1988—Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(h)(2)(D), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3503, substituted "Source rules and other general rules relating to foreign income" for "Determination of sources of income" in item for part I.
1976—Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1064(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1653, added item V.
1988—Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §§1012(e)(3)(B), (h)(2)(C), 1018(u)(37), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3500, 3502, 3592, substituted "SOURCE RULES AND OTHER GENERAL RULES RELATING TO FOREIGN INCOME" for "DETERMINATION OF SOURCES OF INCOME" as part I heading, substituted "Special rules for determining source" for "Items not specified in section 861 or 862" in item 863, and added item 865.
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1215(b)(2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2545, substituted "Definitions and special rules" for "Definitions" in item 864.
The following items of gross income shall be treated as income from sources within the United States:
Interest from the United States or the District of Columbia, and interest on bonds, notes, or other interest-bearing obligations of noncorporate residents or domestic corporations not including—
(A) interest—
(i) on deposits with a foreign branch of a domestic corporation or a domestic partnership if such branch is engaged in the commercial banking business, and
(ii) on amounts satisfying the requirements of subparagraph (B) of section 871(i)(3) which are paid by a foreign branch of a domestic corporation or a domestic partnership, and
(B) in the case of a foreign partnership, which is predominantly engaged in the active conduct of a trade or business outside the United States, any interest not paid by a trade or business engaged in by the partnership in the United States and not allocable to income which is effectively connected (or treated as effectively connected) with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States.
The amount received as dividends—
(A) from a domestic corporation, or
(B) from a foreign corporation unless less than 25 percent of the gross income from all sources of such foreign corporation for the 3-year period ending with the close of its taxable year preceding the declaration of such dividends (or for such part of such period as the corporation has been in existence) was effectively connected (or treated as effectively connected other than income described in section 884(d)(2)) with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States; but only in an amount which bears the same ratio to such dividends as the gross income of the corporation for such period which was effectively connected (or treated as effectively connected other than income described in section 884(d)(2)) with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States bears to its gross income from all sources; but dividends (other than dividends for which a deduction is allowable under section 245(b)) from a foreign corporation shall, for purposes of subpart A of part III (relating to foreign tax credit), be treated as income from sources without the United States to the extent (and only to the extent) exceeding the amount which is 100/50th of the amount of the deduction allowable under section 245 in respect of such dividends, or
(C) from a foreign corporation to the extent that such amount is required by section 243(e) (relating to certain dividends from foreign corporations) to be treated as dividends from a domestic corporation which is subject to taxation under this chapter, and to such extent subparagraph (B) shall not apply to such amount, or
(D) from a DISC or former DISC (as defined in section 992(a)) except to the extent attributable (as determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary) to qualified export receipts described in section 993(a)(1) (other than interest and gains described in section 995(b)(1)).
In the case of any dividend from a 20-percent owned corporation (as defined in section 243(c)(2)), subparagraph (B) shall be applied by substituting "100/65th" for "100/50th".
Compensation for labor or personal services performed in the United States; except that compensation for labor or services performed in the United States shall not be deemed to be income from sources within the United States if—
(A) the labor or services are performed by a nonresident alien individual temporarily present in the United States for a period or periods not exceeding a total of 90 days during the taxable year,
(B) such compensation does not exceed $3,000 in the aggregate, and
(C) the compensation is for labor or services performed as an employee of or under a contract with—
(i) a nonresident alien, foreign partnership, or foreign corporation, not engaged in trade or business within the United States, or
(ii) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, a domestic partnership, or a domestic corporation, if such labor or services are performed for an office or place of business maintained in a foreign country or in a possession of the United States by such individual, partnership, or corporation.
In addition, compensation for labor or services performed in the United States shall not be deemed to be income from sources within the United States if the labor or services are performed by a nonresident alien individual in connection with the individual's temporary presence in the United States as a regular member of the crew of a foreign vessel engaged in transportation between the United States and a foreign country or a possession of the United States.
Rentals or royalties from property located in the United States or from any interest in such property, including rentals or royalties for the use of or for the privilege of using in the United States patents, copyrights, secret processes and formulas, good will, trade-marks, trade brands, franchises, and other like property.
Gains, profits, and income from the disposition of a United States real property interest (as defined in section 897(c)).
Gains, profits, and income derived from the purchase of inventory property (within the meaning of section 865(i)(1)) without the United States (other than within a possession of the United States) and its sale or exchange within the United States.
(7) Amounts received as underwriting income (as defined in section 832(b)(3)) derived from the issuing (or reinsuring) of any insurance or annuity contract—
(A) in connection with property in, liability arising out of an activity in, or in connection with the lives or health of residents of, the United States, or
(B) in connection with risks not described in subparagraph (A) as a result of any arrangement whereby another corporation receives a substantially equal amount of premiums or other consideration in respect to issuing (or reinsuring) any insurance or annuity contract in connection with property in, liability arising out of activity in, or in connection with the lives or health of residents of, the United States.
Any social security benefit (as defined in section 86(d)).
Amounts received, directly or indirectly, from—
(A) a noncorporate resident or domestic corporation for the provision of a guarantee of any indebtedness of such resident or corporation, or
(B) any foreign person for the provision of a guarantee of any indebtedness of such person, if such amount is connected with income which is effectively connected (or treated as effectively connected) with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States.
From the items of gross income specified in subsection (a) as being income from sources within the United States there shall be deducted the expenses, losses, and other deductions properly apportioned or allocated thereto and a ratable part of any expenses, losses, or other deductions which cannot definitely be allocated to some item or class of gross income. The remainder, if any, shall be included in full as taxable income from sources within the United States. In the case of an individual who does not itemize deductions, an amount equal to the standard deduction shall be considered a deduction which cannot definitely be allocated to some item or class of gross income.
For purposes of subsection (a)(2)(B), if the foreign corporation has no gross income from any source for the 3-year period (or part thereof) specified, the requirements of such subsection shall be applied with respect to the taxable year of such corporation in which the payment of the dividend is made.
For purposes of subsection (a) and section 862(a), if—
(A) a taxpayer leases railroad rolling stock which is section 1245 property (as defined in section 1245(a)(3)) to a domestic common carrier by railroad or a corporation which is controlled, directly or indirectly, by one or more such common carriers, and
(B) the use under such lease is expected to be use within the United States,
all amounts includible in gross income by the taxpayer with respect to such railroad rolling stock (including gain from sale or other disposition of such railroad rolling stock) shall be treated as income from sources within the United States. The requirements of subparagraph (B) of the preceding sentence shall be treated as satisfied if the only expected use outside the United States is use by a person (whether or not a United States person) in Canada or Mexico on a temporary basis which is not expected to exceed a total of 90 days in any taxable year.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a lease between two members of the same controlled group of corporations (as defined in section 1563) if any member of such group is a domestic common carrier by railroad or a switching or terminal company all of whose stock is owned by one or more domestic common carriers by railroad.
No credit shall be allowed under section 901 for any payments to foreign countries with respect to any amount received by the taxpayer with respect to railroad rolling stock which is subject to paragraph (1).
For treatment of interest paid by the branch of a foreign corporation, see section 884(f).
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 275; Pub. L. 86–779, §3(b), Sept. 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 998; Pub. L. 87–834, §9(c), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1001; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §102(a)(1)–(3), (b), (c), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1541–1543; Pub. L. 91–172, title IV, §435(a), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 625; Pub. L. 92–9, §3(a)(2), Apr. 1, 1971, 85 Stat. 15; Pub. L. 92–178, title III, §314(a), title V, §503, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 528, 550; Pub. L. 93–625, §§8, 9(a), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2116; Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §§1036(a), 1041, 1051(h)(3), title XIX, §§1901(b)(26)(A), (B), (c)(7), 1904(b)(10)(B), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1633, 1634, 1647, 1798, 1803, 1817, 1834; Pub. L. 95–30, title I, §102(b)(9), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 138; Pub. L. 95–600, title III, §370(a), title V, §540(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2858, 2887; Pub. L. 96–499, title XI, §1124, Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2690; Pub. L. 96–605, title I, §104(a), Dec. 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 3523; Pub. L. 98–21, title I, §121(d), Apr. 20, 1983, 97 Stat. 83; Pub. L. 99–514, title I, §104(b)(11), title XII, §§1211(b)(1)(B), 1212(d), 1214(a), (b), (c)(5), 1241(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2105, 2536, 2539, 2541–2543, 2579; Pub. L. 100–203, title X, §10221(d)(4), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–409; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §§1012(g)(3), (i)(10), (14)(B), (q)(7), (9), (15), 1018(u)(39), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3501, 3509, 3510, 3524, 3525, 3592; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §§7811(i)(2), 7841(d)(9), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2409, 2428; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §§11801(a)(29), (c)(6)(C), (14), 11813(b)(17), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–521, 1388–524, 1388–527, 1388–555; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1702(h)(9), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1874; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1174(a)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 989; Pub. L. 107–16, title VI, §621(a), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 111; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §410(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1500; Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §217(a), (c)(1), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2400, 2402; Pub. L. 111–240, title II, §2122(a), Sept. 27, 2010, 124 Stat. 2567; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §13002(e), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2100; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(d)(1)(D)(ix), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1207.)
2018—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–141 struck out "other than a corporation which has an election in effect under section 936" after "corporation".
2017—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–97, §13002(e)(2), substituted "100/65th" for "100/80th" and "100/50th" for "100/70th" in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §13002(e)(1), substituted "100/50th" for "100/70th".
2010—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 111–226, §217(a), redesignated subpars. (B) and (C) as (A) and (B), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "interest from a resident alien individual or domestic corporation, if such individual or corporation meets the 80-percent foreign business requirements of subsection (c)(1),".
Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 111–240 added par. (9).
Subsecs. (c) to (f). Pub. L. 111–226, §217(c)(1), redesignated subsecs. (d) to (f) as (c) to (e), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (c) which related to foreign business requirements.
2004—Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 108–357 added subpar. (C).
2001—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107–16 struck out "except for purposes of sections 79 and 105 and subchapter D," after "In addition," in concluding provisions.
1997—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 105–34 inserted concluding provisions "In addition, except for purposes of sections 79 and 105 and subchapter D, compensation for labor or services performed in the United States shall not be deemed to be income from sources within the United States if the labor or services are performed by a nonresident alien individual in connection with the individual's temporary presence in the United States as a regular member of the crew of a foreign vessel engaged in transportation between the United States and a foreign country or a possession of the United States."
1996—Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–188 provided that the amendment made by section 11813(b)(17) of Pub. L. 101–508 shall be applied as if the material stricken by such amendment included the closing parenthesis after "section 48(a)(5)". See 1990 Amendment note below.
1990—Subsec. (a)(1)(A), (B). Pub. L. 101–508, §11801(a)(29), (c)(14), inserted "and" at end of subpar. (A), substituted a period for a comma at end of subpar. (B), and struck out subpars. (C) and (D) which read as follows:
"(C) interest on a debt obligation which was part of an issue with respect to which an election has been made under subsection (c) of section 4912 (as in effect before July 1, 1974) and which, when issued (or treated as issued under subsection (c)(2) of such section), had a maturity not exceeding 15 years and, when issued, was purchased by one or more underwriters with a view to distribution through resale, but only with respect to interest attributable to periods after the date of such election, and
"(D) interest on a debt obligation which was part of an issue which—
"(i) was part of an issue outstanding on April 1, 1971,
"(ii) was guaranteed by a United States person,
"(iii) was treated under chapter 41 as a debt obligation of a foreign obligor,
"(iv) as of June 30, 1974, had a maturity of not more than 15 years, and
"(v) when issued, was purchased by one or more underwriters for the purpose of distribution through resale."
Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 101–508, §11813(b)(17), which directed the substitution of "which is section 1245 property (as defined in section 1245(a)(3))" for "which is section 38 property (or would be section 38 property but for section 48(a)(5)", was executed by making the substitution for "which is section 38 property (or would be section 38 property but for section 48(a)(5))". See 1996 Amendment note above.
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 101–508, §11801(c)(6)(C), substituted "all of whose stock is owned by one or more domestic common carriers by railroad" for "referred to in subparagraph (B) of section 184(d)(1)".
1989—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(2), substituted "865(i)(1)" for "865(h)(1)".
Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 101–239, §7841(d)(9), substituted "section 862(a)" for "section 826(a)" in introductory provisions.
1988—Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(q)(7), substituted "other than income described in section 884(d)(2)" for "other than under section 884(d)(2)" in two places.
Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(q)(15), substituted "section 243(e)" for "section 243(d)".
Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 100–647, §1018(u)(39), substituted "inventory property" for "personal property" in heading.
Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(10), amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "Amounts received as underwriting income (as defined in section 832(b)(3)) derived from the insurance of United States risks (as defined in section 953(a))."
Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(g)(3), inserted "or, in the case of a corporation, is attributable to income so derived by a subsidiary of such corporation" after parenthetical in cl. (i), struck out "or chain of subsidiaries of such corporation" after "by a subsidiary" in cl. (ii), and inserted sentence at end defining "subsidiary".
Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(14)(B), amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as follows: "such section shall be applied by substituting '10 percent' for '50 percent' each place it appears."
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(g)(9), added subsec. (f).
1987—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–203, §10221(d)(4)(B), inserted at end "In the case of any dividend from a 20-percent owned corporation (as defined in section 243(c)(2)), subparagraph (B) shall be applied by substituting '100/80th' for '100/70th'."
Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 100–203, §10221(d)(4)(A), which directed that subpar. (B) be amended by substituting "100/70th" for "100/85th", was executed by substituting "100/70th" for "100/85ths" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
1986—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 99–514, §1241(b)(1)(A), substituted "noncorporate residents or domestic corporations" for "residents, corporate or otherwise," in introductory text.
Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, §1214(a)(1), (c)(5)(A), amended subpar. (B) generally and redesignated it as (A). Prior to amendment and redesignation, former subpar. (B) read as follows: "interest received from a resident alien individual or a domestic corporation, when it is shown to the satisfaction of the Secretary that less than 20 percent of the gross income from all sources of such individual or such corporation has been derived from sources within the United States, as determined under the provisions of this part, for the 3-year period ending with the close of the taxable year of such individual or such corporation preceding the payment of such interest, or for such part of such period as may be applicable,". Former subpar. (A), which read "interest on amounts described in subsection (c) received by a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation, if such interest is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States,", was struck out.
Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 99–514, §1241(b)(1)(B), redesignated subpar. (D), as previously redesignated and amended by §1214(c)(5)(A), (B) of Pub. L. 99–514, as (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) [previously (C)] which read as follows: "interest received from a foreign corporation (other than interest paid or credited by a domestic branch of a foreign corporation, if such branch is engaged in the commercial banking business), when it is shown to the satisfaction of the Secretary that less than 50 percent of the gross income from all sources of such foreign corporation for the 3-year period ending with the close of its taxable year preceding the payment of such interest (or for such part of such period as the corporation has been in existence) was effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States,".
Pub. L. 99–514, §1214(c)(5)(A), (B), redesignated former subpar. (F) as (D), substituted in cl. (ii), "subparagraph (B) of section 871(i)(3)" for "paragraph (2) of subsection (c)", and redesignated former subpar. (C) as (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (A).
Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 99–514, §1241(b)(1)(B), redesignated subpar. (E), as previously redesignated by §1214(c)(5)(A) of Pub. L. 99–514, as (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) [previously (D)] which read as follows: "in the case of interest received from a foreign corporation (other than interest paid or credited by a domestic branch of a foreign corporation, if such branch is engaged in the commercial banking business), 50 percent or more of the gross income of which from all sources for the 3-year period ending with the close of its taxable year preceding the payment of such interest (or for such part of such period as the corporation has been in existence) was effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, an amount of such interest which bears the same ratio to such interest as the gross income of such foreign corporation for such period which was not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States bears to its gross income from all sources,".
Pub. L. 99–514, §1214(c)(5)(A), redesignated subpar. (D) as (C). Former subpar. (C) redesignated (B).
Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 99–514, §1214(c)(5)(A), redesignated subpar. (H) as (F). Pub. L. 99–514, §1241(b)(1)(B), then redesignated such subpar. (F) as (D). The original subpar. (D) was redesignated (C) and struck out, and the original subpar. (F) was redesignated (D), then (B).
Subsec. (a)(1)(E). Pub. L. 99–514, §1241(b)(1)(B), redesignated subpar. (E), as previously redesignated by §1214(c)(5)(A) of Pub. L. 99–514, as (C).
Pub. L. 99–514, §1214(c)(5)(A), redesignated subpar. (G) as (E) and struck out former subpar. (E) which read as follows: "income derived by a foreign central bank of issue from bankers' acceptances,".
Subsec. (a)(1)(F). Pub. L. 99–514, §§1214(c)(5)(A), 1241(b)(1)(B), redesignated successively former subpar. (F) as (D) and (B), respectively.
Subsec. (a)(1)(G). Pub. L. 99–514, §§1214(c)(5)(A), 1241(b)(1)(B), redesignated successively former subpar. (G) as (E) and (C), respectively.
Subsec. (a)(1)(H). Pub. L. 99–514, §§1214(c)(5)(A), 1241(b)(1)(B), redesignated successively former subpar. (H) as (F) and (D), respectively.
Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, §1214(b), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "from a domestic corporation other than a corporation which has an election in effect under section 936, and other than a corporation less than 20 percent of whose gross income is shown to the satisfaction of the Secretary to have been derived from sources within the United States, as determined under the provisions of this part, for the 3-year period ending with the close of the taxable year of such corporation preceding the declaration of such dividends (or for such part of such period as the corporation has been in existence), or".
Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 99–514, §1241(b)(2), substituted "25 percent" for "50 percent" and inserted "(or treated as effectively connected other than under section 884(d)(2))" in two places.
Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 99–514, §1211(b)(1)(B), substituted "inventory property (within the meaning of section 865(h)(1))" for "personal property".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–514, §104(b)(11), substituted "the standard deduction" for "the zero bracket amount".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514, §1214(a)(2), amended subsec. (c) generally, substituting provisions relating to foreign business requirements for provisions relating to interest on deposits.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–514, §1214(c)(5)(C), amended subsec. (d) generally, substituting provision for special rule for application of subsec. (a)(2)(B) for former provision for special rules for application of subsec. (a), pars. (1)(B) to (1)(D) and (2)(B), pars. (1) and (2) thereof relating to new entities and transition rule provisions.
Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(d), redesignated subsec. (f) as (e) and struck out former subsec. (e) relating to treatment of income from certain leased aircraft, vessels, and spacecraft as income from sources within the United States.
1983—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 98–21 added par. (8).
1980—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 96–499 substituted "Disposition of United States real property interest" for "Sale or exchange of real property" in heading and "disposition of a United States real property interest (as defined in section 897(c))" for "sale or exchange of real property located in the United States" in text.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96–605 substituted provision directing that income from certain leased aircraft, vessels, and spacecraft be treated as income from sources within the United States for provision permitting the taxpayer to elect to treat income from certain aircraft and vessels as income from sources within the United States and prescribing the manner of revocating such an election.
1978—Subsec. (a)(1)(F). Pub. L. 95–600, §540(a), designated existing provisions as cl. (i) and added cl. (ii).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 95–600, §370(a), added subsec. (f).
1977—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–30 provided that, in the case of an individual who does not itemize deductions, an amount equal to the zero bracket amount shall be considered a deduction which cannot definitely be allocated to some item or class of gross income.
1976—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1901(c)(7), 1904(b)(10)(B), struck out ", any Territory, any political subdivision of a Territory," after "United States" in provisions preceding subpar. (A) and, in subpar. (G), substituted "subsection (c) of section 4912 (as in effect before July 1, 1974)" for "section 4912(c)" and "subsection (c)(2) of such section" for "section 4912(c)(2)".
Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1051(h)(3), 1906(b)(13)(A), substituted "other than a corporation which has an election in effect under section 936" for "other than a corporation entitled to the benefits of section 931" and struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Subsec. (a)(5), (6). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(b)(26)(A), substituted "sale or exchange" for "sale" in headings and text.
Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 94–455, §1036(a), added par. (7).
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 94–455, §1041, struck out provision that subsecs. (a)(1)(A) and (c) would cease to apply effective with respect to amounts paid or credited after Dec. 31, 1976.
Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(b)(26)(B), substituted "sale, exchange, or other disposition" for "sale or other disposition".
Subsecs. (e)(2), (3). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
1975—Subsec. (a)(1)(H). Pub. L. 93–625, §9(a), added subpar. (H).
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 93–625, §8, substituted "1976" for "1975".
1971—Subsec. (a)(1)(G). Pub. L. 92–9 added subpar. (G).
Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 92–178, §503, added subpar. (D).
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 92–178, §314(a), added subsec. (e).
1969—Subsec. (a)(1)(C), (D). Pub. L. 91–172, §435(a)(1), struck out "after December 31, 1972," after "interest paid or credited" in parenthetical after "interest received from a foreign corporation".
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 91–172, §435(a)(2), substituted "1975" for "1972".
1966—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 89–809, §102(a)(1)(A), substituted "interest on amounts described in subsection (c) received by a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation, if such interest is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States" for "interest on deposits with persons carrying on the banking business paid to persons not engaged in business within the United States".
Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 89–809, §102(a)(2), struck out interest received from a resident foreign corporation, and substituted "gross income from all sources of such individual or such corporation" for "gross income of such resident payor or domestic corporation", and "taxable year of such individual or such corporation" for "taxable year of such payor".
Subsec. (a)(1)(C) to (F). Pub. L. 89–809, §102(a)(2), added subpars. (C), (D), and (F), and redesignated former subpar. (C) as (E).
Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 89–809, §102(b), substituted "50 percent of the gross income from all sources" for "50 percent of the gross income", "effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States" for "derived from sources within the United States as determined from the provisions of this part", and "ratio to such dividends as the gross income of the corporation for such period which was effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States bears to its gross income from all sources" for "ratio to such dividends as the gross income of the corporation for such period derived from sources within the United States bears to its gross income from all sources" and inserted "(other than dividends for which a deduction is allowable under section 245(b))" after "dividends" and "(and only to the extent)" after "extent".
Subsec. (a)(3)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 89–809, §102(c), inserted "an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, a domestic partnership, or" before "a domestic corporation" and "individual, partnership, or" after "United States by such".
Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 89–809, §102(a)(1)(B), (3), added subsecs. (c) and (d).
1962—Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 87–834 substituted "to the extent exceeding the amount which is 100/85ths of the amount of the deduction allowable under section 245 in respect of such dividends" for "to the extent exceeding the amount of the deduction allowable under section 245 in respect of such dividends."
1960—Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 86–779 added subpar. (C).
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13002(f) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 243 of this title.
Pub. L. 111–240, title II, §2122(d), Sept. 27, 2010, 124 Stat. 2568, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 862 and 864 of this title] shall apply to guarantees issued after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 27, 2010]."
Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §217(d), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2402, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
"(C)
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §410(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1500, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2003."
Pub. L. 107–16, title VI, §621(b), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 111, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to remuneration for services performed in plan years beginning after December 31, 2001."
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to remuneration for services performed in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1997, see section 1174(c) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 7701 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 effective, except as otherwise expressly provided, as if included in the provision of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, to which such amendment relates, see section 1702(i) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 38 of this title.
Amendment by section 11813(b)(17) of Pub. L. 101–508 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 1990, but not applicable to any transition property (as defined in section 49(e) of this title), any property with respect to which qualified progress expenditures were previously taken into account under section 46(d) of this title, and any property described in section 46(b)(2)(C) of this title, as such sections were in effect on Nov. 4, 1990, see section 11813(c) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.
Amendment by section 7811(i)(2) of Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–203 applicable to dividends received or accrued after Dec. 31, 1987, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 10221(e)(1) of Pub. L. 100–203, set out as a note under section 243 of this title.
Amendment by section 104(b)(11) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 151(a) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 1211(b)(1)(B) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1211(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 865 of this title.
Amendment by section 1212(d) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with special rules for certain leased property and for certain ships leased by United States Navy, see section 1212(f) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 863 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1214(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2543, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(g)(1)(A), (2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3500, 3501, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
"(4)
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) was incorporated in Delaware in February, 1979,
"(ii) is headquartered in Garden City, New York, and
"(iii) the parent corporation of which is a resident of Sweden."
[Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(g)(1)(B), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3500, provided that: "A taxpayer may elect not to have the amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending section 1214(d)(1) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out above] apply and to have section 1214(d)(1) of the Reform Act [section 1214(d)(1) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out above] apply as in effect before such amendment. Such election shall be made at such time and in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate may prescribe."]
Amendment by section 1241(b) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1241(e) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 884 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–21 applicable to benefits received after Dec. 31, 1983, in taxable years ending after such date, except for any portion of a lump-sum payment of social security benefits received after Dec. 31, 1983, if the generally applicable payment date for such portion was before Jan. 1, 1984, see section 121(g) of Pub. L. 98–21, set out as an Effective Date note under section 86 of this title.
Pub. L. 96–605, title I, §104(b), Dec. 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 3523, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to property first leased after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 28, 1980]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–499 applicable to dispositions after June 18, 1980, see section 1125(a) of Pub. L. 96–499, set out as an Effective Date note under section 897 of this title.
