2004—Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §812(e)(2), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1580, added items 6662 and 6662A and struck out former item 6662 “Imposition of accuracy-related penalty”.
1989—Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7721(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2395, added part heading and analysis of sections.
If this section applies to any portion of an underpayment of tax required to be shown on a return, there shall be added to the tax an amount equal to 20 percent of the portion of the underpayment to which this section applies.
This section shall apply to the portion of any underpayment which is attributable to 1 or more of the following:
(1) Negligence or disregard of rules or regulations.
(2) Any substantial understatement of income tax.
(3) Any substantial valuation misstatement under chapter 1.
(4) Any substantial overstatement of pension liabilities.
(5) Any substantial estate or gift tax valuation understatement.
(6) Any disallowance of claimed tax benefits by reason of a transaction lacking economic substance (within the meaning of section 7701(o)) or failing to meet the requirements of any similar rule of law.
(7) Any undisclosed foreign financial asset understatement.
This section shall not apply to any portion of an underpayment on which a penalty is imposed under section 6663. Except as provided in paragraph (1) or (2)(B) of section 6662A(e), this section shall not apply to the portion of any underpayment which is attributable to a reportable transaction understatement on which a penalty is imposed under section 6662A.
For purposes of this section, the term “negligence” includes any failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the provisions of this title, and the term “disregard” includes any careless, reckless, or intentional disregard.
For purposes of this section, there is a substantial understatement of income tax for any taxable year if the amount of the understatement for the taxable year exceeds the greater of—
(i) 10 percent of the tax required to be shown on the return for the taxable year, or
(ii) $5,000.
In the case of a corporation other than an S corporation or a personal holding company (as defined in section 542), there is a substantial understatement of income tax for any taxable year if the amount of the understatement for the taxable year exceeds the lesser of—
(i) 10 percent of the tax required to be shown on the return for the taxable year (or, if greater, $10,000), or
(ii) $10,000,000.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the term “understatement” means the excess of—
(i) the amount of the tax required to be shown on the return for the taxable year, over
(ii) the amount of the tax imposed which is shown on the return, reduced by any rebate (within the meaning of section 6211(b)(2)).
The excess under the preceding sentence shall be determined without regard to items to which section 6662A applies.
The amount of the understatement under subparagraph (A) shall be reduced by that portion of the understatement which is attributable to—
(i) the tax treatment of any item by the taxpayer if there is or was substantial authority for such treatment, or
(ii) any item if—
(I) the relevant facts affecting the item's tax treatment are adequately disclosed in the return or in a statement attached to the return, and
(II) there is a reasonable basis for the tax treatment of such item by the taxpayer.
For purposes of clause (ii)(II), in no event shall a corporation be treated as having a reasonable basis for its tax treatment of an item attributable to a multiple-party financing transaction if such treatment does not clearly reflect the income of the corporation.
Subparagraph (B) shall not apply to any item attributable to a tax shelter.
For purposes of clause (i), the term “tax shelter” means—
(I) a partnership or other entity,
(II) any investment plan or arrangement, or
(III) any other plan or arrangement,
if a significant purpose of such partnership, entity, plan, or arrangement is the avoidance or evasion of Federal income tax.
The Secretary may prescribe a list of positions which the Secretary believes do not meet 1 or more of the standards specified in paragraph (2)(B)(i), section 6664(d)(2),1 and section 6694(a)(1). Such list (and any revisions thereof) shall be published in the Federal Register or the Internal Revenue Bulletin.
For purposes of this section, there is a substantial valuation misstatement under chapter 1 if—
(A) the value of any property (or the adjusted basis of any property) claimed on any return of tax imposed by chapter 1 is 150 percent or more of the amount determined to be the correct amount of such valuation or adjusted basis (as the case may be), or
(B)(i) the price for any property or services (or for the use of property) claimed on any such return in connection with any transaction between persons described in section 482 is 200 percent or more (or 50 percent or less) of the amount determined under section 482 to be the correct amount of such price, or
(ii) the net section 482 transfer price adjustment for the taxable year exceeds the lesser of $5,000,000 or 10 percent of the taxpayer's gross receipts.
