The Secretary of State shall perform such duties as shall from time to time be enjoined on or intrusted to him by the President relative to correspondences, commissions, or instructions to or with public ministers or consuls from the United States, or to negotiations with public ministers from foreign states or princes, or to memorials or other applications from foreign public ministers or other foreigners, or to such other matters respecting foreign affairs as the President of the United States shall assign to the Department, and he shall conduct the business of the Department in such manner as the President shall direct.
(R.S. §202.)
R.S. §202 derived from acts July 27, 1789, ch. 4, §1, 1 Stat. 28; Sept. 15, 1789, ch. 14, §1, 1 Stat. 68.
Section was formerly classified to section 156 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.
Pub. L. 115–409, §412, Dec. 31, 2018, 132 Stat. 5411, provided that: "Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 2018 Amendment note set out under section 2651 of this title] may be construed as authorizing the use of military force."
Functions of President respecting certain facilities constructed and maintained on United States borders delegated to Secretary of State, see Ex. Ord. No. 11423, Aug. 16, 1968, 33 F.R. 11741, set out as a note under section 301 of Title 3, The President.
National Intelligence Authority and Central Intelligence Group, established by Presidential Directive, Feb. 1, 1946, 11 F.R. 1337, to coordinate Federal foreign intelligence activities, ceased to exist upon creation of Central Intelligence Agency; personnel, property and records of the group were transferred to the Agency; and unexpended funds of the group were made available to the Agency, by act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title I, §102, 61 Stat. 497, formerly set out as section 403 of Title 50, War and National Defense. See Prior Provisions note under section 3023 of Title 50.
Pub. L. 115–441, §§3, 6, 7, Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5586, 5588, 5589, provided that:
"It shall be the policy of the United States to—
"(1) regard the prevention of atrocities as in its national interest;
"(2) work with partners and allies, including to build their capacity, and enhance the capacity of the United States, to identify, prevent, and respond to the causes of atrocities, including insecurity, mass displacement, violent conflict, and other conditions that may lead to such atrocities; and
"(3) pursue a United States Government-wide strategy to identify, prevent, and respond to the risk of atrocities by—
"(A) strengthening the diplomatic, risk analysis and monitoring, strategic planning, early warning, and response capacities of the Government;
"(B) improving the use of foreign assistance to respond early, effectively, and urgently in order to address the causes of atrocities;
"(C) strengthening diplomatic response and the effective use of foreign assistance to support appropriate transitional justice measures, including criminal accountability, for past atrocities;
"(D) supporting and strengthening local civil society, including human rights defenders and others working to help prevent and respond to atrocities;
"(E) promoting financial transparency and enhancing anti-corruption initiatives as part of addressing causes of conditions that may lead to atrocities; and
"(F) employing a variety of unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral means to prevent and respond to atrocities by—
"(i) placing a high priority on timely, preventive diplomatic efforts; and
"(ii) exercising leadership in promoting international efforts to prevent atrocities.
"In this Act [see Short Title of 2019 Amendment note set out under section 2651 of this title]—
"(1) the term 'genocide' means an offense under subsection (a) of section 1091 of title 18, United States Code;
"(2) the term 'atrocities' means war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide;
"(3) the term 'transitional justice' means the range of judicial, nonjudicial, formal, informal, retributive, and restorative measures employed by countries transitioning out of armed conflict or repressive regimes to redress legacies of atrocities and to promote long-term, sustainable peace; and
"(4) the term 'war crime' has the meaning given the term in section 2441(c) of title 18, United States Code.
"Nothing in this Act shall be construed as authorizing the use of military force."
Pub. L. 115–409, title I, Dec. 31, 2018, 132 Stat. 5389, provided that:
"It is the policy of the United States to develop and commit to a long-term strategic vision and a comprehensive, multifaceted, and principled United States policy for the Indo-Pacific region that—
"(1) secures the vital national security interests of the United States and our allies and partners;
"(2) promotes American prosperity and economic interests by advancing economic growth and development of a rules-based Indo-Pacific economic community;
"(3) advances American influence by reflecting the values of the American people and universal human rights;
"(4) supports functional problem-solving regional architecture; and
"(5) accords with and supports the rule of law and international norms.
"It is the diplomatic strategy of the United States—
"(1) to work with United States allies—
"(A) to confront common challenges;
"(B) to improve information sharing;
"(C) to increase defense investment and trade;
"(D) to ensure interoperability; and
"(E) to strengthen shared capabilities;
"(2) to strengthen relationships with partners who—
"(A) share mutual respect for the rule of law;
"(B) agree with fair and reciprocal trade; and
"(C) understand the importance of civil society, the rule of law, the free and reliable flow of information, and transparent governance;
"(3) to support functional problem-solving regional architecture, including through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the East Asia Summit;
"(4) to emphasize the commitment of the United States—
"(A) to freedom of navigation under international law;
"(B) to promote peaceful resolutions of maritime and territorial disputes; and
"(C) to expand security and defense cooperation with allies and partners, as appropriate;
"(5) to pursue diplomatic measures to achieve complete, verifiable, and irreversible denuclearization of North Korea;
"(6) to improve civil society, strengthen the rule of law, and advocate for transparent governance;
"(7) to develop and grow the economy through private sector partnerships between the United States and Indo-Pacific partners;
"(8) to pursue multilateral and bilateral trade agreements in a free, fair, and reciprocal manner and build a network of partners in the Indo-Pacific committed to free markets;
"(9) to work with and encourage Indo-Pacific countries—
"(A) to pursue high-quality and transparent infrastructure projects;
"(B) to maintain unimpeded commerce, open sea lines or air ways, and communication; and
"(C) to seek the peaceful resolution of disputes; and
"(10) to sustain a strong military presence in the Indo-Pacific region and strengthen security relationships with allies and partners throughout the region."
[Nothing in title I of Pub. L. 115–409, set out above, to be construed as authorizing the use of military force, see section 412 of Pub. L. 115–409, set out as a note above.]
Pub. L. 115–300, Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4390, provided that:
"This Act may be cited as the 'Iraq and Syria Genocide Relief and Accountability Act of 2018'.
"Congress finds the following:
"(1) The Secretary of State of State [sic] declared on March 17, 2016, and on August 15, 2017, that Daesh (also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or ISIS) is responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, and other atrocity crimes against religious and ethnic minority groups in Iraq and Syria, including Christians, Yezidis, and Shia, among other religious and ethnic groups.