Pub. L. 95–600, title III, §370(b), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2858, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
Pub. L. 95–600, title V, §540(b), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2887, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 6, 1978]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–30 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 106(a) of Pub. L. 95–30, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title I, §1036(c), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1633, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 862 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1976."
For effective date of amendment by section 1051(h)(3) of Pub. L. 94–455, see section 1051(i)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 27 of this title.
Amendment by section 1901(b)(26)(A), (B), (c)(7) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Amendment by section 1904(b)(10)(B) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective on first day of first month which begins more than 90 days after date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976], see section 1904(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 4041 of this title.
Pub. L. 93–625, §9(c), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2116, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] applies to interest paid after the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 3, 1975], and the amendment made by subsection (b) [amending section 2104 of this title] applies with respect to estates of decedents dying after such date."
Pub. L. 92–9, §3(a)(3), Apr. 1, 1971, 85 Stat. 15, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section and section 4912 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 1, 1971]."
Pub. L. 92–178, title III, §314(c), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 528, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 862 of this title] shall apply to taxable years ending after August 15, 1971, but only with respect to leases entered into after such date."
Amendment by section 503 of Pub. L. 92–178 applicable with respect to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1971, except that a corporation may not be a DISC for any taxable year beginning before Jan. 1, 1972, see section 507 of Pub. L. 92–178, set out as an Effective Date note under section 991 of this title.
Pub. L. 91–172, title IV, §435(a)(1), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 625, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective with respect to amounts paid or credited after Dec. 31, 1969.
Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §102(e), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1547, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(1) The amendments made by subsections (a), (c), and (d) [amending this section and sections 864 and 895 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966; except that in applying section 864(c)(4)(B)(iii) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as added by subsection (d)) with respect to a binding contract entered into on or before February 24, 1966, activities in the United States on or before such date in negotiating or carrying out such contract shall not be taken into account.
"(2) The amendments made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to amounts received after December 31, 1966."
Amendment by Pub. L. 87–834 applicable in respect of any distribution received by a domestic corporation after Dec. 31, 1964, and in respect of any distribution received by a domestic corporation before Jan. 1, 1965, in a taxable year of such corporation beginning after Dec. 31, 1962, but only to the extent that such distribution is made out of the accumulated profits of a foreign corporation for a taxable year (of such foreign corporation) beginning after Dec. 31, 1962, see section 9(e) of Pub. L. 87–834, set out as an Effective Date note under section 78 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 86–779 applicable to dividends received after Dec. 31, 1959, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 3(c) of Pub. L. 86–779, set out as a note under section 243 of this title.
Pub. L. 92–9, §1(a), Apr. 1, 1971, 85 Stat. 13, provided that: "This Act [amending this section and sections 4911, 4912, 4914 to 4916, 4919 to 4921, 6651, 6680, and 6681 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 6680 and 6681 of this title] may be cited as the 'Interest Equalization Tax Extension Act of 1971'."
Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §101, Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1541, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 877, 896, 906, 981, 2107, 2108, and 6683 of this title, amending this section and sections 1, 11, 116, 154, 245, 301, 512, 542, 543, 545, 819, 821, 822, 831, 832, 841, 842, 864, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 881, 882, 884, 894, 895, 901, 904, 911, 931, 932, 952, 953, 1248, 1249, 1441, 1442, 1461, 2014, 2101, 2102, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2501, 2511, 3401, 6015, 6016, 6018, 6501, 6513, and 7701 of this title, redesignating former section 877 as 878, repealing section 1493, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 11, 871, 874, 894, 901, 904, 931, 2101, 2501, and 6501 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Investors Tax Act of 1966'."
For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 115–141 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Mar. 23, 2018, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Mar. 23, 2018, see section 401(e) of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Nov. 5, 1990, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 11821(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.
Subsec. (a)(2)(B) of this section to be applied by substituting "100/80ths" for the fraction specified therein with regard to dividends received or accrued during 1987, see section 1006(b)(1)(B) of Pub. L. 100–647 set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(aa)(2)–(4), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3531, 3532, provided that:
"(2)
"(A) The amendments made by section 1201 of the Reform Act [amending sections 864, 904, and 954 of this title].
"(B) The amendments made by title VII of the Reform Act [enacting sections 53 and 55 to 59 of this title and amending sections 5, 12, 26, 28, 29, 38, 48, 173, 174, 263, 381, 443, 703, 882, 897, 904, 936, 1016, 1363, 1366, 1561, 6154, 6425, and 6655 of this title] to the extent such amendments relate to the alternative minimum tax foreign tax credit.
"(3)
"(A) The amendments made by section 1211 of the Reform Act [enacting section 865 of this title and amending this section and sections 862 to 864, 871, 881, and 904 of this title] to the extent—
"(i) such amendments apply in the case of an individual treated as a resident of a foreign country under a treaty obligation of the United States as so in effect, or
"(ii) such amendments relate to income of a nonresident from the sale or exchange of inventory property which would otherwise be sourced under section 865(e)(2) of the 1986 Code.
"(B) The amendments made by section 1212(a) of the Reform Act [amending section 863 of this title]; except for purposes of determining the amount of the foreign tax credit.
"(C) The amendments made by subsections (b) and (c) of section 1212 of the Reform Act [enacting section 887 of this title and amending sections 872 and 883 of this title].
"(D) The amendments made by section 1214 of the Reform Act [amending this section and sections 871, 881, 1441, and 6049 of this title]; except for purposes of determining the amount of the foreign tax credit.
"(E) The amendment made by section 1241(a) of the Reform Act [enacting section 884 of this title and renumbering former section 884 as 885] to the extent that, under a treaty obligation of the United States, interest described in section 884(f)(1)(A) of the 1986 Code (as added by such amendment) which is in excess of amounts deducted would be treated as other than United States source.
"(F) The amendment made by section 1241(b)(2)(A) of the Reform Act [amending this section].
"(G) The amendment made by section 1241(a) of the Reform Act [enacting section 884 of this title and renumbering former section 884 as 885] to the extent such amendment relates to section 884(f)(1)(B) of the 1986 Code.
"(H) The amendments made by section 1242 of the Reform Act [amending section 864 of this title] to the extent they relate to paragraph (7) of section 864(c) of the 1986 Code.
"(I) The amendment made by section 1247(a) of the Reform Act [amending section 892 of this title].
"(J) The amendments made by section 123 of the Reform Act [amending sections 74, 117, 1441, and 7871 of this title].
"(4)
Pub. L. 100–647, title IV, §4009, Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3653, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) Any qualified research and experimental expenditures expended solely to meet legal requirements imposed by a political entity with respect to the improvement or marketing of specific products or processes for purposes not reasonably expected to generate gross income (beyond de minimis amounts) outside the jurisdiction of the political entity shall be allocated only to gross income from sources within such jurisdiction.
"(2) In the case of any qualified research and experimental expenditures (not allocated under paragraph (1)) to the extent—
"(A) that such expenditures are attributable to activities conducted in the United States, 64 percent of such expenditures shall be allocated and apportioned to income from sources within the United States and deducted from such income in determining the amount of taxable income from sources within the United States, and
"(B) that such expenditures are attributable to activities conducted outside the United States, 64 percent of such expenditures shall be allocated and apportioned to income from sources outside the United States and deducted from such income in determining the amount of taxable income from sources outside the United States.
"(3) The remaining portion of qualified research and experimental expenditures (not allocated under paragraphs (1) and (2)) shall be apportioned, at the annual election of the taxpayer, on the basis of gross sales or gross income, except that, if the taxpayer elects to apportion on the basis of gross income, the amount apportioned to income from sources outside the United States shall be at least 30 percent of the amount which would be so apportioned on the basis of gross sales.
"(b)
"(c)
"(1)
"(A) if incurred by a United States person, shall be allocated and apportioned under this section in the same manner as if they were attributable to activities conducted in the United States, and
"(B) if incurred by a person other than a United States person, shall be allocated and apportioned under this section in the same manner as if they were attributable to activities conducted outside the United States.
"(2)
"(A) in space,
"(B) on or under water not within the jurisdiction (as recognized by the United States) of a foreign country, possession of the United States, or the United States, or
"(C) in Antarctica.
"(d)
"(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the allocation and apportionment required by subsection (a) shall be determined as if all members of the affiliated group (as defined in subsection (e)(5) of section 864 of the 1986 Code) were a single corporation.
"(2) For purposes of the allocation and apportionment required by subsection (a)—
"(A) sales and gross income from products produced in whole or in part in a possession by an electing corporation (within the meaning of [former] section 936(h)(5)(E) of the 1986 Code); and
"(B) dividends from an electing corporation,
shall not be taken into account, except that this paragraph shall not apply to sales of (and gross income and dividends attributable to sales of) products with respect to which an election under [former] section 936(h)(5)(F) of the 1986 Code is not in effect.
"(3) The qualified research and experimental expenditures taken into account for purposes of subsection (a) shall be adjusted to reflect the amount of such expenditures included in computing the cost-sharing amount (determined under [former] section 936(h)(5)(C)(i)(I) of the 1986 Code).
"(4) The Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate may prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this subsection, including regulations providing for the source of gross income and the allocation and apportionment of deductions to take into account the adjustments required by paragraph (3).
"(5) Paragraph (6) of section 864(e) of the 1986 Code shall not apply to qualified research and experimental expenditures.
"(e)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) the lesser of 4 months or the number of months in the taxable year, bears to
"(B) the number of months in the taxable year."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1216, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2549, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) 50 percent of all amounts allowable as a deduction for qualified research and experimental expenditures shall be apportioned to income from sources within the United States and deducted from such income in determining the amount of taxable income from sources within the United States, and
"(2) the remaining portion of such amounts shall be apportioned on the basis of gross sales or gross income.
The preceding sentence shall not apply to any expenditures described in section 1.861–8(e)(3)(i)(B) of the Income Tax Regulations.
"(b)
"(1)
"(A) which are research and experimental expenditures within the meaning of section 174 of such Code, and
"(B) which are attributable to activities conducted in the United States.
"(2)
"(c)
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §126, July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 648, as amended by Pub. L. 99–272, title XIII, §13211, Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 324; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(1)
"(A) which are research and experimental expenditures within the meaning of section 174 of such Code, and
"(B) which are attributable to activities conducted in the United States.
"(2)
"(c)
"(1)
"(2)
Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §110, Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1575, provided that: "No amendment made by this title [see Short Title note above] shall apply in any case where its application would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the extension of a benefit provided by any amendment made by this title shall not be deemed to be contrary to a treaty obligation of the United States."
The following items of gross income shall be treated as income from sources without the United States:
(1) interest other than that derived from sources within the United States as provided in section 861(a)(1);
(2) dividends other than those derived from sources within the United States as provided in section 861(a)(2);
(3) compensation for labor or personal services performed without the United States;
(4) rentals or royalties from property located without the United States or from any interest in such property, including rentals or royalties for the use of or for the privilege of using without the United States patents, copyrights, secret processes and formulas, good will, trade-marks, trade brands, franchises, and other like properties;
(5) gains, profits, and income from the sale or exchange of real property located without the United States;
(6) gains, profits, and income derived from the purchase of inventory property (within the meaning of section 865(i)(1)) within the United States and its sale or exchange without the United States;
(7) underwriting income other than that derived from sources within the United States as provided in section 861(a)(7);
(8) gains, profits, and income from the disposition of a United States real property interest (as defined in section 897(c)) when the real property is located in the Virgin Islands; and
(9) amounts received, directly or indirectly, from a foreign person for the provision of a guarantee of indebtedness of such person other than amounts which are derived from sources within the United States as provided in section 861(a)(9).
From the items of gross income specified in subsection (a) there shall be deducted the expenses, losses, and other deductions properly apportioned or allocated thereto, and a ratable part of any expenses, losses, or other deductions which cannot definitely be allocated to some item or class of gross income. The remainder, if any, shall be treated in full as taxable income from sources without the United States. In the case of an individual who does not itemize deductions, an amount equal to the standard deduction shall be considered a deduction which cannot definitely be allocated to some item or class of gross income.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 276; Pub. L. 92–178, title III, §314(b), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 528; Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1036(b), title XIX, §1901(b)(26)(C), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1633, 1798; Pub. L. 95–30, title I, §102(b)(10), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 138; Pub. L. 97–34, title VIII, §831(a)(2), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 352; Pub. L. 99–514, title I, §104(b)(12), title XII, §1211(b)(1)(C), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2105, 2536; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(e)(4), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3500; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(i)(2), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2409; Pub. L. 111–240, title II, §2122(b), Sept. 27, 2010, 124 Stat. 2568.)
2010—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 111–240 added par. (9).
1989—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 101–239 substituted "865(i)(1)" for "865(h)(1)".
1988—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–647 repealed subsec. (c) which read as follows:
"(c)
1986—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 99–514, §1211(b)(1)(C), substituted "inventory property (within the meaning of section 865(h)(1))" for "personal property".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–514, §104(b)(12), substituted "the standard deduction" for "the zero bracket amount".
1981—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 97–34 added par. (8).
1977—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–30 provided that, in the case of an individual who does not itemize deductions, an amount equal to the zero bracket amount shall be considered a deduction which cannot definitely be allocated to some item or class of gross income.
1976—Subsec. (a)(5), (6). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(b)(26)(C), inserted "or exchange" after "sale".
Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 94–455, §1036(b), added par. (7).
1971—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 92–178 added subsec. (c).
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–240 applicable to guarantees issued after Sept. 27, 2010, see section 2122(d) of Pub. L. 111–240, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 104(b)(12) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 151(a) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 1211(b)(1)(C) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1211(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 865 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–34 applicable to dispositions after June 18, 1980, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 831(i) of Pub. L. 97–34, set out as a note under section 897 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–30 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 106(a) of Pub. L. 95–30, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 1036(b) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1036(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
Amendment by section 1901(b)(26)(C) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 92–178 applicable to taxable years ending after Aug. 15, 1971, but only with respect to leases entered into after such date, see section 314(c) of Pub. L. 92–178, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For nonapplication of amendment by section 1211(b)(1)(C) of Pub. L. 99–514 to the extent application of such amendment would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(3), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For allocation and apportionment of qualified research and experimental expenditures for purposes of sections 861 to 863 of this title, see section 4009 of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For rule governing allocation under subsec. (b) of this section of amounts allowable as a deduction for qualified research and experimental expenditures during taxable years beginning after Aug. 1, 1986, and on or before Aug. 1, 1987, see section 1216 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For purposes of subsec. (b) of this section, all amounts allowable as a deduction for qualified research and experimental expenditures are to be allocated to income from sources within the United States and deducted from such income in determining the amount of taxable income from sources within the United States for taxable years beginning after Aug. 13, 1983, and on or before Aug. 1, 1986, see section 126 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
Items of gross income, expenses, losses, and deductions, other than those specified in sections 861(a) and 862(a), shall be allocated or apportioned to sources within or without the United States, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. Where items of gross income are separately allocated to sources within the United States, there shall be deducted (for the purpose of computing the taxable income therefrom) the expenses, losses, and other deductions properly apportioned or allocated thereto and a ratable part of other expenses, losses, or other deductions which cannot definitely be allocated to some item or class of gross income. The remainder, if any, shall be included in full as taxable income from sources within the United States.
In the case of gross income derived from sources partly within and partly without the United States, the taxable income may first be computed by deducting the expenses, losses, or other deductions apportioned or allocated thereto and a ratable part of any expenses, losses, or other deductions which cannot definitely be allocated to some item or class of gross income; and the portion of such taxable income attributable to sources within the United States may be determined by processes or formulas of general apportionment prescribed by the Secretary. Gains, profits, and income—
(1) from services rendered partly within and partly without the United States,
(2) from the sale or exchange of inventory property (within the meaning of section 865(i)(1)) produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer within and sold or exchanged without the United States, or produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer without and sold or exchanged within the United States, or
(3) derived from the purchase of inventory property (within the meaning of section 865(i)(1)) within a possession of the United States and its sale or exchange within the United States,
shall be treated as derived partly from sources within and partly from sources without the United States. Gains, profits, and income from the sale or exchange of inventory property described in paragraph (2) shall be allocated and apportioned between sources within and without the United States solely on the basis of the production activities with respect to the property.
All transportation income attributable to transportation which begins and ends in the United States shall be treated as derived from sources within the United States.
50 percent of all transportation income attributable to transportation which—
(i) is not described in paragraph (1), and
(ii) begins or ends in the United States,
shall be treated as from sources in the United States.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any transportation income which is income derived from personal services performed by the taxpayer, unless such income is attributable to transportation which—
(i) begins in the United States and ends in a possession of the United States, or
(ii) begins in a possession of the United States and ends in the United States.
In the case of transportation income derived from, or in connection with, a vessel, this subparagraph shall only apply if the taxpayer is a citizen or resident alien.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "transportation income" means any income derived from, or in connection with—
(A) the use (or hiring or leasing for use) of a vessel or aircraft, or
(B) the performance of services directly related to the use of a vessel or aircraft.
For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term "vessel or aircraft" includes any container used in connection with a vessel or aircraft.
Except as provided in regulations, any income derived from a space or ocean activity—
(A) if derived by a United States person, shall be sourced in the United States, and
(B) if derived by a person other than a United States person, shall be sourced outside the United States.
For purposes of paragraph (1)—
The term "space or ocean activity" means—
(i) any activity conducted in space, and
(ii) any activity conducted on or under water not within the jurisdiction (as recognized by the United States) of a foreign country, possession of the United States, or the United States.
Such term includes any activity conducted in Antarctica.
The term "space or ocean activity" shall not include—
(i) any activity giving rise to transportation income (as defined in section 863(c)),
(ii) any activity giving rise to international communications income (as defined in subsection (e)(2)), and
(iii) any activity with respect to mines, oil and gas wells, or other natural deposits to the extent within the United States or any foreign country or possession of the United States (as defined in section 638).
For purposes of applying section 638, the jurisdiction of any foreign country shall not include any jurisdiction not recognized by the United States.
In the case of any United States person, 50 percent of any international communications income shall be sourced in the United States and 50 percent of such income shall be sourced outside the United States.
Except as provided in regulations or clause (ii), in the case of any person other than a United States person, any international communications income shall be sourced outside the United States.
In the case of any person (other than a United States person) who maintains an office or other fixed place of business in the United States, any international communications income attributable to such office or other fixed place of business shall be sourced in the United States.
For purposes of this section, the term "international communications income" includes all income derived from the transmission of communications or data from the United States to any foreign country (or possession of the United States) or from any foreign country (or possession of the United States) to the United States.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 277; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §§1901(b)(26)(C), (D), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1798, 1799, 1834; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §124(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 646; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §§1211(b)(1)(A), 1212(a), (e), 1213(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2536, 2539, 2540; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(e)(3)(A), (f), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3500; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(i)(2), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2409; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1174(a)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 989; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14303(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2225.)
2017—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–97 inserted at end of concluding provisions "Gains, profits, and income from the sale or exchange of inventory property described in paragraph (2) shall be allocated and apportioned between sources within and without the United States solely on the basis of the production activities with respect to the property."
1997—Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–34 inserted concluding provisions "In the case of transportation income derived from, or in connection with, a vessel, this subparagraph shall only apply if the taxpayer is a citizen or resident alien."
1989—Subsec. (b)(2), (3). Pub. L. 101–239 substituted "865(i)(1)" for "865(h)(1)".
1988—Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(e)(3)(A), substituted "Special rules for determining source" for "Item not specified in section 861 or 862" in section catchline.
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(f), substituted "foreign country (or possession of the United States)" for "foreign country" in two places.
1986—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(e), substituted "services" for "transportation or other services".
Subsec. (b)(2), (3). Pub. L. 99–514, §1211(b)(1)(A), substituted "inventory property (within the meaning of section 865(h)(1))" for "personal property".
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(a), amended par. (2) generally, in subpar. (A) substituting provisions relating to other transportation having United States connections for provisions relating to transportation between United States and any possession, and in subpar. (B) substituting provisions relating to special rule for personal service income for provisions relating to special rule for certain lessors of aircraft.
Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 99–514, §1213(a), added subsecs. (d) and (e).
1984—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–369 added subsec. (c).
1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1901(b)(26)(C), (D), 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" in introductory provisions, and inserted "or exchange" after "sale" in pars. (2) and (3), and "or exchanged" after "sold" in par. (2) wherever appearing.
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14303(b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2225, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017."
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to remuneration for services performed in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1997, see section 1174(c) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 7701 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 1211(b)(1)(A) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1211(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 865 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1212(f), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2539, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
"March 5, 1986 | $176,844,000 |
February 5, 1986 | 64,567,000 |
April 22, 1986 | 64,598,000 |
May 22, 1986 | 175,300,000." |
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1213(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2541, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986."
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §124(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 647, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to transportation beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984] in taxable years ending after such date."
Amendment by section 1901(b)(26)(C), (D) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
For nonapplication of amendments by sections 1211(b)(1)(A) and 1212(a) of Pub. L. 99–514 to the extent application of such amendments would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(3), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For allocation and apportionment of qualified research and experimental expenditures for purposes of sections 861 to 863 of this title, see section 4009 of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For rule governing allocation under subsec. (b) of this section of amounts allowable as a deduction for qualified research and experimental expenditures during taxable years beginning after Aug. 1, 1986, and on or before Aug. 1, 1987, see section 1216 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For purposes of subsec. (b) of this section, all amounts allowable as a deduction for qualified research and experimental expenditures are to be allocated to income from sources within the United States and deducted from such income in determining the amount of taxable income from sources within the United States for taxable years beginning after Aug. 13, 1983, and on or before Aug. 1, 1986, see section 126 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For purposes of this part, the term "produced" includes created, fabricated, manufactured, extracted, processed, cured, or aged.
For purposes of this part, part II, and chapter 3, the term "trade or business within the United States" includes the performance of personal services within the United States at any time within the taxable year, but does not include—
The performance of personal services—
(A) for a nonresident alien individual, foreign partnership, or foreign corporation, not engaged in trade or business within the United States, or
(B) for an office or place of business maintained in a foreign country or in a possession of the United States by an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States or by a domestic partnership or a domestic corporation,
by a nonresident alien individual temporarily present in the United States for a period or periods not exceeding a total of 90 days during the taxable year and whose compensation for such services does not exceed in the aggregate $3,000.
Trading in stocks or securities through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian, or other independent agent.
Trading in stocks or securities for the taxpayer's own account, whether by the taxpayer or his employees or through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian, or other agent, and whether or not any such employee or agent has discretionary authority to make decisions in effecting the transactions. This clause shall not apply in the case of a dealer in stocks or securities.
Trading in commodities through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian, or other independent agent.
Trading in commodities for the taxpayer's own account, whether by the taxpayer or his employees or through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian, or other agent, and whether or not any such employee or agent has discretionary authority to make decisions in effecting the transactions. This clause shall not apply in the case of a dealer in commodities.
Clauses (i) and (ii) shall apply only if the commodities are of a kind customarily dealt in on an organized commodity exchange and if the transaction is of a kind customarily consummated at such place.
Subparagraphs (A)(i) and (B)(i) shall apply only if, at no time during the taxable year, the taxpayer has an office or other fixed place of business in the United States through which or by the direction of which the transactions in stocks or securities, or in commodities, as the case may be, are effected.
For purposes of this title—
(A) In the case of a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year, the rules set forth in paragraphs (2), (3), (4), (6), (7), and (8) shall apply in determining the income, gain, or loss which shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
(B) Except as provided in paragraph (6) 1 (7), or (8) or in section 871(d) or sections 882(d) and (e), in the case of a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation not engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year, no income, gain, or loss shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
In determining whether income from sources within the United States of the types described in section 871(a)(1), section 871(h), section 881(a), or section 881(c), or whether gain or loss from sources within the United States from the sale or exchange of capital assets, is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, the factors taken into account shall include whether—
(A) the income, gain, or loss is derived from assets used in or held for use in the conduct of such trade or business, or
(B) the activities of such trade or business were a material factor in the realization of the income, gain, or loss.
In determining whether an asset is used in or held for use in the conduct of such trade or business or whether the activities of such trade or business were a material factor in realizing an item of income, gain, or loss, due regard shall be given to whether or not such asset or such income, gain, or loss was accounted for through such trade or business.
All income, gain, or loss from sources within the United States (other than income, gain, or loss to which paragraph (2) applies) shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
(A) Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), no income, gain, or loss from sources without the United States shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
(B) Income, gain, or loss from sources without the United States shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States by a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation if such person has an office or other fixed place of business within the United States to which such income, gain, or loss is attributable and such income, gain, or loss—
(i) consists of rents or royalties for the use of or for the privilege of using intangible property described in section 862(a)(4) derived in the active conduct of such trade or business;
(ii) consists of dividends, interest, or amounts received for the provision of guarantees of indebtedness, and either is derived in the active conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business within the United States or is received by a corporation the principal business of which is trading in stocks or securities for its own account; or
(iii) is derived from the sale or exchange (outside the United States) through such office or other fixed place of business of personal property described in section 1221(a)(1), except that this clause shall not apply if the property is sold or exchanged for use, consumption, or disposition outside the United States and an office or other fixed place of business of the taxpayer in a foreign country participated materially in such sale.
Any income or gain which is equivalent to any item of income or gain described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) shall be treated in the same manner as such item for purposes of this subparagraph.