No penalty shall be imposed by reason of subsection (b)(3) unless the portion of the underpayment for the taxable year attributable to substantial valuation misstatements under chapter 1 exceeds $5,000 ($10,000 in the case of a corporation other than an S corporation or a personal holding company (as defined in section 542)).
For purposes of this subsection—
The term “net section 482 transfer price adjustment” means, with respect to any taxable year, the net increase in taxable income for the taxable year (determined without regard to any amount carried to such taxable year from another taxable year) resulting from adjustments under section 482 in the price for any property or services (or for the use of property).
For purposes of determining whether the threshold requirements of paragraph (1)(B)(ii) are met, the following shall be excluded:
(i) Any portion of the net increase in taxable income referred to in subparagraph (A) which is attributable to any redetermination of a price if—
(I) it is established that the taxpayer determined such price in accordance with a specific pricing method set forth in the regulations prescribed under section 482 and that the taxpayer's use of such method was reasonable,
(II) the taxpayer has documentation (which was in existence as of the time of filing the return) which sets forth the determination of such price in accordance with such a method and which establishes that the use of such method was reasonable, and
(III) the taxpayer provides such documentation to the Secretary within 30 days of a request for such documentation.
(ii) Any portion of the net increase in taxable income referred to in subparagraph (A) which is attributable to a redetermination of price where such price was not determined in accordance with such a specific pricing method if—
(I) the taxpayer establishes that none of such pricing methods was likely to result in a price that would clearly reflect income, the taxpayer used another pricing method to determine such price, and such other pricing method was likely to result in a price that would clearly reflect income,
(II) the taxpayer has documentation (which was in existence as of the time of filing the return) which sets forth the determination of such price in accordance with such other method and which establishes that the requirements of subclause (I) were satisfied, and
(III) the taxpayer provides such documentation to the Secretary within 30 days of request for such documentation.
(iii) Any portion of such net increase which is attributable to any transaction solely between foreign corporations unless, in the case of any such corporations, the treatment of such transaction affects the determination of income from sources within the United States or taxable income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
If the regular tax (as defined in section 55(c)) imposed by chapter 1 on the taxpayer is determined by reference to an amount other than taxable income, such amount shall be treated as the taxable income of such taxpayer for purposes of this paragraph.
For purposes of section 6664(c) the taxpayer shall not be treated as having reasonable cause for any portion of an underpayment attributable to a net section 482 transfer price adjustment unless such taxpayer meets the requirements of clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of subparagraph (B) with respect to such portion.
For purposes of this section, there is a substantial overstatement of pension liabilities if the actuarial determination of the liabilities taken into account for purposes of computing the deduction under paragraph (1) or (2) of section 404(a) is 200 percent or more of the amount determined to be the correct amount of such liabilities.
No penalty shall be imposed by reason of subsection (b)(4) unless the portion of the underpayment for the taxable year attributable to substantial overstatements of pension liabilities exceeds $1,000.
For purposes of this section, there is a substantial estate or gift tax valuation understatement if the value of any property claimed on any return of tax imposed by subtitle B is 65 percent or less of the amount determined to be the correct amount of such valuation.
No penalty shall be imposed by reason of subsection (b)(5) unless the portion of the underpayment attributable to substantial estate or gift tax valuation understatements for the taxable period (or, in the case of the tax imposed by chapter 11, with respect to the estate of the decedent) exceeds $5,000.
To the extent that a portion of the underpayment to which this section applies is attributable to one or more gross valuation misstatements, subsection (a) shall be applied with respect to such portion by substituting “40 percent” for “20 percent”.