"(2) According to the Department of State's annual reports on international religious freedom—
"(A) the number of Christians living in Iraq has dropped from an estimated 800,000 to 1,400,000 in 2002 to fewer than 250,000 in 2017; and
"(B) the number of Yezidis living in Iraq has fluctuated from 500,000 in 2013, to between 350,000 and 400,000 in 2016, and between 600,000 and 750,000 in 2017.
"(3) The annual reports on international religious freedom further suggest that—
"(A) Christian communities living in Syria, which had accounted for between 8 and 10 percent of Syria's total population in 2010, are now 'considerably' smaller as a result of the civil war, and
"(B) there was a population of approximately 80,000 Yezidis before the commencement of the conflict in Syria.
"(4) Local communities and entities have sought to mitigate the impact of violence directed against religious and ethnic minorities in Iraq and Syria, including the Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Erbil (Kurdistan Region of Iraq), which has used predominantly private funds to provide assistance to internally displaced Christians, Yezidis, and Muslims throughout the greater Erbil region, while significant needs and diminishing resources have made it increasingly difficult to continue these efforts.
"In this Act:
"(1)
"(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate;
"(B) the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate;
"(C) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate;
"(D) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;
"(E) the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate;
"(F) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives;
"(G) the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives;
"(H) the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives;
"(I) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and
"(J) the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives.
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(5)
"It is the policy of the United States to ensure that assistance for humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs of individuals who are or were nationals and residents of Iraq or Syria, and of communities in and from those countries, is directed toward those individuals and communities with the greatest need, including those individuals from communities of religious and ethnic minorities, and communities of religious and ethnic minorities, that the Secretary of State declared were targeted for genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, and have been identified as being at risk of persecution, forced migration, genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes.
"(a)
"(1) conducting criminal investigations;
"(2) developing indigenous investigative and judicial skills, including by partnering, directly mentoring, and providing necessary equipment and infrastructure to effectively adjudicating cases consistent with due process and respect for the rule of law; and
"(3) collecting and preserving evidence and the chain of evidence, including for use in prosecutions in domestic courts, hybrid courts, and internationalized domestic courts, consistent with the activities described in subsection (b).
"(b)
"(1) to include information in appropriate security databases and security screening procedures of such countries to identify suspected ISIS members for whom credible evidence exists of having committed genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, and their constituent crimes, in Iraq; and
"(2) to apprehend and prosecute such ISIS members for genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, as appropriate.
"(c)
"(a)
"(1) threats of persecution and other early-warning indicators of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes against individuals who are or were nationals and residents of Iraq or Syria, are members of religious or ethnic minority groups in such countries, and against whom the Secretary of State has determined ISIS has committed genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes;
"(2) the religious and ethnic minority groups in Iraq or Syria identified pursuant to paragraph (1) that are at risk of forced migration, within or across the borders of Iraq, Syria, or a country of first asylum, and the primary reasons for such risk;
"(3)(A) the humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs of individuals described in paragraphs (1) and (2), including the assistance provided by the United States and by the United Nations, respectively—
"(i) to address the humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs of such individuals; and
"(ii) to mitigate the risks of forced migration of such individuals; and
"(B) assistance provided through the Funding Facility for Immediate Stabilization and Funding Facility for Expanded Stabilization; and
"(4) to the extent practicable and appropriate—
"(A) the entities, including faith-based entities, that are providing assistance to address the humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs of individuals described in paragraphs (1) and (2); and
"(B) the extent to which the United States is providing assistance to or through the entities referred to in subparagraph (A).
"(b)
"(1) individuals described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of such subsection; and
"(2) the entities described in paragraph (4)(A) of such subsection.
"(c)
"(a)
"(1) a detailed description of the efforts taken, and efforts proposed to be taken, to implement the provisions of this Act;
"(2) an assessment of—
"(A) the feasibility and advisability of prosecuting ISIS members for whom credible evidence exists of having committed genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes in Iraq, including in domestic courts in Iraq, hybrid courts, and internationalized domestic courts; and
"(B) the measures needed—
"(i) to ensure effective criminal investigations of such individuals; and
"(ii) to effectively collect and preserve evidence, and preserve the chain of evidence, for prosecution; and
"(3) recommendations for legislative remedies and administrative actions to facilitate the implementation of this Act.
"(b)
Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, subtitle F, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2533, provided that:
"This subtitle may be cited as the 'Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act'.
"In this subtitle:
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(a)
"(1) is responsible for extrajudicial killings, torture, or other gross violations of internationally recognized human rights committed against individuals in any foreign country who seek—
"(A) to expose illegal activity carried out by government officials; or
"(B) to obtain, exercise, defend, or promote internationally recognized human rights and freedoms, such as the freedoms of religion, expression, association, and assembly, and the rights to a fair trial and democratic elections;
"(2) acted as an agent of or on behalf of a foreign person in a matter relating to an activity described in paragraph (1);
"(3) is a government official, or a senior associate of such an official, that is responsible for, or complicit in, ordering, controlling, or otherwise directing, acts of significant corruption, including the expropriation of private or public assets for personal gain, corruption related to government contracts or the extraction of natural resources, bribery, or the facilitation or transfer of the proceeds of corruption to foreign jurisdictions; or
"(4) has materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services in support of, an activity described in paragraph (3).
"(b)
"(1)
"(A) ineligibility to receive a visa to enter the United States or to be admitted to the United States; or
"(B) if the individual has been issued a visa or other documentation, revocation, in accordance with section 221(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1201(i)), of the visa or other documentation.
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
"(C)
"(i)
"(ii)
"(c)
"(1) information provided jointly by the chairperson and ranking member of each of the appropriate congressional committees; and
"(2) credible information obtained by other countries and nongovernmental organizations that monitor violations of human rights.
"(d)
"(1)
"(A) determine if that person has engaged in such an activity; and
"(B) submit a classified or unclassified report to the chairperson and ranking member of the committee or committees that submitted the request with respect to that determination that includes—
"(i) a statement of whether or not the President imposed or intends to impose sanctions with respect to the person; and
"(ii) if the President imposed or intends to impose sanctions, a description of those sanctions.
