife
mouth
#plow
-plowed (u.m.)
tri (c.f.)
-iodide
-ply (u.m.)
state, etc.
rest one word
tribespeople
tribo (c.f.)
all one word
tricho (c.f.)
all one word
trim
-cut (u.m.)
-dressed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
trinitro (c.f.)
all one word
trip
-free (u.m.)
hammer
wire
triple
-acting (u.m.)
back (sofa)
branched (u.m.)
-edged (u.m.)
fold
#play
-tailed (u.m.)
tree (n.)
trolley#line
troop
ship
#train
tropho (c.f.)
all one word
tropo (c.f.)
all one word
trouble
-free (u.m.)
-haunted (u.m.)
maker
shooter
some
truce
breaker
-seeking (u.m.)
truck
driver
#farm
-mile
stop
true
-aimed (u.m.)
-blue (u.m.)
born
bred
-eyed (u.m.)
-false
love (n., u.m.)
penny (n.)
#time
trunk
back
nose
trust
breaking
buster
-controlled (u.m.)
-ridden (u.m.)
worthy
truth
-filled (u.m.)
lover
seeker
-seeking (u.m.)
teller
try
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
square
works
tube
-eyed (u.m.)
-fed (u.m.)
form (u.m.)
head
-nosed (u.m.)
works
tuberculo (c.f.)
all one word
tubo (c.f.)
-ovarian
rest one word
tug
boat
#of#war
tumbledown
(n., u.m.)
tune
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
tunnel
-boring (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
vision
turbo (c.f.)
-ramjet (u.m.)
rest one word
turf
-built (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#war
turkey
back
#buzzard
#gobbler
#trot
Turko (c.f.)
-Greek, etc.
rest one word
turn
about (n., u.m.)
about-face
again (n., u.m.)
around
(n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
buckle
cap
coat
cock
down (n., u.m.)
gate
-in (n., u.m.)
key
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
pike
pin
plate
round (n., u.m.)
screw
sheet
sole
spit
stile
stitch
table
tail
-to (n.)
under
(n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
turned
-back (u.m.)
-down (u.m.)
-in (u.m.)
-on (u.m.)
-out (u.m.)
-over (u.m.)
turner-off
turtle
back
dove
-footed (u.m.)
neck (u.m.)
#shell
twelve
fold
penny (nail)
score
twenty
-first
fold
-one
penny (nail)
twice
-born (u.m.)
-reviewed (u.m.)
-told (u.m.)
twin
#boat
born
-engined (u.m.)
fold
-jet (u.m.)
-motor (u.m.)
-screw (u.m.)
two
-a-day (u.m.)
-along (n.)
(book-binding)
-decker
-faced (u.m.)
fold
-handed (u.m.)
penny (nail)
-piece (u.m.)
-ply (u.m.)
score
-seater
some
-spot
-step (dance)
-striper
-suiter
-thirder
-up (n., u.m.)
-way (u.m.)
-wheeler
tympano (c.f.)
all one word
type
case
cast
cutter
face
foundry
script
set
write (v.)
typho (c.f.)
all one word
typo (c.f.)
all one word
tyro (c.f.)
all one word
- U -
U
-boat
-cut
-magnet
-rail
-shaped
-tube
ultra (pref.)
-ambitious,
-atomic, etc.
-English, etc.
high#frequency
-high-speed (u.m.)
#valorem, etc.
rest one word
un (pref.)
-American, etc.
called-for (u.m.)
heard-of (u.m.)
-ionized (u.m.)
self-conscious
sent-for (u.m.)
thought-of (u.m.)
rest one word
under
age (deficit)
age (younger) (n., u.m.)
#cultivation (tillage)
cultivation (insufficient)
#secretary
-secretaryship
way
as prefix, one word
uni (c.f.)
-univalent
rest one word
union
-made (u.m.)
#shop
unit-set (u.m.)
up
-anchor (u.m., v.)
-and-coming (u.m.)
#and#up
beat
coast
country
dip
end (v.)
front (n., u.m.)
grade
gradient
keep
lift
load
-over (u.m.)
rate
river
stairs
state
stream
swing
take
tight (n., u.m.)
#tight (v.)
-to-date (u.m.)
#to#date
town
trend
turn
wind
upper
case (printing)
#class
classman
crust (n., u.m.)
cut
#deck
most
urano (c.f.)
all one word
uretero (c.f.)
all one word
urethro (c.f.)
all one word
uro (c.f.)
all one word
used-car (u.m.)
user
#default
-defined
-friendly
#group
#interface
utero (c.f.)
all one word
[[Page 121]]
- V -
V
-connection
-curve
-engine
-neck
-shaped
-type
vacant
-eyed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
vagino (c.f.)
all one word
vainglorious
valve
-grinding (u.m.)
-in-head (u.m.)
van
driver
guard
most
pool
vapor
-filled (u.m.)
-heating (u.m.)
#lock
vase-shaped
(u.m.)
vaso (c.f.)
all one word
vegeto (c.f.)
all one word
vein
-mining (u.m.)
-streaked (u.m.)
vellum
-bound (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
velvet
-crimson (u.m.)
-draped (u.m.)
-green (u.m.)
-pile (u.m.)
venthole
ventri (c.f.)
all one word
ventro (c.f.)
all one word
vertebro (c.f.)
all one word
vesico (c.f.)
all one word
vibro (c.f.)
all one word
vice
#admiral
-admiralty
#consul
-consulate
#governor
-governorship
#minister
-ministry
-presidency
#president
-president-elect
-presidential
#rector
-rectorship
regal
-regency
#regent
royal
#versa
#warden
videotape
Vietcong
view
finder
point
vile-natured
(u.m.)
vine
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
dresser
growing
stalk
vinegar
-flavored (u.m.)
-hearted (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
-tart (u.m.)
violet
-blue (u.m.)`
-colored (u.m.)
-eared (u.m.)
#ray
-rayed (u.m.)
#water
violin-shaped (u.m.)
vis-a-vis
viscero (c.f.)
all one word
vitreo (c.f.)
all one word
vitro (c.f.)
-clarain
-di-trina
rest one word
vivi (c.f.)
all one word
voice
-capable
#mail
over (n.)
volleyball
volt
ammeter
-ampere
-coulomb
meter
ohmmeter
-second
volta (c.f.)
all one word
vote
-casting (u.m.)
getter
-getting (u.m.)
vow
-bound (u.m.)
breaker
-pledged (u.m.)
vulvo (c.f.)
all one word
- W -
W
-engine
-shaped
-surface
-type
wage
#earner
-earning (u.m.)
#scale
worker
waist
band
belt
cloth
coat
-deep (u.m.)
-high (u.m.)
line
waiting
#list
#man
#room
#woman
walk
around
(n., u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
way
walkie-talkie
wall
board
eyed
flower
-like
-painting (u.m.)
paper
plate
-sided (u.m.)
walled
-in (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
war
#dance
-disabled (u.m.)
-famed (u.m.)
fare
head
horse (nonliteral)
like
-made (u.m.)
path
plane
ship
-swept (u.m.)
#time (clock)
time (duration)
ward
heeler
robe
ship
warm
blooded
-clad (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
warmed-over (u.m.)
warpsetter
wash
basin
basket
board
bowl
cloth
-colored (u.m.)
day
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pot
rag
#sale
stand
tray
trough
tub
up (n., u.m.)
washed
-out (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
waste
basket
land
leaf
(book-
binding)
paper
site
word
watch
band
case
#chain
cry
dog
-free (u.m.)
glass
tower
word
water
bag
bank
bearer
-bearing (u.m.)
-beaten (u.m.)
-bind (v.)
#blister
bloom
buck
color
-colored (u.m.)
-cool (v.)
-cooled (u.m.)
#cooler
course
craft
dog
-drinking (u.m.)
drop
fall
-filled (u.m.)
finder
flood
flow
fog
-free (u.m.)
front
gate
head
hole
horse
-inch
-laden (u.m.)
lane
leaf
#line
-lined (u.m.)
locked
log
#main
mark
melon
meter
plant
pot
power
proofing
quake
-rot (v.)
scape
shed
shoot
side
-soak (v.)
-soaked (u.m.)
-soluble (u.m.)
spout
stain
#table
tight
wall
works
worn
watt
-hour
meter
-second
wave
-cut (u.m.)
form
guide
-lashed (u.m.)
length
mark
meter
-moist (u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-swept (u.m.)
-worn (u.m.)
wax
bill
-billed (u.m.)
chandler
cloth
-coated (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
#paper
#stone
-yellow (u.m.)
way
back (n., u.m.)
beam
bill
down (n., u.m.)
farer
fellow
going
laid
lay
mark
post
side
[[Page 122]]
-sore (u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
worn
weak
-backed (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
handed
-kneed (u.m.)
minded
mouthed
weather
beaten
blown
-borne (u.m.)
break
cock
glass
going
-hardened (u.m.)
#house
-marked (u.m.)
most
proofing
-stain (v.)
strip
-stripped (u.m.)
worn
web
-fingered (u.m.)
foot
-footed (u.m.)
master
#press
Web#site
wedge
-billed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
weed
-choked (u.m.)
-hidden (u.m.)
hook
killer
week
day
end
-ender
-ending (u.m.)
long (u.m.)
-old (u.m.)
weigh
bridge
-in (n., u.m.)
lock
out (n., u.m.)
shaft
well
-being (n.)
-beloved (u.m.)
-born (u.m.)
-bound (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-deserving (u.m.)
-doer
-doing (n., u.m.)
-drained (u.m.)
-drilling (u.m.)
#field
-grown (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
hole
-informed (u.m.)
-known (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-meaner
-nigh (u.m.)
-off (u.m.)
-read (u.m.)
-set-up (u.m.)
-settled (u.m.)
side
-spoken (u.m.)
spring
stead
-thought-of (u.m.)
-thought-out (u.m.)
-to-do (u.m.)
-wisher
-wishing (u.m.)
-worn (u.m.)
welterweight
werewolf
west
bound
-central (u.m.)
#end
-faced (u.m.)
going
most
-northwest
#side
-sider
wet
#bar
-cheeked (u.m.)
-clean (v.)
land
-nurse (v.)
pack
wash
whale
back
-backed (u.m.)
bone
-built (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
ship
wharf
#boat
hand
head
side
what
abouts (n.)
ever
-is-it (n.)
not (n.)
soever
-you-may-call-it (n.)
wheat
cake
-colored (u.m.)
ear
-fed (u.m.)
field
grower
-rich (u.m.)
stalk
wheel
band
barrow
base
chair
-cut (u.m.)
going
horse (nonliteral)
#load
-made (u.m.)
plate
race
spin
stitch
-worn (u.m.)
wright
when
ever
-issued (u.m.)
soever
where
abouts
after
as
at
by
for
fore
from
in
insoever
into
of
on
over
soever
through
to
under
upon
with
withal
wherever
which
ever
soever
whiffletree
whip
cord
crack
-graft (v.)
#hand
lash
-marked (u.m.)
post
saw
-shaped (u.m.)
socket
staff
stalk
stall
stick
stitch
stock
-tailed (u.m.)
whipper
-in
snapper
whirl
about (n., u.m.)
blast
pool
-shaped (u.m.)
wind
whirlybird
whisk
broom
#tail
whistle
blower (nonliteral)
#blower (literal)
stop
white
back
beard (n.)
#book (diplomatic)
cap (n.)
coat (n.)
-collar (u.m.)
comb (n.)
corn
-eared (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
face
-faced (u.m.)
foot (n.)
-footed (u.m.)
handed
-hard (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
-hot (u.m.)
#line
out (u.m., v.)
pot
tail
-tailed (u.m.)
-throated (u.m.)
top (n.)
vein
wash
who
ever
soever
whole
-headed (u.m.)
#hog
-hogger
sale
some
whomsoever
whooping#cough
wicker-woven (u.m.)
wicket
keeper
keeping
wide
-angle (u.m.)
-awake (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
mouthed
-open (u.m.)
spread
-spreading (u.m.)
widow
#bird
hood
wife
beater
hood
killer
-ridden (u.m.)
wigwag
wild
cat (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
fire
#land
life
#man
wind
will
-less
-o'-the-wisp
power
wilt-resistant
(u.m.)
wind (v.)
down (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
bag
ball
blown
brace
breaker
burn
catcher
-chapped (u.m.)
chill
fall
fast
-fertilized (u.m.)
firm
flow
#force
gall
-galled (u.m.)
#gauge
hole
-hungry (u.m.)
jammer
lass
mill
pipe
-pollinated (u.m.)
-rode (u.m.)
row
screen
-shaken (u.m.)
-shear (u.m.)
shield
shock
side
sleeve
sock
speed
stop
storm
stream
swept
#tunnel
worn
window
breaker
-breaking (u.m.)
#cleaner
-cleaning (u.m.)
#dresser
-dressing (u.m.)
pane
peeper
#shade
-shop (v.)
-shopping (u.m.)
sill
#work
wine
bag
-black (u.m.)
-drinking (u.m.)
glass
growing
-hardy (u.m.)
pot
#press
-red (u.m.)
seller
taster
tester
vat
wing
band
bar
[[Page 123]]
beat
bolt
bone
borne
bow
cut
#flap
-footed (u.m.)
handed
-heavy (u.m.)
-loading (u.m.)
-loose (u.m.)
nut
over (n., u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
-shot (u.m.)
span
-swift (u.m.)
tip
top
walker
wall
-weary (u.m.)
winter
-beaten (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-fallow (v.)
-fed (u.m.)
feed
#green (color)
green (plant, etc.)
-hardy (u.m.)
kill
-made (u.m.)
-sown (u.m.)
tide
time
-worn (u.m.)
wire
bar
-caged (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
cutter
dancer
draw (v.)
-edged (u.m.)
#gauge
hair (dog)
-haired (u.m.)
less
#line
photo
puller
#rope
spun
stitch
-stitched (u.m.)
-tailed (u.m.)
tap
walker
works
-wound (u.m.)
wise
acre
crack
head (n.)
-headed (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
wishbone
witch
craft
#hazel
#hunt
-hunting (u.m.)
with
draw
hold
in
out
stand
within
-bound (u.m.)
-named (u.m.)
woe
begone
worn
wolf
-eyed (u.m.)
#fish
hound
pack
woman
folk
hood
kind
womenfolk
wonder
land
strong
-struck (u.m.)
wood
bark (color)
bin
bined
block
-built (u.m.)
-cased (u.m.)
chipper
chopper
chuck
craft
cut
grub
hole
horse
hung (u.m.)
land
-lined (u.m.)
lot
-paneled (u.m.)
pile
-planing (u.m.)
print
pulp
ranger
rock
#rot
shed
side
stock
turner
-turning (u.m.)
-walled (u.m.)
wind (music)
wooden
head (n.)
-hulled (u.m.)
wool
fell
gatherer
grader
growing
head
-laden (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
pack
press
shearer
shed
sorter
stock
washer
wheel
-white (u.m.)
winder
woolly
-coated (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
word
-blind (u.m.)
book
builder
catcher
-clad (u.m.)
-deaf (u.m.)
flow
jobber
list
-perfect (u.m.)
play
seller
smith
work
aday (n., u.m.)
-and-turn (u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
bag
basket
bench
book
card
day
-driven (u.m.)
fare
flow
folk
force
group
hand
-hardened (u.m.)
horse
-hour (u.m.)
housed
life
load
manship
out (n., u.m.)
pace
pan
paper
people
place
room
saving
sheet
shoe
shop
-shy (n., u.m.)
-shyness
site
slip
space
-stained (u.m.)
stand
station
stream
study
table
time
up (n., u.m.)
ways
-weary (u.m.)
week
worn
working
#load
#room
world
beater
-conscious (u.m.)
#consciousness
#line
#power
-weary (u.m.)
worm
-eaten (u.m.)
-eating (u.m.)
hole
-riddled (u.m.)
-ripe (u.m.)
seed
shaft
worn
down (u.m.)
out (u.m.)
outness
worrywart
worth
while (n., u.m.)
whileness (n.)
wrap
around
(n., u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
wreath-crowned (u.m.)
wreck-free
(u.m.)
wring
bolt
staff
wrist
band
bone
drop
fall
lock
pin
plate
watch
write
back (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-protect
up (n., u.m.)
writing#room
wrong
doer
-ended (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
-thinking (u.m.)
wrought
#iron
-up (u.m.)
wry
bill
-billed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
neck
-set (u.m.)
[[Page 124]]
- X -
X
-body
-chromosome
-disease
#rated
-shaped
-virus
x
-axis
#ray (n.)
-ray (u.m.)
xantho (c.f.)
all one word
xeno (c.f.)
all one word
xero (c.f.)
all one word
xylo (c.f.)
all one word
- Y -
Y
-chromosome
-joint
-level
-potential
-shaped
-track
-tube
Yankee-Doodle
yard
arm
-deep (u.m.)
-long (u.m.)
stick
-wide (u.m.)
yaw
meter
-sighted (u.m.)
year
book
day
end
-hour (u.m.)
long (u.m.)
-old (u.m.)
-round (u.m.)
yellow
back
-backed (u.m.)
-bellied (u.m.)
belly
-billed (u.m.)
#fever
-headed (u.m.)
-tailed (u.m.)
-throated (u.m.)
top
yes
-man
-no
yester
day
year
yoke
fellow
mating
-toed (u.m.)
young
eyed (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-ladylike
-looking (u.m.)
-manlike
-old
-womanhood
youthtide
yuletide
- Z -
Z
-bar
zero
axial
-dimensional (u.m.)
gravity
#hour
zigzag
zinc
-coated (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
zoo (c.f.)
all one word
zoologico (c.f.)
all one word
zygo (c.f.)
all one word
zygomatico (c.f.)
-orbital
rest one word
zymo (c.f.)
all one word
[[Page 125]]
8. PUNCTUATION
8.1. Punctuation is used to clarify the meaning of written or
printed language. Well-planned word order requires a minimum of
punctuation. The trend toward less punctuation calls for
skillful phrasing to avoid ambiguity and to ensure exact
interpretation. The Manual can only offer general rules of text
treatment. A rigid design or pattern of punctuation cannot be
laid down, except in broad terms. The adopted style, however,
must be consistent and based on sentence structure.
8.2. The general principles governing the use of punctuation
are: If it does not clarify the text it should be omitted; and,
in the choice and placing of punctuation marks, the sole aim
should be to bring out more clearly the author's thought.
Punctuation should aid reading and prevent misreading.
Apostrophes and possessives
8.3. All singular nouns form their possessive case by the
addition of an apostrophe and an s. Plural nouns ending in s
form their plurals by adding only an apostrophe. Some irregular
plurals require both an apostrophe and an s.
boss's, bosses'
child's, children's
citizen's, citizens'
Congress's, Congresses'
criterion's, criteria's
Co.'s, Cos.'
datum's, data's
erratum's, errata's
hostess's, hostesses'
lady's, ladies'
man's, men's
medium's, media's
people's, peoples'
prince's, princes'
Consider, also, the forms below:
following Robert's Rules of Order
the planet Mars's craters
a study of Socrates's writings
Charles Dickens's novels
Robert Burns's immortal poetry
President Adams's defense of law
Jefferson Davis's home
but
the runner's Achilles' heel
moved by Jesus' tears
the United States position
8.4. In compound nouns, the 's is added to the element
nearest the object possessed.
comptroller general's decision
attorneys general's appointments
Mr. Brown of New York's motion
attorney at law's fee
John White, Jr.'s (no comma) account
[[Page 126]]
8.5. Joint possession is indicated by placing an apostrophe
on the last element of a series, while individual or
alternative possession requires the use of an apostrophe on
each element of a series.
soldiers and sailors' home
Brown & Nelson's store
men's, women's, and children's clothing
St. Michael's Men's Club
editor's or proofreader's opinion
Carter's or Reagan's administration
Mrs. Smith's and Mrs. Allen's children
the Army's and the Navy's work
master's and doctor's degrees
8.6. In the use of an apostrophe in firm names, the names of
organizations and institutions, the titles of books, and
geographic names, the authentic form is to be followed. (Note
use of ``St.'')
Masters, Mates & Pilots' Association
Dentists' Supply Co. of New York
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
Court of St. James's
St. Peter's Church
St. Elizabeths Hospital
Johns Hopkins University
Hinds' Precedents
Harpers Ferry
Hells Canyon
Reader's Digest
but Martha's Vineyard
8.7. Generally, the apostrophe should not be used after names
of countries and other organized bodies ending in s, or after
words more descriptive than possessive (not indicating personal
possession), except when plural does not end in s.
United States control
United Nations meeting
Southern States industries
Massachusetts laws
Bureau of Ships report
Actors Equity Association
House of Representatives
session
Teamsters Union
editors handbook
syrup producers manual
technicians guide
teachers college
merchants exchange
children's hospital
Young Men's Christian Association
but
Veterans' Administration
(now Department of Veterans Affairs)
Congress's attitude
8.8. Possessive pronouns do not take an apostrophe.
its
ours
theirs
yours
hers
whose
8.9. Possessive indefinite or impersonal pronouns require an
apostrophe.
each other's books
some others' plans
one's home is his castle
another's idea
someone's guesstimate
but someone else's proposal
8.10. The singular possessive case is used in such general
terms as the following:
arm's length
attorney's fees
author's alterations
confectioner's sugar
cow's milk
distiller's grain
fuller's earth
miner's inch
printer's ink
traveler's checks
writer's cramp
[[Page 127]]
8.11. While an apostrophe is used to indicate possession and
contractions, it is not generally necessary to use an
apostrophe simply to show the plural form of most acronyms,
initialisms, or abbreviations, except where clarity and sense
demand such inclusion.
49ers
TVers
OKs
MCing
RIFing
RIFs
RIFed
YWCAs
ABCs
1920s
IOUs
10s (thread)
4\1/2\s (bonds)
3s (golf)
2 by 4s
IQs
don't (do not)
I've (I have)
it's (it is/it has)
ne'er (never)
e'er (ever)
class of '92 (1992)
spirit of '76 (1776)
not in her '70s (age)
better: in her seventies
not during the '20s
better: during the 1920s or
during the twenties
but
he never crosses his t's
she fails to dot her i's
a's, &'s, 7's
watch your p's and q's
are they l's or 1's
the Oakland A's
a number of s's
his resume had too many I's
8.12. The apostrophe is omitted in abbreviations, and also in
shortened forms of certain other words.
Danl., not Dan'l
phone, not 'phone
coon, not 'coon
possum, not 'possum
Halloween, not Hallowe'en
copter, not 'copter
but ma'am
8.13. The plural of spelled-out numbers, of words referred to
as words, and of words containing an apostrophe is formed by
adding s or es; but 's is added to indicate the plural of words
used as words if omission of the apostrophe would cause
difficulty in reading.
twos, threes, sevens
ands, ifs, and buts
ins and outs
the haves and have-nots
ups and downs
whereases and wherefores
pros and cons
yeses and noes
yeas and nays
but
do's and don'ts
which's and that's
8.14. The possessive case is often used in lieu of an
objective phrase even though ownership is not involved.
1 day's labor (labor for 1 day)
12 days' labor
2 hours' traveltime
a stone's throw
2 weeks' pay
for charity's sake
for pity's sake
several billion dollars' worth
but $10 billion worth
8.15. The possessive case is not used in such expressions as
the following, in which one noun modifies another.
day labor (labor by the day)
quartermaster stores
State prison
State rights
[[Page 128]]
8.16. For euphony, nouns ending in s or ce and followed by a
word beginning with s form the possessive by adding an
apostrophe only.
for goodness' sake
Mr. Hughes' service
for old times' sake
for acquaintance' sake
for conscience' sake
8.17. A possessive noun used in an adjective sense requires
the addition of 's.
He is a friend of John's.
Stern's is running a sale.
8.18. A noun preceding a gerund should be in the possessive
case.
in the event of Mary's leaving
the ship's hovering nearby
Brackets
Brackets, in pairs, are used_
8.19. In transcripts, congressional hearings, the
Congressional Record, testimony in courtwork, etc., to enclose
interpolations that are not specifically a part of the original
quotation, corrections, explanations, omissions, editorial
comments, or a caution that an error is reproduced literally.
We found this to be true at the Government Printing
Office [GPO].
He came on the 3d [2d] of July.
Our conference [lasted] 2 hours.
The general [Washington] ordered him to leave.
The paper was as follows [reads]:
I do not know. [Continues reading:]
[Chorus of ``Mr. Chairman.'']
They fooled only themselves. [Laughter.]
Our party will always serve the people [applause] in
spite of the opposition [loud applause]. (If more than
one bracketed interpolation, both are included within
the sentence.)
The Witness. He did it that way [indicating].
Q. Do you know these men [handing witness a list]?
The bill had not been paid. [Italic added.] or [Emphasis
added.]
The statue [sic] was on the statute books.
The Witness. This matter is classified. [Deleted.]
[Deleted.]
Mr. Jones. Hold up your hands. [Show of hands.]
Answer [after examining list]. Yes; I do.
Q. [Continuing.]
A. [Reads:]
A. [Interrupting.]
[Discussion off the record.]
[Pause.]
The Witness [interrupting]. It is known----
Mr. Jones [continuing]. Now let us take the next item.
Mr. Smith [presiding]. Do you mean that literally?
Mr. Jones [interposing]. Absolutely.
[The matter referred to is as follows:]
The Chairman [to Mr. Smith].
The Chairman [reading]:
[[Page 129]]
Mr. Kelley [to the chairman]. From 15 to 25 percent.
[Objected to.]
[Mr. Smith nods.]
[Mr. Smith aside.]
[Mr. Smith makes further statement off the record.]
Mr. Jones [for Mr. Smith].
A Voice From Audience. Speak up.
Several Voices. Quiet!
8.20. In bills, contracts, laws, etc., to indicate matter
that is to be omitted.
8.21. In mathematics, to denote that enclosed matter is to be
treated as a unit.
8.22. When matter in brackets makes more than one paragraph,
start each paragraph with a bracket and place the closing
bracket at end of last paragraph.
Colon
The colon is used_
8.23. Before a final clause that extends or amplifies
preceding matter.
Give up conveniences; do not demand special privileges;
do not stop work: these are necessary while we are at
war.
Railroading is not a variety of outdoor sport: it is
service.
8.24. To introduce formally any matter that forms a complete
sentence, question, or quotation.
The following question came up for discussion: What
policy should be adopted?
She said: ``I believe the time is now or never.'' [When a
direct quotation follows that has more than a few
words.]
There are three factors, as follows: First, military
preparation; second, industrial mobilization; and
third, manpower.
8.25. After a salutation.
My Dear Sir:
Ladies and Gentlemen:
To Whom It May Concern:
8.26. In expressing clock time.
2:40 p.m.
8.27. After introductory lines in lists, tables, and
leaderwork, if subentries follow.
Seward Peninsula:
Council district:
Northern Light Mining Co.
Wild Goose Trading Co.
Fairhaven district: Alaska Dredging Association
(single subitem
runs in).
Seward Peninsula: Council district (single subitem runs
in):
Northern Light Mining Co.
Wild Goose Trading Co.
[[Page 130]]
8.28. In Biblical and other citations.
Luke 4:3.
I Corinthians xiii:13.
Journal of Education 3:342-358.
8.29. In bibliographic references, between place of
publication and name of publisher.
Congressional Directory. Washington: U.S. Government
Printing Office.
8.30. To separate book titles and subtitles.
Financial Aid for College Students: Graduate
Germany Revisited: Education in the Federal Republic
8.31. In imprints before the year (en space each side of
colon).
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington : 1999
8.32. In proportions.
Concrete mixed 5:3:1
but 5-2-1 or 5-2-1 (when so in copy)
8.33. In double colon as ratio sign.
1:2::3:6
Comma
The comma is used_
8.34. To separate two words or figures that might otherwise
be misunderstood.
Instead of hundreds, thousands came.
Instead of 20, 50 came.
May 5, 1929.
In 1930, 400 men were dismissed.
To John, Smith was very kind.
What the difficulty is, is not known.
but He suggested that that committee be appointed.
8.35. Before a direct quotation of only a few words following
an introductory phrase.
He said, ``Now or never.''
8.36. To indicate the omission of a word or words.
Then we had much; now, nothing.
8.37. After each of a series of coordinate qualifying words.
short, swift streams; but short tributary streams
8.38. Between an introductory modifying phrase and the
subject modified.
Beset by the enemy, they retreated.
[[Page 131]]
8.39. Before and after Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc.,
etc., within a sentence except where possession is indicated.
Henry Smith, Jr., chairman
Peter Johns, F.R.S., London
Washington, DC, schools
Motorola, Inc., factory
Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.)
but
John Smith 2d (or II);
Smith, John, II
Mr. Smith, Junior, also spoke
(where only last name is used)
Alexandria, VA's waterfront
8.40. To set off parenthetic words, phrases, or clauses.
Mr. Jefferson, who was then Secretary of State, favored
the location of the National Capital at Washington.
It must be remembered, however, that the Government had
no guarantee.
It is obvious, therefore, that this office cannot
function.
The atom bomb, which was developed at the Manhattan
project, was first used in World War II.
Their high morale might, he suggested, have caused them
to put success of the team above the reputation of the
college.
The restriction is laid down in title IX, chapter 8,
section 15, of the code.
but The man who fell [restrictive clause] broke his back.
The dam that gave way [restrictive clause] was poorly
constructed.
He therefore gave up the search.
8.41. To set off words or phrases in apposition or in
contrast.
Mr. Green, the lawyer, spoke for the defense.
Mr. Jones, attorney for the plaintiff, signed the
petition.
Mr. Smith, not Mr. Black, was elected.
James Roosevelt, Democrat, of California.
Jonathan's brother, Moses Taylor, was appointed.
(Jonathan had more than one brother.)
but Jean's sister Joyce was the eldest. (Jean had one
sister.)
8.42. After each member within a series of three or more
words, phrases, letters, or figures used with and, or, or nor.
red, white, and blue
horses, mules, and cattle; but horses and mules and
cattle
by the bolt, by the yard, or in remnants
a, b, and c
neither snow, rain, nor heat
2 days, 3 hours, and 4 minutes (series); but 70 years 11
months 6 days (age)
8.43. Before the conjunction in a compound sentence
containing two or more independent clauses, each of which could
have been written as a simple sentence.
Fish, mollusks, and crustaceans were plentiful in the
lakes, and turtles frequented the shores.
The boy went home alone, and his sister remained with the
crowd.
8.44. After a noun or phrase in direct address.
Senator, will the measure be defeated?
Mr. Chairman, I will reply to the gentleman later.
but Yes, sir; he did see it.
No, ma'am; I do not recall.
[[Page 132]]
8.45. After an interrogative clause, followed by a direct
question.
You are sure, are you not?
You will go, will you not?
8.46. Between the title of a person and the name of an
organization in the absence of the words of or of the.
Chief, Division of Finance
chairman, Committee on Appropriations
colonel, 12th Cavalry Regiment
president, University of Virginia
8.47. Inside closing quotation mark.
He said ``four,'' not ``five.''
``Freedom is an inherent right,'' he insisted.
Items marked ``A,'' ``B,'' and ``C,'' inclusive, were
listed.
8.48. To separate thousands, millions, etc., in numbers of
four or more digits.
4,230
50,491
1,250,000
but 1,000,000,000 is more clearly illustrated as 1 billion
8.49. After the year in complete dates (month, day, year)
within a sentence.
The dates of September 11, 1943, to June 12, 1944, were
erroneous.
This was reflected in the June 13, 1959, report.
but Production for June 1950 was normal.
The 10 February 1980 deadline passed.
The comma is omitted_
8.50. Between superior figures or letters in footnote
references.
Numerous instances may be cited.1}2
Data are based on October production.a b
8.51. Before ZIP (Zone Improvement Plan) Code postal-
delivery number.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20401-0003
East Rochester, OH 44625-9701
8.52. Between month, holiday, or season and year in dates.
June 1938
22d of May 1938
February and March 1938
January, February, and March 1938
January 24 A.D. 1938; 15th of June A.D. 1938
150 B.C.
Labor Day 1966
Easter Sunday 1966
5 January 1944 (military usage)
spring 1929
autumn 1997
8.53. Between the name and number of an organization.
Columbia Typographical Union No. 101-12
American Legion Post No. 33
[[Page 133]]
8.54. In fractions, in decimals, and in serial numbers,
except patent numbers.
\1/2500\
1.0947
page 2632
202-275-2303 (telephone number)
1721-1727 St. Clair Avenue
Executive Order 11242
motor No. 189463
1450 kilocycles; 1100 meters
8.55. Between two nouns one of which identifies the other.
The Children's Bureau's booklet ``Infant Care'' continues
to be a bestseller.
8.56. Before an ampersand (&).
Brown, Wilson & Co.
Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers
8.57. Before abbreviations of compass directions.
6430 Princeton Dr. SW.
8.58. In bibliographies, between name of publication and
volume or similar number.
American Library Association Bulletin 34:238, April 1940.
8.59. Wherever possible without danger of ambiguity.
$2 gold
$2.50 U.S. currency
$3.50 Mexican
Executive Order No. 21
General Order No. 12; but General Orders, No. 12
Public Law 85-1
He graduates in the year 2000 (not the year 2,000)
My age is 30 years 6 months 12 days.
John Lewis 2d (or II)
Murphy of Illinois; Murphy of New York (where only last
name is used)
Carroll of Carrollton; Henry of Navarre (person closely
identified with place); but Clyde Leo Downs, of
Maryland; President Hadley, of Yale University
James Bros. et al.; but James Bros., Nelson Co., et al.
(last element of series)
Dash
A 1-em dash is used_
8.60. To mark a sudden break or abrupt change in thought.
He said--and no one contradicted him--``The battle is
lost.''
If the bill should pass--which God forbid!--the service
will be wrecked.
The auditor--shall we call him a knave or a fool?--
approved an inaccurate statement.
8.61. To indicate an interruption or an unfinished word or
sentence. A 2-em dash is used when the interruption is by a
person other than the speaker, and a 1-em dash will show self-
interrup
[[Page 134]]
tion. Note that extracts must begin with a true paragraph.
Following extracts, colloquy must start as a paragraph.
``Such an idea can scarcely be----''
``The word `donation'----''
``The word `dona'----''
``He said: ``Give me lib----''
``The bill reads ``repeal,'' not ``am----''
Q. Did you see----A. No, sir.
Mr. Brown [reading]: ``The report goes on to say that''--
Observe this closely--``during the fiscal year * * *.''
8.62. Instead of commas or parentheses, if the meaning may
thus be clarified.
These are shore deposits--gravel, sand, and clay--but
marine sediments underlie them.
8.63. Before a final clause that summarizes a series of
ideas.
Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want,
freedom from fear--these are the fundamentals of moral
world order.
8.64. After an introductory phrase reading into the following
lines and indicating repetition of such phrase.
I recommend--
That we submit them for review and corrections;
That we then accept them as corrected; and
That we also publish them.
8.65. With a preceding question mark, in lieu of a colon.
How can you explain this?--``Fee paid, $5.''
8.66. To precede a credit line or a run-in credit or
signature.
Lay the proud usurpers low!
Tyrants fall in every foe!
Liberty's in every blow!
Let us do or die!
--Robert Burns.
Every man's work shall be made manifest.--I Corinthians
3:13.
This statement is open to question.--Gerald H. Forsythe.
8.67. After a run-in sidehead.
8.68. To separate run-in questions and answers in testimony.
Q. Did he go?--A. No.
A 1-em dash is not used_
8.69. At the beginning of any line of type, except as shown
in rule 8.66.
8.70. Immediately after a comma, colon, or semicolon.
A 3-em dash is used_
8.71. In bibliographies to indicate repetition.
Powell, James W., Jr., Hunting in Virginia's lowlands.
1972. 200 pp.
------ Fishing off Delmarva. 1972. 28 pp.
[[Page 135]]
An en dash is used_
8.72. In a combination of (1) figures, (2) capital letters,
or (3) figures and capital letters. An en dash, not a hyphen,
is used, even when such terms are adjectival modifiers.
figures:
5-20 (bonds)
85-1--85-20 (Public laws. Note em dash between two
elements with en dashes)
1-703-765-6593 (telephone number)
230-20-8030 (Social Security number)
$15-$25 (range)
capital letters:
WTOP-AM-FM-TV (radio and television stations)
CBS-TV
AFL-CIO (union merger)
C-SPAN (satellite television)
figures and capitals:
6-A (exhibit identification)
DC-14 (airplane)
I-95 (interstate roadway)
4-H (Club)
LK-66-A(2)-74 (serial number)
but section 12(a)-(b) (en dash used for the word ``to'')
ACF-Brill Motors Co. (hyphen with capital letters and a
word)
loran-C (hyphen with lowercase word and capital letter)
MiG-25 (hyphen with mixed letters with figure)
ALL-AMERICAN ESSAY CONTEST (hyphen in capitalized
heading)
8.73. In the absence of the word to when denoting a period of
time.
1935-37
January-June
Monday-Friday
An en dash is not used_
8.74. For to when the word from precedes the first of two
related figures or expressions.
From June 1 to July 30, 1951; not from June 1-July 30,
1951
8.75. For and when the word between precedes the first of two
related figures or expressions.
Between 1923 and 1929; not between 1923-29
Ellipses
8.76. Three asterisks (preferred form) or three periods,
separated by en spaces, are used to denote an ellipsis within a
sentence, at the beginning or end of a sentence, or in two or
more consecutive sentences. To achieve faithful reproduction of
excerpt material, editors using period ellipses should indicate
placement of the terminal period in relation to an ellipsis at
the end of a sentence. Note, in the following examples, the
additional spacing necessary to clearly define commas and the
terminal period when period ellipses are employed.
The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson, President of
the United States, upon articles of impeachment exhibited
against him by the
[[Page 136]]
House of Representatives, and two-thirds of the Senators
present not having found him guilty of the charges
contained in the second, third, and eleventh articles of
impeachment, it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson,
President of the United States be, and he is, acquitted
of the charges in said articles made and set forth.
The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson * * * upon
articles of impeachment * * * and two-thirds of the
Senators present not having found him guilty of the
charges * * *, it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson,
President of the United States be * * * acquitted of the
charges * * *.
The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson . . . upon
articles of impeachment . . . and two-thirds of the
Senators present not having found him guilty of the
charges . . . , it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson,
President of the United States be . . . acquitted of the
charges . . . .
8.77. Ellipses are not overrun alone at the end of a
paragraph.
8.78. When periods are not specifically requested for
ellipses in copy that has both periods and asterisks, asterisks
will be used.
8.79. A line of asterisks indicates an omission of one or
more entire paragraphs. In 26\1/2\-pica or wider measure, a
line of ``stars'' means seven asterisks indented 2 ems at each
end of the line, with the remaining space divided evenly
between the asterisks. In measures less than 26\1/2\ picas,
five asterisks are used. Quotation marks are not used on a line
of asterisks in quoted matter. Where an ellipsis line ends a
complete quotation, no closing quote is used.
* * * * * * *
8.80. Indented matter in 26\1/2\-pica or wider measure also
requires a seven-asterisk line to indicate the omission of one
or more entire paragraphs.
8.81. If an omission occurs in the last part of a paragraph
immediately before a line of asterisks, three asterisks are
used, in addition to the line of asterisks, to indicate such an
omission.
8.82. Equalize spacing above and below an ellipsis line.
Exclamation point
8.83. The exclamation point is used to mark surprise,
incredulity, admiration, appeal, or other strong emotion which
may be expressed even in a declarative or interrogative
sentence.
Who shouted, ``All aboard!'' [Note omission of question
mark.]
``Great!'' he shouted. [Note omission of comma.]
He acknowledged the fatal error!
How breathtakingly beautiful!
Timber!
Mayday! Mayday!
8.84. In direct address, either to a person or a personified
object, O is used without an exclamation point, or other
punctuation; but
[[Page 137]]
if strong feeling is expressed, an exclamation point is placed
at the end of the statement.
O my friend, let us consider this subject impartially.
O Lord, save Thy people!
8.85. In exclamations without direct address or appeal, oh is
used instead of O, and the exclamation point is omitted.
Oh, but the gentleman is mistaken.
Oh dear; the time is so short.
Hyphen
The hyphen (a punctuation mark, not an element in the spelling of
words) is used_
8.86. To connect the elements of certain compound words. (See
``Compounding Rules.'')
8.87. To indicate continuation of a word divided at the end
of a line. (See Word Division, supplement to the Style Manual.)
8.88. Between the letters of a spelled word.
The Style Board changed New Jerseyite to New J-e-r-s-e-y-
a-n.
A native of Halifax is a H-a-l-i-g-o-n-i-a-n.
The Chinese repressive action took place in T-i-a-n-a-n-
m-e-n Square.
8.89. To separate elements of chemical formulas.
The hyphen, as an element, may be used_
8.90. To represent letters deleted or illegible words in
copy.
Oakland's - - bonic plague
Richard Emory H - - - -
Parentheses
Parentheses are used_
8.91. To set off matter not intended to be part of the main
statement or not a grammatical element of the sentence, yet
important enough to be included. In colloquy, brackets must be
substituted.
This case (124 U.S. 329) is not relevant.
The result (see fig. 2) is most surprising.
The United States is the principal purchaser (by value)
of these exports (23 percent in 1995 and 19 percent in
1996).
8.92. To enclose a parenthetic clause where the interruption
is too great to be indicated by commas.
You can find it neither in French dictionaries (at any
rate, not in Littre) nor in English dictionaries.
8.93. To enclose an explanatory word not part of a written or
printed statement.
the Winchester (VA) Star; but the Star of Winchester, VA
Portland (OR) Chamber of Commerce; but Athens, GA,
schools
[[Page 138]]
8.94. To enclose letters or numbers designating items in a
series, either at the beginning of paragraphs or within a
paragraph.
The order of delivery will be: (a) Food, (b) clothing,
and (c) tents and other housing equipment.
You will observe that the sword is (1) old fashioned, (2)
still sharp, and (3) unusually light for its size.
Paragraph 7(B)(1)(a) will be found on page 6. (Note
parentheses closed up.)
8.95. To enclose a figure inserted to confirm a written or
printed statement given in words if double form is specifically
requested.
This contract shall be completed in sixty (60) days.
8.96. A reference in parentheses at the end of a sentence is
placed before the period, unless it is a complete sentence in
itself.
The specimen exhibits both phases (pl. 14, A, B).
The individual cavities show great variation. (See pl.
4.)
8.97. If a sentence contains more than one parenthetic
reference, the one at the end is placed before the period.
This sandstone (see pl. 6) is in every county of the
State (see pl. 1).
8.98. When a figure is followed by a letter in parentheses,
no space is used between the figure and the opening
parenthesis; but if the letter is not in parentheses and the
figure is repeated with each letter, the letter is closed up
with the figure.
15(a). Classes, grades, and sizes.
15a. Classes, grades, and sizes.
8.99. If both a figure and a letter in parentheses are used
before each paragraph, a period and an en space are used after
the closing parenthesis. If the figure is not repeated before
each letter in parentheses but is used only before the first
letter, the period is placed after the figure. However, if the
figure is not repeated before each letter in parentheses and no
period is used, space is inserted after the number if at least
one other lettered subsection appears.
15(a). When the figure is used before the letter in each
paragraph--
15(b). The period is placed after the closing
parenthesis.
15. (a) When the figure is used before the letter in the
first paragraph but not repeated with subsequent
letters--
(b) The period is used after the figure only.
Sec. 12 (a) When no period is used and a letter in
parentheses appears after a numbered item--
(b) Space must be used after the number if at least one
other lettered subsection is shown.
8.100. Note position of the period relative to closing
parenthesis:
The vending stand sells a variety of items (sandwiches,
beverages, cakes, etc.).
The vending stand sells a variety of items (sandwiches,
beverages, cakes, etc. (sometimes ice cream)).
The vending stand sells a variety of items. (These
include sandwiches, beverages, cakes, etc. (6).)
[[Page 139]]
8.101. To enclose bylines in congressional work.
(By Harvey Hagman, archeological correspondent)
8.102. When matter in parentheses makes more than one
paragraph, start each paragraph with a parenthesis and place
the closing parenthesis at the end of the last paragraph.
Period
The period is used_
8.103. After a declarative sentence that is not exclamatory
or after an imperative sentence.
Stars are suns.
He was employed by Sampson & Co.
Do not be late.
On with the dance.
8.104. After an indirect question or after a question
intended as a suggestion and not requiring an answer.
Tell me how he did it.
May we hear from you.
May we ask prompt payment.
8.105. In place of a closing parenthesis after a letter or
number denoting a series.
a. Bread well baked
b. Meat cooked rare
c. Cubed apples stewed
1. Punctuate freely
2. Compound sparingly
3. Index thoroughly
8.106. Sometimes to indicate ellipsis.
8.107. After a run-in sidehead.
Conditional subjunctive.--The conditional subjunctive
is required for all unreal and doubtful conditions.
2. Peacetime preparation.--a. The Chairman of the
National Security Resources Board, etc.
2. Peacetime preparation--Industrial mobilization
plans.--The Chairman of the National Security Resources
Board, etc.
2. Peacetime preparation.--Industrial mobilization.--
The Chairman of the National Security Resources Board,
etc.
62. Determination of types.--a. Statement of
characteristics.--Before types of equipment, etc.
Steps in planning for procurement.--(1) Determination
of needs.--To plan for the procurement of such arms, etc.
62. Determination of types.--(a) Statement of
characteristics.--Before, etc.
DETERMINATION OF TYPES.--Statement of
characteristics.--Before types of, etc.
Note.--The source material was furnished.
but Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census.
8.108. Paragraphs and subparagraphs may be arranged according
to the following scheme. The sequence is not fixed, and varia-
[[Page 140]]
tions, in addition to the use of center and side heads or
indented paragraphs, may be adopted, depending on the number of
parts.
I. Outlines can begin with a capital Roman numeral.
A. The number of levels and the width of the column determine
alignment and indention.
1. A set space (en space) following the identifier aids alignment.
a. Usually, typefaces and sizes are chosen to agree with the
hierarchy of the head breakdowns.
(1) Aligning runover lines with the first word which follows the
number or letter aids readability.
(a) It is important to vary (rotate) the use of letters and
numbers in any outline.
(i) The lowercase Roman numerals (i), (ii), etc. may be used as
parts of the outline or to identify subparts of any previous
parts.
(aa) When absolutely necessary, double (or triple) lowercase
letters may be used.
II. Where not needed, the capital Roman numerals may be discarded
and the outline can begin with the letter A. As in any
composition, consistency in indentions and order is essential.
8.109. To separate integers from decimals in a single
expression.
13.75 percent
$3.50
1.25 meters
0.08 mile
8.110. In continental European languages, to indicate
thousands.
1.317
72.190.175
8.111. After abbreviations, unless otherwise specified. (See
``Abbreviations and Letter Symbols.'')
Apr.
fig.
Ph.D.
NE. (Northeast)
SSE. (South-Southeast)
RR.
but
m (meter)
kc (kilocycle)
NY (New York)
8.112. After legends and explanatory matter beneath
illustrations. Legends without descriptive language do not
receive periods.
Figure 1.--Schematic drawing.
Figure 1.--Continued.
but Figure 1 (without legend, no period)
8.113. After Article 1, Section 1, etc., at the beginning of
paragraphs.
A center period is sometimes used_
8.114. To indicate multiplication. (Use of a multiplication
sign is preferable.)
ab
(a x b)
[[Page 141]]
The period is omitted_
8.115. After--
Lines in title pages
Center, side, and running heads; but is not omitted
after run-in sideheads
Continued lines
Boxheads of tables
Scientific, chemical, or other symbols
This rule does not apply to abbreviation periods.
8.116. After a quotation mark that is preceded by a period.
She said: ``I believe the time is now or never.''
8.117. After letters used as names without specific
designation.
Officer B, Subject A, Brand X, etc.
A said to B that all is well.
Mr. A told Mr. B that the case was closed.
Mr. X (for unknown or censored name).
but Mr. A. [for Mr. Andrews]. I do not want to go.
Mr. K. [for Mr. King]. The meeting is adjourned.
8.118. After a middle initial which is merely a letter and
not an abbreviation of a name.
Daniel D Tompkins
Ross T McIntire
but Harry S. Truman (president Truman's preference)
8.119. After a short name which is not an abbreviation of the
longer form.
Alex
Ed
Mac
Sam
8.120. After Roman numerals used as ordinals.
King George V
Apollo XII insigne
Super Bowl XXXI
8.121. After words and incomplete statements listed in
columns. Full-measure matter is not to be regarded as a column.
8.122. After explanatory matter set in 6 point under leaders
or rules.
................ ................ ................
(Name) (Address) (Position)
8.123. Immediately before leaders, even if an abbreviation
precedes the leaders.
[[Page 142]]
Question mark
The question mark is used_
8.124. To indicate a direct query, even if not in the form of
a question.
Did he do it?
He did what?
Can the money be raised? is the question.
Who asked, ``Why?'' (Note single question mark.)
``Did you hurt yourself, my son?'' she asked.
8.125. To express more than one query in the same sentence.
Can he do it? or you? or anyone?
8.126. To express doubt.
He said the boy was 8(?) feet tall. (No space before
question mark.)
The statue(?) was on the statute books.
The scientific identification Dorothia? was noted. (Roman
``?''.)
Quotation marks
Quotation marks are used_
8.127. To enclose direct quotations. (Each part of an
interrupted quotation begins and ends with quotation marks.)
The answer is ``No.''
He said, ``John said, `No.' '' (Note thin space between
single and double closing quotes.)
``John,'' asked Henry, ``why do you go?''
8.128. To enclose any matter following such terms as
entitled, the word, the term, marked, designated, classified,
named, endorsed, cited as, referred to as, or signed; but are
not used to enclose expressions following the terms known as,
called, so-called, etc., unless such expressions are misnomers
or slang.
Congress passed the act entitled ``An act * * *.''
After the word ``treaty'', insert a comma.
Of what does the item ``Miscellaneous debts'' consist?
The column ``Imports from foreign countries'' was not * * *.
The document will be marked ``Exhibit No. 21''; but The
document may be made exhibit No. 2.
The check was endorsed ``John Adamson.''
It was signed ``John.''
but Beryllium is known as glucinium in some European
countries.
It was called profit and loss.
The so-called investigating body.
8.129. To enclose titles of addresses, articles, awards,
books, captions, editorials, essays, headings, subheadings,
headlines, hearings, motion pictures and plays (including
television and radio programs), operas, papers, short poems,
reports, songs, studies, subjects, and themes. All principal
words are to be capitalized.
An address on ``Uranium-235 in the Atomic Age''
The article ``Germany Revisited'' appeared in the last
issue.
He received the ``Man of the Year'' award.
[[Page 143]]
``The Conquest of Mexico,'' a published work (book)
Under the caption ``Long-Term Treasurys Rise''
The subject was discussed in ``Punctuation.'' (chapter
heading)
It will be found in ``Part XI: Early Thought.''
The editorial ``Haphazard Budgeting''
``Compensation,'' by Emerson (essay)
``United States To Appoint Representative to U.N.''
(heading for headline)
In ``Search for Paradise'' (motion picture); ``South
Pacific'' (play)
A paper on ``Constant-Pressure Combustion'' was read.
``O Captain! My Captain!'' (short poem)
The report ``Atomic Energy: What It Means to the
Nation''; but annual report of the Public Printer
This was followed by the singing of ``The Star-Spangled
Banner.''
Under the subhead ``Sixty Days of Turmoil'' will be found
* * *.
The subject (or theme) of the conference is ``Peaceful
Uses of Atomic Energy.''
also Account 5, ``Management fees.''
Under the heading ``Management and Operation.''
Under the appropriation ``Building of ships, Navy.''
8.130. At the beginning of each paragraph of a quotation, but
at the end of the last paragraph only.
8.131. To enclose a letter or communication, which bears both
date and signature, within a letter.
8.132. To enclose misnomers, slang expressions, sobriquets,
coined words, or ordinary words used in an arbitrary way.
His report was ``bunk.''
It was a ``gentlemen's agreement.''
The ``invisible government'' is responsible.
George Herman ``Babe'' Ruth.
but He voted for the lameduck amendment.
8.133. Quotation marks close up to adjacent characters except
when they precede a fraction or an apostrophe or precede or
follow a superior figure or letter, in which case a thin space
is used. A thin space is used to separate double and single
quotation marks.
Quotation marks are not used_
8.134. In poetry. The lines of a poem should align on the
left, those that rhyme taking the same indention.
Why seek to scale Mount Everest,
Queen of the air?
Why strive to crown that cruel crest
And deathward dare?
Said Mallory of dauntless quest:
``Because it's there.''
8.135. To enclose titles of works of art: paintings,
statuary, etc.
8.136. To enclose names of newspapers or magazines.
8.137. To enclose complete letters having date and signature.
8.138. To enclose extracts that are indented or set in
smaller type, or solid extracts in leaded matter; but indented
matter in text that is already quoted carries quotation marks.
[[Page 144]]
8.139. In indirect quotations.
Tell her yes.
He could not say no.
8.140. Before a display initial which begins a quoted
paragraph.
8.141. The comma and the final period will be placed inside
the quotation marks. Other punctuation marks should be placed
inside the quotation marks only if they are a part of the
matter quoted.
Ruth said, ``I think so.''
``The President,'' he said, ``will veto the bill.''
The trainman shouted, ``All aboard!''
Who asked, ``Why?''
The President suggests that ``an early occasion be sought
* * *.''
Why call it a ``gentlemen's agreement''?
8.142. In congressional and certain other classes of work
showing amendments, and in courtwork with quoted language,
punctuation marks are printed after the quotation marks when
not a part of the quoted matter.
Insert the words ``growth'', ``production'', and
``manufacture''.
To be inserted after the words ``cadets, U.S. Coast
Guard;''.
Change ``February 1, 1983'', to ``June 30, 2001''.
``Insert in lieu thereof `July 1, 1983,'.''
8.143. When occurring together, quotation marks should
precede footnote reference numbers.
The commissioner claimed that the award was
``unjustified.'' 1
Kelly's exact words were: ``The facts in the case prove
otherwise.'' \2\
8.144. Quotation marks should be limited, if possible, to
three sets (double, single, double).
``The question in the report is, `Can a person who
obtains his certificate of naturalization by fraud be
considered a ``bona fide'' citizen of the United
States?' ''
Semicolon
The semicolon is used_
8.145. To separate clauses containing commas.
Donald A. Peters, Jr., president of the First National
Bank, was also a director of New York Central; Harvey
D. Jones was a director of Oregon Steel Co. and New
York Central; Thomas W. Harrison, chairman of the board
of McBride & Co., was also on the board of Oregon Steel
Co.
Reptiles, amphibians, and predatory mammals swallow their
prey whole or in large pieces, bones included;
waterfowl habitually take shellfish entire; and
gallinaceous birds are provided with gizzards that
grind up the hardest seeds.
Yes, sir; he did see it.
No, sir; I do not recall.
[[Page 145]]
8.146. To separate statements that are too closely related in
meaning to be written as separate sentences, and also
statements of contrast.
Yes; that is right.
No; we received one-third.
It is true in peace; it is true in war.
War is destructive; peace, constructive.
8.147. To set off explanatory abbreviations or words which
summarize or explain preceding matter.
The industry is related to groups that produce finished
goods; i.e., electrical machinery and transportation
equipment.
There were three metal producers involved; namely, Jones
& Laughlin, Armco, and Kennecott.
The semicolon is not used_
8.148. Where a comma will suffice.
Offices are located in New York, NY, Chicago, IL, and
Dallas, TX.
Single punctuation
8.149. Single punctuation should be used wherever possible
without ambiguity.
124 U.S. 321 (no comma)
Sir: (no dash)
Joseph replied, ``It is a worthwhile effort.'' (no
outside period)
Type
8.150. All punctuation marks, including parentheses,
brackets, and superior reference figures, are set to match the
type of the words which they adjoin. A lightface dash is used
after a run-in boldface sidehead followed by lightface matter.
Lightface brackets, parentheses, or quotation marks shall be
used when both boldface and lightface matter are enclosed.
Charts: C&GS 5101 (N.O. 18320), page 282 (see above);
N.O. 93491 (Plan); page 271.
[[Page 147]]
9. ABBREVIATIONS AND LETTER SYMBOLS
9.1. Abbreviations and letter symbols are used to save space
and to avoid distracting the reader by use of repetitious words
or phrases.
9.2. The nature of the publication governs the extent to
which abbreviations are used. In text of technical and legal
publications, and in parentheses, brackets, footnotes,
sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and bibliographies, many words
are frequently abbreviated. Heads, legends, tables of contents,
and indexes follow the style of the text.
9.3. Internal and terminal punctuation in symbols
representing units of measure are to be omitted to conform with
practice adopted by scientific, technical, and industrial
groups. Where omission of terminal punctuation causes
confusion; e.g., the symbol in (inch) mistaken for the
preposition in, the symbol should be spelled out.
9.4. Standard and easily understood forms are preferable, and
they should be uniform throughout a job. Abbreviations not
generally known should be followed in the text by the spelled-
out forms in parentheses the first time they occur; in tables
and leaderwork such explanatory matter should be supplied in a
footnote. As the printer cannot rewrite the copy, the author
should supply these explanatory forms.
9.5. In technical matter, symbols for units of measure should
be used only with figures; similarly, many other abbreviations
and symbols should not appear in isolation. For example, energy
is measured in foot-pounds, not energy is measured in
ftlbs.
Capitals, hyphens, periods (points), and spacing
9.6. In general, an abbreviation follows the capitalization
and hyphenation of the word or words abbreviated. It is
followed by a period unless otherwise indicated.
c.o.d.
St.
but ftlb
9.7. Abbreviations and initials of a personal name with
points are set without spaces. Abbreviations composed of
contractions and initials or numbers, will retain space.
H.S.T.
J.F.K.
L.B.J.
U.S.
U.N.
U.S.C. (but Rev. Stat.)
B.S., LL.D., Ph.D., B.Sc.
H.R. 116 (but S. 116, S. Con.
Res. 116)
C.A.D.C. (but App. D.C.)
A.B. Secrest, D.D.S.
[[Page 148]]
A.F. of L.-CIO (AFL-CIO preferred)
A.D., B.C.
e.s.t.
i.e., e.g. (but op. cit.)
but
AT&T
Texas A&M
R&D
9.8. Except as otherwise designated, points and spaces are
omitted after initials used as shortened names of governmental
agencies and of other organized bodies. ``Other organized
bodies'' shall be interpreted to mean organized bodies that
have become popularly identified with a symbol, such as MIT
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), GM (General Motors),
GMAC (General Motors Acceptance Corp.), etc. (See ``List of
Abbreviations.'') Symbols, when they appear in copy, may be
used for acts of Congress. Example: ARA (Area Redevelopment
Act).
VFW
NLRB
TVA
AFL-CIO
ARC
ASTM
Geographic terms
9.9. United States must be spelled out when appearing in a
sentence containing the name of another country. The
abbreviation U.S. will be used when preceding the word
Government or the name of a Government organization, except in
formal writing (treaties, Executive orders, proclamations,
etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and
covers and title pages.
U.S. Government
U.S. Congress
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
U.S. district court
U.S. Supreme Court (but Supreme Court of the United
States)
U.S. Army (but Army of the United States)
U.S. monitor Nantucket
U.S.-NATO assistance
U.S. Government efforts to control inflation must be
successful if the United States is to have a stable
economy.
but British, French, and United States Governments; United
States-British talks
9.10. With the exceptions in the preceding rule, the
abbreviation U.S. is used in the adjective position, but is
spelled out when used as a noun.
U.S. foreign policy
U.S. farm-support program
U.S. attorney
U.S. citizen
United States Code (official title)
United States Steel Corp. (legal title)
Foreign policy of the United States
not Temperatures vary in the U.S.
9.11. The names of foreign countries are not abbreviated,
with the exception of the former U.S.S.R., which is abbreviated
due to its length.
9.12. In other than formal usage as defined in rule 9.9, all
States of the United States, the Canal Zone, Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin Islands are abbreviated immediately following any
capitalized geographic term, including armory, arsenal,
airbase, airport, barracks,
[[Page 149]]
depot, fort, Indian agency, military camp, national cemetery
(also forest, historic site, memorial, seashore, monument,
park), naval shipyard, proving ground, reservation (forest,
Indian, or military), and reserve or station (military or
naval).
Prince George's County, MD
Mount Rainier National Forest, WA
Stone Mountain, GA
National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
Mark Twain National Wildlife Refuge, IL-IA-MO (note use of hyphens
here)
Richmond, VA
Arlington National Cemetery, VA
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
Baltimore-Washington International Airport, MD
Redstone Arsenal, AL
but
Leavenworth freight yards,
Kansas
Altoona sidetrack, Wisconsin
9.13. The Postal Service style of two-letter State, Province,
and Freely Associated State abbreviations is to be used.
UNITED STATES (INCLUDING FREELY ASSOCIATED STATES)
AL Alabama IN Indiana ND North Dakota
AK Alaska IA Iowa OH Ohio
AZ Arizona KS Kansas OK Oklahoma
AR Arkansas KY Kentucky OR Oregon
AS American Samoa LA Louisiana PA Pennsylvania
CA California ME Maine PR Puerto Rico
CO Colorado MD Maryland RI Rhode Island
CT Connecticut MA Massachusetts SC South Carolina
CZ Canal Zone MI Michigan SD South Dakota
DE Delaware MN Minnesota TN Tennessee
DC District of MS Mississippi TX Texas
Columbia MO Missouri UT Utah
FL Florida MT Montana VT Vermont
FM Federated States NE Nebraska VA Virginia
of Micronesia NV Nevada VI Virgin Islands
GA Georgia NH New Hampshire WA Washington
GU Guam NJ New Jersey WV West Virginia
HI Hawaii NM New Mexico WI Wisconsin
ID Idaho NY New York WY Wyoming
IL Illinois NC North Carolina
CANADA
AB Alberta NF Newfoundland PE Prince Edward
BC British Columbia NT Northwest Island
LB Labrador Territories PQ Quebec
MB Manitoba NS Nova Scotia SK Saskatchewan
NB New Brunswick ON Ontario YT Yukon Territory
9.14. The names of other insular possessions, trust
territories, and Long Island, Staten Island, etc., are not
abbreviated.
9.15. The names of Canadian Provinces and other foreign
political subdivisions are not abbreviated except as noted in
rule 9.13.
Addresses
9.16. Words such as Street, Avenue, Place, Road, Square,
Boulevard, Terrace, Drive, Court, and Building, following a
name or number, are abbreviated in footnotes, sidenotes,
tables, leaderwork, and lists.
9.17. In addresses, a single period is used with the
abbreviations NW., SW., NE., SE. (indicating sectional
divisions of cities) follow
[[Page 150]]
ing name or number. North, South, East, and West are spelled
out at all times.
9.18. The word Street or Avenue as part of a name is not
abbreviated even in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables,
lists, and leaderwork.
14th Street Bridge
Ninth Avenue Bldg.
9.19. The words County, Fort, Mount, Point, and Port are not
abbreviated. Saint (St.) and Sainte (Ste.) should be
abbreviated.
Descriptions of tracts of land
9.20. If fractions are spelled out in land descriptions, half
and quarter are used (not one-half nor one-quarter).
south half of T. 47 N., R. 64 E.
9.21. In the description of tracts of public land the
following abbreviations are used (periods are omitted after
abbreviated compass directions that immediately precede and
close up on figures):
SE\1/4\NW\1/4\ sec. 4, T. 12 S., R. 15 E., of the Boise
Meridian
lot 6, NE\1/4\ sec. 4, T. 6 N., R. 1 W.
N\1/2\ sec. 20, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., sixth principal
meridian
Tps. 9, 10, 11, and 12 S., Rs. 12 and 13 W.
T. 2 S., Rs. 8, 9, and 10 E., sec. 26
T. 3 S., R. 1 E., sec. 34, W\1/2\E\1/2\, W\1/2\, and W\1/
2\SE\1/4\SE\1/4\
sec. 32 (with or without a township number)
9.22. In case of an unavoidable break in a land-description
symbol group at end of a line, use no hyphen and break after
fraction.
Names and titles
9.23. The following forms are not always abbreviations, and
copy should be followed as to periods:
Al
Alex
Ben
Ed
Fred
Sam
Walt
Will
9.24. In signatures, an effort should be made to retain the
exact form used by the signer.
George Wythe
Geo. Taylor
9.25. In company and other formal names, if it is not
necessary to preserve the full legal title, such forms as Bro.,
Bros., Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd., and & are used. Association and
Manufacturing are not abbreviated.
Radio Corp. of America
Aluminum Co. of America
Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey
Ronald G. Brown & Bro.
Jones Bros. & Co.
American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
Norton Enterprises, Inc.
Maryland Steamship Co., Ltd.
Chesapeake & Delaware Canal
Fairmount Building & Loan Association
Electronics Manufacturing Co.
Texas College of Arts & Industries
National Barrel & Drum Association
Robert Wilson & Associates, Inc.
U.S. News & World Report
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers
but
Little Theater Company
Senate Banking, Housing and
Urban Affairs Committee
[[Page 151]]
9.26. Company and Corporation are not abbreviated in names of
Federal Government units.
Commodity Credit Corporation
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
9.27. In parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and
leaderwork, abbreviate the words railroad and railway (RR. and
Ry.), except in such names as ``Washington Railway & Electric
Co.'' and ``Florida Railroad & Navigation Corp.'' SS for
steamship, MS for motorship, etc., preceding name are used at
all times.