The term “gross valuation misstatements” means—
(A) any substantial valuation misstatement under chapter 1 as determined under subsection (e) by substituting—
(i) in paragraph (1)(A), “200 percent” for “150 percent”,
(ii) in paragraph (1)(B)(i)—
(I) “400 percent” for “200 percent”, and
(II) “25 percent” for “50 percent”, and
(iii) in paragraph (1)(B)(ii)—
(I) “$20,000,000” for “$5,000,000”, and
(II) “20 percent” for “10 percent”.
(B) any substantial overstatement of pension liabilities as determined under subsection (f) by substituting “400 percent” for “200 percent”, and
(C) any substantial estate or gift tax valuation understatement as determined under subsection (g) by substituting “40 percent” for “65 percent”.
For purposes of this section, the term “undisclosed foreign financial asset understatement” means, for any taxable year, the portion of the understatement for such taxable year which is attributable to any transaction involving an undisclosed foreign financial asset.
For purposes of this subsection, the term “undisclosed foreign financial asset” means, with respect to any taxable year, any asset with respect to which information was required to be provided under section 6038, 6038B, 6038D, 6046A, or 6048 for such taxable year but was not provided by the taxpayer as required under the provisions of those sections.
In the case of any portion of an underpayment which is attributable to any undisclosed foreign financial asset understatement, subsection (a) shall be applied with respect to such portion by substituting “40 percent” for “20 percent”.
In the case of any portion of an underpayment which is attributable to one or more nondisclosed noneconomic substance transactions, subsection (a) shall be applied with respect to such portion by substituting “40 percent” for “20 percent”.
For purposes of this subsection, the term “nondisclosed noneconomic substance transaction” means any portion of a transaction described in subsection (b)(6) with respect to which the relevant facts affecting the tax treatment are not adequately disclosed in the return nor in a statement attached to the return.
In no event shall any amendment or supplement to a return of tax be taken into account for purposes of this subsection if the amendment or supplement is filed after the earlier of the date the taxpayer is first contacted by the Secretary regarding the examination of the return or such other date as is specified by the Secretary.
(Added Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7721(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2395; amended Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11312(a), (b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–454, 1388–455; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §§13236(a)–(d), 13251(a), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 505, 506, 531; Pub. L. 103–465, title VII, §744(a), (b), Dec. 8, 1994, 108 Stat. 5011; Pub. L. 105–34, title X, §1028(c), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 928; Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §§812(b), (d), (e)(1), 819(a), (b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1578, 1580, 1584; Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §§403(x)(1), 412(aaa), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2629, 2641; Pub. L. 109–280, title XII, §1219(a)(1), (2), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1083; Pub. L. 111–147, title V, §512(a), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 110; Pub. L. 111–152, title I, §1409(b)(1), (2), Mar. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1068, 1069.)
Section 6664(d)(2), referred to in subsec. (d)(3), was redesignated as section 6664(d)(3) by Pub. L. 111–152, title I, §1409(c)(2)(A), Mar. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1069.
Section 1409(b)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 111–152, which directed the amendment of section 6662 without specifying the act to be amended, was executed to this section, which is section 6662 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 2010 Amendment notes below.
Section 1219(a)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 109–280, which directed the amendment of section 6662 without specifying the act to be amended, was executed to this section, which is section 6662 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 2006 Amendment notes below.
A prior section 6662, acts Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 827, §6659; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86–470, §1, 74 Stat. 132; Dec. 30, 1969, Pub. L. 91–172, title I, §101(j)(51), 83 Stat. 531; Sept. 2, 1974, Pub. L. 93–406, title II, §1016(a)(19), 88 Stat. 931; renumbered §6660, Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–34, title VII, §722(a)(1), 95 Stat. 341; renumbered §6662, Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §323(a), 96 Stat. 613, directed that additions be treated as tax and set procedure for assessing certain additions to tax, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7721(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2395, applicable to returns the due date for which (determined without regard to extensions) is after Dec. 31, 1989. See section 6665 of this title.