(C) In the case of a foreign corporation taxable under part I or part II of subchapter L, any income from sources without the United States which is attributable to its United States business shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
(D) No income from sources without the United States shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States if it either—
(i) consists of dividends, interest, or royalties paid by a foreign corporation in which the taxpayer owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)), or is considered as owning (by applying the ownership rules of section 958(b)), more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote, or
(ii) is subpart F income within the meaning of section 952(a).
For purposes of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (4)—
(A) in determining whether a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation has an office or other fixed place of business, an office or other fixed place of business of an agent shall be disregarded unless such agent (i) has the authority to negotiate and conclude contracts in the name of the nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation and regularly exercises that authority or has a stock of merchandise from which he regularly fills orders on behalf of such individual or foreign corporation, and (ii) is not a general commission agent, broker, or other agent of independent status acting in the ordinary course of his business,
(B) income, gain, or loss shall not be considered as attributable to an office or other fixed place of business within the United States unless such office or fixed place of business is a material factor in the production of such income, gain, or loss and such office or fixed place of business regularly carries on activities of the type from which such income, gain, or loss is derived, and
(C) the income, gain, or loss which shall be attributable to an office or other fixed place of business within the United States shall be the income, gain, or loss property allocable thereto, but, in the case of a sale or exchange described in clause (iii) of such subparagraph, the income which shall be treated as attributable to an office or other fixed place of business within the United States shall not exceed the income which would be derived from sources within the United States if the sale or exchange were made in the United States.
For purposes of this title, in the case of any income or gain of a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation which—
(A) is taken into account for any taxable year, but
(B) is attributable to a sale or exchange of property or the performance of services (or any other transaction) in any other taxable year,
the determination of whether such income or gain is taxable under section 871(b) or 882 (as the case may be) shall be made as if such income or gain were taken into account in such other taxable year and without regard to the requirement that the taxpayer be engaged in a trade or business within the United States during the taxable year referred to in subparagraph (A).
For purposes of this title, if—
(A) any property ceases to be used or held for use in connection with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and
(B) such property is disposed of within 10 years after such cessation,
the determination of whether any income or gain attributable to such disposition is taxable under section 871(b) or 882 (as the case may be) shall be made as if such sale or exchange occurred immediately before such cessation and without regard to the requirement that the taxpayer be engaged in a trade or business within the United States during the taxable year for which such income or gain is taken into account.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this subtitle, if a nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation owns, directly or indirectly, an interest in a partnership which is engaged in any trade or business within the United States, gain or loss on the sale or exchange of all (or any portion of) such interest shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of such trade or business to the extent such gain or loss does not exceed the amount determined under subparagraph (B).
The amount determined under this subparagraph with respect to any partnership interest sold or exchanged—
(i) in the case of any gain on the sale or exchange of the partnership interest, is—
(I) the portion of the partner's distributive share of the amount of gain which would have been effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States if the partnership had sold all of its assets at their fair market value as of the date of the sale or exchange of such interest, or
(II) zero if no gain on such deemed sale would have been so effectively connected, and
(ii) in the case of any loss on the sale or exchange of the partnership interest, is—
(I) the portion of the partner's distributive share of the amount of loss on the deemed sale described in clause (i)(I) which would have been so effectively connected, or
(II) zero if no loss on such deemed sale would be have been so effectively connected.
For purposes of this subparagraph, a partner's distributive share of gain or loss on the deemed sale shall be determined in the same manner as such partner's distributive share of the non-separately stated taxable income or loss of such partnership.
If a partnership described in subparagraph (A) holds any United States real property interest (as defined in section 897(c)) at the time of the sale or exchange of the partnership interest, then the gain or loss treated as effectively connected income under subparagraph (A) shall be reduced by the amount so treated with respect to such United States real property interest under section 897.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "sale or exchange" means any sale, exchange, or other disposition.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations or other guidance as the Secretary determines appropriate for the application of this paragraph, including with respect to exchanges described in section 332, 351, 354, 355, 356, or 361.
For purposes of the provisions set forth in paragraph (2), if any person acquires (directly or indirectly) a trade or service receivable from a related person, any income of such person from the trade or service receivable so acquired shall be treated as if it were interest on a loan to the obligor under the receivable.
The provisions set forth in this paragraph are as follows:
(A) Section 904 (relating to limitation on foreign tax credit).
(B) Subpart F of part III of this subchapter (relating to controlled foreign corporations).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "trade or service receivable" means any account receivable or evidence of indebtedness arising out of—
(A) the disposition by a related person of property described in section 1221(a)(1), or
(B) the performance of services by a related person.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "related person" means—
(A) any person who is a related person (within the meaning of section 267(b)), and
(B) any United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) and any person who is a related person (within the meaning of section 267(b)) to such a shareholder.
The following provisions shall not apply to any amount treated as interest under paragraph (1) or (6):
(A) Section 904(d)(2)(B)(iii)(I) (relating to exceptions for export financing interest).
(B) Subparagraph (A) of section 954(b)(3) (relating to exception where foreign base company income is less than 5 percent or $1,000,000).
(C) Subparagraph (B) of section 954(c)(2) (relating to certain export financing).
(D) Clause (i) of section 954(c)(3)(A) (relating to certain income received from related persons).
Any income of a controlled foreign corporation (within the meaning of section 957(a)) from a loan to a person for the purpose of financing—
(A) the purchase of property described in section 1221(a)(1) of a related person, or
(B) the payment for the performance of services by a related person,
shall be treated as interest described in paragraph (1).
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any trade or service receivable acquired by any person from a related person if—
(A) the person acquiring such receivable and such related person are created or organized under the laws of the same foreign country and such related person has a substantial part of its assets used in its trade or business located in such same foreign country, and
(B) such related person would not have derived any foreign base company income (as defined in section 954(a), determined without regard to section 954(b)(3)(A)), or any income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, from such receivable if it had been collected by such related person.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to prevent the avoidance of the provisions of this subsection or section 956(c)(3).
For purposes of this subchapter—
The taxable income of each member of an affiliated group shall be determined by allocating and apportioning interest expense of each member as if all members of such group were a single corporation.
All allocations and apportionments of interest expense shall be determined using the adjusted bases of assets rather than on the basis of the fair market value of the assets or gross income.
For purposes of allocating and apportioning any deductible expense, any tax-exempt asset (and any income from such an asset) shall not be taken into account. A similar rule shall apply in the case of the portion of any dividend (other than a qualifying dividend as defined in section 243(b)) equal to the deduction allowable under section 243 or 245(a) with respect to such dividend and in the case of a like portion of any stock the dividends on which would be so deductible and would not be qualifying dividends (as so defined).
For purposes of allocating and apportioning expenses on the basis of assets, the adjusted basis of any stock in a nonaffiliated 10-percent owned corporation shall be—
(i) increased by the amount of the earnings and profits of such corporation attributable to such stock and accumulated during the period the taxpayer held such stock, or
(ii) reduced (but not below zero) by any deficit in earnings and profits of such corporation attributable to such stock for such period.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "nonaffiliated 10-percent owned corporation" means any corporation if—
(i) such corporation is not included in the taxpayer's affiliated group, and
(ii) members of such affiliated group own 10 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote.
If, by reason of holding stock in a nonaffiliated 10-percent owned corporation, the taxpayer is treated under clause (iii) as owning stock in another corporation with respect to which the stock ownership requirements of clause (ii) are met, the adjustment under subparagraph (A) shall include an adjustment for the amount of the earnings and profits (or deficit therein) of such other corporation which are attributable to the stock the taxpayer is so treated as owning and to the period during which the taxpayer is treated as owning such stock.
The stock ownership requirements of this clause are met with respect to any corporation if members of the taxpayer's affiliated group own (directly or through the application of clause (iii)) 10 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote.
For purposes of this subparagraph, stock owned (directly or indirectly) by a corporation, partnership, or trust shall be treated as being owned proportionately by its shareholders, partners, or beneficiaries. Stock considered to be owned by a person by reason of the application of the preceding sentence, shall, for purposes of applying such sentence, be treated as actually owned by such person.
For purposes of this paragraph, proper adjustment shall be made to the earnings and profits of any corporation to take into account any earnings and profits included in gross income under section 951 or under any other provision of this title and reflected in the adjusted basis of the stock.
For purposes of this subsection—
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term "affiliated group" has the meaning given such term by section 1504. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a foreign corporation shall be treated as a member of the affiliated group if—
(i) more than 50 percent of the gross income of such foreign corporation for the taxable year is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and
(ii) at least 80 percent of either the vote or value of all outstanding stock of such foreign corporation is owned directly or indirectly by members of the affiliated group (determined with regard to this sentence).
For purposes of subparagraph (A), any corporation described in subparagraph (C) shall be treated as an includible corporation for purposes of section 1504 only for purposes of applying such section separately to corporations so described. This subparagraph shall not apply for purposes of paragraph (6).
A corporation is described in this subparagraph if—
(i) such corporation is a financial institution described in section 581 or 591,
(ii) the business of such financial institution is predominantly with persons other than related persons (within the meaning of subsection (d)(4)) or their customers, and
(iii) such financial institution is required by State or Federal law to be operated separately from any other entity which is not such an institution.
To the extent provided in regulations—
(i) a bank holding company (within the meaning of section 2(a) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956), and
(ii) any subsidiary of a financial institution described in section 581 or 591 or of any bank holding company if such subsidiary is predominantly engaged (directly or indirectly) in the active conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business,
shall be treated as a corporation described in subparagraph (C).
Expenses other than interest which are not directly allocable or apportioned to any specific income producing activity shall be allocated and apportioned as if all members of the affiliated group were a single corporation.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations providing—
(A) for the resourcing of income of any member of an affiliated group or modifications to the consolidated return regulations to the extent such resourcing or modification is necessary to carry out the purposes of this section,
(B) for direct allocation of interest expense incurred to carry out an integrated financial transaction to any interest (or interest-type income) derived from such transaction and in other circumstances where such allocation would be appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection,
(C) for the apportionment of expenses allocated to foreign source income among the members of the affiliated group and various categories of income described in section 904(d)(1),
(D) for direct allocation of interest expense in the case of indebtedness resulting in a disallowance under section 246A,
(E) for appropriate adjustments in the application of paragraph (3) in the case of an insurance company,
(F) preventing assets or interest expense from being taken into account more than once, and
(G) that this subsection shall not apply for purposes of any provision of this subchapter to the extent the Secretary determines that the application of this subsection for such purposes would not be appropriate.
For purposes of sections 861(b), 862(b), and 863(b), qualified research and experimental expenditures shall be allocated and apportioned as follows:
(A) Any qualified research and experimental expenditures expended solely to meet legal requirements imposed by a political entity with respect to the improvement or marketing of specific products or processes for purposes not reasonably expected to generate gross income (beyond de minimis amounts) outside the jurisdiction of the political entity shall be allocated only to gross income from sources within such jurisdiction.
(B) In the case of any qualified research and experimental expenditures (not allocated under subparagraph (A)) to the extent—
(i) that such expenditures are attributable to activities conducted in the United States, 50 percent of such expenditures shall be allocated and apportioned to income from sources within the United States and deducted from such income in determining the amount of taxable income from sources within the United States, and
(ii) that such expenditures are attributable to activities conducted outside the United States, 50 percent of such expenditures shall be allocated and apportioned to income from sources outside the United States and deducted from such income in determining the amount of taxable income from sources outside the United States.
(C) The remaining portion of qualified research and experimental expenditures (not allocated under subparagraphs (A) and (B)) shall be apportioned, at the annual election of the taxpayer, on the basis of gross sales or gross income, except that, if the taxpayer elects to apportion on the basis of gross income, the amount apportioned to income from sources outside the United States shall at least be 30 percent of the amount which would be so apportioned on the basis of gross sales.
For purposes of this section, the term "qualified research and experimental expenditures" means amounts which are research and experimental expenditures within the meaning of section 174. For purposes of this paragraph, rules similar to the rules of subsection (c) 2 of section 174 shall apply. Any qualified research and experimental expenditures treated as deferred expenses under subsection (b) 2 of section 174 shall be taken into account under this subsection for the taxable year for which such expenditures are allowed as a deduction under such subsection.
Any qualified research and experimental expenditures described in subparagraph (B)—
(i) if incurred by a United States person, shall be allocated and apportioned under this section in the same manner as if they were attributable to activities conducted in the United States, and
(ii) if incurred by a person other than a United States person, shall be allocated and apportioned under this section in the same manner as if they were attributable to activities conducted outside the United States.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), qualified research and experimental expenditures are described in this subparagraph if such expenditures are attributable to activities conducted—
(i) in space,
(ii) on or under water not within the jurisdiction (as recognized by the United States) of a foreign country, possession of the United States, or the United States, or
(iii) in Antarctica.
(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the allocation and apportionment required by paragraph (1) shall be determined as if all members of the affiliated group (as defined in subsection (e)(5)) were a single corporation.
(B) For purposes of the allocation and apportionment required by paragraph (1)—
(i) sales and gross income from products produced in whole or in part in a possession by an electing corporation (within the meaning of section 936(h)(5)(E)),2 and
(ii) dividends from an electing corporation,
shall not be taken into account, except that this subparagraph shall not apply to sales of (and gross income and dividends attributable to sales of) products with respect to which an election under section 936(h)(5)(F) 2 is not in effect.
(C) The qualified research and experimental expenditures taken into account for purposes of paragraph (1) shall be adjusted to reflect the amount of such expenditures included in computing the cost-sharing amount (determined under section 936(h)(5)(C)(i)(I)).2
(D) The Secretary may prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this paragraph, including regulations providing for the source of gross income and the allocation and apportionment of deductions to take into account the adjustments required by subparagraph (B) or (C).
(E) Paragraph (6) of subsection (e) shall not apply to qualified research and experimental expenditures.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection, including regulations relating to the determination of whether any expenses are attributable to activities conducted in the United States or outside the United States and regulations providing such adjustments to the provisions of this subsection as may be appropriate in the case of cost-sharing arrangements and contract research.
This subsection shall apply to the taxpayer's first taxable year (beginning on or before August 1, 1994) following the taxpayer's last taxable year to which Revenue Procedure 92–56 applies or would apply if the taxpayer elected the benefits of such Revenue Procedure.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 278; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §102(d), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1544; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1901(a)(113), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1783; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §§123(a), 127(c), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 644, 651; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §§1201(d)(4), 1211(b)(2), 1215(a), (b)(1), 1221(a)(2), 1223(b)(1), 1242(a), (b), 1275(c)(7), title XVIII, §§1810(c)(2), (3), 1899A(21), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2525, 2536, 2544, 2545, 2550, 2558, 2580, 2599, 2824, 2959; Pub. L. 100–203, title X, §10242(b), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–423; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(a)(1)(B), (d)(7), (10), (g)(5), (h)(1), (2)(A), (3)–(6), (p)(30), (r), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3494, 3498, 3499, 3501–3503, 3521, 3525; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7111, Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2326; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11401(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–472; Pub. L. 102–227, title I, §101(a), Dec. 11, 1991, 105 Stat. 1686; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13234, Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 504; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1162(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 987; Pub. L. 106–170, title V, §532(c)(2)(N)–(P), Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1931; Pub. L. 106–519, §4(3), Nov. 15, 2000, 114 Stat. 2432; Pub. L. 108–357, title I, §101(b)(6), title IV, §§401(a), (b), 403(b)(6), 413(c)(12), title VIII, §894(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1423, 1488, 1491, 1494, 1507, 1647; Pub. L. 110–289, div. C, title III, §3093(a), (b), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2912; Pub. L. 111–92, §15(a), (b), Nov. 6, 2009, 123 Stat. 2996; Pub. L. 111–147, title V, §551(a), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 117; Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §216(a), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2400; Pub. L. 111–240, title II, §2122(c), Sept. 27, 2010, 124 Stat. 2568; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§13501(a), 14502(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2138, 2235; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(152), (d)(1)(D)(x), (xvii)(IV), (V), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1191, 1207, 1208; Pub. L. 117–2, title IX, §9671(a), Mar. 11, 2021, 135 Stat. 184.)
Section 2(a) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, referred to in subsec. (e)(5)(D)(i), is classified to section 1841(a) of Title 12, Banks and Banking.
Section 174, referred to in subsec. (g)(2), was amended generally by Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §13206(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2111. Provisions similar to those contained in former subsec. (c) of section 174 are now contained in subsec. (c)(1) of section 174. For provisions similar to those contained in former subsec. (b) of section 174 relating to amortization of certain research and experimental expenditures, see subsecs. (a) and (b) of section 174.
Section 936, referred to in subsec. (g)(4)(B), (C), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(d)(1)(C), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1206.
2021—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–2 struck out subsec. (f) which related to election to allocate interest and other expenses on worldwide basis.
2018—Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(d)(1)(D)(x), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) related to certain provisions that did not apply to any amount treated as interest under par. (1) or (6).
Subsec. (d)(8). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(a)(152), substituted "section 956(c)(3)" for "section 956(b)(3)".
Subsec. (e)(5)(A). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(d)(1)(D)(xvii)(IV), struck out "(determined without regard to paragraph (4) of section 1504(b))" after "section 1504" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (f)(1)(C)(i). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(d)(1)(D)(xvii)(V), substituted "paragraph (2)" for "paragraphs (2) and (4)".
Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(d)(1)(D)(xvii)(V), which directed amendment of par. (2) by substituting "paragraph (2)" for "paragraphs (2) and (4)", was executed by making the substitution for "paragraph (4)", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
2017—Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–97, §13501(a)(2)(A), substituted "(7), and (8)" for "and (7)".
Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §13501(a)(2)(B), substituted "(7), or (8)" for "or (7)".
Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 115–97, §13501(a)(1), added par. (8).
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 115–97, §14502(a), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "All allocations and apportionments of interest expense shall be made on the basis of assets rather than gross income."
2010—Subsec. (c)(4)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 111–240 substituted "dividends, interest, or amounts received for the provision of guarantees of indebtedness" for "dividends or interest".
Subsec. (e)(5)(A). Pub. L. 111–226 inserted at end "Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a foreign corporation shall be treated as a member of the affiliated group if—" and added cls. (i) and (ii).
Subsec. (f)(5)(D), (6). Pub. L. 111–147 substituted "December 31, 2020" for "December 31, 2017".
2009—Subsec. (f)(5)(D), (6). Pub. L. 111–92, §15(a), substituted "December 31, 2017" for "December 31, 2010".
Subsec. (f)(7). Pub. L. 111–92, §15(b), struck out par. (7). Text read as follows: "In the case of the first taxable year to which this subsection applies, the increase (if any) in the amount of the interest expense allocable to sources within the United States by reason of the application of this subsection shall be 30 percent of the amount of such increase determined without regard to this paragraph."
2008—Subsec. (f)(5)(D), (6). Pub. L. 110–289, §3093(a), substituted "December 31, 2010" for "December 31, 2008".
Subsec. (f)(7). Pub. L. 110–289, §3093(b), added par. (7).
2004—Subsec. (c)(4)(B). Pub. L. 108–357, §894(a), added concluding provisions.
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 108–357, §413(c)(12), redesignated subpars. (B) and (C) as (A) and (B), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "Part III of subchapter G of this chapter (relating to foreign personal holding companies)."
Subsec. (d)(5)(A)(i). Pub. L. 108–357, §403(b)(6), substituted "(C)(iii)(II)" for "(C)(iii)(III)".
Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 108–357, §101(b)(6), struck out "(A) In general" before "For purposes" and struck out heading and text of subpar. (B). Text read as follows: "For purposes of allocating and apportioning any interest expense, there shall not be taken into account any qualifying foreign trade property (as defined in section 943(a)) which is held by the taxpayer for lease or rental in the ordinary course of trade or business for use by the lessee outside the United States (as defined in section 943(b)(2))."
Subsec. (e)(7)(B). Pub. L. 108–357, §401(b)(1), inserted "and in other circumstances where such allocation would be appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection" before comma at end.
Subsec. (e)(7)(F), (G). Pub. L. 108–357, §401(b)(2), added subpar. (F) and redesignated former subpar. (F) as (G).
Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 108–357, §401(a), added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g).
2000—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 106–519 designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted heading, and added subpar. (B).
1999—Subsecs. (c)(4)(B)(iii), (d)(3)(A), (6)(A). Pub. L. 106–170 substituted "section 1221(a)(1)" for "section 1221(1)".
1997—Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 105–34 struck out ", or in the case of a corporation (other than a corporation which is, or but for section 542(c)(7), 542(c)(10), or 543(b)(1)(C) would be, a personal holding company) the principal business of which is trading in stocks or securities for its own account, if its principal office is in the United States" after "dealer in stocks or securities".
1993—Subsec. (f)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–66, §13234(a), substituted "50 percent" for "64 percent" in cls. (i) and (ii).
Subsec. (f)(4)(D). Pub. L. 103–66, §13234(b)(2), substituted "subparagraph (B) or (C)" for "subparagraph (C)".
Subsec. (f)(5), (6). Pub. L. 103–66, §13234(b)(1), added pars. (5) and (6) and struck out heading and text of former par. (5). Text read as follows:
"(A)
"(B)
1991—Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 102–227 amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "This subsection shall apply to the taxpayer's first 2 taxable years beginning after August 1, 1989, and on or before August 1, 1991."
1990—Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 101–508 substituted "Years" for "Year" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) the lesser of 9 months or the number of months in the taxable year, bears to
"(ii) the number of months in the taxable year."
1989—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–239 added subsec. (f).
1988—Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(p)(30), substituted "section 542(c)(7), 542(c)(10)," for "section 542(c)(7)".
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(g)(5), struck out at end "In applying this paragraph and paragraph (4), interest referred to in section 861(a)(1)(A) shall be considered income from sources within the United States."
Subsec. (c)(4)(B)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(10), struck out "(including any gain or loss realized on the sale or exchange of such property)" after "section 862(a)(4)" in cl. (i) and ", or gain or loss from the sale or exchange of stock or notes, bonds, or other evidences of indebtedness" after "dividends or interest" in cl. (ii).
Subsec. (c)(4)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(7), added cl. (iii).
Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(r)(2), amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: "For purposes of this title, any income or gain of a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation for any taxable year which is attributable to a sale or exchange of property or the performance of services (or any other transaction) in any other taxable year shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States if it would have been so treated if such income or gain were taken into account in such other taxable year."
Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(r)(1), amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "For purposes of this title, if any property ceases to be used or held for use in connection with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, the determination of whether any income or gain attributable to a sale or exchange of such property occurring within 10 years after such cessation is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States shall be made as if such sale or exchange occurred immediately before such cessation."
Subsec. (d)(5)(A)(i). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(1)(B), substituted "(C)(iii)(III)" for "(C)(iii)".
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(h)(6)(B), struck out "(except as provided in regulations)" after "subchapter".
Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(h)(2)(A), struck out "from sources outside the United States" after "affiliated group".
Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(h)(3), inserted sentence at end and struck out former last sentence which read as follows: "A similar rule shall apply in the case of any dividend (other than a qualifying dividend as defined in section 243(b)) for which a deduction is allowable under section 243 or 245(a) and any stock the dividends on which would be so deductible and would not be qualifying dividends (as so defined)."
Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(h)(1), substituted "nonaffiliated 10-percent owned corporations" for "certain corporations" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For purposes of allocating and apportioning expenses on the basis of assets, the adjusted basis of any asset which is stock in a corporation which is not included in the affiliated group and in which members of the affiliated group own 10 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote in such corporation shall be—
"(A) increased by the amount of the earnings and profits of such corporation attributable to such stock and accumulated during the period the taxpayer held such stock, or
"(B) reduced (but not below zero) by any deficit in earnings and profits of such corporation attributable to such stock for such period."
Subsec. (e)(5)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(h)(4)(B), inserted at end "This subparagraph shall not apply for purposes of paragraph (6)."
Subsec. (e)(5)(D). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(h)(4)(A), added subpar. (D).
Subsec. (e)(6). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(h)(5), substituted "directly allocable or apportioned" for "directly allocable and apportioned".
Subsec. (e)(7)(D) to (F). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(h)(6)(A), added subpars. (D) to (F).
1987—Subsec. (c)(4)(C). Pub. L. 100–203 inserted "or part II" after "part I".
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, §1215(b)(1), inserted "and special rules" in section catchline.
Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, §1242(b)(1), inserted reference to pars. (6) and (7).
Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 99–514, §1242(b)(2), inserted "paragraph (6) or (7) or in".
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §1899A(21), inserted a comma between "section 871(h)" and "section 881(a)".
Subsec. (c)(4)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 99–514, §1211(b)(2), struck out cl. (iii), which read as follows: "is derived from the sale or exchange (without the United States) through such office or other fixed place of business of personal property described in section 1221(1), except that this clause shall not apply if the property is sold or exchanged for use, consumption, or disposition outside the United States and an office or other fixed place of business of the taxpayer outside the United States participated materially in such sale or exchange."
Subsec. (c)(6), (7). Pub. L. 99–514, §1242(a), added pars. (6) and (7).
Subsec. (d)(5)(A)(i). Pub. L. 99–514, §1201(d)(4), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: "Subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) of section 904(d)(2) (relating to interest income to which separate limitation applies) and subparagraph (J) of section 904(d)(3) (relating to interest from members of same affiliated group)."
Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(c)(3), inserted "and subparagraph (J) of section 904(d)(3) (relating to interest from members of same affiliated group)".
Subsec. (d)(5)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 99–514, §1223(b)(1), substituted "less than 5 percent or $1,000,000" for "less than 10 percent".
Subsec. (d)(5)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(a)(2), amended cl. (iii) generally, substituting "section 954(c)(2) (relating to certain export financing)" for "section 954(c)(3) (relating to certain income derived in active conduct of trade or business)".
Subsec. (d)(5)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(a)(2), amended cl. (iv) generally, substituting "Clause (i) of section 954(c)(3)(A) (relating to" for "Subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 954(c)(4) (relating to exception for".
Subsec. (d)(5)(B). Pub. L. 99–514, §1275(c)(7), amended subpar. (B) generally, striking out cl. (i) heading, substituting "An amount" for "Any amount", and striking out cl. (ii), Virgin Islands corporations, which read as follows: "Subsection (b) of section 934 shall not apply to any amount treated as interest under paragraph (1) unless such amount is from sources within the Virgin Islands (determined after the application of paragraph (1))."
Subsec. (d)(7), (8). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(c)(2), added par. (7) and redesignated former par. (7) as (8).
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–514, §1215(a), added subsec. (e).
1984—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 98–369, §127(c), substituted "section 871(a)(1), section 871(h) section 881(a), or section 881(c)" for "section 871(a)(1) or section 881(a)".
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–369, §123(a), added subsec. (d).
1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(a)(113)(A), substituted in heading "Produced" for "Sale, etc." and struck out in text provisions relating to the definition of sale and sold.
Subsec. (c)(4)(B)(i). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(a)(113)(B), substituted "sale or exchange" for "sale".
Subsec. (c)(4)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(a)(113)(B), (C), substituted "sold or exchanged" for "sold" and "sale or exchange" for "sale" wherever appearing.
Subsec. (c)(5)(C). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(a)(113)(B), substituted "sale or exchange" for "sale" wherever appearing.
1966—Pub. L. 89–809 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsecs. (b) and (c).
Pub. L. 117–2, title IX, §9671(b), Mar. 11, 2021, 135 Stat. 184, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020."
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §13501(c)(1), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2141, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to sales, exchanges, and dispositions on or after November 27, 2017."
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14502(b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2235, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017."
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–240 applicable to guarantees issued after Sept. 27, 2010, see section 2122(d) of Pub. L. 111–240, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §216(b), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2400, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 10, 2010]."
Pub. L. 111–147, title V, §551(b), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 117, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 18, 2010]."
Pub. L. 111–92, §15(c), Nov. 6, 2009, 123 Stat. 2996, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2010."
Pub. L. 110–289, div. C, title III, §3093(c), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2912, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2008."
Amendment by section 101(b)(6) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 2004, see section 101(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §401(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1491, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2008."
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §403(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1494, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 904 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002."
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §403(d), as added by Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §403(l), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2625, provided that: "If the taxpayer elects (at such time and in such form and manner as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe) to have the rules of this subsection apply—
"(1) the amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 904 of this title] shall not apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002, and before January 1, 2005, and
"(2) in the case of taxable years beginning after December 31, 2004, clause (iv) of section 904(d)(4)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as amended by this section) shall be applied by substituting 'January 1, 2005' for 'January 1, 2003' both places it appears."
[Amendment by Pub. L. 109–135 adding section 403(d) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out above, effective as if included in the provision of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which such amendment relates, see section 403(nn) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as an Effective Date of 2005 Amendment note under section 26 of this title.]
Amendment by section 413(c)(12) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 413(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2004 Amendments note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §894(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1647, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 106–519 applicable to transactions after Sept. 30, 2000, with special rules relating to existing foreign sales corporations, see section 5 of Pub. L. 106–519, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 106–170 applicable to any instrument held, acquired, or entered into, any transaction entered into, and supplies held or acquired on or after Dec. 17, 1999, see section 532(d) of Pub. L. 106–170, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1162(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 987, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1997."
Pub. L. 102–227, title I, §101(b), Dec. 11, 1991, 105 Stat. 1686, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after August 1, 1989."
Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11401(b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–472, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after August 1, 1989."
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–203 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1987, see section 10242(d) of Pub. L. 100–203, set out as a note under section 816 of this title.
Amendment by section 1201(d)(4) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1201(e) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Amendment by section 1211(b)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1211(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 865 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1215(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2545, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(h)(7), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3504; Pub. L. 104–191, title V, §521(a), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2103, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(i)
"(ii)
The applicable | |
"In the case of the: | percentage is: |
1st taxable year | 75 |
2nd taxable year | 50 |
3rd taxable year | 25. |
"(iii)
"(B)
"(i)
"(I) subparagraph (A) shall not apply for purposes of paragraph (1) of section 864(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by this section), but
"(II) such paragraph (1) shall not apply to interest expenses paid or accrued by the taxpayer during the taxable year with respect to an aggregate amount of indebtedness which does not exceed the special phase-in amount.
"(ii)
"(I) the general phase-in amount as determined for purposes of subparagraph (A),
"(II) the 5-year phase-in amount, and
"(III) the 4-year phase-in amount.
For purposes of applying this subparagraph to interest expense attributable to any month, the special phase-in amount shall in no event exceed the limitation determined under subparagraph (A)(iii).
"(iii) 5-
"(I) the applicable percentage (determined under the following table for purposes of this subclause) of the 5-year debt amount, or
"(II) the applicable percentage (determined under the following table for purposes of this subclause) of the 5-year debt amount reduced by paydowns:
"In the case of the: | The applicable percentage for purposes of subclause (I) is: | The applicable percentage for purposes of subclause (II) is: |
---|---|---|
1st taxable year | 81/3 | 10 |
2nd taxable year | 162/3 | 25 |
3rd taxable year | 25 | 50 |
4th taxable year | 331/3 | 100 |
5th taxable year | 162/3 | 100. |
"(iv) 4-
"(I) the applicable percentage (determined under the following table for purposes of this subclause) of the 4-year debt amount, or
"(II) the applicable percentage (determined under the following table for purposes of this subclause) of the 4-year debt amount reduced by paydowns to the extent such paydowns exceed the 5-year debt amount:
"In the case of the: | The applicable percentage for purposes of subclause (I) is: | The applicable percentage for purposes of subclause (II) is: |
---|---|---|
1st taxable year | 5 | 6¼ |
2nd taxable year | 10 | 162/3 |
3rd taxable year | 15 | 37½ |
4th taxable year | 20 | 100 |
5th taxable year | 0 | 0. |
"(v) 5-
"(I) the amount of the outstanding indebtedness of the taxpayer on May 29, 1985, over
"(II) the amount of the outstanding indebtedness of the taxpayer as of the close of December 31, 1983.
The 5-year debt amount shall not exceed the aggregate amount of indebtedness of the taxpayer outstanding on November 16, 1985.
"(vi) 4-
"(I) the amount referred to in clause (v)(II), over
"(II) the amount of the outstanding indebtedness of the taxpayer as of the close of December 31, 1982.
The 4-year debt amount shall not exceed the aggregate amount of indebtedness of the taxpayer outstanding on November 16, 1985, reduced by the 5-year debt amount.
"(vii)
"(I) the aggregate amount of indebtedness of the taxpayer outstanding on November 16, 1985, over
"(II) the lowest amount of indebtedness of the taxpayer outstanding as of the close of any preceding month beginning after November 16, 1985 (or, to the extent provided in regulations under subparagraph (A)(iii), the average amount of indebtedness outstanding during any such month).
"(C)
"(D)
"(i) In the case of the 1st 9 taxable years of the taxpayer beginning after December 31, 1986, the amendments made by this section shall not apply to interest expenses paid or accrued by the taxpayer during the taxable year with respect to an aggregate amount of indebtedness which does not exceed the applicable percentage (determined under the following table) of the indebtedness described in clause (iii) or (iv):
"In the case of the: | The applicable percentage is: |
---|---|
1st taxable year | 90 |
2nd taxable year | 80 |
3rd taxable year | 70 |
4th taxable year | 60 |
5th taxable year | 50 |
6th taxable year | 40 |
7th taxable year | 30 |
8th taxable year | 20 |
9th taxable year | 10. |
"(ii) The provisions of this subparagraph shall apply in lieu of the provisions of subparagraphs (A) and (B).
"(iii)
"(iv)
"(E)
"(F)
"(3)
"(A)
"(i) the indebtedness was incurred to develop or improve existing property that is owned by the taxpayer on November 16, 1985, and was acquired with the intent to develop or improve the property,
"(ii) the loan agreement with respect to the indebtedness provides that the funds are to be utilized for purposes of developing or improving the above property, and
"(iii) the debt to equity ratio of the companies that join in the filing of the consolidated return is less than 15 percent.
"(B)
"(i) which was incorporated in Delaware on June 29, 1964,
"(ii) the principal subsidiary of which is a resident of Arkansas, and
"(iii) which is a member of an affiliated group the average daily United States production of oil of which is less than 50,000 barrels and the average daily United States refining of which is less than 150,000 barrels.
"(4)
"(A) $100,000,000 face amount of 11¾ percent notes due in 1990,
"(B) $100,000,000 of 8¾ percent notes due in 1989,
"(C) 6¾ percent Japanese yen notes due in 1991, and
"(D) 53/8 percent Swiss franc bonds due in 1994.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term 'applicable dollar amount' means $600,000,000 in the case of taxable years beginning in 1987 through 1991, $500,000,000 in the case of the taxable year beginning in 1992, $400,000,000 in the case of the taxable year beginning in 1993, $300,000,000 in the case of the taxable year beginning in 1994, $200,000,000 in the case of the taxable year beginning in 1995, $100,000,000 in the case of the taxable year beginning in 1996, and zero in the case of taxable years beginning after 1996.
"[(5) Repealed. Pub. L. 104–191, title V, §521(a), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2103.]
"(6)
"(A)
"(B)
"In the case of taxable | The phase-in |
years beginning in: | percentage is: |
1987 | 75 |
1988 | 50 |
1989 | 25." |
[Pub. L. 104–191, title V, §521(b), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2103, provided that:
["(1)
["(2)
Amendment by section 1221(a)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1221(g) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 954 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1223(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2558, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 881 and 954 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1242(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2580, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986."
Amendment by section 1275(c)(7) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1277 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 931 of this title.
Amendment by section 1810(c)(2), (3) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §123(c), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 646, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) $15,000,000 or
"(B) the amount of the Belgian corporation's adjusted basis on March 1, 1984, in stock of a foreign corporation formed to issue bonds outside the United States to the public."
Amendment by section 127(c) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to interest received after July 18, 1984, with respect to obligations issued after such date, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 127(g)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 94–455 effective for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, except that in applying section 864(c)(4)(B)(iii) of this title with respect to a binding contract entered into on or before Feb. 24, 1966, activities in the United States on or before such date in negotiating or carrying out such contract shall not be taken into account, see section 102(e)(1) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For provisions that nothing in amendment by section 401(d)(1)(D)(x), (xvii)(IV), (V) of Pub. L. 115–141 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Mar. 23, 2018, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Mar. 23, 2018, see section 401(e) of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
For applicability of amendment by section 1201(d)(4) of Pub. L. 99–514 notwithstanding any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, and for nonapplication of amendments by sections 1211(b)(2) and 1242(a) of Pub. L. 99–514 to the extent application of such amendments would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(2) to (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.
2 See References in Text note below.
Except as otherwise provided in this section, income from the sale of personal property—
(1) by a United States resident shall be sourced in the United States, or
(2) by a nonresident shall be sourced outside the United States.
In the case of income derived from the sale of inventory property—
(1) this section shall not apply, and
(2) such income shall be sourced under the rules of sections 861(a)(6), 862(a)(6), and 863.
Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, any income from the sale of any unprocessed timber which is a softwood and was cut from an area in the United States shall be sourced in the United States and the rules of sections 862(a)(6) and 863(b) shall not apply to any such income. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term "unprocessed timber" means any log, cant, or similar form of timber.
Gain (not in excess of the depreciation adjustments) from the sale of depreciable personal property shall be allocated between sources in the United States and sources outside the United States—
(A) by treating the same proportion of such gain as sourced in the United States as the United States depreciation adjustments with respect to such property bear to the total depreciation adjustments, and
(B) by treating the remaining portion of such gain as sourced outside the United States.
Gain (in excess of the depreciation adjustments) from the sale of depreciable personal property shall be sourced as if such property were inventory property.
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "United States depreciation adjustments" means the portion of the depreciation adjustments to the adjusted basis of the property which are attributable to the depreciation deductions allowable in computing taxable income from sources in the United States.
Except in the case of property of a kind described in section 168(g)(4), if, for any taxable year—
(i) such property is used predominantly in the United States, or
(ii) such property is used predominantly outside the United States,
all of the depreciation deductions allowable for such year shall be treated as having been allocated to income from sources in the United States (or, where clause (ii) applies, from sources outside the United States).
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "depreciable personal property" means any personal property if the adjusted basis of such property includes depreciation adjustments.
The term "depreciation adjustments" means adjustments reflected in the adjusted basis of any property on account of depreciation deductions (whether allowed with respect to such property or other property and whether allowed to the taxpayer or to any other person).
The term "depreciation deductions" means any deductions for depreciation or amortization or any other deduction allowable under any provision of this chapter which treats an otherwise capital expenditure as a deductible expense.
In the case of any sale of an intangible—
(A) this section shall apply only to the extent the payments in consideration of such sale are not contingent on the productivity, use, or disposition of the intangible, and
(B) to the extent such payments are so contingent, the source of such payments shall be determined under this part in the same manner as if such payments were royalties.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "intangible" means any patent, copyright, secret process or formula, goodwill, trademark, trade brand, franchise, or other like property.
To the extent this section applies to the sale of goodwill, payments in consideration of such sale shall be treated as from sources in the country in which such goodwill was generated.
Notwithstanding paragraph (1), any gain from the sale of an intangible shall be sourced under subsection (c) to the extent such gain does not exceed the depreciation adjustments with respect to such intangible.
Paragraph (2) of subsection (c) shall not apply to any gain from the sale of an intangible.
In the case of income not sourced under subsection (b), (c), (d)(1)(B) or (3), or (f), if a United States resident maintains an office or other fixed place of business in a foreign country, income from sales of personal property attributable to such office or other fixed place of business shall be sourced outside the United States.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply unless an income tax equal to at least 10 percent of the income from the sale is actually paid to a foreign country with respect to such income.
Notwithstanding any other provisions of this part, if a nonresident maintains an office or other fixed place of business in the United States, income from any sale of personal property (including inventory property) attributable to such office or other fixed place of business shall be sourced in the United States. The preceding sentence shall not apply for purposes of section 971 (defining export trade corporation).
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any sale of inventory property which is sold for use, disposition, or consumption outside the United States if an office or other fixed place of business of the taxpayer in a foreign country materially participated in the sale.
The principles of section 864(c)(5) shall apply in determining whether a taxpayer has an office or other fixed place of business and whether a sale is attributable to such an office or other fixed place of business.
If—
(1) a United States resident sells stock in an affiliate which is a foreign corporation,
(2) such sale occurs in a foreign country in which such affiliate is engaged in the active conduct of a trade or business, and
(3) more than 50 percent of the gross income of such affiliate for the 3-year period ending with the close of such affiliate's taxable year immediately preceding the year in which the sale occurred was derived from the active conduct of a trade or business in such foreign country,
any gain from such sale shall be sourced outside the United States. For purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3), the United States resident may elect to treat an affiliate and all other corporations which are wholly owned (directly or indirectly) by the affiliate as one corporation.
For purposes of this section—
Except as otherwise provided in this subsection—
The term "United States resident" means—
(i) any individual who—
(I) is a United States citizen or a resident alien and does not have a tax home (as defined in section 911(d)(3)) in a foreign country, or
(II) is a nonresident alien and has a tax home (as so defined) in the United States, and
(ii) any corporation, trust, or estate which is a United States person (as defined in section 7701(a)(30)).
The term "nonresident" means any person other than a United States resident.
For purposes of this section, a United States citizen or resident alien shall not be treated as a nonresident with respect to any sale of personal property unless an income tax equal to at least 10 percent of the gain derived from such sale is actually paid to a foreign country with respect to that gain.
Paragraph (2) shall not apply to the sale by an individual who was a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year of stock in a corporation if—
(A) such corporation is engaged in the active conduct of a trade or business in Puerto Rico, and
(B) more than 50 percent of its gross income for the 3-year period ending with the close of such corporation's taxable year immediately preceding the year in which such sale occurred was derived from the active conduct of a trade or business in Puerto Rico.
For purposes of the preceding sentence, the taxpayer may elect to treat a corporation and all other corporations which are wholly owned (directly or indirectly) by such corporation as one corporation.
In the case of gain to which this subsection applies—
(A) such gain shall be sourced outside the United States, but
(B) subsections (a), (b), and (c) of section 904 and sections 907 and 960 shall be applied separately with respect to such gain.
This subsection shall apply to—
Any gain—
(i) which is from the sale of stock in a foreign corporation or an intangible (as defined in subsection (d)(2)) and which would otherwise be sourced in the United States under this section,
(ii) which, under a treaty obligation of the United States (applied without regard to this section), would be sourced outside the United States, and
(iii) with respect to which the taxpayer chooses the benefits of this subsection.
Any gain which is derived from the receipt of any distribution in liquidation of a corporation—
(i) which is organized in a possession of the United States, and
(ii) more than 50 percent of the gross income of which during the 3-taxable year period ending with the close of the taxable year immediately preceding the taxable year in which the distribution is received is from the active conduct of a trade or business in such possession.
For purposes of this section—
The term "inventory property" means personal property described in paragraph (1) of section 1221(a).
The term "sale" includes an exchange or any other disposition.
Any possession of the United States shall be treated as a foreign country.
The term "affiliate" means a member of the same affiliated group (within the meaning of section 1504(a) without regard to section 1504(b)).
In the case of a partnership, except as provided in regulations, this section shall be applied at the partner level.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purpose of this section, including regulations—
(1) relating to the treatment of losses from sales of personal property,
(2) applying the rules of this section to income derived from trading in futures contracts, forward contracts, options contracts, and other instruments, and
(3) providing that, subject to such conditions (which may include provisions comparable to section 877) as may be provided in such regulations, subsections (e)(1)(B) and (g)(2) shall not apply for purposes of sections 931 and 933.
(1) For provisions relating to the characterization as dividends for source purposes of gains from the sale of stock in certain foreign corporations, see section 1248.
(2) For sourcing of income from certain foreign currency transactions, see section 988.
(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1211(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2533; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(d)(1)–(6), (8), (9), (11), (12), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3497–3499; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11813(b)(18), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–555; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13239(c), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 509; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1704(f)(4)(A), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1880; Pub. L. 106–170, title V, §532(c)(1)(E), Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1930; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(c)(6), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2222; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(d)(1)(D)(xi), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1208.)
2018—Subsec. (j)(3). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "and 933" for ", 933, and 936".
2017—Subsec. (h)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–97 substituted "907" for "902, 907,".
1999—Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 106–170 substituted "section 1221(a)" for "section 1221".
1996—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 104–188 substituted "863" for "863(b)".
1993—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–66 inserted at end "Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, any income from the sale of any unprocessed timber which is a softwood and was cut from an area in the United States shall be sourced in the United States and the rules of sections 862(a)(6) and 863(b) shall not apply to any such income. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term 'unprocessed timber' means any log, cant, or similar form of timber."
1990—Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 101–508 substituted "section 168(g)(4)" for "section 48(a)(2)(B)".
1988—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(12), inserted "franchise," after "trade brand,".
Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(1), added par. (4).
Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(2), (9), substituted "(d)(1)(B) or (3)" for "(d)" and "in a foreign country" for first reference to "outside the United States".
Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(5), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to—
"(i) any sale of inventory property which is sold for use, disposition, or consumption outside the United States if an office or other fixed place of business of the taxpayer outside the United States materially participated in the sale, or
"(ii) any amount included in gross income under section 951(a)(1)(A)."
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(4), amended subsec. (f) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (f) read as follows: "If—
"(1) a United States resident sells stock in an affiliate which is a foreign corporation,
"(2) such affiliate is engaged in the active conduct of a trade or business, and
"(3) such sale occurs in the foreign country in which the affiliate derived more than 50 percent of its gross income for the 3-year period ending with the close of the affiliate's taxable year immediately preceding the year during which such sale occurred,
any gain from such sale shall be sourced outside the United States."
Subsec. (g)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(11), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: "any individual who has a tax home (as defined in section 911(d)(3)) in the United States, and".
Subsec. (g)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(3)(A), struck out "partnership," after "corporation,".
Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(6)(A), added par. (3).
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(8), added subsec. (h) and redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i).
Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(3)(B), added par. (5) to subsec. (h) prior to redesignation as subsec. (i).
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(8), redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i). Former subsec. (i) redesignated (j).
Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(6)(B), added par. (3) to subsec. (i) prior to redesignation as subsec. (j).
Subsec. (i)(5). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(3)(B), added par. (5) to subsec. (h) prior to redesignation as subsec. (i).
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(8), redesignated former subsec. (i) as (j). Former subsec. (j) redesignated (k).
Subsec. (j)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(6)(B), added par. (3) to subsec. (i) prior to redesignation as subsec. (j).
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(d)(8), redesignated former subsec. (j) as (k).
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 106–170 applicable to any instrument held, acquired, or entered into, any transaction entered into, and supplies held or acquired on or after Dec. 17, 1999, see section 532(d) of Pub. L. 106–170, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.
Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1704(f)(4)(B), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1880, provided that: "The amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the amendments made by section 1211 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 [Pub. L. 99–514]."
Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13239(e), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 509, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 927, 954, and 993 of this title] shall apply to sales, exchanges, or other dispositions after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 10, 1993]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 1990, but not applicable to any transition property (as defined in section 49(e) of this title), any property with respect to which qualified progress expenditures were previously taken into account under section 46(d) of this title, and any property described in section 46(b)(2)(C) of this title, as such sections were in effect on Nov. 4, 1990, see section 11813(c) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(d)(5), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3497, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1987.
Amendment by section 1012(d)(1)–(4), (6), (8), (9), (11), (12) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1211(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2536, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 115–141 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Mar. 23, 2018, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Mar. 23, 2018, see section 401(e) of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Nov. 5, 1990, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 11821(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.
For nonapplication of amendment by section 1211(a) of Pub. L. 99–514 (enacting this section) to the extent application of such amendment would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(3), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1211(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2536, directed Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate to conduct a study of source rules for sales of inventory property and, not later than Sept. 30, 1987 (due date extended to Jan. 1, 1992, by Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11831(b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–559), to submit to Committee on Ways and Means of House of Representatives and Committee on Finance of Senate a report of such study (together with recommendations he deemed advisable).
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1212(b)(2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2538, added item for subpart C and redesignated item for former subpart C as D.
2008—Pub. L. 110–245, title III, §301(f), June 17, 2008, 122 Stat. 1647, added item 877A.
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1272(d)(13), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2595, inserted ", Guam, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands" in item 876.
1984—Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §139(b)(2), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 677, substituted "nonresident alien individuals" for "a resident or citizen of the United States who is married to a nonresident alien individual" in item 879.
1976—Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1012(b)(3)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1614, added item 879.
1966—Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §103(e)(2), (f)(2), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1551, 1552, inserted "; beneficiaries of estates and trusts" in item 875, added item 877, and redesignated former item 877 as 878.
Except as provided in subsection (h), there is hereby imposed for each taxable year a tax of 30 percent of the amount received from sources within the United States by a nonresident alien individual as—
(A) interest (other than original issue discount as defined in section 1273), dividends, rents, salaries, wages, premiums, annuities, compensations, remunerations, emoluments, and other fixed or determinable annual or periodical gains, profits, and income,
(B) gains described in subsection (b) or (c) of section 631,
(C) in the case of—
(i) a sale or exchange of an original issue discount obligation, the amount of the original issue discount accruing while such obligation was held by the nonresident alien individual (to the extent such discount was not theretofore taken into account under clause (ii)), and
(ii) a payment on an original issue discount obligation, an amount equal to the original issue discount accruing while such obligation was held by the nonresident alien individual (except that such original issue discount shall be taken into account under this clause only to the extent such discount was not theretofore taken into account under this clause and only to the extent that the tax thereon does not exceed the payment less the tax imposed by subparagraph (A) thereon), and
(D) gains from the sale or exchange after October 4, 1966, of patents, copyrights, secret processes and formulas, good will, trademarks, trade brands, franchises, and other like property, or of any interest in any such property, to the extent such gains are from payments which are contingent on the productivity, use, or disposition of the property or interest sold or exchanged,
but only to the extent the amount so received is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
In the case of a nonresident alien individual present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year, there is hereby imposed for such year a tax of 30 percent of the amount by which his gains, derived from sources within the United States, from the sale or exchange at any time during such year of capital assets exceed his losses, allocable to sources within the United States, from the sale or exchange at any time during such year of capital assets. For purposes of this paragraph, gains and losses shall be taken into account only if, and to the extent that, they would be recognized and taken into account if such gains and losses were effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, except that such gains and losses shall be determined without regard to section 1202 and such losses shall be determined without the benefits of the capital loss carryover provided in section 1212. Any gain or loss which is taken into account in determining the tax under paragraph (1) or subsection (b) shall not be taken into account in determining the tax under this paragraph. For purposes of the 183-day requirement of this paragraph, a nonresident alien individual not engaged in trade or business within the United States who has not established a taxable year for any prior period shall be treated as having a taxable year which is the calendar year.