9.28. In the names of informal companionships the word and is
spelled out.
Gilbert and Sullivan
Currier and Ives
9.29. In other than formal usage, a civil, military, or naval
title preceding a name is abbreviated if followed by first or
given name or initial; but Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., M., MM.,
Messrs., Mlle., Mme., and Dr. are abbreviated with or without
first or given name or initial.
army, air force, and marine corps officers
GEN.......... General CPT Captain
LTG.......... Lieutenant General 1LT First Lieutenant
MG........... Major General 2LT Second Lieutenant
BG........... Brigadier General MWO Master Warrant
Officer
COL.......... Colonel (Army)
LTC.......... Lieutenant Colonel CWO Chief Warrant
Officer
MAJ.......... Major WO Warrant Officer
navy officers
ADM.......... Admiral LCDR Lieutenant
Commander
VADM......... Vice Admiral LT Lieutenant
RADM......... Rear Admiral LTJG Lieutenant Junior
Grade
COMO......... Commodore ENS Ensign
CAPT......... Captain WO Warrant Officer
CDR.......... Commander
army enlisted personnel
SMA.......... Sergeant Major of the 1SG First Sergeant
Army
CSM.......... Command Sergeant Major MSG Master Sergeant
SGM.......... Sergeant Major PSG Platoon Sergeant
SFC.......... Sergeant First Class PFC Private First
Class
SSG.......... Staff Sergeant PVT Private
SGT.......... Sergeant SP4 Specialist Fourth
Class
CPL.......... Corporal
marine corps enlisted personnel
MGySgt....... Master Gunnery Sgt Sergeant
Sergeant
1stSgt....... First Sergeant Cpl Corporal
MSgt......... Master Sergeant LCpl Lance Corporal
GySgt........ Gunnery Sergeant PFC Private First
Class
SSgt......... Staff Sergeant PVT Private
[[Page 152]]
air force enlisted personnel
CMSgt........ Chief Master Sergeant Sgt Sergeant
SMSgt........ Senior Master Sergeant SrA Senior Airman
MSgt......... Master Sergeant A1C Airman First
Class
TSgt......... Technical Sergeant Amn Airman
SSgt......... Staff Sergeant
9.30. Spell out Senator, Representative, and commandant.
9.31. Unless preceded by the, abbreviate Honorable, Reverend,
and Monsignor when followed by the first name, initials, or
title.
Hon. Elihu Root; the Honorable Elihu Root; the Honorable
Mr. Root
the Honorables William H. Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens,
and Sandra Day O'Connor
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Reverend Dr. King; Rev.
Dr. King; Reverend King (not Rev. King, nor the
Reverend King)
Rt. Rev. James E. Freeman; the Right Reverend James E.
Freeman; Very Rev. Henry Boyd; the Very Reverend Henry
Boyd
Rt. Rev. Msgr. John Bird; the Right Reverend Monsignor
John Bird
9.32. The following and similar forms are used after a name:
Esq., Jr., Sr.
2d, 3d (or II, III) (not preceded by comma)
Degrees: LL.D., M.A., Ph.D., etc.
Fellowships, orders, etc.: FSA Scot, F.R.S., K.C.B.,
C.P.A., etc.
9.33. The abbreviation Esq. and other titles such as Mr.,
Mrs., and Dr., should not appear with any other title or with
abbreviations indicating scholastic degrees.
John L. Smith, Esq., not Mr. John L. Smith, Esq., nor
John L. Smith, Esq., A.M.; but James A. Jones, Jr.,
Esq.
Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D., not Mr. Ford Maddox, A.B.,
Ph.D.
George Gray, M.D., not Mr. George Gray, M.D., nor Dr.
George Gray, M.D.
Dwight A. Bellinger, D.V.M.
9.34. Sr. and Jr. should not be used without first or given
name or initials, but may be used in combination with any
title.
A.K. Jones, Jr., or Mr. Jones, Junior, not Jones, Jr.,
nor Jones, Junior
President J.B. Nelson, Jr.
9.35. When name is followed by abbreviations designating
religious and fraternal orders and scholastic and honorary
degrees, their sequence is as follows: Orders, religious first;
theological degrees; academic degrees earned in course; and
honorary degrees in order of bestowal.
Henry L. Brown, D.D., A.M., D.Lit.
T.E. Holt, C.S.C., S.T.Lr., LL.D., Ph.D.
Samuel J. Deckelbaum, P.M.
9.36. Academic degrees standing alone may be abbreviated.
John was graduated with a B.A. degree; but bachelor of
arts degree (lowercase when spelled out).
She earned her Ph.D. by hard work.
9.37. In addresses, signatures, lists of names, and
leaderwork but not in tables nor in centerheads, Mr., Mrs., and
other titles
[[Page 153]]
preceding a name, and Esq., Jr., Sr., 2d, and 3d following a
name, are set in roman caps and lowercase if the name is in
caps and small caps. If the name is in caps, they are set in
caps and small caps, if small caps are available--otherwise in
caps and lowercase.
Parts of publications
9.38. The following abbreviations are used for parts of
publications mentioned in parentheses, brackets, footnotes,
sidenotes, list of references, tables, and leaderwork, when
followed by figures, letters, or Roman numerals.
app., apps. (appendix, appendixes)
art., arts. (article, articles)
bull., bulls. (bulletin, bulletins)
ch., chs. (chapter, chapters)
col., cols. (column, columns)
ed., eds. (edition, editions)
fig., figs. (figure, figures)
No., Nos. (number, numbers)
p., pp. (page, pages)
par., pars. (paragraph, paragraphs)
pl., pls. (plate, plates)
pt., pts. (part, parts)
sec., secs. (section, sections)
subch., subchs. (subchapter, subchapters)
subpar., subpars. (subparagraph, subparagraphs)
subpt., subpts. (subpart, subparts)
subsec., subsecs. (subsection, subsections)
supp., supps. (supplement, supplements)
vol., vols. (volume, volumes)
9.39. The word article and the word section are abbreviated
when appearing at the beginning of a paragraph and set in caps
and small caps followed by a period and an en space, except
that the first of a series is spelled out.
Art. 2; Sec. 2; etc.; but Article 1; Section 1
Art. II; Sec. II; etc.; but Article I; Section I
9.40. At the beginning of a legend, the word figure preceding
the legend number is not abbreviated.
Figure 4.--Landscape.
Terms relating to Congress
9.41. The words Congress and session, when accompanied by a
numerical reference, are abbreviated in parentheses, brackets,
and text footnotes. In sidenotes, lists of references, tables,
leaderwork, and footnotes to tables and leaderwork, the
following abbreviations are used:
106th Cong., 1st sess.
1st sess., 106th Cong.
Public Law 84, 102d Cong.
Private Law 68, 102d Cong.
9.42. In references to bills, resolutions, documents and
reports in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables,
and leaderwork, the following abbreviations are used:
H.R. 416 (House bill)
S. 116 (Senate bill)
The examples above may be abbreviated or spelled out in text.
H. Res. 5 (House resolution)
H. Con. Res. 10 (House concurrent resolution)
H.J. Res. 21 (House joint resolution)
S. Res. 50 (Senate resolution)
S. Con. Res. 17 (Senate concurrent resolution)
S.J. Res. 45 (Senate joint resolution)
[[Page 154]]
H. Conf. Rept. 10 (House conference report)
H. Doc. 35 (House document)
S. Doc. 62 (Senate document)
H. Rept. 214 (House report)
S. Rept. 410 (Senate report)
Ex. Doc. B (Executive document)
Ex. F (92d Cong., 2d sess.)
Ex. Rept. 9 (92d Cong., 1st sess.)
Misc. Doc. 16 (miscellaneous document)
Public Res. 47
9.43. References to statutes in parentheses, footnotes,
sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and congressional work are
abbreviated.
Rev. Stat. (Revised Statutes); 43 Rev. Stat. 801; 18
U.S.C. 38
Supp. Rev. Stat. (Supplement to the Revised Statutes)
Stat. L. (Statutes at Large)
but Public Law 85-1; Private Law 68
Calendar divisions
9.44. Names of months followed by the day, or day and year,
are abbreviated in footnotes, tables, leaderwork, sidenotes,
and in bibliographies. (See examples, rule 9.45.) May, June,
and July are always spelled out. In narrow columns in tables,
however, the names of months may be abbreviated even if
standing alone. Preferred forms follow:
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
9.45. In text only, dates as part of a citation or reference
within parentheses or brackets are also abbreviated.
(Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 1985)
(Congressional Record, Sept. 25, 1981)
[From the New York Times, Mar. 4, 1978]
[From the Mar. 4 issue]
On Jan. 25 (we had commenced on Dec. 26, 1977) the work
was finished. (In footnotes, tables, leaderwork, and
sidenotes)
On January 25, a decision was reached (Op. Atty. Gen.,
Dec. 4, 1975). (Text, but with citation in parentheses)
but On January 25 (we had commenced on December 26, 1967) the
work was finished. (Not a citation or reference in
text)
9.46. Weekdays are not abbreviated, but the following forms
are used, if necessary, in lists or in narrow columns in
tables:
Sun.
Mon.
Tues.
Wed.
Thurs.
Fri.
Sat.
Time zones
9.47. The following forms are to be used when abbreviating
names of time zones:
A.s.t., Atlantic standard time
A.t., Atlantic time
c.s.t., central standard time
c.t., central time
d.s.t., daylight saving (no ``s'') time
e.d.s.t., eastern daylight saving time
e.d.t., eastern daylight time
e.s.t., eastern standard time
e.t., eastern time
G.c.t., Greenwich civil time
G.m.a.t., Greenwich mean astronomical time
G.m.t., Greenwich mean time
l.s.t., local standard time
m.s.t., mountain standard time
m.t., mountain time
P.s.t., Pacific standard time
P.t., Pacific time
UTC, universal time coordinated
[[Page 155]]
Acronyms, coined words, and symbols
9.48. To obtain uniform treatment in the formation of
acronyms, coined words, and symbols, apply the formulas that
follow:
Use all capital letters when only the first letter of
each word or selected words is used to make up the
symbol:
APPR (Army package power reactor)
EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow)
MAG (Military Advisory Group)
MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry
vehicle)
SALT (strategic arms limitation talks); (avoid SALT
talks)
STEP (supplemental training and employment program)
Use all capital letters where first letters of prefixes
and/or suffixes are utilized as part of established
expressions:
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
ESP (extrasensory perception)
FLIR (forward-looking infrared)
Copy must be followed where an acronym or abbreviated
form is copyrighted or established by law:
ACTION (agency of Government; not an acronym)
MarAd (Maritime Administration)
NACo (National Association of Counties)
MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval
System)
Use caps and lowercase when proper names are used in
shortened form, any word of which uses more than the
first letter of each word:
Conrail (Consolidated Rail Corporation)
Pepco (Potomac Electric Power Co.)
Inco (International Nickel Co.)
Aramco (Arabian-American Oil Co.)
Unprofor (United Nations Protection Force)
Use lowercase in common-noun combinations made up of more
than the first letter of lowercased words:
loran (long-range navigation)
sonar (sound navigation ranging)
secant (separation control of aircraft by
nonsynchronous techniques)
9.49. The words infra and supra are not abbreviated.
Terms of measure
9.50. Compass directions are abbreviated as follows:
N.
NE.
E.
SW.
S.
NNW.
W.
ESE.
10 deg. N. 25 deg. W.
NW. by N. \1/4\ W.
9.51. The words latitude and longitude, followed by figures,
are abbreviated in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes,
tables, and leaderwork, and the figures are always closed up.
lat. 52 deg.33'05" N.
long. 13 deg.21'10" E.
9.52. Avoid breaking latitude and longitude figures at end of
line; space out line instead. In case of an unavoidable break
at end of line, use hyphen.
9.53. Temperature and gravity are expressed in figures. When
the degree mark is used, it must appear closed up to the
capital
[[Page 156]]
letter, not against the figures. Note the following related
abbreviations and letter symbols and their usages:
abs, absolute
Be, Baume
deg.C,\1\ degree Celsius\2\
deg.F, degree Fahrenheit
deg.R, degree Rankine
K, kelvin
273.15 K
deg.API
API, American Petroleum Institute
Twad, Twaddell
100 deg.C
212 deg.F\1\
671.67 deg.R
18 deg.API
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Without figures preceding it, deg.C or deg.F should be used
only in boxheads and over figure columns in tables.
\2\ Preferred form (superseding Centigrade) approved by Ninth General
Conference on Weights and Measures, October 1948.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
9.54. References to meridian in statements of time are
abbreviated as follows:
10 a.m. (not 10:00 a.m.)
2:30 p.m.
12 a.m. (formerly 12 m.) (noon)
12 p.m. (midnight)
9.55. The word o'clock is not used with abbreviations of
time.
not 10 o'clock p.m.
9.56. Metric unit letter symbols are set lowercase roman
unless the unit name has been derived from a proper name, in
which case the first letter of the symbol is capitalized (for
example Pa for pascal and W for watt). The exception is the
letter L for liter. The same form is used for singular and
plural. The preferred symbol for cubic centimeter is cm\3\; use
cc only when requested.
A space is used between a figure and a unit symbol except in
the case of the symbols for degree, minute, and second of plane
angle.
3 m 45 mm 25 deg.C but 33 deg.15'21"
Prefixes for multiples and submultiples
Metric units
E exa (1018) d deci (10-1) m meter (for length)
P peta (1015) c centi (10-2) g gram (for weight or
T tera (1012) m milli (10-3) mass)
G giga (109) micro (10-6) L liter (for capacity)
M mega (106) n nano (10-9)
k kilo (103) p pico (10-12)
h hecto (102) f femto (10-15)
da deka (10) a atto (10-18)
Length Area Volume
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
km kilometer km\2\ square kilometer km\3\ cubic kilometer
hm hectometer hm\2\ square hectometer hm\3\ cubic hectometer
dam dekameter dam\2\ square dekameter dam\3\ cubic dekameter
m meter m\2\ square meter m\3\ cubic meter
dm decimeter dm\2\ square decimeter dm\3\ cubic decimeter
cm centimeter cm\2\ square centimeter cm\3\ cubic centimeter
mm millimeter mm\2\ square millimeter mm\3\ cubic millimeter
[[Page 157]]
Land area Capacity of containers
Weight
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kg kilogram ha hectare kL kiloliter
hg hectogram a acre hL hectoliter
dag dekagram daL dekaliter
g gram L liter
dg decigram ......... .............................................................. dL deciliter
cg centigram ......... .............................................................. cL centiliter
mg milligram ......... .............................................................. mL milliliter
microgram ......... ..............................................................
g
9.57. A similar form of abbreviation applies to any unit of
the metric system.
A ampere
VA voltampere
F fared
H Henry
Hz Hertz
J joule
V volt
W watt
kc kilocycle
kV kilovolt
kVA kilovoltampere
kW kilowatt
mF millifarad
mH millihenry
F microfarad (one-millionth of a farad)
9.58. The following forms are used when units of English
weight and measure and units of time are abbreviated, the same
form of abbreviation being used for both singular and plural:
Length Area and volume
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
in inch in\2\ square inch
ft foot in\3\ cubic inch
yd yard mi\2\ square mile
mi mile (statute) ft\3\ cubic foot
Time Weight Capacity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
yr year gr grain gill (not abbreviated)
mo month dr dram pt pint
d day oz ounce qt quart
h hour lb pound gal gallon
min minute cwt hundredweight pk peck
s second dwt pennyweight bu bushel
ton(s) (not abbreviated) bbl barrel
but t metric ton (tonne)
9.59. In astrophysical and similar scientific matter,
magnitudes and units of time may be expressed as follows, if so
written in copy.
5h3m9s 4.5h
Money
9.60. The following are some of the abbreviations and symbols
used for indicating money:
$, dol (dollar)
c, ct, cents (cent, cents)
LT175 (Turkish)
US$15,000
Mex$2,650
P (peso)
(pound)
d (pence)
Use ``US$'' if omission would result in confusion.
(For the abbreviations of other terms indicating currency,
see the table ``Foreign Money'' in ``Useful Tables.'')
[[Page 158]]
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Standard word abbreviations
9.61. If abbreviations are required, use these forms:
AA, Alcoholics Anonymous
AARP, American Association of Retired Persons also AppleTalk Address
Resolution Protocol
abbr., abbreviation
ABM, Asynchronous Balanced Mode
abs., abstract
acct., account
ACDA, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
A.D. (anno Domini), in the year of our Lord (A.D. 937)
ADDH, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity
ADHD, attention deficit hyper-
activity disorder
ADN, advanced digital network
ADP, automated data processing
ADSL, asymmetric digital subscriber line
AEF, American Expeditionary Forces
AF, audiofrequency
AFB, and similar military symbols (with name), Air Force Base
AFL-CIO, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial
Organizations
AID, Agency for International Development
AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
a.k.a., also known as
A.L.R., American Law Reports
AM (no periods), amplitude modulation
A.M. (anno mundi), in the year of the world
A.M. or M.A., master of arts
a.m. (ante meridiem), before noon
Am. Repts., American Reports
Amtrak, National Railroad Passenger Corporation
AMVETS, American Veterans of World War II; Amvet(s) (individual)
ANSI, American National Standards Institute
antilog (no period), antilogarithm
A1 (rating)
AOA, Administration on Aging
API, American Petroleum Institute
APO (no periods), Army post office
App. D.C., District of Columbia Appeal Cases
App. Div., Appellate Division
APPR, Army package power reactor
approx., approximately
ARC, American Red Cross
ARP, Address Resolution Protocol
ARS, Agricultural Research Service
ASCII, American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASCS, Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
ASME, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
A.S.N., Army service number
ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials
ATM, automatic teller machine
Atl., Atlantic Reporter; A.2d, Atlantic Reporter, second series
AUS, Army of the United States
Ave., avenue
AWACS, airborne warning and control system
AWOL, absent without leave
B.A. or A.B., bachelor of arts
BBB, Better Business Bureau
BBS, bulletin board service
B.C., before Christ (1200 B.C.)
BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin), antituberculosis vaccine
bf., boldface
BGN, Board on (not of) Geographic Names
BIA, Bureau of Indian Affairs
BIOS, Basic Input/Output System
BIS, Bank for International Settlements
BIT, BInary digiT
Blatch. Pr. Cas., Blatchford's Prize Cases
Bldg., building
B.Lit(t). or Lit(t).B., bachelor of literature
BLM, Bureau of Land Management
BLS, Bureau of Labor Statistics
Blvd., boulevard
b.o., buyer's option
BPS, bits per second
B.S. or B.Sc., bachelor of science
ca. (circa), about
ca, centiare
CACM, Central American Common Market
CAD, computer-aided design
c. and s.c., caps and small caps
CAP, Civil Air Patrol
CARE, Cooperative for American Remittances to Everywhere, Inc.
CAT scan, computerized axial tomography
[[Page 159]]
C.C.A., Circuit Court of Appeals
CCC, Commodity Credit Corporation
CCITT, Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and
Telephony
C.Cls., Court of Claims
C.Cls.R., Court of Claims Reports
C.C.P.A., Court of Customs and Patents Appeals
CCR, Commission on Civil Rights
CDC, Centers for Disease Control
CD-I, Compact Disk Interactive
CD-ROM, Compact Disk--Read Only Memory
CD-R, Compact Disk--Recordable
CEA, Council of Economic Advisers
cf. (confer), compare, or see
CFR, Code of Federal Regulations
CFR Supp., Code of Federal Regulations Supplement
CGI, Common Gateway Interface
CHAMPUS, Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services
CIA, Central Intelligence Agency
CIC, Counterintelligence Corps
C.J. (corpus juris), body of law; Chief Justice
CNN, Cable News Network
CO, commanding officer
Co., company (commercial)
c.o.d., cash on delivery
COLA, cost-of-living adjustment
Comp. Dec., Comptroller's Decisions (Treasury)
Comp. Gen., Comptroller General Decisions
con., continued
conelrad, control of electromagnetic radiation (civil defense)
Conrail, Consolidated Rail Corporation
Conus, continental United States
Corp., corporation (commercial)
cos (no period), cosine
cosh (no period), hyperbolic cosine
cot (no period), cotangent
coth (no period), hyperbolic cotangent
c.p., chemically pure
C.P.A., certified public accountant
CPI, Consumer Price Index
CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CPU, central processing unit (computer)
cr., credit; creditor
C-SPAN, Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network
csc (no period), cosecant
csch (no period), hyperbolic cosecant
CTI, computer-telephony integration
Ct., court
Dall., Dallas (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
DAR, Daughters of the American Revolution
d.b.a., doing business as
d.b.h., diameter at breast height
DBMS, database management system
D.D., doctor of divinity
D.D.S., doctor of dental surgery
DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DEW, distant early warning (DEW line)
Dist. Ct., District Court
D.Lit(t). or Lit(t).D., doctor of literature
DMI, Desktop Management Interface
DNC, Domestic Names Committee (BGN)
DNS, Domain Name Service
do. (ditto), the same
DOC, Department of Commerce
DOD, Department of Defense
DOE, Department of Energy
DOJ, Department of Justice
DOL, Department of Labor
DOS, Department of State; disk operating system
DOT, Department of Transportation
DP (no periods), displaced person
D.P.H., doctor of public health
dpi, dots per inch
D.P.Hy., doctor of public hygiene
DPT, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus innoculation
dr., debit; debtor
Dr., doctor; drive
DSSL, Document Style and Semantics Language
d.s.t., daylight saving (no ``s'') time
DTP, desktop publishing
DVD, digital video disk
D.V.M., doctor of veterinary medicine
E., east
EBCDIC, Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
e-mail, electronic mail
EEOC, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
EFTA, European Free Trade Association
EFTS, electronic funds transfer system
e.g. (exempli gratia), for example
EHF, extremely high frequency
8+, octavo
emcee, master of ceremony
e.o.m., end of month
EOP, Executive Office of the President
EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
[[Page 160]]
EPS, Encapsulated PostScript file
ERP, European Recovery Program
et al. (et alii), and others
et seq. (et sequentia), and the following
etc. (et cetera), and so forth
EU, European Union
Euratom, European Atomic Energy Community
Euro, currency (common)
Eurodollars, U.S. dollars used to finance foreign trade
Ex. Doc. (with letter), executive document
Ex-Im Bank, Export-Import Bank of the United States
f., ff., and following page (pages)
FAA, Federal Aviation Administration
FACS, Faculty of the American College of Surgeons
FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization
f.a.s., free alongside ship
FAS, Foreign Agricultural Service
FBB, Federal Bulletin Board
FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation
FCA, Farm Credit Administration
FCC, Federal Communications Commission
FCIC, Federal Crop Insurance Corporation
FCSC, Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
FDA, Food and Drug Administration
FDDI, Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FDIC, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDLP, Federal Depository Library Program
Fed., Federal Reporter; F.3d, Federal Reporter, third series
FEOF, Foreign Exchange Operations Fund
FHA, Federal Housing Administration
FmHA, Farmers Home Administration
FHLBB, Federal Home Loan Bank Board
FHWA, Federal Highway Administration
FICA, Federal Insurance Contributions Act
FIPS, Federal Information Processing Standards
FLSA, Fair Labor Standards Act
FM, frequency modulation
FMC, Federal Maritime Commission
FMCS, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
FNMA, Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae)
FNS, Food and Nutrition Service
FOSI, Format Output Specification Instance
f+, folio
f.o.b., free on board
4+, quarto
FPC, Federal Power Commission
FPO (no periods), fleet post office
FR, Federal Register (publication)
FRG, Federal Republic of Germany
FRS, Federal Reserve System
FS, Forest Service
FSLIC, Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
FSS, Federal Supply Service
F.Supp., Federal Supplement
FTC, Federal Trade Commission
FTP, File Transfer Protocol
FWS, Fish and Wildlife Service
GAO, General Accounting Office
GATT, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GB, gigabyte
GDI, Graphical Device Interface
GDR, German Democratic Republic
GGP, Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol
GI, general issue; Government issue
GIF, Graphical Interchange Format
GILS, Government Information Locator Service
GIS, Geographic Information System
G.M.&S., general, medical, and surgical
GNMA, Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae)
GNP, gross national product
Gov., Governor
GPO, Government Printing Office
gr. wt., gross weight
GSA, General Services Administration
GSE, Government-Sponsored Enterprise
GUI, Graphical User Interface
H.C., House of Commons
H. Con. Res. (with number), House concurrent resolution
H. Doc. (with number), House document
hazmat, hazardous material
HE (no periods), high explosive
HF (no periods), high frequency
HHS, Health and Human Services (Department of)
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
[[Page 161]]
H.J. Res. (with number), House joint resolution
HMO, health-maintenance organization
HOV, high-occupancy vehicle
How., Howard (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
H.R. (with number), House bill
H. Rept. (with number), House report
H. Res. (with number), House resolution
HTML, HyperText Markup Language
HTTP, HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTTPD, HyperText Transfer Protocol Daemon
HUD, Housing and Urban Development
HYTELNET, HyperText-browser for Telnet Accessible Sites
IADB, Inter-American Defense Board
IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency
ibid. (ibidem), in the same place
ICBM, intercontinental ballistic missile
ICC, Interstate Commerce Commission
ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol
id. (idem), the same
IDA, International Development Association
IDE, integrated drive electronics
i.e. (id est), that is
IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IF (no periods), intermediate frequency
IFC, International Finance Corporation
IMCO, Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization
IMF, International Monetary Fund
INS, Immigration and Naturalization Service
Insp. Gen. (also IG), inspector general
Interpol, International Criminal Police Organization
IOU, I owe you
IP, Internet Protocol
IQ, intelligence quotient
IRA, individual retirement account
IRBM, intermediate range ballistic missile
IRE, Institute of Radio Engineers
IRO, International Refugee Organization
IRS, Internal Revenue Service
ISDN, Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO, International Standards Organization
ISP, Internet service provider
ITO, International Trade Organization
ITU, International Telecommunications Union
JAG, Judge Advocate General
jato, jet-assisted takeoff
J.D. (jurum or juris doctor), doctor of laws
JOBS, Job Opportunities in the Business Sector
JIT, just in time
JPEG, Joint Photographic Experts Group
Jpn., Japan or Japanese where necessary to abbreviate
Jr., junior
Judge Adv. Gen., Judge Advocate General
LAFTA, Latin American Free Trade Association
LAN, local area network
LAPM, Link Access Procedure for Modems
lat., latitude
LC, Library of Congress
LCD, liquid crystal display
lc., lowercase
L.Ed., Lawyer's edition (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
liq., liquid
lf., lightface
LF, low frequency
LL.B., bachelor of laws
LL.D., doctor of laws
loc. cit. (loco citato), in the place cited
log (no period), logarithm
long., longitude
loran (no periods), long-range navigation
lox (no periods), liquid oxygen
LPG, liquefied petroleum gas
Ltd., limited
Lt. Gov., lieutenant governor
M, money supply: M1, M2, etc.
M., monsieur; MM., messieurs
m. (meridies), noon
M, more
MA (see MarAd)
MAC, Military Airlift Command
MAG, Military Advisory Group
MarAd, Maritime Administration
MB, megabyte
MC, Member of Congress (emcee, master of ceremonies)
M.D., doctor of medicine
MDAP, Mutual Defense Assistance Program
MediCal, Medicaid California
memo, memorandum
MF, medium frequency; microfiche
MFN, most favored nation
MIA, missing in action (plural, MIA's)
[[Page 162]]
MIME, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
MIPS, millions of instructions per second
MIRV, multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle
Misc. Doc. (with number), miscellaneous document
Mlle., mademoiselle
Mme., madam
Mmes., mesdames
mo., month
MOS, military occupational specialty
MPEG, Motion Pictures Experts Group
M.P., Member of Parliament
MP, military police
Mr., mister (plural, Messrs.)
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
Mrs., mistress
Ms., coined feminine title (plural, Mses.)
M.S., master of science
MS., MSS., manuscript, manuscripts
MSC, Military Sealift Command
Msgr., monsignor
m.s.l., mean sea level
MSNBC, Microsoft, National Broadcasting Co.
MTN, multilateral trade negotiations
N., north
NA, not available; not applicable
NACo., National Association of Counties
NAFTA, North American Free Trade Agreement
NAS, National Academy of Science
NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NAT, network address translation module
NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NCUA, National Credit Union Administration
NE., northeast
n.e.c., not elsewhere classified
n.e.s., not elsewhere specified
net wt., net weight
N.F., National Formulary
NFAH, National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities
NIH, National Institutes of Health
N-ISDN, Narrowband ISDN
NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology
n.l., natural log or logarithm
NLRB, National Labor Relations Board
NNTP, Network News Transfer Protocol
No., Nos., number, numbers
NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
n.o.i.b.n., not otherwise indexed by name
n.o.p., not otherwise provided (for)
n.o.s., not otherwise specified
NOVS, National Office of Vital Statistics
NPS, National Park Service
NRC, Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NS, nuclear ship
NSA, National Shipping Authority
NSC, National Security Council
NSF, National Science Foundation
n.s.k., not specified by kind
n.s.p.f., not specifically provided for
NW., northwest
OAPEC, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS, Organization of American States
OASDHI, Old-Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance Program
OASI, Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
OCD, Office of Civil Defense
OCR, optical character recognition
OD, officer of the day
OD, overdose; ODd, overdosed
O.D., doctor of optometry
OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OK, OKed, OKing, OKs
OMB, Office of Management and Budget
Op. Atty. Gen., Opinions of the Attorney General
op. cit. (opere citato), in the work cited
OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSD, Office of the Secretary of Defense
OTC, Organization for Trade Cooperation
PA, public address system
Pac., Pacific Reporter; P.2d, Pacific Reporter, second series
PAC, political action committee (plural, PAC's)
Passed Asst. Surg., passed assistant surgeon
PBS, Public Building Service
PC, personal computer
PCV, Peace Corps Volunteer
PDF, Adobe Acrobat Portable Document Format
PDL, Page Description Language
Pet., Peters (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
Ph, phenyl
Phar.D., doctor of pharmacy
Ph.B. or B.Ph., bachelor of philosophy
Ph.D., or D.Ph., doctor of philosophy
[[Page 163]]
Ph.G., graduate in pharmacy
PHS, Public Health Service
PIN, personal identification number
PING, Packet Internet Groper
Pl., place
p.m. (post meridiem), after noon
P.O. Box (with number); but post office box (in general sense)
POP, Point of Presence; Post Office Protocol
POW, prisoner of war (plural, POWs)
PPP, Point-to-Point Protocol
PPTP, Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
PTSD, post-traumatic-stress syndrome
PERL, practical extraction and report language
Private Res. (with number), private resolution
Prof., professor
pro tem (pro tempore), temporarily
P.S. (post scriptum), postscript; public school (with number)
PTA, parent-teachers' association
Public Res. (with number), public resolution
PX, post exchange
QT, on the quiet
racon, radar beacon
radar, radio detection and ranging
RAID, redundant array of inexpensive disks
RAM, Random-Access Memory
R&D, research and development
rato, rocket-assisted takeoff
Rd., road
RDT&E, research, development, testing, and evaluation
REA, Rural Electrification Administration
Rev., reverend
Rev. Stat., Revised Statutes
RF, radiofrequency
R.F.D., rural free delivery
Rh, Rhesus (blood factor)
RIF, reduction(s) in force; RIFed, RIFing, RIFs
R.N., registered nurse
ROTC, Reserve Officers' Training Corps
RPC, remote procedure call
RR., railroad
RRB, Railroad Retirement Board
Rt. Rev., right reverend
RTF, Rich Text Format
Ry., railway
S., south; Senate bill (with number)
SAC, Strategic Air Command
SAE, Society of Automotive Engineers
S&L(s), savings and loan(s)
SALT, strategic arms limitation talks
SAR, Sons of the American Revolution
SBA, Small Business Administration
sc. (scilicet), namely (see also ss)
s.c., small caps
S. Con. Res. (with number), Senate concurrent resolution
s.d. (sine die), without date
SDI, Strategic Defense Initiative
S. Doc. (with number), Senate document
SE., southeast
SEATO, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
SEC, Securities and Exchange Commission
sec, secant
sech, hyperbolic secant
2d, 3d, second, third
SGML, Standard Generalized Markup Language
SHF, superhigh frequency
shoran, short range (radio)
SI, Systeme International
d'Unites
sic, thus
sin, sine
sinh, hyperbolic sine
S.J. Res. (with number), Senate joint resolution
SLIP, Serial Line Internet Protocol
SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP, Simple Network Management Protocol
sonar (no period), sound, navigation, and ranging
SOP, standard operating procedure
SOS, wireless distress signal
SP, shore patrol
SPAR, Coast Guard Women's Reserve (semper paratus--always ready)
sp. gr., specific gravity
Sq., square (street)
Sr., senior
S. Rept. (with number), Senate report
S. Res. (with number), Senate resolution
SS, steamship
ss (scilicet), namely (in law) (see also sc.)
SSA, Social Security Administration
SSL, Secure Sockets Layer
SSS, Selective Service System
St., Ste., SS., Saint, Sainte, Saints
St., street
Stat., Statutes at Large
STP, standard temperature and pressure
Sup. Ct., Supreme Court Reporter
[[Page 164]]
Supp. Rev. Stat., Supplement to the Revised Statutes
Supt., superintendent
Surg., surgeon
Surg. Gen., Surgeon General
SW., southwest
S.W.2d, Southwestern Reporter, second series
SWAIS, Simple Wide Area Information System
SWAT, special weapons and tactics (team)
T., Tps., township, townships
tan, tangent
tann, hyperbolic tangent
TB, tuberculosis
TCP/IP, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
T.D., Treasury Decisions
TDMA, Time Division Multiplexing Access
TDY, temporary duty
Ter., terrace
TIFF, Tagged Image File Format
t.m., true mean
TNT, trinitrotoluol
TV, television
TVA, Tennessee Valley Authority
2,4-D (insecticide)
uc., uppercase
UDP, User Datagram Protocol
UHF, ultrahigh frequency
UMTA, Urban Mass Transportation Administration
U.N., United Nations
Unesco, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization (copyrighted form)
UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund
URL, Uniform Resource Locator
URN, Uniform Resource Name/Number
U.S., U.S. Supreme Court Reports
U.S.A., United States of America
USA, U.S. Army
USAF, U.S. Air Force
USB, universal serial bus
U.S.C., United States Code
U.S.C.A., United States Code Annotated
U.S.C. Supp., United States Code Supplement
USCG, U.S. Coast Guard
USDA, U.S. Department of Agriculture
USES, U.S. Employment Service
U.S. 40, U.S. No. 40, U.S. Highway No. 40
USGS, U.S. Geological Survey
USIA, U.S. Information Agency
USMC, U.S. Marine Corps
USN, U.S. Navy
USNR, U.S. Naval Reserve
U.S.P., United States Pharmacopeia
USPS, U.S. Postal Service
U.S.S., U.S. Senate; U.S. ship
U.S.S.R., Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
v. or vs. (versus), against
VA, Department of Veterans Affairs
VAT, value added tax
VCR, video cassette recorder
VHF, very high frequency
VIP, very important person
viz (videlicet), namely
VLAN, virtual LAN
VLF, very low frequency
VRML, Virtual Reality Modeling Language
VTR, video tape recording
W., west
WAC, Women's Army Corps; a Wac
w.a.e., when actually employed
WAF, Women in the Air Force; a Waf
WAIS, Wide Area Information Server
Wall., Wallace (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
WAN, wide area network
WAVES, women accepted for volunteer emergency service; a Wave
wf, wrong font
Wheat., Wheaton (U.S. Supreme Court Reports)
WHO, World Health Organization
WIPO, World Intellectual Property Organization
WMAL, WRC, etc., radio stations
w.o.p., without pay
WORM, write once, read many
WWW, World Wide Web
WYSIWYG, What you see is what you get.
Yale L.J., Yale Law Journal
ZIP Code, Zone Improvement Plan Code (Postal Service)
ZIP+4, 9-digit ZIP Code
Italic
GPO Access
CBDNet
[[Page 165]]
Standard letter symbols for units of measure
9.62. The same form is used for singular and plural senses.
A, ampere
a, angstrom
a, are
a, atto (prefix, one-quintillionth)
aA, attoampere
abs, absolute (temperature and gravity)
ac, alternating current
AF, audiofrequency
Ah, ampere-hour
A/m, ampere per meter
AM, amplitude modulation
asb, apostilb
At, ampere-turn
at, atmosphere, technical
atm, atmosphere
at wt, atomic weight
au, astronomical units
avdp, avoirdupois
b, barn
B, bel
b, bit
bbl, barrel
bbl/d, barrel per day
Bd, baud
bd. ft., board foot (obsolete); use fbm
Be, Baume
Bev (obsolete); see GeV
Bhn, Brinell hardness number
bhp, brake horsepower
bm, board measure
bp, boiling point
Btu, British thermal unit
bu, bushel
c, cents, ct; cent(s)
c, centi (prefix, one-hundredth)
C, coulomb
deg.C, degree Celsius
cal, calorie (also: calIT, International Table;
calth, thermochemical)
cd/in2, candela per square inch
cd/m2, candela per square meter
cg, centigram
cdh, candela-hour
Ci, curie
cL, centiliter
cm, centimeter
c/m, cycles per minute
cm2, square centimeter
cm3, cubic centimeter
cmil, circular mil
cp, candlepower
cP, centipoise
cSt, centistokes
cwt, hundredweight
D, darcy
d, day
d, deci (prefix, one-tenth)
d, pence
da, deka (prefix, 10)
dag, dekagram
daL, dekaliter
dam, dekameter
dam2, square dekameter
dam3, cubic dekameter
dB, decibel
dBu, decibel unit
dc, direct current
dg, decigram
dL, deciliter
dm, decimeter
dm\2\, square decimeter
dm\3\, cubic decimeter
dol, dollar
doz, dozen
dr, dram
dwt, deadweight tons
dwt, pennyweight
dyn, dyne
EHF, extremely high frequency
emf, electromotive force
emu, electromagnetic unit
erg, erg
esu, electrostatic unit
eV, electronvolt
deg.F, degree Fahrenheit
F, farad
f, femto (prefix, one-quadrillionth)
fbm, board foot; board foot measure
fc, footcandle
fL, footlambert
fm, fentometer
FM, frequency modulation
ft, foot
ft\2\, square foot
ft\3\, cubic foot
ftH2O, conventional foot of water
ftlb, foot-pound
ftlbf, foot-pound force
ft/min, foot per minute
ft2/min, square foot per minute
ft3/min, cubic foot per minute
ft-pdl, foot poundal
ft/s, foot per second
ft2/s, square foot per second
ft3/s, cubic foot per second
ft/s2, foot per second squared
ft/s3, foot per second cubed
G, gauss
G, giga (prefix, 1 billion)
g, gram; acceleration of gravity
Gal, gal cm/s2
gal, gallon
gal/min, gallons per minute
gal/s, gallons per second
GB, gigabyte
Gb, gilbert
g/cm3, gram per cubic centimeter
GeV, gigaelectronvolt
GHz, gigahertz (gigacycle per second)
gr, grain; gross
h, hecto (prefix, 100)
[[Page 166]]
H, henry
h, hour
ha, hectare
HF, high frequency
hg, hectogram
hL, hectoliter
hm, hectometer
hm2, square hectometer
hm3, cubic hectometer
hp, horsepower
hph, horsepower-hour
Hz, hertz (cycles per second)
id, inside diameter
ihp, indicated horsepower
in, inch
in2, square inch
in3, cubic inch
in/h, inch per hour
inH2O, conventional inch of water
inHg, conventional inch of mercury
in-lb, inch-pound
in/s, inch per second
J, joule
J/K, joule per kelvin
K, kayser
K, kelvin (use without degree symbol)
k, kilo (prefix, 1,000)
k, thousand (7k=7,000)
kc, kilocycle; see also kHz (kilohertz), kilocycles per second
kcal, kilocalory
keV, kiloelectronvolt
kG, kilogauss
kg, kilogram
kgf, kilogram-force
kHz, kilohertz (kilocycles per second)
kL, kiloliter
klbf, kilopound-force
km, kilometer
km2, square kilometer
km3, cubic kilometer
km/h, kilometer per hour
kn, knot (speed)
k, kilohm
kt, kiloton; carat
kV, kilovolt
kVA, kilovoltampere
kvar, kilovar
kW, kilowatt
kWh, kilowatthour
L, lambert
L, liter
lb, pound
lb ap, apothecary pound
lb, avdp, avoirdupois pound
lbf, pound-force
lbf/ft, pound-force foot
lbf/ft2, pound-force per square foot
lbf/ft3, pound-force per cubic foot
lbf/in2, pound-force per square inch (see psi)
lb/ft, pound per foot
lb/ft2, pound per square foot
lb/ft3, pound per cubic foot
lct, long calcined ton
ldt, long dry ton
LF, low frequency
lin ft, linear foot
l/m, lines per minute
lm, lumen
lm/ft2, lumen per square foot
lm/m2, lumen per square meter
lms, lumen second
lm/W, lumen per watt
l/s, lines per second
L/s, liter per second
lx, lux
M, mega (prefix, 1 million)
M, million (3 M=3 million)
m, meter
m, milli (prefix, one-thousandth)
M1, monetary aggregate
m\3\, cubic meter
m\2\, square meter
, micro (prefix, one-millionth)
m, micrometer
mA, milliampere
A, microampere
MB, megabyte
mbar, millibar
bar, microbar
Mc, megacycle; see also MHz (megahertz), megacycles per second
mc, millicycle; see also mHz (millihertz), millicycles per second
mD, millidarcy
meq, milliquivalent
MeV, megaelectronvolts
mF, millifarad
F, microfarad
mG, milligauss
mg, milligram
g, microgram
Mgal/d, million gallons per day
mH, millihenry
H, microhenry
MHz, megahertz
mHz, millihertz
mi, mile (statute)
mi\2\, square mile
mi/gal, mile(s) per gallon
mi/h, mile(s) per hour
mil, mil
min, minute (time)
in, microinch
mL, milliliter
mm, millimeter
mm\2\, square millimeter
mm\3\, cubic millimeter
m2, square micrometer
m3, cubic micrometer
, micromicron (use of compound prefixes obsolete; use
pm, picometer)
f, micromicrofarad (use of compound prefixes
obsolete; use pF)
mmHg, conventional millimeter of mercury
[[Page 167]]
M, megohm
mo, month
mol, mole (unit of substance)
mol wt, molecular weight
mp, melting point
ms, millisecond
s, microsecond
Mt, megaton
mV, millivolt
V, microvolt
MW, megawatt
mW, milliwatt
W, microwatt
MWd/t, megawatt-days per ton
Mx, maxwell
n, nano (prefix, one-billionth)
N, newton
nA, nanoampere
nF, nanofarad
Nm, newton meter
N/m2, newton per square meter
nmi, nautical mile
Np, neper
ns, nanosecond
Ns/m2, newton second per square meter
nt, nit
od, outside diameter
Oe, oersted (use of A/m, amperes per meter, preferred)
oz, ounce (avoirdupois)
p, pico (prefix, one-trillionth)
P, poise
Pa, pascal
pA, picoampere
pct, percent
pdl, poundal
pF, picofarad (micromicrofarad, obsolete)
pF, water-holding energy
pH, hydrogen-ion concentration
ph, phot; phase
pk, peck,
p/m, parts per million
ps, picosecond
psi, pounds per square inch
pt, pint
pW, picowatt
qt, quart
quad, quadrillion (1015)
deg.R, rankine
deg.R, roentgen
R, degree rankine
R, degree reaumur
rad, radian
rd, rad
rem, roentgen equivalent man
r/min, revolutions per minute
rms, root mean square
r/s, revolutions per second
s, second (time)
s, shilling
S, siemens
sb, stilb
scp, spherical candlepower
sft, second-foot
shp, shaft horsepower
slug, slug
sr, steradian
sSf, standard saybolt fural
sSu, standard saybolt universal
stdft\3\, standard cubic foot (feet)
Sus, saybolt universal second(s)
T, tera (prefix, 1 trillion)
Tft\3\, trillion cubic feet
T, tesla
t, tonne (metric ton)
tbsp, tablespoonful
thm, therm
ton, ton
tsp, teaspoonful
Twad, twaddell
u, (unified) atomic mass unit
UHF, ultrahigh frequency
V, volt
VA, voltampere
var, var
VHF, very high frequency
V/m, volt per meter
W, watt
Wb, weber
Wh, watthour
W/(mK), watt per meter kelvin
W/sr, watt per steradian
W/(srm\2\), watt per steradian square meter
x, unknown quantity (italic)
yd, yard
yd2, square yard
yd3, cubic yard
yr, year
[[Page 168]]
Standard Latin abbreviations
9.63. When Latin abbreviations are used, follow this list.
a., annus, year; ante, before
A.A.C., anno ante Christum, in the year before Christ
A.A.S., Academiae Americanae Socius, Fellow of the American Academy
[Academy of Arts and Sciences]
A.B., artium baccalaureus, bachelor of arts
ab init., ab initio, from the beginning
abs. re., absente reo, the defendant being absent
A.C., ante Christum, before Christ
A.D., anno Domini, in the year of our Lord
a.d., ante diem, before the day
ad fin., ad finem, at the end, to one end
ad h.l., ad hunc locum, to this place, on this passage
ad inf., ad infinitum, to infinity
ad init., ad initium, at the beginning
ad int., ad interim, in the meantime
ad lib., ad libitum, at pleasure
ad loc., ad locum, at the place
ad val., ad valorem, according to value
A.I., anno inventionis, in the year of the discovery
al., alia, alii, other things, other persons
A.M., anno mundi, in the year of the world; Annus mirabilis, the
wonderful year [1666]; a.m., ante meridiem, before noon
an., anno, in the year; ante, before
ann., annales, annals; anni, years
A.R.S.S., Antiquariorum Regiae Societatis Socius, Fellow of the Royal
Society of Antiquaries
A.U.C., anno urbis conditae, ab urbe conolita, in [the year from] the
building of the City [Rome], 753 B.C.
B.A., baccalaureus artium, bachelor of arts
B. Sc., baccalaureus scientiae, bachelor of science
C., centum, a hundred; condemno, I condemn, find guilty
c., circa, about
cent., centum, a hundred
cf., confer, compare
C.M., chirurgiae magister, master of surgery
coch., cochlear, a spoon, spoonful
coch. amp., cochlear amplum, a tablespoonful
coch. mag., cochlear magnum, a large spoonful
coch. med., cochlear medium, a dessert spoonful
coch. parv., cochlear parvum, a teaspoonful
con., contra, against; conjunx, wife
C.P.S., custos privati sigilli, keeper of the privy seal
C.S., custos sigilli, keeper of the seal
cwt., c. for centum, wt. for weight, hundredweight
D., Deus, God; Dominus, Lord; d., decretum, a decree; denarius, a
penny; da, give
D.D., divinitatis doctor, doctor of divinity
D.G., Dei gratia, by the grace of God; Deo gratias, thanks to God
D.N., Dominus noster, our Lord
D. Sc., doctor scientiae, doctor of science
d.s.p., decessit sine prole, died without issue
D.V., Deo volente, God willing
dwt., d. for denarius, wt. for weight pennyweight
e.g., exempli gratia, for example
et al., et alibi, and elsewhere; et alii, or aliae, and others
etc., et cetera, and others, and so forth
et seq., et sequentes, and those that follow
et ux., et uxor, and wife
F., filius, son
f., fiat, let it be made; forte, strong
fac., factum similis, facsimile, an exact copy
fasc., fasciculus, a bundle
fl., flores, flowers; floruit, flourished; fluidus, fluid
f.r., folio recto, right-hand page
F.R.S., Fraternitatis Regiae Socius, Fellow of the Royal Society
f.v., folio verso, on the back of the leaf
guttat., guttatim, by drops
H., hora, hour
h.a., hoc anno, in this year; hujus anni, this year's
hab. corp., habeas corpus, have the body--a writ
h.e., hic est, this is; hoc est, that is
h.m., hoc mense, in this month; huius mensis, this month's
h.q., hoc quaere, look for this
H.R.I.P., hic requiescat in pace, here rests in peace
H.S., hic sepultus, here is buried; hic situs, here lies; h.s., hoc
sensu, in this sense
[[Page 169]]
H.S.S., Historiae Societatis Socius, Fellow of the Historical Society
h.t., hoc tempore, at this time; hoc titulo, in or under this title
I, Idus, the Ides; i., id, that; immortalis, immortal
ib. or ibid., ibidem, in the same place
id., idem, the same
i.e., id est, that is
imp., imprimatur, sanction, let it be printed
I.N.D., in nomine Dei, in the name of God
in f., in fine, at the end
inf., infra, below
init., initio, in the beginning
in lim., in limine, on the threshold, at the outset
in loc., in loco, in its place
in loc. cit., in loco citato, in the place cited
in pr., in principio, in the beginning
in trans., in transitu, on the way
i.q., idem quod, the same as
i.q.e.d., id quod erat demonstrandum, what was to be proved
J., judex, judge
J.C.D., juris civilis doctor, doctor of civil law
J.D., jurum or juris doctor, doctor of laws
J.U.D., juris utriusque doctor, doctor of both civil and canon law
L., liber, a book; locus, a place
, libra, pound; placed before figures, thus 10;
if l., to be placed after, as 401.
L.A.M., liberalium artium magister, master of the liberal arts
L.B., baccalaureus literarum, bachelor of letters
lb., libra, pound (singular and plural)
L.H.D., literarum humaniorum doctor, doctor of the more humane letters
Litt. D., literarum doctor, doctor of letters
LL.B., legum baccalaureus, bachelor of laws
LL.D., legum doctor, doctor of laws
LL.M., legum magister, master of laws
loc. cit., loco citato, in the place cited
loq., loquitur, he, or she, speaks
L.S., locus sigilli, the place of the seal
l.s.c., loco supra citato, in the place above cited
s. d., librae, solidi, denarii, pounds, shillings, pence
M., magister, master; manipulus, handful; medicinae, of medicine; m.,
meridies, noon
M.A., magister artium, master of arts
M.B., medicinae baccalaureus, bachelor of medicine
M. Ch., magister chirurgiae, master of surgery
M.D., medicinae doctor, doctor of medicine
m.m., mutatis mutandis, with the necessary changes
m.n., mutato nomine, the name being changed
MS., manuscriptum, manuscript; MSS., manuscripta, manuscripts
Mus. B., musicae baccalaureus, bachelor of music
Mus. D., musicae doctor, doctor of music
Mus. M., musicae magister, master of music
N., Nepos, grandson; nomen, name; nomina, names; noster, our; n.,
natus, born; nocte, at night
N.B., nota bene, mark well
ni. pri., nisi prius, unless before
nob., nobis, for (or on) our part
nol. pros., nolle prosequi, will not prosecute
non cul., non culpabilis, not guilty
n.l., non licet, it is not permitted; non liquet, it is not clear; non
longe, not far
non obs., non obstante, notwithstanding
non pros., non prosequitur, he does not prosecute
non seq., non sequitur, it does not follow logically
O., octarius, a pint
ob., obiit, he, or she, died; obiter, incidentally
ob. s.p., obiit sine prole, died without issue
o.c., opere citato, in the work cited
op., opus, work; opera, works
op. cit., opere citato, in the work cited
P., papa, pope; pater, father; pontifex, bishop; populus, people; p.,
partim, in part; per, by, for; pius, holy; pondere, by weight; post,
after; primus, first; pro, for
p.a., or per ann., per annum, yearly; pro anno, for the year
p. ae., partes aequales, equal parts
pass., passim, everywhere
percent., per centum, by the hundred
pil., pilula, pill
Ph. B., philosophiae baccalaureus, bachelor of philosophy
P.M., post mortem, after death
[[Page 170]]
p.m., post meridiem, afternoon
pro tem., pro tempore, for the time being
prox., proximo, in or of the next [month]
P.S., postscriptum, postscript; P.SS., postscripta, postscripts
q.d., quasi dicat, as if one should say; quasi dictum, as if said;
quasi dixisset, as if he had said
q.e., quod est, which is
Q.E.D., quod erat demonstrandum, which was to be demonstrated
Q.E.F., quod erat faciendum, which was to be done
Q.E.I., quod erat inveniendum, which was to be found out
q.l., quantum libet, as much as you please
q. pl., quantum placet, as much as seems good
q.s., quantum sufficit sufficient quantity
q.v., quantum vis, as much as you will; quem, quam, quod vide, which
see; qq. v., quos, quas, or quae vide, which see (plural)
R., regina, queen; recto, right-hand page; respublica, commonwealth
, recipe, take
R.I.P., requiescat, or requiescant, in pace, may he, she, or they, rest
in peace
R.P.D., rerum politicarum doctor, doctor of political science
rr., rarissime, very rarely
R.S.S., Regiae Societatis Sodalis, Fellow of the Royal Society
S., sepultus, buried; situs, lies; societas, society; socius or
sodalis, fellow; s., semi, half; solidus, shilling
s.a., sine anno, without date; secundum artem, according to art
S.A.S., Societatis Antiquariorum Socius, Fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries
sc., scilicet, namely; sculpsit, he, or she, carved or engraved it
Sc. B., scientiae baccalaureus, bachelor of science
Sc. D., scientiae doctor, doctor of science
S.D., salutem dicit, sends greetings
s.d., sine die, indefinitely
sec., secundum, according to
sec. leg., secundum legem, according to law
sec. nat., secundum naturam, according to nature, or naturally
sec. reg., secundum regulam, according to rule
seq., sequens, sequentes, sequentia, the following
S.H.S., Societatis Historiae Socius, Fellow of the Historical Society
s.h.v., sub hac voce or sub hoc verbo, under this word
s.l.a.n., sine loco, anno, vel nomine, without place, date, or name
s.l.p., sine legitima prole, without lawful issue
s.m.p., sine mascula prole, without male issue
s.n., sine nomine, without name
s.p., sine prole, without issue
S.P.A.S., Societatis Philosophiae Americanae Socius, Fellow of the
American Philosophical Society
s.p.s., sine prole superstite, without surviving issue
S.R.S., Societatis Regiae Socius or Sodalis, Fellow of the Royal
Society
ss, scilicet, namely (in law)
S.S.C., Societas Sanctae Crucis, Society of the Holy Cross
stat., statim, immediately
S.T.B., sacrae theologiae baccalaureus, bachelor of sacred theology
S.T.D., sacrae theologiae doctor, doctor of sacred theology
S.T.P., sacrae theologiae professor, professor of sacred theology
sub., subaudi, understand, supply
sup., supra, above
t. or temp., tempore, in the time of
tal. qual., talis qualis, just as they come; average quality
U.J.D., utriusque juris doctor, doctor of both civil and canon law
ult., ultimo, last month (may be abbreviated in writing but should be
spelled out in printing)
ung., unguentum, ointment
u.s., ubi supra, in the place above mentioned
ut dict., ut dictum, as directed
ut sup., ut supra, as above
ux., uxor, wife
v., versus, against; vide, see; voce, voice, word
v. ---- a., vixit ---- annos, lived [so many] years
verb. sap., verbum [satis] sapienti, a word to the wise suffices
v.g., verbi gratia, for example
viz, videlicet, namely
v.s., vide supra, see above
[[Page 171]]
10. SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
10.1. The increased use of signs and symbols and their
importance in technical and scientific work have emphasized the
necessity of standardization on a national basis and of the
consistent use of the standard forms.
10.2. Certain symbols are standardized--number symbols (the
digits, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); letter symbols (the
letters of the alphabet, a, b, c, d, etc.); and graphic symbols
(the mathematical signs +, -, , x , ).
10.3. The signs +, -, , x , and , etc.,
are closed against accompanying figures and symbols. When the
x is used to indicate ``crossed with'' (in plant or animal
breeding) or magnification, it will be separated from the
accompanying words by a space.
i-vii+1-288 pages
The equation A+B
The result is 4 x 4
20,0005,000
Early June x Bright (crossed with)
x 4 (magnification)
Symbols with figures
10.4. In technical publications the degree mark is used in
lieu of the word degree following a figure denoting
measurement.
10.5. Following a figure, the spelled form is preferred. The
percent symbol is used in areas where space will not allow the
word percent to be used.
In that period the price rose 12, 15, and 19 percent.
not In that period the price rose 12 percent, 15 percent, and
19 percent.
10.6. Any symbol set close up to figures, such as the degree
mark, dollar mark, or cent mark, is used before or after each
figure in a group or series.
$5 to $8 price range
5'-7' long, not 5-7' long
3 cents to 5 cents (no spaces)
2 to 7; 2 deg.1 deg.
but
Sec. 12 (thin space)
from 15 to 25 percent
45 to 65 deg.F not 45 deg. to 65 deg. F
Letter symbols
10.7. Letter symbols are set in italic (see rule 10.8) or in
roman (see rule 9.56) without periods and are capitalized only
if so shown in copy, since the capitalized form may have an
entirely different meaning.
[[Page 172]]
Equations
10.8. In mathematical equations, use italic for all letter
symbols--capitals, lowercase, small capitals, and superiors and
inferiors (exponents and subscripts); use roman for figures,
including superiors and inferiors.
10.9. If an equation or a mathematical expression needs to be
divided, break before +, -, =, etc. However, the equal sign is
to clear on the left of other beginning mathematical signs.
10.10. A short equation in text should not be broken at the
end of a line. Space out the line so that the equation will
begin on the next line; or better, center the equation on a
line by itself.
10.11. An equation too long for one line is set flush left,
the second half of the equation is set flush right, and the two
parts are balanced as nearly as possible.
10.12. Two or more equations in a series are aligned on the
equal signs and centered on the longest equation in the group.
10.13. Connecting words of explanation, such as hence,
therefore, and similarly, are set flush left either on the same
line with the equation or on a separate line.
10.14. Parentheses, braces, brackets, integral signs, and
summation signs should be of the same height as the
mathematical expressions they include.
10.15. Inferiors precede superiors if they appear together;
but if either inferior or superior is too long, the two are
aligned on the left.
[[Page 173]]
Chemical symbols
10.16. The names and symbols listed below are approved by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. They are set
in roman without periods.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Atomic Atomic
Element Symbol Atomic Element Symbol Atomic
number weight\1\ number weight\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Actinium....................... Ac 89 227.0278 Mercury........... Hg 80 200.59
Aluminum....................... Al 13 26.98154 Molybdenum........ Mo 42 95.94
Americium...................... Am 95 (243) Neodymium......... Nd 60 144.24
Antimony....................... Sb 51 121.75 Neon.............. Ne 10 20.179
Argon.......................... Ar 18 39.948 Neptunium......... Np 93 237.0482
Arsenic........................ As 33 74.9216 Nickel............ Ni 28 58.69
Astatine....................... At 85 (210) Niobium........... Nb 41 92.9064
Barium......................... Ba 56 137.33 Nitrogen.......... N 7 14.0067
Berkelium...................... Bk 97 (247) Nobelium.......... No 102 (259)
Beryllium...................... Be 4 9.01218 Osmium............ Os 76 190.2
Bismuth........................ Bi 83 208.9804 Oxygen............ O 8 15.9994
Bohrium........................ Bh 107 (262.0) Palladium......... Pd 46 106.42
Boron.......................... B 5 10.81 Phosphorus........ P 15 30.97376
Bromine........................ Br 35 79.904 Platinum.......... Pt 78 195.08
Cadmium........................ Cd 48 112.41 Plutonium......... Pu 94 (244)
Calcium........................ Ca 20 40.08 Polonium.......... Po 84 (209)
Californium.................... Cf 98 (251) Potassium......... K 19 39.0983
Carbon......................... C 6 12.011 Praseodymium...... Pr 59 140.9077
Cerium......................... Ce 58 140.12 Promethium........ Pm 61 (145)
Cesium......................... Cs 55 132.9054 Protactinium...... Pa 91 231.0359
Chlorine....................... Cl 17 35.453 Radium............ Ra 88 226.0254
Chromium....................... Cr 24 51.996 Radon............. Rn 86 (222)
Cobalt......................... Co 27 58.9332 Rhenium........... Re 75 186.207
Copper......................... Cu 29 63.546 Rhodium........... Rh 45 102.9055
Curium......................... Cm 96 (247) Rubidium.......... Rb 37 85.4678
Dubnium........................ Db 105 (262.0) Ruthenium......... Ru 44 101.07
Dysprosium..................... Dy 66 162.50 Rutherfordium..... Rf 104 (261.0)
Einsteinium.................... Es 99 (252) Samarium.......... Sm 62 150.36
Erbium......................... Er 68 167.26 Scandium.......... Sc 21 44.9559
Europium....................... Eu 63 151.96 Seaborgium........ Sg 106 (263.0)
Fermium........................ Fm 100 (257) Selenium.......... Se 34 78.96
Fluorine....................... F 9 18.998403 Silicon........... Si 14 28.0855
Francium....................... Fr 87 (223) Silver............ Ag 47 107.8682
Gadolinium..................... Gd 64 157.25 Sodium............ Na 11 22.98977
Gallium........................ Ga 31 69.72 Strontium......... Sr 38 87.62
Germanium...................... Ge 32 72.59 Sulfur............ S 16 32.06
Gold........................... Au 79 196.9665 Tantalum.......... Ta 73 180.9479
Hafnium........................ Hf 72 178.49 Technetium........ Tc 43 (98)
Hassium........................ Hs 108 (265.0) Tellurium......... Te 52 127.60
Helium......................... He 2 4.00260 Terbium........... Tb 65 158.9254
Holmium........................ Ho 67 164.9304 Thallium.......... Tl 81 204.383
Hydrogen....................... H 1 1.00794 Thorium........... Th 90 232.0381
Indium......................... In 49 114.82 Thulium........... Tm 69 168.9342
Iodine......................... I 53 126.9045 Tin............... Sn 50 118.69
Iridium........................ Ir 77 192.22 Titanium.......... Ti 22 47.88
Iron........................... Fe 26 55.847 Tungsten.......... W 74 183.85
Krypton........................ Kr 36 83.80 Ununnilium........ Uun 110 (269.0)
Lanthanum...................... La 57 138.9055 Unununium......... Uuu 111 (272.0)
Lawrencium..................... Lr 103 (260) Ununbium.......... Uub 112 (277.0)
Lead........................... Pb 82 207.2 Uranium........... U 92 238.0289
Lithium........................ Li 3 6.941 Vanadium.......... V 23 50.9415
Lutetium....................... Lu 71 174.967 Xenon............. Xe 54 131.29
Magnesium...................... Mg 12 24.305 Ytterbium......... Yb 70 173.04
Manganese...................... Mn 25 54.9380 Yttrium........... Y 39 88.9059
Meitnerium..................... Mt 109 (266.0) Zinc.............. Zn 30 65.38
Mendelevium.................... Md 101 (258) Zirconium......... Zr 40 91.22
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\The atomic weights of many elements are not invariant but depend on the origin and treatment of the material.
The values of atomic weight given here apply to elements as they exist naturally on Earth and to certain
artificial elements. Values in parentheses are used for radioactive elements whose atomic weights cannot be
quoted precisely without knowledge of the origin of the elements. The value given is the atomic mass number of
the isotope of that element of longest known half life.
[[Page 174]]
Standardized symbols
10.17. Symbols duly standardized by any national scientific,
professional, or technical group are accepted as preferred
forms within the field of the group. The issuing office
desiring or requiring the use of such standardized symbols
should see that copy is prepared accordingly.
Signs and symbols
10.18. The following list contains some signs and symbols
frequently used in printing. The forms and style of many
symbols vary with the method of reproduction employed. It is
important that editors and writers clearly identify signs and
symbols when they appear within a manuscript.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
[[Page 175]]
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
[[Page 176]]
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
[[Page 177]]
11. ITALIC
(See also ``Abbreviations and Letter Symbols'' and ``Datelines,
Addresses, and Signatures'')
11.1. Italic is sometimes used to differentiate or to give
greater prominence to words, phrases, etc. However, an
excessive amount of italic defeats this purpose and should be
restricted.
Emphasis, foreign words, and titles of publications
11.2. Italic is not used for mere emphasis, foreign words, or
the titles of publications.
11.3. In nonlegal work, ante, post, infra, and supra are
italicized only when part of a legal citation. Otherwise these
terms, as well as the abbreviations id., ibid., op. cit., et
seq., and other foreign words, phrases, and their
abbreviations, are printed in roman.
11.4. When ``emphasis supplied,'' ``emphasis added,'' or
``emphasis ours'' appears in copy, it should not be changed;
but ``underscore supplied'' should be changed to ``italic
supplied.''
11.5. When copy is submitted with instructions to set ``all
roman (no italic),'' these instructions will not apply to
Ordered, Resolved, Be it enacted, etc.; titles following
signatures or addresses; or the parts of datelines which are
always set in italic.
Names of aircraft, vessels, and spacecraft
11.6. The names of aircraft, vessels, and spacecraft are
italicized unless otherwise indicated. In lists set in columns
and in stubs and reading columns of tables consisting entirely
of such names they will be set in roman. Missiles and rockets
will be set in caps and lowercase and will not be italicized.