2010—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 111–152, §1409(b)(1), added par. (6). See Codification note above.
Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 111–147, §512(a)(1), which directed amendment of subsec. (b) by adding par. (7) after par. (6), was executed by adding par. (7) after par. (5) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the subsequent addition of par. (6) by Pub. L. 111–152. See above.
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 111–152, §1409(b)(2), added subsec. (i). See Codification note above.
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 111–147, §512(a)(2), added subsec. (j).
2006—Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 109–280, §1219(a)(1)(A), substituted “150 percent” for “200 percent”. See Codification note above.
Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 109–280, §1219(a)(1)(B), substituted “65 percent” for “50 percent”. See Codification note above.
Subsec. (h)(2)(A)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 109–280, §1219(a)(2)(A), amended cls. (i) and (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cls. (i) and (ii) read as follows:
“(i) ‘400 percent’ for ‘200 percent’ each place it appears,
“(ii) ‘25 percent’ for ‘50 percent’, and”.
See Codification note above.
Subsec. (h)(2)(C). Pub. L. 109–280, §1219(a)(2)(B), substituted “ ‘40 percent’ for ‘65 percent’ ” for “ ‘25 percent’ for ‘50 percent’ ”. See Codification note above.
2005—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(x)(1), inserted at end “Except as provided in paragraph (1) or (2)(B) of section 6662A(e), this section shall not apply to the portion of any underpayment which is attributable to a reportable transaction understatement on which a penalty is imposed under section 6662A.”
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 109–135, §412(aaa), struck out “the” before “1 or more”.
2004—Pub. L. 108–357, §812(e)(1), inserted “on underpayments” after “penalty” in section catchline.
Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 108–357, §819(a), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In the case of a corporation other than an S corporation or a personal holding company (as defined in section 542), paragraph (1) shall be applied by substituting ‘$10,000’ for ‘$5,000’.”
Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–357, §812(b), inserted concluding provisions.
Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 108–357, §812(d), amended subpar. (C) generally, substituting provisions relating to inapplicability of subpar. (B) to any item attributable to a tax shelter and defining the term “tax shelter” for provisions relating to, in the case of any item of a taxpayer other than a corporation which is attributable to a tax shelter, inapplicability of subpar. (B)(ii) and inapplicability of subpar. (B)(i), unless the taxpayer reasonably believed that the tax treatment of such item by the taxpayer was more likely than not the proper treatment, inapplicability of subpar. (B) to any item of a corporation which is attributable to a tax shelter, and provisions defining the term “tax shelter”.
Subsec. (d)(2)(D). Pub. L. 108–357, §819(b)(2), struck out heading and text of subpar. (D). Text read as follows: “The Secretary shall prescribe (and revise not less frequently than annually) a list of positions—
“(i) for which the Secretary believes there is not substantial authority, and
“(ii) which affect a significant number of taxpayers.
Such list (and any revision thereof) shall be published in the Federal Register.”
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 108–357, §819(b)(1), added par. (3).
1997—Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–34, §1028(c)(1), inserted concluding provisions.
Subsec. (d)(2)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 105–34, §1028(c)(2), substituted “a significant purpose” for “the principal purpose” in concluding provisions.
1994—Subsec. (d)(2)(C)(i). Pub. L. 103–465, §744(b)(1), substituted “In the case of any item of a taxpayer other than a corporation which is” for “In the case of any item” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (d)(2)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 103–465, §744(a), added cl. (ii). Former cl. (ii) redesignated (iii).
Subsec. (d)(2)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 103–465, §744(a), (b)(2), redesignated cl. (ii) as (iii) and substituted “this subparagraph” for “clause (i)” in introductory provisions.
1993—Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 103–66, §13251(a), amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as follows: “any item with respect to which the relevant facts affecting the item's tax treatment are adequately disclosed in the return or in a statement attached to the return.”