For purposes of this section and section 1441—
(A) 85 percent of any social security benefit (as defined in section 86(d)) shall be included in gross income (notwithstanding section 207 of the Social Security Act), and
(B) section 86 shall not apply.
A nonresident alien individual engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year shall be taxable as provided in section 1 or 55 on his taxable income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
In determining taxable income for purposes of paragraph (1), gross income includes only gross income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
For purposes of this section, a nonresident alien individual who (without regard to this subsection) is not engaged in trade or business within the United States and who is temporarily present in the United States as a nonimmigrant under subparagraph (F), (J), (M), or (Q) of section 101(a)(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(F), (J), (M), or (Q)), shall be treated as a nonresident alien individual engaged in trade or business within the United States, and any income described in the second sentence of section 1441(b) which is received by such individual shall, to the extent derived from sources within the United States, be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
A nonresident alien individual who during the taxable year derives any income—
(A) from real property held for the production of income and located in the United States, or from any interest in such real property, including (i) gains from the sale or exchange of such real property or an interest therein, (ii) rents or royalties from mines, wells, or other natural deposits, and (iii) gains described in section 631(b) or (c), and
(B) which, but for this subsection, would not be treated as income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States,
may elect for such taxable year to treat all such income as income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. In such case, such income shall be taxable as provided in subsection (b)(1) whether or not such individual is engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year. An election under this paragraph for any taxable year shall remain in effect for all subsequent taxable years, except that it may be revoked with the consent of the Secretary with respect to any taxable year.
If an election has been made under paragraph (1) and such election has been revoked, a new election may not be made under such paragraph for any taxable year before the 5th taxable year which begins after the first taxable year for which such revocation is effective, unless the Secretary consents to such new election.
An election under paragraph (1), and any revocation of such an election, may be made only in such manner and at such time as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe.
For purposes of this section, gross income does not include any amount received as an annuity under a qualified annuity plan described in section 403(a)(1), or from a qualified trust described in section 401(a) which is exempt from tax under section 501(a), if—
(A) all of the personal services by reason of which the annuity is payable were either—
(i) personal services performed outside the United States by an individual who, at the time of performance of such personal services, was a nonresident alien, or
(ii) personal services described in section 864(b)(1) performed within the United States by such individual, and
(B) at the time the first amount is paid as an annuity under the annuity plan or by the trust, 90 percent or more of the employees for whom contributions or benefits are provided under such annuity plan, or under the plan or plans of which the trust is a part, are citizens or residents of the United States.
Income received during the taxable year which would be excluded from gross income under this subsection but for the requirement of paragraph (1)(B) shall not be included in gross income if—
(A) the recipient's country of residence grants a substantially equivalent exclusion to residents and citizens of the United States; or
(B) the recipient's country of residence is a beneficiary developing country under title V of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2461 et seq.).
For purposes of this section and section 881—
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term "original issue discount obligation" means any bond or other evidence of indebtedness having original issue discount (within the meaning of section 1273).
The term "original issue discount obligation" shall not include—
Any obligation payable 183 days or less from the date of original issue (without regard to the period held by the taxpayer).
Any obligation the interest on which is exempt from tax under section 103 or under any other provision of law without regard to the identity of the holder.
The determination of the amount of the original issue discount which accrues during any period shall be made under the rules of section 1272 (or the corresponding provisions of prior law) without regard to any exception for short-term obligations.
Except to the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the determination of whether any amount described in subsection (a)(1)(C) is from sources within the United States shall be made at the time of the payment (or sale or exchange) as if such payment (or sale or exchange) involved the payment of interest.
The provisions of section 1286 (relating to the treatment of stripped bonds and stripped coupons as obligations with original issue discount) shall apply for purposes of this section.
In the case of any portfolio interest received by a nonresident individual from sources within the United States, no tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1)(A) or (1)(C) of subsection (a).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "portfolio interest" means any interest (including original issue discount) which—
(A) would be subject to tax under subsection (a) but for this subsection, and
(B) is paid on an obligation—
(i) which is in registered form, and
(ii) with respect to which—
(I) the United States person who would otherwise be required to deduct and withhold tax from such interest under section 1441(a) receives a statement (which meets the requirements of paragraph (5)) that the beneficial owner of the obligation is not a United States person, or
(II) the Secretary has determined that such a statement is not required in order to carry out the purposes of this subsection.
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "portfolio interest" shall not include any interest described in paragraph (2) which is received by a 10-percent shareholder.
The term "10-percent shareholder" means—
(i) in the case of an obligation issued by a corporation, any person who owns 10 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote, or
(ii) in the case of an obligation issued by a partnership, any person who owns 10 percent or more of the capital or profits interest in such partnership.
For purposes of determining ownership of stock under subparagraph (B)(i) the rules of section 318(a) shall apply, except that—
(i) section 318(a)(2)(C) shall be applied without regard to the 50-percent limitation therein,
(ii) section 318(a)(3)(C) shall be applied—
(I) without regard to the 50-percent limitation therein; and
(II) in any case where such section would not apply but for subclause (I), by considering a corporation as owning the stock (other than stock in such corporation) which is owned by or for any shareholder of such corporation in that proportion which the value of the stock which such shareholder owns in such corporation bears to the value of all stock in such corporation, and
(iii) any stock which a person is treated as owning after application of section 318(a)(4) shall not, for purposes of applying paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 318(a), be treated as actually owned by such person.
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, rules similar to the rules of the preceding sentence shall be applied in determining the ownership of the capital or profits interest in a partnership for purposes of subparagraph (B)(ii).
For purposes of this subsection—
Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, the term "portfolio interest" shall not include—
(i) any interest if the amount of such interest is determined by reference to—
(I) any receipts, sales or other cash flow of the debtor or a related person,
(II) any income or profits of the debtor or a related person,
(III) any change in value of any property of the debtor or a related person, or
(IV) any dividend, partnership distributions, or similar payments made by the debtor or a related person, or
(ii) any other type of contingent interest that is identified by the Secretary by regulation, where a denial of the portfolio interest exemption is necessary or appropriate to prevent avoidance of Federal income tax.
The term "related person" means any person who is related to the debtor within the meaning of section 267(b) or 707(b)(1), or who is a party to any arrangement undertaken for a purpose of avoiding the application of this paragraph.
Subparagraph (A)(i) shall not apply to—
(i) any amount of interest solely by reason of the fact that the timing of any interest or principal payment is subject to a contingency,
(ii) any amount of interest solely by reason of the fact that the interest is paid with respect to nonrecourse or limited recourse indebtedness,
(iii) any amount of interest all or substantially all of which is determined by reference to any other amount of interest not described in subparagraph (A) (or by reference to the principal amount of indebtedness on which such other interest is paid),
(iv) any amount of interest solely by reason of the fact that the debtor or a related person enters into a hedging transaction to manage the risk of interest rate or currency fluctuations with respect to such interest,
(v) any amount of interest determined by reference to—
(I) changes in the value of property (including stock) that is actively traded (within the meaning of section 1092(d)) other than property described in section 897(c)(1) or (g),
(II) the yield on property described in subclause (I), other than a debt instrument that pays interest described in subparagraph (A), or stock or other property that represents a beneficial interest in the debtor or a related person, or
(III) changes in any index of the value of property described in subclause (I) or of the yield on property described in subclause (II), and
(vi) any other type of interest identified by the Secretary by regulation.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any interest paid or accrued with respect to any indebtedness with a fixed term—
(i) which was issued on or before April 7, 1993, or
(ii) which was issued after such date pursuant to a written binding contract in effect on such date and at all times thereafter before such indebtedness was issued.
A statement with respect to any obligation meets the requirements of this paragraph if such statement is made by—
(A) the beneficial owner of such obligation, or
(B) a securities clearing organization, a bank, or other financial institution that holds customers' securities in the ordinary course of its trade or business.
The preceding sentence shall not apply to any statement with respect to payment of interest on any obligation by any person if, at least one month before such payment, the Secretary has published a determination that any statement from such person (or any class including such person) does not meet the requirements of this paragraph.
If the Secretary determines that the exchange of information between the United States and a foreign country is inadequate to prevent evasion of the United States income tax by United States persons, the Secretary may provide in writing (and publish a statement) that the provisions of this subsection shall not apply to payments of interest to any person within such foreign country (or payments addressed to, or for the account of, persons within such foreign country) during the period—
(i) beginning on the date specified by the Secretary, and
(ii) ending on the date that the Secretary determines that the exchange of information between the United States and the foreign country is adequate to prevent the evasion of United States income tax by United States persons.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to the payment of interest on any obligation which is issued on or before the date of the publication of the Secretary's determination under such subparagraph.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "registered form" has the same meaning given such term by section 163(f).
No tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1)(A) or (1)(C) of subsection (a) on any amount described in paragraph (2).
The amounts described in this paragraph are as follows:
(A) Interest on deposits, if such interest is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
(B) The active foreign business percentage of—
(i) any dividend paid by an existing 80/20 company, and
(ii) any interest paid by an existing 80/20 company.
(C) Income derived by a foreign central bank of issue from bankers' acceptances.
(D) Dividends paid by a foreign corporation which are treated under section 861(a)(2)(B) as income from sources within the United States.
For purposes of paragraph (2), the term "deposits" means amounts which are—
(A) deposits with persons carrying on the banking business,
(B) deposits or withdrawable accounts with savings institutions chartered and supervised as savings and loan or similar associations under Federal or State law, but only to the extent that amounts paid or credited on such deposits or accounts are deductible under section 591 (determined without regard to sections 265 and 291) in computing the taxable income of such institutions, and
(C) amounts held by an insurance company under an agreement to pay interest thereon.
No tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1)(A) of subsection (a) on the proceeds from a wager placed in any of the following games: blackjack, baccarat, craps, roulette, or big-6 wheel. The preceding sentence shall not apply in any case where the Secretary determines by regulation that the collection of the tax is administratively feasible.
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), no tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1)(A) of subsection (a) on any interest-related dividend received from a regulated investment company which meets the requirements of section 852(a) for the taxable year with respect to which the dividend is paid.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply—
(i) to any interest-related dividend received from a regulated investment company by a person to the extent such dividend is attributable to interest (other than interest described in subparagraph (E)(i) or (iii)) received by such company on indebtedness issued by such person or by any corporation or partnership with respect to which such person is a 10-percent shareholder,
(ii) to any interest-related dividend with respect to stock of a regulated investment company unless the person who would otherwise be required to deduct and withhold tax from such dividend under chapter 3 receives a statement (which meets requirements similar to the requirements of subsection (h)(5)) that the beneficial owner of such stock is not a United States person, and
(iii) to any interest-related dividend paid to any person within a foreign country (or any interest-related dividend payment addressed to, or for the account of, persons within such foreign country) during any period described in subsection (h)(6) with respect to such country.
Clause (iii) shall not apply to any dividend with respect to any stock which was acquired on or before the date of the publication of the Secretary's determination under subsection (h)(6).
For purposes of this paragraph—
Except as provided in clause (ii), an interest related dividend is any dividend, or part thereof, which is reported by the company as an interest related dividend in written statements furnished to its shareholders.
If the aggregate reported amount with respect to the company for any taxable year exceeds the qualified net interest income of the company for such taxable year, an interest related dividend is the excess of—
(I) the reported interest related dividend amount, over
(II) the excess reported amount which is allocable to such reported interest related dividend amount.
Except as provided in subclause (II), the excess reported amount (if any) which is allocable to the reported interest related dividend amount is that portion of the excess reported amount which bears the same ratio to the excess reported amount as the reported interest related dividend amount bears to the aggregate reported amount.
In the case of any taxable year which does not begin and end in the same calendar year, if the post-December reported amount equals or exceeds the excess reported amount for such taxable year, subclause (I) shall be applied by substituting "post-December reported amount" for "aggregate reported amount" and no excess reported amount shall be allocated to any dividend paid on or before December 31 of such taxable year.
For purposes of this subparagraph—
The term "reported interest related dividend amount" means the amount reported to its shareholders under clause (i) as an interest related dividend.
The term "excess reported amount" means the excess of the aggregate reported amount over the qualified net interest income of the company for the taxable year.
The term "aggregate reported amount" means the aggregate amount of dividends reported by the company under clause (i) as interest related dividends for the taxable year (including interest related dividends paid after the close of the taxable year described in section 855).
The term "post-December reported amount" means the aggregate reported amount determined by taking into account only dividends paid after December 31 of the taxable year.
For purposes of subparagraph (C), the term "qualified net interest income" means the qualified interest income of the regulated investment company reduced by the deductions properly allocable to such income.
For purposes of subparagraph (D), the term "qualified interest income" means the sum of the following amounts derived by the regulated investment company from sources within the United States:
(i) Any amount includible in gross income as original issue discount (within the meaning of section 1273) on an obligation payable 183 days or less from the date of original issue (without regard to the period held by the company).
(ii) Any interest includible in gross income (including amounts recognized as ordinary income in respect of original issue discount or market discount or acquisition discount under part V of subchapter P and such other amounts as regulations may provide) on an obligation which is in registered form; except that this clause shall not apply to—
(I) any interest on an obligation issued by a corporation or partnership if the regulated investment company is a 10-percent shareholder in such corporation or partnership, and
(II) any interest which is treated as not being portfolio interest under the rules of subsection (h)(4).
(iii) Any interest referred to in subsection (i)(2)(A) (without regard to the trade or business of the regulated investment company).
(iv) Any interest-related dividend includable in gross income with respect to stock of another regulated investment company.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "10-percent shareholder" has the meaning given such term by subsection (h)(3)(B).
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), no tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1)(A) of subsection (a) on any short-term capital gain dividend received from a regulated investment company which meets the requirements of section 852(a) for the taxable year with respect to which the dividend is paid.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply in the case of any nonresident alien individual subject to tax under subsection (a)(2).
For purposes of this paragraph—
Except as provided in clause (ii), the term "short-term capital gain dividend" means any dividend, or part thereof, which is reported by the company as a short-term capital gain dividend in written statements furnished to its shareholders.
If the aggregate reported amount with respect to the company for any taxable year exceeds the qualified short-term gain of the company for such taxable year, the term "short-term capital gain dividend" means the excess of—
(I) the reported short-term capital gain dividend amount, over
(II) the excess reported amount which is allocable to such reported short-term capital gain dividend amount.
Except as provided in subclause (II), the excess reported amount (if any) which is allocable to the reported short-term capital gain dividend amount is that portion of the excess reported amount which bears the same ratio to the excess reported amount as the reported short-term capital gain dividend amount bears to the aggregate reported amount.
In the case of any taxable year which does not begin and end in the same calendar year, if the post-December reported amount equals or exceeds the excess reported amount for such taxable year, subclause (I) shall be applied by substituting "post-December reported amount" for "aggregate reported amount" and no excess reported amount shall be allocated to any dividend paid on or before December 31 of such taxable year.
For purposes of this subparagraph—
The term "reported short-term capital gain dividend amount" means the amount reported to its shareholders under clause (i) as a short-term capital gain dividend.
The term "excess reported amount" means the excess of the aggregate reported amount over the qualified short-term gain of the company for the taxable year.
The term "aggregate reported amount" means the aggregate amount of dividends reported by the company under clause (i) as short-term capital gain dividends for the taxable year (including short-term capital gain dividends paid after the close of the taxable year described in section 855).
The term "post-December reported amount" means the aggregate reported amount determined by taking into account only dividends paid after December 31 of the taxable year.
For purposes of subparagraph (C), the term "qualified short-term gain" means the excess of the net short-term capital gain of the regulated investment company for the taxable year over the net long-term capital loss (if any) of such company for such taxable year. For purposes of this subparagraph, the net short-term capital gain of the regulated investment company shall be computed by treating any short-term capital gain dividend includible in gross income with respect to stock of another regulated investment company as a short-term capital gain.
In the case of a distribution to which section 897 does not apply by reason of the second sentence of section 897(h)(1), the amount which would be treated as a short-term capital gain dividend to the shareholder (without regard to this subparagraph)—
(i) shall not be treated as a short-term capital gain dividend, and
(ii) shall be included in such shareholder's gross income as a dividend from the regulated investment company.
For purposes of this subsection and subsection (i)(2)(B)—
The term "existing 80/20 company" means any corporation if—
(i) such corporation met the 80-percent foreign business requirements of section 861(c)(1) (as in effect before the date of the enactment of this subsection) for such corporation's last taxable year beginning before January 1, 2011,
(ii) such corporation meets the 80-percent foreign business requirements of subparagraph (B) with respect to each taxable year after the taxable year referred to in clause (i), and
(iii) there has not been an addition of a substantial line of business with respect to such corporation after the date of the enactment of this subsection.
Except as provided in clause (iv), a corporation meets the 80-percent foreign business requirements of this subparagraph if it is shown to the satisfaction of the Secretary that at least 80 percent of the gross income from all sources of such corporation for the testing period is active foreign business income.
For purposes of clause (i), the term "active foreign business income" means gross income which—
(I) is derived from sources outside the United States (as determined under this subchapter), and
(II) is attributable to the active conduct of a trade or business in a foreign country or possession of the United States.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "testing period" means the 3-year period ending with the close of the taxable year of the corporation preceding the payment (or such part of such period as may be applicable). If the corporation has no gross income for such 3-year period (or part thereof), the testing period shall be the taxable year in which the payment is made.
In the case of a taxable year for which the testing period includes 1 or more taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011—
(I) a corporation meets the 80-percent foreign business requirements of this subparagraph if and only if the weighted average of—
(aa) the percentage of the corporation's gross income from all sources that is active foreign business income (as defined in subparagraph (B) of section 861(c)(1) (as in effect before the date of the enactment of this subsection)) for the portion of the testing period that includes taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, and
(bb) the percentage of the corporation's gross income from all sources that is active foreign business income (as defined in clause (ii) of this subparagraph) for the portion of the testing period, if any, that includes taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2011,
is at least 80 percent, and
(II) the active foreign business percentage for such taxable year shall equal the weighted average percentage determined under subclause (I).
Except as provided in paragraph (1)(B)(iv), the term "active foreign business percentage" means, with respect to any existing 80/20 company, the percentage which—
(A) the active foreign business income of such company for the testing period, is of
(B) the gross income of such company for the testing period from all sources.
For purposes of applying paragraph (1) (other than subparagraphs (A)(i) and (B)(iv) thereof) and paragraph (2)—
The corporation referred to in paragraph (1)(A) and all of such corporation's subsidiaries shall be treated as one corporation.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "subsidiary" means any corporation in which the corporation referred to in subparagraph (A) owns (directly or indirectly) stock meeting the requirements of section 1504(a)(2) (determined by substituting "50 percent" for "80 percent" each place it appears and without regard to section 1504(b)(3)).
The Secretary may issue such regulations or other guidance as is necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations or other guidance which provide for the proper application of the aggregation rules described in paragraph (3).
For purposes of subsection (a), sections 881 and 4948(a), and chapters 3 and 4, a dividend equivalent shall be treated as a dividend from sources within the United States.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "dividend equivalent" means—
(A) any substitute dividend made pursuant to a securities lending or a sale-repurchase transaction that (directly or indirectly) is contingent upon, or determined by reference to, the payment of a dividend from sources within the United States,
(B) any payment made pursuant to a specified notional principal contract that (directly or indirectly) is contingent upon, or determined by reference to, the payment of a dividend from sources within the United States, and
(C) any other payment determined by the Secretary to be substantially similar to a payment described in subparagraph (A) or (B).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "specified notional principal contract" means—
(A) any notional principal contract if—
(i) in connection with entering into such contract, any long party to the contract transfers the underlying security to any short party to the contract,
(ii) in connection with the termination of such contract, any short party to the contract transfers the underlying security to any long party to the contract,
(iii) the underlying security is not readily tradable on an established securities market,
(iv) in connection with entering into such contract, the underlying security is posted as collateral by any short party to the contract with any long party to the contract, or
(v) such contract is identified by the Secretary as a specified notional principal contract,
(B) in the case of payments made after the date which is 2 years after the date of the enactment of this subsection, any notional principal contract unless the Secretary determines that such contract is of a type which does not have the potential for tax avoidance.
For purposes of paragraph (3)(A)—
The term "long party" means, with respect to any underlying security of any notional principal contract, any party to the contract which is entitled to receive any payment pursuant to such contract which is contingent upon, or determined by reference to, the payment of a dividend from sources within the United States with respect to such underlying security.
The term "short party" means, with respect to any underlying security of any notional principal contract, any party to the contract which is not a long party with respect to such underlying security.
The term "underlying security" means, with respect to any notional principal contract, the security with respect to which the dividend referred to in paragraph (2)(B) is paid. For purposes of this paragraph, any index or fixed basket of securities shall be treated as a single security.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "payment" includes any gross amount which is used in computing any net amount which is transferred to or from the taxpayer.
In the case of any chain of dividend equivalents one or more of which is subject to tax under subsection (a) or section 881, the Secretary may reduce such tax, but only to the extent that the taxpayer can establish that such tax has been paid with respect to another dividend equivalent in such chain, or is not otherwise due, or as the Secretary determines is appropriate to address the role of financial intermediaries in such chain. For purposes of this paragraph, a dividend shall be treated as a dividend equivalent.
For purposes of chapters 3 and 4, each person that is a party to any contract or other arrangement that provides for the payment of a dividend equivalent shall be treated as having control of such payment.
(1) For tax treatment of certain amounts distributed by the United States to nonresident alien individuals, see section 402(e)(2).
(2) For taxation of nonresident alien individuals who are expatriate United States citizens, see section 877.
(3) For doubling of tax on citizens of certain foreign countries, see section 891.
(4) For adjustment of tax in case of nationals or residents of certain foreign countries, see section 896.
(5) For withholding of tax at source on nonresident alien individuals, see section 1441.
(6) For election to treat married nonresident alien individual as resident of United States in certain cases, see subsections (g) and (h) of section 6013.
(7) For special tax treatment of gain or loss from the disposition by a nonresident alien individual of a United States real property interest, see section 897.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 278; Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §§40(a), 41(a), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1638, 1639; Pub. L. 86–437, §2(b), Apr. 22, 1960, 74 Stat. 79; Pub. L. 87–256, §110(b), Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 535; Pub. L. 88–272, title I, §113(b), title II, §201(d)(12), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 24, 32; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §103(a)(1), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1547; Pub. L. 92–178, title III, §313(a), (b), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 526, 527; Pub. L. 93–406, title II, §2005(c)(8), Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 992; Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1012(a)(2), title XIX, §§1901(b)(3)(I), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1613, 1793, 1834; Pub. L. 95–600, title IV, §§401(b)(3), 421(e)(4), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2867, 2876; Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §104(a)(4)(H)(v), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 217; Pub. L. 96–499, title XI, §1122(c)(1), Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2687; Pub. L. 96–605, title II, §227(a), Dec. 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 3530; Pub. L. 97–34, title VII, §725(c)(1), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 346; Pub. L. 98–21, title I, §121(c)(1), title III, §335(b)(2)(B), Apr. 20, 1983, 97 Stat. 82, 130; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §§42(a)(9), 127(a), 128(a), title IV, §412(b)(1), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 557, 648, 653, 792; Pub. L. 99–272, title XII, §12103(b), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 285; Pub. L. 99–514, title III, §301(b)(9), title XII, §§1211(b)(4), (5), 1214(c)(1), title XVIII, §1810(d)(1)(A), (2), (3)(A), (B), (e)(2)(A), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2217, 2536, 2542, 2825, 2826; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1001(d)(2)(B), title VI, §6134(a)(1), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3350, 3721; Pub. L. 102–318, title V, §521(b)(28)–(30), July 3, 1992, 106 Stat. 312; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §§13113(d)(5), 13237(a)(1), (c)(1), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 430, 506, 508; Pub. L. 103–296, title III, §320(a)(1)(A), Aug. 15, 1994, 108 Stat. 1535; Pub. L. 103–465, title VII, §733(a), Dec. 8, 1994, 108 Stat. 5006; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §§1401(b)(10), 1954(b)(1), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1789, 1928; Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, §6023(10), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 825; Pub. L. 106–170, title V, §532(b)(2), Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1930; Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(7) [title III, §319(11)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–646; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §§409(a), 411(a)(1), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1500; Pub. L. 109–222, title V, §505(c)(2), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 356; Pub. L. 110–343, div. C, title II, §206(a), (b), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3865; Pub. L. 111–147, title V, §§502(b)(1), (2)(A), 541(a), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 107, 115; Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §217(b), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2400; Pub. L. 111–312, title VII, §748(a), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3320; Pub. L. 111–325, title III, §§301(f), 302(b)(2), 308(b)(3), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3544, 3548, 3551; Pub. L. 112–240, title III, §320(a), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2332; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title I, §132(a), title II, §221(a)(71), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4018, 4048; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, §125(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3054; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(b)(29), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1203.)