SS America; the liner America
the Bermuda Clipper
USS Nautilus (submarine)
USS Wisconsin
ex-USS Savannah
USCGS (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey) ship Pathfinder
C.S.N. Virginia
CG cutter Thetus
the U-7
destroyer 31
H.M.S. Hornet
HS (hydrofoil ship) Denison
MS (motorship) Richard
GTS (gas turbine ship) Alexander
NS (nuclear ship) Savannah
space station Freedom
MV (motor vessel) Havtroll
Freedom 7; Friendship 7 (U.S. spaceships)
West Virginia class or type
the Missouri's (roman ``s'') turret
the U-7's (roman ``s'') deck
but
Air Force One (President's plane)
B-50 (type of plane)
DD-882
LST-1155
MiG; MiG-21
PT-109
F-18 Hornet
F-15 Eagle
[[Page 178]]
11.7. Names of vessels are quoted in matter printed in other
than lowercase roman.
Sinking of the ``Lusitania''
Sinking of the ``Lusitania''
SINKING OF THE ``LUSITANIA''
SINKING OF THE ``LUSITANIA''
Names of legal cases
11.8. The names of legal cases are italicized, except for the
v. When requested, the names of such cases may be set in roman
with an italic v. In matter set in italic, legal cases are set
in roman with the v. being set roman.
``The Hornet'' and ``The Hood,'' 124 F.2d 45
Smith v. Brown et al.
Smith Bros. case (172 App. Div. 149)
Smith Bros. case, supra
Smith Bros. case
As cited in Smith Bros.
Smith v. Brown et al. (heading)
SMITH v. BROWN ET AL.
(heading)
Durham rule
Brown decision
John Doe v. Richard Roe
but John Doe against Richard Roe
the Cement case
Scientific names
11.9. The scientific names of genera, subgenera, species, and
subspecies (varieties) are italicized, but are set in roman in
italic matter; the names of groups of higher rank than genera
(phyla, classes, orders, families, tribes, etc.) are printed in
roman.
A.s. perpallidus
Dorothia? sp. (roman ``?'')
Tsuga canadensis
Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens
the genera Quercus and Liriodendron
the family Leguminosae; the family Nessiteras
rhombopteryx
Measurements of specimens of Cyanoderma erythroptera
neocara
11.10. Quotation marks should be used in place of italic for
scientific names appearing in lines set in caps, caps and small
caps, or boldface, even if there is italic type available in
the series.
Words and letters
11.11. The words Resolved, Resolved further, Provided,
Provided, however, Provided further, And provided further, and
ordered, in bills, acts, resolutions, and formal contracts and
agreements are italicized; also the words To be continued,
Continued on p. --, Continued from p. --, and See and see also
(in indexes and tables of contents only).
Resolved, That (resolution)
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled,
That
[To be continued] (centered; no period)
[Continued from p. 3] (centered; no period)
see also Mechanical data (index entry)
[[Page 179]]
11.12. All letters (caps, small caps, lowercase, superiors,
and inferiors) used as symbols are italicized. In italic matter
roman letters are used. Chemical symbols (even in italic
matter) and certain other standardized symbols are set in
roman.
nth degree; x dollars
D0.025Vm2~~.7=0.042/
G-1Vm2~~.7
5Cu2S.2(Cu,Fe,Zn)S.2Sb2S3O4
11.13. Letter designations in mathematical and scientific
matter, except chemical symbols, are italicized.
11.14. Letter symbols used in legends to illustrations,
drawings, etc., or in text as references to such material, are
set in italic without periods and are capitalized if so shown
in copy.
11.15. Letters (a), (b), (c), etc., and a, b, c, etc., used
to indicate sections or paragraphs, are italicized in general
work but not in laws and other legal documents.
[[Page 180]]
NOTES
[[Page 181]]
12. NUMERALS
(See also ``Tabular Work'' and ``Leaderwork'')
12.1. Most rules for the use of numerals are based on the
general principle that the reader comprehends numerals more
readily than numerical word expressions, particularly in
technical, scientific, or statistical matter. However, for
special reasons, numbers are spelled out in certain instances,
except in FIC & punc. and Fol. Lit. matter.
12.2. The following rules cover the most common conditions
that require a choice between the use of numerals and words.
Some of them, however, are based on typographic appearance
rather than on the general principle stated above.
12.3. Arabic numerals are preferable to Roman numerals.
NUMBERS EXPRESSED IN FIGURES
12.4. A figure is used for a single number of 10 or more with
the exception of the first word of the sentence. (See also
rules 12.9 and 12.23.)
50 ballots
10 guns
24 horses
nearly 13 buckets
about 40 men
10 times as large
Numbers and numbers in series
12.5. When 2 or more numbers appear in a sentence and 1 of
them is 10 or larger, figures are used for each number. (See
supporting rule 12.6.)
Each of 15 major commodities (9 metal and 6 nonmetal) was
in supply.
but Each of nine major commodities (five metal and four
nonmetal) was in supply.
Petroleum came from 16 fields, of which 8 were discovered
in 1956.
but Petroleum came from nine fields, of which eight were
discovered in 1956.
That man has 3 suits, 2 pairs of shoes, and 12 pairs of
socks.
but That man has three suits, two pairs of shoes, and four
hats.
Of the 13 engine producers, 6 were farm equipment
manufacturers, 6 were principally engaged in the
production of other types of machinery, and 1 was not
classified in the machinery industry.
but Only nine of these were among the large manufacturing
companies, and only three were among the largest
concerns.
There were three 6-room houses, five 4-room houses, and
three 2-room cottages, and they were built by 20
carpenters. (See rule 12.21.)
There were three six-room houses, five four-room houses,
and three two-room cottages, and they were built by
nine carpenters.
[[Page 182]]
but If two columns of sums of money add or subtract one into
the other and one carries points and ciphers, the other
should also carry points and ciphers.
At the hearing, only one Senator and one Congressman
testified.
There are four or five things which can be done.
12.6. A unit of measurement, time, or money (as defined in
rule 12.9), which is always expressed in figures, does not
affect the use of figures for other numerical expressions
within a sentence.
Each of the five girls earned 75 cents an hour.
Each of the 15 girls earned 75 cents an hour.
A team of four men ran the 1-mile relay in 3 minutes 20
seconds.
This usually requires from two to five washes and a total
time of 2 to 4 hours.
This usually requires 9 to 12 washes and a total time of
2 to 4 hours.
The contractor, one engineer, and one surveyor inspected
the 1-mile road.
but There were two six-room houses, three four-room houses,
and four two-room cottages, and they were built by nine
workers in thirty 5-day weeks. (See rule 12.21.)
12.7. Figures are used for serial numbers.
Bulletin 725
Document 71
pages 352-357
lines 5 and 6
paragraph 1
chapter 2
290 U.S. 325
Genesis 39:20
202-512-0724 (telephone number)
the year 2001
1721-1727 St. Clair Avenue/
but Letters Patent No. 2,189,463
12.8. A colon preceding figures does not affect their use.
The result was as follows: 12 voted yea, 4 dissented.
The result was as follows: nine voted yea, seven
dissented.
Measurement and time
12.9. Units of measurement and time, actual or implied, are
expressed in figures.
a. Age:
6 years old
52 years 10 months 6 days
a 3-year-old
at the age of 3 (years implied)
b. Clock time (see also Time):
4:30 p.m.; half past 4
10 o'clock or 10 p.m. (not 10 o'clock p.m.; 2 p.m. in the
afternoon; 10:00 p.m.)
12 a.m. (noon); 12:15 p.m. (15 minutes past noon)
12 p.m. (midnight); 12:25 a.m. (25 minutes past midnight)
4h30m or 4.5h, in
scientific work, if so written in copy
0025, 2359 (astronomical and military time)
08:31:04 (stopwatch reading)
[[Page 183]]
c. Dates:
June 1985 (not June, 1985); June 29, 1985 (not June 29th,
1985)
March 6 to April 15, 1990 (not March 6, 1990, to April
15, 1990)
May, June, and July 1965 (but June and July 1965)
15 April 1951; 15-17 April 1951 (military)
4th of July (but Fourth of July, meaning the holiday)
the 1st [day] of the month (but the last of April or the
first [part] of May, not referring to specific days)
in the year 2000 (not 2,000)
In referring to a fiscal year, consecutive years, or a
continuous period of 2 years or more, when contracted, the
forms 1900-11, 1906-38, 1931-32, 1801-2, 1875-79 are used (but
upon change of century, 1895-1914 and to avoid multiple ciphers
together, 2000-2001). For two or more separate years not
representing a continuous period, a comma is used instead of a
dash (1875, 1879); if the word from precedes the year or the
word inclusive follows it, the second year is not shortened and
the word to is used in lieu of the dash (from 1933 to 1936;
1935 to 1936, inclusive).
In dates, A.D. precedes the year (A.D. 937); B.C. follows the
year (254 B.C.).
d. Decimals: In text a cipher should be supplied before a
decimal point if there is no whole unit, and ciphers should be
omitted after a decimal point unless they indicate exact
measurement.
0.25 inch; 1.25 inches
silver 0.900 fine
specific gravity 0.9547
gauge height 10.0 feet
but .30 caliber (meaning 0.30 inch,
bore of small arms); 30 calibers (length)
e. Use spaces to separate groups of three digits in a decimal
fraction. (See rule 12.27.)
0.123 456 789; but 0.1234
f. Degrees, etc. (spaces omitted):
longitude 77 deg.04'06" E.
35 deg.30'; 35 deg.30' N.
a polariscopic test of 85 deg.
an angle of 57 deg.
strike N. 16 deg. E.
dip 47 deg. W. or 47 deg. N. 31 deg. W.
25.5' (preferred) also 25'.5
but
two degrees of justice; 12
degrees of freedom
32d degree Mason
150 million degrees Fahrenheit
30 Fahrenheit degrees
g. Game scores:
1 up (golf)
3 to 2 (baseball)
7 to 6 (football), etc.
2 all (tie)
h. Market quotations:
4\1/2\ percent bonds
Treasury bonds sell at 95
Metropolitan Railroad, 109
Dow Jones average of 10500.76
gold is 109
wheat at 2.30
sugar, .03; not 0.03
i. Mathematical expressions:
multiplied by 3
divided by 6
a factor of 2
square root of 4
[[Page 184]]
j. Measurements:
7 meters
about 10 yards
8 by 12 inches
8- by 12-inch page
2 feet by 1 foot 8 inches by
1 foot 3 inches
2 by 4 (lumber) (not 2 x 4 or 2 x 4)
1\1/2\ miles
6 acres
9 bushels
1 gallon
3 ems
20/20 (vision)
30/30 (rifle)
12-gauge shotgun
2,500 horsepower
15 cubic yards
6-pounder
80 foot-pounds
10s (for yarns and threads)
f/2.5 (lens aperture)
but
tenpenny nail
fourfold
three-ply
five votes
six bales
two dozen
one gross
zero miles
seven-story building
k. Money:
$3.65; $0.75; 75 cents; 0.5 cent
$3 (not $3.00) per 200 pounds
75 cents apiece
Rs32,25,644 (Indian rupees)
2.5 francs or fr2.5
65 yen
P265
but
two pennies
three quarters
one half
six bits, etc.
l. Percentage:
12 percent; 25.5 percent; 0.5 percent (or one-half of 1
percent)
thirty-four one hundredths of 1 percent
3.65 bonds; 3.65s; 5-20 bonds; 5-20s; 4\1/2\s; 3s
50-50 (colloquial expression)
5 percentage points
a 1,100-percent increase, or an 1100-percent increase
m. Proportion:
1 to 4
1-3-5
1:62,500
n. Time (see also Clock time):
6 hours 8 minutes 20 seconds
10 years 3 months 29 days
7 minutes
8 days
4 weeks
1 month
3 fiscal years; third fiscal year
1 calendar year
millennium
but
four centuries
three decades
three quarters (9 months)
statistics of any one year
in a year or two
four afternoons
one-half hour
the eleventh hour
o. Unit modifiers:
5-day week
8-year-old wine
8-hour day
10-foot pole
\1/2\-inch pipe
5-foot-wide entrance
10-million-peso loan
a 5-percent increase
20th-century progress
but
two-story house
five-member board
$20 million airfield
p. Vitamins:
B12, B, A1, etc.
[[Page 185]]
Ordinal numbers
12.10. Except as indicated in rules 12.11 and 12.19, and also
for day preceding month, figures are used in text and footnotes
to text for serial ordinal numbers beginning with 10th. In
tables, leaderwork, footnotes to tables and leaderwork, and in
sidenotes, figures are used at all times. Military units are
expressed in figures at all times when not the beginning of a
sentence, except Corps. (For ordinals in addresses, see rule
12.13.)
29th of May, but May 29
First Congress; 102d Congress
ninth century; 20th century
Second Congressional District;
20th Congressional District
seventh region; 17th region
eighth parallel; 38th parallel
fifth ward; 12th ward
ninth birthday; 66th birthday
first grade; 11th grade
1st Army
1st Cavalry Division
323d Fighter Wing
12th Regiment
9th Naval District
7th Fleet
7th Air Force
7th Task Force
but
XII Corps (Army usage)
Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
Seventeenth Decennial Census
(title)
12.11. When ordinals appear in juxtaposition and one of them
is 10th or more, figures are used for such ordinal numbers.
This legislation was passed in the 1st session of the
102d Congress.
He served in the 9th and 10th Congresses.
From the 1st to the 92d Congress.
He represented the 1st, 4th, and 13th wards.
We read the 8th and 12th chapters.
but The district comprised the first and second precincts.
He represented the first, third, and fourth regions.
The report was the sixth in a series of 14.
12.12. Ordinals and numerals appearing in a sentence are
treated according to the separate rules dealing with ordinals
and numerals standing alone or in a group. (See rules 12.4,
12.5, and 12.24.)
The fourth group contained three items.
The fourth group contained 12 items.
The 8th and 10th groups contained three and four items,
respectively.
The eighth and ninth groups contained 9 and 12 items,
respectively.
12.13. Beginning with 10th, figures are used in text matter
for numbered streets, avenues, etc. However, figures are used
at all times and street, avenue, etc. are abbreviated in
sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and footnotes to tables and
leaderwork.
First Street NW.; also in parentheses: (Fifth Street)
(13th Street); 810 West 12th Street; North First
Street; 1021 121st Street; 2031 18th Street North; 711
Fifth Avenue; 518 10th Avenue; 51-35 61st Avenue
Punctuation
12.14. The comma is used in a number containing four or more
digits, except in serial numbers, common and decimal fractions,
astronomical and military time, and kilocycles and meters of
not more than four figures pertaining to radio.
[[Page 186]]
Chemical formulas
12.15. In chemical formulas full-sized figures are used
before the symbol or group of symbols to which they relate, and
inferior figures are used after the symbol.
6PbS(Ag,Cu)2S2As2S3
O4
NUMBERS SPELLED OUT
12.16. Spell out numerals at the beginning of a sentence or
head. Rephrase a sentence or head to avoid beginning with
figures. (See rule 12.25 for related numbers.)
Five years ago * * *; not 5 years ago * * *
Five hundred and fifty men hired * * *; not 550 men hired
* * *
``Five-Year Plan Announced''; not ``5-Year Plan
Announced'' (head)
The year 1965 seems far off * * *; not 1965 seems far off
* * *
Workers numbering 207,843 * * *; not 207,843 Workers * *
*
Benefits of $69,603,566 * * *; not $69,603,566 worth of
benefits * * *
1958 report change to the 1958 report
$3,000 budgeted change to the sum of $3,000 budgeted
4 million jobless change to jobless number 4 million
12.17. In testimony, hearings, transcripts, and question and
answer matter, figures are used immediately following Q. and A.
or name of interrogator or witness for years (e.g., 1999), sums
of money, decimals, street numbers, and for numerical
expressions beginning with 101.
Mr. Birch, Junior. 1977 was a good year.
Mr. Bell. $1 per share was the return. Two dollars in
1956 was the
alltime high. Nineteen hundred and seventy-eight may be
another
story.
Colonel Davis. 92 cents.
Mr. Smith. 12.8 people.
Mr. Jones. 1240 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC
20004.
Mr. Smith. Ninety-eight persons.
Q. 101 years? But Q. One hundred years?
A. 200 years.
Mr. Smith. Ten-year average would be how much?
12.18. A spelled-out number should not be repeated in
figures, except in legal documents. In such instances use these
forms:
five (5) dollars, not five dollars (5)
ten dollars ($10), not ten ($10) dollars
12.19. Numbers appearing as part of proper names, used in a
hypothetical or inexact sense, or mentioned in connection with
serious and dignified subjects such as Executive orders, legal
proclamations, and in formal writing are spelled out.
Three Rivers, PA, Fifteenmile Creek, etc.
the Thirteen Original States
in the year nineteen hundred and eighty-four
the One Hundred and Sixth Congress
millions for defense but not one cent for tribute
[[Page 187]]
threescore years and ten
Ten Commandments
Air Force One (Presidential plane)
back to square one
behind the eight ball
our policy since day one
12.20. If spelled out, numbers larger than 1,000 should be
set in the following form:
two thousand and twenty
one thousand eight hundred and fifty
one hundred and fifty-two thousand three hundred and five
eighteen hundred and fifty (serial number)
12.21. Numbers of less than 100 preceding a compound modifier
containing a figure are spelled out.
two \3/4\-inch boards
twelve 6-inch guns
two 5-percent discounts
but
120 8-inch boards
three four-room houses
12.22. Indefinite expressions are spelled out.
the seventies; the early seventies;
but the early 1870s or 1970s
in his eighties, not his '80's nor 80's
between two and three hundred horses (better between 200 and 300
horses)
twelvefold; thirteenfold; fortyfold; hundredfold; twentyfold to
thirtyfold
midthirties (age, years, money)
a thousand and one reasons
but
1 to 3 million
mid-1971; mid-1970s
40-odd people; nine-odd people
40-plus people
100-odd people
3\1/2\-fold; 250-fold; 2.5-fold; 41-fold
Words such as nearly, about, around, approximately, etc., do
not reflect indefinite expressions.
The bass weighed about 6 pounds.
She was nearly 8 years old.
12.23. Except as indicated in rules 12.5 and 12.9, a number
less than 10 is spelled out within a sentence.
six horses
five wells
eight times as large
but
3\1/2\ cans
2\1/2\ times or 2.5 times
12.24. For typographic appearance and easy grasp of large
numbers beginning with million, the word million or billion is
used.
The following are guides to treatment of figures as submitted
in copy. If copy reads--
$12,000,000, change to $12 million
2,750,000,000 dollars, change to $2,750 million
2.7 million dollars, change to $2.7 million
2\3/8\ million dollars, change to $2\3/8\ million
two and one-half million dollars, change to $2\1/2\
million
a hundred cows, change to 100 cows
a thousand dollars, change to $1,000
a million and a half, change to 1\1/2\ million
two thousand million dollars, change to $2,000 million
less than a million dollars, change to less than $1
million
but $2,700,000, do not convert to $2.7 million
also $10 to $20 million; 10 or 20 million; between 10 and 20
million
4 millions of assets
amounting to 4 millions
[[Page 188]]
$1,270,000
$1,270,200,000
$2\3/4\ billion; $2.75 billion; $2,750 million
$500,000 to $1 million
300,000; not 300 thousand
$\1/2\ billion to $1\1/4\ billion (note full figure with
second fraction); $1\1/4\ to $1\1/2\ billion
three-quarters of a billion dollars
5 or 10 billion dollars' worth
12.25. Related numbers appearing at the beginning of a
sentence, separated by no more than three words, are treated
alike.
Fifty or sixty more miles away is snowclad Mount Everest.
Sixty and, quite often, seventy listeners responded.
but Fifty or, in some instances, almost 60 applications were
filed.
Fractions
12.26. Mixed fractions are always expressed in figures.
Fractions standing alone, however, or if followed by of a or of
an, are generally spelled out. (See also rule 12.28.)
three-fourths of an inch; not \3/4\ inch nor \3/4\ of an inch
one-half inch
one-half of a farm; not \1/2\ of a farm
one-fourth inch
seven-tenths of 1 percent
three-quarters of an inch
half an inch
a quarter of an inch
one-tenth portion
one-hundredth
two one-hundredths
one-thousandth
five one-thousandths
thirty-five one-thousandths
but
\1/2\ to 1\3/4\ pages
\1/2\-inch pipe
\1/2\-inch-diameter pipe
3\1/2\ cans
2\1/2\ times
12.27. Fractions (\1/4\, \1/2\, \3/4\, \3/8\, \5/8\, \7/8\,
\1/2954\) or full-sized figures with the shilling mark (1/4, 1/
2954) may be used only when either is specifically requested. A
comma should not be used in any part of a built-up fraction of
four or more digits or in decimals. (See rule 12.9e.)
12.28. Fractions are used in a unit modifier.
\1/2\-inch pipe; not one-half-inch pipe \1/4\-mile
run \7/8\-point rise
[[Page 189]]
Roman numerals
12.29. A repeated letter repeats its value; a letter placed
after one of greater value adds to it; a letter placed before
one of greater value subtracts from it; a dashline over a
letter denotes multiplied by 1,000.
NUMERALS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I................................. 1 XXIX................ 29 LXXV................ 75 DC.................. 600
II................................ 2 XXX................. 30 LXXIX............... 79 DCC................. 700
III............................... 3 XXXV................ 35 LXXX................ 80 DCCC................ 800
IV................................ 4 XXXIX............... 39 LXXXV............... 85 CM.................. 900
V................................. 5 XL.................. 40 LXXXIX.............. 89 M................... 1,000
VI................................ 6 XLV................. 45 XC.................. 90 MD.................. 1,500
VII............................... 7 XLIX................ 49 XCV................. 95 MM.................. 2,000
VIII.............................. 8 L................... 50 IC.................. 99 MMM................. 3,000
IX................................ 9 LV.................. 55 C................... 100 MMMM or MV.......... 4,000
X................................. 10 LIX................. 59 CL.................. 150 V................... 5,000
XV................................ 15 LX.................. 60 CC.................. 200 M................... 1,000,000
XIX............................... 19 LXV................. 65 CCC................. 300
XX................................ 20 LXIX................ 69 CD.................. 400
XXV............................... 25 LXX................. 70 D................... 500
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DATES
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MDC............................. 1600 MCMXX.............. 1920 MCMLXX............ 1970
MDCC............................ 1700 MCMXXX............. 1930 MCMLXXX........... 1980
MDCCC........................... 1800 MCMXL.............. 1940 MCMXC............. 1990
MCM or MDCCCC................... 1900 MCML............... 1950 MM................ 2000
MCMX............................ 1910 MCMLX.............. 1960 MMX............... 2010
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 190]]
NOTES
[[Page 191]]
13. TABULAR WORK
(See also ``Abbreviations and Letter Symbols''; and ``Leaderwork'')
13.1. The object of a table is to present in a concise and
orderly manner information that cannot be presented as clearly
in any other way.
13.2. Tabular material should be kept as simple as possible,
so that the meaning of the data can be easily grasped by the
user.
13.3. Tables shall be set without down (vertical) rules when
there is at least an em space between columns, except where:
(1) In the judgment of the Government Printing Office down
rules are required for clarity; or (2) the agency has indicated
on the copy they are to be used. The mere presence of down
rules in copy or enclosed sample is not considered a request
that down rules be used. The publication dictates the type size
used in setting tables. Tabular work in the Congressional
Record is set 6 on 7. The balance of congressional tabular work
sets 7 on 8.
Abbreviations
13.4. To avoid burdening tabular text, commonly known
abbreviations are used in tables. Metric and unit-of-
measurement abbreviations are used with figures.
13.5. The names of months (except May, June, and July) when
followed by the day are abbreviated.
13.6. The words street, avenue, place, road, square,
boulevard, terrace, drive, court, and building, following name
or number, are abbreviated. For numbered streets, avenues,
etc., figures are used.
13.7. Abbreviate the words United States if preceding the
word Government, the name of any Government organization, or as
an adjective generally.
13.8. Use the abbreviations RR. and Ry. following a name, and
SS, MS, etc., preceding a name.
13.9. Use lat. and long. with figures.
13.10. Abbreviate, when followed by figures, the various
parts of publications, as article, part, section, etc.
13.11. Use, generally, such abbreviations and contractions as
98th Cong., 1st sess., H. Res. 5, H.J. Res. 21, S. Doc. 62, S.
Rept. 410, Rev. Stat., etc.
[[Page 192]]
13.12. In columns containing names of persons, copy is
followed as to abbreviations of given names.
13.13. Periods are not used after abbreviations followed by
leaders.
Bearoff (normally an en space)
13.14. An en space is used for all bearoffs.
13.15. In a crowded table, when down rules are necessary, the
bearoff may be reduced in figure columns.
13.16. Fractions are set flush right to the bearoff of the
allotted column width, and not aligned.
13.17. Mathematical signs, parentheses, fractions, and
brackets are set with a normal bearoff.
Boxheads
13.18. Periods are omitted after all boxheads, but a dash is
used after any boxhead which reads into the matter following.
13.19. Boxheads run crosswise.
13.20. Boxheads are set solid, even in leaded tables.
13.21. Boxheads are centered horizontally and vertically.
Down-Rule Style (See Rule 13.3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Employed boys and girls whose work records were obtained
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Time of year at beginning work [depth of this box does not
------------------------- influence the depth of box on left]
Sex and age ------------------------------------------------------------
June to August September to May
Number Distribution -------------------------------------------------- Not
(percent) Distribution Distribution reported
Number (percent) Number (percent)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boys (12 to 14)................................................... 3,869 45.5 1,415 9.6 2,405 15.8 49
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No-Down-Rule Style (Preferred)
Table 9.--Mine production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in 1953
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gold Silver
Class of material Short (fine (fine Copper Lead Zinc
tons ounces) ounces) (pounds) (pounds) (pounds)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
............................................ Concentrate shipped to smelters and recoverable metals
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Copper........................................ 220,346 763 70,357 14,242,346 9,950 6,260
Lead.......................................... 3,931 392 48,326 72,500 5,044,750 290,980
Zinc.......................................... 25,159 269 41,078 263,400 581,590 26,441,270
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Total:
1953................................ 249,436 1,424 159,756 14,578,246 5,636,290 26,738,510
1952................................ 367,430 1,789 432,122 10,622,155 13,544,875 11,923,060
-----------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 193]]
Crude material shipped to smelters
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Dry gold, dry gold-silver ore................. 134 52 2,839 2,200 .......... ..........
Copper:
Crude ore................................. 107,270 844 39,861 2,442,882 124,100 2,200
Slag...................................... 421 10 165 285,421 .......... ..........
Lead.......................................... 528 12 1,693 5,950 110,870 300
Mill cleanings (lead-zinc).................... 31 ........ 254 1,450 8,100 4,300
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Total:
1953................................ 125,749 919 45,444 30,375,754 249,710 6,890
1952................................ 166,184 1,042 47,176 41,601,845 497,125 26,940
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.22. In referring to quantity of things, the word Number in
boxheads is spelled if possible.
13.23. Column numbers or letters in parentheses may be set
under boxheads, and are separated by a quadline below the
deepest head. (If alignment of parentheses is required within
the table, use brackets in boxhead.) These column references
align across the table. Units of quantity are set in
parentheses within boxheads.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Disaster loans, Bureau of Public
Commodity etc. (payments Roads: Highway
Credit Special Value of to assist Civil Aeronautics construction
States Corporation, school commodities States in Administration--Federal -----------------------
value of milk distributed furnishing hay airport program--
commodities program\1\ within in regular grants Regular Emergency
donated States droughtstricken grants\2\ grants\3\
areas)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama........................................ $4,730,154 $1,520,362 $7,970,875 ............... $79,284 $1,176,401 $247,515
Alaska......................................... 393,484 269,274 591,487 ............... 297,266 12,366,106 472,749
Arizona........................................ 4,545,983 823,136 6,512,639 ............... 127,749 9,317,853 ..........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.24. Leaders may be supplied in a column consisting
entirely of symbols or years or dates or any combination of
these.
Centerheads, flush entries, and subentries
13.25. Heads follow the style of the tables as to the use of
figures and abbreviations.
13.26. Punctuation is omitted after centerheads. Flush
entries and subentries over subordinate items are followed by a
colon (single subentry to run in, preserving the colon), but a
dash is used instead of a colon when the entry reads into the
matter below.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Miscellaneous: Powerplant equipment $245,040.37
Roads, railroads, and bridges 275,900.34
-----------------
Total 520,940.71
=================
[[Page 194]]
transmission plant
Structures and improvements 26,253.53
Station equipment 966,164.41
-----------------
Total 992,417.94
=================
general plant
General plant:
Norris 753,248.97
Other 15,335.81
-----------------
Total 768,584.78
=================
Grand total 2,281,943.43
------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.27. In reading columns if the centerhead clears the
reading matter below by at least an em the space is omitted; if
it clears by less than an em, a space is used. If an overrun,
rule, etc., in another column, or in the same column, creates a
blank space above the head, the extra space is not added.
13.28. Units of quantity and years used as heads in reading
and figure columns are set in italic with space above and no
space below.
No-Down-Rule Style (Preferred). The rules are used here to aid
readability.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1941
Oct. 1.......................... 35.6 15 Jan. 16............ 45.2 15 May 8.............. 46.5 15
Oct. 31......................... 45.0 15 Feb. 4............. 50.2 15 May 22............. 45.1 18
Nov. 14......................... 40.9 18 Feb. 17............ 43.4 15 June 9............. 47.1 14
Dec. 24......................... 41.7 15 Mar. 4............. 45.6 15 June 24............ 48.2 16
Mar. 19............ 42.7 15 July 9............. 46.6 17
1942 Apr. 2............. 40.9 15 July 24............ 45.9 16
Jan. 3.......................... 43.9 15 Apr. 28............ 47.7 13 Aug. 6............. 46.5 16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Down-Rule Style (See Rule 13.3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1941
Oct. 1............................ 35.6 15 Jan. 16.............. 45.2 15 May 8................ 46.5 15
Oct. 31........................... 45.0 15 Feb. 4............... 50.2 15 May 22............... 45.1 18
Nov. 14........................... 40.9 18 Feb. 17.............. 43.4 15 June 9............... 47.1 14
Dec. 24........................... 41.7 15 Mar. 4............... 45.6 15 June 24.............. 48.2 19
Mar. 19.............. 42.7 15 July 9............... 46.6 17
1942 Apr. 2............... 40.9 15 July 24.............. 45.9 16
Jan. 3............................ 43.9 15 Apr. 28.............. 47.7 13 Aug. 6............... 46.5 16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ciphers
13.29. Where the first number in a column or under a cross
rule is wholly a decimal, a cipher is added at the left of its
decimal point. A cipher used alone in a money or other decimal
column is placed in the unit row and is not followed by a
period. In mixed units the cipher repeats before decimals
unless the group totals.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
January............................ +26.4 0 0 0 0 0 \1\+$0.7 27.1+ +40.4
February........................... +66.7 0 0 0 0 0 -.9 65.8+ +98.1
March.............................. +143.1 +2.6 -7.5 0 0 0 +12.4 150.6 +224.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 195]]
13.30. In columns containing both dollars and cents, ciphers
will be supplied on right of decimal point in the absence of
figures.
13.31. Where column consists of single decimal, supply a
cipher on the right, unless the decimal is a cipher.
0.6
0
3.0
4.2
5.0
13.32. Where column has mixed decimals of two or more places,
do not supply ciphers but follow copy.
0.22453
1.263
4
2.60
3.4567
78
12.6
----------
102.14423
13.33. Copy is followed in the use of the word None or a
cipher to indicate None in figure columns. If neither one
appears in the copy, leaders are inserted, unless a clear is
specifically requested.
13.34. In columns of figures under the heading s
d, if a whole number of pounds is given, one cipher is supplied
under s and one under d; if only shillings are given, one
cipher is supplied under d.
13.35. In columns of figures under Ft In, if only feet are
given, supply cipher under In; if only inches are given, clear
under Ft; if ciphers are used for None, place one cipher under
both Ft and In.
13.36. In any column containing sums of money, the period and
ciphers are omitted if the column consists entirely of whole
dollars.
Continued heads
13.37. In continued lines an em dash is used between the head
and the word Continued. No period is carried after a continued
line.
13.38. Continued heads over tables will be worded exactly
like the table heading. Notes above tables are repeated;
footnote references are repeated in boxheads and in continued
lines.
Dashes or rules
13.39. Rules are not carried in reading columns or columns
consisting of serial or tracing numbers, but are carried
through all figure columns.
13.40. Parallel rules are used to cut off figures from other
figures below that are added or subtracted; also, generally,
above a grand total.
[[Page 196]]
Ditto (do.)
13.41. The abbreviation do. is used to indicate that the
previous line is being repeated instead of repeating the line,
verbatim, over and over. It is used in reading columns only,
lowercased and preceded by leaders (6 periods) when there is
matter in preceding column. If ditto marks are requested,
closing quotes will be used.
13.42. Capitalize Do. in the first and last columns. These
are indented 1 or 2 ems, depending on the length of the word
being repeated, or the width of the column; the situation will
determine as it is encountered.
13.43. In mixed columns made up of figure and reading-matter
items, do. is used only under the latter items.
13.44. Do. is not used--
(1) In a figure or symbol column (tracing columns are
figure columns);
(2) In the first line under a centerhead in the column in
which the centerhead occurs;
(3) Under a line of leaders or a rule;
(4) Under an item italicized or set in boldface type for
a specific reason (italic or boldface do. is never used;
item is repeated);
(5) Under an abbreviated unit of quantity or other
abbreviations; or
(6) Under words of three letters or less.
13.45. Do. is used, however, under a clear space and under
the word None in a reading column.
13.46. Do. does not apply to a reference mark on the
preceding item. The reference mark, if needed, is added to do.
13.47. Leaders are not used before Do. in the first column or
before or after Do. in the last column.
13.48. In a first and/or last column 6 ems or less in width,
a 1-em space is used before Do. In all other columns 6 ems or
less in width, six periods are used. Bearoff is not included.
13.49. In a first and/or last column more that 6 ems in
width, 2 ems of space are used before Do. In all other columns
more than 6 ems in width, six periods are used. Bearoff space
is not included. If the preceding line is indented, the
indention of Do. is increased accordingly.
13.50. Do. under an indented item in an inside reading
column, with or without matter in preceding column, is preceded
by six periods which are indented to align with item above.
[[Page 197]]
Dollar mark
13.51. The dollar mark or any other money symbol is placed
close to the figure; it is used only at the head of the table
and under cross rules when the same unit of value applies to
the entire
column.
13.52. In columns containing mixed amounts (as money, tons,
gallons, etc.), the dollar mark, pound mark, peso mark, or
other symbol, as required, is repeated before each sum of
money.
13.53. If several sums of money are grouped together, they
are separated from the nonmoney group by a parallel rule, and
the symbol is placed on the first figure of the separated group
only.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1958 1967
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Water supply available (gallons)................ 4,000,000 3,000,000
Wheat production (bushels)...................... 9,000,000 8,000,000
=======================
Operations:
Water-dispatching operations................ $442,496 $396,800
Malaria control............................. 571,040 426,600
Plant protection............................ 134,971 58,320
-----------------------
Total..................................... 1,148,507 881,720
=======================
Number of plants................................ 642 525
Percent of budget............................... 96.8 78.8
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note.--Preliminary figures.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
13.54. In a double money column, dollar marks are used in the
first group of figures only; en dashes are aligned.
$7-$9
10-12
314-316
1,014-1,016
13.55. The dollar mark is omitted from a first item
consisting of a cipher.
0 but $0.12
$300 13.43
500 15.07
700 23.18
13.56. The dollar mark should be repeated in stub or reading
columns.
0 to $0.99........................
$1 to $24.........................
$25 to $49........................
$50 to $74........................
Figure columns
13.57. Figures align on the right, with an en space bearoff.
There is no bearoff on leaders.
13.58. In a crowded table the bearoff may be reduced in
figure columns only. It is preferable to retain the bearoff.
[[Page 198]]
13.59. Figures in parentheses align if so required.
13.60. In double rows of figures in a single column,
connected by a dash, a plus, or minus sign, and in dates
appearing in the form 2-12-43, the dashes or signs can be
aligned.
13.61. Plus or minus signs at the left of figures are placed
against the figures regardless of alignment; plus and minus
signs at the right of figures are cleared.
13.62. Words and Roman numerals in figure columns are aligned
on the right with the figures, without periods.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Median value of livestock........ $224 $62 ...........
Median value of machinery........ $54 Small ...........
Median value of furniture........ $211 $100 ...........
Possessing automobiles (percent). 25 17 ...........
Median age (years)........... ........... ........... 5.5
Median value................. ........... ........... $144
Fraternal membership:
Men.......................... ........... IV 486
Women........................ ........... ........... None
------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.63. Figures (including decimal and common fractions)
expressing mixed units of quantity (feet, dollars, etc.) and
figures in parentheses are aligned on the right.
13.64. Decimal points are aligned except in columns
containing numbers that refer to mixed units (such as pounds,
dollars, and percentage) and have irregular decimals.
13.65. It is preferred that all columns in a table consisting
entirely of figure columns be centered.
Footnotes and references
13.66. Footnotes to tables are numbered independently from
footnotes to text unless requested by committee or department.
13.67. Superior figures are used for footnote references,
beginning with 1 in each table.
13.68. If figures might lead to ambiguity (for example, in
connection with a chemical formula), asterisks, daggers, or
italic superior letters, etc., may be used.
13.69. When items carry several reference marks, the
superior-figure reference precedes an asterisk, dagger, or
similar character used for reference. These, in the same
sequence, precede mathematical signs. A thin space is used to
bear off an asterisk, dagger, or similar character.
13.70. Footnote references are repeated in boxheads or in
continued lines over tables.
13.71. References to footnotes are numbered consecutively
across the page from left to right.
[[Page 199]]
13.72. Footnote references are placed at the right in reading
columns and symbol columns, and at the left in figure columns
(also at the left of such words as None in figure columns), and
are separated by a thin space.
13.73. Two or more footnote references occurring together are
separated by spaces, not commas.
13.74. In a figure column, a footnote reference standing
alone is set in parentheses and flushed right. In a reading
column, it is set at the left in parentheses and is followed by
leaders, but in the last column it is followed by a period, as
if it were a word. In a symbol column it is set at the left and
cleared.
13.75. Numbered footnotes are placed immediately beneath the
table. If a sign or letter reference in the heading of a table
is to be followed, it is not changed to become the first
numbered reference mark. The footnote to it precedes all other
footnotes.
13.76. For better makeup or appearance, footnotes may be
placed at the end of a lengthy table. A line reading
``Footnotes at end of table.'' is supplied.
13.77. If the footnotes to both table and text fall together
at the bottom of a page, the footnotes to the table are placed
above the footnotes to the text, and the two groups are
separated by a 50-point rule flush left; but if there are
footnotes to the text and none to the table, the 50-point rule
is retained.
13.78. Footnotes to cut-in and indented tables and tables in
rules are set full measure, except when footnotes are short,
they can be set in 1 em under indented table.
13.79. Footnotes are set as paragraphs, but two or more short
footnotes should be combined into one line, separated by not
less than 2 ems.
13.80. The footnotes and notes to tables are set solid.
13.81. Footnotes and notes to tables and boxheads are set the
same size, but not smaller than 6 point, unless specified
otherwise.
13.82. Footnotes to tables follow tabular style in the use of
abbreviations, figures, etc.
13.83. In footnotes, numbers are expressed in figures, even
at the beginning of a note or sentence.
13.84. If a footnote consists entirely or partly of a table
or leaderwork, it should always be preceded by introductory
matter carrying the reference number; if necessary, the copy
preparer should add an introductory line, such as ``\1\See the
following table:''.
13.85. An explanatory paragraph without specific reference
but belonging to the table rather than to the text follows the
footnotes, if any, and is separated from them or from the table
by space.
[[Page 200]]
Fractions
13.86. All fractions are set flush right to the bearoff.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total length................................. 40\3/4\ 41 0.42 43 44 0.455 46 47 48 \1/2\ in.
Sleeve length................................ 10\5/8\ 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 1 in.
Armhole length............................... 8\5/8\ 8\1/2\ 9 9\1/2\ 9\1/2\ 10 10\1/2\ 10\1/2\ 11 1 in.
Sleeve cuff length (if cuff is used)......... 5\1/2\ 5\1/2\ 5\1/2\ 5\7/12\ 5\1/2\ 5\7/12\ 5\1/2\ 5\1/2\ 5\1/2\ Maximum.
Neck opening................................. 26\1/2\ 26 27\17/32\ 28\15/32\ 28 29\17/32\ 30 30 31 2 in.
Waist:
7, 8, 9, 10 cut.......................... 23\1/2\ 24 25\1/2\ 27\15/32\ 28 29\1/2\ 31 32 33\1/2\ 6 pct.
11, 12, 14 cut........................... 22\1/2\ 23\1/2\ 25 26\1/2\ 27\1/2\ 29 30\1/2\ 31\1/2\ 33 6 pct.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.87. Fractions standing alone are expressed in figures,
even at the beginning of a line, but not at the beginning of a
footnote.
Headnotes
13.88. Headnotes should be set lowercase, but not smaller
than 6 point, bracketed, and period omitted at end, even if the
statement is a complete sentence; but periods should not be
omitted internally if required by sentence structure.
13.89. Headnotes are repeated under continued heads but the
word Continued is not added to the headnote.
Indentions and overruns
Subentries
13.90. The indention of subentries is determined by the width
of the stub or reading column. Subentries in columns more than
15 ems wide are indented in 2-em units; in columns 15 ems or
less, with short entry lines and few overruns, 2-em indentions
are also used. All overruns are indented 1 em more.
13.91. Subentries in columns of 15 ems or less are indented
in 1-em units. Overruns are indented 1 em more.
Total, mean, and average lines
13.92. All total (also mean and average) lines are indented 3
ems. In very narrow stub columns, total lines may be reduced to
1- or 2-em indentions, depending on length of line.
13.93. Where overrun of item above conflicts, the total line
is indented 1 em more. Runovers of total lines are also
indented 1 em more.
13.94. It is not necessary to maintain uniform indention of
the word Total throughout the same table. The word Total is
supplied when not in copy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-
Wide stub column--subentries 2 ems Total, all National national Building
banks banks banks associations
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
assets
Loans and discounts:
Loans to banks............................................ $74,518 $1,267,493 $947,289 $135,619
[[Page 201]]
Commercial and industrial loans........................... 2,753,456 450,916 211,597 18,949
-------------------------------------------------
Total (total lines generally indent 3 ems).............. 2,827,974 718,409 1,158,886 154,568
=================================================
Real estate loans:
Secured by farmland....................................... 12,532 29,854 186,228 19,044
Secured by residential property other than rural and farm. 1,011,856 167,765 1,554,084 3,172,837
-------------------------------------------------
Total (indent 1 em more to avoid conflict with line 1,024,388 194,619 1,740,312 3,191,881
above)...............................................
=================================================
Securities:
U.S. Government obligations:
Direct obligations:
U.S. savings bonds................................ 1,149,764 3,285,721 2,361,796 23,506
Nonmarketable bonds (including investment series A- 242,500 490,677 732,689 167,735
1965)............................................
-------------------------------------------------
Total (indent 1 em more than runover above)... 1,392,264 3,776,398 3,094,485 191,241
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Italic
13.95. Names of vessels and aircraft (except in columns
consisting entirely of such names), titles of legal cases
(except v. for versus), and certain scientific terms are set in
italic. The word ``Total'' and headings in the column do not
affect the application of this rule. In gothic typefaces
without italic, quotes are allowed.
13.96. Set ``See'' and ``See also'' in roman.
Leaders
13.97. Leaders run across the entire table except that they
are omitted from a last reading column.
13.98. The style of leadering is guided by two rules: (1)
Tables with a single reading column leader from the bottom
line, and (2) tables with any combination of more than one
reading or symbol column leader from the top line.
13.99. If leadering from the top line, overruns end with a
period.
13.100. A column of dates is regarded as a reading column
only if leaders are added; in all other cases it is treated as
a figure
column.
13.101. In tables with tracing figures on left and right of
page, leader from top line.
Numerals in tables
13.102. Figures, ordinals, and fractions are used in all
parts of a table, except fractions which will be spelled out at
the beginning of a footnote.
[[Page 202]]
Parallel and divide tables are discouraged
13.103. Parallel tables are set in pairs of pages, beginning
on a left-hand page and running across to facing right-hand
page; leader from the top line.
13.104. Heads and headnotes center across the pair of pages,
with 2-em hanging indention for three or more lines when
combined measure exceeds 30 picas in width. Two-line heads are
set across the pair of pages. A single-line head or headnote is
divided evenly, each part set flush right and left,
respectively. Words are not divided between pages.
13.105. Boxheads and horizontal rules align across both
pages.
13.106. Boxheads are not divided but are repeated, with
Continued added.
13.107. Tracing figures are carried through from the outside
columns of both pages and are set to ``leader from the top
line.''
13.108. In divide tables that are made up parallel, with stub
column repeated, the head and headnote repeat on each
succeeding page, with Continued added to the head only.
13.109. Tables with tracing figures or stub, or both,
repeating on the left of odd pages, are divide tables and not
parallel tables. Over such tables the heads are repeated, with
Continued added.
Reading columns
13.110. Figures or combinations of figures and letters used
to form a reading column align on left and are followed by
leaders. Do. is not used under such items.
13.111. The en dash is not to be used for to in a reading
column; if both occur, change to to throughout.
13.112. Cut-in items following a colon are indented 2 ems.
13.113. Run in single entry under colon line; retain the
colon.
13.114. Numerical terms, including numbered streets, avenues,
etc., are expressed in figures, even at the beginning of an
item.
Symbol columns
13.115. A column consisting entirely of letters, letters and
figures, symbols, or signs, or any combination of these, is
called a symbol column. It should be set flush left and
cleared, except when it takes the place of the stub, it should
then be leadered. No closing period is used when such column is
the last column. Blank lines in a last column are cleared. Do.
is not used in a symbol column.
[[Page 203]]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Typical commercial Army product Filing order Specification
Symbol designation symbol symbol General description symbol
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GM(2)............ Gasoline and diesel OR10 A Fuel, grease, G.&D.
engine oil, SAE10 chassis, or soap
and SAE10W grades. base.
CG............... Ball and roller 4l-X-59 N Extreme pressure.... BR
bearing grease.
CW\1\............ Wheel-bearing grease OE20\2\ X ......do............ WBG\3\
Grease not typified. .............. ............. Further tests being
conducted.
G090............. Universal gear S.&T. B Water-pump grease... 80D
lubricant.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.116. Columns composed of both symbols and figures are
treated as figure columns and are set flush right. In case of
blank lines in a last column, leaders will be used as in figure
columns.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symbol
Symbol Symbol or Symbol or
or Typical commercial designation or filing General description specification
catalog product order number
number number symbol
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WBD Chassis grease, cup grease, under 961 A Especially adapted to very cold 1359
pressure. climates.
14L88 Water-pump bearing grease......... SWA 352 Under moderate pressure........... .............
5190 Exposed gear chain lubricant...... 12L N High-speed use.................... AE10
E.P. hypoid lubricant............. 863 X For experimental use only......... NXL
376 Special grade for marine use...... ....... 468 Free flowing in any weather....... 749
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tables without rules
13.117. It is preferable to set all tables alike; that is,
without either down rules or cross rules and with roman
boxheads. When so indicated on copy, by ordering agency,
tabular matter may be set without rules, with italic boxheads.
13.118. Column heads over figure columns in 6- or 8-point
leaderwork are set in 6-point italic.
13.119. Horizontal rules (spanner) used between a spread or
upper level column heading carried over two or more lower level
column headings are set continuous and without break, from left
to right, between the two levels of such headings.
Table 9.--Changes in fixed assets and related allowances
Fixed assets
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Investment Operations
Balance ------------------------------------------------------------
June 30, Balance
1966 (table Current Adjustments Transfers Retirements June 30,
9-a) additions 1966
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Supporting and general facilities:
Transportation and utilities:
Panama Railroad............... $12,123,197 $306 ........... ($539) ($284,358) $11,838,606
Motor Transportation Division. 2,242,999 122,597 ........... 2,143 (147,561) 2,220,178
[[Page 204]]
Steamship line................ 13,653,989 10,247 ........... ......... ........... 13,664,236
Power system.................. 19,364,373 366,311 ........... (342) (290,174) 19,440,168
Communication system.......... 2,739,012 151,819 ($113,261) ......... (26,100) 2,751,470
Water system and hydroelectric 10,590,820 104,039 ........... 1,661 (48,920) 10,647,600
facilities...................
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, transportation and 60,714,390 755,319 (113,261) 2,923 (797,113) 60,562,258
utilities................
=========================================================================
Employee service and facilities:
Commissary Division........... 7,012,701 105,952 (130,891) 21,777 (36,418) 6,973,121
Service centers............... 3,684,670 29,086 ........... 530 (230,276) 3,484,010
Housing Division.............. 35,729,465 (10,336) ........... (485,548) (937,916) 34,295,665
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total employee service and 46,426,836 124,702 (130,891) (463,241) (1,204,610) 44,752,796
facilities.................
=========================================================================
Grand total................. 107,141,236 880,021 (244,152) (466,164) (2,001,723) 105,315,054
13.120. More than one figure column, also illustrating use of
dollar mark, rule, bearoff, etc.
For property purchased from--
Central Pipeline Distributing Co.:
Capital stock issued recorded amount.. $75,000
Undetermined consideration recorded... 341
Pan American Bonded Pipeline Co.: Recorded 3,476
money outlay.............................
M.J. Mitchell: Recorded money outlay...... 730
R. Lacy, Inc., and Lynch Refining Co.:
Recorded money outlay.... $157,000
Note issued.............. 100,000
--------------
Subtotal............... 257,000
Less value of oil in lines 26,555 230,445 $309,992
and salvaged construction
material....................
--------------
For construction, improvements, and replacements, recorded 522
money outlay..............................................
For construction work in progress, recorded money outlay... 933,605
--------------
Total................................................ 1,244,119
[[Page 205]]
Quantity
(million Value at
cubic point of
feet) consumption
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Use:
Residential.................................. 34,842 $21,218,778
Commercial................................... 14,404 5,257,468
Industrial:
Field (drilling, pumping, etc.).......... 144,052 10,419,000
All other industrial:
Fuel for petroleum refineries........ 96,702 ...........
Other, including electric utility 346,704 61,440,000
plants..............................
----------------------
Total.............................. 636,704 98,335,246
---------------------------------------------------------
Estimated
-----------------------------------
1953 1957 Change
------------------------------------------------------------------------
General account:
Receipts........................ $64,800 $69,800 +$5,000
Expenditures.................... (70,300) (67,100) (-3,200)
-----------------------------------
Net improvement, 1957 over 1953............................. 1,800
Deduct 1953 deficit......................................... 1,500
-------------
Net surplus, estimated for 1957....................... 300
---------------------------------------------------------
[In U.S.-dollar equivalent]
Balance with the Treasury Department July 1, 1954..... $165,367,704.85
Receipts:
Collections..................... $564,944,502.99
Return from agency accounts of 4,450,577.07
currencies advanced for
liquidation of obligations
incurred prior to July 1, 1953.
-------------------
Total receipts................................ 569,395,080.06
-------------------
Total available............................... 734,762,784.91
Units of quantity
13.121. Units of quantity in stub columns are set in
lowercase in plural form and placed in parentheses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coke (short tons)......................................... 4,468,437 \1\ 25,526,6 5,080,403 \2\ 29,519,8
46 71
Diatomite................................................. (\1\ \2\ \3 (\1\) (\1\) (\1\ \2\ \3\
\) )
Emery (pounds)............................................ 765 6,828 1,046 9,349
Feldspar (crude) (long tons).............................. (\1\) (\1\) (\1\) (\1\)
Ferroalloys (short tons).................................. 183,465 \2\ 18,388,7 259,303 \2\ 30,719,7
66 56
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.122. Units of quantity and other words as headings over
figure columns are used at the beginning of a table or at the
head of a continued page or continued column in a double-up
table.
13.123. Over figure columns, units of quantity and other
words used as headings, and the abbreviations a.m. and p.m., if
not included in the boxheads, are set in italic and are placed
immediately above the figures, without periods other than
abbreviating periods. In congressional work (gothic), or at any
time when italic is not available, these units should be placed
in the boxheads in parentheses. Any well-known abbreviation
will be used to save an over
[[Page 206]]
run, but if one unit of quantity is abbreviated, all in the
same table will be abbreviated. If units change in a column,
the new units are set in italic with space above and no space
below. The space is placed both above and below only when there
is no italic available.
Quoted tabular work
13.124. When a table is part of quoted matter, quotation
marks will open on each centerhead and each footnote paragraph,
and if table is end of quoted matter, quotation marks close at
end of footnotes. If there are no footnotes and the table is
the end of the quotation, quotation marks close at end of last
item.
[[Page 207]]
14. LEADERWORK
(See also ``Abbreviations and Letter Symbols'' and ``Tabular Work'')
14.1. Leaderwork is a simple form of tabular work without
boxheads or rules and is separated from text by 4 points of
space above and below in solid matter and 6 points of space in
leaded matter. It consists of a reading (stub) column and a
figure column, leadered from the bottom line. It may also
consist of two reading columns, aligning on the top line. In
general, leaderwork (except indexes and tables of contents,
which are set the same style as text) is governed by the same
rules of style as tabular work. Unless otherwise indicated,
leaderwork is set in 8 point. The period is omitted immediately
before leaders.
Bearoff
14.2. No bearoff is required at the right in a single reading
column.
Columns
14.3. A figure column is at least an en quad wider than the
largest group of figures, but not less than 3 ems in single
columns and 2 ems in double-up columns. Total rules are to be
the full width of all figure columns.
Pounds
Year: 1998.................................................... 655,939
Fiscal year:
1999...................................................... 368,233
2000...................................................... 100,000
--------------------------------------------------------------
____________________________________________________
Total................................................... 1,124,172
14.4. Where both columns are reading columns, they are
separated by an em space.
Particulars Artist
To the French Government:
The entire collection of Degas.
French paintings on loan,
with the exception of Mlle.
DuBourg (Mme. Fantin-Latour).
Avant la Course.............. Do.
To Col. Axel H. Oxholm,
Washington, DC:
Martha Washington, George Attributed to Jonathan E. Earl, Los
Washington, and Thomas Angeles, CA.
Jefferson.
Roses........................ Renoir.
Do....................... Forain.
Roses in a Chinese Vase and Vuillard.
Sculpture by Maillol.
Maternity.................... Gauguin.
[[Page 208]]
Continued heads
14.5. The use of continued heads in leaderwork is not
necessary.
Ditto (do.)
14.6. The abbreviation do. is indented and capitalized in the
stub. It is capitalized and cleared in last reading column.
Dollar mark and ciphers
14.7. In a column containing mixed amounts (as money, tons,
gallons, etc.) the figures are aligned on the right, and the
dollar mark or other symbol is repeated before each sum of
money. If several sums of money are grouped and added or
subtracted to make a total, they are separated from the
nonmoney group by a parallel rule, and the symbol is placed on
the first figure of the separated group only.
14.8. If two columns of sums of money add or subtract one
into the other and one carries points and ciphers, the other
should also carry points and ciphers.
Flush items and subheads
14.9. Flush items clear the figure column.
14.10. Subheads are centered in full measure.
Footnotes
14.11. Footnotes to leaderwork follow the style of footnotes
to
tables.
14.12. Footnote references begin with 1 in each leadered
grouping, and footnotes are placed at the end, separated from
it by 4 points of space. Separate notes from matter following
by not less than 6 points of space.
14.13. If the leaderwork runs over from one page to another,
the footnotes will be placed at the bottom of the leadered
material.\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ If footnotes to leaderwork and text fall at bottom of page,
leaderwork footnotes are placed above text footnotes. The two groups
are separated by a 50-point rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Units of quantity
14.14. Units of quantity or other words over a stub or figure
column are set italic.
14.15. The following example shows the style to be observed
where there is a short colon line at left. In case of only one
subentry, run in with colon line and preserve the colon.
Tons
Baltimore & Ohio RR.:
Freight carried:
May.......................................................50,000
June......................................................52,000
Coal carried..................................................90,000
Dixie RR.: Freight carried Jan. 1, 1999, including freight carried
by all its subsidiaries....................................\1\ 2,000
\1\ Livestock not included.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 209]]
14.16. If there is no colon line, the style is as follows:
Tons
Freight carried by the Dixie RR. and the Baltimore & Ohio
RR. in May......................................................71,500
14.17. Explanatory matter is set in 6 point under leaders
(note omission of period):
............................. ............................. .............................
(Name) (Address) (Position)
14.18. In blank forms, leaders used in place of complete
words to be supplied are preceded and followed by a space.
On this .................................... day of
........................................ 19 ......
14.19. In half measure doubled up, units of quantity are
aligned across the page.
Inches Inches
Seedlings:
Black locust.................... 27 Osage-orange.... 20
Honey locust.................... 16 Catalpa......... 16
Green ash....................... 7 Black walnut.... 10
14.20. Mixed units of quantity and amounts and words in a
figure column are set as follows:
Capital invested..................................................$8,000
Value of implements and stock.....................................$3,000
Land under cultivation (acres).................................... 128.6
Orchard (acres)................................................... 21.4
Forest land (square miles)........................................ 50
Livestock:
Horses:
Number.................................................... 8
Value.....................................................$1,500
Cows:
Number.................................................... 18
Estimated weekly production of butter per milk cow
(pounds)................................................7\1/2\
Hogs:
Number.................................................... 46
Loss from cholera......................................... None
[[Page 210]]
NOTES
[[Page 211]]
15. FOOTNOTES, INDEXES, CONTENTS, AND OUTLINES
FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCE MARKS
15.1. Text footnotes follow the style of the text with the
exception of those things noted in ``Abbreviations and Letter
Symbols.'' Footnotes appearing in tabular material follow the
guidelines set forth in ``Tabular Work.''
15.2. In a publication divided into chapters, sections, or
articles, each beginning a new page, text footnotes begin with
1 in each such division. In a publication without such
divisional grouping, footnotes are numbered consecutively from
1 to 99, and then begin with 1 again. However, in supplemental
sections, such as appendixes and bibliographies, which are not
parts of the publication proper, footnotes begin with 1.
15.3. Copy preparers must see that references and footnotes
are plainly marked.
15.4. If a reference is repeated on another page, it should
carry the original footnote; but to avoid repetition of a long
note, the copy preparer may use the words ``See footnote 3 (6,
10, etc.) on p. --.'' instead of repeating the entire footnote.
15.5. Unless the copy is otherwise marked: (1) Footnotes to
12-point text are set in 8 point; (2) footnotes to 11-point
text are set in 8 point, except in Supreme Court reports, in
which they are set in 9 point; (3) footnotes to 10- and 8-point
text are set in 7 point.
15.6. Footnotes are set as paragraphs at the bottom of the
page and are separated from the text by a 50-point rule, set
flush left, with no less than 2 points of space above and below
the rule.
15.7. Footnotes to indented matter (other than excerpt
footnotes) are set full measure.
15.8. To achieve faithful reproduction of indented excerpt
material (particularly legal work) containing original
footnotes, these footnotes are also indented and placed at the
bottom of the excerpt, separated by 6 points of space. No side
dash is used. Reference numbers are not changed to fit the
numbering sequence of text footnotes.
[[Page 212]]
15.9. Footnotes must always begin on the page where they are
referenced. If the entire footnote will not fit on the page
where it is cited, it will be continued at the bottom of the
next page.\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ When a footnote breaks from an odd (right-hand) page to an even
(left-hand) page, the word (Continued) is set inside parentheses in
italic below the last line of the footnote where the break occurs.
A 50-point rule is used above each part of the footnote.
When a footnote break occurs on facing pages, i.e., from an even page
to an odd page, the (Continued) line is not set, but the 50-point rule
is.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
15.10. Footnotes to charts, graphs, and other illustrations
should be placed immediately beneath such illustrative
material.
15.11. A cutoff rule is not required between a chart or graph
and its footnotes.
15.12. For reference marks use: (1) Roman superior figures,
(2) italic superior letters, and (3) symbols. Superior figures
(preferred), letters, and symbols are separated from the words
to which they apply by thin spaces, unless immediately preceded
by periods or commas.
15.13. Where reference figures might lead to ambiguity (for
example, in matter containing exponents), asterisks, daggers,
etc., or italic superior letters may be used.
15.14. When symbols or signs are used for footnote reference
marks, their sequence should be (*) asterisk, ()
dagger, (=) double dagger, and (Sec. ) section mark. Should
more symbols be needed, these may be doubled or tripled, but
for simplicity and greater readability, it is preferable to
extend the assortment by adding other single-character symbols.
15.15. Symbols with established meanings, such as the percent
sign (%) and the number mark (#), are likely to cause confusion
and should not be used for reference marks.
15.16. To avoid possible confusion with numerals and letters
frequently occurring in charts and graphs, it is preferable in
such instances to use symbols as reference marks.
15.17. When items carry several reference marks, the
superior-figure reference precedes an asterisk, dagger, or
similar character used for reference.
15.18. A superior reference mark follows all punctuation
marks except a dash, but falls inside a closing parenthesis or
bracket if applying only to matter within the parentheses or
brackets.
15.19. Two or more superior footnote references occurring
together are separated by thin spaces.
INDEXES AND TABLES OF CONTENTS
15.20. Indexes and tables of contents are set in the same
style as the text, except that See and see also are set in
italic.
[[Page 213]]
15.21. Where a word occurs in an index page column, either
alone or with a figure, it is set flush on the right. If the
word extends back into the leaders, it is preceded by an en
space.
Page
Explanatory diagram........................................ Frontispiece
General instructions.............................................. viii
Capitalization (see also Abbreviations)........................... 16
Correct imposition (diagram).................................. Facing 34
Legends. (See Miscellaneous rules.)
Appendixes A, B, C, and D, maps, illustrations,
and excerpts................................... In supplemental volume
15.22. For better appearance, Roman numerals should be set in
small caps in the figure columns of tables of contents and
indexes.
15.23. In indexes set with leaders, if the page numbers will
not fit in the leader line, the first number only is set in
that line and the other numbers are overrun. If the entry makes
three or more lines and the last line of figures is not full,
do not use a period at the end.
If page folios overrun due to an excessive amount of figures use
this form...................................................... 220,
224, 227, 230, 240
And this way when overrun folios make two or more lines.......... 220,
224-225, 230-240, 245, 246, 250-255,
258, 300, 320, 330, 350, 360, 370, 380,
390, 400, 410-500, 510, 520, 530, 540,
550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600-620, 630,
640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700
(For examples of item indentions in a reading column of
indexes set with leaders, see index in this Manual.)
15.24. Overrun page numbers are indented 3\1/2\ ems in
measures not over 20 picas and 7 ems in wider measures, more
than one line being used if necessary. These indentions are
increased as necessary to not less than 2 ems more than the
line immediately above or below.
15.25. When copy specifies that all overs are to be a certain
number of ems, the runovers of the figure column shall be held
in 2 ems more than the specified indention.
15.26. Examples of block-type indexes:
Example 1 Example 2
Medical officer, radiological defense, 3 Brazil--Continued
Medicolegal dosage, 44 Exchange restrictions--
Continued
Military Liaison Committee, 4 Williams mission (see
Monitoring, 58 also Williams,
Air, 62 John H., special
Personnel, 59 mission), efforts
in connection with
exchange con-
trol situation, 586-
588
Civilian, 60 Trade agreement with
Military, 59 United States,
proposed:
Sea, 61 Draft text, 558-567
Ship, 61 Proposals for:
Monitors, radiological defense, 3 Inclusion of all
clauses, 531
[[Page 214]]
15.27. In index entries the following forms are used:
Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons (not Brown & Sons, A.H.)
Brown, A.H., Co. (not Brown Co., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons Co. (not Brown & Sons Co., A.H.)
15.28. In a table of contents, where chapter, plate, or
figure is followed by a number and period, an en space is used
after the period. The periods are aligned on the right.
Page
Chapter
Introduction.....................................................i
Summary..........................................................1
Conclusions......................................................7
15.29. Subheads in indexes and tables of contents are
centered in the full measure.
15.30. In contents using two sizes of lightface type, or a
combination of boldface and lightface type, all leaders and
page numbers will be set in lightface roman type. Contents set
entirely in boldface will use boldface page numbers. All page
numbers will be set in the predominant size.
Page
Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security......................... 5
Disarmament................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy................................ 7
Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security......................... 5
Disarmament................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy................................ 7
Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security......................... 5
Disarmament................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy................................ 7
OUTLINES
15.31. Outlines vary in appearance because there is no one
set style to follow in designing them. The width of the
measure, the number of levels required for the indentions, and
the labeling concept selected to identify each new level all
contribute to its individuality.
The following sample outline demonstrates a very basic and
structured arrangement. It uses the enumerators listed in rule
8.108 to identify each new indented level.
The enumerators for the first four levels are followed by a
period and a fixed amount of space. The enumerators for the
second four levels are set in parentheses and followed by the
same amount of fixed space.
Each new level indents 2 ems more than the preceding level
and data that runs over to the next line aligns with the first
word following the enumerator.