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) one of the appropriate congressional committees of the Senate; and
"(ii) one of the appropriate congressional committees of the House of Representatives.
"(e)
"(f)
"(g)
"(1) credible information exists that the person did not engage in the activity for which sanctions were imposed;
"(2) the person has been prosecuted appropriately for the activity for which sanctions were imposed;
"(3) the person has credibly demonstrated a significant change in behavior, has paid an appropriate consequence for the activity for which sanctions were imposed, and has credibly committed to not engage in an activity described in subsection (a) in the future; or
"(4) the termination of the sanctions is in the national security interests of the United States.
"(h)
"(i)
"(j)
"(1) the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and
"(2) the Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.
"(a)
"(1) a list of each foreign person with respect to which the President imposed sanctions pursuant to section 1263 during the year preceding the submission of the report;
"(2) a description of the type of sanctions imposed with respect to each such person;
"(3) the number of foreign persons with respect to which the President—
"(A) imposed sanctions under section 1263(a) during that year; and
"(B) terminated sanctions under section 1263(g) during that year;
"(4) the dates on which such sanctions were imposed or terminated, as the case may be;
"(5) the reasons for imposing or terminating such sanctions; and
"(6) a description of the efforts of the President to encourage the governments of other countries to impose sanctions that are similar to the sanctions authorized by section 1263.
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(i) the calendar year in which the initial report is submitted if the initial report is submitted before December 10 of that calendar year; and
"(ii) each calendar year thereafter.
"(B)
"(c)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) determines that it is vital for the national security interests of the United States to do so;
"(B) uses the annex in a manner consistent with congressional intent and the purposes of this subtitle; and
"(C) not later than 15 days before submitting the name in a classified annex, provides to the appropriate congressional committees notice of, and a justification for, including the name in the classified annex despite any publicly available credible information indicating that the person engaged in an activity described in section 1263(a).
"(d)
"(1)
"(2)
"(e)
"(1) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; and
"(2) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Financial Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives.
"(a)
"(b)
[Authority to administer financial sanctions under section 1263 of Pub. L. 114–328, set out in a note above, delegated to Secretary of the Treasury and authority to administer visa sanctions under such section 1263 delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 8, 2017, 82 F.R. 45411.]
Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1287, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2546, as amended by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XII, §1284, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2076, provided that:
"(a)
"(1)
"(2)
"(b)
"(1) Direct, lead, synchronize, integrate, and coordinate interagency and international efforts to track and evaluate counterfactual narratives abroad that threaten the policies, security, or stability of the United States and United States allies and partner nations.
"(2) Analyze relevant information, data, analysis, and analytics from United States Government agencies, United States allies and partner nations, think tanks, academic institutions, civil society groups, and other nongovernmental organizations.
"(3) As needed, support the development and dissemination of fact-based narratives and analysis to counter propaganda and disinformation directed at the United States and United States allies and partner nations.
"(4) Identify current and emerging trends in foreign propaganda and disinformation in order to coordinate and shape the development of tactics, techniques, and procedures to expose and refute foreign propaganda and disinformation, and pro-actively support the promotion of credible, fact-based narratives and policies to audiences outside the United States.
"(5) Facilitate the use of a wide range of technologies and techniques by sharing expertise among Federal departments and agencies, seeking expertise from external sources, and implementing best practices.
"(6) Measure and evaluate the activities of the Center, including the outcomes of such activities, and implement mechanisms to ensure that the activities of the Center are updated to reflect the results of such measurement and evaluation.
"(7) Identify gaps in United States capabilities in areas relevant to the purpose of the Center and recommend necessary enhancements or changes.
"(8) Use information from appropriate interagency entities to identify the countries, geographic areas, and populations most susceptible to propaganda and disinformation, as well as the countries, geographic areas, and populations in which such propaganda and disinformation is likely to cause the most harm.
"(9) Administer the information access fund established pursuant to subsection (f).
"(10) Coordinate with United States allies and partner nations in order to amplify the Center's efforts and avoid duplication.
"(11) Maintain, collect, use, and disseminate records (as such term is defined in section 552a(a)(4) of title 5, United States Code) for research and data analysis of foreign state and non-state propaganda and disinformation efforts and communications related to public diplomacy efforts intended for foreign audiences. Such research and data analysis shall be reasonably tailored to meet the purposes of this paragraph and shall be carried out with due regard for privacy and civil liberties guidance and oversight.
"(c)
"(1)
"(2)
"(d)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) the Secretary determines that existing personnel resources or expertise are insufficient;
"(B) the period in which services are provided by a personal services contractor, including options, does not exceed 3 years, unless the Secretary determines that exceptional circumstances justify an extension of up to one additional year;
"(C) not more than 50 United States citizens or aliens are employed as personal services contractors under the authority of this paragraph at any time; and
"(D) the authority of this paragraph is only used to obtain specialized skills or experience or to respond to urgent needs.
"(e)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(f)
"(1)
"(A) To support local entities and linkages among such entities, including independent media entities, that are best positioned to refute foreign propaganda and disinformation in affected communities.
"(B) To collect and store examples of print, online, and social media disinformation and propaganda directed at the United States or United States allies and partner nations.
"(C) To analyze and report on tactics, techniques, and procedures of foreign information warfare and other efforts with respect to disinformation and propaganda.
"(D) To support efforts by the Center to counter efforts by foreign entities to use disinformation and propaganda to undermine or influence the policies, security, and social and political stability of the United States and United States allies and partner nations.
"(2)
"(g)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and
"(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Homeland Security, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.
"(h)
"(i)
"(j)
Pub. L. 110–53, title XX, §2043, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 524, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States concluded that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has 'been a problematic ally in combating Islamic extremism. At the level of high policy, Saudi Arabia's leaders cooperated with American diplomatic initiatives aimed at the Taliban or Pakistan before 9/11. At the same time, Saudi Arabia's society was a place where al Qaeda raised money directly from individuals and through charities. It was the society that produced 15 of the 19 hijackers.'.
"(2) Saudi Arabia has an uneven record in the fight against terrorism, especially with respect to terrorist financing, support for radical madrassas, a lack of political outlets for its citizens, and restrictions on religious pluralism, that poses a threat to the security of the United States, the international community, and Saudi Arabia itself.