Subsec. (e)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 103–66, §13236(a), amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as follows: “the net section 482 transfer price adjustment for the taxable year exceeds $10,000,000.”
Subsec. (e)(3)(B). Pub. L. 103–66, §13236(b), amended heading and text of subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For purposes of determining whether the $10,000,000 threshold requirement of paragraph (1)(B)(ii) is met, there shall be excluded—
“(i) any portion of the net increase in taxable income referred to in subparagraph (A) which is attributable to any redetermination of a price if it is shown that there was a reasonable cause for the taxpayer's determination of such price and that the taxpayer acted in good faith with respect to such price, and
“(ii) any portion of such net increase which is attributable to any transaction solely between foreign corporations unless, in the case of any of such corporations, the treatment of such transaction affects the determination of income from sources within the United States or taxable income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.”
Subsec. (e)(3)(D). Pub. L. 103–66, §13236(c), added subpar. (D).
Subsec. (h)(2)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 103–66, §13236(d), amended cl. (iii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (iii) read as follows: “ ‘$20,000,000’ for ‘$10,000,000’,”.
1990—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 101–508, §11312(b)(1), amended par. (3) generally, substituting “misstatement” for “overstatement”.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–508, §11312(a), substituted “misstatement” for “overstatement” in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:
“(1)
“(2)
Subsec. (h)(2)(A). Pub. L. 101–508, §11312(b)(2), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: “any substantial valuation overstatement under chapter 1 as determined under subsection (e) by substituting ‘400 percent’ for ‘200 percent’,”.
Pub. L. 111–152, title I, §1409(e), Mar. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1070, provided that:
“(1)
“(2)
“(3)
“(4)
Pub. L. 111–147, title V, §512(b), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 111, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 18, 2010].”
Amendment by Pub. L. 109–280 applicable to returns filed after Aug. 17, 2006, with special rule for certain easements, see section 1219(e)(1), (3) of Pub. L. 109–280, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.
Amendment by section 403(x)(1) of Pub. L. 109–135 effective as if included in the provision of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which such amendment relates, see section 403(nn) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §812(f), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1580, as amended by Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §403(x)(3), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2629, provided that:
“(1)
“(2)
“(A) the opinion was provided to the taxpayer before the date of the enactment of this Act,
“(B) the opinion relates to one or more transactions all of which were entered into before such date, and
“(C) the tax treatment of items relating to each such transaction was included on a return or statement filed by the taxpayer before such date.”
Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §819(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1585, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004].”
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to items with respect to transactions entered into after Aug. 5, 1997, see section 1028(e)(2) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 6111 of this title.
Section 744(c) of Pub. L. 103–465 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to items related to transactions occurring after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 8, 1994].”
Section 13236(e) of Pub. L. 103–66 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1993.”
Section 13251(b) of Pub. L. 103–66 provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to returns the due dates for which (determined without regard to extensions) are after December 31, 1993.”
Section 11312(c) of Pub. L. 101–508 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 5, 1990].”
Part applicable to returns the due date for which (determined without regard to extensions) is after Dec. 31, 1989, see section 7721(d) of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as an Effective Date of 1989 Amendment note under section 461 of this title.
1 See References in Text note below.
2 So in original. Subsec. (i) is set out after subsec. (j).
3 So in original. Subsec. (j) is set out before subsec. (i).
If a taxpayer has a reportable transaction understatement for any taxable year, there shall be added to the tax an amount equal to 20 percent of the amount of such understatement.
For purposes of this section—
The term “reportable transaction understatement” means the sum of—
(A) the product of—
(i) the amount of the increase (if any) in taxable income which results from a difference between the proper tax treatment of an item to which this section applies and the taxpayer's treatment of such item (as shown on the taxpayer's return of tax), and
(ii) the highest rate of tax imposed by section 1 (section 11 in the case of a taxpayer which is a corporation), and
(B) the amount of the decrease (if any) in the aggregate amount of credits determined under subtitle A which results from a difference between the taxpayer's treatment of an item to which this section applies (as shown on the taxpayer's return of tax) and the proper tax treatment of such item.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), any reduction of the excess of deductions allowed for the taxable year over gross income for such year, and any reduction in the amount of capital losses which would (without regard to section 1211) be allowed for such year, shall be treated as an increase in taxable income.