[[Page 215]]
Outline example:
I. Balancing a checkbook
A. Open your check register
1. Verify all check numbers
a. Verify no check numbers were duplicated
b. Verify no check numbers were skipped
B. Open your bank statement
1. Put canceled checks in sequence
2. Compare amounts on checks to those in
register
a. Correct any mistakes in register
b. Indicate those check numbers cashed
(1) Mark off check number on the statement
(a) Verify amount of check
(i) Highlight discrepancies on statement
(aa) Enter figures on back
(ii) Enter missing check numbers on back with
amounts
(aa) Identify missing check numbers in
register
(bb) Verify those check numbers were not
cashed previously
[[Page 216]]
NOTES
[[Page 217]]
16. DATELINES, ADDRESSES, AND SIGNATURES
16.1. The general principle involved in the typography of
datelines, addresses, and signatures is that they should be set
to stand out clearly from the body of the letter or paper which
they accompany. This is accomplished by using caps and small
caps and italic, as set forth below. Other typographic details
are designed to ensure uniformity and good appearance. Street
addresses and ZIP Code numbers are not to be used. In certain
lists which carry ZIP Code numbers, regular spacing will be
used preceding the ZIP Code. Certain general instructions apply
alike to datelines, addresses, and signatures.
General instructions
16.2. Principal words in datelines, addresses, and titles
accompanying signatures are capitalized.
16.3. Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., and all other titles preceding a
name, and Esq., Jr., Sr., and 2d following a name in address
and signature lines, are set in roman caps and lowercase if the
name is in caps and small caps or caps and lowercase; if the
name is in caps, they are set in caps and small caps, if small
caps are available--otherwise in caps and lowercase.
Spacing
16.4. At least 2 points of space should appear between
dateline and text or address, address and text, text and
signature, and signature and address.
DATELINES
16.5. Datelines at the beginning of a letter or paper are set
at the right side of the page, the originating office in caps
and small caps, the address and date in italic; if the
originating office is not given, the address is set in caps and
small caps and the date in italic; if only the date is given,
it is set in caps and small caps. Such datelines are indented
from the right 1 em for a single line; 3 ems and 1 em,
successively, for two lines; and 5 ems, 3 ems, and 1 em,
successively, for three lines. In measures 30 picas or wider,
these indentions are increased by 1 em.
The White House,{time} {time} {time}
Washington, DC, January 1, 1999.{time}
The White House, July 30, 1999.{time}
[[Page 218]]
Treasury Department,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Office of the Treasurer,{time} {time} {time}
Washington, DC, January 1, 1999.{time}
Treasury Department, July 30, 1999.{time}
Department of Commerce,{time} {time} {time}
July 30, 1999.{time}
Fairfax County, VA.{time}
Office of John Smith & Co.,{time} {time} {time}
New York, NY, June 6, 1999.{time}
Washington, May 20, 1999--10 a.m.{time}
Thursday, May 8, 1999--2 p.m.{time}
January 24, 1999.{time}
Washington, November 29, 1999 {time} {time} {time}
[Received December 6, 1999].{time}
On Board U.S.S. ``Connecticut,''{time} {time} {time}
January 21, 1999.{time}
Office of the Commissioners of the{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
District of Columbia,{time} {time} {time}
Washington, January 6, 1999.{time}
16.6. Congressional hearings:
MONDAY, OCTOBER 25, 1999 \1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Normally, dates in House hearings on appropriation bills are
set on the right in 10-point caps and small caps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
House of
Representatives,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Committee on the Judiciary,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Subcommittee on Immigration,{time} {time} {time}
Washington, DC.{time}
U.S. Senate,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Committee on Armed Services,{time} {time} {time}
Washington, DC.{time}
Congress of the United States,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Joint Committee on Printing,{time} {time} {time}
Washington, DC.{time}
16.7. Datelines at the end of a letter or paper, either above
or below signatures, are set on left in caps and small caps for
the address and italic for the date. When the word dated is
used, dateline is set in roman caps and lowercase.
{time} May 7, 1999.
{time} Steubenville, OH.
{time} Steubenville, OH, July 1, 1999.
{time} Dated July 1, 1999.
{time} Dated Albany, March 12, 1999.
16.8. Datelines in newspaper extracts are set at the
beginning of the paragraph, the address in caps and small caps
and the date in roman caps and lowercase, followed by a period
and a 1-em dash.
{time} Aboard SS ``Hope,'' April 3, 1999.--
{time} New York, NY, August 21, 1999.--A dispatch received here from *
* *.
[[Page 219]]
ADDRESSES
16.9. Addresses are set flush left at the beginning of a
letter or paper in congressional work (or at end in formal
usage).
16.10. At beginning or at end:
To Smith & Jones and
{time} Brown & Green, Esqs.,
Attorneys for Claimant.
(Attention of Mr. Green.)
Hon. Trent Lott,
U.S. Senate.
Hon. Dennis Hastert,
U.S. House of Representatives. (Collective address.)
The President,
The White House.
16.11. A long title following an address is set in italic
caps and lowercase, the first line flush left and right,
overruns indented 2 ems to clear a following 1-em paragraph
indention.
Hon. John Warner,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Reorganization of the Committee on Government
Opera-
{time} {time} tions, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC.
16.12. The name or title forming the first line of the
address is set in caps and small caps, but Mr., Mrs., or other
title preceding a name, and Esq., Jr., Sr., or 2d following a
name, are set in roman caps and lowercase; the matter following
is set in italic. The words U.S. Army or U.S. Navy immediately
following a name are set in roman caps and lowercase in the
same line as the name.
Maj. Gen. Edward M. Markham, Jr., U.S. Army,
Chief of Engineers.
Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. (Full title, all caps and small caps.)
Maj. Gen. Edward M. Markham,
Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army,
Washington, DC.
Hon. Jeff Trandahl,
Clerk of the House of Representatives.
Hon. Robert C. Byrd,
U.S. Senator, Washington, DC.
Hon. John Edwards,
Senate Office Building, Washington, DC.
The Committee on Appropriations,
House of Representatives.
16.13. General (or collective) addresses are set in italic
caps and lowercase, flush left, with overruns indented 2 ems
and ending with a colon, except when followed by a salutation,
in which case a period is used.
[[Page 220]]
16.14. Examples of general addresses when not followed by
salutation (note the use of colon at end of italic line):
To the Officers and Members of the Daughters of the American
Revolution,
{time} {time} Washington, DC:
To the American Diplomatic and Consular Officers:
To Whom It May Concern:
Collectors of Customs:
To the Congress of the United States:
16.15. Example of general address when followed by salutation
(note the use of period at end of italic line):
Senate and House of Representatives.
{time} Gentlemen: You are hereby * * *.
16.16. Examples illustrating other types of addresses:
To the Editor:
To John L. Nelson, Greeting:
To John L. Nelson, Birmingham, AL, Greeting:
To the Clerk of the House of Representatives:
Chief of Engineers
(Through the Division Engineer).
{time} My Dear Sir: I have the honor * * *.
{time} Mr. Reed: I have the honor * * *.
{time} Dear Mr. Reed: I have the honor * * *.
Lt. (jg.) John Smith,
Navy Department:
{time} The care shown by you * * *.
State of New York,
County of New York, ss:
{time} Before me this day appeared * * *.
District of Columbia, ss:
{time} Before me this day appeared * * *.
Envelope addresses
U.S. House of Representatives
Committee on Education and the Workforce
House Office Building
Washington, DC 20515
SIGNATURES
16.17. Signatures, preceded by an em dash, are sometimes run
in with last line of text.
16.18. Signatures are set at the right side of the page. They
are indented 1 em for a single line; 3 ems and 1 em,
successively, for two lines; and 5 ems, 3 ems, and 1 em,
successively, for three lines. In measures 30 picas or wider,
these indentions are increased by 1 em.
16.19. The name or names are set in caps and small caps; Mr.,
Mrs., and all other titles preceding a name, and Esq., Jr.,
Sr., and 2d following a name, are set in roman caps and
lowercase; the title
[[Page 221]]
following name is set in italic. Signatures as they appear in
copy must be followed in regard to abbreviations.
16.20. If name and title make more than half a line, they are
set as two lines.
16.21. Two to eight independent signatures, with or without
titles, are aligned on the left, at approximately the center of
the measure.
Anita L. Morton.
Anne Golden.
Robin Mancaruso.
Marylou Musser.
Carolyn Piccirilli.
Thomas C. Kinkaid,
Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired).{time}
Vincent Gonino, Chairman.
16.22. More than eight signatures, with or without titles,
are set full measure, roman caps and lowercase, run in,
indented 5 and 7 ems in measures of 26\1/2\ picas or wider; in
measures less than 26\1/2\ picas, indent 2 and 3 ems.
{time} {time} {time} {time} {time} Brown, Shipley & Co.; Denniston,
Cross & Co.; Fruhling & Groschen,
{time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time} Attorneys; C.J. Hambro
& Sons; Hardy, Nathan & Co.; Heilbut,
{time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time} Symons & Co.; Harrison
Bros. & Co., by George Harrison; Hoare,
{time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time} Miller & Co.; Thomas
Eaton Co.
16.23. The punctuation of closing phrases is governed by the
sense. A detached complimentary close is made a new paragraph.
16.24. Examples of various kinds of signatures:
United States Improvement Co.,
(By) John Smith, Secretary.
Texarkana Textile Merchants &
Manufacturers' Association,
John L. Jones, Secretary.
Texarkana Textile Merchants &
Manufacturers' Association,
Joanne Wilder,
Board Member and Secretary.{time}
John W. Smith{time} {time} {time}
(And 25 others).{time}
John Smith,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Lieutenant Governor{time} {time} {time}
(For the Governor of Maine).{time}
North American Ice Co.,
Sylvia Rooney, Secretary.
John [his thumbmark] Smith.{time}
Tom DeLay,
Frank Wolf,
Managers on the Part of the House.{time}
Trent Lott,
Richard Lugar,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.{time}
[[Page 222]]
{time} I am, very respectfully, yours,
(Signed){time} Fred C. Kleinschmidt,{time} {time} {time}
Assistant Clerk, Court of Claims.{time}
{time} On behalf of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce:
Geo. W. Philips.
Saml. Campbell.
{time} I have the honor to be,
{time} {time} {time} Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
(Signed){time} John R. King
(Typed){time} John R. King,
Secretary.{time}
or
(S){time} John R. King
John R. King,
Secretary.{time}
{time} Attest:
Richard Roe, Notary Public.{time}
{time} By the Governor:
Nathaniel Cox, Secretary of State.{time}
{time} Approved.
John Smith, Governor.{time}
{time} By the President:
Madeleine K. Albright, Secretary of State.{time}
{time} Respectfully submitted.
Mary Farrell, U.S. Indian Agent.{time}
{time} {time} {time} Yours truly,
Capt. James Staley, Jr.,{time} {time} {time}
Superintendent.{time}
{time} {time} {time} Respectfully yours,
Mrs. Frank E. (Betty) Sheffield.{time}
{time} {time} {time} Very respectfully,
Ron Golden, U.S. Indian Agent.{time}
16.25. In quoted matter:
{time} {time} {time} ``Very respectfully,
``William Krakat.
``William Cervenka.
``Christopher A. Morton.
``Jennifer A. Morton.
``Matthew A. Morton.''
16.26. Examples of various kinds of datelines, addresses, and
signatures:
Re weather reports submitted by the International Advisory Committee of
the
{time} {time} Weather Council.
Mr. William E. Jones, Jr.,
Chairman, Commerce Committee,
Washington, DC.
{time} Dear Mr. Jones: We have been in contact with your office, etc.
Charles Farrell,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Executive Director,{time} {time} {time}
National Weather Service.{time}
[[Page 223]]
Lincoln Park, MI, February 15, 1999.{time}
Re Romeo O. Umanos, Susanna M. Umanos, case No. S-254, Immigration and
{time} {time} Naturalization Service, application pending.
Hon. Lamar S. Smith,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Immigration,
Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, DC.
{time} Dear Mr. Smith: You have for some time * * *.
{time} {time} {time} Sincerely yours,
Edward Pultorak,{time} {time} {time}
Architectural Designer.{time}
______
Hon. Lamar S. Smith,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Immigration of the Committee on the
Judiciary, House
{time} {time} of Representatives, Washington, DC.
{time} Dear Mr. Smith: You have for some time * * *.
______
U.S. Department of
Commerce,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Weather Bureau,{time} {time} {time}
Washington, March 3, 1999.{time}
Hon. Charles E. Chamberlain,
House of Representatives,
Washington, DC.
{time} Dear Mr. Chamberlain: We will be glad to
give you any further information desired.
{time} {time} {time} Sincerely yours,
F.W. Reichelderfer,{time} {time} {time}
Chief of Bureau.{time}
______
New York, NY, February 10, 1999.{time}
To: All supervisory employees of production plants, northern and
eastern divisions,
{time} {time} New York State.
From: Production manager.
Subject: Regulations concerning vacations, health and welfare plans,
and wage con-
{time} {time} tract negotiations.
{time} It has come to our attention that the time * * *.
______
Washington, DC, May 16, 1999.{time}
The Honorable the Secretary of the Navy.
{time} Dear Mr. Secretary: This is in response to your letter * * *.
{time} {time} {time} Very sincerely yours,
[seal]{time} William J. Clinton.{time}
______
East Lansing, MI, June 10, 1999.{time}
To Whom It May Concern:
{time} I have known Kyu Yawp Lee for 7 years and am glad to testify as
to his fine char-
acter. He has been employed * * *.
{time} Wishing you success in your difficult and highly important job,
we are,
{time} {time} {time} Sincerely yours,
Agostino J. Gonino.
Louise M. Gonino.
[[Page 224]]
Department of Veterans'
Affairs,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Office of the Administrator of{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Veterans' Affairs,{time} {time} {time}
Washington, DC.{time}
Hon. Orrin G. Hatch,
Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary,
U.S. Senate, Washington, DC.
{time} Dear Senator Hatch: Further reference is made to your reply * *
*.
{time} {time} {time} Sincerely yours,
John S. Patterson,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Deputy Administrator{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
(For and in the absence of{time} {time} {time}
H.V. Higley, Administrator).{time}
______
Washington, DC, September 16, 1999.{time}
Mr. William E. Jones, Jr.,
Special Assistant to the Attorney General, Attorney for Howard
Sutherland, Direc-
{time} {time} tor, Office of Alien Property.
{time} Dear Mr. Jones: In reply to your letter * * *.
{time} {time} {time} Yours truly,
(Signed){time} Thomas E. Rhodes,{time} {time} {time}
Special Assistant to the Attorney General.{time}
{time} P.S.--A special word of thanks to you from J.R. Brown for your
fine help.
T.E.R.{time}
______
Tokyo, Japan, November 13, 1999.{time}
U.S. Department of Justice,
Immigration and Naturalization Service,
Detroit, MI.
{time} Gentlemen: This letter will testify to the personal character *
* *.
{time} {time} {time} Very truly yours,
Mrs. Grace C. Lohr,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Inspector General Section, HQ, AFFE,{time} {time} {time}
APO 343, San Francisco, CA.{time}
16.27. The word seal appearing with the signature of a notary
or of an organized body, such as a company, is spaced 1 em from
the signature. The word seal is to be set in small caps and
bracketed.
[seal]{time} Richard Roe,{time} {time} {time}
Notary Public.{time}
[seal]{time} J.M. Wilber.{time}
[seal]{time} Bartlett, Robins & Co.{time}
16.28. Presidential proclamations after May 23, 1967, do not
utilize the seal except when they pertain to treaties,
conventions, protocols, or other international agreements. Copy
will be followed literally with respect to the inclusion of and
between elements of numerical expressions.
Now, Therefore, I, Richard Nixon, President of the United States of
America, do hereby designate Saturday, September 23, 1972, as National
Hunting and Fishing Day.
* * * * * * *
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this second day of
May, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred seventy-two, and of the
Independence of the United States of America the one hundred ninety-
sixth.
Richard Nixon.{time}
[[Page 225]]
17. USEFUL TABLES
GEOLOGIC TERMS
[With suggestions by the U.S. Geological Survey]
For capitalization, compounding, and use of quotations in geologic
terms, copy is to be followed. The list below exemplifies common usage
of both rock and time terms. The term red beds has been used to
designate certain rocks of mixed lithologic character that are
predominantly red; as a unit modifier the use should beP red-bed.
The terms lower, middle, and upper (referring to rocks) are
capitalized only as indicated in the list (Upper Devonian, lower
Tertiary, lower Paleozoic); similarly, the terms early, middle, and late
(referring to time) are capitalized only as indicated.
A formal geologic term is capitalized: Devonian System, Pliocene
Series, San Rafael Group, Morrison Formation, Fayetteville Shale,
Wedington Sandstone Member, Wisconsin Glaciation, Tazewell Stade.
(Geologic terms quoted verbatim from published material should be left
as the original author used them; however, it should be made clear that
the usage is that of the original author.)
A structural term such as arch, anticline, syncline, dome, uplift, or
basin is not capitalized even if preceded by a name: Cincinnati arch,
Cedar Creek anticline, Ozark uplift, Michigan basin. (A physiographic
term that is preceded by a name is capitalized: Bighorn Basin, Half
Dome.)
Alexandrian
Animikie
Atoka
Belt
Cambrian:
Upper, Late
Middle, Middle
Lower, Early
Carboniferous
Systems
Cayuga
Cenozoic
Cincinnatian
Chester
Coahuila
Comanche
Cretaceous:
Upper, Late
Lower, Early
Des Moines
Devonian:
Upper, Late
Middle, Middle
Lower, Early
Eocene:
upper, late
middle, middle
lower, early
glacial:
interglacial
postglacial
preglacial
Glenarm
Grand Canyon
Grenville
Guadalupe
Gulf
Gunnison River
Holocene
Jurassic:
Upper, Late
Middle, Middle
Lower, Early
Keweenawan
Kinderhook
Leonard
Little Willow
Llano
Meramec
Mesozoic:
pre-Mesozoic
post-Mesozoic
Miocene:
upper, late
middle, middle
lower, early
Mississippian:
Upper, Late
Lower, Early
Missouri
Mohawkian
Morrow
Niagara
Ochoa
Ocoee
Oligocene:
upper, late
middle, middle
lower, early
Osage
Ordovician:
Upper, Late
Middle, Middle
Lower, Early
Pahrump
Paleocene:
upper, late
middle, middle
lower, early
Paleozoic
Pennsylvanian:
Upper, Late
Middle, Middle
Lower, Early
Permian:
Upper, Late
Lower, Early
Pleistocene
Pliocene:
upper, late
middle, middle
lower, early
Precambrian:
upper
middle
lower
Quaternary
red beds
Shasta
Silurian:
Upper, Late
Middle, Middle
Lower, Early
St. Croixan
Tertiary
Triassic:
Upper, Late
Middle, Middle
Lower, Early
Virgil
Wolfcamp
Yavapai
PHYSIOGRAPHIC TERMS
[With suggestions by the U.S. Geological Survey]
The following table lists physical divisions of the United States
approved by the Association of American Geographers and should be used
as a guide to capitalization. The general terms province and section,
used in the common-noun sense, are not capitalized; the other terms are
proper names and are therefore capitalized.
[[Page 226]]
PHYSICAL DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Major division Province Section
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Laurentian Upland.......................... Superior Upland...........................
Atlantic Plain............................. Continental Shelf.........................
Coastal Plain............................. Embayed Section.
Sea Island Section.
Floridian Section.
East Gulf Coastal
Plain.
Mississippi Alluvial
Plain.
West Gulf Coastal
Plain.
Appalachian Highlands...................... Piedmont Province......................... Piedmont Upland.
Piedmont Lowland.
Blue Ridge Province....................... Northern; Southern
Section.
Valley and Ridge Province................. Tennessee Section.
Middle Section.
Hudson Valley.
St. Lawrence Valley....................... Champlain Section.
Northern Section.
Appalachian Plateaus...................... Mohawk Section.
Catskill Section.
Southern New York
Section.
Allegheny Mountain
Section.
Kanawha Section.
Cumberland Plateau.
Cumberland Mountain
Section.
New England Province...................... Seaboard Lowland.
New England Upland.
White Mountain Section.
Green Mountain Section.
Taconic Section.
Adirondack Province.......................
Interior Plains............................ Interior Low Plateaus..................... Highland Rim.
Lexington Plain.
Nashville Basin.
Central Lowland........................... Eastern lake Section.
Western lake Section.
Wisconsin Driftless
Section.
Till Plains.
Dissected Till Plains.
Osage Plains.
Great Plains.............................. Missouri Plateau,
glaciated.
Missouri Plateau,
unglaciated.
Black Hills.
High Plains.
Plains Border.
Colorado Piedmont.
Raton Section.
Pecos Valley.
Edwards Plateau.
Central Texas Section.
Interior Highlands......................... Ozark Plateaus............................ Springfield-Salem
Plateaus.
Boston ``Mountains.''
Ouachita Province......................... Arkansas Valley.
Ouachita Mountains.
Rocky Mountain System...................... Southern Rocky Mountain...................
Wyoming Basin.............................
Middle Rocky Mountains....................
Northern Rocky Mountains..................
Intermontane Plateaus...................... Columbia Plateaus......................... Walla Walla Plateau.
Blue Mountain Section.
Payette Section.
Snake River Plain.
Harney Section.
Colorado Plateaus......................... High Plateaus of Utah.
Uinta Basin.
Canyon Lands.
Navajo Section.
Grand Canyon Section.
Datil Section.
Basin and Range Province.................. Great Basin.
Sonoran Desert.
Salton Trough.
Mexican Highland.
Sacramento Section.
Pacific Mountain System.................... Sierra-Cascade Mountains.................. Northern Cascade
Mountains.
Middle Cascade
Mountains.
Southern Cascade
Mountains.
Sierra Nevada.
Pacific Border Province................... Puget Trough.
Olympic Mountains.
Oregon Coast Range.
Klamath Mountains.
California Trough.
California Coast
Ranges.
Los Angeles Ranges.
Lower Californian Province................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 227]]
THE PRINCIPAL AND GUIDE MERIDIANS AND BASE LINES OF THE UNITED STATES
First, second, etc., standard parallel.
First, second, etc., guide meridian.
First, second, etc., principal meridian.
Auxiliary (first, second, etc.) meridian.
Ashley Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Beaverhead Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Belt Mountain Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Big Hole Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Bitterroot Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Black Hills base line. (South Dakota)
Black Hills Guide Meridian. (South Dakota)
Boise Meridian. (Idaho)
Boulder Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Browning Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Buffalo Creek Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Carson River Guide Meridian. (Nevada)
Castle Valley Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Chickasaw Meridian. (Mississippi)
Choctaw base line. (Mississippi)
Choctaw Meridian. (Mississippi)
Cimarron Meridian. (Oklahoma)
Colorado Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Columbia Guide Meridian. (Washington)
Colville Guide Meridian. (Washington)
Copper River Meridian. (Alaska)
Coulson Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Deer Lodge Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Deschutes Meridian. (Oregon)
Emery Valley Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Fairbanks Meridian. (Alaska)
Flathead Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Fort Belknap Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Fremont Valley Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Gila and Salt River Meridian. (Arizona)
Grand River Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Grande Ronde Guide Meridian. (Oregon)
Green River Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Haystack Butte Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Helena Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Henry Mountain Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Horse Plains Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Humboldt Meridian. (California)
Humboldt River Guide Meridian. (Nevada)
Huntsville Meridian. (Alabama-Mississippi)
Indian Meridian. (Oklahoma)
Jefferson Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Judith Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Kanab Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Kolob Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Little Porcupine Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Louisiana Meridian. (Louisiana)
Maginnis Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Michigan Meridian. (Michigan-Ohio)
Mount Diablo base line. (California-
Nevada)
Mount Diablo Meridian. (California-Nevada)
Musselshell Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Navajo base line. (Arizona-New Mexico)
Navajo Meridian. (Arizona-New Mexico)
New Mexico Guide Meridian. (New Mexico-
Colorado)
New Mexico Principal Meridian. (New
Mexico-Colorado)
Panguitch Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Passamari Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Pine Valley Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Principal Meridian. (Montana)
Red Rock Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Reese River Guide Meridian. (Nevada)
Ruby Valley Guide Meridian. (Nevada)
St. Helena Meridian. (Louisiana)
St. Stephens base line. (Alabama-
Mississippi)
St. Stephens Meridian. (Alabama-
Mississippi)
Salt Lake Meridian. (Utah)
San Bernardino base line. (California)
San Bernardino Meridian. (California)
Sevier Lake Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Seward Meridian. (Alaska)
Shields River Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Smith River Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Snake Valley Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Square Butte Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Sweet Grass Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Tallahassee Meridian. (Florida)
Teton Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Uinta Special Meridian. (Utah)
Ute Principal Meridian. (Colorado)
Valley Creek Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Wah Wah Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Washington Meridian. (Mississippi)
Willamette Meridian. (Oregon-Washington)
Willow Springs Guide Meridian. (Utah)
Wind River Meridian. (Wyoming)
Yantic Guide Meridian. (Montana)
Yellowstone Guide Meridian. (Montana)
[[Page 228]]
PRINCIPAL FOREIGN COUNTRIES, TITLES OF CHIEFS OF STATE, NAMES OF LEGISLATIVE BODIES, ETC., AS OF DECEMBER 2, 1998
[With suggestions by the Department of State and the U.S. Board on Geographic Names]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country Chief of state Legislative body Form of government Capital
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Afghanistan...................... King........................... Revolutionary Democratic Republic............ Kabul (Kabul).
Council; Council
of Ministers.
Albania.......................... President of the Presidium..... People's Assembly People's Republic.............. Tirana (Tirane).
(unicameral).
Algeria.......................... President...................... National Assembly Republic....................... Algiers.
(suspended).
Andorra.......................... Bishop of Urgel (Spain). General Council of Coprincipality................. Andorra la Vella.
President of the French the Valleys
Republic. (unicameral).
Angola........................... President...................... National Assembly People's Republic.............. Luanda.
(planned).
Antigua and Barbuda.............. Queen (represented by Governor Parliament........ Parliamentary State............ Saint John's.
General).
Argentina........................ President...................... National Congress: Republic....................... Buenos Aires.
Senate, Chamber
of Deputies
(dissolved).
Armenia.......................... ......do....................... National Assembly ......do....................... Yerevan.
(unicameral).
Australia........................ Queen (represented by Governor Federal Commonwealth................... Canberra.
General). Parliament:
Senate, House of
Representatives.
Austria.......................... President...................... Parliament: Federal Republic............... Vienna (Wien).
Federal Council
(Bundesrat),
National Council
(Nationalrat).
Azerbaijan....................... ......do....................... National Assembly Republic....................... Yerevan.
(unicameral).
Bahamas, The..................... Queen (represented by Governor Parliament: Commonwealth................... Nassau.
General). Senate, House of
Assembly.
Bahrain.......................... King........................... None.............. Traditional Monarchy........... Manama.
Bangladesh....................... President...................... Constituent Republic....................... Dhaka.
Assembly
(unicameral).
Barbados......................... Queen (represented by Governor Parliament: Parliamentary State............ Bridgetown.
General). Senate, House of
Assembly.
Belarus.......................... President...................... Supreme Soviet- Republic....................... Minsk.
parliament
(unicameral).
Belgium.......................... King........................... Parliament: Constitutional Monarchy........ Brussels (Bruxelles, Brussel).
Senate, Chamber
of
Representatives.
Belize........................... Queen (represented by Governor National Assembly: Parliamentary State............ Belmopan.
General). Senate, House of
Representatives.
Benin............................ President...................... National Military (Revolutionary Porto-Novo.
Revolutionary Assembly).
Assembly.
Bhutan........................... King........................... National Assembly Monarchy....................... Thimphu.
(unicameral).
Bolivia.......................... President...................... Congress: Senate, Republic....................... La Paz (administrative).
Chamber of Sucre (legislative/judiciary).
Deputies.
Bosnia and Herzegovina........... Chairman of the Presidency..... Parliamentary Emerging Democracy............. Sarajevo.
Assembly.
Botswana......................... President...................... National Assembly Republic....................... Gaborone.
(unicameral).
Brazil........................... ......do....................... Congress: Senate, Federative Republic............ Brasilia.
Chamber of
Deputies.
Brunei........................... Sultan......................... None.............. Sultanate...................... Bandar Seri Begawan.
Bulgaria......................... President of the Presidium..... National Assembly People's Republic.............. Sofia (Sofiya).
(unicameral).
Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)....... President...................... ......do.......... Republic....................... Ouagadougou.
Burma............................ ......do....................... People's Assembly Socialist Republic............. Rangoon (Yangon).
(unicameral).
Burundi.......................... ......do....................... None.............. Republic....................... Bujumbura.
Cambodia......................... King........................... .................. Monarchy....................... Phnom Penh.
Cameroon......................... President...................... National Assembly Republic....................... Yaounde.
(unicameral).
Canada........................... Queen (represented by Governor Parliament: Parliamentary State............ Ottawa.
General). Senate, House of
Commons.
Cape Verde....................... President...................... National Assembly Republic....................... Praia.
(unicameral).
Central African Republic......... ......do....................... National Assembly ......do....................... Bangui.
(unicameral)
(dissolved).
Ceylon (see Sri Lanka).
Chad............................. ......do....................... National Assembly ......do....................... N'Djamena.
(dissolved).
[[Page 229]]
Chile............................ President...................... National Congress Republic....................... Santiago.
(dissolved).
China............................ Chairman, National People's National People's People's Republic.............. Beijing.
Congress. Congress.
Colombia......................... President...................... Congress: Senate, Republic....................... Bogota.
House of
Representatives.
Comoros.......................... ......do....................... None.............. ......do....................... Moroni.
Congo (Brazzaville).............. ......do....................... Council of State.. ......do....................... Brazzaville.
Congo (Kinshasa)................. ......do....................... Legislative Democratic Republic............ Kinshasa.
Council
(unicameral).
Costa Rica....................... ......do....................... Legislative People's Republic.............. San Jose.
Assembly
(unicameral).
Cote d'Ivoire.................... ......do....................... National Assembly ......do....................... Yamoussoukro.
(unicameral).
Croatia.......................... ......do....................... Assembly.......... Democracy...................... Zagreb.
Cuba............................. ......do....................... National Assembly Socialist Republic............. Havana (La Habana).
of People's Power.
Cyprus........................... ......do....................... House of Republic....................... Nicosia.
Representatives
(unicameral).
Czech Republic................... ......do....................... Federal Assembly: Socialist Republic............. Prague.
Chamber of the
People, Chamber
of the Nations.
Denmark.......................... King........................... Parliament........ Constitutional Monarchy........ Copenhagen.
Djibouti......................... President...................... Parliament: Republic....................... Djibouti.
Chamber of
Deputies
(unicameral).
Dominica......................... ......do....................... House of Assembly Commonwealth................... Roseau.
(unicameral).
Dominican Republic............... ......do....................... Congress: Senate, Republic....................... Santo Domingo.
Chamber of
Deputies.
Ecuador.......................... ......do....................... National Congress ......do....................... Quito.
(unicameral).
Egypt............................ ......do....................... People's Assembly ......do....................... Cairo.
(unicameral).
El Salvador...................... ......do....................... Constituent ......do....................... San Salvador.
Assembly.
Equatorial Guinea................ ......do....................... Legislature ......do....................... Malabo.
(suspended).
Eritrea.......................... ......do....................... National Assembly. Transition..................... Asmara.
Estonia.......................... ............................... .................. Republic....................... Tallinn.
Ethiopia......................... Head of State.................. Parliament Military....................... Addis Ababa.
(dissolved).
Fiji............................. Queen (represented by Governor- Parliament: Parliamentary State............ Suva.
General). Senate, House of
Representatives.
Finland.......................... President...................... Parliament Republic....................... Helsinki.
(Eduskunta)
(unicameral).
France........................... ......do....................... Parliament: ......do....................... Paris.
Senate, National
Assembly.
Gabon............................ ......do....................... National Assembly ......do....................... Libreville.
(unicameral).
Gambia, The...................... ......do....................... House of ......do....................... Banjul.
Representatives
(unicameral).
Georgia.......................... ......do....................... Parliament Republic....................... T'bilisi.
(unicameral).
Germany.......................... Chairman, Council of State..... Parliament: Federal Republic............... Berlin.
Federal Council
(Bundesrat),
Federal Assembly
(Bundestag).
Ghana............................ President (suspended).......... Parliament Republic....................... Accra.
(unicameral).
Greece........................... President...................... Parliament (Vouli) Parliamentary Republic......... Athens.
(unicameral)
(suspended).
Grenada.......................... Queen (represented by Governor Parliament Commonwealth................... Saint George's.
General). (suspended).
Guatemala........................ President...................... Congress Republic....................... Guatemala.
(unicameral).
Guinea........................... ......do....................... National Assembly ......do....................... Conakry.
(unicameral).
Guinea-Bissau.................... ......do....................... National People's ......do....................... Bissau.
Assembly
(dissolved).
Guyana........................... ......do....................... Parliament: ......do....................... Georgetown.
National Assembly
(unicameral).
Haiti............................ ......do....................... Legislative ......do....................... Port-au-Prince.
Chamber
(unicameral).
Holy See......................... Pope........................... None.............. Papacy......................... Vatican City.
Honduras......................... President...................... Congress Republic....................... Tegucigalpa.
(unicameral).
Hungary.......................... President of the Presidential National Assembly People's Republic.............. Budapest.
Council. (unicameral).
Iceland.......................... President...................... Parliament Republic....................... Reykjavik.
(Althing): Upper
Chamber (Efi
Deild), Lower
Chamber (Neore
Deild).
India............................ ......do....................... Parliament: ......do....................... New Delhi.
Council of States
(Rajya Sabha),
House of the
People (Lok
Sabha).
Indonesia........................ ......do....................... Parliament: ......do....................... Jakarta.
People's
Consultative
Assembly.
Iran............................. ......do....................... Parliament Islamic Republic............... Tehran.
(Majlis)
(unicameral).
[[Page 230]]
Iraq............................. President...................... Revolutionary Republic....................... Baghdad.
Command Council.
Ireland.......................... ......do....................... National ......do....................... Dublin.
Parliament
(Oireachtas):
Senate (Seaned
Eireann), House
of
Representatives
(Dail Eireann).
Israel........................... ......do....................... Parliament ......do....................... (\1\).
(Knesset)
(unicameral).
Italy............................ ......do....................... Parliament: ......do....................... Rome.
Senate, Chamber
of Deputies.
Jamaica.......................... Queen (represented by Governor Parliament: Parliamentary State............ Kingston.
General). Senate, House of
Representatives.
Japan............................ Emperor........................ Diet: House of Constitutional Monarchy........ Tokyo.
Councillors,
House of
Representatives.
Jordan........................... King........................... National ............................... Amman.
Assembly: Senate,
Chamber of
Deputies.
Kazakhstan....................... President...................... Parliament........ Republic....................... Astana.
Kenya............................ ......do....................... National Assembly Republic....................... Nairobi.
(unicameral).
Kiribati......................... ......do....................... Parliament ......do....................... Tarawa.
(unicameral).
Korea, North..................... ......do....................... Supreme People's People's Republic.............. P'yongyang.
Assembly.
Korea, South..................... ......do....................... National Assembly Republic....................... Seoul.
(unicameral).
Kuwait........................... Amir........................... ......do.......... Constitutional Monarchy........ Kuwait.
Kyrgyzstan....................... President...................... Supreme Council... Republic....................... Bishkek.
Laos............................. ......do....................... Supreme People's People's Republic.............. Vientiane.
Assembly.
Latvia........................... ............................... .................. Republic....................... Riga (Riga).
Lebanon.......................... President...................... Chamber of ......do....................... Beirut.
Deputies
(unicameral).
Lesotho.......................... King........................... Parliament: Constitutional Monarchy........ Maseru.
Senate, National
Assembly
(dissolved).
Liberia.......................... President...................... Congress: Senate, Republic....................... Monrovia.
House of
Representatives
(dissolved).
Libya............................ Chief of State................. General Peoples' ......do....................... Tripoli.
Congress.
Liechtenstein.................... Prince......................... Diet (unicameral). Constitutional Monarchy........ Vaduz.
Lithuania........................ ............................... .................. Republic....................... Vilnius.
Luxembourg....................... Grand Duke..................... Parliament: Constitutional Monarchy........ Luxembourg.
Chamber of
Deputies, Council
of State.
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav President...................... Assembly Emerging Democracy............. Skopje.
Republic of. (unicameral).
Madagascar....................... ......do....................... National Popular Republic....................... Antananarivo.
Assembly.
Malawi........................... ......do....................... National Assembly ......do....................... Lilongwe.
(unicameral).
Malaysia......................... Paramount Ruler................ Parliament: Constitutional Monarchy........ Kuala Lumpur.
Senate, House of
Representatives.
Maldives......................... President...................... National Republic....................... Male.
Legislature
(Majlis)
(unicameral).
Mali............................. ......do....................... National Assembly ......do....................... Bamako.
(unicameral).
Malta............................ ......do....................... House of ......do....................... Valletta.
Representatives
(unicameral).
Marshall Islands................. ......do....................... Parliament Parliamentary Democracy........ Majuro.
(unicameral).
Mauritania....................... ......do....................... National Assembly Islamic Republic............... Nouakchott.
(unicameral)
(dissolved).
Mauritius........................ Queen.......................... Legislative Parliamentary State............ Port Louis.
Assembly
(unicameral).
Mexico........................... President...................... Congress: Chamber Federal Republic............... Mexico (Ciudad de Mexico).
of Deputies.
Micronesia, Federated States of.. ......do....................... Congress Constitutional Government...... Palikir.
(unicameral).
Moldova.......................... ......do....................... Parliament Republic....................... Chisinau.
(unicameral).
Monaco........................... Prince......................... National Council Constitutional Monarchy........ Monaco.
(unicameral).
Mongolia......................... Chairman, Presidum, People's People's Great People's Republic.............. Ulaanbaatar.
Great Hural. Hural (National
Assembly)
(unicameral).
Morocco.......................... King........................... Legislature Constitutional Monarchy........ Rabat.
(unicameral).
Mozambique....................... President...................... People's Assembly People's Republic.............. Maputo.
(unicameral).
Namibia.......................... ......do....................... National Assembly Republic....................... Windhoek.
and National
Council
(bicameral).
Nauru............................ ......do....................... Parliament ......do....................... Yaren.
(unicameral).
Nepal............................ King........................... National Assembly Constitutional Monarchy........ Kathmandu.
(Panchayat)
(unicameral).
[[Page 231]]
Netherlands...................... Queen.......................... States-General: Constitutional Monarchy........ Capital, Amsterdam. Seat of
First-Chamber, government, The Hague.
Second-Chamber.
New Zealand...................... Queen (represented by Governor Parliament: House Parliamentary State............ Wellington.
General). of
Representatives
(unicameral).
Nicaragua........................ Coordinator, Junta of the Congress: Senate, Republic....................... Managua.
Government of National Chamber of
Reconstruction. Deputies
(suspended).
Niger............................ President...................... National Assembly ......do....................... Niamey.
(unicameral)
(suspended).
Nigeria.......................... ......do....................... Parliament: Federal Republic............... Lagos.
Senate, House of
Representatives.
Norway........................... King........................... Parliament Constitutional Monarchy........ Oslo.
(Storting):
Lagting,
Odelsting \2\.
Oman............................. Sultan......................... Absolute Monarchy. Sultanate...................... Muscat.
Pakistan......................... President (suspended).......... Parliament: Islamic Republic............... Islamabad.
Senate, National
Assembly
(suspended).
Palau............................ President...................... Bicameral Constitutional Government...... Koror.
legislature and
consultative
Council of Chiefs.
Panama........................... ......do....................... Legislature Republic....................... Panama.
(unicameral).
Papua New Guinea................. Queen (represented by Governor Parliament Parliamentary State............ Port Moresby.
General). (unicameral).
Paraguay......................... President...................... Congress: Senate, Republic....................... Asuncion.
Chamber of
Deputies.
Peru............................. ......do....................... ......do.......... ......do....................... Lima.
Philippines...................... ......do....................... National Assembly ......do....................... Manila.
(unicameral).
Poland........................... President of Council of State.. Parliament (Sejm) People's Republic.............. Warsaw.
(unicameral).
Portugal......................... President...................... Assembly of the Republic....................... Lisbon.
Republic
(unicameral).
Qatar............................ Amir........................... Advisory Council.. Traditional Emirate............ Doha.
Romania.......................... President of Council of State.. Grand National Socialist Republic............. Bucharest.
Assembly
(unicameral).
Russia........................... President...................... Federal Assembly Federation..................... Moscow.
(bicameral).
Rwanda........................... ......do....................... National Assembly Republic....................... Kigali.
(unicameral).
Saint Kitts and Nevis............ Queen (represented by Governor Appointed Senate Constitutional Monarchy........ Basseterre.
General). and elected House
of
Representatives.
Saint Lucia...................... ......do....................... Parliament: Parliamentary State............ Castries.
Senate, House of
Assembly.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. ......do....................... House of Assembly ......do....................... Kingstown.
(unicameral).
Samoa (Western Samoa)............ Head of State.................. Legislative Parliamentary Democracy........ Apia.
Assembly.
San Marino....................... Captains-Regent................ Grand and General Republic....................... San Marino.
Council
(unicameral).
Sao Tome and Principe............ President...................... National Popular ......do....................... Sao Tome.
Assembly
(unicameral).
Saudi Arabia..................... King........................... Absolute Monarchy. Monarchy....................... Riyadh.
Senegal.......................... President...................... National Assembly Republic....................... Dakar.
(unicameral).
Seychelles....................... ......do....................... People's Assembly ......do....................... Victoria.
(unicameral).
Sierra Leone..................... ......do....................... House of ......do....................... Freetown.
Representatives
(unicameral).
Singapore........................ ......do....................... Parliament ......do....................... Singapore.
(unicameral).
Slovakia......................... ......do....................... National Council Parliamentary Democracy........ Bratislava.
(unicameral).
Slovenia......................... ......do....................... National Assembly ......do....................... Ljubljana.
and National
Council
(bicameral).
Solomon Islands.................. Queen (represented by Governor Legislative Parliamentary State............ Honiara.
General). Assembly
(unicameral).
Somalia.......................... President...................... National Assembly. Republic....................... Mogadishu.
South Africa..................... ......do....................... Parliament: ......do....................... Pretoria (administrative) Cape
Senate, House of Town (legislative)
Assembly. Bloemfontein (judiciary).
Spain \3\........................ King........................... Cortes: Senate, Monarchy....................... Madrid.
Congress of
Deputies.
Sri Lanka........................ President...................... Parliament Republic....................... Colombo.
(unicameral).
Sudan............................ ......do....................... People's Assembly ......do....................... Khartoum.
(unicameral).
Suriname......................... ......do....................... Parliament ......do....................... Paramaribo.
(unicameral).
Swaziland........................ King........................... House of Assembly, Constitutional Monarchy........ Mbabane (administrative)
Senate. Lobamba (legislative).
Sweden........................... ......do....................... Parliament ......do....................... Stockholm.
(Riksdag)
(unicameral).
[[Page 232]]
Switzerland...................... President...................... Federal Assembly Confederation.................. Bern.
(Bundesversammlun
g): Council of
States
(Standerat),
National Council
(Nationalrat).
Syria............................ ......do....................... People's Council.. Republic....................... Damascus.
Tajikistan....................... ......do....................... Supreme Assembly ......do....................... Dushanbe.
(unicameral).
Tanzania......................... ......do....................... National Assembly Democracy...................... Dar es Salaam.
(unicameral).
Thailand......................... King........................... ......do.......... Constitutional Monarchy........ Bangkok.
Togo............................. President...................... ......do.......... Republic....................... Lome.
Tonga............................ King........................... Legislative Constitutional Monarchy........ Nuku'alofa.
Assembly
(unicameral).
Trinidad and Tobago.............. President...................... Parliament: Parliamentary State............ Port-of-Spain.
Senate, House of
Representatives.
Tunisia.......................... ......do....................... National Assembly Republic....................... Tunis.
(unicameral).
Turkey........................... ......do....................... Grand National ......do....................... Ankara.
Assembly: Senate
of the Republic,
National Assembly.
Turkmenistan..................... ......do....................... Two parliamentary ......do....................... Ashgabat.
bodies: People's
Council
(unicameral),
Assembly
(unicameral).
Tuvalu........................... Queen (represented by Governor House of Assembly Parliamentary State............ Funafuti.
General). (unicameral).
Uganda........................... President...................... National Assembly ......do....................... Kampala.
(unicameral).
Ukraine.......................... ......do....................... Parliament: Presidential-parliamentary..... Kiev.
Supreme Rada.
United Arab Emirates............. ......do....................... Supreme Council of Federation of Emirates......... Abu Dhabi.
Rulers; National
Assembly.
United Kingdom................... Queen.......................... Parliament: House Constitutional Monarchy........ London.
of Lords, House
of Commons.
Uruguay.......................... President...................... General Assembly: Republic....................... Montevideo.
Senate, Chamber o
f Deputies (suspe
nded).
Uzbekistan....................... ......do....................... Supreme Assembly ......do....................... Tashkent.
(unicameral).
Vanuatu.......................... Prime Minister................. Representative ............................... Port-Vila.
Assembly
(unicameral).
Venezuela........................ President...................... Congress: Senate, Republic....................... Caracas.
Chamber of
Deputies.
Vietnam.......................... ......do....................... None.............. Socialist Republic............. Hanoi.
Yemen............................ ......do....................... Assembly, Republic....................... Sanaa.
Republican
Council
(suspended).
Zambia........................... ......do....................... National Assembly ......do....................... Lusaka.
(unicameral).
Zimbabwe......................... ......do....................... Parliament: Parliamentary State............ Harare.
Senate, House of
Assembly.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ In 1950, the Israel Parliament proclaimed Jerusalem as the capital. The United States does not recognize Jerusalem as the capital and the U.S.
Embassy continues to be located in Tel Aviv. \2\ No accurate English equivalents. \3\ The Law of Succession, July 27, 1947, declared that
Spain was constituted a Kingdom.
[[Page 233]]
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES DENOTING NATIONALITY
[Data from the Department of State and the Central Intelligence Agency]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Noun (plural ending in
Country or region parentheses) Adjective
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Afghanistan............................. Afghan(s).................. Afghan.
Albania................................. Albanian(s)................ Albanian.
Algeria................................. Algerian(s)................ Algerian.
American Samoa.......................... American Samoan(s)......... American Samoan.
Andorra................................. Andorran(s)................ Andorran.
Angola.................................. Angolan(s)................. Angolan.
Anguilla................................ Anguillan(s)............... Anguillan.
Antigua and Barbuda..................... Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s)... Antiguan, Barbudan.
Argentina............................... Argentine(s)............... Argentine.
Armenia................................. Armenian(s)................ Armenian.
Aruba................................... Aruban(s).................. Aruban.
Australia............................... Australian(s).............. Australian.
Austria................................. Austrian(s)................ Austrian.
Azerbaijan.............................. Azerbaijani(s)............. Azerbaijani.
Bahamas, The............................ Bahamian(s)................ Bahamian.
Bahrain................................. Bahraini(s)................ Bahraini.
Bangladesh.............................. Bangladeshi(s)............. Bangladesh.
Barbados................................ Barbadian(s)............... Barbadian.
Belarus................................. Belarusian(s).............. Belarusian.
Belgium................................. Belgian(s)................. Belgian.
Belize.................................. Belizean(s)................ Belizean.
Benin................................... Beninese (singular, plural) Beninese.
Bermuda................................. Bermudian(s)............... Bermudian.
Bhutan.................................. Bhutanese (singular, Bhutanese.
plural).
Bolivia................................. Bolivian(s)................ Bolivian.
Bosnia and Herzegovina.................. Bosnian(s), Bosnian, Herzegovinian.
Herzegovinian(s)..
Botswana................................ Motswana (singular), Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural).
Batswana (plural).
Brazil.................................. Brazilian(s)............... Brazilian.
British Virgin Islands.................. British Virgin Islander(s). British Virgin Islander.
Brunei.................................. Bruneian(s)................ Bruneian.
Bulgaria................................ Bulgarian(s)............... Bulgarian.
Burkina................................. Burkinabe (singular, Burkinabe.
plural).
Burma................................... Burmese (singular, plural). Burmese.
Burundi................................. Burundian(s)............... Burundi.
Cambodia................................ Cambodian(s)............... Cambodian.
Cameroon................................ Cameroonian(s)............. Cameroonian.
Canada.................................. Canadian(s)................ Canadian.
Cape Verde.............................. Cape Verdean(s)............ Cape Verdean.
Cayman Islands.......................... Caymanian(s)............... Caymanian.
Central African Republic................ Central African(s)......... Central African.
Chad.................................... Chadian(s)................. Chadian.
Chile................................... Chilean(s)................. Chilean.
China................................... Chinese (singular, plural). Chinese.
Christmas Island........................ Christmas Islander(s)...... Christmas Island.
Cocos (Keeling) Islands................. Cocos Islander(s).......... Cocos Islander.
Colombia................................ Colombian(s)............... Colombian.
Comoros................................. Comoran(s)................. Comoran.
Congo................................... Congolese (singular, Congolese or Congo.
plural).
Cook Islands............................ Cook Islander(s)........... Cook Islander.
Costa Rica.............................. Costa Rican(s)............. Costa Rican.
Cote d'Ivoire........................... Ivorian(s)................. Ivorian.
Croatia................................. Croat(s)................... Croatian.
Cuba.................................... Cuban(s)................... Cuban.
Cyprus.................................. Cypriot(s)................. Cypriot.
Czech Republic.......................... Czech(s)................... Czech.
Denmark................................. Dane(s).................... Danish.
Djibouti................................ Djiboutian(s).............. Djiboutian.
Dominica................................ Dominican(s)............... Dominican.
Dominican Republic...................... ......do................... Do.
Ecuador................................. Ecuadorian(s).............. Ecuadorian.
Egypt................................... Egyptian(s)................ Egyptian.
El Salvador............................. Salvadoran(s).............. Salvadoran.
Equatorial Guinea....................... Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatorial Guinean or Equa-toguinean.
Equa-toguinean(s).
Eritrea................................. Eritrean(s)................ Eritrean.
Estonia................................. Estonian(s)................ Estonian.
Ethiopia................................ Ethiopian(s)............... Ethiopian.
Falkland Islands........................ Falkland Islander(s)....... Falkland Island.
Faroe Islands........................... Faroese (singular, plural). Faroese.
Fiji.................................... Fijian(s).................. Fijian.
Finland................................. Finn(s).................... Finnish.
France.................................. Frenchman(men)/Frenchwoman French.
(women).
French Guiana........................... French Guianese (singular, French Guianese.
plural).
French Polynesia........................ French Polynesian(s)....... French Polynesian.
Gabon................................... Gabonese (singular, plural) Gabonese.
Gambia, The............................. Gambian(s)................. Gambian.
Gaza Strip.............................. None....................... None.
Georgia................................. Georgian(s)................ Georgian.
Germany................................. German(s).................. German.
Ghana................................... Ghanaian(s)................ Ghanaian.
Gibraltar............................... Gibraltarian(s)............ Gibraltar.
Greece.................................. Greek(s)................... Greek.
Greenland............................... Greenlander(s)............. Greenlandic.
[[Page 234]]
Grenada................................. Grenadian(s)............... Grenadian.
Guadeloupe.............................. Guadeloupian(s)............ Guadeloupe.
Guam.................................... Guamanian(s)............... Guamanian.
Guatemala............................... Guatemalan(s).............. Guatemalan.
Guernsey................................ Channel Islander(s)........ Channel Islander.
Guinea.................................. Guinean(s)................. Guinea.
Guinea-Bissau........................... Guinean(s)-Bissauan(s)..... Guinean-Bissauan.
Guyana.................................. Guyanese (singular, plural) Guyanese.
Haiti................................... Haitian(s)................. Haitian.
Honduras................................ Honduran(s)................ Honduran.
Hong Kong............................... Chinese.................... Chinese.
Hungary................................. Hungarian(s)............... Hungarian.
Iceland................................. Icelander(s)............... Icelandic.
India................................... Indian(s).................. Indian.
Indonesia............................... Indonesian(s).............. Indonesian.
Iran.................................... Iranian(s)................. Iranian.
Iraq.................................... Iraqi(s)................... Iraqi.
Ireland................................. Irishman(men), Irish.
Irishwoman(women), Irish
(collective, plural).
Israel.................................. Israeli(s)................. Israeli.
Italy................................... Italian(s)................. Italian.
Ivory Coast (see Cote d'Ivoire).........
Jamaica................................. Jamaican(s)................ Jamaican.
Japan................................... Japanese (singular, plural) Japanese.
Jersey.................................. Channel Islander(s)........ Channel Islander.
Jordan.................................. Jordanian(s)............... Jordanian.
Kampuchea (see Cambodia)................
Kazakhstan.............................. Kazakhstani(s)............. Kazakhstani.
Kenya................................... Kenyan(s).................. Kenyan.
Khmer Republic (see Cambodia)...........
Kiribati................................ I-Kiribat (singular, I-Kiribati.
plural).
Korea, North............................ Korean(s).................. Korean.
Korea, South............................ Korean(s).................. Korean.
Kuwait.................................. Kuwaiti(s)................. Kuwaiti.
Kyrgyzstan.............................. Kyrgyz(s).................. Kyrgyz.
Laos.................................... Lao(s) or Laotian(s)....... Lao or Laotian.
Latvia.................................. Latvian(s)................. Latvian.
Lebanon................................. Lebanese (singular, plural) Lebanese.
Lesotho................................. Mosotho (singular), Basotho Basotho.
(plural).
Liberia................................. Liberian(s)................ Liberian.
Libya................................... Libyan(s).................. Libyan.
Liechtenstein........................... Liechtensteiner(s)......... Liechtenstein.
Lithuania............................... Lithuanian(s).............. Lithuanian.
Luxembourg.............................. Luxembourger(s)............ Luxembourg.
Macau................................... Macanese (singular, plural) Macau.
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Macedonian(s).............. Macedonian.
of.
Madagascar.............................. Malagasy (singular, plural) Malagasy.
Malawi.................................. Malawian(s)................ Malawian.
Malaysia................................ Malaysian(s)............... Malaysian.
Maldives................................ Maldivian(s)............... Maldivian.
Mali.................................... Malian(s).................. Malian.
Malta................................... Maltese (singular, plural). Maltese.
Man, Isle of............................ Manxman, Manxwoman......... Manx.
Marshall Islands........................ Marshallese (singular, Marshallese.
plural).
Martinique.............................. Martiniquais (singular, Martiniquais.
plural).
Mauritania.............................. Mauritanian(s)............. Mauritanian.
Mauritius............................... Mauritian(s)............... Mauritian.
Mayotte................................. Mahorais (singular, plural) Mahoran.
Mexico.................................. Mexican(s)................. Mexican.
Micronesia, Federated States of......... Micronesian(s)............. Micronesian.
Moldova................................. Moldovan(s)................ Moldovan.
Monaco.................................. Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s) Monacan or Monegasque.
Mongolia................................ Mongolian(s)............... Mongolian.
Montserrat.............................. Montserratian(s)........... Montserratian.
Morocco................................. Moroccan(s)................ Moroccan.
Mozambique.............................. Mozambican(s).............. Mozambican.
Namibia................................. Namibian(s)................ Namibian.
Nauru................................... Nauruan(s)................. Nauruan.
Nepal................................... Nepalese (singular, plural) Nepalese.
Netherlands............................. Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman Dutch.
(women).
Netherlands Antilles.................... Netherlands Antillean(s)... Netherlands Antillean.
New Caledonia........................... New Caledonian(s).......... New Caledonian.
New Zealand............................. New Zealander(s)........... New Zealand.
Nicaragua............................... Nicaraguan(s).............. Nicaraguan.
Niger................................... Nigerien(s)................ Nigerien.
Nigeria................................. Nigerian(s)................ Nigerian.
Nive.................................... Nivean(s).................. Nivean.
Norfolk Island.......................... Norfolk Islander(s)........ Norfolk Islander.
Northern Mariana Islands................ None....................... None.
Norway.................................. Norwegian(s)............... Norwegian.
Oman.................................... Omani(s)................... Omani.
Pakistan................................ Pakistani(s)............... Pakistani.
Palau................................... Palauan(s)................. Palauan.
[[Page 235]]
Panama.................................. Panamanian(s).............. Panamanian.
Papua New Guinea........................ Papua New Guinean(s)....... Papua New Guinean.
Paraguay................................ Paraguayan(s).............. Paraguayan.
Peru.................................... Peruvian(s)................ Peruvian.
Philippines............................. Filipino(s)................ Philippine.
Pitcairn Islands........................ Pitcairn Islander(s)....... Pitcairn Islander.
Poland.................................. Pole(s).................... Polish.
Portugal................................ Portuguese (singular, Portuguese.
plural).
Puerto Rico............................. Puerto Rican(s)............ Puerto Rican.
Qatar................................... Qatari(s).................. Qatari.
Reunion................................. Reunionese (singular, Reunionese.
plural).
Romania................................. Romanian(s)................ Romanian.
Russia.................................. Russian(s)................. Russian.
Rwanda.................................. Rwandan(s)................. Rwandan.
Saint Helena............................ Saint Helenian(s).......... Saint Helenian.
Saint Lucia............................. Saint Lucian(s)............ Saint Lucian.
Saint Kitts and Nevis................... Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s)... Kittsian, Nevisian.
Saint Lucia............................. Saint Lucian(s)............ Saint Lucian.
Saint Pierre and Miquelon............... Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman French.
(women).
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines........ Saint Vincentian(s) or Saint Vincentian or Vincentian.
Vincentian(s).
San Marino.............................. Sammarinese (singular, Sammarinese.
plural).
Sao Tome and Principe................... Sao Tomean(s).............. Sao Tomean.
Saudi Arabia............................ Saudi(s)................... Saudi or Saudi Arabian.
Senegal................................. Senegalese (singular, Senegalese.
plural).
Serbia and Montenegro................... Serb(s), Montenegrin(s).... Serbian and Montenegrin.
Seychelles.............................. Seychellois (singular, Seychelles.
plural).
Sierra Leone............................ Sierra Leonean(s).......... Sierra Leonean.
Singapore............................... Singaporean(s)............. Singapore.
Slovakia................................ Slovak(s).................. Slovak.
Slovenia................................ Slovene(s)................. Slovenian.
Solomon Islands......................... Solomon Islander(s)........ Solomon Islander.
Somalia................................. Somali (singular, plural).. Somali.
South Africa............................ South African(s)........... South African.
Spain................................... Spaniard(s)................ Spanish.
Sri Lanka............................... Sri Lankan(s).............. Sri Lankan.
Sudan................................... Sudanese (singular, plural) Sudanese.
Suriname................................ Surinamer(s)............... Surinamese.
Svalbard................................ None....................... None.
Swaziland............................... Swazi(s)................... Swazi.
Sweden.................................. Swede(s)................... Swedish.
Switzerland............................. Swiss (singular, plural)... Swiss.
Syria................................... Syrian(s).................. Syrian.
Taiwan.................................. Taiwanese (singular, Taiwanese.
plural).
Tajikistan.............................. Tajik(s)................... Tajik.
Tanzania................................ Tanzanian(s)............... Tanzanian.
Thailand................................ Thai (singular, plural).... Thai.
Togo.................................... Togolese (singular, plural) Togolese.
Tokelau................................. Tokelauan(s)............... Tokelauan.
Tonga................................... Tongan(s).................. Tongan.
Trinidad and Tobago..................... Trinidadian(s), Trinidadian, Tobagonian.
Tobagonian(s).
Tunisia................................. Tunisian(s)................ Tunisian.
Turkey.................................. Turk(s).................... Turkish.
Turkmenistan............................ Turkmen(s)................. Turkmen.
Turks and Caicos Islands................ None....................... None.
Tuvalu.................................. Tuvaluan(s)................ Tuvaluan.
Uganda.................................. Ugandan(s)................. Ugandan.
Ukraine................................. Ukrainian(s)............... Ukrainian.
United Arab Emirates.................... Emirian(s)................. Emirian.
United Kingdom.......................... Briton(s), British British.
(collective plural).
United States........................... American(s)................ American.
Uruguay................................. Uruguayan(s)............... Uruguayan.
Uzbekistan.............................. Uzbek(s)................... Uzbek.
Vanuatu................................. Ni-Vanuatu (singular, Ni-Vanuatu.
plural).
Venezuela............................... Venezuelan(s).............. Venezuelan.
Vietnam................................. Vietnamese (singular, Vietnamese.
plural).
Virgin Islands.......................... Virgin Islander(s)......... Virgin Islander.
Wake Island............................. None....................... None.
Wallis and Futuna Islands............... Wallisian(s), Futunan(s) or Wallisian, Futunan or Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna Islander.
Islander(s).
West Bank............................... None....................... None.
Western Sahara.......................... Sahrawi(s), Sahraoi(s)..... Sahrawian, Sahrauoian.
Western Samoa........................... Western Samoan(s).......... Western Samoan.
Yemen................................... Yemini(s).................. Yemeni.
Zaire................................... Zairian(s)................. Zairian.
Zambia.................................. Zambian(s)................. Zambian.
Zimbabwe................................ Zimbabwean(s).............. Zimbabwean.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 236]]
FOREIGN MONEY
[Based on information provided by the International Monetary Fund updated to July 26, 2000]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country or area Currency unit Abbreviation Subsidiary unit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Afghanistan, Islamic State of....... Afghani..................... Af pul
Albania............................. lek......................... lek quindar
Algeria............................. dinar....................... DA centime
Andorra............................. French franc \1\............ Fr. F French centime
Spanish peseta \1\.......... Sp. Pta Spanish centimo
Angola.............................. readjusted kwanza........... KZR centimo
Anguilla............................ dollar...................... EC$ cent
Antigua and Barbuda................. dollar...................... EC$ cent
Argentina........................... peso........................ Arg$ centavo
Armenia............................. dram........................ dram luma
Aruba............................... florin...................... Af. cent
Australia........................... dollar...................... $A cent
Austria............................. euro \2\.................... EUR schilling
Azerbaijan.......................... manat....................... manat kepik
Azores.............................. escudo...................... Esc centavo
Bahamas, The........................ dollar...................... B$ cent
Bahrain............................. dinar....................... BD fils
Bangladesh.......................... taka........................ Tk poisha
Barbados............................ dollar...................... BDS$ cent
Belarus............................. rubel....................... Rbl --
Belgium............................. euro \2\.................... EUR franc
Belize.............................. dollar...................... BZ$ cent
Benin............................... franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Bermuda............................. dollar...................... Ber$ cent
Bhutan.............................. ngultrum.................... Nu chhetrum
Bolivia............................. boliviano................... Bs centavo
Bosnia and Herzegovina.............. convertible marka........... KM pfening
Botswana............................ pula........................ P thebe
Brazil.............................. real........................ R$ centavo
British Virgin Islands.............. dollar...................... $ or US$ \4\ cent
Brunei Darussalam................... dollar...................... B$ cent
Bulgaria............................ lev......................... lev stotinka
Burkina Faso........................ franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Burundi............................. franc....................... FBu centime
Cambodia............................ riel........................ CR sen
Cameroon............................ franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Canada.............................. dollar...................... Can$ cent
Canary Islands...................... peseta...................... Pta centimo
Cape Verde.......................... escudo...................... CVEsc centavo
Cayman Islands...................... dollar...................... C$ cent
Central African Republic............ franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Chad................................ franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Chile............................... peso........................ Ch$ centavo
China............................... yuan \5\.................... Y fen \6\
Colombia............................ peso........................ Col$ centavo
Comoros............................. franc....................... CF centime
Congo, Democratic Republic of....... franc....................... CGF centime
Congo, Republic of.................. franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Costa Rica.......................... colon....................... C centimo
Cote d'Ivoire....................... franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Croatia............................. kuna........................ HRK lipa
Cuba................................ peso........................ $ centavo
Cyprus.............................. pound....................... C cent
Czech Republic...................... koruna...................... CZK haler
Denmark............................. krone....................... DKr re
Djibouti............................ franc....................... DF centime
Dominica............................ dollar...................... EC$ cent
Dominican Republic.................. peso........................ RD$ centavo
Ecuador............................. sucre....................... S/. centavo
Egypt............................... pound....................... LE piastre \7\
El Salvador......................... colon....................... C centavo
/
Equatorial Guinea................... franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Eritrea............................. nakfa....................... ERN cent
Estonia............................. kroon....................... EEK sent
Ethiopia............................ birr........................ Br cent
Faeroe Islands...................... krone....................... DKr re
Falkland Islands.................... pound....................... new penny
Fiji................................ dollar...................... F$ cent
Finland............................. euro \2\.................... EUR markka
France.............................. euro \2\.................... EUR franc
French Guiana....................... franc....................... F centime
French Polynesia.................... franc....................... CFPF centime
Gabon............................... franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Gambia, The......................... dalasi...................... D butut
Georgia............................. lari........................ lari tetri
Germany............................. euro \2\.................... EUR deutsche mark
Ghana............................... cedi........................ C pesewa
/
Gibraltar........................... pound....................... new penny
Greece.............................. drachma..................... Dr lepton
Greenland........................... krone....................... DKr re
Grenada............................. dollar...................... EC$ cent
Guadeloupe.......................... franc....................... F centime
Guatemala........................... quetzal..................... Q centavo
Guinea.............................. franc....................... GF --
Guinea-Bissau....................... franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
[[Page 237]]
Guyana.............................. dollar...................... G$ cent
Haiti............................... gourde...................... G centime
Honduras............................ lempira..................... L centavo
Hong Kong SAR....................... dollar...................... HK$ cent
Hungary............................. forint...................... Ft filler
Iceland............................. krona....................... ISK eyrir
India............................... rupee....................... Re paisa
Indonesia........................... rupiah...................... Rp sen
Iran, Islamic Republic of........... rial........................ Rl --
Iraq................................ dinar....................... ID fils
Ireland............................. euro \2\.................... EUR pound
Israel.............................. new sheqel.................. NIS agora
Italy............................... euro \2\.................... EUR lira
Jamaica............................. dollar...................... J$ cent
Japan............................... yen......................... sen
Jordan.............................. dinar....................... JD fils
Kazakhstan.......................... tenge....................... T tiyn
Kenya............................... shilling.................... K Sh cent
Kiribati............................ dollar...................... $A cent
Korea, Democratic People's Republic won......................... -- chun
of.