"(3) The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States concluded that the 'problems in the U.S.-Saudi relationship must be confronted, openly'. It recommended that the two countries build a relationship that includes a 'shared commitment to political and economic reform . . . and a shared interest in greater tolerance and cultural respect, translating into a commitment to fight the violent extremists who foment hatred'.
"(4) The United States has a national security interest in working with the Government of Saudi Arabia to combat international terrorists that operate within that country or that operate outside Saudi Arabia with the support of citizens of Saudi Arabia.
"(5) The United States and Saudi Arabia established a Strategic Dialogue in 2005, which provides a framework for the two countries to discuss a range of bilateral issues at high levels, including counterterrorism policy and political and economic reforms.
"(6) It is in the national security interest of the United States to support the Government of Saudi Arabia in undertaking a number of political and economic reforms, including increasing anti-terrorism operations conducted by law enforcement agencies, providing more political and religious rights to its citizens, increasing the rights of women, engaging in comprehensive educational reform, enhancing monitoring of charitable organizations, and promulgating and enforcing domestic laws and regulation on terrorist financing.
"(b)
"(1) to engage with the Government of Saudi Arabia to openly confront the issue of terrorism, as well as other problematic issues such as the lack of political freedoms;
"(2) to enhance counterterrorism cooperation with the Government of Saudi Arabia; and
"(3) to support the efforts of the Government of Saudi Arabia to make political, economic, and social reforms, including greater religious freedom, throughout the country.
"(c)
"(1)
"(A) describes the long-term strategy of the United States—
"(i) to engage with the Government of Saudi Arabia to facilitate political, economic, and social reforms, including greater religious freedom, that will enhance the ability of the Government of Saudi Arabia to combat international terrorism; and
"(ii) to work with the Government of Saudi Arabia to combat terrorism, including through effective measures to prevent and prohibit the financing of terrorists by Saudi institutions and citizens; and
"(B) provides an assessment of the progress made by Saudi Arabia since 2001 on the matters described in subparagraph (A), including—
"(i) whether Saudi Arabia has become a party to the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism; and
"(ii) the activities and authority of the Saudi Nongovernmental National Commission for Relief and Charity Work Abroad.
"(2)
[For definition of "appropriate congressional committees" as used in section 2043 of Pub. L. 110–53, set out above, see section 2002 of Pub. L. 110–53, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title.]
[For assignment of functions of President under section 2043(c)(1) of Pub. L. 110–53, set out above, see Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 28, 2007, 72 F.R. 56871, set out as a note under section 2228 of this title.]
Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7101, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3775, provided that: "Consistent with the report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Congress makes the following findings:
"(1) Long-term success in the war on terrorism demands the use of all elements of national power, including diplomacy, military action, intelligence, covert action, law enforcement, economic policy, foreign aid, public diplomacy, and homeland defense.
"(2) To win the war on terrorism, the United States must assign to economic and diplomatic capabilities the same strategic priority that is assigned to military capabilities.
"(3) The legislative and executive branches of the Government of the United States must commit to robust, long-term investments in all of the tools necessary for the foreign policy of the United States to successfully accomplish the goals of the United States.
"(4) The investments referred to in paragraph (3) will require increased funding to United States foreign affairs programs in general, and to priority areas as described in this title [see Tables for classification] in particular."
Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7117, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3799, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) Almost every aspect of the counterterrorism strategy of the United States relies on international cooperation.
"(2) Since September 11, 2001, the number and scope of United States Government contacts with foreign governments concerning counterterrorism have expanded significantly, but such contacts have often been ad hoc and not integrated as a comprehensive and unified approach to counterterrorism.
"(b)
"(c)
"(1)
"(A) should seek to engage the leaders of the governments of other countries in a process of advancing beyond separate and uncoordinated national counterterrorism strategies to develop with those other governments a comprehensive multilateral strategy to fight terrorism; and
"(B) to that end, should seek to establish an international counterterrorism policy contact group with the leaders of governments providing leadership in global counterterrorism efforts and governments of countries with sizable Muslim populations, to be used as a ready and flexible international means for discussing and coordinating the development of important counterterrorism policies by the participating governments.
"(2)
"(A) To meet annually, or more frequently as the President determines appropriate, to develop in common with such other governments important policies and a strategy that address the various components of international prosecution of the war on terrorism, including policies and a strategy that address military issues, law enforcement, the collection, analysis, and dissemination of intelligence, issues relating to interdiction of travel by terrorists, counterterrorism-related customs issues, financial issues, and issues relating to terrorist sanctuaries.
"(B) To address, to the extent (if any) that the President and leaders of other participating governments determine appropriate, long-term issues that can contribute to strengthening stability and security in the Middle East."
Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7204, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3814, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) International terrorists travel across international borders to raise funds, recruit members, train for operations, escape capture, communicate, and plan and carry out attacks.
"(2) The international terrorists who planned and carried out the attack on the World Trade Center on February 26, 1993, the attack on the embassies of the United States in Kenya and Tanzania on August 7, 1998, the attack on the USS Cole on October 12, 2000, and the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, traveled across international borders to plan and carry out these attacks.
"(3) The international terrorists who planned other attacks on the United States, including the plot to bomb New York City landmarks in 1993, the plot to bomb the New York City subway in 1997, and the millennium plot to bomb Los Angeles International Airport on December 31, 1999, traveled across international borders to plan and carry out these attacks.
"(4) Many of the international terrorists who planned and carried out large-scale attacks against foreign targets, including the attack in Bali, Indonesia, on October 11, 2002, and the attack in Madrid, Spain, on March 11, 2004, traveled across international borders to plan and carry out these attacks.
"(5) Throughout the 1990s, international terrorists, including those involved in the attack on the World Trade Center on February 26, 1993, the plot to bomb New York City landmarks in 1993, and the millennium plot to bomb Los Angeles International Airport on December 31, 1999, traveled on fraudulent passports and often had more than 1 passport.
"(6) Two of the September 11, 2001, hijackers were carrying passports that had been manipulated in a fraudulent manner.
"(7) The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, (commonly referred to as the 9/11 Commission), stated that 'Targeting travel is at least as powerful a weapon against terrorists as targeting their money.'.