Section 207 of the Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(A), is classified to section 407 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
The Trade Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(B), is Pub. L. 93–618, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 1978, as amended. Title V of the Trade Act of 1974 is classified generally to subchapter V (§2461 et seq.) of chapter 12 of Title 19, Customs Duties. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 2101 of Title 19 and Tables.
The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (l)(1)(A)(i), (iii), (B)(iv)(I)(aa), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 111–226, which was approved Aug. 10, 2010.
The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (m)(3)(B), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 111–147, which was approved Mar. 18, 2010.
2018—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–141 struck out concluding provisions which read as follows: "For treatment of certain citizens of possessions of the United States, see section 932(c)."
2015—Subsec. (k)(1)(C)(v). Pub. L. 114–113 struck out cl. (v). Text read as follows: "The term 'interest related dividend' shall not include any dividend with respect to any taxable year of the company beginning after December 31, 2014."
Subsec. (k)(2)(C)(v). Pub. L. 114–113 struck out cl. (v). Text read as follows: "The term 'short-term capital gain dividend' shall not include any dividend with respect to any taxable year of the company beginning after December 31, 2014."
2014—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 113–295, §221(a)(71), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "gains described in section 631(b) or (c), and gains on transfers described in section 1235 made on or before October 4, 1966,".
Subsec. (k)(1)(C)(v), (2)(C)(v). Pub. L. 113–295, §132(a), substituted "December 31, 2014" for "December 31, 2013".
2013—Subsec. (k)(1)(C)(v), (2)(C)(v). Pub. L. 112–240 substituted "December 31, 2013" for "December 31, 2011".
2010—Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 111–147, §502(b)(1), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) defined portfolio interest to also include interest on certain obligations not in registered form.
Subsec. (h)(3)(A). Pub. L. 111–147, §502(b)(2)(A), struck out "subparagraph (A) or (B) of" before "paragraph (2)".
Subsec. (i)(2)(B). Pub. L. 111–226, §217(b)(1), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "A percentage of any dividend paid by a domestic corporation meeting the 80-percent foreign business requirements of section 861(c)(1) equal to the percentage determined for purposes of section 861(c)(2)(A)."
Subsec. (k)(1)(A). Pub. L. 111–325, §302(b)(2), inserted "which meets the requirements of section 852(a) for the taxable year with respect to which the dividend is paid" before period at end.
Subsec. (k)(1)(C). Pub. L. 111–325, §301(f)(1), substituted introductory provisions, cls. (i) to (iv), and cl. (v) heading and "The term 'interest related dividend' shall not include any dividend with respect to" for "For purposes of this paragraph, the term 'interest-related dividend' means any dividend (or part thereof) which is designated by the regulated investment company as an interest-related dividend in a written notice mailed to its shareholders not later than 60 days after the close of its taxable year. If the aggregate amount so designated with respect to a taxable year of the company (including amounts so designated with respect to dividends paid after the close of the taxable year described in section 855) is greater than the qualified net interest income of the company for such taxable year, the portion of each distribution which shall be an interest-related dividend shall be only that portion of the amounts so designated which such qualified net interest income bears to the aggregate amount so designated. Such term shall not include any dividend with respect to".
Pub. L. 111–312, §748(a), substituted "December 31, 2011" for "December 31, 2009".
Subsec. (k)(2)(A). Pub. L. 111–325, §302(b)(2), inserted "which meets the requirements of section 852(a) for the taxable year with respect to which the dividend is paid" before period at end.
Subsec. (k)(2)(C). Pub. L. 111–325, §301(f)(2), substituted introductory provisions, cls. (i) to (iv), and cl. (v) heading and "The term 'short-term capital gain dividend' shall not include any dividend with respect to" for "For purposes of this paragraph, the term 'short-term capital gain dividend' means any dividend (or part thereof) which is designated by the regulated investment company as a short-term capital gain dividend in a written notice mailed to its shareholders not later than 60 days after the close of its taxable year. If the aggregate amount so designated with respect to a taxable year of the company (including amounts so designated with respect to dividends paid after the close of the taxable year described in section 855) is greater than the qualified short-term gain of the company for such taxable year, the portion of each distribution which shall be a short-term capital gain dividend shall be only that portion of the amounts so designated which such qualified short-term gain bears to the aggregate amount so designated. Such term shall not include any dividend with respect to".
Pub. L. 111–312, §748(a), substituted "December 31, 2011" for "December 31, 2009".
Subsec. (k)(2)(D). Pub. L. 111–325, §308(b)(3), substituted "For purposes of this subparagraph, the net short-term capital gain of the regulated investment company shall be computed by treating any short-term capital gain dividend includible in gross income with respect to stock of another regulated investment company as a short-term capital gain." for "For purposes of this subparagraph—
"(i) the net short-term capital gain of the regulated investment company shall be computed by treating any short-term capital gain dividend includible in gross income with respect to stock of another regulated investment company as a short-term capital gain, and
"(ii) the excess of the net short-term capital gain for a taxable year over the net long-term capital loss for a taxable year (to which an election under section 4982(e)(4) does not apply) shall be determined without regard to any net capital loss or net short-term capital loss attributable to transactions after October 31 of such year, and any such net capital loss or net short-term capital loss shall be treated as arising on the 1st day of the next taxable year.
To the extent provided in regulations, clause (ii) shall apply also for purposes of computing the taxable income of the regulated investment company."
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 111–226, §217(b)(2), added subsec. (l). Former subsec. (l) redesignated (m).
Pub. L. 111–147, §541(a), added subsec. (l). Former subsec. (l) redesignated (m).
Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 111–226, §217(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (l) as (m). Former subsec. (m) redesignated (n).
Pub. L. 111–147, §541(a), redesignated subsec. (l) as (m).
Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 111–226, §217(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (m) as (n).
2008—Subsec. (k)(1)(C), (2)(C). Pub. L. 110–343 substituted "December 31, 2009" for "December 31, 2007".
2006—Subsec. (k)(2)(E). Pub. L. 109–222 added subpar. (E).
2004—Subsec. (i)(2)(D). Pub. L. 108–357, §409(a), added subpar. (D).
Subsecs. (k), (l). Pub. L. 108–357, §411(a)(1), added subsec. (k) and redesignated former subsec. (k) as (l).
2000—Subsec. (f)(2)(B). Pub. L. 106–554 inserted opening parenthesis before "19 U.S.C.".
1999—Subsec. (h)(4)(C)(iv). Pub. L. 106–170 substituted "to manage" for "to reduce".
1998—Subsec. (f)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–206 substituted "19 U.S.C. 2461 et seq.)" for "(19 U.S.C. 2462)".
1996—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–188, §1401(b)(10), substituted "section 1 or 55" for "section 1, 55, or 402(d)(1)".
Subsec. (f)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–188, §1954(b)(1), substituted "under title V" for "within the meaning of section 502".
1994—Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 103–465 substituted "85 percent" for "one-half".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–296 substituted "(J), (M), or (Q)" for "(J), or (M)" in two places.
1993—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–66, §13113(d)(5), inserted "such gains and losses shall be determined without regard to section 1202 and" after "except that" in second sentence.
Subsec. (h)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 103–66, §13237(c)(1), substituted "paragraph (5)" for "paragraph (4)".
Subsec. (h)(4) to (7). Pub. L. 103–66, §13237(a)(1), added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) to (6) as (5) to (7), respectively.
1992—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 102–318, §521(b)(28), struck out "402(a)(2), 403(a)(2), or" before "631(b)".
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 102–318, §521(b)(29), substituted "402(d)(1)" for "402(e)(1)".
Subsec. (k)(1). Pub. L. 102–318, §521(b)(30), substituted "402(e)(2)" for "402(a)(4)".
1988—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–647, §1001(d)(2)(B), substituted "the second sentence of section 1441(b)" for "section 1441(b)(1) or (2)", and "(F), (J), or (M)" for "(F) or (J)" in two places.
Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 100–647, §6134(a)(1), added subsec. (j) and redesignated former subsec. (j) as (k).
1986—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(d)(3)(A), substituted "subsection (h)" for "subsection (i)" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(e)(2)(A), amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: "in the case of—
"(i) a sale or exchange of an original issue discount obligation, the amount of any gain not in excess of the original issue discount accruing while such obligation was held by the nonresident alien individual (to the extent such discount was not theretofore taken into account under clause (ii)), and
"(ii) the payment of interest on an original issue discount obligation, an amount equal to the original issue discount accrued on such obligation since the last payment of interest thereon (except that such original issue discount shall be taken into account under this clause only to the extent that the tax thereon does not exceed the interest payment less the tax imposed by subparagraph (A) thereon), and".
Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 99–514, §1211(b)(4), struck out "or from payments which are treated as being so contingent under subsection (e)," after "sold or exchanged,".
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §301(b)(9), struck out "such gains and losses shall be determined without regard to section 1202 (relating to deduction for capital gains) and" after "United States, except that".
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 99–272 inserted at end "For treatment of certain citizens of possessions of the United States, see section 932(c)."
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–514, §1211(b)(5), struck out subsec. (e) which related to gains from sale or exchange of certain intangible property, par. (1) treating payments as contingent on use, etc., and par. (2) containing source rule.
Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(d)(1)(A), (3)(B), inserted "which would be subject to tax under subsection (a) but for this subsection and" in introductory provisions and substituted "receives a statement" for "has received a statement" in subpar. (B)(ii).
Subsec. (h)(3)(C)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(d)(2), added cl. (ii) and redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii).
Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 99–514, §1214(c)(1), added subsec. (i) and redesignated former subsec. (i) as (j).
1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–369, §127(a)(2), substituted "Except as provided in subsection (i), there" for "There".
Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 98–369, §42(a)(9), substituted "section 1273" for "section 1232(b)".
Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 98–369, §128(a)(1), amended subpar. (C) generally, substituting in cl. (i), "a sale or exchange of an original issue discount obligation, the amount of any gain not in excess of the original issue discount accruing while such obligation was held by the nonresident alien individual (to the extent such discount was not theretofore taken into account under clause (ii)), and" for "bonds or other evidences of indebtedness issued after September 28, 1965, and before April 1, 1972, amounts which under section 1232(a)(2)(B) are considered as ordinary income, and, in the case of corporate obligations issued after May 27, 1969, and before April 1, 1972, amounts which would be so considered but for the fact the obligations were issued after May 27, 1969,", substituting in cl. (ii), "the payment of interest on an original issue discount obligation, an amount equal to the original issue discount accrued on such obligation since the last payment of interest thereon (except that such original issue discount shall be taken into account under this clause only to the extent that the tax thereon does not exceed the interest payment less the tax imposed by subparagraph (A) thereon), and" for "bonds or other evidences of indebtedness issued after March 31, 1972, and payable more than 6 months from the date of original issue (without regard to the period held by the taxpayer), amounts which under section 1232(a)(2)(B) would be considered as ordinary income but for the fact such obligations were issued after May 27, 1969, and", and striking out cl. (iii) which required that in the case of the payment of interest on an obligation described in cl. (ii), an amount equal to the original issue discount, but not in excess of such interest less the tax imposed by subpar. (A) thereon, accrued on such obligation since the last payment of interest thereon, be included for purpose of the 30 percent tax.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–369, §128(a)(2), added subsec. (g). Former subsec. (g), relating to cross references, redesignated (h).
Subsec. (g)(6) to (8). Pub. L. 98–369, §412(b)(1), amended subsec. (g), relating to cross references, by striking out par. (6) referring to section 6015(j) for the requirement of making a declaration of estimated tax by certain nonresident alien individuals and redesignating pars. (7) and (8) as (6) and (7), respectively.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 98–369, §127(a), added subsec. (h). Former subsec. (h), relating to cross references, redesignated (i).
Pub. L. 98–369, §128(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (g), relating to cross references, as (h).
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 98–369, §127(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (h), relating to cross references, as (i).
1983—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98–21, §121(c)(1), added par. (3).
Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 98–21, §335(b)(2)(B), inserted "(notwithstanding section 207 of the Social Security Act)" after "income".
1981—Subsec. (g)(6). Pub. L. 97–34 substituted "6015(j)" for "6015(i)".
1980—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 96–222 substituted "55" for "section 55".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 96–605 designated existing provision as par. (1), inserted heading "In general" and redesignated par. (1) as subpar. (A), cls. (A) and (B) of subpar. (A) as so redesignated as cls. (i) and (ii), and par. (2) as subpar. (B), and added par. (2).
Subsec. (g)(8). Pub. L. 96–499 added par. (8).
1978—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 95–600, §§401(b)(3), 421(e)(4), substituted "section 1, section 55, or 402(e)(1)" for "section 1, 402(e)(1), or 1201(b)".
1976—Subsec. (a)(1)(C)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(b)(3)(I), substituted "ordinary income" for "gain from the sale or exchange of property which is not a capital asset".
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary", each time appearing.
Subsec. (g)(7). Pub. L. 94–455, §1012(a)(2), added par. (7).
1974—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 93–406 inserted reference to section 402(e)(1).
1971—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 92–178, §313(a), inserted "(other than original issue discount as defined in section 1232(b))" after "interest".
Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 92–178, §313(b), designated existing provisions as cl. (i), inserted "and before April 1, 1972," after "September 28, 1965,", substituted "section 1232(a)(2)(B)" for "section 1232", and inserted ", in the case of corporate obligations issued after May 27, 1969, and before April 1, 1972, amounts which would be so considered but for the fact the obligations were issued after May 27, 1969,", and added cls. (ii) and (iii).
1966—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 89–809 consolidated the substance of former subsecs. (a) to (c) and, as part of the consolidation, revised the overall income tax treatment of nonresident alien individuals by substituting provisions dividing their income for tax purposes into two basic groups according to whether or not the income is effectively connected with a United States trade or business for provisions calling for different tax treatment based upon whether or not they are, or are not, engaged in a trade or business in the United States, with a further breakdown of those not engaged in trade or business in the United States as to whether their income is over or under $21,200.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 89–809 redesignated subsec. (d) as (c) and inserted provisions that any income described in section 1441(b)(1) or (2) which is received by such individual shall, to the extent derived from sources within the United States, be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. Substance of former subsec. (c) revised and incorporated into subsecs. (a) and (b).
Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 89–809 added subsecs. (d) to (f) and redesignated former subsecs. (d) and (e) as (c) and (g), respectively.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89–809 redesignated former subsec. (e) as (g), added pars. (2) and (4) to (6), and redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as (3) and (1), respectively.
1964—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 88–272, §113(b)(2), substituted "30 percent tax" for "and gross income of not more than $15,400" in heading.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 88–272, §§113(b)(1), (3), 201(d)(12), substituted "$19,000 in the case of a taxable year beginning in 1964 or more than $21,200 in the case of a taxable year beginning after 1964" for "$15,400", "the credit under section 35" for "the sum of the credits under sections 34 and 35" in text, and "Regular tax" for "and gross income of more than $15,400" in heading.
1961—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 87–256 added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e).
1960—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 86–437 substituted "Cross references" for "Doubling of tax" in heading, and inserted cross reference to section 402(a)(4).
1958—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 85–866, §40(a), inserted "section 403(a)(2)," after "section 402(a)(2),".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 85–866, §41(a), inserted last par. covering former provisions of par. (3), which was struck out by the amendment, and containing new provisions with references to credits under section 34 and 35 and exclusion under section 116 of this title.
Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, §125(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3054, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014."
Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title I, §132(b), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4018, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2013."
Amendment by section 221(a)(71) of Pub. L. 113–295 effective Dec. 19, 2014, subject to a savings provision, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 112–240, title III, §320(b), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2332, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2011."
Amendment by section 301(f) of Pub. L. 111–325 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 22, 2010, see section 301(h) of Pub. L. 111–325, set out as a note under section 852 of this title.
Amendment by section 302(b)(2) of Pub. L. 111–325 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 22, 2010, see section 302(c) of Pub. L. 111–325, set out as a note under section 852 of this title.
Amendment by section 308(b)(3) of Pub. L. 111–325 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 22, 2010, see section 308(c) of Pub. L. 111–325, set out as a note under section 852 of this title.
Pub. L. 111–312, title VII, §748(b), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3320, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2009."
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–226 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2010, with certain exceptions, see section 217(d) of Pub. L. 111–226, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
Amendment by section 502(b)(1), (2)(A) of Pub. L. 111–147 applicable to obligations issued after the date which is 2 years after Mar. 18, 2010, see section 502(f) of Pub. L. 111–147, set out as a note under section 149 of this title.
Pub. L. 111–147, title V, §541(b), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 117, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to payments made on or after the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 18, 2010]."
Pub. L. 110–343, div. C, title II, §206(c), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3865, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to dividends with respect to taxable years of regulated investment companies beginning after December 31, 2007."
Amendment by Pub. L. 109–222 applicable to taxable years of qualified investment entities beginning after December 31, 2005, except that no amount shall be required to be withheld under section 1441, 1442, or 1445 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 with respect to any distribution before May 17, 2006 if such amount was not otherwise required to be withheld under any such section as in effect before such amendments, see section 505(d) of Pub. L. 109–222, set out as a note under section 852 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §409(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1500, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to payments made after December 31, 2004."
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §411(d), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1505, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
Amendment by Pub. L. 106–170 applicable to any instrument held, acquired, or entered into, any transaction entered into, and supplies held or acquired on or after Dec. 17, 1999, see section 532(d) of Pub. L. 106–170, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.
Amendment by section 1401(b)(10) of Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1999, with retention of certain transition rules, see section 1401(c) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 402 of this title.
Amendment by section 1954(b)(1) of Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to articles entered on or after Oct. 1, 1996, with provisions relating to retroactive application, see section 1953 of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as an Effective Date note under section 2461 of Title 19, Customs Duties.
Pub. L. 103–465, title VII, §733(b), Dec. 8, 1994, 108 Stat. 5006, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to benefits paid after December 31, 1994, in taxable years ending after such date."
Pub. L. 103–296, title III, §320(c), Aug. 15, 1994, 108 Stat. 1535, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [probably means this section, which amended this section, sections 872, 1441, 3121, 3231, 3306, and 7701 of this title, and section 410 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] shall take effect with the calendar quarter following the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 15, 1994]."
Amendment by section 13113(d)(5) of Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to stock issued after Aug. 10, 1993, see section 13113(e) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 53 of this title.
Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13237(d), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 508, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 881, 1441, 1442, and 2105 of this title] shall apply to interest received after December 31, 1993; except that the amendments made by subsection (b) [amending section 2105 of this title] shall apply to the estates of decedents dying after December 31, 1993."
Amendment by Pub. L. 102–318 applicable to distributions after Dec. 31, 1992, see section 521(e) of Pub. L. 102–318, set out as a note under section 402 of this title.
Amendment by section 1001(d)(2)(B) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6134(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3721, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section and section 1441 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]."
Amendment by section 301(b)(9) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 301(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 62 of this title.
Amendment by section 1211(b)(4), (5) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1211(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 865 of this title.
Amendment by section 1214(c)(1) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to payments made in taxable year of payor beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1214(d) of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
Amendment by section 1810(d)(1)(A), (2), (3)(A), (B), (e)(2)(A) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–272, title XII, §12103(c), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 285, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 932 of this title] shall apply to benefits received after December 31, 1983, in taxable years ending after such date."
Amendment by section 42(a)(9) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years ending after July 18, 1984, see section 44 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1271 of this title.
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §127(g), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 652, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6128(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3716, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
"(C)
"(i) The term 'applicable CFC' has the meaning given such term by section 121(b)(2)(D) of this Act [set out as a note under section 904 of this title], except that such section shall be applied by substituting 'the date of interest payment' for 'March 31, 1984,' in clause (i) thereof.
"(ii) The term 'United States affiliate obligation' means an obligation described in section 121(b)(2)(F) of this Act [set out as a note under section 904 of this title] which was issued before June 22, 1984."
[Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6128(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3716, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending section 127(g) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out above] shall apply to taxable years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]."]
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §128(d), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 655, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
Amendment by section 412(b)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1984, see section 414(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 6654 of this title.
Amendment by section 121(c)(1) of Pub. L. 98–21 applicable to benefits received after Dec. 31, 1983, in taxable years ending after such date, except for any portion of a lump-sum payment of social security benefits received after Dec. 31, 1983, if the generally applicable payment date for such portion was before Jan. 1, 1984, see section 121(g) of Pub. L. 98–21, set out as an Effective Date note under section 86 of this title.
Pub. L. 97–34, title VII, §725(d), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 346, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 6015, 6153, 6654, and 7701 of this title] shall apply to estimated tax for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1980."
Pub. L. 96–605, title II, §227(b), Dec. 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 3530, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to amounts received after July 1, 1979."
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–499 applicable to dispositions after June 18, 1980, see section 1125(a) of Pub. L. 96–499, set out as an Effective Date note under section 897 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–222 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–600, to which such amendment relates, see section 201 of Pub. L. 96–222, set out as a note under section 32 of this title.
Amendment by section 401(b)(3) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1978, see section 401(c) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 3 of this title.
Amendment by section 421(e)(4) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1978, see section 421(g) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 5 of this title.
Amendment by section 1012(a)(2) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years ending on or after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 1012(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 6013 of this title.
Amendment by section 1901(b)(3)(I) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 93–406 applicable only with respect to distributions or payments made after Dec. 31, 1973, in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1973, see section 2005(d) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as a note under section 402 of this title.
Pub. L. 92–178, title III, §313(f), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 528, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendments to section 871 and 881 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] made by this section shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966. The amendments to sections 1441 and 1442 of such Code made by this section shall apply with respect to payments occurring on or after April 1, 1972."
Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §103(n), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1555, provided that:
"(1) The amendments made by this section (other than the amendments made by subsections (h), (i), and (k)) [amending this section and sections 1, 116, 154, 872 to 874, 875, 932, 6015, and 7701 of this title, redesignating section 877 as 878, enacting section 877 of this title, and repealing section 1493 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966.
"(2) The amendments made by subsection (h) [amending section 1441 of this title] shall apply with respect to payments made in taxable years of recipients beginning after December 31, 1966.
"(3) The amendments made by subsection (i) [amending section 1461 of this title] shall apply with respect to payments occurring after December 31, 1966.
"(4) The amendments made by subsection (k) [amending section 3401 of this title] shall apply with respect to remuneration paid after December 31, 1966."
Amendment by section 113(b)(1) of Pub. L. 88–272 effective, except for purposes of section 21 of this title, with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1963, see section 131 of Pub. L. 88–272, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 201(d)(12) of Pub. L. 88–272 applicable with respect to dividends received after Dec. 31, 1964, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 201(e) of Pub. L. 88–272, set out as a note under section 22 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 87–256 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1961, see section 110(h)(1) of Pub. L. 87–256, set out as a note under section 117 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 86–437 applicable only with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1959, see section 3 of Pub. L. 86–437, set out as a note under section 402 of this title.
Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §40(c), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1639, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply only with respect to taxable years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 2, 1958]. The amendments made by subsection (b) [amending section 1441 of this title] shall take effect on the day following the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 2, 1958]."
Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §41(c), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1639, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 35 of this title] shall apply only with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1957."
For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 115–141 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Mar. 23, 2018, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Mar. 23, 2018, see section 401(e) of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
For nonapplication of amendments by sections 1211(b)(4), (5) and 1214(c)(1) of Pub. L. 99–514 to the extent application of such amendments would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(3), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle D [§§1401–1465] of title I of Pub. L. 104–188 require an amendment to any plan or annuity contract, such amendment shall not be required to be made before the first day of the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1998, see section 1465 of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle B [§§521–523] of title V of Pub. L. 102–318 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1994, see section 523 of Pub. L. 102–318, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
In the case of a nonresident alien individual, except where the context clearly indicates otherwise, gross income includes only—
(1) gross income which is derived from sources within the United States and which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and
(2) gross income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
The following items shall not be included in gross income of a nonresident alien individual, and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle:
Gross income derived by an individual resident of a foreign country from the international operation of a ship or ships if such foreign country grants an equivalent exemption to individual residents of the United States.
Gross income derived by an individual resident of a foreign country from the international operation of aircraft if such foreign country grants an equivalent exemption to individual residents of the United States.
Compensation paid by a foreign employer to a nonresident alien individual for the period he is temporarily present in the United States as a nonimmigrant under subparagraph (F), (J), or (Q) of section 101(a)(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended. For purposes of this paragraph, the term "foreign employer" means—
(A) a nonresident alien individual, foreign partnership, or foreign corporation, or
(B) an office or place of business maintained in a foreign country or in a possession of the United States by a domestic corporation, a domestic partnership, or an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States.
Income derived by a nonresident alien individual from a series E or series H United States savings bond, if such individual acquired such bond while a resident of the Ryukyu Islands or the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
Gross income derived by a nonresident alien individual from a legal wagering transaction initiated outside the United States in a parimutuel pool with respect to a live horse race or dog race in the United States.
Income to which paragraphs (1) and (2) apply shall include income which is derived from the rental on a full or bareboat basis of a ship or ships or aircraft, as the case may be.
The Secretary may provide that this subsection be applied separately with respect to income from different types of transportation.