Korea, Republic of.................. won......................... W chun
Kuwait.............................. dinar....................... KD fils
Kyrgyz Republic..................... som......................... som tyiyn
Lao People's Democratic Republic.... kip......................... KN --
Latvia.............................. lats........................ LVL santims
Lebanon............................. pound....................... LL --
Lesotho............................. loti \8\.................... M sente
Liberia............................. dollar...................... $ cent
Libya............................... dinar....................... LD dirham
Liechtenstein....................... franc....................... Sw F centime
Lithuania........................... litas....................... LTL centas
Luxembourg.......................... euro \2\.................... EUR franc
Macao SAR........................... pataca...................... P avo
Macedonia........................... denar....................... MDen deni
Madagascar.......................... franc....................... FMG centime
Madeira............................. escudo...................... Esc centavo
Malawi.............................. kwacha...................... MK tambala
Malaysia............................ ringgit..................... RM sen
Maldives............................ rufiyaa..................... Rf laari
Mali................................ franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Malta............................... lira........................ Lm cent \9\
Marshall Islands.................... dollar...................... $ or US$ \4\ cent
Martinique.......................... franc....................... F centime
Mauritania.......................... ouguiya \10\................ UM khoum
Mauritius........................... rupee....................... MUR cent
Mexico.............................. new peso.................... MEX$ centavo
Micronesia, Federated States of..... dollar...................... $ or US$ \4\ cent
Moldova............................. leu......................... MDL ban
Monaco.............................. franc....................... F centime
Mongolia............................ togrog...................... Tug mongo
Montserrat.......................... dollar...................... EC$ cent
Morocco............................. dirham...................... DH centime
Mozambique.......................... metical..................... Mt centavo
Myanmar............................. kyat........................ K pya
Namibia............................. dollar...................... N$ cent
rand........................ R cent
Nauru............................... dollar...................... $A cent
Nepal............................... rupee....................... Nrs paisa
Netherlands, The.................... euro \2\.................... EUR guilder
Netherlands Antilles................ guilder..................... NA f. cent
New Caledonia....................... franc....................... CFPF centime
New Zealand......................... dollar...................... $NZ cent
Nicaragua........................... cordoba..................... C$ centavo
Niger............................... franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Nigeria............................. naira....................... N kobo
=
Norway.............................. krone....................... NKr re
Oman................................ rial Omani.................. RO baisa
Pakistan............................ rupee....................... PRs paisa
Palau............................... dollar...................... $ or US$ \4\ cent
Panama.............................. balboa...................... B centesimo
Papua New Guinea.................... kina........................ K toea
Paraguay............................ guarani..................... G centimo
/
Peru................................ nuevo sol................... S/. centimo
Philippines......................... peso........................ P centavo
=
Poland.............................. zloty....................... Zl grosz
Portugal............................ euro \2\.................... EUR escudo
Qatar............................... riyal....................... QR dirham
Reunion............................. franc....................... F centime
Romania............................. leu......................... leu \11\ --
Russia.............................. ruble....................... Rub kopek
Rwanda.............................. franc....................... RF centime
St. Helena.......................... pound \12\.................. or new penny
stg.\12\
St. Kitts and Nevis................. dollar...................... EC$ cent
St. Lucia........................... dollar...................... EC$ cent
St. Pierre and Miquelon............. franc....................... F centime
[[Page 238]]
St. Vincent and the Grenadines...... dollar...................... EC$ cent
Samoa............................... tala........................ SAT sene
San Marino.......................... euro \2\.................... EUR lira
Sao Tome and Principe............... dobra....................... Db centavo
Saudi Arabia........................ riyal....................... SRl halala
Senegal............................. franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Seychelles.......................... rupee....................... SR cent
Sierra Leone........................ leone....................... Le cent
Singapore........................... dollar...................... S$ cent
Slovak Republic..................... koruna...................... Sk halier
Slovenia............................ tolar....................... SIT stotin
Solomon Islands..................... dollar...................... SI$ cent
Somalia............................. shilling.................... So. Sh. cent
South Africa........................ rand........................ R cent
Spain............................... euro \2\.................... EUR peseta
Sri Lanka........................... rupee....................... SL Re cent
Sudan \13\.......................... pound....................... LSd piastre \7\
Suriname............................ guilder..................... Sf cent
Swaziland........................... lilangeni................... E cent
Sweden.............................. krona....................... SKr ore
Switzerland......................... franc....................... Sw F centime
Syrian Arab Republic................ pound....................... LS piastre \7\
Taiwan Province of China............ dollar...................... NT$ fen \14\
Tajikistan.......................... ruble....................... TR --
Tanzania............................ shilling.................... T Sh cent
Thailand............................ baht........................ B satang
Togo................................ franc....................... CFAF centime \3\
Tonga............................... pa'anga..................... T$ seniti
Trinidad and Tobago................. dollar...................... TT$ cent
Tunisia............................. dinar....................... D millime
Turkey.............................. lira........................ TL kurus
Turkmenistan........................ manat....................... manat tenge
Turks and Caicos Islands............ dollar...................... $ or US$ \4\ cent
Tuvalu.............................. dollar...................... $A cent
Uganda.............................. shilling.................... U Sh cent
Ukraine............................. hryvnia..................... HRV kopiyka
United Arab Emirates................ dirham...................... Dh fil
United Kingdom...................... pound....................... or penny
stg.
United States....................... dollar...................... $ or US$ \4\ cent
Uruguay............................. peso........................ Ur$ centesimo
Uzbekistan.......................... sum......................... SUM tiyin
Vanuatu............................. vatu........................ VT --
Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela.. bolivar..................... Bs centavo
Vietnam............................. dong........................ D --
Wallis and Futuna Islands........... franc....................... CFPF centime
Yemen, Republic of.................. dinar \15\.................. YD fils
rial \15\................... YRl fils
Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of dinar....................... YUD para
(Serbia/Montenegro).
Zambia.............................. kwacha...................... K ngwee
Zimbabwe............................ dollar...................... Z$ cent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Both the French franc and the Spanish peseta are legal tender in Andorra.
\2\ Use the term ``euro area,'' not ``euro zone.'' It is incorrect to refer to the euro by nationality, for
example, as an Austrian euro or a Belgian euro. However, one may refer to a country's holdings of euros, for
example, euro (France) or euro (Germany). The subsidiary units, which used to be the national currencies of
the euro area countries, will be used only during the transition period, that is, through June 30, 2002.
\3\ There is no subsidiary unit issued for the CFA franc. However, it is useful to retain the concept of the
centime.
\4\ Use US$ instead of $ when it is not clear that the reference is to the U.S. dollar.
\5\ The currency is the renminbi, while the currency unit is the yuan.
\6\ Second subsidiary currency unit: jiao; 10 fen = 1 jiao; 10 jiao = 1 yuan.
\7\ Second subsidiary currency: millieme; 10 milliemes = 1 piastre.
\8\ The loti is interchangeable with the South African rand, which remains legal tender.
\9\ Second subsidiary currency: mil, 10 mils = 1 cent.
\10\ For accounting purposes, the ouguiya is also divided into the dixieme (= UM 0.10) and the centieme (= UM
0.01).
\11\ Use the plural form lei before a figure (e.g., lei 100).
\12\ ``Sterling'' is at times used in place of ``pounds.'' When used as an adjective to describe the currency,
``sterling'' follows ``pounds'' (i.e., ``pounds sterling'').
\13\ Sudan has introduced the Sudanese dinar to circulate alongside the Sudanese pound. The Sudanese dinar is
worth 10 pounds.
\14\ Second subsidiary currency: chiao; 10 fen = 1 chiao.
\15\ Both the Yemeni dinar and the Yemeni rial are legal tender in the Republic of Yemen.
[[Page 239]]
METRIC TABLES
LENGTH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myriameter (obs.)............ 10,000 meters... 6.2137 miles. Meter......... 1 meter....... 39.37 inches.
Kilometer.................... 1,000 meters.... 0.62137 mile. Decimeter..... 0.1 meter..... 3.937 inches.
Hectometer................... 100 meters...... 328 feet 1 inch. Centimeter.... 0.01 meter.... 0.3937 inch.
Dekameter.................... 10 meters....... 393.7 inches. Millimeter.... 0.001 meter... 0.0394 inch.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AREA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hectare................................. 10,000 square meters............... 2.471 acres.
Are..................................... 100 square meters.................. 119.6 square yards.
Centare................................. 1 square meter..................... 1,550 square inches.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEIGHT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Volume of water corresponding to Avoirdupois weight of
Name grams weight water
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric ton, millier or tonneau...... 1,000,000 1 cubic meter................... 2,204.6 pounds.
Kilogram or kilo.................... 1,000 1 liter......................... 2.2046 pounds.
Hectogram........................... 100 1 deciliter..................... 3.5274 ounces.
Dekagram............................ 10 10 cubic centimeters............ 0.3527 ounce.
Gram................................ 1 1 cubic centimeter.............. 15.432 grains.
Decigram............................ .1 0.1 cubic centimeter............ 1.5432 grains.
Centigram........................... .01 10 cubic millimeters............ 0.1543 grain.
Milligram........................... .001 1 cubic millimeter.............. 0.0154 grain.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAPACITY
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of
Name liters Metric cubic measure United States measure British measure
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kiloliter or stere.................... 1,000 1 cubic meter................... 1.308 cubic yards............... 1.308 cubic yards.
Hectoliter............................ 100 0.1 cubic meter................. 2.838 bushels; 26,417 gallons... 2.75 bushels; 22.00 gallons.
Dekaliter............................. 10 10 cubic decimeters............. 1.135 pecks; 2.6417 gallons..... 8.80 quarts; 2.200 gallons.
Liter................................. 1 1 cubic decimeter............... 0.908 dry quart; 1.0567 liquid 0.880 quart.
quarts.
Deciliter............................. .1 0.1 cubic decimeter............. 6.1023 cubic inches; 0.845 gill. 0.704 gill.
Centiliter............................ .01 10 cubic centimeters............ 0.6102 cubic inch; 0.338 fluid 0.352 fluid ounce.
ounce.
Milliliter............................ .001 1 cubic centimeter.............. 0.061 cubic inch; 0.271 fluid 0.284 fluid dram.
dram.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMMON MEASURES AND THEIR METRIC EQUIVALENTS
[*United States measure]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Common measure Equivalent Common measure Equivalent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inch.......................... 2.54 centimeters. Dry quart*............... 1.101 liters.
Foot.......................... 0.3048 meter. Quart, imperial.......... 1.136 liters.
Yard.......................... 0.9144 meter. Gallon*.................. 3.785 liters.
Rod........................... 5.029 meters. Gallon, imperial......... 4.546 liters.
Mile.......................... 1.6093 kilometers. Peck*.................... 8.810 liters.
Square inch................... 6.452 square centimeters. Peck, imperial........... 9.092 liters.
Square foot................... 0.0929 square meter. Bushel*.................. 35.24 liters.
Square yard................... 0.836 square meter. Bushel, imperial......... 36.37 liters.
Square rod.................... 25.29 square meters. Ounce, avoirdupois....... 28.35 grams.
Acre.......................... 0.4047 hectare. Pound, avoirdupois....... 0.4536 kilogram.
Square mile................... 259 hectares. Ton, long................ 1.0160 metric tons.
Cubic inch.................... 16.39 cubic centimeters. Ton, short............... 0.9072 metric ton.
Cubic foot.................... 0.0283 cubic meter. Grain.................... 0.0648 gram.
Cubic yard.................... 0.7646 cubic meter. Ounce, troy.............. 31.103 grams.
Cord.......................... 3.625 steres. Pound, troy.............. 0.3732 kilogram.
Liquid quart*................. 0.9463 liter.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 240]]
U.S. EQUIVALENTS OF THE PRINCIPAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES USED IN FOREIGN
AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
[With suggestions by the Department of Agriculture]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weight or measure Country
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 ardeb = 1.98 hectoliters = Egypt.
5.6189 Winchester or United
States bushels.
1 arroba = 25 pounds, avoirdupois. Cuba.
1 batman = 6.5 pounds, avoirdupois Iran.
1 bouw = 7,096.5 square meters = Indonesia.
1.754 acres.
1 cantar = 44.928 kilograms = Egypt.
99.049 pounds, avoirdupois.
1 catty (kati) = 1\1/3\ pounds, China.
avoirdupois.
1 central = 100 pounds, United States, Canada, Republic of
avoirdupois. South Africa.\1\
1 centner = 110.23 pounds, Denmark.
avoirdupois.
1 chetvert = 5.9568 Winchester Russia.
bushels.
1 cho = 2.4506 acres.............. Japan.
1 dekar = 0.2471 acre............. Norway.
1 dessiatine = 2.6997 acres....... Russia.
1 donum = 0.227 acre.............. Turkey.
1 doppelzentner = 220.46 pounds, Germany.
avoirdupois.
1 feddan = 1.038 acres............ Egypt.
1 hectare = 2.471 acres........... (\2\).
1 hectoliter = 2.8378 Winchester (\2\).
bushels.
1 hectoliter = 26.418 United (\2\).
States gallons.
1 hundredweight (long) = 112 United Kingdom, Australia.\1\
pounds, avoirdupois.
1 hundredweight (or cental) = 100 United States, Canada, Republic of
pounds, avoirdupois. South Africa.\1\
1 imperial bushel = 1.03205 United Kingdom, Canada, Australia,
Winchester bushels. Republic of South Africa.\1\
1 imperial gallon = 1.2009 United Do.\1\
States gallons.
1 joch (cadastral hold or Hungary.
cadastral arpent) = 1.422 acres.
1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds, (\2\).
avoirdupois.
1 kin = 1.3228 pounds, avoirdupois Japan.
1 ko = 2.3966 acres............... Taiwan.
1 koku = 4.9602 imperial bushels = Japan.
5.1192 Winchester bushels.
1 koku = 47.655 United States Do.
standard gallons.
1 kwan = 8.2673 pounds, Do.
avoirdupois.
1 liter = 0.028378 Winchester (\2\).
bushel = 0.26418 United States
gallon.
1 manzana = 1.7266 acres.......... Guatemala.
1 maund = 82.2857 pounds, British India.
avoirdupois.
1 mesana = 0.6397 acre............ Cuba.
1 morgen = 2.1165 acres........... Republic of South Africa.
1 mow = 0.1518 acre (varying)..... China.
1 oke = 1.248 kilograms = 2.751 Egypt.
pounds, avoirdupois.
1 oke = 2.822 pounds, avoirdupois. Greece.
1 picul = 133\1/3\ pounds, China.
avoirdupois.
1 picul = 61.761 kilograms = Indonesia.
136.16 pounds, avoirdupois.
1 picul = 132.28 pounds, Japan.
avoirdupois.
1 pood = 36.1128 pounds, Russia.
avoirdupois.
1 pound, Great Venetian = 1.0582 Greece.
pounds, avoirdupois.
1 quintal (double centner or (\2\).
metric centner) = 220.46 pounds,
avoirdupois.
1 quarter = 8 imperial bushels = United Kingdom.
8.2564 Winchester bushels.
1 rai = 0.3954 acre............... Thailand.
1 Russian pound = \1/40\ pood = Russia.
0.90282 pound, avoirdupois.
1 stremma (royal) = 0.2471 acre... Greece.
1 tan (or picul) = 133\1/3\ China.
pounds, avoirdupois.
1 ton (long) = 2,240 pounds, United States (foreign trade) and
avoirdupois. United Kingdom.
1 ton (metric) = 2,204.6 pounds, (\2\).
avoirdupois.
1 ton (short) = 2,000 pounds, United States (internal trade) and
avoirdupois. Canada (foreign trade).
1 zentner = 110.23 pounds, Germany.
avoirdupois.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ List of countries given may not be complete or reflect current name
changes due to political restructuring.
\2\ Metric system.
Note.--The values given are believed to be carried to a sufficient
number of decimal places to meet the purpose for which the units may
be used.
[[Page 241]]
PICAS TRANSLATED TO INCHES
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Picas Inches Picas Inches Picas Inches Picas Inches Picas Inches Picas Inches
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 0.166 18 2.988 35 5.811 52 8.634 69 11.457 86 14.279
2 .332 19 3.154 36 5.977 53 8.800 70 11.623 87 14.445
3 .498 20 3.320 37 6.143 54 8.966 71 11.789 88 14.611
4 .664 21 3.487 38 6.309 55 9.132 72 11.955 89 14.778
5 .830 22 3.653 39 6.475 56 9.298 73 12.121 90 14.944
6 .996 23 3.819 40 6.641 57 9.464 74 12.287 91 15.110
7 1.162 24 3.985 41 6.807 58 9.630 75 12.453 92 15.276
8 1.328 25 4.151 42 6.973 59 9.796 76 12.619 93 15.442
9 1.494 26 4.317 43 7.139 60 9.962 77 12.785 94 15.608
10 1.660 27 4.483 44 7.306 61 10.128 78 12.951 95 15.774
11 1.826 28 4.649 45 7.472 62 10.294 79 13.117 96 15.940
12 1.992 29 4.815 46 7.638 63 10.460 80 13.283 97 16.106
13 2.158 30 4.981 47 7.804 64 10.626 81 13.449 98 16.272
14 2.324 31 5.147 48 7.970 65 10.792 82 13.615 99 16.438
15 2.490 32 5.313 49 8.136 66 10.959 83 13.781 100 16.604
16 2.656 33 5.479 50 8.302 67 11.125 84 13.947 125 20.750
17 2.822 34 5.645 51 8.468 68 11.291 85 14.113 150 24.900
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INCREASE OF TEXT BY SPACING
If lines are spaced 2 points--
6-point type is increased one-third.
8-point type is increased one-fourth.
10-point type is increased one-fifth.
11-point type is increased two-elevenths.
12-point type is increased one-sixth.
NUMBER OF WORDS AND EMS TO THE SQUARE INCH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of words Number of words
Size of type ---------------------- Number of Size of type ---------------------- Number of
Solid Leaded\1\ ems Solid Leaded\1\ ems
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 point.................... 11 8 26\1/2\ 8 point........ 32 23 81
12 point.................... 14 11 36 6 point........ 47 34 144
11 point.................... 17 14 43 5 point........ 69 50 207
10 point.................... 21 16 52
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ ``Leaded'' refers to 2 points of space between lines.
[[Page 242]]
NOTES
[[Page 243]]
18. COUNTIES AND GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
[Parishes, boroughs, Census divisions, districts, islands,
municipalities, and municipios of the 50 States, U.S. possessions, and
Freely Associated States (formerly the Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands)]
Geographers and cartographers omit the possessive apostrophe
in placenames; however, apostrophes appearing in legally
constituted names of counties should not be changed.
The names of the following counties are often misspelled and/
or confused:
Allegany in Maryland and New York
Alleghany in North Carolina and Virginia
Allegheny in Pennsylvania
Andrew in Missouri
Andrews in Texas
Aransas in Texas
Arkansas in Arkansas
Barber in Kansas
Barbour in Alabama and West Virginia
Brevard in Florida
Broward in Florida
Brooke in West Virginia
Brooks in Georgia and Texas
Bulloch in Georgia
Bullock in Alabama
Burnet in Texas
Burnett in Wisconsin
Cheboygan in Michigan
Sheboygan in Wisconsin
Clarke in Alabama, Georgia,
Iowa, Mississippi, and Virginia
Clark in all other States
Coffee in Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee
Coffey in Kansas
Coal in Oklahoma
Cole in Missouri
Coles in Illinois
Cook in Illinois and Minnesota
Cooke in Texas
Davidson in North Carolina and Tennessee
Davie in North Carolina
Daviess in Indiana, Kentucky, and Missouri
Davis in Iowa and Utah
Davison in South Dakota
De Kalb in Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, and Indiana
DeKalb in Tennessee
Dickenson in Virginia
Dickinson in Iowa, Kansas, and Michigan
Dickson in Tennessee
Forrest in Mississippi
Forest in all other States
Glascock in Georgia
Glasscock in Texas
Green in Kentucky and Wisconsin
Greene in all other States
Harford in Maryland
Hartford in Connecticut
Huntingdon in Pennsylvania
Huntington in Indiana
Johnston in North Carolina and Oklahoma
Johnson in all other States
Kanabec in Minnesota
Kennebec in Maine
Kearney in Nebraska
Kearny in Kansas
Linn in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Oregon
Lynn in Texas
Loudon in Tennessee
Loudoun in Virginia
Manatee in Florida
Manistee in Michigan
Merced in California
Mercer in all other States
Morton in Kansas
Norton in Kansas
Muscogee in Georgia
Muskogee in Oklahoma
Park in Colorado and Montana
Parke in Indiana
Pottawatomie in Kansas and Oklahoma
Pottawattamie in Iowa
Prince George in Virginia
Prince George's in Maryland
Sanders in Montana
Saunders in Nebraska
Smyth in Virginia
Smith in all other States
Stafford in Virginia
[[Page 244]]
Strafford in New Hampshire
Stanley in South Dakota
Stanly in North Carolina
Stark in Illinois, North Dakota, and Ohio
Starke in Indiana
Stephens in Georgia, Oklahoma, and Texas
Stevens in Kansas, Minnesota, and Washington
Storey in Nevada
Story in Iowa
Terrell in Georgia and Texas
Tyrrell in North Carolina
Tooele in Utah
Toole in Montana
Vermillion in Indiana
Vermilion in all other States
Woods in Oklahoma
Wood in all other States
Wyandot in Ohio
Wyandotte in Kansas
Yellowstone in Montana
Yellowstone National Park in Montana
ALABAMA (AL) (67 counties)
Autauga
Baldwin
Barbour
Bibb
Blount
Bullock
Butler
Calhoun
Chambers
Cherokee
Chilton
Choctaw
Clarke
Clay
Cleburne
Coffee
Colbert
Conecuh
Coosa
Covington
Crenshaw
Cullman
Dale
Dallas
De Kalb
Elmore
Escambia
Etowah
Fayette
Franklin
Geneva
Greene
Hale
Henry
Houston
Jackson
Jefferson
Lamar
Lauderdale
Lawrence
Lee
Limestone
Lowndes
Macon
Madison
Marengo
Marion
Marshall
Mobile
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Perry
Pickens
Pike
Randolph
Russell
St. Clair
Shelby
Sumter
Talladega
Tallapoosa
Tuscaloosa
Walker
Washington
Wilcox
Winston
ALASKA (AK) (* signifies boroughs; all others are Census divisions)
Anchorage*
Bethel
Bristol Bay*
Dillingham
Fairbanks North Star*
Haines*
Juneau*
Kenai Peninsula*
Ketchikan Gateway*
Kodiak Island*
Matanuska-Susitna*
Nome
North Slope*
Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan
Sitka*
Southeast Fairbanks
Valdez-Cordova
Wade Hampton
Wrangell-Petersburg
Yukon-Koyukuk
AMERICAN SAMOA (AS) (5 entities: 3 districts* and 2 islands)
Eastern*
Manu'a*
Rose
Swains
Western*
ARIZONA (AZ) (15 counties)
Apache
Cochise
Coconino
Gila
Graham
Greenlee
La Paz
Maricopa
Mohave
Navajo
Pima
Pinal
Santa Cruz
Yavapai
Yuma
ARKANSAS (AR) (75 counties)
Arkansas
Ashley
Baxter
Benton
Boone
Bradley
Calhoun
Carroll
Chicot
Clark
Clay
Cleburne
Cleveland
Columbia
Conway
Craighead
Crawford
Crittenden
Cross
Dallas
Desha
Drew
Faulkner
Franklin
Fulton
Garland
Grant
Greene
Hempstead
Hot Spring
Howard
Independence
Izard
Jackson
Jefferson
Johnson
Lafayette
Lawrence
Lee
Lincoln
Little River
Logan
Lonoke
Madison
Marion
Miller
Mississippi
Monroe
Montgomery
Nevada
Newton
Ouachita
Perry
Phillips
Pike
Poinsett
Polk
Pope
Prairie
Pulaski
Randolph
St. Francis
Saline
Scott
Searcy
Sebastian
Sevier
Sharp
Stone
Union
Van Buren
Washington
White
Woodruff
Yell
[[Page 245]]
CALIFORNIA (CA) (58 counties)
Alameda
Alpine
Amador
Butte
Calaveras
Colusa
Contra Costa
Del Norte
El Dorado
Fresno
Glenn
Humboldt
Imperial
Inyo
Kern
Kings
Lake
Lassen
Los Angeles
Madera
Marin
Mariposa
Mendocino
Merced
Modoc
Mono
Monterey
Napa
Nevada
Orange
Placer
Plumas
Riverside
Sacramento
San Benito
San Bernardino
San Diego
San Francisco
San Joaquin
San Luis Obispo
San Mateo
Santa Barbara
Santa Clara
Santa Cruz
Shasta
Sierra
Siskiyou
Solano
Sonoma
Stanislaus
Sutter
Tehama
Trinity
Tulare
Tuolumne
Ventura
Yolo
Yuba
COLORADO (CO) (63 counties)
Adams
Alamosa
Arapahoe
Archuleta
Baca
Bent
Boulder
Chaffee
Cheyenne
Clear Creek
Conejos
Costilla
Crowley
Custer
Delta
Denver
Dolores
Douglas
Eagle
Elbert
El Paso
Fremont
Garfield
Gilpin
Grand
Gunnison
Hinsdale
Huerfano
Jackson
Jefferson
Kiowa
Kit Carson
Lake
La Plata
Larimer
Las Animas
Lincoln
Logan
Mesa
Mineral
Moffat
Montezuma
Montrose
Morgan
Otero
Ouray
Park
Phillips
Pitkin
Prowers
Pueblo
Rio Blanco
Rio Grande
Routt
Saguache
San Juan
San Miguel
Sedgwick
Summit
Teller
Washington
Weld
Yuma
CONNECTICUT (CT) (8 counties)
Fairfield
Hartford
Litchfield
Middlesex
New Haven
New London
Tolland
Windham
DELAWARE (DE) (3 counties)
Kent
New Castle
Sussex
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (DC) (single entity)
FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA (FM) (4 States)
Chuuk (formerly Truk)
Kosrae
Pohnpei (formerly Ponape)
Yap
FLORIDA (FL) (67 counties)
Alachua
Baker
Bay
Bradford
Brevard
Broward
Calhoun
Charlotte
Citrus
Clay
Collier
Columbia
Dade
De Soto
Dixie
Duval
Escambia
Flagler
Franklin
Gadsden
Gilchrist
Glades
Gulf
Hamilton
Hardee
Hendry
Hernando
Highlands
Hillsborough
Holmes
Indian River
Jackson
Jefferson
Lafayette
Lake
Lee
Leon
Levy
Liberty
Madison
Manatee
Marion
Martin
Monroe
Nassau
Okaloosa
Okeechobee
Orange
Osceola
Palm Beach
Pasco
Pinellas
Polk
Putnam
St. Johns
St. Lucie
Santa Rosa
Sarasota
Seminole
Sumter
Suwannee
Taylor
Union
Volusia
Wakulla
Walton
Washington
GEORGIA (GA) (159 counties)
Appling
Atkinson
Bacon
Baker
Baldwin
Banks
Barrow
Bartow
Ben Hill
Berrien
Bibb
Bleckley
Brantley
Brooks
Bryan
Bulloch
Burke
Butts
Calhoun
Camden
[[Page 246]]
Candler
Carroll
Catoosa
Charlton
Chatham
Chatta-
hoochee
Chattooga
Cherokee
Clarke
Clay
Clayton
Clinch
Cobb
Coffee
Colquitt
Columbia
Cook
Coweta
Crawford
Crisp
Dade
Dawson
Decatur
De Kalb
Dodge
Dooly
Dougherty
Douglas
Early
Echols
Effingham
Elbert
Emanuel
Evans
Fannin
Fayette
Floyd
Forsyth
Franklin
Fulton
Gilmer
Glascock
Glynn
Gordon
Grady
Greene
Gwinnett
Habersham
Hall
Hancock
Haralson
Harris
Hart
Heard
Henry
Houston
Irwin
Jackson
Jasper
Jeff Davis
Jefferson
Jenkins
Johnson
Jones
Lamar
Lanier
Laurens
Lee
Liberty
Lincoln
Long
Lowndes
Lumpkin
McDuffie
McIntosh
Macon
Madison
Marion
Meriwether
Miller
Mitchell
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Murray
Muscogee
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Paulding
Peach
Pickens
Pierce
Pike
Polk
Pulaski
Putnam
Quitman
Rabun
Randolph
Richmond
Rockdale
Schley
Screven
Seminole
Spalding
Stephens
Stewart
Sumter
Talbot
Taliaferro
Tattnall
Taylor
Telfair
Terrell
Thomas
Tift
Toombs
Towns
Treutlen
Troup
Turner
Twiggs
Union
Upson
Walker
Walton
Ware
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Wheeler
White
Whitfield
Wilcox
Wilkes
Wilkinson
Worth
GUAM (GU) (single entity)
HAWAII (HI) (5 counties)
Hawaii
Honolulu
Kalawao
Kauai
Maui
IDAHO (ID) (44 counties)
Ada
Adams
Bannock
Bear Lake
Benewah
Bingham
Blaine
Boise
Bonner
Bonneville
Boundary
Butte
Camas
Canyon
Caribou
Cassia
Clark
Clearwater
Custer
Elmore
Franklin
Fremont
Gem
Gooding
Idaho
Jefferson
Jerome
Kootenai
Latah
Lemhi
Lewis
Lincoln
Madison
Minidoka
Nez Perce
Oneida
Owyhee
Payette
Power
Shoshone
Teton
Twin Falls
Valley
Washington
ILLINOIS (IL) (102 counties)
Adams
Alexander
Bond
Boone
Brown
Bureau
Calhoun
Carroll
Cass
Champaign
Christian
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Coles
Cook
Crawford
Cumberland
De Kalb
De Witt
Douglas
Du Page
Edgar
Edwards
Effingham
Fayette
Ford
Franklin
Fulton
Gallatin
Greene
Grundy
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardin
Henderson
Henry
Iroquois
Jackson
Jasper
Jefferson
Jersey
Jo Daviess
Johnson
Kane
Kankakee
Kendall
Knox
Lake
La Salle
Lawrence
Lee
Livingston
Logan
McDonough
McHenry
McLean
Macon
Macoupin
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Massac
Menard
Mercer
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Moultrie
Ogle
Peoria
Perry
Piatt
Pike
Pope
Pulaski
Putnam
Randolph
Richland
Rock Island
St. Clair
Saline
Sangamon
Schuyler
Scott
Shelby
Stark
Stephenson
Tazewell
Union
Vermilion
Wabash
Warren
Washington
Wayne
White
Whiteside
Will
Williamson
Winnebago
Woodford
[[Page 247]]
INDIANA (IN) (92 counties)
Adams
Allen
Bartholomew
Benton
Blackford
Boone
Brown
Carroll
Cass
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Crawford
Daviess
Dearborn
Decatur
De Kalb
Delaware
Dubois
Elkhart
Fayette
Floyd
Fountain
Franklin
Fulton
Gibson
Grant
Greene
Hamilton
Hancock
Harrison
Hendricks
Henry
Howard
Huntington
Jackson
Jasper
Jay
Jefferson
Jennings
Johnson
Knox
Kosciusko
LaGrange
Lake
La Porte
Lawrence
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Martin
Miami
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Newton
Noble
Ohio
Orange
Owen
Parke
Perry
Pike
Porter
Posey
Pulaski
Putnam
Randolph
Ripley
Rush
St. Joseph
Scott
Shelby
Spencer
Starke
Steuben
Sullivan
Switzerland
Tippecanoe
Tipton
Union
Vanderburgh
Vermillion
Vigo
Wabash
Warren
Warrick
Washington
Wayne
Wells
White
Whitley
IOWA (IA) (99 counties)
Adair
Adams
Allamakee
Appanoose
Audubon
Benton
Black Hawk
Boone
Bremer
Buchanan
Buena Vista
Butler
Calhoun
Carroll
Cass
Cedar
Cerro Gordo
Cherokee
Chickasaw
Clarke
Clay
Clayton
Clinton
Crawford
Dallas
Davis
Decatur
Delaware
Des Moines
Dickinson
Dubuque
Emmet
Fayette
Floyd
Franklin
Fremont
Greene
Grundy
Guthrie
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardin
Harrison
Henry
Howard
Humboldt
Ida
Iowa
Jackson
Jasper
Jefferson
Johnson
Jones
Keokuk
Kossuth
Lee
Linn
Louisa
Lucas
Lyon
Madison
Mahaska
Marion
Marshall
Mills
Mitchell
Monona
Monroe
Montgomery
Muscatine
O'Brien
Osceola
Page
Palo Alto
Plymouth
Pocahontas
Polk
Pottawat-
tamie
Poweshiek
Ringgold
Sac
Scott
Shelby
Sioux
Story
Tama
Taylor
Union
Van Buren
Wapello
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Winnebago
Winneshiek
Woodbury
Worth
Wright
KANSAS (KS) (105 counties)
Allen
Anderson
Atchison
Barber
Barton
Bourbon
Brown
Butler
Chase
Chautauqua
Cherokee
Cheyenne
Clark
Clay
Cloud
Coffey
Comanche
Cowley
Crawford
Decatur
Dickinson
Doniphan
Douglas
Edwards
Elk
Ellis
Ellsworth
Finney
Ford
Franklin
Geary
Gove
Graham
Grant
Gray
Greeley
Greenwood
Hamilton
Harper
Harvey
Haskell
Hodgeman
Jackson
Jefferson
Jewell
Johnson
Kearny
Kingman
Kiowa
Labette
Lane
Leavenworth
Lincoln
Linn
Logan
Lyon
McPherson
Marion
Marshall
Meade
Miami
Mitchell
Montgomery
Morris
Morton
Nemaha
Neosho
Ness
Norton
Osage
Osborne
Ottawa
Pawnee
Phillips
Pottawa-
tomie
Pratt
Rawlins
Reno
Republic
Rice
Riley
Rooks
Rush
Russell
Saline
Scott
Sedgwick
Seward
Shawnee
Sheridan
Sherman
Smith
Stafford
Stanton
Stevens
Sumner
Thomas
Trego
Wabaunsee
Wallace
Washington
Wichita
Wilson
Woodson
Wyandotte
[[Page 248]]
KENTUCKY (KY) (120 counties)
Adair
Allen
Anderson
Ballard
Barren
Bath
Bell
Boone
Bourbon
Boyd
Boyle
Bracken
Breathitt
Breckinridge
Bullitt
Butler
Caldwell
Calloway
Campbell
Carlisle
Carroll
Carter
Casey
Christian
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Crittenden
Cumberland
Daviess
Edmonson
Elliott
Estill
Fayette
Fleming
Floyd
Franklin
Fulton
Gallatin
Garrard
Grant
Graves
Grayson
Green
Greenup
Hancock
Hardin
Harlan
Harrison
Hart
Henderson
Henry
Hickman
Hopkins
Jackson
Jefferson
Jessamine
Johnson
Kenton
Knott
Knox
Larue
Laurel
Lawrence
Lee
Leslie
Letcher
Lewis
Lincoln
Livingston
Logan
Lyon
McCracken
McCreary
McLean
Madison
Magoffin
Marion
Marshall
Martin
Mason
Meade
Menifee
Mercer
Metcalfe
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Muhlenberg
Nelson
Nicholas
Ohio
Oldham
Owen
Owsley
Pendleton
Perry
Pike
Powell
Pulaski
Robertson
Rockcastle
Rowan
Russell
Scott
Shelby
Simpson
Spencer
Taylor
Todd
Trigg
Trimble
Union
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Whitley
Wolfe
Woodford
LOUISIANA (LA) (64 parishes)
Acadia
Allen
Ascension
Assumption
Avoyelles
Beauregard
Bienville
Bossier
Caddo
Calcasieu
Caldwell
Cameron
Catahoula
Claiborne
Concordia
De Soto
East Baton Rouge
East Carroll
East Feliciana
Evangeline
Franklin
Grant
Iberia
Iberville
Jackson
Jefferson
Jefferson Davis
Lafayette
Lafourche
La Salle
Lincoln
Livingston
Madison
Morehouse
Natchitoches
Orleans
Ouachita
Plaquemines
Pointe Coupee
Rapides
Red River
Richland
Sabine
St. Bernard
St. Charles
St. Helena
St. James
St. John the Baptist
St. Landry
St. Martin
St. Mary
St. Tammany
Tangipahoa
Tensas
Terrebonne
Union
Vermilion
Vernon
Washington
Webster
West Baton Rouge
West Carroll
West Feliciana
Winn
MAINE (ME) (16 counties)
Andro-
scoggin
Aroostook
Cumberland
Franklin
Hancock
Kennebec
Knox
Lincoln
Oxford
Penobscot
Piscataquis
Sagadahoc
Somerset
Waldo
Washington
York
MARSHALL ISLANDS (MH) (33 municipalities)
Ailinginae
Ailinglaplap
Ailuk
Arno
Aur
Bikar
Bikini
Bokak
Ebon
Enewetak
Erikub
Jabat
Jaluit
Jemo
Kili
Kwajalein
Lae
Lib
Likiep
Majuro
Maloelap
Mejit
Mili
Namorik
Namu
Rongelap
Rongrik
Toke
Ujae
Ujelang
Utrik
Wotho
Wotje
MARYLAND (MD) (23 counties)
Allegany
Anne Arundel
Baltimore
Calvert
Caroline
Carroll
Cecil
Charles
Dorchester
Frederick
Garrett
Harford
Howard
Kent
Montgomery
Prince George's
Queen Anne's
St. Mary's
Somerset
Talbot
Washington
Wicomico
Worcester
[[Page 249]]
MASSACHUSETTS (MA) (14 counties)
Barnstable
Berkshire
Bristol
Dukes
Essex
Franklin
Hampden
Hampshire
Middlesex
Nantucket
Norfolk
Plymouth
Suffolk
Worcester
MICHIGAN (MI) (83 counties)
Alcona
Alger
Allegan
Alpena
Antrim
Arenac
Baraga
Barry
Bay
Benzie
Berrien
Branch
Calhoun
Cass
Charlevoix
Cheboygan
Chippewa
Clare
Clinton
Crawford
Delta
Dickinson
Eaton
Emmet
Genesee
Gladwin
Gogebic
Grand Traverse
Gratiot
Hillsdale
Houghton
Huron
Ingham
Ionia
Iosco
Iron
Isabella
Jackson
Kalamazoo
Kalkaska
Kent
Keweenaw
Lake
Lapeer
Leelanau
Lenawee
Livingston
Luce
Mackinac
Macomb
Manistee
Marquette
Mason
Mecosta
Menominee
Midland
Missaukee
Monroe
Montcalm
Montmorency
Muskegon
Newaygo
Oakland
Oceana
Ogemaw
Ontonagon
Osceola
Oscoda
Otsego
Ottawa
Presque Isle
Roscommon
Saginaw
St. Clair
St. Joseph
Sanilac
Schoolcraft
Shiawassee
Tuscola
Van Buren
Washtenaw
Wayne
Wexford
MINNESOTA (MN) (87 counties)
Aitkin
Anoka
Becker
Beltrami
Benton
Big Stone
Blue Earth
Brown
Carlton
Carver
Cass
Chippewa
Chisago
Clay
Clearwater
Cook
Cottonwood
Crow Wing
Dakota
Dodge
Douglas
Faribault
Fillmore
Freeborn
Goodhue
Grant
Hennepin
Houston
Hubbard
Isanti
Itasca
Jackson
Kanabec
Kandiyohi
Kittson
Koochiching
Lac qui Parle
Lake
Lake of the Woods
Le Sueur
Lincoln
Lyon
McLeod
Mahnomen
Marshall
Martin
Meeker
Mille Lacs
Morrison
Mower
Murray
Nicollet
Nobles
Norman
Olmsted
Otter Tail
Pennington
Pine
Pipestone
Polk
Pope
Ramsey
Red Lake
Redwood
Renville
Rice
Rock
Roseau
St. Louis
Scott
Sherburne
Sibley
Stearns
Steele
Stevens
Swift
Todd
Traverse
Wabasha
Wadena
Waseca
Washington
Watonwan
Wilkin
Winona
Wright
Yellow Medicine
MISSISSIPPI (MS) (82 counties)
Adams
Alcorn
Amite
Attala
Benton
Bolivar
Calhoun
Carroll
Chickasaw
Choctaw
Claiborne
Clarke
Clay
Coahoma
Copiah
Covington
De Soto
Forrest
Franklin
George
Greene
Grenada
Hancock
Harrison
Hinds
Holmes
Humphreys
Issaquena
Itawamba
Jackson
Jasper
Jefferson
Jefferson Davis
Jones
Kemper
Lafayette
Lamar
Lauderdale
Lawrence
Leake
Lee
Leflore
Lincoln
Lowndes
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Monroe
Montgomery
Neshoba
Newton
Noxubee
Oktibbeha
Panola
Pearl River
Perry
Pike
Pontotoc
Prentiss
Quitman
Rankin
Scott
Sharkey
Simpson
Smith
Stone
Sunflower
Tallahatchie
Tate
Tippah
Tishomingo
Tunica
Union
Walthall
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Wilkinson
Winston
Yalobusha
Yazoo
[[Page 250]]
MISSOURI (MO) (114 counties)
Adair
Andrew
Atchison
Audrain
Barry
Barton
Bates
Benton
Bollinger
Boone
Buchanan
Butler
Caldwell
Callaway
Camden
Cape Girardeau
Carroll
Carter
Cass
Cedar
Chariton
Christian
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Cole
Cooper
Crawford
Dade
Dallas
Daviess
De Kalb
Dent
Douglas
Dunklin
Franklin
Gasconade
Gentry
Greene
Grundy
Harrison
Henry
Hickory
Holt
Howard
Howell
Iron
Jackson
Jasper
Jefferson
Johnson
Knox
Laclede
Lafayette
Lawrence
Lewis
Lincoln
Linn
Livingston
McDonald
Macon
Madison
Maries
Marion
Mercer
Miller
Mississippi
Moniteau
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
New Madrid
Newton
Nodaway
Oregon
Osage
Ozark
Pemiscot
Perry
Pettis
Phelps
Pike
Platte
Polk
Pulaski
Putnam
Ralls
Randolph
Ray
Reynolds
Ripley
St. Charles
St. Clair
St. Francois
Ste. Genevieve
St. Louis
Saline
Schuyler
Scotland
Scott
Shannon
Shelby
Stoddard
Stone
Sullivan
Taney
Texas
Vernon
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Worth
Wright
MONTANA (MT) (57 counties)
Beaverhead
Big Horn
Blaine
Broadwater
Carbon
Carter
Cascade
Chouteau
Custer
Daniels
Dawson
Deer Lodge
Fallon
Fergus
Flathead
Gallatin
Garfield
Glacier
Golden Valley
Granite
Hill
Jefferson
Judith Basin
Lake
Lewis and Clark
Liberty
Lincoln
McCone
Madison
Meagher
Mineral
Missoula
Musselshell
Park
Petroleum
Phillips
Pondera
Powder River
Powell
Prairie
Ravalli
Richland
Roosevelt
Rosebud
Sanders
Sheridan
Silver Bow
Stillwater
Sweet Grass
Teton
Toole
Treasure
Valley
Wheatland
Wibaux
Yellowstone
Yellowstone National Park
NEBRASKA (NE) (93 counties)
Adams
Antelope
Arthur
Banner
Blaine
Boone
Box Butte
Boyd
Brown
Buffalo
Burt
Butler
Cass
Cedar
Chase
Cherry
Cheyenne
Clay
Colfax
Cuming
Custer
Dakota
Dawes
Dawson
Deuel
Dixon
Dodge
Douglas
Dundy
Fillmore
Franklin
Frontier
Furnas
Gage
Garden
Garfield
Gosper
Grant
Greeley
Hall
Hamilton
Harlan
Hayes
Hitchcock
Holt
Hooker
Howard
Jefferson
Johnson
Kearney
Keith
Keya Paha
Kimball
Knox
Lancaster
Lincoln
Logan
Loup
McPherson
Madison
Merrick
Morrill
Nance
Nemaha
Nuckolls
Otoe
Pawnee
Perkins
Phelps
Pierce
Platte
Polk
Red Willow
Richardson
Rock
Saline
Sarpy
Saunders
Scotts Bluff
Seward
Sheridan
Sherman
Sioux
Stanton
Thayer
Thomas
Thurston
Valley
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Wheeler
York
NEVADA (NV) (16 counties)
Churchill
Clark
Douglas
Elko
Esmeralda
Eureka
Humboldt
Lander
Lincoln
Lyon
Mineral
Nye
Pershing
Storey
Washoe
White Pine
[[Page 251]]
NEW HAMPSHIRE (NH) (10 counties)
Belknap
Carroll
Cheshire
Coos
Grafton
Hillsborough
Merrimack
Rockingham
Strafford
Sullivan
NEW JERSEY (NJ) (21 counties)
Atlantic
Bergen
Burlington
Camden
Cape May
Cumberland
Essex
Gloucester
Hudson
Hunterdon
Mercer
Middlesex
Monmouth
Morris
Ocean
Passaic
Salem
Somerset
Sussex
Union
Warren
NEW MEXICO (NM) (33 counties)
Bernalillo
Catron
Chaves
Cibola
Colfax
Curry
De Baca
Dona Ana
Eddy
Grant
Guadalupe
Harding
Hidalgo
Lea
Lincoln
Los Alamos
Luna
McKinley
Mora
Otero
Quay
Rio Arriba
Roosevelt
Sandoval
San Juan
San Miguel
Santa Fe
Sierra
Socorro
Taos
Torrance
Union
Valencia
NEW YORK (NY) (62 counties)
Albany
Allegany
Bronx
Broome
Cattaraugus
Cayuga
Chautauqua
Chemung
Chenango
Clinton
Columbia
Cortland
Delaware
Dutchess
Erie
Essex
Franklin
Fulton
Genesee
Greene
Hamilton
Herkimer
Jefferson
Kings
Lewis
Livingston
Madison
Monroe
Montgomery
Nassau
New York
Niagara
Oneida
Onondaga
Ontario
Orange
Orleans
Oswego
Otsego
Putnam
Queens
Rensselaer
Richmond
Rockland
St. Lawrence
Saratoga
Schenectady
Schoharie
Schuyler
Seneca
Steuben
Suffolk
Sullivan
Tioga
Tompkins
Ulster
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Westchester
Wyoming
Yates
NORTH CAROLINA (NC) (100 counties)
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
McDowell
Macon
Madison
Martin
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
NORTH DAKOTA (ND) (53 counties)
Adams
Barnes
Benson
Billings
Bottineau
Bowman
Burke
Burleigh
Cass
Cavalier
Dickey
Divide
Dunn
Eddy
Emmons
Foster
Golden Valley
Grand Forks
Grant
Griggs
Hettinger
Kidder
La Moure
Logan
McHenry
McIntosh
McKenzie
McLean
Mercer
Morton
Mountrail
Nelson
Oliver
Pembina
Pierce
[[Page 252]]
Ramsey
Ransom
Renville
Richland
Rolette
Sargent
Sheridan
Sioux
Slope
Stark
Steele
Stutsman
Towner
Traill
Walsh
Ward
Wells
Williams
NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS (MP) (4 municipalities)
Northern Islands
Rota
Saipan
Tinian
OHIO (OH) (88 counties)
Adams
Allen
Ashland
Ashtabula
Athens
Auglaize
Belmont
Brown
Butler
Carroll
Champaign
Clark
Clermont
Clinton
Columbiana
Coshocton
Crawford
Cuyahoga
Darke
Defiance
Delaware
Erie
Fairfield
Fayette
Franklin
Fulton
Gallia
Geauga
Greene
Guernsey
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardin
Harrison
Henry
Highland
Hocking
Holmes
Huron
Jackson
Jefferson
Knox
Lake
Lawrence
Licking
Logan
Lorain
Lucas
Madison
Mahoning
Marion
Medina
Meigs
Mercer
Miami
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Morrow
Muskingum
Noble
Ottawa
Paulding
Perry
Pickaway
Pike
Portage
Preble
Putnam
Richland
Ross
Sandusky
Scioto
Seneca
Shelby
Stark
Summit
Trumbull
Tuscarawas
Union
Van Wert
Vinton
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Williams
Wood
Wyandot
OKLAHOMA (OK) (77 counties)
Adair
Alfalfa
Atoka
Beaver
Beckham
Blaine
Bryan
Caddo
Canadian
Carter
Cherokee
Choctaw
Cimarron
Cleveland
Coal
Comanche
Cotton
Craig
Creek
Custer
Delaware
Dewey
Ellis
Garfield
Garvin
Grady
Grant
Greer
Harmon
Harper
Haskell
Hughes
Jackson
Jefferson
Johnston
Kay
Kingfisher
Kiowa
Latimer
Le Flore
Lincoln
Logan
Love
McClain
McCurtain
McIntosh
Major
Marshall
Mayes
Murray
Muskogee
Noble
Nowata
Okfuskee
Oklahoma
Okmulgee
Osage
Ottawa
Pawnee
Payne
Pittsburg
Pontotoc
Pottawatomie
Pushmataha
Roger Mills
Rogers
Seminole
Sequoyah
Stephens
Texas
Tillman
Tulsa
Wagoner
Washington
Washita
Woods
Woodward
OREGON (OR) (36 counties)
Baker
Benton
Clackamas
Clatsop
Columbia
Coos
Crook
Curry
Deschutes
Douglas
Gilliam
Grant
Harney
Hood River
Jackson
Jefferson
Josephine
Klamath
Lake
Lane
Lincoln
Linn
Malheur
Marion
Morrow
Multnomah
Polk
Sherman
Tillamook
Umatilla
Union
Wallowa
Wasco
Washington
Wheeler
Yamhill
PALAU (PW) (16 States)
Aimeliik
Airai
Angaur
Hatobohei
Kayangel
Koror
Melekeok
Ngaraard
Ngarchelong
Ngardmau
Ngatpang
Ngchesar
Ngeremlengui
Ngiwal
Peleliu
Sonsorol
[[Page 253]]
PENNSYLVANIA (PA) (67 counties)
Adams
Allegheny
Armstrong
Beaver
Bedford
Berks
Blair
Bradford
Bucks
Butler
Cambria
Cameron
Carbon
Centre
Chester
Clarion
Clearfield
Clinton
Columbia
Crawford
Cumberland
Dauphin
Delaware
Elk
Erie
Fayette
Forest
Franklin
Fulton
Greene
Huntingdon
Indiana
Jefferson
Juniata
Lackawanna
Lancaster
Lawrence
Lebanon
Lehigh
Luzerne
Lycoming
McKean
Mercer
Mifflin
Monroe
Montgomery
Montour
Northampton
Northumber-
land
Perry
Philadelphia
Pike
Potter
Schuylkill
Snyder
Somerset
Sullivan
Susquehanna
Tioga
Union
Venango
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Westmoreland
Wyoming
York
PUERTO RICO (PR) (78 municipios)
Adjuntas
Aguada
Aguadilla
Aguas Buenas
Aibonito
Anasco
Arecibo
Arroyo
Barceloneta
Barranquitas
Bayamon
Cabo Rojo
Caguas
Camuy
Canovanas
Carolina
Catano
Cayey
Ceiba
Ciales
Cidra
Coamo
Comerio
Corozal
Culebra
Dorado
Fajardo
Florida
Guanica
Guayama
Guayanilla
Guaynabo
Gurabo
Hatillo
Hormigueros
Humacao
Isabela
Jayuya
Juana Diaz
Juncos
Lajas
Lares
Las Marias
Las Piedras
Loiza
Luquillo
Manati
Maricao
Maunabo
Mayaguez
Moca
Morovis
Naguabo
Naranjito
Orocovis
Patillas
Penuelas
Ponce
Quebradillas
Rincon
Rio Grande
Sabana Grande
Salinas
San German
San Juan
San Lorenzo
San Sebastian
Santa Isabel
Toa Alta
Toa Baja
Trujillo Alto
Utuado
Vega Alta
Vega Baja
Vieques
Villalba
Yabucoa
Yauco
RHODE ISLAND (RI) (5 counties)
Bristol
Kent
Newport
Providence
Washington
SOUTH CAROLINA (SC) (46 counties)
Abbeville
Aiken
Allendale
Anderson
Bamberg
Barnwell
Beaufort
Berkeley
Calhoun
Charleston
Cherokee
Chester
Chesterfield
Clarendon
Colleton
Darlington
Dillon
Dorchester
Edgefield
Fairfield
Florence
Georgetown
Greenville
Greenwood
Hampton
Horry
Jasper
Kershaw
Lancaster
Laurens
Lee
Lexington
McCormick
Marion
Marlboro
Newberry
Oconee
Orangeburg
Pickens
Richland
Saluda
Spartanburg
Sumter
Union
Williamsburg
York
SOUTH DAKOTA (SD) (67 counties)
Aurora
Beadle
Bennett
Bon Homme
Brookings
Brown
Brule
Buffalo
Butte
Campbell
Charles Mix
Clark
Clay
Codington
Corson
Custer
Davison
Day
Deuel
Dewey
Douglas
Edmunds
Fall River
Faulk
Grant
Gregory
Haakon
Hamlin
Hand
Hanson
Harding
Hughes
Hutchinson
Hyde
Jackson
Jerauld
Jones
Kingsbury
Lake
Lawrence
Lincoln
Lyman
McCook
McPherson
Marshall
Meade
Mellette
Miner
Minnehaha
Moody
Pennington
Perkins
Potter
Roberts
Sanborn
Shannon
Spink
Stanley
Sully
Todd
Tripp
Turner
Union
Walworth
Washabaugh
Yankton
Ziebach
[[Page 254]]
TENNESSEE (TN) (95 counties)
Anderson
Bedford
Benton
Bledsoe
Blount
Bradley
Campbell
Cannon
Carroll
Carter
Cheatham
Chester
Claiborne
Clay
Cocke
Coffee
Crockett
Cumberland
Davidson
Decatur
DeKalb
Dickson
Dyer
Fayette
Fentress
Franklin
Gibson
Giles
Grainger
Greene
Grundy
Hamblen
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardeman
Hardin
Hawkins
Haywood
Henderson
Henry
Hickman
Houston
Humphreys
Jackson
Jefferson
Johnson
Knox
Lake
Lauderdale
Lawrence
Lewis
Lincoln
Loudon
McMinn
McNairy
Macon
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Maury
Meigs
Monroe
Montgomery
Moore
Morgan
Obion
Overton
Perry
Pickett
Polk
Putnam
Rhea
Roane
Robertson
Rutherford
Scott
Sequatchie
Sevier
Shelby
Smith
Stewart
Sullivan
Sumner
Tipton
Trousdale
Unicoi
Union
Van Buren
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Weakley
White
Williamson
Wilson
TEXAS (TX) (254 counties)
Anderson
Andrews
Angelina
Aransas
Archer
Armstrong
Atascosa
Austin
Bailey
Bandera
Bastrop
Baylor
Bee
Bell
Bexar
Blanco
Borden
Bosque
Bowie
Brazoria
Brazos
Brewster
Briscoe
Brooks
Brown
Burleson
Burnet
Caldwell
Calhoun
Callahan
Cameron
Camp
Carson
Cass
Castro
Chambers
Cherokee
Childress
Clay
Cochran
Coke
Coleman
Collin
Collingsworth
Colorado
Comal
Comanche
Concho
Cooke
Coryell
Cottle
Crane
Crockett
Crosby
Culberson
Dallam
Dallas
Dawson
Deaf Smith
Delta
Denton
De Witt
Dickens
Dimmit
Donley
Duval
Eastland
Ector
Edwards
Ellis
El Paso
Erath
Falls
Fannin
Fayette
Fisher
Floyd
Foard
Fort Bend
Franklin
Freestone
Frio
Gaines
Galveston
Garza
Gillespie
Glasscock
Goliad
Gonzales
Gray
Grayson
Gregg
Grimes
Guadalupe
Hale
Hall
Hamilton
Hansford
Hardeman
Hardin
Harris
Harrison
Hartley
Haskell
Hays
Hemphill
Henderson
Hidalgo
Hill
Hockley
Hood
Hopkins
Houston
Howard
Hudspeth
Hunt
Hutchinson
Irion
Jack
Jackson
Jasper
Jeff Davis
Jefferson
Jim Hogg
Jim Wells
Johnson
Jones
Karnes
Kaufman
Kendall
Kenedy
Kent
Kerr
Kimble
King
Kinney
Kleberg
Knox
Lamar
Lamb
Lampasas
La Salle
Lavaca
Lee
Leon
Liberty
Limestone
Lipscomb
Live Oak
Llano
Loving
Lubbock
Lynn
McCulloch
McLennan
McMullen
Madison
Marion
Martin
Mason
Matagorda
Maverick
Medina
Menard
Midland
Milam
Mills
Mitchell
Montague
Montgomery
Moore
Morris
Motley
Nacogdoches
Navarro
Newton
Nolan
Nueces
Ochiltree
Oldham
Orange
Palo Pinto
Panola
Parker
Parmer
Pecos
Polk
Potter
Presidio
Rains
Randall
Reagan
Real
Red River
Reeves
Refugio
Roberts
Robertson
Rockwall
Runnels
Rusk
Sabine
San Augustine
San Jacinto
San Patricio
San Saba
Schleicher
Scurry
Shackelford
Shelby
Sherman
Smith
Somervell
Starr
Stephens
Sterling
Stonewall
Sutton
Swisher
Tarrant
Taylor
Terrell
Terry
Throckmorton
Titus
[[Page 255]]
Tom Green
Travis
Trinity
Tyler
Upshur
Upton
Uvalde
Val Verde
Van Zandt
Victoria
Walker
Waller
Ward
Washington
Webb
Wharton
Wheeler
Wichita
Wilbarger
Willacy
Williamson
Wilson
Winkler
Wise
Wood
Yoakum
Young
Zapata
Zavala
TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS (abandoned term)
UTAH (UT) (29 counties)
Beaver
Box Elder
Cache
Carbon
Daggett
Davis
Duchesne
Emery
Garfield
Grand
Iron
Juab
Kane
Millard
Morgan
Piute
Rich
Salt Lake
San Juan
Sanpete
Sevier
Summit
Tooele
Uintah
Utah
Wasatch
Washington
Wayne
Weber
VERMONT (VT) (14 counties)
Addison
Bennington
Caledonia
Chittenden
Essex
Franklin
Grand Isle
Lamoille
Orange
Orleans
Rutland
Washington
Windham
Windsor
VIRGINIA (VA) (95 counties)
Accomack
Albemarle
Alleghany
Amelia
Amherst
Appomattox
Arlington
Augusta
Bath
Bedford
Bland
Botetourt
Brunswick
Buchanan
Buckingham
Campbell
Caroline
Carroll
Charles City
Charlotte
Chesterfield
Clarke
Craig
Culpeper
Cumberland
Dickenson
Dinwiddie
Essex
Fairfax
Fauquier
Floyd
Fluvanna
Franklin
Frederick
Giles
Gloucester
Goochland
Grayson
Greene
Greensville
Halifax
Hanover
Henrico
Henry
Highland
Isle of Wight
James City
King and Queen
King George
King William
Lancaster
Lee
Loudoun
Louisa
Lunenburg
Madison
Mathews
Mecklenburg
Middlesex
Montgomery
Nelson
New Kent
Northampton
Northumber-
land
Nottoway
Orange
Page
Patrick
Pittsylvania
Powhatan
Prince Edward
Prince George
Prince William
Pulaski
Rappahannock
Richmond
Roanoke
Rockbridge
Rockingham
Russell
Scott
Shenandoah
Smyth
Southampton
Spotsylvania
Stafford
Surry
Sussex
Tazewell
Warren
Washington
Westmoreland
Wise
Wythe
York
VIRGIN ISLANDS (VI) (3 islands)
St. Croix
St. Thomas
St. John
WASHINGTON (WA) (39 counties)
Adams
Asotin
Benton
Chelan
Clallam
Clark
Columbia
Cowlitz
Douglas
Ferry
Franklin
Garfield
Grant
Grays Harbor
Island
Jefferson
King
Kitsap
Kittitas
Klickitat
Lewis
Lincoln
Mason
Okanogan
Pacific
Pend Oreille
Pierce
San Juan
Skagit
Skamania
Snohomish
Spokane
Stevens
Thurston
Wahkiakum
Walla Walla
Whatcom
Whitman
Yakima
WEST VIRGINIA (WV) (55 counties)
Barbour
Berkeley
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabell
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
Gilmer
Grant
Greenbrier
Hampshire
Hancock
Hardy
Harrison
Jackson
Jefferson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowell
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mineral
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Morgan
Nicholas
Ohio
[[Page 256]]
Pendleton
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
WISCONSIN (WI) (72 counties)
Adams
Ashland
Barron
Bayfield
Brown
Buffalo
Burnett
Calumet
Chippewa
Clark
Columbia
Crawford
Dane
Dodge
Door
Douglas
Dunn
Eau Claire
Florence
Fond du Lac
Forest
Grant
Green
Green Lake
Iowa
Iron
Jackson
Jefferson
Juneau
Kenosha
Kewaunee
La Crosse
Lafayette
Langlade
Lincoln
Manitowoc
Marathon
Marinette
Marquette
Menominee
Milwaukee
Monroe
Oconto
Oneida
Outagamie
Ozaukee
Pepin
Pierce
Polk
Portage
Price
Racine
Richland
Rock
Rusk
St. Croix
Sauk
Sawyer
Shawano
Sheboygan
Taylor
Trempealeau
Vernon
Vilas
Walworth
Washburn
Washington
Waukesha
Waupaca
Waushara
Winnebago
Wood
WYOMING (WY) (23 counties)
Albany
Big Horn
Campbell
Carbon
Converse
Crook
Fremont
Goshen
Hot Springs
Johnson
Laramie
Lincoln
Natrona
Niobrara
Park
Platte
Sheridan
Sublette
Sweetwater
Teton
Uinta
Washakie
Weston
[[Page 257]]
19. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
LAWS AND RULES FOR PUBLICATION OF THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
CODE OF LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES
Title 44, Section 901. Congressional Record: Arrangement,
style, contents, and indexes.--The Joint Committee on Printing
shall control the arrangement and style of the Congressional
Record, and while providing that it shall be substantially a
verbatim report of proceedings, shall take all needed action
for the reduction of unnecessary bulk. It shall provide for the
publication of an index of the Congressional Record semimonthly
during and at the close of sessions of Congress.
Title 44, Section 904. Congressional Record: Maps, diagrams,
illustrations.--Maps, diagrams, or illustrations may not be
inserted in the Record without the approval of the Joint
Committee on Printing.
GENERAL RULES
The rules governing document work (FIC & punc.) apply to the
Congressional Record, except as may be noted herein. The same
general style should be followed in the permanent (bound)
Record as is used in the daily Record. All should familiarize
themselves with the exceptions and the forms peculiar to the
Record.
Much of the data printed in the Congressional Record is
forwarded to the GPO via fiber optic transmission using the
captured keystrokes of the floor reporters. Element identifier
codes are programmatically inserted, and galley output is
accomplished without manual intervention. It is not cost
effective to prepare the accompanying manuscript as per the GPO
Style Manual and it is too time-consuming to update and change
the data once it is already in type form. Therefore, the Record
is to be FIC & punc. It is not necessary to stamp the copy FIC
& punc. because of its volume. However, Record style, as stated
in the following rules, will be
followed.
Daily and permanent Record texts are set in 8-point type on a
9-point body. Extracts are set in 7-point type on an 8-point
body.
An F-dash will be used preceding 8-point cap lines in the
proceedings of the Senate and House.
All 7-point extracts and poetry will carry 2 points of space
above and below unless heads appear, which generate their own
space.
All extracts are set 7 point unless otherwise ordered by the
Joint Committee on Printing.
[[Page 258]]
Except as noted below, all communications from the President
must be set in 8 point, but if such communications contain
extracts, etc., the extracts are set in 7 point.
An address of the President delivered outside of Congress or
referred to as an extract is set in 7 point.
A letter from the President to the Senate is set in 7 point
when any form of treaty is enclosed that is to be printed in
the Record in connection therewith. The letter is set in 7
point whether the treaty follows or precedes it or is separated
from it by intervening matter.
In all quoted amendments and excerpts of bills and in
reprinting bills, the style and copy as printed in the bill
will be followed.
Except where otherwise directed, profanity, obscene wording,
or extreme vulgarisms are to be deleted and a 3-em dash
substituted therefor.
All manuscript submitted in a foreign language will not be
printed. It will be returned for translation and resubmitted
for printing in the next Record.
Extreme caution must be used in making corrections in copy,
and no important change will be made without proper
authorization.