This section shall apply to any item which is attributable to—
(A) any listed transaction, and
(B) any reportable transaction (other than a listed transaction) if a significant purpose of such transaction is the avoidance or evasion of Federal income tax.
Subsection (a) shall be applied by substituting “30 percent” for “20 percent” with respect to the portion of any reportable transaction understatement with respect to which the requirement of section 6664(d)(2)(A) 1 is not met.
For purposes of this section, the terms “reportable transaction” and “listed transaction” have the respective meanings given to such terms by section 6707A(c).
In the case of an understatement (as defined in section 6662(d)(2))—
(A) the amount of such understatement (determined without regard to this paragraph) shall be increased by the aggregate amount of reportable transaction understatements for purposes of determining whether such understatement is a substantial understatement under section 6662(d)(1), and
(B) the addition to tax under section 6662(a) shall apply only to the excess of the amount of the substantial understatement (if any) after the application of subparagraph (A) over the aggregate amount of reportable transaction understatements.
This section shall not apply to any portion of an understatement on which a penalty is imposed under section 6663.
This section shall not apply to any portion of an understatement on which a penalty is imposed under section 6662 if the rate of the penalty is determined under subsections (h) or (i) of section 6662.
Except as provided in regulations, in no event shall any tax treatment included with an amendment or supplement to a return of tax be taken into account in determining the amount of any reportable transaction understatement if the amendment or supplement is filed after the earlier of the date the taxpayer is first contacted by the Secretary regarding the examination of the return or such other date as is specified by the Secretary.
(Added Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §812(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1577; amended Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §403(x)(2), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2629; Pub. L. 111–152, title I, §1409(b)(3), Mar. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1069.)
Section 6664(d)(2)(A), referred to in subsec. (c), was redesignated as section 6664(d)(3)(A) by Pub. L. 111–152, title I, §1409(c)(2)(A), Mar. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1069.
Section 1409(b)(3) of Pub. L. 111–152, which directed the amendment of section 6662A without specifying the act to be amended, was executed to this section, which is section 6662A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 2010 Amendment note below.
2010—Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 111–152 substituted “certain increased underpayment penalties” for “gross valuation misstatement penalty” in heading and “subsections (h) or (i) of section 6662” for “section 6662(h)” in text. See Codification note above.
2005—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 109–135 reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:
“(A)
“(B)
“(C)
“(i)
“(ii)
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–152 applicable to underpayments attributable to transactions entered into after Mar. 30, 2010, see section 1409(e)(2) of Pub. L. 111–152, set out as a note under section 6662 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 109–135 effective as if included in the provision of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which such amendment relates, see section 403(nn) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Section applicable to taxable years ending after Oct. 22, 2004, see section 812(f) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective Date of 2004 Amendment note under section 6662 of this title.
Pub. L. 111–240, title II, §2103, Sept. 27, 2010, 124 Stat. 2564, provided that:
“(a)
“(1) Section 6662A (relating to accuracy-related penalty on understatements with respect to reportable transactions).
“(2) Section 6700(a) (relating to promoting abusive tax shelters).
“(3) Section 6707 (relating to failure to furnish information regarding reportable transactions).
“(4) Section 6707A (relating to failure to include reportable transaction information with return).
“(5) Section 6708 (relating to failure to maintain lists of advisees with respect to reportable transactions).
“(b)
“(1) Any action taken under section 330(b) of title 31, United States Code, with respect to any reportable transaction (as defined in section 6707A(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986).