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) share information on lost, stolen, and fraudulent passports and other travel documents for the purposes of preventing the undetected travel of persons using such passports and other travel documents that were obtained improperly;
"(B) establish and implement a real-time verification system of passports and other travel documents with issuing authorities;
"(C) share with officials at ports of entry in any such country information relating to lost, stolen, and fraudulent passports and other travel documents;
"(D) encourage countries—
"(i) to criminalize—
"(I) the falsification or counterfeiting of travel documents or breeder documents for any purpose;
"(II) the use or attempted use of false documents to obtain a visa or cross a border for any purpose;
"(III) the possession of tools or implements used to falsify or counterfeit such documents;
"(IV) the trafficking in false or stolen travel documents and breeder documents for any purpose;
"(V) the facilitation of travel by a terrorist; and
"(VI) attempts to commit, including conspiracies to commit, the crimes specified in subclauses (I) through (V);
"(ii) to impose significant penalties to appropriately punish violations and effectively deter the crimes specified in clause (i); and
"(iii) to limit the issuance of citizenship papers, passports, identification documents, and similar documents to persons—
"(I) whose identity is proven to the issuing authority;
"(II) who have a bona fide entitlement to or need for such documents; and
"(III) who are not issued such documents principally on account of a disproportional payment made by them or on their behalf to the issuing authority;
"(E) provide technical assistance to countries to help them fully implement such measures; and
"(F) permit immigration and border officials—
"(i) to confiscate a lost, stolen, or falsified passport at ports of entry;
"(ii) to permit the traveler to return to the sending country without being in possession of the lost, stolen, or falsified passport; and
"(iii) to detain and investigate such traveler upon the return of the traveler to the sending country.
"(3)
"(c)
"(1)
"(2)
[Functions of President under subsec. (c) of section 7204 of Pub. L. 108–458, set out above, assigned to Secretary of State by section 1 of Memorandum of President of the United States, Apr. 21, 2005, 70 F.R. 48633, set out as a note under section 301 of title 3, The President.]
Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title VI, subtitle C, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1399, provided that:
"This subtitle may be cited as the 'East Timor Transition to Independence Act of 2002'.
"(a)
"(1) support the development of civil society, including nongovernmental organizations in East Timor;
"(2) promote the development of an independent news media;
"(3) support job creation, including support for small business and microenterprise programs, environmental protection, sustainable development, development of East Timor's health care infrastructure, educational programs, and programs strengthening the role of women in society;
"(4) promote reconciliation, conflict resolution, and prevention of further conflict with respect to East Timor, including establishing accountability for past gross human rights violations;
"(5) support the voluntary and safe repatriation and reintegration of refugees into East Timor;
"(6) support political party development, voter education, voter registration, and other activities in support of free and fair elections in East Timor; and
"(7) promote the development of the rule of law.
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
"The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States executive director at each international financial institution to which the United States is a member to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States to support economic and democratic development in East Timor.
"(a)
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
"(c)
"As soon as possible after the enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 2002], the United States Trade Representative and the Commissioner of Customs should send an assessment team to East Timor to compile a list of duty-free eligible products so that the Government of East Timor can begin the process of applying for General System of Preference benefits.
"The Broadcasting Board of Governors [now United States Agency for Global Media] should broadcast to East Timor in an appropriate language or languages.
"(a)
"(1)
"(A) the extent to which East Timor's security needs can be met by the transfer of excess defense articles under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2321j];
"(B) the extent to which international military education and training (IMET) assistance will enhance professionalism of the armed forces of East Timor, provide training in human rights, and promote respect for human rights and humanitarian law; and
"(C) the terms and conditions under which such defense articles or training, as appropriate, should be provided.
"(2)
"(b)
"(1)
"(A) to transfer excess defense articles under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2321j) to East Timor in accordance with such section; and
"(B) to provide military education and training under chapter 5 of part II of such Act (22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.) for the armed forces of East Timor in accordance with such chapter.
"(2)
"(A) East Timor has established an independent armed forces; and
"(B) the assistance proposed to be provided pursuant to paragraph (1)—
"(i) is in the national security interests of the United States; and
"(ii) will promote both human rights in East Timor and the professionalization of the armed forces of East Timor.
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) developments in East Timor's political and economic situation in the period covered by the report, including an evaluation of any elections which have occurred in East Timor and the refugee reintegration process in East Timor;
"(2) in the initial report, a 3-year plan for United States foreign assistance to East Timor in accordance with section 632, prepared by the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, which outlines the goals for United States foreign assistance to East Timor during the 3-year period;
"(3) a description of the activities undertaken in East Timor by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Development Bank, and other international financial institutions, and an evaluation of the effectiveness of these activities;
"(4) an assessment of the status of United States trade and investment relations with East Timor, including a detailed analysis of any trade and investment-related activity supported by the Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Finance Corporation], the Export-Import Bank of the United States, or the Trade and Development Agency during the period of time since the previous report;
"(5) a comprehensive study and report on local agriculture in East Timor, emerging opportunities for producing, processing, and exporting indigenous agricultural products, and recommendations for appropriate technical assistance from the United States; and
"(6) statistical data drawn from other sources on economic growth, health, education, and distribution of resources in East Timor."
[For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.]
[For definitions of "appropriate congressional committees" and "Secretary" as used in subtitle C of title VI of div. A of Pub. L. 107–228, set out above, see section 3 of Pub. L. 107–228, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.]
Determination of President of the United States, No. 2003–19, Mar. 28, 2003, 68 F.R. 16167, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of State
Pursuant to the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including section 637(b)(2) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003 [Pub. L. 107–228, §637(b)(2), set out above], I hereby certify that East Timor has established an independent armed forces; and that the provision to East Timor of military assistance in the form of excess defense articles and international military education and training is in the national security interests of the United States, and will promote both human rights in East Timor and the professionalization of the armed forces of East Timor.
You are hereby authorized and directed to report this certification, accompanying memorandum of justification [not set out in the Code], and report on East Timor security assistance to the Congress, and to arrange for the publication of this memorandum in the Federal Register.
George W. Bush.
Pub. L. 106–570, title IV, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3047, known as the Pacific Charter Commission Act of 2000, provided for the establishment of the Pacific Charter Commission to promote United States foreign policy, support democratization, rule of law, and human rights, promote United States exports, assist in combating terrorism and spread of illicit narcotics, and advocate for United States diplomacy, all in the Asia-Pacific region, with authority to establish the Commission to expire Dec. 31, 2002, and termination of the Commission to occur not later than six years after the date of establishment.