Observe the lists of names of Senators, Representatives, and
Delegates, committees of both Houses, and duplicate names.
Changes caused by death, resignation, or otherwise must be
noted. There is no excuse for error in the spelling of names of
Senators, Representatives, or department officials. In case of
doubt, the Congressional Directory will be the authority.
Datelines should be followed on Extensions of Remarks. If any
question arises as to the proper date to be used, a supervisor
must be consulted.
Indented matter in leaderwork will be 1 em only.
Queries must not be made on proofs. In case of doubt, readers
will consult the Referee.
CAPITALIZATION
(See also ``Capitalization'')
If the name of the Congressional Record is mentioned, it must
be set in caps and small caps and never abbreviated, even when
appearing in citations.
The name of a Senator or a Representative preceding his or
her direct remarks is set in caps and is followed by a period
with equal spacing to be used.
The name of a Senator or a Representative used in connection
with a bill or other paper--that is, in an adjectival sense--is
lowercased, as the Hawkins bill, the Fish amendment, etc.; but
Fish's amendment, etc.
The names of Members and Members-elect of both Houses of the
Congress, including those of the Vice President and Speaker,
will be printed in caps and small caps if mention is made of
them, except in extract matter.
[[Page 259]]
Deceased Members' names will be set in caps and small caps in
eulogies only on the first day the House or Senate is in
session following the death of a Member, in a speech carrying
date when the Member was eulogized, or on memorial day in the
Senate and House. Eulogy day in one House will be treated the
same in the other.
Certificates of Senators-elect of a succeeding Congress are
usually presented to the current Congress, and in such cases
the names of the Senators-elect must be in caps and small caps.
Names of Members of Congress must be set in caps and
lowercase in votes, in lists set in columns, in the list of
standing and select committees, in contested-election cases, in
lists of pairs, and in all parts of tabular matter (head, body,
and footnotes).
Observe that the names of all persons not certified Members
of Congress are to be set in caps and lowercase; that is, names
of secretaries, clerks, messengers, and others.
Names of proposed Federal boards, commissions, services,
etc., are capitalized.
Capitalize principal words and quote after each of the
following terms: Address, article, book, caption, chapter
heading, editorial, essay, heading, headline, motion picture or
play (including TV or radio program), paper, poem, report,
song, subheading, subject, theme, etc. Also, following the word
entitled, except with reference to bill titles which are
treated as follows: ``A bill (or an act) transferring certain
functions of the Price Administrator to the Petroleum
Administrator for War,'' etc.
FIGURES
Follow the copy as to the use of numerals. Dollar amounts in
Record copy are to be followed.
Figures appearing in copy as ``20 billion 428 million 125
thousand dollars'' should be followed.
TABULAR MATTER AND LEADERWORK
Record tables may be set either one or three columns in
width, as follows:
One-column table: 14 picas (168 points).
Three-column table: 43\1/2\ picas (522 points).
Footnote(s) will be set 43\1/2\ picas.
All short footnotes should be run in with 2 ems between
each.
[[Page 260]]
ITALIC
Italic, boldface, caps, or small caps shall not be used for
emphasis; nor shall unusual indentions be used. This does not
apply to literally reproduced quotations from historical,
legal, or official documents. If italic other than restricted
herein is desired, the words should be underscored and ``Fol.
ital.'' written on each folio. Do not construe this to apply to
``Provided,'' ``Provided further,'' ``Ordered,'' ``Resolved,''
``Be it enacted,'' etc.
Names of vessels must be set in italic, except in headings,
where they will be quoted.
The prayer delivered in either House must be set in 8-point
roman. If prefaced or followed by a quotation from the Bible,
such quotation must be set in 8-point italic. Extracts from the
Bible or other literature contained in the body of the prayer
will be set in 8-point roman and quoted.
When general or passing mention is made of a case in 8 point,
the title is set in roman, as Smith Bros. case. When a specific
citation is indicated and reference follows, use italic for
title, as Smith Bros. case (172 App. Div. 149).
In 8 point copy, titles of cases are always set in italic if
followed by references. In 7 point, copy is followed.
In 8-point matter, when only the title of a case is given,
set in roman, as United States versus 12 Diamond Rings.
When versus is used in other than legal phrases and for the
purposes of showing contrast, it is not abbreviated or set in
italic, as ``airplanes versus battleships.''
MISCELLANEOUS
Do not quote any communication carrying date and signature.
However, a letter (or other communication) bearing both date
and signature that appears within a letter shall be quoted.
Do not put quotation marks on centerheads in 7-point extracts
unless centerheads belong to original matter.
In newspaper extracts, put place and date at beginning of
paragraph. Use caps and small caps for name of place and roman
lowercase for spelled-out date. Connect date and extract by a
period and an em dash. If date and place are credited in a
bracket line above extract, they need not be used again at the
beginning of the paragraph.
Each Whereas in a preamble must begin a new paragraph. The
Therefore be it must be preceded by a colon and be run in with
the last Whereas. Be it will run in with the word Therefore,
but must not be supplied when not in copy. Note the following:
Whereas it has been deemed advisable to, etc.: Therefore be
it
Resolved, That the committee, etc.
[[Page 261]]
In the titles of legal cases copy is followed as to spelling,
abbreviations, and use of figures.
Use single punctuation in citations of cases and statutes:
United States v. 12 Diamond Rings (124 U.S. 329; R.S. p.
310, sec. 1748).
Indent asterisk lines 2 ems on each side. Use five asterisks.
If a title is used as part of the name of an organization,
vessel, etc., spell; thus, General Ulysses S. Grant Post No.
76, Grand Army of the Republic.
The order of subdivision of the Constitution of the United
States is as follows: article I, section 2, clause 3.
If an exhibit appears at the end of a speech, the head
Exhibit is set in 7-point caps and small caps.
In extracts containing votes the names must be run in, as Mr.
Smith of Texas, AuCoin, and Clay, etc.
In a Senator's or a Representative's remarks, when
amendments, sections, etc., are referred to by number, follow
the copy.
In text references to Senate and House reports and in
executive and miscellaneous documents, follow the copy.
In headings and text references to resolutions and memorials,
follow the copy.
IN GROSS OR EN GROS
When a bill comes to final action, in the presentment of
amendments collectively for a vote, either the term ``in
gross'' or the French equivalent ``en gros'' may be used.
[All the following examples are for sample purposes only]
USE OF CAPS AND SMALL CAPS
[Note the use of parentheses and brackets in the following
examples. Each will be used as submitted, as long as they are
consistent throughout.]
Mr. LOTT. (Name all caps when visitor addresses Senate or House.)
On motion by (or of) Mr. Lucas of Oklahoma, it was, etc.
The VICE PRESIDENT resumed the chair.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Burns in the chair). Shall the bill pass?
The SPEAKER called the House to order.
Mr. Largent's amendment was adopted.
Mr. BROWN of Ohio took the floor and yielded to Mr. Hoyer.
During the rollcall,
Mr. HOYER said: If not paired, I would vote ``no'' on this bill.
A Member. And debate it afterward.
Several Senators. I object.
But: Several Senators addressed the Chair.
Mr. KENNEDY, Mr. GLENN (and others). Let it be read.
Mr. JACKSON (and others). Yes.
Mrs. HAWKINS (and other Members). No.
Mr. SMITH of Oregon objected.
The Acting Secretary. In line 11, after the word ``Provided'', it is
proposed, etc.
Mr. SPENCE was recognized, and yielded his time to Mr. Coble.
Mrs. BOXER, a Senator from the State of California, appeared in her
seat today.
[When two Members from the same State have the same surname,
full name is used.]
Mr. WILLIAM COYNE and Mr. JAMES COYNE rose to a point of order.
The SPEAKER proceeded to put the question on the motion of Mr. Yates.
[[Page 262]]
The CHAIRMAN appointed Mr. Walker and Mr. Taylor as tellers.
Mr. HOYER. I desire to withdraw my vote of ``no'' and vote
``present.''
The Clerk (House) called the name of Mr. Murtha, and he answered
``present.''
The clerk (Senate) read Mr. Glenn's amendment.
The legislative clerk will read it.
The Legislative Clerk. This bill will * * *.
[Extracts that consist of colloquies will use caps and small
caps for names of persons speaking, as shown below:]
Mr. Stigler. I think this bill is so well understood that
no time will be required for its discussion.
Mrs. Norton. Does this bill come from the Committee on
Armed Services?
The Speaker. It does.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permission to address the House, following the
legislative program and any special orders heretofore entered, was
granted to:
Mr. Hoyer, for 1 hour, on Wednesday, February 2.
Mr. Gonzalez (at the request of Mr. Hoyer), for 1 hour, on February
2.
(The following Members (at the request of Mr. Bass) and to revise and
extend their remarks and include therein extraneous matter:)
Mr. Blute, for 5 minutes, today.
Mr. Miller of Ohio, for 5 minutes, today.
Mr. Young, for 30 minutes, today.
[Note the following double action:]
(Mr. HOYER asked and was given permission to extend his remarks at
this point in the Record and to include extraneous matter.)
[Mr. HOYER's remarks will appear hereafter in the Extensions of
Remarks.]
PUNCTUATION
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I call up my amendment which is identified
as ``unprinted amendment No. 1296,'' and ask that it be stated.
The bill was reported to the Senate as amended, and the amendment was
concurred in.
The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment, ordered to be
engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the
third time, and passed.
[Use this form when title of bill is given:]
The bill was ordered to be engrossed and read a third time, was read
the third time, and passed.
The title was amended so as to read: ``A bill for the relief of Maude
S. Burman.''
A motion to reconsider was laid on the table. [House.]
[Use this form when title of bill is not given:]
The bill was ordered to be engrossed and read a third time, was read
the third time, and passed, and a motion to reconsider was laid on the
table. [House.]
----------------------
The bill was ordered to be engrossed and read a third time, was read
the third time, and passed.
The amendments were ordered to be engrossed and the bill to be read a
third time.
The amendment was agreed to, and the bill as amended was ordered to
be engrossed and read a third time; and being engrossed, it was
accordingly read the third time and passed.
There was no objection, and, by unanimous consent, the Senate
proceeded, etc.
The question was taken, and the motion was agreed to.
The question being taken, the motion was agreed to.
Ordered to lie on the table and to be printed.
Mr. COYNE. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike the requisite number of
words.
(Mr. COYNE asked and was given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
[[Page 263]]
[Note use of interrogation mark in the following:]
Mr. KERRY. Mr. President, what does this mean?--
We have never received a dollar of this amount.
----------------------
A resolution of the Senate of the State of California; to
the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs:
``Senate Resolution 126
``Whereas the great storms of December 1964 caused
widespread flooding along the Sacramento River and its
tributaries; and
``Whereas this flooding caused extensive damage along the
Sacramento River and its tributaries in Tehama and Shasta
Counties; and
``Whereas these projects could be integrated with the
Federal Central Valley project: Now, therefore, be it
``Resolved by the Senate of the State of California, That
the Congress of the United States, the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, and the Bureau of Reclamation are respectfully * * *''.
----------------------
[Note use of italic in title of cases:]
* * * This is the occasion America did not have to consider what
other options might guarantee maternal safety while protecting the
unborn. This is our national opportunity to reconsider Roe v. Wade, 410
U.S. 113 (1973).
Roe against Wade and its companion case, Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179
(1973), granted abortion the elevated status of a fundamental
constitutional right and invalidated almost all effective restrictions
on abortion throughout the 9 months of pregnancy.* * *
PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS
[The use of parentheses and brackets will be followed as submitted.]
This legislation would exempt certain defined Central Intelligence
Agency [CIA] operational files from the search and review process of
the Freedom of Information Act [FOIA], thus permitting the Agency to
respond much more quickly to those FOIA requests which are at all
likely to result in the release of information.
[Acronyms, symbols, or abbreviations should be bracketed as
shown above.]
Mr. CALVERT. Mr. Speaker, I now yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from
Oklahoma [Mr. Coburn].
(Mr. GILLMOR of Ohio asked and was given permission to revise and
extend his remarks in the Record.)
Mr. TAYLOR. There is no ``may not'' about it. Here is the form in
which they are printed.
Mr. GOSS. I am in hopes we shall be able to secure a vote on the bill
tonight.
[``Vote! Vote!'']
Mr. YOUNG. The Chair rather gets me on that question. [Laughter.] I
did not rise. [Cries of ``Vote! Vote!'']
Mr. LUGAR [one of the tellers]. I do not desire to press the point
that no quorum has voted.
The CHAIRMAN [after a pause]. If no gentleman claims the floor, the
Clerk will proceed with the reading of the bill.
Mr. DUNCAN. Then he is endeavoring to restrict the liberty of the
individual in the disbursement of his own money. [Applause on the
Republican side.]
Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. Speaker, I desire to ask unanimous consent that the
time of the gentleman----[Cries of ``Regular order!'']
[Laughter.]
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the consideration of this bill at
this time? [After a pause.] There is no objection.
The CHAIRMAN [rapping with his gavel]. Debate is exhausted.
Mr. JONES of North Carolina [reading]:
When in the course of human events, etc.
[Mr. MILLER of Florida addressed the House. His remarks will appear
hereafter in the Extensions of Remarks.]
[Mr. HOYER addressed the Committee [or House]. His remarks will
appear hereafter in the Extensions of Remarks.]
[Names of Senators or Representatives appearing in remarks of
other Members of Congress should be enclosed in brackets, except
in listing of tellers or when some title other than ``Mr.'' is
used, as in the following examples:]
Mr. SMITH of Washington. The gentleman from Florida [Mr. Boyd]
[[Page 264]]
stated that he would support the measure.
Mr. CLAY. The gentleman from Michigan, Mr. Barcia, stated that he
would support the measure.
[In Senate copy a Senator is referred to as ``the Senator from
---- [Mr. ----].'' Do not supply name and brackets if name does
not appear in copy.]
[Note that brackets are used only when Mr., etc., appears in
copy.]
[See also use of Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms. in explanation of votes
under ``Pairs.'']
VOTING IN THE HOUSE AND IN COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
[Note that a dash is used only when a comma is necessary to
separate the ayes and noes. If only the ayes or the noes are
given, no punctuation is to be used. If the word and is used to
connect the ayes and noes, as ayes 52 and noes 65, or 52 ayes and
65 noes, the dash is omitted after the word were or being.]
On the question of ordering the yeas and nays there were 18 ayes and
88 noes.
The House divided; and there were--ayes 52, noes 65.
So (no further count being called for) the amendment of Mr. Smith of
Virginia was not agreed to.
So (two-thirds having voted in favor thereof) the rules were
suspended, and the bill was passed.
So (two-thirds not having voted in favor thereof) the motion was
rejected.
The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman raises the point of no quorum. The Chair
will count. [After counting.] Two hundred and seventeen present, a
quorum. The noes have it, and the amendment is rejected.
The question being taken on the motion of Mr. Hoyer to suspend the
rules and pass the bill, it was agreed to (two-thirds voting in favor
thereof).
So (the affirmative not being one-fifth of the whole vote) the yeas
and nays were not ordered.
The question was taken by a viva voce vote, and the Speaker announced
that two-thirds appeared to have voted in the affirmative and [after a
pause] that the bill was passed.
The yeas and nays were ordered, there being 43 in the affirmative,
more than one-fifth of the last vote.
The question being taken on Mr. Kennedy's motion, there were--ayes
18, noes 35.
The question being taken on concurring in the amendments of the
Senate, there were--ayes 101, noes 5.
The question was taken; and on a division [demanded by Mr. Hoyer]
there were--ayes 17, noes 29.
Mr. HOYER. Mr. Chairman, I demand a recorded vote, and pending that,
I make the point of order that a quorum is not present.
The CHAIRMAN. Evidently a quorum is not present.
The Chair announces that pursuant to clause 2, rule XXIII, he will
vacate proceedings under the call when a quorum of the Committee
appears.
Members will record their presence by electronic device.
The call was taken by electronic device.
{time} 1700
[The above box followed by a four-digit number indicates floor
time in the House.]
quorum call vacated
The CHAIRMAN. One hundred Members have appeared. A quorum of the
Committee of the Whole is present. Pursuant to rule XXIII, clause 2,
further proceedings under the call shall be considered as vacated.
The Committee will resume its business.
The pending business is the demand of the gentleman from Minnesota
[Mr. Oberstar] for a recorded vote.
A recorded vote was refused.
So the amendment to the amendment offered as a substitute for the
amendment was rejected.
The CHAIRMAN. The question is on the amendment offered by the
gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. English] as a substitute for the
amendment offered by the gentleman from South Dakota [Mr. Johnson].
The question was taken; and the Chairman announced that the noes
appeared to have it.
recorded vote
Mr. ENGLISH. Mr. Chairman, I demand a recorded vote.
A recorded vote was ordered.
The vote was taken by electronic device, and there were--ayes 223,
noes 162, answered ``present'' 1, not voting 47, as follows:
[[Page 265]]
[Roll No. 275]
AYES--223
Addabbo
Akaka
Albosta
Anderson
Andrews
Dowdy
Duncan
Dwyer
Dyson
Eckart
Howard
Hoyer
Hubbard
Huckaby
Hunter
Jenkins
Kasich
Lantos
NOES--162
Alexander
Annunzio
Archer
Atkinson
Beard
Fish
Foley
Forsythe
Fountain
Frank
Miller (CA)
Mineta
Moakley
Molinari
Mollohan
Neal
Obey
Packard
ANSWERED ``PRESENT''--1
Brown (OH)
NOT VOTING--47
Ashbrook
Bafalis
Barnard
Clay
Collins (TX)
Corcoran
Garcia
Gilman
Jackson
[The Speaker's vote is recorded only in the ``Ayes'' or
``Noes.'' It is never recorded as ``not voting.'']
[If the Speaker votes, his name is not used, but at the end of
the ``yeas'' or ``nays,'' according to his vote, insert: ``The
Speaker.'']
So the amendment offered as a substitute for the amendment was agreed
to.
The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.
VOTING BY YEAS AND NAYS
Senate
quorum call
The clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll, and the
following Senators entered the Chamber and answered to their names:
[Quorum No. 42]
Abraham
Akaka
Baucus
Bennett
Biden
Bingaman
Boxer
Bradley
Breaux
Bryan
Frist
Glenn
Gorton
Graham
Grams
Grassley
Gregg
Harkin
Hatch
Hatfield
Mikulski
Moseley-Braun
Moynihan
Murkowski
Nunn
Pell
Pressler
Reid
Robb
Rockefeller
The PRESIDING OFFICER. A quorum is not present.
Mr. LOTT. Mr. President, I move that the Sergeant at Arms be
instructed to require the attendance of absent Senators, and I ask for
the yeas and nays on the motion.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a sufficient second? There is a
sufficient second.
The yeas and nays were ordered.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on agreeing to the motion of
the Senator from Mississippi. On this question the yeas and nays have
been ordered, and the clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk called the roll.
Mr. STEVENS. I announce that the Senator from New York [Mr. Schumer]
is necessarily absent.
Mr. DASCHLE. I announce that the Senator from Florida [Mr. Graham],
the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. Kennedy], the Senator from Michigan
[Mr. Levin], and the Senator from West Virginia [Mr. Rockefeller] are
necessarily absent.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Kennedy). Are there any other Senators in
the Chamber who desire to vote?
The result was announced--yeas 90, nays 5, as follows:
[Rollcall Vote No. 264 Leg.]
YEAS--90
Abraham
Akaka
Ashcroft
Baucus
Bennett
Feinstein
Ford
Frahm
Frist
Glenn
Lott
Lugar
Mack
McCain
McConnell
NAYS--5
Biden
Boxer
Hollings
Kohl
Wellstone
NOT VOTING--5
Graham
Kennedy
Levin
Rockefeller
Schumer
So the motion was agreed to.
[[Page 266]]
PAIRS
[The word with must always be used in pairs in the House, not
and; and copy must be altered to conform thereto, as Mr. Smith
with Mr. Jones--not Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones. Note use of lowercase
for names in list of pairs in House.]
The Clerk announced the following pairs:
On this vote:
Mr. Hefner for, with Mr. Richmond against.
Until further notice:
Mr. Biaggi with Mr. Jeffords.
Mr. Florio with Mr. Horton.
Mr. Bartlett of Maryland with Mr. Coyne.
Mr. Rangel with Mr. Simon.
Mr. Fascell with Mr. Minish.
Mr. Volkmer with Mr. Borski.
Mr. Andrews with Mr. Gibbons.
Messrs. EMERSON, EVANS of Georgia, and MARLENEE changed their votes
from ``nay'' to ``yea.''
So the bill was passed.
The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the table.
Mr. COBLE. Mr. Speaker, I voted, but, being paired with the gentleman
from Pennsylvania, Mr. Cox, I withdraw my vote.
Mr. GORDON. Mr. Speaker, I have a pair with the gentleman from
Mississippi, Mr. Taylor, who, if present, would have voted ``yea.'' I
voted ``nay.'' I withdraw my vote and vote ``present.''
[In House pairs do not use brackets when Members are referred to
by name. In Senate pairs observe following use of brackets:]
Mr. THOMAS (when his name was called). I am paired on this question
with the senior Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. Kennedy]. If he were
here, I should vote ``yea.''
CALL OF THE HOUSE
Mr. MURTHA. Mr. Speaker, I move a call of the House.
A call of the House was ordered.
The call was taken by electronic device and the following Members
responded to their names:
[Roll No. 281]
Addabbo
Akaka
Albosta
Alexander
Anderson
Annunzio
Applegate
Ashbrook
Conte
Courter
Coyne, James
Coyne, William
Craig
Crane, Daniel
Crane, Philip
Crockett
Flippo
Foglietta
Foley
Ford (MI)
Ford (TN)
Forsythe
Fountain
Fowler
[No reference will be made of the names of those not voting.]
{time} 1840
The CHAIRMAN. Three hundred ninety-three Members have answered to
their names, a quorum is present, and the Committee will resume its
business.
FORMS OF TITLES
[Always in roman lowercase, flush and hang 1 em, if more than
two lines.]
H.J. Res. 2
Joint resolution authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to issue 2
per centum bonds or certificates, etc.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That the * * *
H.R. 4487
A bill to authorize the Rock Island and Southwestern Railway Company to
construct a bridge, etc.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That it shall
be lawful for the Rock Island and Southwestern Railway Company, a
corporation organized under the general incorporations, etc.
[[Page 267]]
ADDRESSES AND SIGNATURES
[No line spacing, street addresses, or ZIP Code numbers are to
be used in communications in the Record.]
The Honorable the Secretary of the
{time} {time} Navy.
{time} Dear Mr. Secretary: This is in response to your letter,
etc.
{time} {time} {time} Very sincerely yours,
Ronald Reagan.{time}
----------
Columbia, MO,{time} {time} {time}
January 17, 1999.{time}
Hon. Morgan M. Moulder,
Cannon House Office Building,
Washington, DC:
{time} The President's farm message of today
* * * * *
farmers and prevent the spread of this depression to every part of
our country.
Missouri Farmers Association,
F.V. Heinkel, President.
----------
January 20, 1966.{time}
Hon. John B. Connally, Jr.,
The Secretary of the Treasury, Depart-
{time} {time} ment of the Treasury, Washington,
{time} {time} DC.
{time} Dear Mr. Secretary: Mindful of the tremendous workload,
etc.
I would appreciate your comment on the foregoing proposal.
Your proposal seems to be in the best interest of all
concerned.
{time} {time} {time} Sincerely yours,
Herbert Zelenko,{time} {time} {time}
Member of Congress.{time}
----------
Alexandria, MN,{time} {time} {time}
November 17, 1971.{time}
Hon. Walter Mondale,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, DC:
{time} We oppose the nomination of Earl Butz for Secretary of
Agriculture because he resists family farms.
Raymond Wagner.{time}
{time} Brandon, MN.
----------
January 17, 1972.{time}
Re resignation from committee.
Hon. Carl Albert,
The Speaker, U.S. House of Representa-
{time} {time} tives, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC.
{time} Dear Mr. Speaker: Having changed my politics from
Republican to Democratic, etc.
{time} With my best wishes.
{time} {time} {time} Sincerely,
Vincent J. Dellay.{time}
U.S. Senate,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
President pro tempore,{time} {time} {time}
Washington, DC, March 17, 1999.{time}
To the Senate:
{time} Being temporarily absent from the Senate, I appoint Hon.
Conrad Burns, a Senator from the State of Montana, to perform the
duties of the Chair during my absence.
Strom Thurmond,{time} {time} {time}
President pro tempore.{time}
----------
Washington, DC,{time} {time} {time}
March 28, 1999.{time}
{time} I hereby designate the Honorable Jack Metcalf to act as
Speaker pro tempore today.
Dennis Hastert,{time} {time} {time}
Speaker of the House of Representatives.{time}
----------
{time} {time} The International Union of{time} {time} {time}
{time} {time} {time} United Brewery, Flour, Ce-
{time} {time} {time}
{time} {time} {time} real, Soft Drinks & Distill-
{time} {time} {time}
{time} {time} {time} ery Workers of America,
Cincinnati, OH, March 25, 1966.{time}
To the Senate of the United States.
To the U.S. House of Representatives.
{time} Honorable Sirs: April 7, 1966, being the 25th anniversary
of the modification, etc.
[Two to eight independent signatures, with or without titles,
are aligned on the left.]
To the Honorable Senate and House of
{time} {time} Representatives of the United States
{time} {time} of America Now Assembled at Wash-
{time} {time} ington, DC:
{time} The undersigned, officers of the Navy of the United States,
respectfully show unto your honorable bodies, etc.
James G. Green.
W.H. Southerland.
Thomas Harrison
F.F. Fletcher.
Robert Whelan
C.C. Wilson.
----------
{time} Respectfully submitted,
Karl F. Feller,
International President.
Thomas Rusch,
Director of Organization.
Arthur Gildea,
Secretary-Treasurer.{time}
Joseph E. Brady,
Director of Legislation.
[[Page 268]]
[More than eight signatures, with or without titles, are set
full measure, caps and lowercase, run in, indented 2 and 3 ems, as
follows:]
{time} {time} Gene H. Rosenblum, Cochairman;
{time} {time} {time} Paul H. Ray, Cochairman; Cynthia
{time} {time} {time} Asplund, James Pedersen, George
{time} {time} {time} Doty; Thomas St. Martin; Joan
{time} {time} {time} O'Neill; Lloyd Moosebrugger; Sam
{time} {time} {time} Kaplan; Ronald Nemer; Dean Pot-
{time} {time} {time} ter; Philip Archer; Thomas
{time} {time} {time} McDonough; Mrs. Lloyd
{time} {time} {time} Moosebrugger, Minnesota Young
{time} {time} {time} Democratic Civil Rights Commit-
{time} {time} {time} tee.
John Smith,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Lieutenant Governor{time} {time} {time}
(For the Governor of Maine).{time}
----------
Texarkana Textile Merchants & Manufacturers' Association,
John L. Jones, Secretary.
CREDITS
[From the Sacramento (CA) Bee, July 22, 1983]
The Kissinger Smoke Screen
(By C.K. McClatchy)
The Reagan administration has embarked on a dangerously
aggressive, confrontational policy in Latin America that should be
sending shock waves of anger and fear through the American public.
Thus far, however, the opposition has been muted by a combination
of the administration's anti-Communist rhetoric and public
relations molasses.
[From the Wall Street Journal, Aug. 1, 1983]
The Sky Hasn't Fallen
Backers of the proposal to increase the U.S. contribution
to the International Monetary Fund by $8.4 billion staved off
several attacks in the House Friday, but the bill still faces an
uncertain future. It has been languishing in the House for nearly
three months, and the 40 or so amendments still awaiting it
testify to the difficulty of putting together a winning coalition.
POETRY
If poetry is quoted, each stanza should start with quotation
marks, but only the last stanza should end with them. The lines of
the poem should align on the left, those that rhyme taking the
same indention. Poems are flush left; overs 3 ems; 2 points of
space between stanzas, and 2 points of space above and below.
Casey at the Bat
The outlook wasn't brilliant for the Mudville nine that day:
The score stood four to two, with but one inning more to play,
And then when Cooney died at first, and Barrows did the same,
A pall-like silence fell upon the patrons of the game.
A straggling few got up to go in deep despair.
The rest cling to that hope which springs eternal in the human
breast;
The thought, ``If only Casey could but get a whack at that--
We'd put up even money now, with Casey at the bat.''
But Flynn preceded Casey, as did also Jimmy Blake,
And the former was a hoodoo, while the latter was a cake;
So upon that stricken multitude grim melancholy sat,
For there seemed but little chance of Casey getting to the bat.
But Flynn let drive a single, to the wonderment of all,
And Blake, the much despised, tore the cover off the ball;
And when the dust had lifted, and men saw what had occurred,
There was Jimmy safe at second and Flynn--hugging third.
Then from five thousand throats and more there rose a lusty yell;
It rumbled through the valley, it rattled in the dell;
It pounded on the mountain and recoiled upon the flat,
For Casey, mighty Casey, was advancing to the bat.
There was ease in Casey's manner as he stepped into his place;
There was pride in Casey's bearing and a smile lit Casey's face.
And when, responding to the cheers, he lightly doffed his hat,
No stranger in the crowd could doubt 'twas Casey at the bat.
Ten thousand eyes were on him as he rubbed his hands with dirt;
Five thousand tongues applauded when he wiped them on his shirt;
Then while the writhing pitcher ground the ball into his hip,
Defiance flashed in Casey's eye, a sneer curled Casey's lip.
And now the leather-covered sphere came hurtling through the air,
And Casey stood a-watching it in haughty grandeur there.
[[Page 269]]
Close by the sturdy batsman the ball unheeded sped--
``That ain't my style,'' said Casey. ``Strike one!'' the umpire
said.
From the benches, black with people, there went up a muffled roar,
Like the beating of the storm-waves on a stern and distant shore;
``Kill him! Kill the umpire!'' shouted some one in the stand;
And it's likely they'd had killed him had not Casey raised his
hand.
With a smile of Christian charity great Casey's visage shone;
He stilled the rising tumult; he bade the game go on;
He signaled to the pitcher, and once more the dun sphere flew;
But Casey still ignored it, and the umpire said ``Strike two!''
``Fraud!'' cried the maddened thousands, and echo answered
``Fraud!''
But one scornful look from Casey and the audience was awed.
They saw his face grow stern and cold, they saw his muscles
strain,
And they knew that Casey wouldn't let that ball go by again.
The sneer has fled from Casey's lip, his teeth are clenched in
hate;
He pounds with cruel violence his bat upon the plate.
And now the pitcher holds the ball, and now he lets it go,
And now the air is shattered by the force of Casey's blow.
Oh, somewhere in this favored land the Sun is shining bright;
The band is playing somewhere, and somewhere hearts are light,
And somewhere men are laughing, and little children shout;
But there is no joy in Mudville--great Casey has struck out.
--Ernest L. Thayer.
EXTRACTS
[Extracts must be set in 7 point unless ordered otherwise by
the Joint Committee on Printing.]
[This does not refer to a casual quotation of a few words or
a quotation that would not make more than 3 lines of 7 point.
The beginning of the 7-point extract must start with a true
paragraph; 8 point following is always a paragraph.]
Mr. BENNETT. Let us see what that is:
The stipulations of this treaty are to be a full settlement
of all claims of said Creek Nation for damages and losses of every
kind growing out of the late rebellion--
I do not think he means that--
and all expenditures by the United States of annuities in clothing
and feeding refugee and destitute Indians since the diversion of
annuities for that purpose consequent upon the late war with the
so-called Confederate States; and the Creeks hereby ratify and
confirm--
What?--
all such diversions of annuities heretofore made from the funds of
the Creek Nation by the United States; and the United States agree
that no annuities--
And so forth. I believe that shows clearly the purpose of the treaty.
[Note, as above, that following an excerpt, the 8 point must
begin with a paragraph.]
[An address of the President delivered outside of Congress or
referred to as an extract will be set in 7 point.]
SCHEME OF TEXT HEADINGS
In 8-point, heads are 8-point caps. After the cap head, all
subheads are 7 point small caps, regardless of any perceived
hierarchy.
In 7-point, the progression is as follows (in descending
order):
7-point caps and small caps.
7-point small caps.
7-point italic lowercase.
7-point roman caps and lowercase.
7-point roman lowercase.
[[Page 270]]
USE OF DOUBLE HEADS
This is something which has been entirely overlooked by the * * *.
analysis of specific provisions of the committee bill
amendments changing the interstate commerce provisions of the act
As the law stands today, it applies only to an employee who * * *.
EXECUTIVE PROGRAM
----------------------
ESTATE TAX CONVENTION WITH CANADA
ADDITIONAL COSPONSORS OF BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS
s. 659
AMENDMENTS SUBMITTED
----------------------
RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
----------------------
SPECTER AMENDMENT NO. 1194
HEADS USED IN EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT, 2000
----------------------
speech of
HON. JOHN CONYERS, JR.
of michigan
in the house of representatives
Wednesday, February 3, 1999
The House in Committee of the Whole House on the State of
the Union had under consideration the bill (H.R. 1401) to
authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2000 for the Armed Forces
* * *.
[The words ``Speech of'' are to be used only when on copy and is
an indication that that particular Extension of Remarks is to be
inserted in the proceedings of the bound Record of the date used
in the heading.]
MISSING CHILDREN
----------------------
HON. ORRIN G. HATCH
of utah
in the senate of the united states
Wednesday, February 3, 1999
Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I rise before this distinguished assembly
to focus additional attention on the tragedy of missing children. The
Department of Health and Human Services has estimated that
approximately 1.3 million children disappear each year. A significant
number do not leave of their own accord.* * *
[[Page 271]]
CONGRESSIONAL PROCEEDINGS
SENATE
Tuesday, July 13, 1999
(Legislative day of Monday, July 12, 1999)\1\
The Senate met at 10 a.m., on the expiration of the recess, and * *
*.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ To be used only when the Senate had been in recess.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Above line to be used only when Senate had been in recess.]
The Senate met at 12 noon, and was called to order by the President
pro tempore [Mr. Thurmond].
[Note.--Entire prayer set in 8 point.]
----------------------
prayer
The Chaplain, Dr. Lloyd John Ogilvie, offered the following prayer:
Let us pray:
Lord, Thou hast been our dwelling place in all generations. Before
the mountains were brought forth, or ever Thou hadst formed the earth
and the world, from everlasting to everlasting Thou art God.--Psalm
90:1-2 RSV.
Almighty God, eternal Father, make Thy presence felt in this place
today. Grant that all who do business here may experience a fresh touch
from Thee. As the Senators enter into this very full week, help them to
have a perspective which sees the parts in light of the whole. Free
them from the tyranny of urgency which makes it impossible to see the
forest for the trees. Help them not to allow the transitory to
obliterate the transcendent. Give them vision which sees the temporary
in light of the permanent, the temporal in light of the eternal.
Guide them to decisions which will honor Thee and bless the people.
In Jesus' name. Amen.
APPOINTMENT OF ACTING PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will please read a communication to
the Senate from the President pro tempore [Mr. Thurmond].
The assistant legislative clerk read the following letter:
U.S. Senate,
President pro tempore,
Washington, DC, April 15, 1999.
To the Senate:
Under the provisions of rule I, section 3, of the Standing
Rules of the Senate, I hereby appoint the Honorable Jesse Helms, a
Senator from the State of North Carolina, to perform the duties of
the Chair.
Strom Thurmond,
President pro tempore.
Mr. HELMS thereupon assumed the chair as Acting President pro
tempore.
RECOGNITION OF THE MAJORITY LEADER
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The majority leader is recognized.
THE JOURNAL
Mr. LOTT. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the Journal of
the proceedings of the Senate be approved to date.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so
ordered.
JOINT SESSION OF THE TWO HOUSES--MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES (H. DOC. NO. 98-1)
The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under the previous order, the Senate will
now proceed to the Hall of the House of Representatives.
Thereupon, at 8:38 p.m., the Senate, preceded by the Sergeant at
Arms, Howard O. Greene; the Secretary of the Senate, Gary Sisco; and
the President pro tempore (Mr. Thurmond), proceeded to the Hall of the
House of Representatives to hear the address by the President of the
United States, William Clinton.
(The address by the President of the United States, this day
delivered by him to the joint session of the two Houses of Congress,
appears in
[[Page 272]]
the proceedings of the House of Representatives in today's Record.)
RESERVATION OF LEADER TIME
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under the previous order, leadership time is
reserved.
ORDER FOR ROUTINE MORNING BUSINESS
Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that following
the time for the two leaders under the standing order and the special
order for Senator Specter, there be a period for the transaction of
routine morning business, not to exceed 30 minutes, in which Senators
may make speeches for not to exceed 3 minutes each.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Chafee). Without objection, it is so
ordered.
MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT
Messages from the President of the United States were communicated to
the Senate by Mr. Saunders, one of his secretaries.
EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED
As in executive session, the Acting President pro tempore laid before
the Senate messages from the President of the United States submitting
a sundry nomination which was referred to the Committee on Armed
Services.
(The nomination received today is printed at the end of the Senate
proceedings.)
BUDGET OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA--MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT--PM 126
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid before the Senate the following message
from the President of the United States, together with an accompanying
document; which was referred to the Committee on Governmental Affairs:
To the Congress of the United States:
In accordance with the District of Columbia Self-Government and
Governmental Reorganization Act, I am transmitting the 1983 Budget of
the District of Columbia.
I am informed that the proposals for Federal payments to the District
of Columbia reflected in this document are consistent with those shown
in the 1983 Budget of the United States submitted to the Congress on
February 8, 1982.
Ronald Reagan.{time}
{time} The White House, April 15, 1982.
EXECUTIVE AND OTHER COMMUNICATIONS
The following communications were laid before the Senate, together
with accompanying papers, reports, and documents, which were referred
as indicated:
EC-3155. A communication from the Secretary of Health and
Human Services transmitting a draft of proposed legislation to
incorporate the supplemental food programs into the maternal and
child health block grant; to the Committee on Agriculture,
Nutrition, and Forestry.
PRESIDENTIAL APPROVALS
A message from the President of the United States reported that he
had approved and signed the following acts and joint resolution:
On July 19, 1982:
S. 2651. An act to extend the expiration date of section
252 of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act.
ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION SIGNED
The message further announced that the Speaker pro tempore of the
House had affixed his signature to the following enrolled bills and
joint resolution, and they were signed by the Acting President pro
tempore:
S. 171. An act for the relief of Arthur A. Schipke;
S. 518. An act for the relief of Robert T. Groom, Daisy
Groom, and Margaret Groom Turpin; and
HOUSE BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS REFERRED OR PLACED ON THE CALENDAR
The following bills and joint resolutions were severally read twice
by
[[Page 273]]
their titles and referred, or ordered to be placed on the calendar, as
indicated:
H.R. 1408. An act to amend section 301 (a)(1) of the
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended, and the first
sentence of paragraph (1) of section 2 of the Agricultural
Adjustment Act of 1933, as amended, and as reenacted and amended
by the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, approved June
3, 1937, as amended, so as to include the cost of all farm labor
in determining the parity price of agricultural commodities; to
the calendar; and
H.R. 777. An act to amend an act entitled ``An act to
regulate the hours of employment and safeguard the health of
females employed in the District of Columbia,'' approved February
24, 1914.
MESSAGES FROM THE HOUSE
At 2:11 p.m., a message from the House of Representatives was
delivered by Mr. Berry, one of its reading clerks, announcing that the
Speaker had signed the following enrolled bills and joint resolution:
S. 272. An act to improve small business access to Federal
procurement information.
H.J. Res. 338. Joint resolution to correct Public Law 98-63
due to an error in the enrollment of H.R. 3069.
The bills and joint resolution were subsequently signed by the
President pro tempore (Mr. Thurmond).
----------
At 3:18 p.m., a message from the House of Representatives was
delivered by Ms. Goetz, one of its reading clerks, announcing that the
House agrees to the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H.R. 2355).
PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS
The following petitions and memorials were laid before the Senate and
were referred or ordered to lie on the table as indicated:
POM-724. A resolution adopted by the Legislature of the
State of Arizona; to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban
Affairs.
House Concurrent Memorial 2002
Whereas, article I, section 8, Constitution of the United
States, provides that only the Congress of the United States shall
have the power `to borrow money on the credit of the United
States'; and
Whereas, article I, section 8, Constitution of the United
States, directs that only the Congress of the United States is
permitted ``to coin money and regulate the value thereof''; and
Whereas, the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 transferred the
power to borrow money on the credit of the United States to a
consortium of private bankers in violation of the prohibitions of
article I, section 8, Constitution of the United States; and
Whereas, the Congress of the United States is without
authority to delegate any powers which it has received under the
Constitution of the United States established by the people of the
United States; and
Whereas, article I, section 1, Constitution of the United
States, provides that ``all legislative Powers herein granted
shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall
consist of a Senate and House of Representatives''; and
Whereas, the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 was imposed upon
the People of the State of Arizona in violation of the provisions
of article I, section 1, Constitution of the United States.
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES
The following reports of committees were submitted:
By Mr. McCAIN, from the Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation, with an amendment in the nature of a substitute
and an amendment to the title:
S. 2172. A bill to amend the Communications Act of 1934
(Rept. No. 97-518).
EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF COMMITTEES
The following executive reports of committees were submitted:
By Mr. D'AMATO, from the Committee on Banking, Housing, and
Urban Affairs:
Ralph D. DeNunzio, of Connecticut, to be a Director of the
Securities Investor Protection Corporation for a term expiring
December 31, 1982;
David F. Goldberg, of Illinois, to be a Director of the
Securities Investor Protection Corporation for a term expiring
December 31, 1984; and
Roger A. Yurchuck, of Ohio, to be a Director of the
Securities Investor Protection Corporation for a term expiring
December 31, 1984.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS
The following bills and joint resolutions were introduced, read the
[[Page 274]]
first and second time by unanimous consent, and referred as indicated:
By Mr. JEFFORDS (for himself, Mr. Smith, Mr. Lieberman, Mr.
Kerry, Mr. Gregg, Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Dodd, and Mr. Leahy):
S. 2835. A bill to grant the consent and approval of the
Congress to an interstate agreement or compact relating to the
restoration of Atlantic salmon in the Connecticut River Basin, and
to allow the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of the
Interior to participate as members in a Connecticut River Atlantic
Salmon Commission; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
SUBMISSION OF CONCURRENT AND SENATE RESOLUTIONS
The following concurrent resolutions and Senate resolutions were
read, and referred (or acted upon), as indicated:
By Mr. MURKOWSKI (for himself, Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Shelby, and
Mr. Chafee):
S. Con. Res. 62. A concurrent resolution to direct the
Commissioner of Social Security and the Secretary of Health and
Human Services to develop a plan outlining the steps which might
be taken to correct the social security benefit disparity known as
the notch problem; to the Committee on Finance.
By Mr. D'AMATO:
S. Res. 446. Resolution to honor Michael R. Masone; to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
STATEMENTS ON INTRODUCED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS
By Ms. SNOWE:
S. 1778. A bill to provide for a block grant to States for health
planning activities, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Labor
and Human Resources.
health planning block grant act of 1983
Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, I introduce S. 1778, a bill to
establish a block grant to the States to support health planning.
The latest authorization for the Federal health planning program
expired at the conclusion of the last fiscal year. The program has been
funded under a continuing resolution despite the fact that it has not
been reauthorized. Health planning has been useful in many States in
containing health care costs and assuring equitable access to health
services. It is important that the Federal Government continue to
encourage health planning on the State and local levels but the current
health planning law should be replaced.
[Note the use of bullets signifying that which was not spoken on
the floor.]
AMENDMENTS SUBMITTED
----------------------
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES APPROPRIATIONS, 1995
----------------------
FAIRCLOTH AMENDMENT NO. 5239
(Ordered to lie on the table.)
Mr. FAIRCLOTH submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him
to the bill, H.R. 3756, supra; as follows:
At the appropriate place, insert the following:
Sec. . (a) Sense of the Senate Regarding Transfers From
Medicare Trust Funds.--It is the sense of the Senate that * * *.
----------------------
WARNER AMENDMENT NO. 5240
Mr. WARNER proposed an amendment to the bill, H.R. 3756, supra; as
follows:
On page 53, beginning on line 23, strike ``and in
compliance with the reprogramming guidelines of the appropriate
Committee of the House and Senate.''
----------------------
DeWINE AMENDMENTS NOS. 5241-5242
Mr. SMITH (for Mr. DeWine) proposed two amendments to the bill, H.R.
3363, supra; as follow:
Amendment No. 5241
At the appropriate place in the bill insert the following:
``That notwithstanding any other provision of law, the
Secretary of the Interior (hereinafter in this Act referred to as
* * *.
----------
Amendment No. 5242
(Purpose: To authorize the Secretary of the Interior * * *)
At the appropriate place, etc.
[[Page 275]]
ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS
----------------------
NATIONAL PARALYZED VETERANS RECOGNITION DAY
Mr. KYL. Mr. President, I am pleased today to call attention
here to the fact that this is National Paralyzed Veterans Recognition
Day. Legislation to establish this observance was signed by the
President on August 1 (Public Law 98-62). In the Senate, the
legislation was designated Senate Joint Resolution 106 and authored by
the distinguished chairman of the Veterans' Affairs Committee, Senator
Simpson. I am proud to have been a cosponsor.
CONCLUSION OF MORNING BUSINESS
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there further morning business?
If not, morning business is closed.
BLANCHE H. KARSCH, ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF KATE E. HAMILTON--
VETO MESSAGE (S. DOC. NO. 108)
The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the following veto message
from the President of the United States, which was read, and with the
accompanying bill, referred to the Committee on the Judiciary and
ordered to be printed:
To the Senate:
I return herewith, without my approval, S. 514, entitled ``An act for
the relief of Blanche H. Karsch, administratrix of the estate of Kate
E. Hamilton.''
I know of no circumstances which would justify the exception made by
S. 514 to the long-continued policy of Congress, and do not believe
that the field of special legislation should be opened * * *
Harry S. Truman.{time}
The White House, March 17, 1952.
[The above to be 8 point.]
[When communications from the President contain extracts, etc.,
such extracts must be in 7 point.]
REPORT ON CLASSIFIED INFORMATION (S. DOC. NO. 107)
Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, the Committee on Armed Services of the
Senate has recently requested the Office of Public Relations of the
Department of the Navy to submit to it a report on classified
information. The Department of the Navy has complied with the request,
and I now present the report and ask that it be published as a Senate
document.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the report will be printed as
a document as requested by the Senator from Virginia.
PAWNEE INDIANS v. THE UNITED STATES (S. DOC. NO. 311)
The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate a communication from the
Assistant Clerk of the Court of Claims, transmitting a certified copy
of the findings of fact and conclusion filed by the court in the case
of the Pawnee Tribe of Indians against the United States, which was
referred to the Committee on Finance and ordered to be printed.
[Note the insertion of S. Doc. No. -- in cases where papers are
ordered to be printed as a document. To be inserted only when
ordered to be printed or its equivalent is in copy.]
Third reading and passage of a bill
MISSOURI RIVER BRIDGE NEAR ST. CHARLES, MO
The bill (S. 4174) to extend the times for commencing and completing
the construction of a bridge across the Missouri River at or near St.
Charles, MO, was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third
reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:
S. 4174
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the times
for commencing and completing the construction of the bridge
across the Missouri River, etc.
Amendment, third reading, and passage of a bill
GOVERNMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII
The Senate proceeded to consider the bill (S. 1881) to amend an act
entitled ``An act to provide a govern
[[Page 276]]
ment for the Territory of Hawaii,'' approved April 30, 1900, as
amended, to establish a Hawaiian Homes Commission, and for other
purposes, which had been reported from the Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs with amendments.
The first amendment was, on page 4, line 22, to strike out
``Keaaupaha'' and insert ``Keaaukaha''.
The amendment was agreed to.
The next amendment was, on page 6, line 19, after the figure ``(1)'',
to insert ``by further authorization of Congress and'', so as to make
the paragraph read:
(1) by further authorization of Congress and for a period
of five years after the first meeting of the Hawaiian Homes
Commission only those lands situated on the island of Molokai,
etc.
The amendment was agreed to.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the
third time, and passed.
Forms of amendments
The joint resolution (S.J. Res. 4) requesting the President to
negotiate a treaty or treaties for the protection of salmon in certain
parts of the Pacific Ocean was announced as next in order.
Mr. McCAIN. Mr. President, I have just had an opportunity to examine
this joint resolution. I offer this amendment.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Secretary will state the amendment offered
by the Senator from Arizona.
The Reading Clerk. On page 1, line 11, it is proposed to strike out
the words ``both within and'', so as to make the joint resolution read:
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President
of the United States be, and he is hereby, requested to negotiate
on behalf of the United States, as promptly as is practicable,
etc.
Mr. FRIST. Mr. President, I observe in the report of the bill by the
chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee that it is reported as a
Senate joint resolution. I ask for a modification of it so that it will
be a Senate resolution instead of a Senate joint resolution.
The Legislative Clerk. It is proposed to strike out ``S.J. Res. 4''
and insert ``S. Res. 85''.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection to the modification? The
Chair hears none, and it will be so modified.
Mr. McCAIN. Would it not be necessary to change the resolving clause
also? The resolving clause reads:
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
The amendment was agreed to.
[Note use of words, figures, and punctuation in the following
example. Follow copy.]
The next amendment was, on page 34, in line 9, under the heading
``Employees' Compensation Commission'', before the word ``assistants'',
to strike out ``five'' and insert ``three''; in line 10, after the word
``clerks'' and before the words ``of class 3'', to strike out ``seven''
and insert ``five''; in line 11, before the words ``of class 2'', to
strike out ``twelve'' and insert ``nine''; in the same line, before the
words ``of class 1'', to strike out ``twenty-seven'' and insert
``twenty''; in line 12, before the words ``at $1,000 each'', to strike
out ``three'' and insert ``two''; and in line 18, to strike out
``$124,940'' and insert ``$102,590'', so as to read:
employees' compensation commission
Salaries: Three Commissioners at $4,000 each; secretary,
$2,750; attorney, $4,000; chief statistician, $3,000; chief of
accounts, $2,500; accountant, $2,250; claim examiners--chief
$2,250, assistant $2,000, assistant $1,800, three assistants at
$1,600 each; special agents--two at $1,800 each, two at $1,600
each; clerks--five of class 3; nine of class 2, twenty of class 1,
two at $1,000 each; in all $102,590.
Mr. THOMPSON submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to
the sundry civil appropriation bill, which was ordered to lie on the
table and to be printed, as follows:
Add a new section, as follows: ``That the President of the
Senate appoint three Members of the Senate; and the Speaker of the
House three Members of the House.''
The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill (H.R. 4075) to limit
the immigration of aliens into the United States.
Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I offer an amendment, which I send to the
desk.
[[Page 277]]
The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment will be stated.
The Assistant Secretary. On page 9, line 3, it is proposed to amend
by striking out ``3'' and inserting ``1'', so that it will read:
Sec. 2. (a) That the number of aliens of any nationality
who may be admitted under the immigration laws to the United
States in any fiscal year shall be limited to 1 per centum of the
number of foreign-born persons of such nationality resident in the
United States.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the amendment
offered by the Senator from West Virginia to the amendment of the
committee.
The amendment to the amendment was rejected.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is, Shall the bill pass?
Mr. BREAUX. I ask for the yeas and nays on the passage of the bill.
Mr. INHOFE. Let us have the yeas and nays.
The yeas and nays were ordered, and the reading clerk proceeded to
call the roll.
Ms. MIKULSKI (when her name was called). I am paired with the senior
Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. Smith]. I am informed that if he were
present he would vote as I intend to vote on the passage of the bill. I
therefore feel at liberty to vote, and vote ``yea.''
Mr. CRAIG. I announce that the Senator from Iowa [Mr. Grassley], the
Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. Smith], and the Senator from Delaware
[Mr. Roth] are necessarily absent.
I further announce that, if present and voting, the Senator from New
Hampshire [Mr. Smith] would vote ``yea.''
The result was announced--yeas 78, nays 1, as follows:
YEAS--96
Abraham
Akaka
Faircloth
Feingold
Moynihan
Murkowski
NAY--1
Helms
NOT VOTING--3
Grassley
Roth
Smith
EXECUTIVE SESSION
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senate will now proceed to executive
session. There will now be 5 minutes debate on Calendar Order No. 156,
which the clerk will state.
EXECUTIVE SESSION
Mr. LOTT. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the Senate now
go into executive session for the purpose of considering those
nominations on page 2, with the exception of Calendar Order No. 43;
those nominations on page 3, with the exception of Calendar Order No.
46; all of the nominations on page 4, and all of the nominations on
page 5.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
LEGISLATIVE SESSION
Mr. LOTT. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the Senate now
return to legislative session.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
[An executive session usually being open, the following precedes
the recess or adjournment heading:]
TREATY OF ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION WITH SWITZERLAND
The Chief Clerk proceeded to read Executive B, a treaty of
arbitration and conciliation with Switzerland, signed at Washington on
March 17, 1952, which was considered as in Committee of the Whole, and
is as follows:
To the Senate of the United States:
To the end that I may receive the advice and consent of the
Senate to ratification, I transmit herewith a treaty of
arbitration and conciliation between the United States and
Switzerland, signed at Washington on March 17, 1952.
Harry S. Truman.{time}
The White House, March 17, 1952.
[A letter from the President to the Senate is set in 7-point
type when any form of treaty is enclosed that is to be printed in
the Record in connection therewith. The letter is set in 7-point
type whether the treaty follows or precedes it or is separated
from it by intervening matter.]
RECESS UNTIL TOMORROW AT 10:30 A.M.
Mr. LOTT. Mr. President, I know of no further business to come be
[[Page 278]]
fore the Senate. I move, in accordance with the order previously
entered, that the Senate stand in recess until the hour of 10:30 a.m.
tomorrow.
The motion was agreed to and, at 7:20 p.m., the Senate recessed until
Wednesday, November 18, 1996, at 10:30 a.m.
ADJOURNMENT UNTIL MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1996
Mr. LOTT. Mr. President, no other matter is cleared for action by
either side. The time for the transaction of routine morning business
has long since expired, as has the patience of most Senators.
In view of that, Mr. President, I move, in accordance with the
provisions of House Concurrent Resolution 153 the Senate now do adjourn
until September 12 at 12 noon.
The motion was agreed to; and the Senate, at 7:03 p.m., adjourned
until Monday, September 12, 1996, at 12 noon.
[After the recess or adjournment the following may appear:]
NOMINATIONS
Executive nominations received by the Senate March 17 (legislative
day of March 9), 1996:
[Under heading Postmaster, omit the State subheading if only one
nomination or confirmation is given. Under the heads Nominations,
Confirmations, Withdrawal, and Rejection, the following scheme for
subheads is to be followed:
[Heads indicating service, or branch or department of Government
and subheads indicating subdivision or type of service--7-point
small caps.
[Subheads indicating new rank of appointee--7-point italic
initial cap.
[Text is set in 5 point caps.
[Note: Nominations will be set first name, middle name (or first
middle initial), and last name throughout followed by period.
Asterisks, if any, precede names as in executive nominations.]
Diplomatic and Foreign Service
MERLIN E. SMITH, OF OHIO, TO BE A
FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER, UNCLASSIFIED, A
VICE CONSUL OF CAREER, AND A SECRETARY
IN THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA.
The Judiciary
TOM C. CLARK OF TEXAS, TO BE ASSISTANT
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
VICE HON. THURMAN ARNOLD, RESIGNED.
HUGH B. COX, OF THE DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA, TO BE ASSISTANT ATTORNEY
GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES; NEW
POSITION.
Temporary Appointment in the Army of the
United States
LT. GEN. JOSEPH STEVENS MCCULLOCH III
(MAJOR GENERAL, U.S. ARMY), ARMY OF THE
UNITED STATES.
Appointments, by Transfer, in the
Regular Army of the United States
ordnance department
LT. COL. GEORGE DEVERE BARNES,
QUARTERMASTER CORPS (TEMPORARY COLONEL),
WITH RANK FROM JANUARY 11, 1952.
In the Air Force
To be brigadier general
MAJ. GEN. MICHAEL GLEN CHEEK, 209A,
(COLONEL U.S. AIR FORCE), AIR FORCE OF
THE UNITED STATES, MEDICAL.
BRIG. GEN. JOHN FERRAL MCBLAIN, 203A
(COLONEL, U.S. AIR FORCE), AIR FORCE OF
THE UNITED STATES.
To be major general
BRIG. GEN. HERBERT R. TEMPLE, JR.
In the Air Force
THE FOLLOWING AIR NATIONAL GUARD OF
THE UNITED STATES OFFICERS FOR PROMOTION
IN THE RESERVE OF THE AIR FORCE UNDER
THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 593(A) TITLE
10 OF THE UNITED STATES CODE, AS
AMENDED.
line of the air force
To be lieutenant colonel
MAJ. CLAYTON B. ANDERSON
MAJ. GEORGE C. ARVANETAKI
MAJ. GEORGE D. BROOKS
MAJ. RAYMOND A. CLINE, JR.
supply corps
To be captain
PAUL R. ALWINE, JR.
CHARLES V. BARR
ANTHONY JOHN BARTUSKA
GORDON J. BENTSON
medical corps
MAJ. POMP T. CARNEY
MAJ. GERALD D. LOOS
MAJ. HUGH E. MC GEE, JR.
In the Army
THE FOLLOWING-NAMED OFFICERS FOR
APPOINTMENT IN THE REGULAR ARMY OF THE
UNITED STATES, IN THEIR ACTIVE DUTY
GRADES, UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF TITLE
10, UNITED STATES CODE, SECTIONS 531,
532, AND 533:
To be colonel
ROBERT O. PORTER
To be lieutenant colonel
EDWARD F. SMITH
To be major
RUDY P. DAVIS
HERBERT L. HEROD
LAFAYETTE JONES, JR.
To be captain
GEORGE M. DUQUE
CONFIRMATIONS
Executive nominations confirmed by the
Senate February 9, 1996:
National Commission on Libraries and
Information Science
HAROLD C. CROTTY, OF MICHIGAN, TO BE A
MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION.
[[Page 279]]
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, September 7, 1999
The House met at 12 o'clock noon and was called to order by the
Speaker pro tempore [Mr. Hoyer].
DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO TEMPORE
The SPEAKER pro tempore laid before the House the following
communication from the Speaker.
Washington, DC,
March 25, 1999.
I hereby designate the Honorable Jack Metcalf to act as
Speaker pro tempore on Friday, March 26, 1999.
Dennis Hastert,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
PRAYER \1\
The Chaplain, Rev. James David Ford, D.D., offered the following
prayer:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Head is not used when the Speaker is in the chair. See
following example.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
O sing to the Lord a new song, for He has done marvelous things!--
Psalm 98:1.
O Lord, You have been with us all our days and blessed us with gifts
both great and small. We give thanks that when our spirits were low,
You gave new strength, and when we were discouraged, You gave new hope.
As You have promised to Your people a new song of joy and peace, so
enable us to commit ourselves to the way of truth that we may be
ministers of righteousness and heralds of peace in our own day and
time. Amen.
The House met at 2 p.m.
The Chaplain, Rev. James David Ford, D.D., offered the following
prayer:
We and all the generations before us have found assurance and
strength in the Book of Psalms and so we are bold to pray: We give
thanks to the Lord, for He is good, for His steadfast love endures
forever. We give thanks to the God of gods, for His steadfast love
endures forever. O let us give thanks to the Lord of lords, for His
steadfast love endures forever.
We pray, gracious God, that You would lift our eyes and hearts and
minds so that we would see Your steadfast love in all we do. And help
us to translate that abiding grace so that we relate to other people
with deeds of justice and with hearts of mercy. This is our earnest
Prayer. Amen.
THE JOURNAL
The SPEAKER. The Chair has examined the Journal of the last day's
proceedings and announces to the House his approval thereof.
Pursuant to clause 1, rule I, the Journal stands approved.
SWEARING IN OF MEMBERS
The SPEAKER. The Chair understands there are some Members present who
desire to take the oath at this time. Will those Members who have not
taken the oath of office kindly step to the well.
The Speaker administered the oath of office to the following Members-
elect:
OATH OF OFFICE OF MEMBER
The oath of office required by the sixth article of the Constitution
of the United States, and as provided by section 3 of the act of May
13, 1884 (23 Stat. 22), to be administered to Members of the House of
Representatives, the text of which is carried in section 1757 of title
XIX of the Revised Statutes of the United States and being as follows:
``I, A B, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and
defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies
foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to
the same; that I take this obligation freely without any mental
reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and
faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about
to enter. So help me God.''
[[Page 280]]
has been subscribed to in person and filed in duplicate with the Clerk
of the House of Representatives by the following Member of the 92d
Congress, pursuant to Public Law 412 of the 80th Congress entitled ``An
act to amend section 30 of the Revised Statutes of the United States''
(2 U.S.C. 25), approved February 18, 1948:
Richard W. Mallary, at Large District of Vermont.
MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE
A message from the Senate by Mr. Lundregan, one of its clerks,
announced that the Senate had passed without amendment a concurrent
resolution of the House of the following title:
H. Con. Res. 290. Concurrent resolution reaffirming that
deposits, up to the statutorily prescribed amount, in federally
insured depository institutions are backed by the full faith and
credit of the United States.
The message also announced that the Senate had passed a bill of the
following title, in which the concurrence of the House is requested:
S. 2158. An act to amend title 23, United States Code, to
authorize and direct the payment of an incentive grant for highway
safety programs to any State in the first fiscal year during which
the State adopts provisions relating to driving while intoxicated;
to establish a national driver register, and for other purposes.
The message also announced that the Secretary be directed to request
the House of Representatives to return to the Senate the bill (S. 907)
entitled ``An act to amend sections 351 and 1751 of title 18 of the
United States Code to provide penalties for crimes against Cabinet
officers, Supreme Court Justices, and Presidential staff members, and
for other purposes.''
[Observe that bills from the Senate to the House read An act. If
the copy should read A bill, change to An act in conformity with
this rule, and place number first. Note also the following forms:]
The message also announced that the Senate had passed a joint
resolution (S.J. Res. 20) making available the sum of $150,000 for the
construction, etc.
The message also announced that the Senate had adopted the following
resolution:
S. Res. 209
Resolved, That the Senate has heard with profound sorrow
the announcement of the death of Hon. Henry B. Steagall, late a
Representative from the State of Alabama, etc.
MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT
A message in writing from the President of the United States was
communicated to the House by Mr. Leomar, one of his secretaries, who
also informed the House that on the following dates the President
approved and signed bills and a joint resolution of the House of the
following titles:
On June 2, 1971:
H.R. 4209. An act to amend the Revised Organic Act of the
Virgin Islands.
On June 4, 1971:
H.R. 5765. An act to extend for 6 months the time for
filing the comprehensive report of the Commission on the
Organization of the Government of the District of Columbia; and
H.J. Res. 583. Joint resolution designating the last full
week in July of 1971 as ``National Star Route Mail Carriers
Week.''
[Observe that bills coming from the President take the form of
An act. This rule must be followed invariably, even if the copy
reads A bill.]
AT LAST--SOME GOOD NEWS IN SOCIAL SECURITY
(Mr. HOYER asked and was given permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his remarks.)
Mr. HOYER. Mr. Speaker, last Friday, for the first time since the
early 1970's * * *.
MRS. VIRGINIA THRIFT
Mr. GOSS. Mr. Speaker, by direction of the Committee on House
Administration, I offer a privileged resolution (H. Res. 321) and ask
for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read as follows:
H. Res. 321
Resolved, That there shall be paid out of the contingent
fund of the House to Mrs. Virginia Thrift, widow of Chester R.
Thrift, late an employee of the House, an
[[Page 281]]
amount equal to six months' salary compensation at the rate he was
receiving at the time of his death, and an additional amount not
to exceed $250 to defray funeral expenses of the said Chester R.
Thrift.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the table.
BILLS PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT
Mr. SOLOMON, from the Committee on Rules, reported that that
committee did on this day present to the President, for his approval,
bills of the House of the following titles:
H.R. 3331. An act for the relief of Harry L. Smith; and
H.R. 3366. An act to amend section 409 of the Interstate
Commerce Act, relating to joint rates of freight forwarders and
common carriers by motor vehicle.
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
Mr. HAYES, from the Committee on House Administration, reported that
that committee had examined and found truly enrolled bills of the House
of the following titles, which were thereupon signed by the Speaker:
H.R. 4209. An act to amend the Revised Organic Act of the
Virgin Islands; and
H.R. 8190. An act making supplemental appropriations for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971, and for other purposes.
THE PRIVATE CALENDAR
The SPEAKER. The Clerk will call the first bill on the Private
Calendar.
JOHN SIMS
The Clerk called the first bill on the Private Calendar, H.R. 399,
for the relief of John Sims.
There being no objection, the Clerk read the bill, as follows:
H.R. 399
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the
Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to pay to
John Sims, Mobile, Alabama, the sum of $5,000.
The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Florida offers an amendment, which
the Clerk will report.
The Clerk read as follows:
Amendment by Mr. Goss: In line 4, after the word ``pay'',
add a comma and the following words: ``out of any money in the
Treasury not otherwise appropriated''.
The SPEAKER. The question is on agreeing to the amendment.
The amendment was agreed to.