“(2) Any extension of the time for assessment of tax enforced, or assessment of any amount under such an extension, under paragraph (10) of section 6501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
“(c)
1 See References in Text note below.
If any part of any underpayment of tax required to be shown on a return is due to fraud, there shall be added to the tax an amount equal to 75 percent of the portion of the underpayment which is attributable to fraud.
If the Secretary establishes that any portion of an underpayment is attributable to fraud, the entire underpayment shall be treated as attributable to fraud, except with respect to any portion of the underpayment which the taxpayer establishes (by a preponderance of the evidence) is not attributable to fraud.
In the case of a joint return, this section shall not apply with respect to a spouse unless some part of the underpayment is due to the fraud of such spouse.
(Added Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7721(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2397.)
For purposes of this part, the term “underpayment” means the amount by which any tax imposed by this title exceeds the excess of—
(1) the sum of—
(A) the amount shown as the tax by the taxpayer on his return, plus
(B) amounts not so shown previously assessed (or collected without assessment), over
(2) the amount of rebates made.
For purposes of paragraph (2), the term “rebate” means so much of an abatement, credit, refund, or other repayment, as was made on the ground that the tax imposed was less than the excess of the amount specified in paragraph (1) over the rebates previously made.
The penalties provided in this part shall apply only in cases where a return of tax is filed (other than a return prepared by the Secretary under the authority of section 6020(b)).
No penalty shall be imposed under section 6662 or 6663 with respect to any portion of an underpayment if it is shown that there was a reasonable cause for such portion and that the taxpayer acted in good faith with respect to such portion.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any portion of an underpayment which is attributable to one or more transactions described in section 6662(b)(6).
In the case of any underpayment attributable to a substantial or gross valuation overstatement under chapter 1 with respect to charitable deduction property, paragraph (1) shall not apply. The preceding sentence shall not apply to a substantial valuation overstatement under chapter 1 if—
(A) the claimed value of the property was based on a qualified appraisal made by a qualified appraiser, and
(B) in addition to obtaining such appraisal, the taxpayer made a good faith investigation of the value of the contributed property.
For purposes of this subsection—
The term “charitable deduction property” means any property contributed by the taxpayer in a contribution for which a deduction was claimed under section 170. For purposes of paragraph (3), such term shall not include any securities for which (as of the date of the contribution) market quotations are readily available on an established securities market.
The term “qualified appraisal” has the meaning given such term by section 170(f)(11)(E)(i).
The term “qualified appraiser” has the meaning given such term by section 170(f)(11)(E)(ii).
No penalty shall be imposed under section 6662A with respect to any portion of a reportable transaction understatement if it is shown that there was a reasonable cause for such portion and that the taxpayer acted in good faith with respect to such portion.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any portion of a reportable transaction understatement which is attributable to one or more transactions described in section 6662(b)(6).
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any reportable transaction understatement unless—
(A) the relevant facts affecting the tax treatment of the item are adequately disclosed in accordance with the regulations prescribed under section 6011,
(B) there is or was substantial authority for such treatment, and
(C) the taxpayer reasonably believed that such treatment was more likely than not the proper treatment.
A taxpayer failing to adequately disclose in accordance with section 6011 shall be treated as meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A) if the penalty for such failure was rescinded under section 6707A(d).
For purposes of paragraph (3)(C)—
A taxpayer shall be treated as having a reasonable belief with respect to the tax treatment of an item only if such belief—
(i) is based on the facts and law that exist at the time the return of tax which includes such tax treatment is filed, and
(ii) relates solely to the taxpayer's chances of success on the merits of such treatment and does not take into account the possibility that a return will not be audited, such treatment will not be raised on audit, or such treatment will be resolved through settlement if it is raised.
An opinion of a tax advisor may not be relied upon to establish the reasonable belief of a taxpayer if—
(I) the tax advisor is described in clause (ii), or
(II) the opinion is described in clause (iii).