To the extent provided in regulations, a possession of the United States shall be treated as a foreign country for purposes of this subsection.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 280; Pub. L. 87–256, §110(c), Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 536; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §103(b), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1550; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1212(c)(1), (2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2538; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(e)(2)(B), (5), (s)(2)(A), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3500, 3527; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(i)(8)(C), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2411; Pub. L. 103–296, title III, §320(a)(2), Aug. 15, 1994, 108 Stat. 1535; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §419(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1513.)
Section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is classified to section 1101 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.
2004—Subsec. (b)(5) to (8). Pub. L. 108–357 added par. (5) and redesignated former pars. (5) to (7) as (6) to (8), respectively.
1994—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 103–296 substituted "(F), (J), or (Q)" for "(F) or (J)".
1989—Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 101–239 added par. (7).
1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(s)(2)(A), inserted ", except where the context clearly indicates otherwise" after "individual".
Subsec. (b)(1), (2). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(e)(2)(B), (5), substituted "to individual residents of the United States" for "to citizens of the United States and to corporations organized in the United States" and "international operation" for "operation".
1986—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(c)(1), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1), ships under foreign flag, which read as follows: "Earnings derived from the operation of a ship or ships documented under the laws of a foreign country which grants an equivalent exemption to citizens of the United States and to corporations organized in the United States."
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(c)(1), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2), aircraft of foreign registry, which read as follows: "Earnings derived from the operation of aircraft registered under the laws of a foreign country which grants an equivalent exemption to citizens of the United States and to corporations organized in the United States."
Subsec. (b)(5), (6). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(c)(2), added pars. (5) and (6).
1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–809, §103(b)(1), limited the inclusion of gross income which is derived from sources within the United States to such income which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States and inserted provision including gross income without the limitation as to source which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 89–809, §103(b)(2), substituted "by a domestic corporation, a domestic partnership, or an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States" for "by a domestic corporation".
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 89–809, §102(b)(3), added par. (4).
1961—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 87–256 added par. (3).
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §419(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1513, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 883 of this title] shall apply to wagers made after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–296 effective with calendar quarter following Aug. 15, 1994, see section 320(c) of Pub. L. 103–296, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1212(f) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 863 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 103(n)(1) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 87–256 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1961, see section 110(h)(1) of Pub. L. 87–256, set out as a note under section 117 of this title.
For nonapplication of amendment by section 1212(c)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 99–514 to the extent application of such amendment would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(3), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, see note set out preceding section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.
In the case of a nonresident alien individual, the deductions shall be allowed only for purposes of section 871(b) and (except as provided by subsection (b)) only if and to the extent that they are connected with income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States; and the proper apportionment and allocation of the deductions for this purpose shall be determined as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
The following deductions shall be allowed whether or not they are connected with income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States:
The deduction allowed by section 165 for casualty or theft losses described in paragraph (2) or (3) of section 165(c), but only if the loss is of property located within the United States.
The deduction for charitable contributions and gifts allowed by section 170.
The deduction for personal exemptions allowed by section 151, except that only one exemption shall be allowed under section 151 unless the taxpayer is a resident of a contiguous country or is a national of the United States.
For rule that certain foreign taxes are not to be taken into account in determining deduction or credit, see section 906(b)(1).
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 280; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §103(c)(1), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1550; Pub. L. 92–580, §1(b), Oct. 27, 1972, 86 Stat. 1276; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 95–30, title I, §101(d)(11), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 134; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VII, §711(c)(2)(A)(iv), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 945; Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title IV, §4004(b)(3), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–911.)
1998—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–277 amended heading and text of par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The deduction for losses allowed by section 165(c)(3), but only if the loss is of property located within the United States."
1984—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98–369 substituted "for losses" for ", for losses of property not connected with the trade or business if arising from certain casualties or theft,".
1977—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–30 struck out par. (1) which made a cross reference to section 142(b)(1) for disallowance of the standard deduction and struck out "(2)" at beginning of single remaining cross reference.
1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
1972—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 92–580 substituted exception that only one exemption be allowed under section 151 unless the taxpayer is a resident of a contiguous country or is a national of the United States, for exception that in the case of a non-resident alien individual who is not a resident of a contiguous country only one exception be allowed under section 151.
1966—Pub. L. 89–809 amended section generally, substituting "connected with income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States" for "connected with income from sources within the United States" in subsec. (a), striking out provisions relating to the deduction of losses not connected with a trade or business but incurred in transactions entered into for profit in subsec. (b), making the casualty loss deduction available even if the property giving rise to the loss is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States if the property is located in this country, making the charitable contribution deduction available even though not related to the trade or business, and adding subsec. (c)(2) making a cross reference to section 906(b)(1) for rule that certain foreign taxes are not to be taken into account in determining deduction or credit.
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–277 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 4004(c)(1) of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as a note under section 172 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 711(c)(2)(A)(v) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 165 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–30 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 106(a) of Pub. L. 95–30, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 92–580 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1971, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 92–580, set out as a note under section 152 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 103(n)(1) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
A nonresident alien individual shall receive the benefit of the deductions and credits allowed to him in this subtitle only by filing or causing to be filed with the Secretary a true and accurate return, in the manner prescribed in subtitle F (sec. 6001 and following, relating to procedure and administration), including therein all the information which the Secretary may deem necessary for the calculation of such deductions and credits. This subsection shall not be construed to deny the credits provided by sections 31 and 33 for tax withheld at source or the credit provided by section 34 for certain uses of gasoline and special fuels.
The benefit of the deduction for exemptions under section 151 may, in the discretion of the Secretary, and under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, be received by a non-resident alien individual entitled thereto, by filing a claim therefor with the withholding agent.
Except as provided in section 906, a nonresident alien individual shall not be allowed the credits against the tax for taxes of foreign countries and possessions of the United States allowed by section 901.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 281; Pub. L. 89–44, title VIII, §809(d)(3), June 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 167; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §§103(d), 106(a)(3), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1551, 1569; Pub. L. 91–258, title II, §207(d)(1), May 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 248; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 97–424, title V, §515(b)(6)(E), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2182; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, §474(r)(19), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 843.)
1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–369 substituted reference to section "33" for "32" and "34" for "39".
1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–424 substituted "and special fuels" for ", special fuels, and lubricating oil".
1976—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
1970—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–258 included provision against construction of subsec. (a) to deny credit provided by section 39 for certain uses of special fuels.
1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–809, §103(d), struck out "of his total income received from all sources in the United States" after "true and accurate return".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 89–809, §106(a)(3), substituted "Foreign tax credit" for "Foreign tax credit not allowed" in heading and inserted reference to an exception provided in section 906.
1965—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–44 inserted "or the credit provided by section 39 for certain uses of gasoline and lubricating oil".
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, and to carrybacks from such years, see section 475(a) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 21 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–424 applicable with respect to articles sold after Jan. 6, 1983, see section 515(c) of Pub. L. 97–424, set out as a note under section 34 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–258 effective July 1, 1970, see section 211(a) of Pub. L. 91–258, set out as a note under section 4041 of this title.
Amendment by section 103(d) of Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 103(n)(1) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §106(a)(6), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1569, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [enacting section 906 of this title and amending this section and section 901 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966. In applying section 904 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] with respect to section 906 of such Code, no amount may be carried from or to any taxable year beginning before Jan. 1, 1967, and no such year shall be taken into account."
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–44 applicable to taxable years beginning on or after July 1, 1965, see section 809(f) of Pub. L. 89–44, set out as a note under section 6420 of this title.
For purposes of this subtitle—
(1) a nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation shall be considered as being engaged in a trade or business within the United States if the partnership of which such individual or corporation is a member is so engaged, and
(2) a nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation which is a beneficiary of an estate or trust which is engaged in any trade or business within the United States shall be treated as being engaged in such trade or business within the United States.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 281; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §103(e)(1), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1551.)
1966—Pub. L. 89–809 designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted reference to nonresident alien individuals or foreign corporations for reference simply to nonresident alien individuals, and added par. (2).
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 103(n)(1) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
This subpart shall not apply to any alien individual who is a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands during the entire taxable year and such alien shall be subject to the tax imposed by section 1.
For exclusion from gross income of income derived from sources within—
(1) Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands, see section 931, and
(2) Puerto Rico, see section 933.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 281; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1272(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2593.)
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, §1272(b), inserted ", Guam, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands" in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–514, §1272(b), amended subsec. (a) generally, substituting "General rule" for "No application to certain alien residents of Puerto Rico" in heading and inserting references to residents of Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands in text.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–514, §1272(b), amended subsec. (b) generally, inserting references to Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1277 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 931 of this title.
Every nonresident alien individual to whom this section applies and who, within the 10-year period immediately preceding the close of the taxable year, lost United States citizenship shall be taxable for such taxable year in the manner provided in subsection (b) if the tax imposed pursuant to such subsection (after any reduction in such tax under the last sentence of such subsection) exceeds the tax which, without regard to this section, is imposed pursuant to section 871.
This section shall apply to any individual if—
(A) the average annual net income tax (as defined in section 38(c)(1)) of such individual for the period of 5 taxable years ending before the date of the loss of United States citizenship is greater than $124,000,
(B) the net worth of the individual as of such date is $2,000,000 or more, or
(C) such individual fails to certify under penalty of perjury that he has met the requirements of this title for the 5 preceding taxable years or fails to submit such evidence of such compliance as the Secretary may require.
In the case of the loss of United States citizenship in any calendar year after 2004, such $124,000 amount shall be increased by an amount equal to such dollar amount multiplied by the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for such calendar year by substituting "2003" for "1992" in subparagraph (B) thereof. Any increase under the preceding sentence shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $1,000.
A nonresident alien individual described in subsection (a) shall be taxable for the taxable year as provided in section 1 or 55, except that—
(1) the gross income shall include only the gross income described in section 872(a) (as modified by subsection (d) of this section), and
(2) the deductions shall be allowed if and to the extent that they are connected with the gross income included under this section, except that the capital loss carryover provided by section 1212(b) shall not be allowed; and the proper allocation and apportionment of the deductions for this purpose shall be determined as provided under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
For purposes of paragraph (2), the deductions allowed by section 873(b) shall be allowed; and the deduction (for losses not connected with the trade or business if incurred in transactions entered into for profit) allowed by section 165(c)(2) shall be allowed, but only if the profit, if such transaction had resulted in a profit, would be included in gross income under this section. The tax imposed solely by reason of this section shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes (within the meaning of section 903) paid to any foreign country or possession of the United States on any income of the taxpayer on which tax is imposed solely by reason of this section.
Subparagraphs (A) and (B) of subsection (a)(2) shall not apply to an individual described in paragraph (2) or (3).
An individual is described in this paragraph if—
(i) the individual became at birth a citizen of the United States and a citizen of another country and continues to be a citizen of such other country, and
(ii) the individual has had no substantial contacts with the United States.
An individual shall be treated as having no substantial contacts with the United States only if the individual—
(i) was never a resident of the United States (as defined in section 7701(b)),
(ii) has never held a United States passport, and
(iii) was not present in the United States for more than 30 days during any calendar year which is 1 of the 10 calendar years preceding the individual's loss of United States citizenship.
An individual is described in this paragraph if—
(A) the individual became at birth a citizen of the United States,
(B) neither parent of such individual was a citizen of the United States at the time of such birth,
(C) the individual's loss of United States citizenship occurs before such individual attains age 18½, and
(D) the individual was not present in the United States for more than 30 days during any calendar year which is 1 of the 10 calendar years preceding the individual's loss of United States citizenship.
For purposes of subsection (b)—
The following items of gross income shall be treated as income from sources within the United States:
Gains on the sale or exchange of property (other than stock or debt obligations) located in the United States.
Gains on the sale or exchange of stock issued by a domestic corporation or debt obligations of United States persons or of the United States, a State or political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia.
Any income or gain derived from stock in a foreign corporation but only—
(i) if the individual losing United States citizenship owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)), or is considered as owning (by applying the ownership rules of section 958(b)), at any time during the 2-year period ending on the date of the loss of United States citizenship, more than 50 percent of—
(I) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of such corporation, or
(II) the total value of the stock of such corporation, and
(ii) to the extent such income or gain does not exceed the earnings and profits attributable to such stock which were earned or accumulated before the loss of citizenship and during periods that the ownership requirements of clause (i) are met.
In the case of any exchange of property to which this paragraph applies, notwithstanding any other provision of this title, such property shall be treated as sold for its fair market value on the date of such exchange, and any gain shall be recognized for the taxable year which includes such date.
This paragraph shall apply to any exchange during the 10-year period beginning on the date the individual loses United States citizenship if—
(i) gain would not (but for this paragraph) be recognized on such exchange in whole or in part for purposes of this subtitle,
(ii) income derived from such property was from sources within the United States (or, if no income was so derived, would have been from such sources), and
(iii) income derived from the property acquired in the exchange would be from sources outside the United States.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply if the individual enters into an agreement with the Secretary which specifies that any income or gain derived from the property acquired in the exchange (or any other property which has a basis determined in whole or part by reference to such property) during such 10-year period shall be treated as from sources within the United States. If the property transferred in the exchange is disposed of by the person acquiring such property, such agreement shall terminate and any gain which was not recognized by reason of such agreement shall be recognized as of the date of such disposition.
To the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, subparagraph (B) shall be applied by substituting the 15-year period beginning 5 years before the loss of United States citizenship for the 10-year period referred to therein. In the case of any exchange occurring during such 5 years, any gain recognized under this subparagraph shall be recognized immediately after such loss of citizenship.
To the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary—
(i) the removal of appreciated tangible personal property from the United States, and
(ii) any other occurrence which (without recognition of gain) results in a change in the source of the income or gain from property from sources within the United States to sources outside the United States,
shall be treated as an exchange to which this paragraph applies.
For purposes of determining whether this section applies to any gain on the sale or exchange of any property, the running of the 10-year period described in subsection (a) and the period applicable under paragraph (2) shall be suspended for any period during which the individual's risk of loss with respect to the property is substantially diminished by—
(A) the holding of a put with respect to such property (or similar property),
(B) the holding by another person of a right to acquire the property, or
(C) a short sale or any other transaction.
If—
(i) an individual losing United States citizenship contributes property during the 10-year period beginning on the date the individual loses United States citizenship to any corporation which, at the time of the contribution, is described in subparagraph (B), and
(ii) income derived from such property immediately before such contribution was from sources within the United States (or, if no income was so derived, would have been from such sources),
any income or gain on such property (or any other property which has a basis determined in whole or part by reference to such property) received or accrued by the corporation shall be treated as received or accrued directly by such individual and not by such corporation. The preceding sentence shall not apply to the extent the property has been treated under subparagraph (C) as having been sold by such corporation.
A corporation is described in this subparagraph with respect to an individual if, were such individual a United States citizen—
(i) such corporation would be a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957), and
(ii) such individual would be a United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) with respect to such corporation.
If stock in the corporation referred to in subparagraph (A) (or any other stock which has a basis determined in whole or part by reference to such stock) is disposed of during the 10-year period referred to in subsection (a) and while the property referred to in subparagraph (A) is held by such corporation, a pro rata share of such property (determined on the basis of the value of such stock) shall be treated as sold by the corporation immediately before such disposition.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to prevent the avoidance of the purposes of this paragraph, including where—
(i) the property is sold to the corporation, and
(ii) the property taken into account under subparagraph (A) is sold by the corporation.
The Secretary shall require such information reporting as is necessary to carry out the purposes of this paragraph.
Any long-term resident of the United States who ceases to be a lawful permanent resident of the United States (within the meaning of section 7701(b)(6)) shall be treated for purposes of this section and sections 2107, 2501, and 6039G in the same manner as if such resident were a citizen of the United States who lost United States citizenship on the date of such cessation or commencement.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "long-term resident" means any individual (other than a citizen of the United States) who is a lawful permanent resident of the United States in at least 8 taxable years during the period of 15 taxable years ending with the taxable year during which the event described in paragraph (1) occurs. For purposes of the preceding sentence, an individual shall not be treated as a lawful permanent resident for any taxable year if such individual is treated as a resident of a foreign country for the taxable year under the provisions of a tax treaty between the United States and the foreign country and does not waive the benefits of such treaty applicable to residents of the foreign country.
Subsection (c) shall not apply to an individual who is treated as provided in paragraph (1).
Solely for purposes of determining any tax imposed by reason of this subsection, property which was held by the long-term resident on the date the individual first became a resident of the United States shall be treated as having a basis on such date of not less than the fair market value of such property on such date. The preceding sentence shall not apply if the individual elects not to have such sentence apply. Such an election, once made, shall be irrevocable.
This subsection shall not apply to an individual who is described in a category of individuals prescribed by regulation by the Secretary.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be appropriate to carry out this subsection, including regulations providing for the application of this subsection in cases where an alien individual becomes a resident of the United States during the 10-year period after being treated as provided in paragraph (1).
If the Secretary establishes that it is reasonable to believe that an individual's loss of United States citizenship would, but for this section, result in a substantial reduction for the taxable year in the taxes on his probable income for such year, the burden of proving for such taxable year that such loss of citizenship did not have for one of its principal purposes the avoidance of taxes under this subtitle or subtitle B shall be on such individual.
This section shall not apply to any individual to whom this section would otherwise apply for any taxable year during the 10-year period referred to in subsection (a) in which such individual is physically present in the United States at any time on more than 30 days in the calendar year ending in such taxable year, and such individual shall be treated for purposes of this title as a citizen or resident of the United States, as the case may be, for such taxable year.
In the case of an individual described in any of the following subparagraphs of this paragraph, a day of physical presence in the United States shall be disregarded if the individual is performing services in the United States on such day for an employer. The preceding sentence shall not apply if—
(i) such employer is related (within the meaning of section 267 and 707) to such individual, or
(ii) such employer fails to meet such requirements as the Secretary may prescribe by regulations to prevent the avoidance of the purposes of this paragraph.
Not more than 30 days during any calendar year may be disregarded under this subparagraph.
An individual is described in this subparagraph if—
(i) the individual becomes (not later than the close of a reasonable period after loss of United States citizenship or termination of residency) a citizen or resident of the country in which—
(I) such individual was born,
(II) if such individual is married, such individual's spouse was born, or
(III) either of such individual's parents were born, and
(ii) the individual becomes fully liable for income tax in such country.
An individual is described in this subparagraph if, for each year in the 10-year period ending on the date of loss of United States citizenship or termination of residency, the individual was physically present in the United States for 30 days or less. The rule of section 7701(b)(3)(D) shall apply for purposes of this subparagraph.
This section shall not apply to any individual whose expatriation date (as defined in section 877A(g)(3)) is on or after the date of the enactment of this subsection.
(Added Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §103(f)(1), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1551; amended Pub. L. 93–406, title II, §2005(c)(8), Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 992; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 95–600, title IV, §421(e)(5), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2876; Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §104(a)(1), (4)(H)(v), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 214, 217; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1243(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2580; Pub. L. 102–318, title V, §521(b)(31), July 3, 1992, 106 Stat. 312; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1401(b)(11), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1789; Pub. L. 104–191, title V, §511(a)–(d), (f)(1), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2093–2098; Pub. L. 105–34, title XVI, §1602(g)(1)–(4), (h)(3), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1095, 1096; Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §804(a)(1), (2), (c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1569, 1570; Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §403(v)(1), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 110–245, title III, §301(c)(2)(A), (d), June 17, 2008, 122 Stat. 1646; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §213(c)(2), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4034; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(153), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1191.)
For inflation adjustment of certain items in this section, see Revenue Procedures listed in a table under section 1 of this title.
The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (h), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–245, which was approved June 17, 2008.
A prior section 877 was renumbered section 878 of this title.
2018—Subsec. (d)(4)(B)(i). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "in section 957" for "in 957".
2014—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 113–295 struck out "subparagraph (A) or (B) of" after "event described in".
2008—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 110–245, §301(c)(2)(A), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Any long-term resident of the United States who—
"(A) ceases to be a lawful permanent resident of the United States (within the meaning of section 7701(b)(6)), or
"(B) commences to be treated as a resident of a foreign country under the provisions of a tax treaty between the United States and the foreign country and who does not waive the benefits of such treaty applicable to residents of the foreign country,
shall be treated for purposes of this section and sections 2107, 2501, and 6039G in the same manner as if such resident were a citizen of the United States who lost United States citizenship on the date of such cessation or commencement."
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 110–245, §301(d), added subsec. (h).
2005—Subsec. (g)(2)(C). Pub. L. 109–135 substituted "section 7701(b)(3)(D)" for "section 7701(b)(3)(D)(ii)".
2004—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–357, §804(a)(1), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) stated general rule on taxation of nonresident alien individuals who lost United States citizenship and provided that an individual would be treated as having a tax avoidance purpose if the average annual net income tax was greater than $100,000 or the net worth of the individual was $500,000 or more.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–357, §804(a)(2), amended heading and text of subsec. (c) generally, substituting provisions setting forth exceptions for dual citizens and certain minors for provisions relating to inapplicability of presumption of tax avoidance to dual citizens, long-term foreign residents, minors who renounced citizenship upon reaching age of majority, and individuals specified in regulations.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 108–357, §804(c), added subsec. (g).
1997—Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–34, §1602(g)(1), substituted "the 10-year period beginning on the date the individual loses United States citizenship" for "the 10-year period described in subsection (a)" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (d)(2)(D). Pub. L. 105–34, §1602(g)(2), inserted at end "In the case of any exchange occurring during such 5 years, any gain recognized under this subparagraph shall be recognized immediately after such loss of citizenship."
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 105–34, §1602(g)(3), inserted "and the period applicable under paragraph (2)" after "subsection (a)" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (d)(4)(A). Pub. L. 105–34, §1602(g)(4)(C), struck out "during the 10-year period referred to in subsection (a)," before "any income or gain" in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (d)(4)(A)(i). Pub. L. 105–34, §1602(g)(4)(A), inserted "during the 10-year period beginning on the date the individual loses United States citizenship" after "contributes property".
Subsec. (d)(4)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 105–34, §1602(g)(4)(B), inserted "immediately before such contribution" after "from such property".
Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 105–34, §1602(h)(3), substituted "6039G" for "6039F" in concluding provisions.
1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–191, §511(a), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows:
"(a)
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–191, §511(d)(2), inserted "(after any reduction in such tax under the last sentence of such subsection)" after "such subsection".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–191, §511(d)(1), inserted at end "The tax imposed solely by reason of this section shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes (within the meaning of section 903) paid to any foreign country or possession of the United States on any income of the taxpayer on which tax is imposed solely by reason of this section."
Pub. L. 104–188 substituted "section 1 or 55" for "section 1, 55, or 402(d)(1)".
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–191, §511(b)(2), substituted "subsection (d)" for "subsection (c)".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–191, §511(b)(1), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–191, §511(c), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows:
"(d)
"(1)
"(2)
For purposes of this section, gain on the sale or exchange of property which has a basis determined in whole or in part by reference to property described in paragraph (1) or (2) shall be treated as gain described in paragraph (1) or (2)."
Pub. L. 104–191, §511(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows:
"(d)
Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 104–191, §511(f)(1), added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f).
1992—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–318 substituted "402(d)(1)" for "402(e)(1)".
1986—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514 inserted at end "For purposes of this section, gain on the sale or exchange of property which has a basis determined in whole or in part by reference to property described in paragraph (1) or (2) shall be treated as gain described in paragraph (1) or (2)."
1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–222 substituted "55, or 402(e)(1)" for "section 55, 402(e)(1), or section 1201(b)".
1978—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–600 substituted "section 1, section 55," for "section 1".
1976—Subsecs. (b)(2), (e). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
1974—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–406 inserted reference to section 402(e)(1).
Amendment by Pub. L. 113–295 effective as if included in the provisions of the Heroes Earnings Assistance and Relief Tax Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110–245, to which such amendment relates, see section 213(d) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 121 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 110–245 applicable to any individual whose expatriation date is on or after June 17, 2008, see section 301(g)(1) of Pub. L. 110–245, set out as an Effective Date note under section 2801 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 109–135 effective as if included in the provision of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which such amendment relates, see section 403(nn) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §804(f), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1573, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 2107, 2501, 6039G, and 7701 of this title] shall apply to individuals who expatriate after June 3, 2004."
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–34 effective as if included in the provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–191, to which such amendment relates, see section 1602(i) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Pub. L. 104–191, title V, §511(g), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2100, provided that:
"(1)
"(A) individuals losing United States citizenship (within the meaning of section 877 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) on or after February 6, 1995, and
"(B) long-term residents of the United States with respect to whom an event described in [former] subparagraph (A) or (B) of section 877(e)(1) of such Code occurs on or after February 6, 1995.
"(2)
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1999, with retention of certain transition rules, see section 1401(c) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 402 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 102–318 applicable to distributions after Dec. 31, 1992, see section 521(e) of Pub. L. 102–318, set out as a note under section 402 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1243(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2581, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to sales or exchanges of property received in exchanges after September 25, 1985."
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–222 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–600, to which such amendment relates, see section 201 of Pub. L. 96–222, set out as a note under section 32 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1978, see section 421(g) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 5 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 93–406 applicable only with respect to distributions or payments made after Dec. 31, 1973, in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1973, see section 2005(d) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as a note under section 402 of this title.