On motion of Mr. Goss, a motion to reconsider the vote by which the
bill was passed was laid on [not upon] the table.
SENATE BILLS REFERRED
Bills of the Senate of the following titles were taken from the
Speaker's table and, under the rule, referred as follows:
S. 962. An act for the relief of Mr. and Mrs. Frank
Holehan; to the Committee on the Judiciary; and
S. 1077. An act for the relief of William A. Haag; to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
[In the reference of Senate acts to House committees the name of
the committee will be repeated after each act, though there may be
several acts referred to the same committee.]
----------
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE HOUSE ON THE STATE OF THE UNION
RAIL SAFETY AND SERVICE IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1982
The SPEAKER. Pursuant to House Resolution 336 and rule XXIII, the
Chair declares the House in the Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union for the consideration of the bill (H.R. 6308), to
ensure rail safety, provide for the preservation of rail service,
transfer responsibility for the Northeast corridor improvement project
to Amtrak * * *.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Chair designates the gentleman from
Massachusetts [Mr. Frank] as Chairman of the Committee of the Whole and
requests the gentleman
[[Page 282]]
from New York [Mr. McHugh] to assume the chair temporarily.
in the committee of the whole
Accordingly the House resolved itself into the Committee of the Whole
House on the State of the Union for the consideration of the bill, H.R.
6308, with Mr. McHugh, Chairman pro tempore, in the chair.
The Clerk read the title of the bill.
The CHAIRMAN pro tempore. Pursuant to the rule, the first reading of
the bill is dispensed with.
Under the rule, the gentleman from New Jersey [Mr. Andrews] will be
recognized for 30 minutes and the gentleman from New York [Mr. Gilman]
will be recognized for 30 minutes.
The CHAIRMAN. Pursuant to the rule, the text of H.R. 6911 shall be
considered by titles as an original bill for the purpose of amendment
under the 5-minute rule in lieu of the amendments recommended by the
Committees on Energy and Commerce and Interior and Insular Affairs.
Each title shall be considered as having been read.
The Clerk will designate section 1.
The Clerk read as follows:
That this Act may be referred to as the ``Rail Safety and Service
Improvement Act of 1982''.
The CHAIRMAN. Are there any amendments to section 1? If not, the
Clerk will designate title I.
The text of title I is as follows:
amendment offered by mr. hoyer
Mr. HOYER. Mr. Chairman, I offer an amendment.
The Clerk read as follows:
Amendment offered by Mr. Hoyer: Page 2, line 4, strike out
``a new subsection as follows'' and insert in lieu thereof ``the
following new subsections''.
Page 2, line 16, strike out the quotation mark and the
period which follows it.
Page 2, after line 16, insert the following:
``(j) The Secretary shall within 30 days report to Congress
on whether it should issue rules, regulations, orders, and
standards to require that the leading car of any railroad train in
operation after July 1, 1983, be equipped with an acceptable form
of mounted oscillating light.''.
CONFERENCE REPORT AND STATEMENT
Conference reports and statements to be set in 7 point.
Use 3-point space before and after conference report and
statement.
In the House the names of Members are to be first.
Follow copy literally in the report. Observe the form
Amendments numbered 1, 2, 3, etc., and when the amendment is to
make an independent paragraph, the phrase And the Senate [or
House] agree to the same will be a paragraph by itself;
otherwise it will be run in after the amendment with a
semicolon. Examples of each are given in the report following.
In the statement change numbered, when in copy, to No., as
amendment No. 1, but do not supply No. or amendment if omitted
in copy; otherwise regular style will prevail.
Conference Report (H. Rept. No. 97-747)
The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the
two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H.R. 6863)
making supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1982, and for other purposes, having met, after full
and free conference, have agreed to recommend and do recommend to
their respective Houses as follows:
That the Senate recede from its amendments numbered 7, 9,
14, 31, 38, 39, 40, 52, 53, 56, 75, 76, 80, 81, 94, 102, 109, 116,
118, 129, 133, 141, 142, 148, 152, 154, 155, 162, 163, 164, 171,
173, 179, and 181.
That the House recede from its disagreement to the
amendments of the Senate numbered 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33,
34, 35, 36, 46, 48, 54, 61, 68, 70, 77, 78, 79, 87, 99, 101, 104,
105, 106, 110, 111, 125, 127, 134, 136, 139, 156, 157, 165, 167,
168, 170, 174, 175, and 176, and agree to the same.
Amendment numbered 16:
That the House recede from its disagreement to the
amendment of the Sen
[[Page 283]]
ate numbered 16, and agree to the same with an amendment, as
follows:
In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert
$4,400,000; and the Senate agree to the same.
Amendment numbered 27:
That the House recede from its disagreement to the
amendment of the Senate numbered 27, and agree to the same with an
amendment, as follows:
In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert
$53,700,000; and the Senate agree to the same.
John T. Myers
(except amendments
54 and 177),
Clarence E. Miller,
Lawrence Coughlin,
Steny H. Hoyer,
George M. O'Brien,
Managers on the Part of the House.
Dale Bumpers,
Daniel K. Inouye,
Ernest F. Hollings,
Tom Harkin,
Richard H. Bryan,
J. Bennett Johnston,
Ron Wyden,
Patrick J. Leahy,
Dianne Feinstein,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.
Joint Explanatory Statement of the Committee of Conference
The managers on the part of the House and the Senate at the
conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the
amendments of the Senate to the bill (H.R. 6863), making
supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year 1982, rescinding
certain budget authority, and for other purposes, submit the
following joint statement to the House and the Senate in
explanation of the effect of the action agreed upon by the
managers and recommended in the accompanying conference report:
TITLE I
CHAPTER I--DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Soil Conservation Service
conservation operations
Amendment No. 1: Reported in technical disagreement. The
managers on the part of the House will offer a motion to recede
and concur in the amendment of the Senate which allows the Soil
Conservation Service to exchange a parcel of land in Bellingham,
Washington, for other land.
In lieu of the matter inserted by said amendment, insert
the following:
Food and Nutrition Service
child nutrition programs
If the funds available for Nutrition Education and Training
grants authorized under section 19 of the Child Nutrition Act of
1966, as amended, require a ratable reduction in those grants, the
minimum grant for each State shall be $50,000.
The managers on the part of the Senate will move to concur
in the amendment of the House to the amendment of the Senate.
Committee on Agriculture: Solely for consideration of title
I of the House bill and title I of the Senate amendment:
E de la Garza,
Thomas S. Foley,
David R. Bowen,
Fred Richmond,
Bill Wampler,
Paul Findley
(on all matters
except as listed
below),
Tom Hagedorn
(on all matters
except as listed
below),
Amendments
[As figures are used in bills to express sums of money, dates,
paragraph numbers, etc., amendments involving such expressions
must be set in figures thus: Strike out ``$840'' and insert
``$1,000'', etc. For other enumerations, etc., follow the copy as
the data is picked up from the bill and used for the Record and
then picked up from the Record and used for the report.]
EMANUEL F. LENKERSDORF
The Clerk called the bill (H.R. 2520) for the relief of Emanuel F.
Lenkersdorf.
There being no objection, the Clerk read the bill as follows:
H.R. 2520
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That for the
purposes of the Immigration and Nationality Act, Emanuel F.
Lenkersdorf shall be held and considered to have been lawfully
admitted to the United States for permanent residence as of the
date of the enactment of this Act, upon payment of the required
visa fee. Upon the granting of permanent residence to such alien
as provided for in this Act, the Secretary of State shall instruct
the proper officer to deduct one number from the total number of
immigrant visas and conditional entries which are made available
to natives of the country of the alien's birth under paragraphs
(1) through (8) of section 203(a) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act.
With the following committee amendment:
On page 2, strike lines 4 through 6 and insert in lieu
thereof: ``which are made
[[Page 284]]
available to natives of the country of the alien's birth under
section 203(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act or, if
applicable, from the total number of such visas which are made
available to such natives under section 202(e) of such Act.''.
The committee amendment was agreed to.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed and read a third time, was read
the third time, and passed, and a motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
CONTESTED ELECTION, CAR- TER AGAINST LeCOMPTE--MESSAGE FROM THE CLERK
OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (H. DOC. NO. 235)
The SPEAKER laid before the House the following message from the
Clerk of the House of Representatives, which was read and, with the
accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on House Administration:
August 23, 1997.
The Honorable the Speaker,
House of Representatives.
Sir: I have the honor to lay before the House of
Representatives the contest for a seat in the House of
Representatives from the Fourth Congressional District of the
State of Iowa, Steven V. Carter against Karl M. LeCompte, notice
of which has been filed in the office of the Clerk of the House;
and also transmit herewith original testimony, papers, and
documents relating thereto.
LEAVE OF ABSENCE
By unanimous consent, leave of absence was granted to:
Mr. Yates (at the request of Mr. Foley), on account of illness in the
family.
Mr. Broyhill (at the request of Mr. Michel), for today, on account of
a death in the family.
Mr. D'Amours (at the request of Mr. Wright), for today, on account of
a death in the family.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permission to address the House, following the
legislative program and any special orders heretofore entered, was
granted to:
(The following Members (at the request of Mr. Hastert) to revise and
extend their remarks and include extraneous material:)
Mr. Bethune, for 60 minutes, today.
Mr. Martin of North Carolina, for 30 minutes, today.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
By unanimous consent, permission to revise and extend remarks was
granted to:
Mr. Eckart, to revise and extend his remarks on H.R. 6324 at the
conclusion of general debate.
(The following Members (at the request of Mr. Hastert) and to include
extraneous matter:)
Mr. Michel.
Mr. Madigan in two instances.
ADJOURNMENT
Mr. ANDREWS. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do now adjourn.
The motion was agreed to; accordingly (at 6 o'clock and 9 minutes
p.m.), the House adjourned until tomorrow, Wednesday, August 18, 1982,
at 10 a.m.
RECESS
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursuant to the order of the House of
December 17, 1982, the Chair declares a recess subject to the call of
the Chair. Bells will be rung 15 minutes prior to the reconvening of
the House.
Accordingly (at 5 o'clock and 56 minutes p.m.), the House stood in
recess subject to the call of the Chair.
{time} 2130
AFTER RECESS
The recess having expired, the House was called to order by the
Speaker pro tempore [Mr. Hoyer] at 9 o'clock and 35 minutes p.m.
[Follow copy as to expressing time of adjournment as 6 o'clock
and 25 minutes p.m., or 6:25 p.m.]
[[Page 285]]
MOTION TO DISCHARGE COMMITTEE
March 17, 1952.
To the Clerk of the House of Representatives:
Pursuant to clause 4 of rule XXVII, I, Percy J. Priest, move to
discharge the Committee on Banking and Currency from the consideration
of the bill (H.R. 2887) entitled ``A bill transferring certain
functions of the Price Administrator, with respect to petroleum and
petroleum products, to the Petroleum Administrator for War,'' which was
referred to said committee March 7, 1952, in support of which motion
the undersigned Members of the House of Representatives affix their
signatures, to wit:
1. Percy J. Priest.
2. Oren Harris.
217. William E. Hess.
218. James G. Polk.
This motion was entered upon the Journal, entered in the
Congressional Record with signatures thereto, and referred to the
Calendar of Motions To Discharge Committees, February 21, 1952.
House briefs
[The briefs follow at end of day's proceedings. Heads and dashes
to be used as shown here. This data is supplied from the House and
is printed as submitted.]
EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.
Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive communications were taken from
the Speaker's table and referred as follows:
4593. A communication from the President of the United
States, transmitting proposed requests for transfer authority and
appropriation language for fiscal year 1982, amended appropriation
requests, and amended appropriation language for fiscal year 1983
(H. Doc. No. 97-228); to the Committee on Appropriations and
ordered to be printed.
4594. A letter from the Assistant Secretary of Defense
(Comptroller), transmitting notice of the proposed obligation of
$4.8 million in the Navy stock fund for war reserve stocks,
pursuant to section 734, Public Law 97-114; to the Committee on
Appropriations.
4595. A letter from the Director for Facility Requirements
and Resources, Department of Defense, transmitting notice of the
location, nature, and estimated cost of various construction
projects proposed to be undertaken by the Naval and Marine Corps
Reserve, pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 2233a(1); to the Committee on Armed
Services.
[Use the following form if only one communication is submitted--
8 point:]
194. Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, a letter from the Secretary of the
Treasury, transmitting a statement of the estimated cost of revised
central heating, lighting, and powerplant project, Washington, DC (H.
Doc. No. 97-102), was taken from the Speaker's table, referred to the
Committee on Public Works, and ordered to be printed.
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of committees were delivered to
the Clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar, as
follows:
Mr. DINGELL: Committee on Energy and Commerce. H.R. 5008. A
bill to amend the Communications Act of 1934 to make certain
technical revisions regarding the administration of such act, and
for other purposes; with an amendment (Rept. No. 97-751). Referred
to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union.
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of committees were delivered to
the Clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar, as
follows:
Mr. GLICKMAN: Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 3171. A bill
for the relief of Dr. David Pass (Rept. No. 97-440). Referred to
Committee of the Whole House.
Mr. KINDNESS: Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 3835. A bill
for the relief of Rutherford K. Clarke and his wife, Ida T. Clarke
(Rept. No. 97-441). Referred to Committee of the Whole House.
Mr. MOORHEAD: Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 4350. A bill
for the relief of Arthur J. Grauf (Rept. No. 97-442). Referred to
the Committee of the Whole House.
[Use above form also when only one report is submitted.]
[[Page 286]]
PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 5 of rule X and clause 4 of rule XXII, public bills and
resolutions were introduced and severally referred as follows:
By Mr. CUNNINGHAM:
H.R. 3876. A bill to amend the Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 to authorize appropriations for
fiscal years 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000; and for other purposes; to
the Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities.
By Mr. DICKEY (for himself, Mr. Hutchinson, Mrs. Lincoln,
and Mr. Thornton):
H.R. 3877. A bill to designate the U.S. post office
building in Camden, AR, as the ``Honorable David H. Pryor Post
Office Building''; to the Committee on Government Reform and
Oversight.
[Use the following form when only one bill or resolution is
submitted:]
Under clause 5 of rule X and clause 4 of rule XXII:
Mr. DORNAN introduced a bill (H.R. 4344) to amend title 10,
United States Code, to provide that a member of the Armed Forces
who is diagnosed as being HIV-positive within 1 year of entering
military service shall be considered to have entered the Armed
Forces under a fraudulent enlistment or appointment; which was
referred to the Committee on National Security.
MEMORIALS
Under clause 4 of rule XXII, memorials were presented and referred as
follows:
[Use the following form when submitted by the Speaker if By the
Speaker is not in copy:]
200. By the SPEAKER: Memorial of the Senate of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, relative to the persecution of
Soviet Jews; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs.
201. Also, memorial of the Legislature of the State of
Oklahoma, relative to the development of Oklahoma's water
resources; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
202. Also, memorial of the Legislature of the State of
Alabama, relative to the posthumous restoration of Robert E. Lee's
citizenship; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
[Use the following form when only one memorial is submitted:]
Under clause 4 of rule XXII,
203. The SPEAKER presented a memorial of the Legislature of
the State of Rhode Island, ratifying the proposed amendment to the
Constitution of the United States extending the right to vote to
citizens 18 years of age and older; to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private bills and resolutions were
introduced and severally referred as follows:
By Mr. ATKINSON:
H.R. 6583. A bill for the relief of Mohamed Tejpar and
Nargis Tejpar; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. AuCOIN:
H.R. 6584. A bill for the relief of Celia Maarit Halle; to
the Committee on the Judiciary.
[Use the following form when only one bill or resolution is
submitted:]
Under clause 1 of rule XXII,
Mr. LANTOS introduced a bill (H.R. 6766) for the relief of
Shanna Teresa Millich; which was referred to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
ADDITIONAL SPONSORS
Under clause 4 of rule XXII, sponsors were added to public bills and
resolutions as follows:
H.R. 756: Mr. Kemp.
H.R. 757: Mr. Kemp.
H.R. 767: Mr. Fazio.
H.R. 768: Mr. Goodling.
H.R. 1368: Mr. Simon.
H.R. 1918: Mr. Luken.
H.R. 2034: Mr. Rousselot, Mr. Emery, and Mrs. Collins of
Illinois.
[Note.--Set sponsors caps and Members caps and lower case.]
DISCHARGE PETITIONS
Under clause 3 of rule XXVII, the following discharge petitions were
filed:
Petition 6, October 7, 1993, by Mr. SENSENBRENNER on H.R.
1025 has been signed by the following Members: F. James
Sensenbrenner, Jr., John Edward Porter, Marjorie Margolies-
Mezvinsky, Henry J. Hyde, and Porter J. Goss.
DISCHARGE PETITIONS--ADDITIONS OR DELETIONS
The following Members added their names to the following discharge
petitions:
[[Page 287]]
Petition 1 by Mr. SOLOMON on H.R. 493: Bill Emerson, Craig
Thomas, F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr., Dave Camp, Dick Swett, and
Bob Franks.
PETITIONS, ETC.
Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid on the
Clerk's desk and referred as follows:
468. By the SPEAKER: Petition of Board of County
Commissioners, Citrus County, Inverness, FL, relative to defense
contracts; to the Committee on Armed Services.
469. Also, petition of the Transport Workers Union of
America, Railroad Division, relative to railroad retirement funds;
to the Committee on Energy and Commerce.
470. Also, petition of the Monroe County Legislature,
Rochester, NY, relative to nuclear weapons; to the Committee on
Foreign Affairs.
AMENDMENTS
Under clause 6 of rule XXIII, proposed amendments were submitted as
follows:
H.R. 1817
Offered By: Mr. Browder
Amendment No. 1: Page 2, line 12, strike ``$625,608,000''
and insert ``$611,608,000''.
[[Page 288]]
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD INDEX
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Set in 7 point on 8 point, Record measure (168 points, 14
picas).
Cap lines and italic lines are set flush left.
Entries are indented 1 em, with overs 2 ems.
Bill introductions are to be identified as to sponsor or
cosponsor.
Bullet following page number in index identifies unspoken
material.
Pages are identified as S (Senate), H (House), and E
(Extensions).
Pages in bound Record index are entered numerically, without
S, H, or E prefixes.
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
(for use on notation of content line)
ABBREVIATIONS:
Streets: St.; Ave.; Ct.; Dr.; Blvd.; Rd.; Sq.; Ter.
Names: Jr.; Sr.; II (etc.)
Businesses: Co.; Corp. (this includes all Federal corporations); Inc.;
Ltd.; Bros.
Dept. of Agriculture......................... Sec. of Agriculture.
Dept. of Commerce............................ Sec. of Commerce.
Dept. of Defense............................. Sec. of Defense.
Dept. of Education........................... Sec. of Education.
Dept. of Energy.............................. Sec. of Energy.
Dept. of Health and Human Services........... Sec. of Health and . . .
Dept. of Housing and Urban Development....... Sec. of Housing and . . .
Dept. of the Interior........................ Sec. of the Interior.
Dept. of Justice............................. Attorney General.
Dept. of Labor............................... Sec. of Labor.
Dept. of State............................... Sec. of State.
Dept. of Transportation...................... Sec. of Transportation.
Dept. of the Treasury........................ Sec. of the Treasury.
Dept. of Veterans Affairs.................... Sec. of Veterans Affairs.
States: See page 149, GPO Style Manual, rule 9.13.
ACRONYMS:
Agency for International Development......... AID
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome........... AIDS
Aid to families with dependent children...... AFDC
American Association of Retired Persons...... AARP
American Bar Association..................... ABA
American Civil Liberties Union............... ACLU
American Federation of Labor and Congress of AFL-CIO
Industrial Organizations.
American Medical Association................. AMA
British Broadcasting Corp.................... BBC
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms...... ATF
Bureau of Indian Affairs..................... BIA
Bureau of Land Management.................... BLM
Bureau of Labor Statistics................... BLS
Cable News Network........................... CNN
Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network....... C-SPAN
Central Intelligence Agency.................. CIA
Civil Service Retirement System.............. CSRS
[[Page 289]]
Civilian Health and Medical Program of the CHAMPUS
Uniformed Services.
Commodity Credit Corp........................ CCC
Commodity Futures Trading Commission......... CFTC
Comprehensive Environmental Response, CERCLA
Compensation and Liability Act.
Congressional Budget Office.................. CBO
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation COBRA
Act.
Consumer Product Safety Commission........... CPSC
Daughters of the American Revolution......... DAR
Defense Intelligence Agency.................. DIA
Deoxyribonucleic acid........................ DNA
Disabled American Veterans................... DAV
Drug Enforcement Administration.............. DEA
Employee Retirement Income Security Act...... ERISA
Environmental Protection Agency.............. EPA
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission...... EEOC
Export-Import Bank........................... Eximbank
Federal Aviation Administration.............. FAA
Federal Bureau of Investigation.............. FBI
Federal Communications Commission............ FCC
Federal Crop Insurance Corp.................. FCIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp............... FDIC
Federal Election Commission.................. FEC
Federal Emergency Management Agency.......... FEMA
Federal Employee Retirement System........... FERS
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission......... FERC
Federal Housing Administration............... FHA
Federal Insurance Contribution Act........... FICA
Federal National Mortgage Association........ Fannie Mae
Federal Reserve System....................... FRS
Federal Trade Commission..................... FTC
Food and Drug Administration................. FDA
General Accounting Office.................... GAO
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade....... GATT
General Services Administration.............. GSA
Government Printing Office................... GPO
Grand Old Party (Republican Party)........... GOP
Health maintenance organization(s)........... HMO(s)
Human immunodeficiency virus................. HIV
Gross national product....................... GNP
Immigration and Naturalization Service....... INS
Internal Revenue Service..................... IRS
International Business Machines Corp......... IBM
International Monetary Fund.................. IMF
International Trade Commission............... ITC
Legal Services Corp.......................... LSC
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program.... LIHEAP
Missing in action............................ MIA(s)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA
National Association for the Advancement of NAACP
Colored People.
National Broadcasting Co..................... NBC
National Collegiate Athletic Association..... NCAA
National Institute of Standards and NIST
Technology.
National Institutes of Health................ NIH
National Labor Relations Board............... NLRB
National Oceanic and Atmospheric NOAA
Administration.
National Railroad Passenger Corp............. Amtrak
National Rifle Association................... NRA
National Security Council.................... NSC
National Science Foundation.................. NSF
National Transportation Safety Board......... NTSB
North American Free Trade Agreement.......... NAFTA
North Atlantic Treaty Organization........... NATO
Nuclear Regulatory Commission................ NRC
Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA
Office of Management and Budget.............. OMB
Office of Personnel Management............... OPM
Office of Thrift Supervision................. OTS
Organization of American States.............. OAS
[[Page 290]]
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC
Overseas Private Investment Corp............. OPIC
Palestine Liberation Organization............ PLO
Parent-Teachers Association.................. PTA
Prisoners of war............................. POW
Public Broadcasting Service.................. PBS
Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organization Act RICO
Reserve Officers' Training Corps............. ROTC
Securities Exchange Commission............... SEC
Small Business Administration................ SBA
Social Security Administration............... SSA
Strategic arms limitation talks.............. SALT
Strategic arms reduction talks............... START
Strategic defense initiative................. SDI
Supplemental security income................. SSI
Tennessee Valley Authority................... TVA
United Auto Workers.......................... UAW
United Nations............................... U.N.
United Nations Children's Fund............... UNICEF
United Nations Educational Scientific and UNESCO
Cultural Organization.
Veterans of Foreign Wars..................... VFW
Voice of America............................. VOA
Women, Infants, and Children Program......... WIC
World Health Organization.................... WHO
Young Men's Christian Association............ YMCA
Young Women's Christian Association.......... YWCA
SPACING
Biweekly Record index folioed in upper right and left corner;
no extra spacing.
Bound Record index folioed in upper right and left corner; no
extra spacing.
History of Bills folioed in upper right and left corner using
H.B. numbers; no extra spacing.
Bound History of Bills folioed in lower right and left
corner, first folio numerically higher than the last folio of
index; no extra spacing.
CAPITALIZATION
Guide for Capitalization
Capitalize principal words after these formats:
Addresses
Analyses
Appendices
Article or editorials
Biographies
Book reviews
Booklets
Brochures
Conference reports
Descriptions
Documents
Essays
Essays: Voice of Democracy
Eulogies
Explanations
Factsheets
Forewords
Histories
Homilies
Hymns
Memorandums
Messages
Oaths of office
Pamphlets
Papers
Platforms
Poems
Prayers
Prayers by visitors
Prefaces
Press releases
Proclamations
Reports
Report filed
Reports to constituents
Resolutions of ratification
Resumes
Sermons
[[Page 291]]
Songs
Statements
Studies
Summaries
Surveys
Synopses
Testimonies
Transcripts
Treaties
Lowercase after these formats:
Advertisements
Affidavits
Agenda
Agreements
Amendments
Announcements
Appointments
Awards
Bills and resolutions
Bills and resolutions cosponsored
Bills and resolutions introduced
Bills and resolutions relative to
Briefs
Briefings
Broadcasts
Bulletins
Cables
Certificate of election
Chronologies
Citations
Civilian
Cloture motions
Colloquies
Commentaries
Comments
Communications from
Communiques
Comparisons
Cost estimates
Court decisions
Court documents
Declarations
Dedications
Definitions
Description
Designation acting president pro tem
Designation acting speaker pro tem
Digests
Dispatches
Examples
Excerpts
Executive orders
Financial statements
Granted
Granted in the House
Granted in the Senate
Guidelines
Hearings
Inscriptions
Interviews
Introductions
Invocations
Journals
Letters
Lists
Meetings
Military
Motions
Newsletters
Notices
Obituaries
Opinion polls
Orders
Outlines
Petitions
Petitions and memorials
Press conferences
Privilege of the floor
Programs
Projects
Proposals
Questionnaires
Questions
Questions and answers
Quotations
Recorded
Regulations
Remarks
Remarks in House
Remarks in House relative to
Remarks in Senate
Remarks in Senate relative to
Resignations
Resolutions by organizations
Results
Reviews
Rollcalls
Rosters
Rules
Rulings of the chair
Schedules
Subpoena notices
Subpoenas
Tables
Telegrams
Tests
Texts of
Transmittals
Tributes
Voting record
PUNCTUATION
Comma precedes folio figures.
If numbers of several bills are given, use this form: S. 24,
2586; H.R. 217, 2887, etc.; that is, do not repeat S. or H.R.
with each number. Separate the Senate and House bills with a
semicolon: S. 24; H.R. 217.
[[Page 292]]
In consecutive numbers (more than two) use an en dash to
connect first with last: S46-S48, 518-520.
Quotes are used for book titles.
A 3-em dash is used as a ditto for word or words leading up
to colon: example:
Taxation: farm property
------tuition
------withholding
ROMAN AND ITALIC
Use italic for Members of Congress descriptive data:
THURMOND, STROM (a Senator from South Carolina);
GILMAN, BENJAMIN A. (a Representative from New York).
Names of vessels in italic:
Brooklyn (USS);
Savannah (nuclear ship);
Columbia (space shuttle).
FLUSH CAP LINES
All cap lines are separate entries. They are set flush with
overs indented 2 ems. Examples:
THURMOND, STROM (a Senator from South Carolina)
GILMAN, BENJAMIN A. (a Representative from New York)
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (William J. Clinton)
VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (Al Gore)
COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORTATION (House)
COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC WORKS (Senate)
FARMS see Agriculture
SENATE see also Committees of the Senate; House of
Representatives; Legislative Branch of the
Government;
Members of Congress; Votes in Senate
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR see also Secretary of the
Interior
PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENTS
VOTES IN HOUSE
VOTES IN SENATE
[[Page 293]]
Style of Biweekly Index
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
ABDYIRIM, ABLIKIM
Remarks in Senate
China, People's Republic of: release of Rebiya Kadeer, Ablikim
Abdyirim, and Kahriman Abdukirim (S. Con. Res. 81), S3269,
S3270 [2MY]
Texts of
S. Con. Res. 81, People's Republic of China release of Rebiya
Kadeer, Ablikim Abdyirim, and Kahriman Abdukirim, S3270 [2MY]
ABERCROMBIE, NEIL (a Representative from Hawaii)
Bills and resolutions cosponsored
BATF: expand powers to regulate firearms, ammunition, firearm
products, and non-powder firearms (see H.R. 920), H2411 [2MY]
Capital punishment: reduce the risk that innocent persons may be
executed (see H.R. 4167), H2607 [4MY]
Children and youth: provide State grants to improve child care
(see H.R. 2175), H2512 [3MY]
Fish and fishing: establish a fisheries habitat protection,
restoration, and enhancement program (see H.R. 4278), H2412
[2MY]
Foreign aid: prohibit application of certain restrictive
eligibility requirements to foreign nongovernmental and
multilateral organizations (see H.R. 4211), H2412 [2MY]
Higher Education Act: repeal provisions prohibiting persons
convicted of drug offenses from receiving student financial
assistance (see H.R. 1053), H2411 [2MY]
King, Martin Luther, Jr.: mint coins in commemoration (see H.R.
3633), H2411 [2MY]
Medicare: coverage of marriage and family therapist services
(see H.R. 2945), H2607 [4MY]
------demonstration project to provide coverage for cancer
patients enrolled in certain clinical trials (see H.R. 1388),
H2606 [4MY]
------revise inflation update factor used in making payments to
prospective payment system hospitals (see H.R. 3580), H2411
[2MY]
Petroleum: prohibit use of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE),
provide flexibility within the EPA's oxygenate requirements,
and promote the use of renewable ethanol (see H.R. 4011),
H2411 [2MY]
Pope John Paul II: award Congressional Gold Medal (see H.R.
3544), H2411 [2MY]
Postal Service: amend pay policies and schedules and fringe
benefit programs for postmasters (see H.R. 3842), H2512 [3MY]
Taxation: allow credit to businesses who employ military
reservists and a comparable credit to self-employed military
reservists, and restore deductions for services performed by
military reservists (see H.R. 3915), H2411 [2MY]
Bills and resolutions introduced
Equal Pay Day: observance (see H. Con. Res. 318), H2606 [4MY]
ABORTION
Amendments
Women: prohibit partial-birth abortions (S. 1692), S2833 [25AP]
Remarks in Senate
Civil liberties: pro choice versus right to life, S2832-S2835
[25AP]
Women: prohibit partial-birth abortions, S2832-S2835 [25AP]
ABRAHAM, SPENCER (a Senator from Michigan)
Amendments
Elementary and Secondary Education Act: extend programs and
activities (S. 2), S3547 [4MY]
Bills and resolutions cosponsored
FEMA: make grants to fire departments to improve public safety
against fire and fire-related hazards (see S. 1941), S3544
[4MY]
Financial institutions: allow payment of Financing Corporation
interest obligations from excess deposit insurance fund
reserves (see S. 2293), S3031 [27AP]
Food: improve safety of imported foods (see S. 2480), S3023
[27AP]
Latvia: independence anniversary (see S. Con. Res. 110), S3514
[4MY]
Medicaid: coverage of breast and cervical cancer treatment
services for certain women screened
[[Page 294]]
under federally funded programs (see S. 662), S2870 [25AP]
National Child's Day: designate (see S. Res. 296), S2865 [25AP]
National Correctional Officers and Employees Week: designate
(see S. Res. 248), S3545 [4MY]
Navajo Code Talkers: award Congressional Gold Medal (see S.
2408), S3264 [2MY]
Reagan, Ronald and Nancy: award Congressional Gold Medal (see S.
2459), S2865 [25AP]
Bills and resolutions introduced
Children's Internet Safety Month: designate (see S. Res. 294),
S2865 [25AP]
Remarks
Armenia: anniversary of genocide, S2851 [25AP]
Children's Internet Safety Month: designate (S. Res. 294), S2873
[25AP]
Detroit, MI: Comerica Park Construction Management Team
recipient of Great Lakes Construction Alliance Gender and Race
Diversification Excellence Award, S2860 [25AP]
------Dept. of Human Rights recipient of Great Lakes
Construction Alliance Gender and Race Diversification
Excellence Award, S2861 [25AP]
------Greater Detroit Building and Construction Trades Council
recipient of Great Lakes Construction Alliance Gender and Race
Diversification Excellence Award, S2860 [25AP]
Elementary and Secondary Education Act: allow State and local
agencies to use professional development funding for teacher
testing, merit-based pay, and tenure reform programs, S3454,
S3455, S3493, S3494 [4MY]
------extend programs and activities (S. 2), S3453, S3454,
S3455, S3469, S3493, S3494 [4MY]
Grand Rapids, MI: anniversary, S2935 [26AP]
Lansing, MI: tribute to Waverly High School boys' basketball
team, S2861 [25AP]
Latin Americans for Social and Economic Development, Inc.:
tribute, S2861 [25AP]
National Charter Schools Week: observance, S3016 [27AP]
Trumbull, Robin: Battle Creek (MI) Enquirer George Award
recipient, S2860 [25AP]
Tributes
Halik, Richard J., S3507 [4MY]
ACKERMAN, GARY L. (a Representative from New York)
Bills and resolutions cosponsored
Children and youth: construction and renovation of child care
facilities (see H.R. 3889), H2607 [4MY]
Equal Pay Day: observance (see H. Con. Res. 318), H2606 [4MY]
King, Martin Luther, Jr.: mint coins in commemoration (see H.R.
3633), H2607 [4MY]
Remarks
Hassan, Ayhan: Residents for a More Beautiful Port Washington
(organization) Annual Spring Gala honoree, E618 [3MY]
ADAIR, E. ROSS (a former Representative from Indiana)
Remarks in Senate relative to
E. Ross Adair Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, Fort Wayne,
IN: designate (H.R. 2412), S3557 [4MY]
ADELPHI UNIVERSITY
Remarks in House
School of Social Work: anniversary, E622 [3MY]
ADERHOLT, ROBERT B. (a Representative from Alabama)
Bills and resolutions cosponsored
Elementary and Secondary Education Act: allow States and local
school districts flexibility in allocating Federal funds (see
H.R. 4141), H2607 [4MY]
Water pollution: exempt discharges from certain silviculture
activities from permit requirements of the national pollutant
discharge elimination system (see H.R. 3625), H2512 [3MY]
Remarks
Winfield, AL: tribute to Carraway Methodist Health Systems,
E656 [4MY]
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE, U.S. COURTS see Courts
ADOPTION see Families and Domestic Relations
ADVERTISING
Bills and resolutions
Entertainment industry: develop, use, and enforce a system for
labeling violent content in audio and visual media products
and services (see S. 2497), S3258 [2MY]
Remarks in House
Computers: regulate the transmission of unsolicited commercial
electronic mail (H.R. 3113), H2514 [4MY]
Remarks in Senate
Political campaigns: ethics reform and contribution limits,
S3011 [27AP]
AERONAUTICS see Aviation
AFRICA
Appointments
Conferees: H.R. 434, Trade and Development Act, H2469 [3MY]
Articles and editorials
Still Wanted, S2868 [25AP]
Bills and resolutions
Dept. of Agriculture: support exchange programs whereby African-
American farmers and other agricultural specialists share
technical knowledge with African farmers to improve farming in
Africa (see H.R. 4378), H2605 [4MY]
Dept. of State: provide rewards for information relative to
serious violations of international law in Rwanda (see S.
2460), S2865 [25AP]
Disasters: efforts to avert drought and famine (see H. Con. Res.
316), H2511 [3MY]
Foreign policy: authorize trade and investment policy relative
to sub-Saharan Africa (H.R. 434), consideration of conference
report (see H. Res. 489), H2605 [4MY]
House Rules: same-day consideration of certain resolutions (see
H. Res. 488), H2511 [3MY]
Conference reports
Trade and Development Act (H.R. 434), H2514-H2552 [4MY]
Letters
Human rights violations by rebel forces in Sierra Leone:
Representative Wolf, H2430, H2431 [3MY]
Trade and investment policy relative to sub-Saharan Africa and
certain beneficiary countries in the Caribbean: John D.
Podesta, Executive Office of the President, H2581 [4MY]
[[Page 295]]
History of bills and resolutions in biweekly index
In history of bills, sequence is: Senate bills, Senate joint
resolutions, Senate concurrent resolutions, and Senate
resolutions; then House bills, House joint resolutions, House
concurrent resolutions, and House resolutions: S. 14, S.J. Res.
7, S. Con. Res. 26, S. Res. 5, H. 980, H.J. Res. 9, H. Con.
Res. 16, and H. Res. 50.
SENATE BILLS
S. 2--A bill to extend programs and activities under the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act of 1965; to the Committee on Health, Education,
Labor, and Pensions.
Reported with amendment (S. Rept. 106-261), S2615 [12AP]
Debated, S3051 [1MY], S3230 [2MY], S3284 [3MY], S3453 [4MY], S3575
[8MY], S3629, S3665 [9MY]
Amendments, S3051, S3197 [1MY], S3265, S3266 [2MY], S3284, S3333,
S3334, S3447, S3448, S3449 [3MY], S3460, S3547, S3548, S3549, S3550,
S3552 [4MY], S3616 [8MY], S3638, S3739, S3772, S3773, S3774, S3775,
S3778, S3781 [9MY], S3851 [10MY], S4026 [16MY]
Removal of cosponsors, S3331 [3MY]
S. 11--A bill for the relief of Wei Jingsheng; to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
Reported (no written report), S5240 [15JN]
S. 12--A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to eliminate
the marriage penalty by providing that income tax rate bracket amounts,
and the amount of the standard deduction, for joint returns shall be
twice the amounts applicable to unmarried individuals; to the Committee
on Finance.
Cosponsors added, S334 [3FE]
S. 13--A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide
additional tax incentives for education; to the Committee on Finance.
Cosponsors added, S1127 [2MR]
S. 20--A bill to assist the States and local governments in assessing
and remediating brownfield sites and encouraging environmental cleanup
programs, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Environment and
Public Works.
Cosponsors added, S2870 [25AP]
S. 26--A bill entitled the ``Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 1999'';
to the Committee on Rules and Administration.
Cosponsors added, S1029 [1MR]
S. 28--A bill to authorize an interpretive center and related visitor
facilities within the Four Corners Monument Tribal Park, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
Message from the House, S15 [24JA]
Examined and signed in the Senate (November 30, 1999), S15 [24JA]
Presented to the President (November 30, 1999), S16 [24JA]
Approved [Public Law 106-143] (signed December 7, 1999)
S. 38--A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to phase out
the estate and gift taxes over a 10-year period; to the Committee on
Finance.
Cosponsors added, S689 [22FE]
S. 39--A bill to provide a national medal for public safety officers
who act with extraordinary valor above the call of duty, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
Cosponsors added, S689 [22FE]
S. 56--A bill to repeal the Federal estate and gift taxes and the tax
on generation-skipping transfers; to the Committee on Finance.
Cosponsors added, S334 [3FE]
S. 59--A bill to provide Government wide accounting of regulatory costs
and benefits, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Governmental
Affairs.
Cosponsors added, S1749 [27MR]
S. 60--A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide
equitable treatment for contributions by employees to pension plans; to
the Committee on Finance.
Cosponsors added, S870 [28FE]
S. 63--A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide a
credit against tax for employers who provide child care assistance for
dependents of their employees, and for other purposes; to the Committee
on Finance.
Cosponsors added, S4024 [16MY]
S. 67--A bill to designate the headquarters building of the Department
of Housing and Urban Development in Washington, District of Columbia,
as the ``Robert C. Weaver Federal Building''; to the Committee on
Environment and Public Works.
Message from the House, S15 [24JA]
Examined and signed in the Senate (November 30, 1999), S15 [24JA]
Presented to the President (November 30, 1999), S16 [24JA]
Approved [Public Law 106-162] (signed December 9, 1999)
S. 71--A bill to amend title 38, United States Code, to establish a
presumption of service-connection for certain veterans with Hepatitis
C, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs.
Cosponsors added, S689 [22FE], S1127 [2MR], S1610 [22MR]
S. 74--A bill to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to provide
more effective remedies to victims of discrimination in the payment of
wages on the basis of sex, and for other purposes; to the Committee on
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
Cosponsors added, S119 [27JA], S3615 [8MY], S3922 [11MY], S4207
[18MY]
S. 85--A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to reduce the
tax on vaccines to 25 cents per dose; to the Committee on Finance.
Cosponsors added, S4024 [16MY]
[[Page 296]]
S. 92--A bill to provide for a biennial budget process and a biennial
appropriations process and to enhance oversight and the performance of
the Federal Government; to the Committee on the Budget and the
Committee on Governmental Affairs, jointly, pursuant to the order of
August 4, 1977, with instructions that if one Committee reports, the
other Committee have thirty days to report or be discharged.
Cosponsors added, S119 [27JA], S634 [10FE], S1185 [6MR], S2117 [4AP]
S. 96--A bill to regulate commerce between and among the several States
by providing for the orderly resolution of disputes arising out of
computer-based problems related to processing data that includes a 2-
digit expression of that year's date; to the Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation.
Indefinitely postponed, S646 [10FE]
S. 109--A bill to improve protection and management of the
Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in the State of Georgia;
to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
Indefinitely postponed, S646 [10FE]
S. 113--A bill to increase the criminal penalties for assaulting or
threatening Federal judges, their family members, and other public
servants, and for other purposes; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
Cosponsors added, S4692 [7JN]
S. 116--A bill to establish a training voucher system, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
Cosponsors added, S334 [3FE]
S. 119--A bill to establish a Northern Border States-Canada Trade
Council, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Finance.
Cosponsors added, S492 [8FE], S689 [22FE]
S. 132--A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide
comprehensive pension protection for women; to the Committee on
Finance.
Cosponsors added, S870 [28FE]
S. 135--A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to increase
the deduction for the health insurance costs of self-employed
individuals, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Finance.
Cosponsors added, S1610 [22MR]
SENATE JOINT RESOLUTIONS
S.J. Res. 3--A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the
Constitution of the United States to protect the rights of crime
victims; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
Cosponsors added, S551 [9FE], S747 [23FE], S1467 [20MR], S1914
[29MR], S2546 [11AP]
Reported (S. Rept. 106-254), S2106 [4AP]
Debated, S2696 [13AP]
Consideration of motion to proceed to consideration, S2818, S2820,
S2835 [25AP], S2897 [26AP], S2966 [27AP]
Removal of cosponsors, S2872 [25AP]
S.J. Res. 14--A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the
Constitution of the United States authorizing Congress to prohibit the
physical desecration of the flag of the United States; to the Committee
on the Judiciary.
Reported (S. Rept. 106-246), S1461 [20MR]
Debated, S1706 [27MR], S1765 [28MR], S1833, S1857 [29MR]
Amendments, S1706, S1722, S1750, S1751 [27MR]
Failed of passage, S1874 [29MR]
S.J. Res. 26--A joint resolution expressing the sense of Congress with
respect to the courtmartial conviction of the late Rear Admiral Charles
Butler McVay, III, and calling upon the President to award a
Presidential Unit Citation to the final crew of the U.S.S.
Indianapolis.
Cosponsors added, S691 [22FE]
S.J. Res. 30--A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the
Constitution of the United States relative to equal rights for women
and men; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
Cosponsors added, S160 [31JA], S217 [1FE]
S.J. Res. 38--A joint resolution to provide for a Balanced Budget
Constitutional Amendment that prohibits the use of Social Security
surpluses to achieve compliance; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. VOINOVICH (for himself and Mr. Gramm), S285 [2FE]
Text, S291 [2FE]
Cosponsors added, S1030 [1MR]
S.J. Res. 39--A joint resolution recognizing the 50th anniversary of
the Korean War and the service by members of the Armed Forces during
such war, and for other purposes; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. CAMPBELL, S328 [3FE]
Text, S334 [3FE], S1437 [9MR]
Cosponsors added, S493 [8FE], S551 [9FE], S635 [10FE], S692 [22FE],
S1030 [1MR], S1186 [6MR], S1328 [8MR], S1422 [9MR]
Reported (no written report), S1391 [9MR]
Passed Senate, S1437 [9MR]
Message from the Senate, H923 [13MR]
S.J. Res. 40--A joint resolution providing for the appointment of Alan
G. Spoon as a citizen regent of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution; to the Committee on Rules and Administration.
By Mr. COCHRAN (for himself, Mr. Moynihan, and Mr. Frist), S930
[29FE]
Text, S951 [29FE], S2645 [12AP]
Committee discharged. Passed Senate, S2645 [12AP]
Message from the Senate, H2242 [13AP]
Referred to the Committee on House Administration, H2334 [13AP]
Rules suspended. Passed House, H2364 [2MY]
Text, H2364 [2MY]
Message from the House, S3326 [3MY]
Examined and signed in the House, H2511 [3MY]
Presented to the President (May 4, 2000), S3510 [4MY]
Approved [Public Law 106-198] (signed May 5, 2000)
[[Page 297]]
20. REPORTS AND HEARINGS
The data for these publications arrives at the GPO from many
different sources. The congressional committee staff people are
responsible for the gathering of the information printed in
these publications.
The report language is compiled from the meetings of the
attorneys and congressional members and submitted along with
the bill language to the clerks of the respective Houses. The
clerks assign the report numbers, etc., and forward to the GPO
for typesetting and printing. In many instances the reports are
camera ready copy, needing only insertion of the assigned
report number.
Likewise, hearings are also compiled by committee staff
members. The data or captured keystrokes as submitted by the
various reporting services are forwarded to the GPO where the
element identifier codes are programmatically inserted and
galley or page output is accomplished without manual
intervention. It is not cost effective to prepare the
manuscript as per the GPO Style Manual as it is too time-
consuming to update and change the data once it is already in
type form. Therefore, these publications are to be FIC & punc.,
unless specifically requested otherwise by the committee. It is
not necessary to stamp the copy. However, style, as stated in
the following rules, will be followed.
STYLE AND FORMAT OF CONGRESSIONAL REPORTS
[In either Senate or House reports, follow bill style in extracts
from bills. Report numbers run consecutively from first to second
session.]
There are set forth below certain rules which the Government
Printing Office has been authorized to follow in the makeup of
congressional numbered reports:
1. All excerpts to be set in 10-point type, cut in 2 ems on
each side, except as noted in paragraph 3 below. For ellipses
in cut-in matter, lines of five stars are used.
2. Contempt proceedings to be considered as excerpts.
3. The following are to be set in 10-point type, but not cut
in:
(a) Letters which are readily identified as such by
salutation and signature.
(b) Appendixes and/or exhibits which have a heading
readily identifying them as such; and
(c) Matter printed in compliance with the Ramseyer
rule.\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Ramseyer rule.--House: If report has ``Changes in Existing Law''
use caps and small caps for heads, except for breakdown within a cap
and small cap head.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 298]]
4. All leaderwork and lists of more than six items to be set
in 8-point type.
5. All tabular work to be set in 7-point gothic type.
6. An amendment in the nature of a substitute to be set in 8-
point type, but quotations from such amendment later in the
report to be treated as excerpts, but set full measure (see 10
below).
7. Any committee print having a report head indicated on
original copy to be set in report type and style.
8. Committee prints not having a report head indicated on
original copy to be set in committee print style; that is,
excerpts to be set in 8 point, full measure.
9. If a committee print set as indicated in paragraph 8 is
later submitted as a report or included in a report, and the
type is available for pickup, such type shall be picked up and
used as is in the report.
10. On matter that is cut in on the left only for purposes of
breakdown, no space is used above and below, but on all matter
that is cut in on both sides, 4 points are used above and
below. If a bill is submitted as an excerpt, it will not be
squeezed because of the indentions and the limited number of
element identifiers.
11. On reports of immigration cases, set memorandums full
measure unless preceded or followed directly by committee
language. Memorandums are indented on both sides if followed by
such language. Preparers should indicate the proper indention
on copy.
12. Order of printing (Senate reports only): (1) Report, (2)
minority or additional views, (3) Cordon rule \2\ (last unless
an appendix is used), (4) appendix (if any).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ Cordon rule.--Senate: If report has ``Changes in Existing Law''
use small cap heads, except for breakdown within a cap and small cap
head.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. Minority or additional views will begin a new page with
10-point cap heading. In Senate reports, ``Changes in Existing
Law'' begins a new page if following ``views.'' In conference
reports, ``Joint Explanatory Statement'' begins a new odd page.
14. Minority or additional views are only printed if they
have been signed by the authoring congressperson.
[Sample of excerpt]
In Palmer v. Mass., decided in 1939, which involved the
reorganization of the New Haven Railroad, the Supreme Court
said:
The judicial processes in bankruptcy proceedings
under section 77 are, as it were, brigaded with the
administrative processes of the Commission.
[[Page 299]]
[Sample of an excerpt with an added excerpt]
The Interstate Commerce Commission in its report dated
February 29, 1956, which is attached hereto and made a part
hereof, states that it has no objection to the enactment of S.
3025, and states, in part, as follows:
The proposed amendment, however, should be considered
together with the provisions of section 959(b), title
28, United States Code, which reads as follows:
``A trustee, receiver, or manager appointed in any
cause pending in any court of the United States,'' etc.
[Sample of amendment]
On page 6, line 3, strike the words ``and the service'',
strike all of lines 4, 5, and 6, and insert in lieu thereof the
following:
and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, the
service credit authorized by this clause 3 of rule XIII
of the Rule of the House of Representatives, change
shall not--
(A) be included in establishing eligibility for
voluntary or involuntary retirement or separation from
the service, under any provision of law;
[Sample of amendment]
The amendments are indicated in the bill as reported and
are as follows:
On page 2, line 15, change the period to a colon and add
the following:
Provided, That such approaches shall include only those
necessary portions of streets, avenues, and boulevards,
etc.
On page 3, line 12, after ``operated'', insert ``free of
tolls''.
[Sample of amendment in the nature of a substitute]
The amendment is as follows:
Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the
following:
That the second paragraph under the heading ``National Park Service''
in the Act of July 31, 1953 (67 Stat. 261, 271), is amended to read as
follows: ``The Secretary of the Interior shall hereafter report in
detail all proposed awards of concessions leases and contracts
involving a gross annual business of $100,000 or more, or of more than
five years in duration, including renewals thereof, sixty days before
such awards are made, to the President of the Senate and Speaker of the
House of Representatives for transmission to the appropriate
committees.''
[Sample of letter inserted in report]
The Department of Defense recommends enactment of the
proposed legislation and the Office of Management and Budget
interposes no objection as indicated by the following attached
letter, which is hereby made a part of this report:
[[Page 300]]
March 21, 1999.
Hon. Dennis Hastert,
Speaker of the House of Representatives,
Washington, DC.
My Dear Mr. Speaker: There is forwarded herewith a draft of
legislation to amend section 303 of the Career Compensation
Act.
* * * * * * *
Sincerely yours,
Deborah P. Christie,
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
(Financial Management).
[Sample of cut-in for purposes of breakdown; no spacing above or below]
Under uniform regulations prescribed by the Secretaries
concerned, a member of the uniformed services who--
(1) is retired for physical disability or placed upon
the temporary disability retired list; or
(2) is retired with pay for any other reason, or is
discharged with severance pay, immediately following at
least eight years of continuous active duty (no single
break therein of more than ninety days);
may select his home for the purposes of the travel and
transportation allowances payable under this subsection, etc.
[Sample of leaderwork]
Among the 73 vessels mentioned above, 42 are classified as
major combatant ships (aircraft carriers through escort
vessels), in the following types:
Forrestal-class aircraft carriers................................. 4
Destroyers........................................................ 10
* * * * * * *
Guided-missile submarine.......................................... 1
______
Total....................................................... 42
[Sample of sectional analysis]
sectional analysis
Section 1. Increase of 1 year in constructive service for promotion
purposes
The principal purpose of the various subsections of section
1 is to provide a 1-year increase for medical and dental
officers in * * *
* * * * * * *
[[Page 301]]
Subsection 101(a) is in effect a restatement of the existing law
This subsection authorizes the President to make regular
appointments in the grade of first lieutenant through * * *.
* * * * * * *
[Sample of amendment under Ramseyer rule]
Changes in Existing Law
In compliance with clause 3 of rule XII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by the
bill, as introduced, are shown as follows (existing law
proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new
matter is printed in italic, existing law in which no change is
proposed is shown in roman):
Export Control Act of 1949
* * * * * * *
termination date
Sec. 12. The authority granted herein shall terminate on
June 30, [1956] 1959, or upon any prior date which the Congress
by concurrent resolution or the President may designate.
[[Page 302]]
[The following examples are for sample purposes only]
[Sample of ``Report'' Skeleton]
106th Congress Rept. 106-8
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
1st Session Part 1
======================================================================
SMALL BUSINESS PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1999 \1\
_______
February 5, 1999.--Ordered to be printed \2\
_______
Mr. Burton of Indiana, from the Committee on Government Reform,
submitted the following
R E P O R T
together with
MINORITY VIEWS
[To accompany H.R. 391]
[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]
The Committee on Government Reform, to whom was referred
the bill (H.R. 391) to amend chapter 35 of title 44, United
States Code, for the purpose of facilitating compliance by
small businesses with certain Federal paperwork requirements,
to establish a task force to examine the feasibility of
streamlining paperwork requirements applicable to small
businesses, and for other purposes, having considered the same,
report favorably thereon without amendment and recommend that
the bill do pass.\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ If title makes more than three lines in 10-point caps, set in
8-point caps.
\2\ Must be set as indicated in copy. If illustrations accompany
copy and are not ordered to be printed, do not add with illustrations.
Return copy to Production Manager.
\3\ If the wording in this paragraph is prepared in the singular
form, follow.
\4\ For Senate Committee on Finance and House Committee on Ways and
Means, heads are set in bold caps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
general statement \4\
The issue of whether or not * * *.
[[Page 303]]
[Sample of ``Report'' Skeleton]
Calendar No. 13 \1\
106th Congress Report
SENATE
1st Session 106-1
======================================================================
THE SOLDIERS', SAILORS', AIRMEN'S AND MARINES' BILL OF RIGHTS ACT OF
1999
_______
February 2, 1999.--Ordered to be printed
Filed under authority of the order of the Senate of February 2
(legislative day, February 1), 1999 \2\
_______
Mr. Warner, from the Committee on Armed Services, submitted the
following
R E P O R T
together with
ADDITIONAL VIEWS
[To accompany S. 4]
The Committee on Armed Services, to which was referred the
bill (S. 4), having considered the same, reports favorably
thereon with an amendment and recommends that the bill do pass.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Use this type and form only on Senate reports. There is only
one calendar in the Senate.
\2\ Style for filed line, if present.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Purpose of the Bill
S. 4 would authorize a 4.8 percent military pay raise,
effective January 1, 2000, reform the military pay tables,
revise * * *
[[Page 304]]
[Sample of ``Report'' Skeleton]
Calendar No. 28
106th Congress Report
SENATE
1st Session 106-8
======================================================================
MAKING \1\ EMERGENCY SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS AND RESCISSIONS FOR
RECOVERY FROM NATURAL DISASTERS AND FOREIGN ASSISTANCE, FOR THE FISCAL
YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1999, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES \2\
_______
March 4, 1999.--Ordered to be printed
_______
Mr. Stevens, from the Committee on Appropriations, submitted the
following
R E P O R T
[To accompany S. 544]
The Committee on Appropriations reports the bill (S. 544)
making emergency supplemental appropriations and rescissions
for recovery from natural disasters and foreign assistance, for
the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, and for other
purposes, reports favorably thereon and recommends that the
bill do pass.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ If copy reads ``To make'' change to ``Making'', ``To provide''
change to ``Providing'', ``To amend'' change to ``Amending''.
\2\ Sample of 8-point head.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Sample of amendments]
The amendments are as follows:
Strike all after the enacting clause and insert in lieu
thereof the following language:
That the first sentence of section 80 of the Hawaiian Organic
Act as amended (48 U.S.C. 546), is amended further by inserting
immediately following * * *
Amend the title so as to read:
A bill to amend section 80 of the Hawaiian Organic Act, and
for other purposes.
The amendments are as follows:
The amendment to the text strikes all after the enacting
clause and inserts a complete new text which is printed in
italic type in the reported bill.
The amendment to the title is as follows:
Amend the title so as to read:
An Act to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act to establish a Federal Water Pollution Control * *
*
[[Page 305]]
[Sample of ``Report'' Skeleton]
106th Congress Report
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
1st Session 106-91
======================================================================
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION ON THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000
_______
April 14 (legislative day, April 13), 1999.--Ordered to be printed
_______
Mr. Kasich, from the committee of conference, submitted the following
CONFERENCE REPORT \1\
[To accompany H. Con. Res. 68]
The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of
the two Houses on the amendment of the Senate to the concurrent
resolution (H. Con. Res. 68), establishing the congressional
budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2000
and * * *
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Paragraph indent for conference reports is 2 ems.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
That the House recede from its disagreement to the
amendment of the Senate to the text of the resolution and agree
to the same with an amendment as follows:
In lieu of the matter proposed to be inserted by the
Senate amendment, insert the following:
SECTION 1. CONCURRENT RESOLUTION ON THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000.
(a) Declaration.--Congress determines and declares that
this resolution is the concurrent resolution on the budget * *
*
[[Page 306]]
JOINT EXPLANATORY STATEMENT OF THE COMMITTEE OF CONFERENCE \1\
The managers on the part of the Senate and the House at
the conference on disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the
amendments of the Senate to the concurrent resolution (House
Concurrent Resolution 68), setting forth the congressional
budget for the United States for the fiscal years * * *
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Statement of managers begins new page; in a Conference Report
it begins a new odd page.
John R. Kasich,
Saxby Chambliss,
Christopher Shays,
Managers on the Part of the House.
Pete V. Domenici,
Chuck Grassley,
Don Nickles,
Phil Gramm,
Slade Gorton,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.
[[Page 307]]
[House Appropriation Hearing, Cover sample]
DEPARTMENTS OF LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES, EDUCATION, AND RELATED AGENCIES
APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2000
_______________________________________________________________________
HEARINGS
BEFORE A
SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED SIXTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
________
SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE DEPARTMENTS OF LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES,
EDUCATION, AND RELATED AGENCIES
JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois, Chairman
C. W. BILL YOUNG, Florida DAVID R. OBEY, Wisconsin
HENRY BONILLA, Texas STENY H. HOYER, Maryland
ERNEST J. ISTOOK, Jr., Oklahoma NANCY PELOSI, California
DAN MILLER, Florida NITA M. LOWEY, New York
JAY DICKEY, Arkansas ROSA L. DeLAURO, Connecticut
ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi JESSE L. JACKSON, Jr., Illinois
ANNE M. NORTHUP, Kentucky
RANDY ``DUKE'' CUNNINGHAM, California
NOTE: Under Committee Rules, Mr. Young, as Chairman of the Full
Committee, and Mr. Obey, as Ranking Minority Member of the Full
Committee, are authorized to sit as Members of all Subcommittees.
S. Anthony McCann, Robert L. Knisely, Carol Murphy, Susan Ross Firth,
and Francine Salvador, Subcommittee Staff
________
PART 7A
(Pages 1-1658)
TESTIMONY OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS AND OTHER
INTERESTED INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS
________
Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations
[[Page 308]]
[House Appropriation Hearing, Title Page sample]
DEPARTMENTS OF LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES, EDUCATION, AND RELATED AGENCIES
APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2000
_______________________________________________________________________
HEARINGS
BEFORE A
SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED SIXTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
________
SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE DEPARTMENTS OF LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES,
EDUCATION, AND RELATED AGENCIES
JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois, Chairman
C. W. BILL YOUNG, Florida DAVID R. OBEY, Wisconsin
HENRY BONILLA, Texas STENY H. HOYER, Maryland
ERNEST J. ISTOOK, Jr., Oklahoma NANCY PELOSI, California
DAN MILLER, Florida NITA M. LOWEY, New York
JAY DICKEY, Arkansas ROSA L. DeLAURO, Connecticut
ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi JESSE L. JACKSON, Jr., Illinois
ANNE M. NORTHUP, Kentucky
RANDY ``DUKE'' CUNNINGHAM, California
NOTE: Under Committee Rules, Mr. Young, as Chairman of the Full
Committee, and Mr. Obey, as Ranking Minority Member of the Full
Committee, are authorized to sit as Members of all Subcommittees.
S. Anthony McCann, Robert L. Knisely, Carol Murphy, Susan Ross Firth,
and Francine Salvador, Subcommittee Staff
________
PART 7A
(Pages 1-1658)
TESTIMONY OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS AND OTHER
INTERESTED INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS
________
Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations
________
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
57-710 WASHINGTON : 1999
[[Page 309]]
[Back Title Page sample]
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
C. W. BILL YOUNG, Florida, Chairman
RALPH REGULA, Ohio DAVID R. OBEY, Wisconsin
JERRY LEWIS, California JOHN P. MURTHA, Pennsylvania
JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois NORMAN D. DICKS, Washington
HAROLD ROGERS, Kentucky MARTIN OLAV SABO, Minnesota
JOE SKEEN, New Mexico JULIAN C. DIXON, California
FRANK R. WOLF, Virginia STENY H. HOYER, Maryland
TOM DeLAY, Texas ALAN B. MOLLOHAN, West Virginia
JIM KOLBE, Arizona MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio
RON PACKARD, California NANCY PELOSI, California
SONNY CALLAHAN, Alabama PETER J. VISCLOSKY, Indiana
JAMES T. WALSH, New York NITA M. LOWEY, New York
CHARLES H. TAYLOR, North Carolina JOSE E. SERRANO, New York
DAVID L. HOBSON, Ohio ROSA L. DeLAURO, Connecticut
ERNEST J. ISTOOK, Jr., Oklahoma JAMES P. MORAN, Virginia
HENRY BONILLA, Texas JOHN W. OLVER, Massachusetts
JOE KNOLLENBERG, Michigan ED PASTOR, Arizona
DAN MILLER, Florida CARRIE P. MEEK, Florida
JAY DICKEY, Arkansas DAVID E. PRICE, North Carolina
JACK KINGSTON, Georgia CHET EDWARDS, Texas
RODNEY P. FRELINGHUYSEN, New Jersey ROBERT E. ``BUD'' CRAMER, Jr.,
ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi Alabama
MICHAEL P. FORBES, New York JAMES E. CLYBURN, South Carolina
GEORGE R. NETHERCUTT, Jr., MAURICE D. HINCHEY, New York
Washington LUCILLE ROYBAL-ALLARD, California
RANDY ``DUKE'' CUNNINGHAM, SAM FARR, California
California JESSE L. JACKSON, Jr., Illinois
TODD TIAHRT, Kansas CAROLYN C. KILPATRICK, Michigan
ZACH WAMP, Tennessee ALLEN BOYD, Florida
TOM LATHAM, Iowa
ANNE M. NORTHUP, Kentucky
ROBERT B. ADERHOLT, Alabama
JO ANN EMERSON, Missouri
JOHN E. SUNUNU, New Hampshire
KAY GRANGER, Texas
JOHN E. PETERSON, Pennsylvania
James W. Dyer, Clerk and Staff Director
(ii)
[[Page 310]]
[House Appropriation Hearing sample]
DEPARTMENTS OF LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, EDUCATION, AND RELATED
AGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2000
----------
TESTIMONY OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS AND OTHER INTERESTED INDIVIDUALS AND
ORGANIZATIONS
----------
Tuesday, April 13, 1999.
EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME
WITNESS
MEG HARMON, CITIZEN
Mr. Porter [presiding]. The subcommittee will come to
order.
We begin today 10 sessions of public witnesses. We have
largely completed the hearings with the three departments and
the 14 agencies under the * * *
[Note styles for questions and answers]
Questions From Mr. * * *
Impact of Fiscal Year 2000 Pay Raise Costs
Question. What are the costs associated with the October 1,
1999 4.8 percent general pay raise and the raising of the
executive pay cap on January 1, 2000 for fiscal year 2000?
Answer. The pay raise for the general scale employees
increased the budgeted amount by $4,826 for fiscal year 2000.
[Note the following style for questions and answers when a person
is either asking or answering:]
Question. How are you financing these costs?
Mr. Name. The general scale increase costing $4,826 was
absorbed by a turnover in one secretarial position, a position
which was budgeted at the GS-6 level but filled by a GS-4 level
employee who was hired to replace the former * * *
Mr. Name. In what program areas are you absorbing these
costs?
Answer. Because of the BIB's ability to absorb these fiscal
year 2000 costs in a manner described in the foregoing answer,
it has not been necessary to absorb them in program areas.
----------
Tuesday, April 13, 1999.{time}
MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY AND NATIONAL HEALTH SCIENCES CONSORTIUM
WITNESS
DAVID R. MOSENA, PRESIDENT, MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, CHICAGO,
ILLINOIS
Mr. Porter. Next, we would like to welcome to the witness
table, Dr. David R. Mosena, this one is mine--the president of
the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. One of not only
our city's great treasures, but one of the great treasures of
the United States.
[[Page 311]]
[Senate Appropriation Hearing sample]
AGRICULTURE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND RELATED AGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS FOR
FISCAL YEAR 2000
----------
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 18, 1999
U.S. Senate,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations,{time} {time} {time}
Washington, DC.{time}
The subcommittee met at 9:40 a.m., in room 1224, Everett
McKinley Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Ted Stevens
(chairman) presiding.