Pub. L. 106–429, §101(a) [title V, §564(e), (g), (j), (k)], Nov. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 1900, 1900A–48 to 1900A–50, as amended by Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, §7034(n), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217, provided that:
"(e)
"(g)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"[(4) Repealed. Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, §7034(n), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217.]
"(5)
"(j)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(k)
[Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act:
Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(2) [title V, §566(e), (g), (j), (k)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A–107 to 1501A–109.
Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title III, §338], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–443, provided findings regarding financial disadvantages of administrative and technical personnel posted to United States missions abroad who do not have diplomatic status and required related report to Congress by the Secretary of State not later than one year after Nov. 29, 1999.
Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title VIII, §873], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–474, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, §101(c) [title V, §585], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–121, 3009–171, as amended by Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title XIII, §1308(g)(1)(D), (2), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1441, which required the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, to provide semiannual reports relating to the military forces of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–76, div. K, title VII, §7034(i), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 514.
Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(2) [title V, §552], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A–99, provided in part: "That 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1999], and every 180 days thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit a report to the Committees on Appropriations describing the steps the United States Government is taking to collect information regarding allegations of genocide or other violations of international law in the former Yugoslavia and to furnish that information to the United Nations War Crimes Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia".
Similar provisions were contained in the following appropriation acts:
Pub. L. 106–429, §101(a) [title V, §552], Nov. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 1900, 1900A–41.
Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(d) [title V, §554], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–150, 2681–188.
Pub. L. 105–118, title V, §553, Nov. 26, 1997, 111 Stat. 2422.
Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, §101(c) [title V, §555], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–121, 3009–160.
Pub. L. 104–107, title V, §556, Feb. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 743.
Pub. L. 103–306, title V, §575, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1653.
Pub. L. 103–236, title V, §536, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 481, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) it is the sense of the Congress that the United States should seek to establish a dialogue with those recognized by Congress as the true representatives of the Tibetan people, the Dalai Lama, his representatives and the Tibetan Government in exile, concerning the situation in Tibet and the future of the Tibetan people and to expand and strengthen United States-Tibet cultural and educational relations, including promoting bilateral exchanges arranged directly with the Tibetan Government in exile; and
"(2) not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Apr. 30, 1994], and every 12 months thereafter, the Secretary of State shall transmit to the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Speaker of the House of Representatives a report on the state of relations between the United States and those recognized by Congress as the true representatives of the Tibetan people, the Dalai Lama, his representatives and the Tibetan Government in exile, and on conditions in Tibet.
"(b)
"(1) It is the sense of the Congress that whenever a report is transmitted to the Congress on a country-by-country basis there should be included in such report, where applicable, a separate report on Tibet listed alphabetically with its own state heading.
"(2) The reports referred to in paragraph (1) include, but are not limited to, reports transmitted under sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151n(d), 2304(b)] (relating to human rights)."
Pub. L. 103–236, title V, part D, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 486, provided that:
"This part may be cited as the 'Cambodian Genocide Justice Act'.
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) to collect, or assist appropriate organizations and individuals to collect relevant data on crimes of genocide committed in Cambodia;
"(2) in circumstances which the President deems appropriate, to encourage the establishment of a national or international criminal tribunal for the prosecution of those accused of genocide in Cambodia; and
"(3) as necessary, to provide such national or international tribunal with information collected pursuant to paragraph (1).
"(a)
"(2) The Office may carry out its activities inside or outside of Cambodia, except that not less than 75 percent of the funds made available for the Office and its activities shall be used to carry out activities within Cambodia.
"(b)
"(1) to investigate crimes against humanity committed by national Khmer Rouge leaders during that period;
"(2) to provide the people of Cambodia with access to documents, records, and other evidence held by the Office as a result of such investigation;
"(3) to submit the relevant data to a national or international penal tribunal that may be convened to formally hear and judge the genocidal acts committed by the Khmer Rouge; and
"(4) to develop the United States proposal for the establishment of an international criminal tribunal for the prosecution of those accused of genocide in Cambodia.
"(c)
"(d)
"(a)
"(1) that describes the activities of the Office, and sets forth new facts learned about past Khmer Rouge practices, during the preceding 6-month period; and
"(2) that describes the steps the President has taken during the preceding 6-month period to promote human rights, to support efforts to bring to justice the national political and military leadership of the Khmer Rouge, and to prevent the recurrence of human rights abuses in Cambodia through actions which are not related to United Nations activities in Cambodia.
"(b)
[Functions of President under section 574 of Pub. L. 103–236, set out above, delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of President of the United States, July 26, 1994, 59 F.R. 40205, set out as a note under section 2370a of this title.]
Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §153(a), (b), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 43, as amended by Pub. L. 101–302, title III, §320(b)(2), May 25, 1990, 104 Stat. 247, required the Secretary of State to submit, not later than 120 days after Feb. 16, 1990, and to implement, not later than Jan. 1, 1991, a plan to assure equal efforts in recruiting certain employees from different regions in the United States.
Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §109, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1339, provided that: "No funds authorized to be appropriated by this Act or by any other Act authorizing funds for any entity engaged in any activity concerning the foreign affairs of the United States shall be used—
"(1) for publicity or propaganda purposes designed to support or defeat legislation pending before Congress;
"(2) to influence in any way the outcome of a political election in the United States; or
"(3) for any publicity or propaganda purposes not authorized by Congress."
Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §122, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1339, prohibited use of appropriated funds for closing United States consular or diplomatic posts abroad, or for paying expenses related to Bureau of Administration of Department of State if a post was closed after Jan. 1, 1987, and not reopened, provided funding for certain consulates, provided exceptions for prohibition on use of appropriated funds, permitted Secretary of State, in case of a sequestration order, to submit a report proposing a list of consular posts to be downgraded or closed in order to comply with sequestration order, and provided that the prohibitions were to be effective 180 days after Dec. 22, 1987, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §112(b), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 655. See section 2720 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §123, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1339, directed that none of the funds made available for the Department of State for any fiscal year be used for expenses of maintaining a United States diplomatic or consular post in Antigua and Barbuda and provided that such prohibition take effect 60 days after Dec. 22, 1987, unless the President made a determination that such closing would not be in the national security interest of the United States and informed both the Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the House Foreign Affairs Committee of such determination, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §121, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 27.