A tax advisor is described in this clause if the tax advisor—
(I) is a material advisor (within the meaning of section 6111(b)(1)) and participates in the organization, management, promotion, or sale of the transaction or is related (within the meaning of section 267(b) or 707(b)(1)) to any person who so participates,
(II) is compensated directly or indirectly by a material advisor with respect to the transaction,
(III) has a fee arrangement with respect to the transaction which is contingent on all or part of the intended tax benefits from the transaction being sustained, or
(IV) as determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, has a disqualifying financial interest with respect to the transaction.
For purposes of clause (i), an opinion is disqualified if the opinion—
(I) is based on unreasonable factual or legal assumptions (including assumptions as to future events),
(II) unreasonably relies on representations, statements, findings, or agreements of the taxpayer or any other person,
(III) does not identify and consider all relevant facts, or
(IV) fails to meet any other requirement as the Secretary may prescribe.
(Added Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7721(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2398; amended Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §812(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1579; Pub. L. 109–280, title XII, §1219(a)(3), (c)(2), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1084, 1085; Pub. L. 111–152, title I, §1409(c), Mar. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1069.)
Section 1409(c) of Pub. L. 111–152, which directed the amendment of section 6664 without specifying the act to be amended, was executed to this section, which is section 6664 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 2010 Amendment notes below.
Section 1219(a)(3), (c)(2) of Pub. L. 109–280, which directed the amendment of section 6664 without specifying the act to be amended, was executed to this section, which is section 6664 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 2006 Amendment notes below.
2010—Subsec. (c)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 111–152, §1409(c)(1)(A), (C), added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively. See Codification note above.
Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 111–152, §1409(c)(1)(B), substituted “paragraph (3)” for “paragraph (2)”. See Codification note above.
Subsec. (d)(2), (3). Pub. L. 111–152, §1409(c)(2)(A), (C), added par. (2) and redesignated former par. (2) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4). See Codification note above.
Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 111–152, §1409(c)(2)(B), substituted “paragraph (3)(C)” for “paragraph (2)(C)” in introductory provisions. See Codification note above.
Pub. L. 111–152, §1409(c)(2)(A), redesignated par. (3) as (4). See Codification note above.
2006—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 109–280, §1219(a)(3), substituted “paragraph (1) shall not apply. The preceding sentence shall not apply to a substantial valuation overstatement under chapter 1 if—” for “paragraph (1) shall not apply unless—” in introductory provisions. See Codification note above.
Subsec. (c)(3)(B), (C). Pub. L. 109–280, §1219(c)(2), amended subpars. (B) and (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpars. (B) and (C) read as follows:
“(B)
“(C)
See Codification note above.
2004—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–357, §812(c)(2)(B), inserted “for underpayments” after “exception” in heading.
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 108–357, §812(c)(2)(A), substituted “section 6662 or 6663” for “this part”.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–357, §812(c)(1), added subsec. (d).
Amendment by section 1409(c)(1) of Pub. L. 111–152 applicable to underpayments attributable to transactions entered into after Mar. 30, 2010, see section 1409(e)(2) of Pub. L. 111–152, set out as a note under section 6662 of this title.
Amendment by section 1409(c)(2) of Pub. L. 111–152 applicable to understatements attributable to transactions entered into after Mar. 30, 2010, see section 1409(e)(3) of Pub. L. 111–152, set out as a note under section 6662 of this title.
Amendment by section 1219(a)(3) of Pub. L. 109–280 applicable to returns filed after Aug. 17, 2006, with special rule for certain easements, see section 1219(e)(1), (3), of Pub. L. 109–280, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.
Amendment by section 1219(c)(2) of Pub. L. 109–280 applicable to appraisals prepared with respect to returns or submissions filed after Aug. 17, 2006, see section 1219(e)(2) of Pub. L. 109–280, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years ending after Oct. 22, 2004, with special rule for application of subsec. (d)(3)(B) of this section, see section 812(f) of Pub. L. 108–357, as amended, set out as a note under section 6662 of this title.