Present: Senators Cochran and Inouye.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Office of the Inspector General
STATEMENT OF ROGER C. VIADERO, INSPECTOR GENERAL
ACCOMPANIED BY:
SALLY THOMPSON, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
IRWIN T. DAVID, DEPUTY CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE
STATEMENT OF GENE L. DODARO, ASSISTANT COMPTROLLER
GENERAL, ACCOUNTING AND INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT DIVISION
ACCOMPANIED BY:
NAME, TITLE
NAME, TITLE
introduction of witnesses
Senator Stevens. The hearing will come to order.
This morning we are happy to have representatives of the
Office of Inspector General and the General Accounting Office
with us, and I would like to ask that all of you who are here
to testify come forward. Let's all of you act as one panel, and
the questions that we have will be directed to both.
success of american agriculture
With a great deal of hard work, ingenuity and technology,
the United States has become the most productive agricultural
nation in the world. Modern agriculture, as practiced in the
United States, has become a technological marvel, soundly based
on advanced science and finely tuned to economic conditions.
[[Page 312]]
[Standard Hearing sample]
IMPACT OF BUDGET CUTS ON FEDERAL STATISTICAL PROGRAMS
----------
MARCH 16, 1999
House of
Representatives,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Subcommittee on Census and
Population,{time} {time} {time} {time} {time}
Committee on Post Office and Civil Service,{time} {time} {time}
Washington, DC.{time}
{time} {time} House of Representatives, Committee on Science
and{time} {time} {time}
{time} {time} {time} Technology, Subcommittee on Science,
Research{time} {time} {time}
{time} {time} {time} and Technology and the Subcommittee on
Investi-{time} {time} {time}
{time} {time} {time} gations and Oversight, \1\
Washington, DC.{time}
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 9:35 a.m., in
room 304, Cannon House Office Building, Hon. Name (chairman of
the subcommittee) presiding.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Note style for a long committee name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mr. Name. Today the House Census and Population
Subcommittee continues its series of hearings on the impact of
the President's budget cuts on the information this Nation will
have today, tomorrow, and in the future.
With that we will call up our first panel: Dr. James T.
Bonnen, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State
University, and the director of the President's Reorganization
Project for the Federal Statistical System; and Dr. Stephen E.
Fienberg, Department of Statistics, the Carnegie-Mellon
University, and the Chairman of the Committee on National
Statistics in the National Academy of Sciences.
STATEMENTS OF JAMES T. BONNEN, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMICS, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY AND STEPHEN E. FIENBERG,
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIVERSITY
Mr. Bonnen. Thank you, Mr. Garcia. It is a pleasure and a
privilege to be here.
I have been asked to comment primarily on the central
coordination of statistical planning and policy which was the
focus of the study that I directed, as you mentioned.
Ours is an increasingly complex economy and society. If we
do not have objective, accurate and relevant information in
making decisions, our comprehension of the world will forever
run behind events.
[[Page 313]]
INDEX
----------------------
[Numbers in parentheses refer to rules; italic indicates exact
terminology; bold indicates chapter heading]
A
Abbreviations and letter symbols (9.1-9.63)......................147-170
Addresses:
Correspondence (16.3, 16.9-16.16).......................217, 219-220
Ordinals (12.10).................................................185
signatures, lists of names (9.37, 16.3).....................152, 217
street (9.16-9.19, 13.6)................................149-150, 191
article, section (9.39)............................................153
Calendar divisions (9.44-9.46, 13.5)..........................154, 191
Closed up, with periods (9.7)......................................147
College degrees (9.32, 9.35-9.36).............................152, 153
Comma before and after (8.39)......................................131
Company, etc. (9.25)...............................................150
Not abbreviated (9.26)...........................................151
Congressional terms (9.30, 9.41-9.43, 13.11)..............152-154, 191
Dates (9.44-9.47, 13.5).......................................154, 191
et al., etc. (3.53, 8.59)......................................33, 133
Figure, not abbreviated (9.40).....................................153
Foreign countries (9.11)...........................................148
Geographic terms (9.9-9.15)....................................148-149
Land descriptions (9.20-9.22, 13.9)...........................150, 191
Latin (9.63, 11.3)............................................168, 177
Lists (9.61-9.63)..............................................158-170
Measures, weights, etc. (9.5, 9.50-9.59)..................147, 155-157
Metric (9.56-9.57).............................................156-157
Money (9.60, 12.9k)...........................................157, 184
Foreign..........................................................236
Numerals used with (9.5, 9.51, 13.4).....................147, 155, 191
Organized bodies (9.8).............................................148
Parts of publications (9.38-9.40, 13.10)......................153, 191
Period used (8.103-8.114)......................................139-140
Not used (8.115-8.123)...........................................141
Preparing copy (2.21-2.24)..........................................11
Provinces, etc. (9.15).............................................149
Senator, Representative (9.30).....................................152
States (9.12-9.13).............................................148-149
Tabular work (13.4-13.13)......................................191-192
Territories and possessions (9.14).................................149
Time zones (9.47)..................................................154
Titles, civil and military (9.29)..................................151
U.S.:
Before Government or Government organization (9.9, 3.7).....148, 191
As adjective (9.10, 13.7).................................148, 191
Vessels (9.27, 11.6)..........................................151, 177
able, words ending in (5.11)..........................................70
Accents:
Anglicized and foreign words (5.3-5.4)...........................67-68
Geographic names (5.20-5.21)........................................72
List (10.18-10.19).............................................174-176
Acronyms, coined words and symbols (9.48)............................155
Plurals (8.11, 8.13)...............................................127
Adjectives:
Capitalization (3.5-3.6)............................................33
Nationalities......................................................233
Adverbs:
Ending in ly (6.20).................................................78
Advice to authors and editors (1.1-1.23).............................1-6
Agricultural weights and measures....................................240
Allmark (2.103-2.104, 2.112, 2.117)...............................19, 20
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)........................2, 3
Ampersand (&):
Comma omitted before (8.56)........................................133
Firm names (9.25)..................................................150
Index entries (15.27)..............................................214
Anglicized foreign words (5.3-5.4)....................................67
anyone, any one (6.12)................................................76
Apostrophes and possessives (8.3-8.18)...........................125-128
Abbreviations (8.11-8.12)..........................................127
Authentic form in names to be followed (8.6).......................126
Coined plurals (8.11)..............................................127
Contractions (8.11)................................................127
Possessive (8.3-8.8, 8.10).....................................125-126
Pronouns (8.8-8.9).................................................126
Spelled-out words (8.13)...........................................127
Appellations (3.31)...................................................29
appendix:
Abbreviation (9.38)................................................153
Footnote numbering (15.2)..........................................211
Part of book (2.3m).................................................10
[[Page 314]]
Plural form (5.10)..................................................69
Area:
Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58)....................................156, 157
Metric equivalents.................................................239
article:
Abbreviation (9.38)................................................153
Capitalization (3.11-3.12, 3.49)................................25, 33
Caps and small caps (9.39).........................................153
Not abbreviated (9.40).............................................153
Assembly:
Legislative.........................................................50
United Nations (3.17)...........................................26, 60
association (9.25)...............................................37, 150
Asterisk(s):
Ellipses (8.77)....................................................136
Footnote reference (13.68-13.69, 15.13-15.14, 15.17)..........198, 212
Astronomical:
Bodies, capitalization (3.30).......................................29
Time (12.9b).......................................................182
Astrophysical abbreviations (9.59)...................................157
Atomic numbers, etc. (10.16).........................................173
B
Backstrips, run down (2.20)...........................................11
Base lines and meridians.............................................227
basin.................................................................48
B.C. (9.61, 12.9c)..............................................158, 183
Bible, etc. (3.33)................................................29, 38
Bibliography:
Footnote numbering (15.2)..........................................211
Government publications (1.22).......................................2
Part of book (2.31).................................................10
References (2.130, 8.29, 8.58)............................22, 130, 133
Bill style (2.41).....................................................14
Blank pages, avoid more than two (1.16)................................2
Board on Geographic Names (5.20, 5.21)................................72
Boldface:
Page numbers, contents (15.30).....................................214
Punctuation (8.150)................................................145
Braces:
Equations (10.14)....................................................172
Brackets (8.19-8.22).............................................128-129
Dates abbreviated in (9.45)........................................154
Emphasis added, etc. (8.19)........................................128
Equations (8.21, 10.14).......................................129, 172
Headnotes (13.88-13.89)............................................200
More than one paragraph (8.22).....................................129
Type (8.150).......................................................145
Bylines in parentheses (8.101).......................................139
C
Calendar divisions:
Abbreviations (9.44-9.46, 13.5)...............................154, 191
Capitalization (3.23)...............................................28
called, so-called (8.128)............................................142
Capacity:
Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58)....................................156, 157
Metric equivalents.................................................239
Capitalization rules (3.1-3.57)....................................23-34
Addresses, salutations, and signatures (3.55, 16.2)............34, 217
Articles, definite (3.11-3.12)......................................25
Calendar divisions (3.23)...........................................28
Common nouns and adjectives (3.5-3.9)............................23-24
Continued (13.37)..................................................195
Countries, domains (3.19-3.20)......................................27
Fanciful appellations (3.31)........................................29
Firm names..........................................................46
First words (3.42-3.45)..........................................31-32
Heads, center and side (3.46-3.54)...............................32-33
Historic and documentary work (3.57)................................34
Historic events (3.24)..............................................28
Holidays, etc. (3.24)...............................................28
Interjections (3.56)................................................34
Organized bodies (3.17-3.18).....................................26-27
Particles (3.13-3.16)............................................25-26
Proper names (3.2)..................................................23
Derivatives (3.3, 3.4)............................................23
Religious terms (3.33)...........................................29-30
Scientific names (3.26-3.30)........................................29
Soil names (3.29)...................................................29
Titles:
Persons (3.34-3.37)............................................30-31
Publications, etc. (3.38-3.41)
31
Trade names and trademarks (3.25)...................................28
Capitalization examples............................................35-62
Capitals, foreign....................................................228
Caps and small caps:
Abbreviation (9.61)................................................158
article, section (9.39)............................................153
Capitalization, in heads (3.46, 3.49, 3.51-3.54)................32, 33
Congressional work.................................................297
Datelines, addresses, and signatures (9.37, 16.3).............152, 217
Figure (2.71, 8.112)...........................................16, 140
Heads spaced with regular justification spaces (2.50)...............14
Note (8.107, 13.53)...........................................139, 197
Quotation marks in (11.10).........................................178
Use of in hearings (8.19)..........................................128
Vessel names (11.6)................................................177
Celsius (9.53, 9.62)............................................155, 164
Centerheads. (See Heads, center and side.)
Chair (3.32)......................................................29, 40
Chairman (3.35)...................................................30, 40
chapter:
Abbreviation (9.38)................................................153
Alignment, in contents (15.28).....................................214
Capitalization (3.9)............................................24, 40
Chemical:
Elements:
Abbreviations (10.16)............................................173
Atomic numbers, etc. (10.16)
173
Compounding (6.43)................................................82
List (10.16).....................................................173
Numerals (6.43, 10.16).......................................82, 173
Symbols (10.16)..................................................173
Formulas (6.44, 12.15).........................................82, 186
[[Page 315]]
Symbols:
Preparing copy (2.33-2.34)........................................13
Set in roman (10.16).............................................173
church (3.33).....................................................29, 40
and state (3.19)................................................27, 40
Ciphers:
Leaderwork (14.7-14.8).............................................208
Numerals (12.9d)...................................................183
Tabular work (13.29-13.36).....................................194-195
Citations:
Abbreviations (9.42, 9.43, 9.45)...............................153-154
Biblical, etc. (8.28)..............................................130
Italic (11.3, 11.8)...........................................177, 178
Punctuation (8.96, 8.97)...........................................138
Civil and military titles:
Abbreviations (9.29-9.37)......................................151-153
Capitalization (3.34-3.37).......................................30-31
Plurals (5.8).......................................................68
coast (3.22)......................................................28, 40
Code (3.38).......................................................31, 40
Colon (8.23-8.33)................................................129-130
Affecting use of numerals (12.8)...................................182
After salutations (8.25, 16.15)...............................129, 220
Biblical and bibliographic citations (8.28, 8.29, 12.7).......130, 182
Capitalization following (3.42, 3.44, 8.24, 8.25)..........31, 32, 129
Ratio (8.31, 8.32).................................................130
Subentries (8.27, 14.15)......................................129, 208
Colony (3.19).....................................................27, 41
Combining forms (6.29-6.35)........................................80-81
Comma (8.34-8.49)................................................130-132
Chemical formulas (6.44)............................................82
Compound sentences (8.43)..........................................131
Omitted (8.50-8.59)............................................132-133
Semicolon, used with (8.145).......................................144
commandant (9.30)....................................................152
Commander in Chief (3.35).............................................30
Compounding (6.40)..................................................82
Plural (5.8)........................................................68
Commission (3.17).................................................26, 41
Committee.............................................................41
Company:
Abbreviation (9.25-9.26).......................................150-151
Ampersand with (9.25)..............................................150
List................................................................46
Compass directions:
Abbreviations (9.50)...............................................155
Capitalization (3.22)...............................................28
Compound words (6.14)...............................................77
Land description (9.21)............................................150
Compounding examples (7.1-7.14)...................................85-124
Compounding rules (6.1-6.52).......................................75-84
Chemical terms (6.42-6.44)..........................................82
Civil and military titles (6.40-6.41)...............................82
Fractions (6.38, 12.26-12.28)..................................81, 188
General rules (6.4-6.7)..........................................75-76
Improvised compounds (6.46-6.52)....................................83
Numerical compounds (6.36-6.39, 12.9o)......................81-82, 184
Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms (6.29-6.35)..............80-81
Short prefixes (6.7)..............................................76
Scientific and technical terms (6.42-6.45)..........................82
Solid compounds (6.8-6.14).......................................76-77
Unit modifiers (6.15-6.28).......................................77-80
Units of measurement (6.45).........................................82
Congressional:
Abbreviations (9.41-9.43, 13.11)..........................153-154, 191
Capitalization (3.17)...............................................26
Ordinals (12.10-12.13).............................................185
Congressional Record.............................................257-296
Addresses and signatures...........................................267
Call of the House..................................................266
Capitalization.....................................................258
Caps and small caps................................................261
Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union........264, 281
Credits............................................................268
Extensions of Remarks.........................................270, 284
Extracts...........................................................269
Figures............................................................259
Forms of titles....................................................266
General rules......................................................257
Index..............................................................288
Miscellaneous......................................................260
Parentheses and brackets...........................................263
Poetry.............................................................268
Proceedings:
House............................................................279
Senate...........................................................271
Punctuation........................................................262
Speech heads.......................................................270
Tabular matter.....................................................259
Voting:
House and Committee of the Whole.................................264
Pairs............................................................266
Yeas and nays....................................................265
Congressional work:
Back title.........................................................309
Cover and title pages.........................................307, 308
Reports and hearings...............................................297
Consonants:
a, an, before (5.16-5.19)...........................................72
Doubled (5.14, 5.15)............................................71, 72
Hyphen, to avoid tripling (6.7).....................................76
Contents (15.20-15.30)...........................................212-214
Part of book (2.3i, 2.12).......................................10, 11
Type (15.28-15.30).................................................214
Contractions: Apostrophe to indicate (8.11, 8.12)....................127
Copy
(see also Preparing copy):
Blank pages, avoid more than two (1.16)..............................2
Corrections marked (1.20-1.21).......................................2
Covers to be indicated (1.14)........................................2
Fold-ins, avoid use of (1.15)........................................2
Folioing looseleaf or perforated work (1.13).........................1
Follow Style Manual (1.1)............................................1
Footnote references (1.8)............................................1
Illustrations:
Instructions (1.9).................................................1
[[Page 316]]
Position (1.9).....................................................1
Separate sheets (1.9)..............................................1
Legible (1.3)........................................................1
Numbering (1.4)......................................................1
Paper stock (1.17)...................................................2
Paragraph, begin with (1.5)..........................................1
Proofreader's marks (1.23)...........................................4
Proper names, signatures, etc., plainly marked (1.6).................1
Reprint, in duplicate (1.4)..........................................1
Style sheets furnished (1.12)........................................1
Trim size (1.12, 1.18)............................................1, 2
Typewritten, one side only (1.4).....................................1
Corrections:
Author's (1.20-1.21).................................................2
Proofreading (2.79-2.80)............................................17
Counties and geographic divisions................................243-256
Cover: Kind, to be indicated (1.14, 2.5)...........................2, 10
Crown (3.35)......................................................30, 43
D
Dagger (13.69, 15.14)...........................................198, 212
Dash (8.60-8.75).................................................133-135
Em dash (8.60-8.70)............................................133-134
En dash (8.72-8.75)................................................135
Figures, letters, or figures and letters (8.72-8.73,
9.8, 12.7)...........................................135, 148, 182
Not to be used for and (8.75)................................... 135
Not to be used for to (8.74, 13.111)........................135, 202
Proportion (8.32)..................................................130
Date columns. (See Tabular work.)
Datelines, addresses, and signatures (16.1-16.28)................217-224
Dates:
Abbreviations (9.44-9.45, 13.5)...............................154, 191
A.D., B.C. (8.52, 12.9c)......................................132, 183
Commas with (8.49, 8.52, 12.9c)...............................132, 183
En dash (8.73-8.75, 12.9c)....................................135, 183
Ordinals in (12.10, 12.19)....................................185, 186
Roman numerals (12.29).............................................189
Tabular work (13.5)................................................191
Days:
Abbreviations (9.46)...............................................154
Holidays, etc. (3.24)...............................................28
Decimals:
Alignment (2.27, 13.31)........................................12, 195
Ciphers with (13.29-13.33).........................................194
Comma omitted (8.54)...............................................133
Used with numerals (12.9d).........................................183
Decorations, medals, etc..............................................43
Decree:
Executive.......................................................43, 45
Royal (3.38)................................................31, 43, 56
Degree mark:
Repeated (10.6)....................................................171
Spacing (12.9f)....................................................183
With figures (9.50-9.51, 9.53, 10.6, 12.9f)..............155, 171, 183
Degrees
(scholastic, etc.):
Abbreviations (9.32, 9.33, 9.35-9.36)..............................152
Closed up (9.7)..................................................147
Capitalization (9.36)..............................................152
Sequence of (9.35).................................................152
Deity, words denoting (3.33)......................................29, 43
Derivatives:
Compounds (6.6).....................................................75
Proper names (3.3-3.4)..............................................23
Scientific names (3.26-3.29)........................................29
Devil, etc. (3.33)....................................................29
diseases and related terms............................................44
do. (ditto):
Leaderwork (14.4, 14.6).......................................207, 208
Tabular work (13.41-13.50).........................................196
dollar:
Abbreviation (9.60)................................................157
Leaderwork (14.7-14.8).............................................208
Mark (9.60, 12.9k)............................................157, 184
Repeated (10.6)..................................................171
Tabular work (13.51-13.56).........................................197
Dr.(9.29, 9.33).................................................151, 152
Not used with other titles (9.33)..................................152
E
Earth (3.30)......................................................29, 45
Editorial marks (illustration).........................................4
Editors and authors, suggestions (1.1-1.23)..........................1-5
Ellipses (8.77-8.82).................................................136
Emphasis, italic not used (11.2)
177
Emphasis added, etc. (11.4)..........................................177
Equations (10.8-10.15)...............................................172
Esq.: Abbreviation (9.32, 9.33, 9.37)...........................152, 153
etc., et cetera (2.28)................................................12
et seq. (11.3).......................................................177
Even space after sentences (2.49)
14
everyone, every one (6.12).........................................76-77
Exclamation point (8.83-8.85)....................................136-137
Extracts:
Footnotes (15.8)...................................................211
Quotation marks omitted (2.24)
11
F
Fahrenheit (9.53)....................................................155
False title (2.3b).....................................................9
FIC & punc. (2.38)..........................................13, 257, 297
figure (2.71, 3.9)................................................16, 24
Not abbreviated (9.40).............................................153
Period not used at end (8.112)
140
Figures. (See Numerals.)
Firm names. (See Company.)
First words capitalized (3.42-3.45)................................31-32
Flush heads. (See Heads, center and side.)
``Fol.,'' ``Fol. lit.,'' etc. (2.38)..................................13
Fold-ins, oversize, avoided (1.15).....................................2
Footnotes, indexes, contents, and outlines (15.1-15.31)..........211-216
Leaderwork (14.11-14.13)...........................................208
[[Page 317]]
References:
Comma not used (8.50, 15.19)................................132, 212
Follow punctuation (15.18).......................................212
Footnote added (2.97).............................................18
Eliminated (2.110g).............................................18
Run across (1.8, 13.71).......................................1, 198
Sequence (15.14).................................................212
Superior figures (13.67, 15.12).............................198, 212
Tabular work (13.66-13.85).....................................198-199
Text (15.1-15.19)..............................................211-212
Foreign:
Countries:
Abbreviations (9.11).............................................148
Capitals of..................................................228-232
Heads of state...................................................228
Money............................................................236
Abbreviations (9.60)......................................157, 236
Nationalities....................................................233
Weights and measures...............................................239
Metric (9.56-9.57)..........................................156-157,
239-240
Words:
Accents (5.3, 5.4)............................................67, 68
Compounding (6.24)................................................79
Italic (11.2)....................................................177
Foreword (2.3f)........................................................9
Fort..................................................................47
Not abbreviated (9.19).............................................150
State name with (9.12).............................................148
Fractions (12.26-12.28)..............................................188
Comma omitted (8.54, 12.9e, 12.27).......................133, 183, 188
Hyphen in (6.38-6.39)...........................................81, 82
Land descriptions (9.20-9.22)......................................150
Piece and em (12.27)...............................................188
Spelled out (6.38, 12.26)......................................81, 188
Tabular work (13.86-13.87).........................................200
Alignment (13.63)................................................198
Franking privilege (2.129)............................................21
Frontispiece (2.3a)....................................................9
ful, words ending in (5.9)............................................69
G
General instructions (2.1-2.130)....................................7-22
Germany, West, etc. (3.21, 3.22)..............................27, 28, 61
Gospel, etc. (3.33)...............................................29, 48
Government(s) (3.8, 3.20).....................................24, 27, 48
Departments, capitalization (3.17)..................................26
Foreign............................................................228
Governor (3.35)...................................................30, 48
Grades, market........................................................51
Gravity terms (9.53).............................................155-156
Guide meridians......................................................227
H
Halftitle:
Imprint (2.118).....................................................20
Part of book (2.3j).................................................10
H-bomb, H-hour (6.51).............................................48, 83
Heads, center and side:
Capitalization (3.46-3.54).......................................32-33
Tabular work (13.25-13.27).....................................193-194
Heads of state, foreign..............................................228
Holidays, etc. (3.24).............................................28, 49
Holy Scriptures, etc. (3.33)......................................29, 49
Honorable, etc. (9.31)...............................................152
House.................................................................49
Hyphen
(see also Compounding
rules):
Chemical formulas (6.43, 6.44)
82
Civil and military titles (5.8, 6.40-6.41)......................68, 82
Compass directions (6.14)...........................................77
Division at end of line (8.87).....................................137
Fractions (12.26, 12.28)...........................................188
Numerical compounds (6.36-6.39, 12.9o)......................81-82, 184
Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms (6.7, 6.29-6.35).....76, 80-81
Scientific terms (6.42-6.44)........................................82
Unit modifiers (6.15-6.28).......................................77-80
Not used when meaning is clear (6.16).............................77
Numerical (6.36-6.39, 12.9o)...........................81-82, 184...
I
ibid, id. (11.3).....................................................177
ible, words ending in (5.11)..........................................70
Illustrations:
Makeup (2.3i, 2.12, 2.18).......................................10, 11
Separate sheets (1.9)................................................1
Imprints (2.115-2.120).............................................20-21
Signature marks (1.16, 2.101, 2.112)..........................2, 19-20
Improvised compounds (6.46-6.52)..................................... 83
Inches, picas converted to...........................................241
Indentions (see also
Overruns) (2.60-2.66)............................................15-16
Datelines, addresses and signatures (16.5-16.28)...............217-224
Do. (13.41-13.50)..................................................196
Extracts (2.24).....................................................11
Footnote tables (13.84)............................................199
Paragraphs (2.60-2.66)...........................................15-16
Index (15.20-15.30)..............................................212-214
Entries (15.27)....................................................214
Part of book (2.3n).................................................10
Plural form (5.10)..................................................69
Roman numerals (15.22).............................................213
See, see also (11.11, 15.20)..................................178, 212
Inferior figures and letters:
Chemical elements (6.43)............................................82
Chemical formulas (10.16, 11.12, 12.15)..................173, 179, 186
Equations (10.8)...................................................172
Italic (10.8, 11.12)..........................................172, 179
Precede superiors (10.15)..........................................172
Preparing (2.33)....................................................13
infra:
Italic (11.3)......................................................177
Not abbreviated (9.49).............................................155
Integral sign (10.14)................................................172
Interjections:
Capitalization (3.56)...............................................34
Exclamation point (8.83-8.85)......................................136
Introduction (2.3f)....................................................9
ise, ize, yze (5.12)..................................................71
[[Page 318]]
Italic (11.1-11.15)..............................................177-179
Aircraft (11.6)....................................................177
ante, post, etc. (11.3)............................................177
Continued from (11.11).............................................178
Credit line (8.66).................................................134
Datelines, addresses, and signatures (16.5-16.26)..............217-222
Emphasis (11.2)....................................................177
Equations (10.7-10.8, 11.12-
11.13)..................................................171-172, 179
``Fol.,'' ``Fol. lit.,'' etc. (2.38)................................13
Foreign words, etc. (11.2-11.3)....................................177
Inferior letters (10.8, 11.12)................................172, 179
infra, supra (11.3)................................................177
Italic supplied, etc. (11.4).......................................177
Legal cases (11.8).................................................178
Legends (2.73, 11.14)..........................................16, 179
nth degree (11.12).................................................179
Paragraphs and sections, indicating (11.15)........................179
Provided, Resolved, etc. (3.45, 11.11).........................32, 178
To be followed (11.5)............................................177
Publications, titles of (11.2).....................................177
Salutations (8.25, 16.14).....................................129, 220
Scientific names (11.9-11.10)......................................178
See, see also (11.11, 15.20)..................................178, 212
Symbols (2.73, 11.12-11.14)....................................16, 179
Tabular work (13.95-13.96).........................................201
Units of quantity (13.123, 14.14).............................205, 208
v. (11.8)..........................................................178
Vessels (11.6-11.7, 13.95)...............................177, 178, 201
x dollars (11.12)..................................................179
ize, ise, yze (5.12)..................................................71
J
Journals (2.2).......................................................7-9
Jr., Sr.:
Abbreviation (9.32, 9.34)..........................................152
Index entries (15.27)..............................................214
Punctuation (8.39, 9.34)......................................131, 152
Type (9.37, 16.3).............................................152, 217
K
King (3.34).......................................................30, 50
known as (8.128).....................................................142
L
Land area abbreviations (9.56).......................................156
Land descriptions (9.20-9.22, 12.9f)............................150, 183
latitude, longitude:
Abbreviated (9.51, 13.9)......................................155, 191
Division at end of line (9.52).....................................155
Spaces omitted (9.51, 12.9f)..................................155, 183
law (3.40)........................................................31, 50
Leaders:
Abbreviation before (8.123, 13.13)............................141, 192
Leaderwork (14.1)..................................................207
Tabular work (13.97-13.101)........................................201
Leaderwork
(see also Tabular work) (14.1-14.20).............................
207-209.................................................................
Bearoff (14.2).....................................................207
Clears (14.9)......................................................208
Columns (14.3).....................................................207
Continued heads (14.5).............................................208
Definition (14.1)..................................................207
Do. (14.6).........................................................208
Dollar mark and ciphers (14.7-14.8)................................208
Double up (14.19)..................................................209
Examples (14.15-14.20).........................................208-209
Flush items and subheads (14.9-14.10)..............................208
Footnotes (14.11-14.13)............................................208
Units of quantity (14.14)..........................................208
Leading and spacing (2.48-2.49)....................................14-15
Leading:
Datelines, addresses, and signatures (16.4)......................217
Extracts (2.54-2.57)..............................................15
Footnotes (2.58)..................................................15
Legends (2.59)....................................................15
Line of stars (8.79).............................................136
page, section, etc., over figure columns (15.21).................213
Tabular work:
Boxheads (13.18)...............................................192
Centerheads (13.25)............................................193
Footnotes (13.66)..............................................198
Spacing:
Abbreviations with points (9.6)................................. 147
ac, space after in small-cap heads (3.47).........................32
ampersand (9.7)..................................................147
article, section (9.39)..........................................153
Citations (8.28).................................................130
Clock time (8.26, 12.9b)....................................129, 182
Colon (8.22-8.33)............................................129-130
Datelines, addresses, and signatures (16.4)......................217
Degrees:
College (9.7, 9.32-9.33, 9.35-9.36).......................147, 152
Ellipses (8.76)..................................................135
Line of stars (8.79)...........................................136
Footnote references (15.12)......................................212
Between references (8.50, 15.19)..........................132, 212
Symbols (13.69, 15.13)....................................198, 212
Footnotes, two or more (2.19)
11
Heads, center, side (2.50)........................................14
Initials, personal name (9.7)................................... 147
Letters or figures in parentheses (2.40, 8.94)...............13, 138
Mathematical signs (10.3)........................................171
Particles (3.48)..................................................32
Question mark (8.124)............................................142
Quotation marks (8.127)..........................................142
Section mark (10.6)..............................................171
Symbols with figures (10.6)......................................171
Legal cases:
Capitalization (3.11)...............................................25
Italic (11.8)......................................................178
Legends
(2.67-2.73)...........................................................
16......................................................................
Italic symbols (2.73, 11.14)...................................16, 179
Leading (2.59)......................................................15
Makeup (2.68, 2.72, 2.96f)......................................16, 18
[[Page 319]]
Punctuation (2.70, 8.112)......................................16, 140
Type (2.69).........................................................16
Legislative bodies, foreign..........................................228
Letter of transmittal (2.3e)...........................................9
Looseleaf work, ``blue'' folios marked (1.13)..........................1
ly, words ending in (6.20)............................................78
M
M., Mlle., etc. (9.29)...............................................151
Magnification symbol (10.3)..........................................171
Magnitudes (9.59)....................................................157
Makeup (2.3-2.19)...................................................9-11
Backstrips, run down (2.20).........................................11
Facing pages (2.7)..................................................10
Fold-ins to be avoided (1.15)........................................2
Footnotes:
Leaderwork (14.11-14.13).........................................208
Tabular work (2.98)...............................................18
References repeated (2.13, 13.70)..........................11, 198
Sample.........................................................208
Text (15.9-15.11)................................................212
Illustrations (2.67-2.73)...........................................16
Parts of book (2.3)..................................................9
Roman numerals (2.4)................................................10
Running heads and folios (2.10-2.11)................................10
Signature marks, imprints, etc. (2.103, 2.115-2.128).............19-21
Signatures, jobs over 4 pages (1.16).................................2
Avoid over 2 blank pages (1.16)....................................2
Sink (2.8)..........................................................10
Title pages (2.5)...................................................10
Widow lines (2.6)...................................................10
Market grades (3.25)..............................................28, 59
Mathematical equations (10.8-10.15)..................................172
Signs (10.2, 10.18)...........................................171, 174
Measurement:
Abbreviations (9.56-9.58)......................................156-157
Metric equivalents.................................................240
Numerals (12.9j)...................................................184
Medals, decorations, etc..............................................43
Meridians and base lines.............................................227
Messrs. (9.29).......................................................151
Meteorology signs/symbols (10.18)....................................174
Metric:
Abbreviations (9.56-9.57)......................................156-157
Equivalents........................................................239
Military:
Dates (8.52, 12.9c)...........................................132, 183
Installations, State name with (9.12)..........................148-149
Time (12.9b, 12.14)...........................................182, 185
Titles:
Abbreviations (9.29).............................................151
Capitalization (3.35).............................................30
Units, ordinals used (12.10).......................................185
million, etc.:
Roman numerals (12.29).............................................189
Use of figures with (12.24)........................................187
minute:
Abbreviation (9.58)................................................157
Latitude, longitude (9.51-9.52, 12.9f)........................155, 183
Time (12.9b, 12.9n)...........................................182, 184
Astronomical (9.59, 12.9b)..................................157, 182
Money:
Abbreviations and symbols (9.60, 12.9k).......................157, 184
Decimals (12.9k)...................................................184
Foreign............................................................236
Abbreviations and symbols........................................236
Fractions (12.26-12.28)............................................188
Months:
Abbreviations (9.44-9.45, 13.5)...........................................................154, 191
mo (9.58)........................................................157
Punctuation (8.52, 8.74, 8.75, 12.9c)....................132, 135, 183
Moon (3.30).......................................................29, 52
Signs (10.18)......................................................174
Mount.................................................................48
Not abbreviated (9.19).............................................150
Mr., Mrs.:
Abbreviation, when used (9.29).....................................151
Type (9.37, 16.3).........................................152-153, 217
With other abbreviations (9.33)....................................152
Mr. Chairman, etc. (3.37).............................................31
N
Nation, etc. (3.19, 3.20).........................................27, 51
Natives:
Foreign countries..............................................233-235
States (U.S.) (5.23-5.24)...........................................73
Nature (3.32).........................................................29
Navy, Naval, etc. (3.17)..........................................26, 52
Near East (3.21)..................................................27, 52
Newspapers:
Capitalization (3.38)...............................................31
Datelines (16.8)...................................................218
Italic not used (11.2).............................................177
No., Nos. (9.38).....................................................153
Not abbreviated (13.22)............................................193
Note (8.107, 13.53).............................................139, 197
Nouns:
Capitalization (3.5-3.10, 3.49)..............................23-25, 33
Compounding (6.8-6.11)..............................................76
Nationalities, foreign.........................................233-235
Plural forms (5.5-5.10)..........................................68-69
States, natives of (5.23)...........................................73
nth degree (11.12)...................................................179
Number:
Abbreviation. (See No.)
Chemical elements (10.16)..........................................173
Mark (10.18, 15.15)...........................................174, 212
Numerals (12.1-12.29)............................................181-190
Age (12.9a)........................................................182
Beginning a sentence (12.16).......................................186
Related numerals (12.25).........................................188
Chemical elements (6.43, 10.16)................................82, 173
Chemical formulas (6.44, 12.15)................................82, 186
Clock time (9.54, 12.9b)......................................156, 182
Colon affecting use (12.8).........................................182
Compound (6.36-6.39).............................................81-82
Dates. (See Dates.)
[[Page 320]]
Decimals (12.9d)...................................................183
Degrees (12.9f)....................................................183
Equations (10.8-10.15).............................................172
Expressed in figures (12.4-12.15)..............................181-186
Formal writing (12.19).............................................186
Fractions. (See Fractions.)
Hearings, etc. (12.17).............................................186
Indefinite expressions (12.22).....................................187
Land descriptions (9.21)...........................................150
Large numbers (12.20, 12.24).......................................187
Market quotations (12.9h)..........................................183
Measurement and time (12.9a-12.9o).............................182-184
In relation to other figures (12.6)..............................182
Money (9.60, 12.9k)...........................................157, 184
Ordinals.
(See Ordinals.)
Percentage (12.9l).................................................184
Proportion or ratio (12.9m)........................................184
Punctuation (8.48, 12.14).....................................132, 185
Roman. (See Roman numerals.)
Serial (12.7)......................................................182
Single:
10 or more (12.4)................................................181
Under 10 (12.23).................................................187
Unit of measurement, etc. (12.6).................................182
Spelled out (12.16-12.25)......................................186-188
Tabular work (13.102)..............................................201
Time (12.9n).......................................................184
Unit modifiers (6.23, 6.36-6.37, 6.39, 12.9o)..........79, 81, 82, 184
With abbreviations (9.5, 13.4)................................147, 191
O
O, Oh:
Capitalization (3.56)...............................................34
Exclamation point (8.84, 8.85).................................136-137
o, words ending in (5.5)..............................................68
Occident, etc. (3.21, 3.22).......................................27, 53
o'clock (9.55, 12.9b)...........................................156, 182
Office (3.17).....................................................26, 53
Ohio, abbreviation (9.13)............................................149
op. cit. (11.3)......................................................177
Order (3.38)..................................................31, 45, 53
Ordered (3.45, 11.11)............................................32, 178
Ordinals (12.10-12.13, 13.102)..................................185, 201
Beginning with 10th (12.10)........................................185
In relation to other ordinals or numerals (12.11)..................185
Leaderwork (12.13).................................................185
Military units (12.10).............................................185
Street address (12.13, 13.6)..................................185, 191
Tabular work (12.13, 13.102)..................................185, 201
Orient, etc. (3.21, 3.22).....................................27, 28, 53
Outlines:
Indentions (15.31).................................................214
Numbering sequence (15.31).........................................214
Overruns
(see also Indentions):
Addresses, datelines, and signatures (16.5, 16.27)............217, 224
Center, side heads (2.65-2.66)..................................... 16
Hanging indentions (2.62-2.63)......................................15
Indexes (15.23-15.25)..............................................213
Leaderwork (14.4)..................................................207
Paragraphs (2.60-2.61)..............................................15
Tabular work (13.90-13.94).........................................200
Total, mean, and average lines (13.92-13.94).....................200
P
Pact (3.38).......................................................31, 54
page (3.9)............................................................24
Abbreviation (9.38)................................................153
Numbers (2.4, 15.22, 15.30)...............................10, 213, 214
Paper stock, kind specified (1.17).....................................2
paragraph (3.9).......................................................24
Abbreviation (9.38)................................................153
Paragraphs:
Brackets, more than one paragraph (8.22)...........................129
Indention (2.60-2.61)...............................................15
Overruns (2.62-2.63)..............................................15
Italic letters indicating (11.15)..................................179
Numbering sequence (8.108).........................................139
Parentheses (8.91-8.102).........................................137-139
Abbreviations in (9.2).............................................147
Citations or references (9.45)...................................154
Congressional (9.41-9.43)....................................153-154
Latitude, longitude (9.51).......................................155
Parts of publications (9.38).....................................153
Steamships, railroads (9.27).....................................151
Alignment in tables (13.59, 13.63).................................198
Byline (8.101).....................................................139
Chemical formulas (6.44)............................................82
Clauses (8.92).....................................................137
Column numbers or letters (13.23)..................................193
Enclose letters or figures (8.94)..................................138
Closed up (8.94, 8.98)...........................................138
Equations (10.14)..................................................172
Explanatory word (8.93)............................................137
More than one paragraph (8.102)................................... 139
Not part of main statement (8.91)................................. 137
Paragraph sequence (8.108).........................................139
Type (8.150).......................................................145
Verifying numbers (8.95, 12.18)...............................138, 186
With punctuation (8.96-8.102)..................................138-139
part (3.9)........................................................24, 54
Abbreviation (9.38)................................................153
Particles (3.13-3.16)..............................................25-26
Parts of books:
Abbreviations (9.38-9.40)..........................................153
Capitalization (3.9, 3.38, 3.39)................................24, 31
Makeup (2.3).........................................................9
Quotation marks (8.129)............................................142
percent (5.2).........................................................66
Mark (10.18, 15.15)...........................................174, 212
Use of figures (12.9l).............................................184
Period (8.103-8.123).............................................139-141
Abbreviations (8.111, 9.6-9.7)................................140, 147
[[Page 321]]
Omitted (8.115-8.123, 9.3, 13.13, 15.23)..........141, 147, 192, 213
After article, section, etc. (8.113)...............................140
Boxheads (8.115)...................................................141
Decimals (8.109, 12.9d, 13.29-13.32).................140, 183, 194-195
Declarative sentence (8.103).......................................139
Ellipses (8.76, 8.78)..........................................135-136
Explanatory matter within parentheses (8.122)......................141
Indirect question (8.104)..........................................139
In lieu of parentheses (8.105).....................................139
Inside-outside quotation marks (8.141-8.142).......................144
Legends (2.70, 8.112)..........................................16, 140
Letters used as names (8.117)......................................141
Metric abbreviations (9.56-9.57)...............................156-157
Middle initial not abbreviation (8.118)............................141
Multiplication (8.114).............................................140
Overruns, in indexes (15.23).......................................213
Roman numerals (8.120).............................................141
Run-in sideheads (8.107)...........................................139
Short name not abbreviation (8.119, 9.23).....................141, 150
Symbols (8.115)....................................................141
To indicate thousands (8.110)......................................140
Words and incomplete statements (8.121)............................141
Periodicals, titles of:
Capitalization (3.38)...............................................31
Italic not used (11.2).............................................177
Makeup (2.2, 2.3)..................................................7-9
Personal names:
Abbreviations followed (8.119, 9.23)..........................141, 150
Initials set with space (9.7)......................................147
Particles (3.13-3.16)............................................25-26
Variations (8.119, 9.23)......................................141, 150
Personification (3.32)................................................29
Physical divisions of United States................................. 226
Physics, signs and symbols (10.16)...................................173
Physiographic terms..................................................225
Pica conversion table................................................241
Pickup matter (2.31)..................................................12
Correcting (2.45)...................................................14
place.................................................................54
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6).....................................149, 191
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6)........................................185, 191
plate (3.9).......................................................24, 54
Abbreviation (9.38)................................................153
Numbers aligned (15.28)............................................214
Plurals:
Apostrophe to indicate (8.3, 8.7, 8.11)........................125-127
Coined (8.11)......................................................127
Common noun as part of proper name (3.8)............................24
Compound words (5.6-5.8)............................................68
Irregular (5.10)....................................................69
Latin names (3.28)..................................................29
Letters and figures (8.11).........................................127
Nouns ending in ful (5.9)...........................................69
Nouns ending in o (5.5).............................................68
Words used as words (8.13).........................................127
Poetry:
Alignment and indention (8.134)....................................143
Capitalization of titles (3.39).....................................31
Credit line (8.66).................................................134
Quotation marks (3.39, 8.134)..................................31, 143
point.............................................................48, 54
Not abbreviated (9.19).............................................150
Political parties (3.17)..........................................26, 54
Adherents (3.18).............................................26-27, 54
port..................................................................54
Not abbreviated (9.19).............................................150
Possessions (U.S.):
Abbreviations (9.12, 9.13).....................................148-149
Not abbreviated (9.14)...........................................149
Political divisions. (See Counties.)
Possessives and apostrophes. (See Apostrophes and
possessives.)
post (11.3)..........................................................177
Post Office...........................................................54
Box, as part of address.............................................54
Directory of Post Offices (5.20)....................................72
ZIP Code numbers (8.51, 16.1).................................132, 217
Preface (2.3g, 2.12)...............................................10-11
Prefixes (6.7, 6.29-6.35)......................................76, 80-81
Metric (9.56)......................................................156
Preliminary pages (2.3-2.4).........................................9-10
Roman numerals for (2.4)............................................10
Preparing copy:
Abbreviations:
Spelled out (2.43)................................................14
Bill style (2.41)...................................................14
Capitalization (2.25, 2.35).....................................12, 13
Copy kept clean (2.46)..............................................14
Cut-in notes (2.32).................................................12
Datelines, addresses, and signatures (2.26).........................12
Addresses (16.9-16.16).......................................219-220
Datelines (16.5-16.8)........................................217-218
Signatures (16.17-16.26).....................................220-222
Decimals (2.27).....................................................12
et cetera, etc. (2.28)..............................................12
Extracts (2.24).....................................................11
Figures (2.38, 2.40)................................................13
``Fol.,'' ``Fol. lit.,'' etc. (2.38-2.40).......................... 13
Folioing and stamping (2.29)........................................12
Footnotes and reference marks:
Tabular work (13.66-13.85)...................................198-199
Text (15.1-15.19)............................................211-212
Heads (2.30, 3.46-3.54)......................................12, 32-33
Instructions to be followed (2.42)..................................14
Italic (2.26, 2.38).............................................12, 13
Pickup (2.31).......................................................12
Plurals (2.36, 8.13)...........................................13, 127
Punctuation followed (2.38-2.41).................................13-14
Sidenotes (2.32)....................................................12
Signs, symbols, etc. (2.33-2.34)....................................13
Type to indicate shape (2.35-2.37)..................................13
Type. (See Type.)
Prepositions (3.49)...................................................33
In compound nouns (6.47)............................................83
[[Page 322]]
Pronouns:
Compounding (6.12, 6.13)........................................76, 77
Possessive (8.8-8.9)...............................................126
Proofreader's marks (1.23).............................................4
Proofreading (2.74-2.87)...........................................16-17
Proofs:
Clean (2.46)........................................................14
Department (1.19-1.21)...............................................2
Proportion (8.32, 12.9m)........................................130, 184
Provided, etc.:
Capitalization following (3.45).....................................32
Italic (3.45, 11.11)...........................................32, 178
Province (3.19)...................................................27, 54
Not abbreviated (9.15).............................................149
Public Law, etc. (3.38)...........................................31, 54
Not abbreviated (9.41, 9.43)..................................153, 154
Publications. (See Periodicals.)
Punctuation (8.1-8.150)..........................................125-145
Abbreviations:
Omitted (8.126, 9.3, 13.13)............................142, 147, 192
When used (8.39, 9.6).......................................131, 147
Apostrophe (8.3-8.18)..........................................125-128
Brackets (8.19-8.22)...........................................128-129
Colon (8.23-8.33)..............................................129-130
Comma (8.34-8.59)..............................................130-133
Before and after abbreviations (8.39)............................131
Omitted (8.50-8.59)..........................................132-133
Used (8.34-8.49).............................................130-132
Dash (em) (8.60-8.70)..........................................133-134
Not used (8.69-8.70).............................................134
Used (8.60-8.68).............................................133-134
(See also Tabular work.)
Dash (en) (8.72-8.75)..............................................135
Not used (8.74-8.75).............................................135
Used (8.72-8.73).................................................135
Ellipses (8.76-8.82)...........................................135-136
Exclamation point (8.83-8.84)......................................136
Function (8.1, 8.2)................................................125
Hyphen (8.86-8.90).................................................137
Compounding (6.1-6.52).........................................75-83
Legends (2.70, 8.112)..........................................16, 140
Numerals (12.14)...................................................185
Parentheses (8.91-8.102).......................................137-139
Period (8.103-8.123)...........................................139-141
Omitted (8.115-8.123)............................................141
Used (8.103-8.114)...........................................139-140
Question mark (8.124-8.126)........................................142
Quotation marks (8.127-8.144)..................................142-144
Not used (8.134-8.144).......................................143-144
Used (8.127-8.133)...........................................142-143
Semicolon (8.145-8.148)........................................144-145
Single (8.124, 8.149).........................................142, 145
Q
Quantity. (See Units of quantity.)
quart (9.58).........................................................157
Metric equivalent..................................................239
quasi, ex, self (6.34)................................................81
Queen (3.35)..........................................................30
Queries:
Department must answer (1.21)....................................... 2
Not to be set (2.47)................................................14
Proofreading (2.75-2.77)............................................16
Question mark (8.124-8.126)..........................................142
Closed up (8.126)..................................................142
Direct query (8.45, 8.124)....................................132, 142
Doubt (8.125, 8.126)...............................................142
With quotation marks (8.141, 8.144)................................144
Quotation marks (8.127-8.144)....................................142-144
Addresses, books, etc. (8.129).....................................142
Called, so-called, etc. (8.128)....................................142
Direct quotations (8.127)..........................................142
Display initial with (8.140).......................................144
Double, single, double (8.144).....................................144
Entitled, marked, etc. (8.128).....................................142
Extracts, omitted (2.24, 8.138)................................11, 143
Indirect quotations (8.139)........................................144
Letters within a letter (8.131)....................................143
Complete letter (8.137)..........................................143
Misnomers, slang, etc. (8.132).....................................143
More than one paragraph (8.130)................................... 143
Poetry, alignment (8.134)..........................................143
Precede footnote references (8.143)................................144
Punctuation with (8.47, 8.141, 8.142).........................132, 144
Scientific names (11.10)...........................................178
Spacing (8.133, 8.144)........................................143, 144
Vessels (11.7, 11.8)...............................................178
Quotations:
Capitalization (3.42, 3.43).....................................31, 32
Comma before (8.35)................................................130
Ellipses (8.76-8.82)...........................................135-136
R
Railroads, abbreviated (9.27, 13.8).............................151, 191
Reference marks. (See Footnotes and references.)
region (3.9)......................................................24, 55
Ordinals (12.10)...................................................185
Regular, etc. (3.17)..............................................26, 55
Related numbers:
Group (12.5, 12.25)...........................................181, 188
Ordinals (12.10-12.12).............................................185
Religious terms (3.34)............................................30, 55
Report (3.38, 3.39)...............................................31, 55
With quotation marks (3.39, 8.129).............................31, 142
Reports and hearings.............................................297-312
Representative (3.18).............................................26, 55
Not abbreviated (9.30).............................................152
Reprint:
Dates (2.113-2.114).................................................20
Pickup (2.31).......................................................12
Set ``all roman (no italic),'' when to set italic (11.5)...........177
Signature marks (2.126).............................................21
Republic (3.19)...................................................27, 55
reservation (3.5).................................................23, 55
State name with (9.12).............................................148
Resolution (3.38).................................................31, 55
Abbreviation (9.42, 13.11)....................................153, 191
Resolved, etc. (3.45).................................................32
Italic (3.45, 11.11)...........................................32, 178
Reverend, etc. (9.31)................................................152
Revising (2.88-2.100)..............................................17-19
[[Page 323]]
Galley (2.88-2.91)...............................................17-18
Page (2.92-2.98).................................................18-19
Press (2.99-2.100)..................................................19
road..................................................................55
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6).....................................149, 191
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6)........................................185, 191
Roman numerals...................................................55, 189
Army corps (12.10).................................................185
Figure columns:
Indexes and contents (15.22).................................... 213
Tabular work (13.62).............................................198
List (12.29).......................................................189
Not preferred (12.3)...............................................181
Period:
Aligned in contents (15.28)......................................214
Not used after (8.115-8.123).................................... 141
Preliminary pages (2.4).............................................10
Royal titles (3.34, 3.35, 3.37)................................30-31, 50
Rules in tables (2.23, 13.3).....................................11, 191
Running heads:
Copy for, supplied (1.19)............................................2
Makeup (2.10-2.11)..................................................10
Period omitted (8.115).............................................141
S
Sales notices (2.121-2.122)...........................................21
Salutation:
Capitalization (3.55, 16.15)...................................34, 220
Colon after (8.25, 16.15).....................................129, 220
Italic (8.25, 16.14)..........................................129, 220
Scientific terms:
Abbreviations, punctuation omitted (9.3)...........................147
Capitalization (3.26-3.29)..........................................29
Compounding (6.42-6.45).............................................82
Italic (11.9-11.10, 13.95)....................................178, 201
Quotation marks with (11.10).......................................178
Set in roman (11.9)................................................178
Scriptures, etc. (3.33)...........................................29, 56
seaboard (3.22)...................................................28, 56
seal (16.27, 16.28)..................................................224
Seasons (3.23)........................................................28
2d, 3d, etc.:
Comma omitted before (8.39, 8.59, 9.32)..................131, 133, 152
Ordinals (12.10-12.11).............................................185
Type (9.32, 16.3).............................................152, 217
Secretary, etc. (3.35)............................................30, 56
General.............................................................56
No hyphen (6.40)..................................................82
Plural form (5.8).................................................68
section (3.9).....................................................24, 56
Abbreviation (9.38, 13.10)....................................153, 191
Not abbreviated (9.39)...........................................153
Caps and small caps (9.39).........................................153
Italic to indicate (11.15).........................................179
Roman, over figure column (15.21)..................................213
Section mark:
Footnote reference (15.14).........................................212
Space after (10.6).................................................171
See, see also:
Italic (11.11, 15.20).........................................178, 212
Roman (13.96)......................................................201
See footnote, etc. (15.4)............................................211
Self, ex, quasi (6.34)................................................81
Semicolon
(8.145-8.148)....................................................
144-145.................................................................
Avoid, where comma will suffice (8.148)............................145
Before summarizing matter (8.147)..................................145
Clauses containing commas (8.145)..................................144
Senator...............................................................56
Not abbreviated (9.30).............................................152
Serial:
Letter, italic (11.15).............................................179
Parentheses (8.94)...............................................138
Numbers:
Comma omitted (8.54, 12.14).................................133, 185
Figures used (12.7)..............................................182
Parentheses (8.94)...............................................138
session:
Abbreviation (9.41, 13.11)....................................153, 191
Ordinals (9.41, 13.11)........................................153, 191
Shape, letters used (2.35-2.37).......................................13
Plurals (8.11).....................................................127
Shilling mark, in fractions (12.27)................................. 188
Sign (10.18).......................................................174
Signature marks (2.101-2.112)......................................19-20
Signatures:
Abbreviations (9.24, 16.19)...................................150, 220
Capitalization (3.55, 16.2)....................................34, 217
Examples (16.17-16.26).........................................220-224
Preceded by dash (8.66, 16.17)................................134, 220
Preparation (2.26)..................................................12
Punctuation (16.23)................................................221
Quoted matter (16.25)..............................................222
signed (8.128) ......................................................142
In signatures (16.24)..........................................221-222
Signs and symbols (10.1-10.18)...................................171-176
Chemical:
Elements (6.43, 10.16).......................................82, 173
Formulas (6.44, 10.15, 12.15)...........................82, 172, 186
Coined words and symbols (8.11, 9.48).........................127, 155
Degree mark (9.50-9.51, 9.53, 10.4, 12.9f)...........155-156, 171, 183
Equations (10.8-10.15).............................................172
Footnote references (15.12-15.17)................................. 212
Sequence (15.14).................................................212
Foreign money (9.60)...............................................157
Italic letters (2.73, 10.7-10.8, 11.12-11.14).........16, 171-172, 179
Legends (2.73)......................................................16
List (10.18).......................................................174
Mathematical signs (10.2-10.3).....................................171
Preparing copy (2.33-2.34)..........................................13
Standardized (10.17)...............................................174
Symbol columns (13.115-13.116).................................202-203
, crossed with, magnification (10.3)......................171
Single punctuation (8.124, 8.149)...............................142, 145
Sink (2.8)............................................................10
Small caps:
etc., et al. (3.53).................................................33
[[Page 324]]
Heads spaced with regular justification spaces (2.50)...............14
Italic inferior letters (10.8).....................................172
Proper names (3.47-3.48)............................................32
Roman numerals (2.4, 15.22)....................................10, 213
seal (16.27-16.28).................................................224
v., in names of legal cases (11.8).................................178
Soil names (3.29).................................................29, 57
someone, some one (6.12)..............................................76
spelling
(5.1-5.26).........................................................
63-73...................................................................
Anglicized and foreign words (5.3-5.4)...........................67-68
Apostrophes and possessives (8.3-8.18).........................125-128
cede, ceed, sede (5.13).............................................71
Doubled consonants (5.14-5.15)...................................71-72
Geographic names (5.20-5.21)........................................72
Idiomatic phrases (6.52)............................................83
Indefinite articles, use of (5.16-5.19).............................72
List (5.2)..........................................................63
Nationalities (5.22-5.24)...........................................73
Native American words (5.25)........................................73
Plural forms (5.5-5.10)..........................................68-69
Transliteration (5.26)..............................................73
square................................................................57
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6).....................................149, 191
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6)........................................185, 191
Stars. (See Ellipses.)
State, etc. (3.19)................................................27, 57
Staten Island (9.14).................................................149
States (3.6, 3.19, 3.21)......................................24, 27, 57
Abbreviations (9.12-9.13)......................................148-149
Counties...........................................................243
Natives of (5.23)...................................................73
station (3.6, 3.9)................................................24, 57
State abbreviation with (9.12).....................................148
Statutes, etc. (3.38).............................................31, 58
Abbreviations (9.43, 13.11)...................................154, 191
street................................................................57
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6).....................................149, 191
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6)........................................185, 191
Subentries (8.27, 13.90-13.91, 13.113, 14.15).........129, 200, 202, 208
Subheads:
Indexes and contents (15.29).......................................214
Leaderwork (14.10).................................................208
Suffixes (6.29-6.35)...............................................80-81
Summation sign (10.14)...............................................172
Sun (3.30)........................................................29, 58
Sign (10.18).......................................................174
Superior figures and letters:
Astrophysical matter (9.59)........................................157
Chemical elements (6.43)............................................82
Comma omitted (8.50)...............................................132
Equations (10.8)...................................................172
Follow inferiors (10.15).........................................172
Footnote references (13.67, 15.12, 15.17).....................198, 212
Italic letters (8.50, 10.8, 11.12).......................132, 172, 179
Preparing (2.33)....................................................13
Type (8.150).......................................................145
With punctuation (8.133)...........................................143
supra:
Italic (11.3)......................................................177
Not abbreviated (9.49).............................................155
Survey (3.17).....................................................26, 58
Symbols. (See Signs and symbols.)
T
table (3.9).......................................................24, 58
Table of contents. (See Contents.)
Tabular work
(see also Leaderwork) (13.1-13.124)..............................
191-206.................................................................
Abbreviations (13.4-13.13).........................................191
Bearoff (13.14-13.17)..............................................192
Leaderwork (14.2-14.4)...........................................207
Tables without rules (13.117, 13.120).......................203, 204
Boxheads (13.18-13.23).........................................192-193
Horizontal (13.19-13.21).........................................192
Centerheads, flush entries, and subentries (13.25-13.28).......193-194
Ciphers (13.29-13.36)..........................................194-195
Column numbers or letters (13.23)..................................193
Continued heads (13.37-13.38)..................................... 195
Dash instead of colon (13.26)......................................193
Dashes or rules (13.39-13.40)......................................195
To separate nonmoney groups (13.53)..............................197
Date column (13.28)................................................194
Decimals, alignment (13.29-13.36, 13.64)..................194-195, 198
Ditto (Do.) (13.41-13.50)..........................................196
Closing quotes (13.41)...........................................196
Dollar mark (13.51-13.56)..........................................197
Figure columns (13.57-13.65)...................................197-198
Decimals (13.29-13.32, 13.63-13.64).....................194-195, 198
Footnotes and references (13.66-13.85).........................198-199
Fractions (13.86-13.87)............................................200
Hairline rules (2.23)...............................................11
Headnotes (13.88-13.89, 13.104)...............................200, 202
Indentions and overruns (13.90-13.94)..............................200
Subentries (13.90-13.91).........................................200
Total, mean, and average lines (13.92-13.94).....................200
Italic (13.95-13.96)...............................................201
Leaders (13.97-13.101).............................................201
Leading:
Boxheads, solid in leaded tables (13.20).........................192
Notes (13.85)....................................................199
Makeup. (See Makeup.)
No. (13.22)........................................................193
None (13.33, 13.35, 13.45)....................................195, 196
Numerals (13.102)..................................................201
Reading columns (13.110-13.114)....................................202
Subentries (13.90-13.91, 13.113)..............................200, 202
Symbol columns (13.115-13.116).................................202-203
[[Page 325]]
Tables without rules (see also Leaderwork) (13.117-
13.120)......................................................203-204
Total, mean, and average lines (13.92-13.94).......................200
Tracing figures (13.107, 13.109)...................................202
Type (2.23, 13.3)..............................................11, 191
Units of quantity (13.121-13.123) .....................................................................205
Spacing (13.28)..................................................194
Years (13.28)......................................................194
Spacing (13.28)..................................................194
Technical terms. (See Scientific terms.)
Temperature, abbreviations (9.53)....................................155
terrace:
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6).....................................149, 191
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6)........................................185, 191
Territory, etc. (3.19)............................................27, 58
Text footnotes. (See Footnotes and references.)
The:
Part of speech (3.49)...............................................33
Title, part of (3.11-3.12, 9.31)...............................25, 152
Time:
Abbreviations (9.54, 9.55, 9.58, 9.59)........................156, 157
Astronomical (12.9b, 12.14)...................................182, 185
Capitalization......................................................58
Clock time (12.9n).................................................184
Military (12.9b, 12.14).......................................182, 185
Use of figures (9.59, 12.9b, 12.9n).......................157 182, 184
title (3.9).......................................................24, 58
Title page:
Back of (2.3d).......................................................9
Congressional....................................................309
Imprints, etc. (2.113-2.128).....................................20-21
Makeup (2.2, 2.3)..................................................7-9
Part of book (2.3c)..................................................9
Period omitted at ends of lines (8.115)............................141
U.S., not abbreviated (9.9)........................................148
Titles:
Acts (3.40).....................................................31, 35
Civil and military:
Abbreviations (9.25, 9.29-9.37)..............................150-152
Compound (6.40-6.41)..............................................82
Plurals (5.8).....................................................68
Common nouns (3.35).................................................30
Foreign books (3.41)................................................31
Heads of state.....................................................230
Legal cases (3.38, 11.8).......................................31, 178
Persons (3.34-3.37).............................................30, 31
Publications, papers, etc. (3.38-3.39, 8.129, 11.2).......31, 142, 177
Second person (3.37)................................................31
to:
En dash for (8.74, 12.9c, 12.9m, 13.111)............135, 183, 184, 202
To Whom It May Concern (8.25, 16.14)............................129, 220
Tracing figures. (See Tabular work.)
Trade names (3.25)....................................................28
Treasury, etc. (3.17).............................................26, 59
treaty (3.9, 3.38)............................................24, 31, 59
Tribunal (3.17)...................................................26, 60
tunnel................................................................60
Type:
Boldface, punctuation in (8.150)...................................145
Brackets (8.150)...................................................145
Illustrating shape and form (2.35-2.37)...........................13
Composition:
Correcting pickup (2.45)..........................................14
Proofs, clean (2.46)..............................................14
Dash (8.150)....................................................145...
Datelines, addresses, and signatures (16.2-16.3)...................217
Extracts (2.24, 8.138).........................................11, 143
Footnotes (15.5)...................................................211
Headnotes (2.14, 13.88)........................................11, 200
Heads, center and side (2.30).......................................12
Increase of text by using leads....................................241
Indexes and contents (15.20, 15.29)...........................212, 214
Italic (11.1-11.15)............................................177-179
Vessels (11.6-11.7)..........................................177-178
Jr., Sr. (9.37, 16.3).........................................152, 217
Leaderwork (14.1)..................................................207
Legends (2.69)......................................................16
Mr., Mrs., etc. (9.37, 16.3)..................................152, 217
Note (8.107, 13.53)...........................................139, 197
Parentheses (8.150)................................................145
Picas translated to inches.........................................241
Punctuation:
Boldface (8.150).................................................145
seal (16.27, 16.28)................................................224
Signature marks (2.101).............................................19
Special typefaces (1.12).............................................1
Tabular work (2.23, 13.3)......................................11, 191
Text (2.23).........................................................11
Words and ems to square inch...................................... 241
U
Under Secretary (see also Secretary)
60
Union
(3.19)............................................................
27, 60..................................................................
& in name (9.27)...................................................151
Comma omitted between name and number (8.53)....................132...
Unit modifiers. (See Compound words.)
United Nations (3.17).............................................26, 60
Units of quantity:
Leaderwork (14.14).................................................208
Numerals (12.6, 12.9)..............................................182
Tabular work (13.120, 13.121-13.123).......................204, 205...
U.S.:
Abbreviation (9.9-9.10, 13.7).................................148, 191
Closed up (9.7, 13.7).......................................147, 191
Spelled out (9.9-9.10)...........................................148
Useful tables
.................................................................
225-242.................................................................
Chemical elements (10.16)..........................................173
Foreign countries:
Capitals.........................................................228
Heads of state, etc..............................................228
Money............................................................236
Nationalities....................................................233
[[Page 326]]
Geologic terms.....................................................225
Meridians and base lines...........................................227
Metric tables......................................................239
Physiographic terms................................................225
Physical divisions...............................................226
Type tables........................................................241
Weights and measures...............................................240
V
v.:
Italic (11.8, 13.95)..........................................178, 201
Roman (11.8).......................................................178
van, von (3.13, 3.14, 3.16).......................................25, 26
Verbs:
and adverbs (6.9)...................................................76
Capitalization (3.49)...............................................33
Infinitive (3.49, 3.52)...........................................33
Improvised (6.48)...................................................83
Vessels:
Abbreviations (9.27)...............................................151
Italic (11.6, 13.95)..........................................177, 201
Quotation marks (11.7, 11.8).......................................178
Virgin Islands (9.12, 9.13).....................................148, 149
Municipalities.....................................................255
volume
(3.9).............................................................
24, 60..................................................................
Abbreviation (9.38, 9.58).....................................153, 157
Metric (9.56)...............................................156, 239
Vowels:
a, an, before (5.16-5.19)...........................................72
Hyphen, to avoid doubling (6.7).................................... 76
W
War (3.24)........................................................28, 61
ward (3.9)........................................................24, 61
Webster's Dictionary (5.1, 7.5)...................................63, 85
Weights:
Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58)....................................156, 157
Atomic (10.16).....................................................173
Foreign countries..................................................240
Metric (9.56)......................................................156
Metric equivalents...............................................239
Numerals (12.9j)...................................................184
Widow lines (2.6).....................................................10
Word division (8.87).................................................137
Land descriptions (9.22)...........................................150
Latitude and longitude (9.52)......................................155
Words. (See Spelling.)
X Y Z
, crossed with, magnification (10.3)
171
yard (9.58)..........................................................157
Metric equivalent..................................................239
yze, ise, ize (5.12)..................................................71
Your Honor, etc. (3.37)...........................................31, 61
ZIP Code numbers (8.51, 16.1).................................. 132, 217