Determination of President of the United States, No. 88–9, Feb. 9, 1988, 53 F.R. 5749, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of State
In accordance with Section 123 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 (Public Law 100–204) [set out above], I have determined that closure of the U.S. Diplomatic and Consular Mission in Antigua and Barbuda is not in the national security interests of the United States.
You are hereby authorized and directed to report this determination to the Congress, as required by law. This determination shall be published in the Federal Register.
Ronald Reagan.
Pub. L. 100–204, title VIII, §801, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1397, provided that: "If the Secretary of State, in exercising his authority to establish overseas staffing levels for Federal agencies with activities abroad, authorizes the assignment of any Drug Enforcement Administration agent to a particular United States mission abroad, the Secretary shall authorize the assignment of at least two such agents to that mission."
Pub. L. 100–202, §101(a) [title III, §305], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329, 1329–23, provided that: "The following sections of H.R. 1777 (the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 [Pub. L. 100–204]) are waived during Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 in the event that H.R. 1777 is enacted into law: Sec. 122 [set out above], Sec. 151, and Sec. 204 [22 U.S.C. 1461 note]."
Pub. L. 99–500, §101(b) [title III, §300], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–39, 1783–58, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(b) [title III, §300], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–39, 3341–58, which required the Secretary of State to report every six months to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate on failures by Soviet agencies to perform obligations to United States diplomats or United States missions to the Soviet Union and on actions undertaken by the Department of State to redress these failures, terminated, effective May 15, 2000, pursuant to section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance. See, also, page 127 of House Document No. 103–7.
Pub. L. 99–93, title I, §138, Aug. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 422, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) allows foreign news correspondents into the country and does not subject them to harassment or restrictions;
"(2) allows nongovernment-owned press to operate in the country; and
"(3) does not subject the press in the country to systematic censorship."
Pub. L. 99–93, title I, §139, Aug. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 422, provided that: "It is the sense of the Congress that the Secretary of State should ensure that all United States consular offices are equipped with 24-hour emergency telephone service through which United States citizens can contact a member of the staff of any such office. The Secretary should publicize the telephone number of each such service for the information of United States citizens. Not more than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 16, 1985], the Secretary shall submit a report to the Congress on steps taken in accordance with this section."
Pub. L. 98–447, Oct. 4, 1984, 98 Stat. 1721, provided: "That the Congress reaffirms that it is the continuing policy of the United States Government to oppose the practice of torture by foreign governments through public and private diplomacy and, when necessary and appropriate, through the enactment and vigorous implementation of laws intended to reinforce United States policies with respect to torture. The United States Government opposes acts of torture wherever they occur, without regard to ideological or regional considerations, and will make every effort to work cooperatively with other governments and with nongovernmental organizations to combat the practice of torture worldwide.
"(1) to instruct the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations to continue to raise the issue of torture practiced by governments; and
"(2) to continue to involve the United States Government in the formulation of international standards and effective implementing mechanisms, particularly the draft Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
"(b) In order to implement the policy expressed in the first section of this resolution, the Secretary of State is requested to issue formal instructions to each United States chief of mission regarding United States policy with respect to torture, including—
"(1) instructions—
"(A) to examine allegations of the practice of torture, particularly allegations concerning the existence of secret detention, extended incommunicado detention, and restrictions on access by family members, lawyers, and independent medical personnel to detainees; and
"(B) to forward such information as may be gathered, including information regarding any efforts made by the host government to reduce and eliminate the practice of torture, to the Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs for analysis in preparing the Department's annual country reports on human rights practices;
"(2) in the case of a chief of mission assigned to a country where torture is regularly practiced, instructions to report on a periodic basis as circumstances require to the Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs regarding efforts made by the respective United States diplomatic mission to implement United States policy with respect to combating torture;
"(3) instructions to meet with indigenous human rights monitoring groups knowledgeable about the practice of torture for the purpose of gathering information about such practice; and
"(4) instructions to express concern in individual cases of torture brought to the attention of a United States diplomatic mission including, whenever feasible, sending United States observers to trials when there is reason to believe that torture has been used against the accused.
"(c) The Secretary of Commerce should continue to enforce vigorously the current restrictions on the export of crime control equipment pursuant to the Export Administration Act of 1979 [50 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.].
"(d) The heads of the appropriate departments of the United States Government that furnish military and law enforcement training to foreign personnel, particularly personnel from countries where the practice of torture has been a documented concern, shall include in such training, when relevant, instruction regarding international human rights standards and the policy of the United States with respect to torture."
[Except as otherwise provided, Secretary of State to have and exercise any authority vested by law in any official or office of Department of State and references to such officials or offices deemed to refer to Secretary of State or Department of State, as appropriate, see section 2651a of this title and section 161(d) of Pub. L. 103–236, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.]
Pub. L. 98–164, title I, §134, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1029, provided that: "In order to provide for the establishment of United States diplomatic relations with the Vatican, the Act entitled 'An Act making Appropriations for the Consular and Diplomatic Expenses of the Government for the Year ending thirtieth June, eighteen hundred and sixty-eight, and for other purposes', approved February 28, 1867, is amended by repealing the following sentence (14 Stat. 413): 'And no money hereby or otherwise appropriated shall be paid for the support of an American legation at Rome, from and after the thirtieth day of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven.'."
Pub. L. 97–241, title I, §103(b), (c), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 273, as amended by Pub. L. 98–164, title I, §137, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1030; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §139(8), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 398, provided that:
"(b) None of the funds made available under this [Pub. L. 97–241] or any other Act for 'Administration of Foreign Affairs' may be used for the establishment or operation of any United States consulate that did not exist on the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 24, 1982] (other than the consulates specified in subsection (c)) until all the United States consulates specified in subsection (c) have been reopened as required by section 108 of the Department of State Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1980 and 1981 [section 108 of Pub. L. 96–60, set out as a note below], to the extent such reopening is authorized by the foreign government involved.
"(c) The consulates referred to in subsections (a) [section 103(a) of Pub. L. 97–241, which was not classified to the Code] and (b) of this section are the consulates in the following locations: Turin, Italy; Salzburg, Austria; Goteborg, Sweden; Bremen, Germany; Nice, France; Mandalay, Burma; and Brisbane, Australia."
Pub. L. 96–60, title I, §108, Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 397, provided that U.S. consulates in Salzburg, Austria; Bremen, Germany; Nice, France; Turin, Italy; Goteborg, Sweden; Adana, Turkey; Tangier, Morocco; Mandalay, Burma; Brisbane, Australia; and Surabaya, Indonesia, would not be closed or, if closed as of Aug. 15, 1979, would be reopened as soon as possible after such date.
Pub. L. 95–426, title VI, §603, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 985, as amended by Pub. L. 97–241, title V, §505(a)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299, provided that:
"(a) The Congress finds that—
"(1) news dissemination and the free flow of information across national boundaries are vital to international understanding and to healthy relations among countries; and
"(2) recurring and reliable reports strongly indicate that in many countries foreign news correspondents are subject to governmental harassment and restriction, including the denial of access to legitimate news sources, the imposition of censorship, and detention, incarceration, and expulsion.
"(b) It is therefore the sense of the Congress that the President should—
"(1) advise the appropriate officials of any foreign government which subjects foreign news correspondents to harassment and restrictions that the United States considers such mistreatment a significant and potentially damaging factor in overall relations of the United States with such country; and
"(2) raise in appropriate international forums the issue of the treatment of foreign news correspondents, with a view toward gaining multilateral support for the legitimate rights of such correspondents.
"(c) [Repealed. Pub. L. 97–241, title V, §505(a)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299.]"
Pub. L. 95–426, title VI, §607, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 988, provided that: "The Congress finds that the conduct of diplomatic relations with a foreign government has as its principal purpose the discussion and negotiation with that government of outstanding issues and, like the recognition of a foreign government, does not in itself imply approval of that government or of the political-economic system it represents."
Ex. Ord. No. 13584, Sept. 9, 2011, 76 F.R. 56945, which related to developing an integrated strategic counterterrorism communications initiative and establishing a temporary organization to support certain government-wide communications activities directed abroad, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13721, §2, Mar. 17, 2016, 81 F.R. 14685, set out below.
Ex. Ord. No. 13721, Mar. 14, 2016, 81 F.R. 14685, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 2656 of title 22, United States Code, and section 3161 of title 5, United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows:
(a) coordinating, integrating, and synchronizing all public communications of the United States Government directed toward foreign audiences abroad in order to counter the messaging and diminish the influence of international terrorist organizations and other violent extremists abroad;
(b) developing and promulgating throughout the executive branch, on the basis of rigorous research and modern data analysis, the U.S. strategic counterterrorism narratives, guidance, and associated communications strategies directed toward foreign audiences abroad in order to counter the messaging and diminish the influence of international terrorist organizations and other violent extremists abroad;
(c) consulting and engaging, in coordination with agencies and the Countering Violent Extremism Task Force, as appropriate, with a range of communications-related actors and entities, within the United States and abroad, including governments, private sector and civil society entities, in order to contribute to U.S. Government efforts to counter the communications-related radicalization to violence and recruitment activities of international terrorist organizations and other violent extremists abroad, while also building the capacity of partners to create resonant positive alternative narratives and to diminish the influence of such international terrorist organizations and other violent extremists abroad;
(d) identifying, engaging, employing, or acquiring the best available talent across the U.S. and from global private sectors, academia, and elsewhere to support the Center's mission;
(e) identifying shortfalls in any U.S. capabilities in any areas relevant to the Center's mission and implementing or recommending, as appropriate, necessary enhancements or changes; and
(f) developing, supporting, and sustaining networks of governmental and non-governmental partners, to provide original content and disseminate messaging products to foreign audiences abroad and to create, develop, and sustain effective positive alternative narratives consistent with U.S. policy objectives.
(a) details or assignments of personnel, which shall be based on reasonable requests in light of the need for specific domain expertise, and after consultation with the relevant agency to ensure that such requests align with their authorities and resources;
(b) the use of physical premises, equipment, and logistical or administrative support;
(c) relevant information, research, intelligence, and analysis; and
(d) such other resources and assistance as the Coordinator may request for the purpose of carrying out the responsibilities outlined in this order.
(b) The purpose of the GECCO shall be to perform the specific project of providing technical, marketing, management, and operational support to the Center in its efforts to build and maintain a network of partners outside the U.S. Government, including private sector entities and non-governmental organizations, and to develop research and analytics to enable measurement and evaluation of the activities of the Center and related activities conducted by other agencies.
(c) In carrying out the purposes set forth in subsection (b) of this section, the GECCO shall:
(i) provide technical, marketing, management, and operational support for the management of contracts, grants, and cooperative agreements;
(ii) assist the Center in building and maintaining partnerships with private sector entities, non-governmental organizations, and others as appropriate in support of the Center's mission;
(iii) design and develop sustained campaigns, in coordination with and primarily for use by private sector entities and non-governmental organizations, on specific areas of interest to foreign audiences abroad in support of the Center's mission;
(iv) conduct or commission baseline research to establish the basis for evaluation of the activities of the Center and related activities conducted by other agencies;
(v) develop analytical models and metrics, consistent with the Center's responsibilities, in order to enable measurement and evaluation of the activities of the Center in coordinating effective strategies to counter the messaging and diminish the influence of international terrorist organizations and other violent extremists abroad, and related activities conducted by other agencies; and
(vi) perform such other functions related to the specific project set forth in subsection (b) of this section as the Secretary may assign.
(d) The GECCO shall be headed by the Coordinator. Its staff may include, as determined by the Coordinator: (1) personnel with relevant expertise detailed on a non-reimbursable basis from other agencies; (2) senior and other technical advisers; (3) executive-level personnel; and (4) such other personnel as the Secretary may request to support the GECCO. To accomplish this mission, the heads of agencies shall, upon request, provide to the GECCO, on a non-reimbursable basis, assistance, services, and other support including but not limited to logistical and administrative support and details of personnel to the extent permitted by law. Non-reimbursable details to the GECCO shall be based on reasonable requests from the Coordinator in light of the need for specific expertise, and after consultation with the relevant agency, to the extent permitted by law.
(e) The GECCO shall terminate at the end of the maximum period permitted by section 3161(a)(1) of title 5, United States Code, unless sooner terminated by the Secretary consistent with section 3161(a)(2) of such title.
(f) The termination of the GECCO as required by subsection (e) of this section shall not be interpreted to imply the termination, attenuation or amendment of any other authority or provision of this order.
(i) authority granted by law to an agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Barack Obama.