Section applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 103(n)(1) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as an Effective Date of 1966 Amendment note under section 871 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle D [§§1401–1465] of title I of Pub. L. 104–188 require an amendment to any plan or annuity contract, such amendment shall not be required to be made before the first day of the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1998, see section 1465 of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle B [§§521–523] of title V of Pub. L. 102–318 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1994, see section 523 of Pub. L. 102–318, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
For purposes of this subtitle—
All property of a covered expatriate shall be treated as sold on the day before the expatriation date for its fair market value.
In the case of any sale under paragraph (1)—
(A) notwithstanding any other provision of this title, any gain arising from such sale shall be taken into account for the taxable year of the sale, and
(B) any loss arising from such sale shall be taken into account for the taxable year of the sale to the extent otherwise provided by this title, except that section 1091 shall not apply to any such loss.
Proper adjustment shall be made in the amount of any gain or loss subsequently realized for gain or loss taken into account under the preceding sentence, determined without regard to paragraph (3).
The amount which would (but for this paragraph) be includible in the gross income of any individual by reason of paragraph (1) shall be reduced (but not below zero) by $600,000.
In the case of any taxable year beginning in a calendar year after 2008, the dollar amount in subparagraph (A) shall be increased by an amount equal to—
(I) such dollar amount, multiplied by
(II) the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year in which the taxable year begins, by substituting "calendar year 2007" for "calendar year 2016" in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.
If any amount as adjusted under clause (i) is not a multiple of $1,000, such amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $1,000.
If the taxpayer elects the application of this subsection with respect to any property treated as sold by reason of subsection (a), the time for payment of the additional tax attributable to such property shall be extended until the due date of the return for the taxable year in which such property is disposed of (or, in the case of property disposed of in a transaction in which gain is not recognized in whole or in part, until such other date as the Secretary may prescribe).
For purposes of paragraph (1), the additional tax attributable to any property is an amount which bears the same ratio to the additional tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year solely by reason of subsection (a) as the gain taken into account under subsection (a) with respect to such property bears to the total gain taken into account under subsection (a) with respect to all property to which subsection (a) applies.
The due date for payment of tax may not be extended under this subsection later than the due date for the return of tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year which includes the date of death of the expatriate (or, if earlier, the time that the security provided with respect to the property fails to meet the requirements of paragraph (4), unless the taxpayer corrects such failure within the time specified by the Secretary).
No election may be made under paragraph (1) with respect to any property unless adequate security is provided with respect to such property.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), security with respect to any property shall be treated as adequate security if—
(i) it is a bond which is furnished to, and accepted by, the Secretary, which is conditioned on the payment of tax (and interest thereon), and which meets the requirements of section 6325, or
(ii) it is another form of security for such payment (including letters of credit) that meets such requirements as the Secretary may prescribe.
No election may be made under paragraph (1) unless the taxpayer makes an irrevocable waiver of any right under any treaty of the United States which would preclude assessment or collection of any tax imposed by reason of this section.
An election under paragraph (1) shall only apply to property described in the election and, once made, is irrevocable.
For purposes of section 6601, the last date for the payment of tax shall be determined without regard to the election under this subsection.
Subsection (a) shall not apply to—
(1) any deferred compensation item (as defined in subsection (d)(4)),
(2) any specified tax deferred account (as defined in subsection (e)(2)), and
(3) any interest in a nongrantor trust (as defined in subsection (f)(3)).
In the case of any eligible deferred compensation item, the payor shall deduct and withhold from any taxable payment to a covered expatriate with respect to such item a tax equal to 30 percent thereof.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "taxable payment" means with respect to a covered expatriate any payment to the extent it would be includible in the gross income of the covered expatriate if such expatriate continued to be subject to tax as a citizen or resident of the United States. A deferred compensation item shall be taken into account as a payment under the preceding sentence when such item would be so includible.
In the case of any deferred compensation item which is not an eligible deferred compensation item—
(A)(i) with respect to any deferred compensation item to which clause (ii) does not apply, an amount equal to the present value of the covered expatriate's accrued benefit shall be treated as having been received by such individual on the day before the expatriation date as a distribution under the plan, and
(ii) with respect to any deferred compensation item referred to in paragraph (4)(D), the rights of the covered expatriate to such item shall be treated as becoming transferable and not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture on the day before the expatriation date,
(B) no early distribution tax shall apply by reason of such treatment, and
(C) appropriate adjustments shall be made to subsequent distributions from the plan to reflect such treatment.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "eligible deferred compensation item" means any deferred compensation item with respect to which—
(A) the payor of such item is—
(i) a United States person, or
(ii) a person who is not a United States person but who elects to be treated as a United States person for purposes of paragraph (1) and meets such requirements as the Secretary may provide to ensure that the payor will meet the requirements of paragraph (1), and
(B) the covered expatriate—
(i) notifies the payor of his status as a covered expatriate, and
(ii) makes an irrevocable waiver of any right to claim any reduction under any treaty with the United States in withholding on such item.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "deferred compensation item" means—
(A) any interest in a plan or arrangement described in section 219(g)(5),
(B) any interest in a foreign pension plan or similar retirement arrangement or program,
(C) any item of deferred compensation, and
(D) any property, or right to property, which the individual is entitled to receive in connection with the performance of services to the extent not previously taken into account under section 83 or in accordance with section 83.
Paragraphs (1) and (2) shall not apply to any deferred compensation item to the extent attributable to services performed outside the United States while the covered expatriate was not a citizen or resident of the United States.
Rules similar to the rules of subchapter B of chapter 3 shall apply for purposes of this subsection.
Any item subject to the withholding tax imposed under paragraph (1) shall be subject to tax under section 871.
Any item subject to withholding under paragraph (1) shall not be subject to withholding under section 1441 or chapter 24.
In the case of any interest in a specified tax deferred account held by a covered expatriate on the day before the expatriation date—
(A) the covered expatriate shall be treated as receiving a distribution of his entire interest in such account on the day before the expatriation date,
(B) no early distribution tax shall apply by reason of such treatment, and
(C) appropriate adjustments shall be made to subsequent distributions from the account to reflect such treatment.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "specified tax deferred account" means an individual retirement plan (as defined in section 7701(a)(37)) other than any arrangement described in subsection (k) or (p) of section 408, a qualified tuition program (as defined in section 529), a qualified ABLE program (as defined in section 529A), a Coverdell education savings account (as defined in section 530), a health savings account (as defined in section 223), and an Archer MSA (as defined in section 220).
In the case of a distribution (directly or indirectly) of any property from a nongrantor trust to a covered expatriate—
(A) the trustee shall deduct and withhold from such distribution an amount equal to 30 percent of the taxable portion of the distribution, and
(B) if the fair market value of such property exceeds its adjusted basis in the hands of the trust, gain shall be recognized to the trust as if such property were sold to the expatriate at its fair market value.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "taxable portion" means, with respect to any distribution, that portion of the distribution which would be includible in the gross income of the covered expatriate if such expatriate continued to be subject to tax as a citizen or resident of the United States.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "nongrantor trust" means the portion of any trust that the individual is not considered the owner of under subpart E of part I of subchapter J. The determination under the preceding sentence shall be made immediately before the expatriation date.
For purposes of this subsection—
(A) rules similar to the rules of subsection (d)(6) shall apply, and
(B) the covered expatriate shall be treated as having waived any right to claim any reduction under any treaty with the United States in withholding on any distribution to which paragraph (1)(A) applies unless the covered expatriate agrees to such other treatment as the Secretary determines appropriate.
This subsection shall apply to a nongrantor trust only if the covered expatriate was a beneficiary of the trust on the day before the expatriation date.
For purposes of this section—
The term "covered expatriate" means an expatriate who meets the requirements of subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of section 877(a)(2).
An individual shall not be treated as meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A) or (B) of section 877(a)(2) if—
(i) the individual—
(I) became at birth a citizen of the United States and a citizen of another country and, as of the expatriation date, continues to be a citizen of, and is taxed as a resident of, such other country, and
(II) has been a resident of the United States (as defined in section 7701(b)(1)(A)(ii)) for not more than 10 taxable years during the 15-taxable year period ending with the taxable year during which the expatriation date occurs, or
(ii)(I) the individual's relinquishment of United States citizenship occurs before such individual attains age 18½, and
(II) the individual has been a resident of the United States (as so defined) for not more than 10 taxable years before the date of relinquishment.
In the case of any covered expatriate who is subject to tax as a citizen or resident of the United States for any period beginning after the expatriation date, such individual shall not be treated as a covered expatriate during such period for purposes of subsections (d)(1) and (f) and section 2801.
The term "expatriate" means—
(A) any United States citizen who relinquishes his citizenship, and
(B) any long-term resident of the United States who ceases to be a lawful permanent resident of the United States (within the meaning of section 7701(b)(6)).
The term "expatriation date" means—
(A) the date an individual relinquishes United States citizenship, or
(B) in the case of a long-term resident of the United States, the date on which the individual ceases to be a lawful permanent resident of the United States (within the meaning of section 7701(b)(6)).
A citizen shall be treated as relinquishing his United States citizenship on the earliest of—
(A) the date the individual renounces his United States nationality before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States pursuant to paragraph (5) of section 349(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1481(a)(5)),
(B) the date the individual furnishes to the United States Department of State a signed statement of voluntary relinquishment of United States nationality confirming the performance of an act of expatriation specified in paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4) of section 349(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1481(a)(1)–(4)),
(C) the date the United States Department of State issues to the individual a certificate of loss of nationality, or
(D) the date a court of the United States cancels a naturalized citizen's certificate of naturalization.
Subparagraph (A) or (B) shall not apply to any individual unless the renunciation or voluntary relinquishment is subsequently approved by the issuance to the individual of a certificate of loss of nationality by the United States Department of State.
The term "long-term resident" has the meaning given to such term by section 877(e)(2).
The term "early distribution tax" means any increase in tax imposed under section 72(t), 220(f)(4), 223(f)(4), 409A(a)(1)(B), 529(c)(6), 529A(c)(3), or 530(d)(4).
In the case of any covered expatriate, notwithstanding any other provision of this title—
(A) any time period for acquiring property which would result in the reduction in the amount of gain recognized with respect to property disposed of by the taxpayer shall terminate on the day before the expatriation date, and
(B) any extension of time for payment of tax shall cease to apply on the day before the expatriation date and the unpaid portion of such tax shall be due and payable at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Secretary.
Solely for purposes of determining any tax imposed by reason of subsection (a), property which was held by an individual on the date the individual first became a resident of the United States (within the meaning of section 7701(b)) shall be treated as having a basis on such date of not less than the fair market value of such property on such date. The preceding sentence shall not apply if the individual elects not to have such sentence apply. Such an election, once made, shall be irrevocable.
If the expatriation of any individual would result in the recognition of gain under section 684, this section shall be applied after the application of section 684.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section.
(Added Pub. L. 110–245, title III, §301(a), June 17, 2008, 122 Stat. 1638; amended Pub. L. 113–295, div. B, title I, §102(e)(2), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4062; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §11002(d)(1)(BB), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2060; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(154), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1191.)
For inflation adjustment of certain items in this section, see Revenue Procedures listed in a table under section 1 of this title.
2018—Subsec. (g)(6). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "220(f)(4)" for "220(e)(4)".
2017—Subsec. (a)(3)(B)(i)(II). Pub. L. 115–97 substituted "for 'calendar year 2016' in subparagraph (A)(ii)" for "for 'calendar year 1992' in subparagraph (B) thereof".
2014—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 113–295, §102(e)(2)(A), inserted "a qualified ABLE program (as defined in section 529A)," after "529),".
Subsec. (g)(6). Pub. L. 113–295, §102(e)(2)(B), inserted "529A(c)(3)," after "529(c)(6),".
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 11002(e) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 113–295 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2014, see section 102(f)(1) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Section applicable to any individual whose expatriation date is on or after June 17, 2008, see section 301(g)(1) of Pub. L. 110–245, set out as a note under section 2801 of this title.
For special provisions relating to foreign educational, charitable, and other exempt organizations, see sections 512(a) and 4948.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 282, §877; renumbered §878, Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §103(f)(1), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1551; amended Pub. L. 91–172, title I, §101(j)(20), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 528.)
1969—Pub. L. 91–172 substituted provisions requiring reference to organizations in sections 512(a) and 4948 for provisions requiring reference to trusts in section 512(a), and struck out reference to unrelated business income.
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–172 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1969, see section 101(k)(2)(B) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4940 of this title.
In the case of a married couple 1 or both of whom are nonresident alien individuals and who have community income for the taxable year, such community income shall be treated as follows:
(1) Earned income (within the meaning of section 911(d)(2)), other than trade or business income and a partner's distributive share of partnership income, shall be treated as the income of the spouse who rendered the personal services,
(2) Trade or business income, and a partner's distributive share of partnership income, shall be treated as provided in section 1402(a)(5),
(3) Community income not described in paragraph (1) or (2) which is derived from the separate property (as determined under the applicable community property law) of one spouse shall be treated as the income of such spouse, and
(4) All other such community income shall be treated as provided in the applicable community property law.
Subsection (a) shall not apply for any taxable year for which an election under subsection (g) or (h) of section 6013 (relating to election to treat nonresident alien individual as resident of the United States) is in effect.
For purposes of this section—
The term "community income" means income which, under applicable community property laws, is treated as community income.
The term "community property laws" means the community property laws of a State, a foreign country, or a possession of the United States.
The determination of marital status shall be made under section 7703(a).
(Added Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1012(b)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1613; amended Pub. L. 97–34, title I, §111(b)(4), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 194; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §139(a), (b)(1), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 677; Pub. L. 99–514, title XIII, §1301(j)(9), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2658.)
1986—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted "section 7703(a)" for "section 143(a)".
1984—Pub. L. 98–369, §139(b)(1), substituted "nonresident alien individuals" for "a resident or citizen of the United States who is married to a nonresident alien individual" in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–369, §139(a), substituted in provision preceding par. (1) "married couple 1 or both of whom are nonresident alien individuals" for "citizen or resident of the United States who is married to a nonresident alien individual".
1981—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 97–34 substituted "section 911(d)(2)" for "section 911(b)".
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to bonds issued after Aug. 15, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see sections 1311 to 1318 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date; Transitional Rules note under section 141 of this title.
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §139(c), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 677, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1984."
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–34 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1981, see section 115 of Pub. L. 97–34, set out as a note under section 911 of this title.
Section applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1012(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date of 1976 Amendment note under section 6013 of this title.
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1241(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2580, added item 884 and redesignated former item 884 as 885.
1966—Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §104(b)(3), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1557, substituted "Tax on income of foreign corporations not connected with United States business" for "Tax on foreign corporations not engaged in business in United States" in item 881, and "Tax on income of foreign corporations connected with United States business" for "Tax on resident foreign corporations" in item 882.
Except as provided in subsection (c), there is hereby imposed for each taxable year a tax of 30 percent of the amount received from sources within the United States by a foreign corporation as—
(1) interest (other than original issue discount as defined in section 1273), dividends, rents, salaries, wages, premiums, annuities, compensations, remunerations, emoluments, and other fixed or determinable annual or periodical gains, profits, and income,
(2) gains described in section 631(b) or (c),
(3) in the case of—
(A) a sale or exchange of an original issue discount obligation, the amount of the original issue discount accruing while such obligation was held by the foreign corporation (to the extent such discount was not theretofore taken into account under subparagraph (B)), and
(B) a payment on an original issue discount obligation, an amount equal to the original issue discount accruing while such obligation was held by the foreign corporation (except that such original issue discount shall be taken into account under this subparagraph only to the extent such discount was not theretofore taken into account under this subparagraph and only to the extent that the tax thereon does not exceed the payment less the tax imposed by paragraph (1) thereon), and
(4) gains from the sale or exchange after October 4, 1966, of patents, copyrights, secret processes and formulas, good will, trademarks, trade brands, franchises, and other like property, or of any interest in any such property, to the extent such gains are from payments which are contingent on the productivity, use, or disposition of the property or interest sold or exchanged,
but only to the extent the amount so received is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
For purposes of this section and section 884, a corporation created or organized in Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, or the Virgin Islands or under the law of any such possession shall not be treated as a foreign corporation for any taxable year if—
(A) at all times during such taxable year less than 25 percent in value of the stock of such corporation is beneficially owned (directly or indirectly) by foreign persons,
(B) at least 65 percent of the gross income of such corporation is shown to the satisfaction of the Secretary to be effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in such a possession or the United States for the 3-year period ending with the close of the taxable year of such corporation (or for such part of such period as the corporation or any predecessor has been in existence), and
(C) no substantial part of the income of such corporation is used (directly or indirectly) to satisfy obligations to persons who are not bona fide residents of such a possession or the United States.
If dividends are received during a taxable year by a corporation—
(i) created or organized in, or under the law of, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and
(ii) with respect to which the requirements of subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of paragraph (1) are met for the taxable year,
subsection (a) shall be applied for such taxable year by substituting "10 percent" for "30 percent".
If, on or after the date of the enactment of this paragraph, an increase in the rate of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico's withholding tax which is generally applicable to dividends paid to United States corporations not engaged in a trade or business in the Commonwealth to a rate greater than 10 percent takes effect, this paragraph shall not apply to dividends received on or after the effective date of the increase.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "foreign person" means any person other than—
(i) a United States person, or
(ii) a person who would be a United States person if references to the United States in section 7701 included references to a possession of the United States.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the rules of section 318(a)(2) shall apply except that "5 percent" shall be substituted for "50 percent" in subparagraph (C) thereof.
In the case of any portfolio interest received by a foreign corporation from sources within the United States, no tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1) or (3) of subsection (a).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "portfolio interest" means any interest (including original issue discount) which—
(A) would be subject to tax under subsection (a) but for this subsection, and
(B) is paid on an obligation—
(i) which is in registered form, and
(ii) with respect to which—
(I) the person who would otherwise be required to deduct and withhold tax from such interest under section 1442(a) receives a statement which meets the requirements of section 871(h)(5) that the beneficial owner of the obligation is not a United States person, or
(II) the Secretary has determined that such a statement is not required in order to carry out the purposes of this subsection.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "portfolio interest" shall not include any portfolio interest which—
(A) except in the case of interest paid on an obligation of the United States, is received by a bank on an extension of credit made pursuant to a loan agreement entered into in the ordinary course of its trade or business,
(B) is received by a 10-percent shareholder (within the meaning of section 871(h)(3)(B)), or
(C) is received by a controlled foreign corporation from a related person (within the meaning of section 864(d)(4)).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "portfolio interest" shall not include any interest which is treated as not being portfolio interest under the rules of section 871(h)(4).
In the case of any portfolio interest received by a controlled foreign corporation, the following provisions shall not apply:
(i) Subparagraph (A) of section 954(b)(3) (relating to exception where foreign base company income is less than 5 percent or $1,000,000).
(ii) Paragraph (4) of section 954(b) (relating to exception for certain income subject to high foreign taxes).
(iii) Clause (i) of section 954(c)(3)(A) (relating to certain income received from related persons).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "controlled foreign corporation" has the meaning given to such term by section 957(a).
Under rules similar to the rules of section 871(h)(6), the Secretary may provide that this subsection shall not apply to payments of interest described in section 871(h)(6).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "registered form" has the meaning given such term by section 163(f).
No tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1) or (3) of subsection (a) on any amount described in section 871(i)(2).
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), no tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1) of subsection (a) on any interest-related dividend (as defined in section 871(k)(1)) received from a regulated investment company.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply—
(i) to any dividend referred to in section 871(k)(1)(B), and
(ii) to any interest-related dividend received by a controlled foreign corporation (within the meaning of section 957(a)) to the extent such dividend is attributable to interest received by the regulated investment company from a person who is a related person (within the meaning of section 864(d)(4)) with respect to such controlled foreign corporation.
The rules of subsection (c)(5)(A) shall apply to any interest-related dividend received by a controlled foreign corporation (within the meaning of section 957(a)) to the extent such dividend is attributable to interest received by the regulated investment company which is described in clause (ii) of section 871(k)(1)(E) (and not described in clause (i) or (iii) of such section).
No tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1) of subsection (a) on any short-term capital gain dividend (as defined in section 871(k)(2)) received from a regulated investment company.
For doubling of tax on corporations of certain foreign countries, see section 891.
For special rules for original issue discount, see section 871(g).
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 282; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §104(a), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1555; Pub. L. 92–178, title III, §313(a), (c), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 526, 527; Pub. L. 92–606, §1(e)(1), Oct. 31, 1972, 86 Stat. 1497; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1901(b)(3)(I), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1793; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §§42(a)(10), 127(b), 128(b), 130(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 557, 650, 654, 660; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §§1211(b)(6), 1214(c)(2), 1223(b)(2), 1273(b)(1), (2)(A), title XVIII, §§1810(d)(1)(B), (3)(C), (e)(2)(B), 1899A(22), (23), (68), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2536, 2542, 2558, 2595, 2596, 2825, 2826, 2959, 2962; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(i)(17), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3510; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13237(a)(2), (c)(2), (3), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 507, 508; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §§411(a)(2), 420(a), (c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1503, 1513, 1514; Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §412(jj), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2639; Pub. L. 111–147, title V, §502(b)(2)(B), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 107.)
The date of the enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(B), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–357, which was approved Oct. 22, 2004.
2010—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 111–147 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) defined portfolio interest to also include interest on certain obligations not in registered form.
2005—Subsec. (e)(1)(C). Pub. L. 109–135 inserted "interest-related dividend received by a controlled foreign corporation" after "shall apply to any".
2004—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–357, §420(c)(1), substituted "possessions" for "Guam and Virgin Islands corporations" in heading.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 108–357, §420(c)(2), substituted "Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands" for "In general" in heading.
Subsec. (b)(2), (3). Pub. L. 108–357, §420(a), added par. (2) and redesignated former par. (2) as (3).
Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 108–357, §411(a)(2), added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f).
1993—Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 103–66, §13237(c)(2), substituted "section 871(h)(5)" for "section 871(h)(4)".
Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 103–66, §13237(a)(2), added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6).
Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 103–66, §13237(a)(2), (c)(3), redesignated par. (5) as (6) and substituted "section 871(h)(6)" for "section 871(h)(5)" in two places. Former par. (6) redesignated (7).
Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 103–66, §13237(a)(2), redesignated par. (6) as (7).
1988—Subsec. (c)(4)(A)(ii) to (v). Pub. L. 100–647 added cls. (ii) and (iii) and struck out former cls. (ii) to (v), which read as follows:
"(ii) Paragraph (4) of section 954(b) (relating to corporations not formed or availed of to avoid tax).
"(iii) Subparagraph (B) of section 954(c)(3) (relating to certain income derived in active conduct of trade or business).
"(iv) Subparagraph (C) of section 954(c)(3) (relating to certain income derived by an insurance company).
"(v) Subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 954(c)(4) (relating to exception for certain income received from related persons)."
1986—Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(e)(2)(B), amended subpar. (A) generally, striking out "any gain not in excess of" before "the original issue discount".
Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(e)(2)(B), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "the payment of interest on an original issue discount obligation, an amount equal to the original issue discount accrued on such obligation since the last payment of interest thereon (except that such original issue discount shall be taken into account under this subparagraph only to the extent that the tax thereon does not exceed the interest payment less the tax imposed by paragraph (1) thereon), and".
Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 99–514, §1211(b)(6), struck out "or from payments which are treated as being so contingent under section 871(e)," after "sold or exchanged,".
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 99–514, §1273(b)(1), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "For purposes of this section, a corporation created or organized in Guam or the Virgin Islands or under the law of Guam or the Virgin Islands shall not be treated as a foreign corporation for any taxable year if—
"(A) at all times during such taxable year less than 25 percent in value of the stock of such corporation is owned (directly or indirectly) by foreign persons, and
"(B) at least 20 percent of the gross income of such corporation is shown to the satisfaction of the Secretary to have been derived from sources within Guam or the Virgin Islands (as the case may be) for the 3-year period ending with the close of the preceding taxable year of such corporation (or for such part of such period as the corporation has been in existence)."
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §1273(b)(1), (2)(A), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2) which provided that par. (1) of this subsection not apply with respect to income tax liability incurred to Guam.
Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, §1899A(22), substituted "paragraph" for "Paragraph".
Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 99–514, §1273(b)(2)(A), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out par. (4) which provided a cross reference to sections 934 and 934A.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514, §1899A(68), made clarifying amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 98–369, §127(b)(1). See 1984 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(d)(1)(B), (3)(C), inserted "which would be subject to tax under subsection (a) but for this subsection and" in introductory provisions and substituted "receives a statement" for "has received a statement" in subpar. (B)(ii).
Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 99–514, §1899A(23), inserted a closing parenthesis following "section 864(d)(4)".
Subsec. (c)(4)(A)(i). Pub. L. 99–514, §1223(b)(2), substituted "less than 5 percent or $1,000,000" for "less than 10 percent".
Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 99–514, §1214(c)(2), added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e).
1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–369, §127(b)(2), substituted "Except as provided in subsection (c), there" for "There" in introductory provision.
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–369, §42(a)(10), substituted "section 1273" for "section 1232(b)".
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98–369, §128(b)(1), amended par. (3) generally, substituting in subpar. (A), "a sale or exchange of an original issue discount obligation, the amount of any gain not in excess of the original issue discount accruing while such obligation was held by the foreign corporation (to the extent such discount was not theretofore taken into account under subparagraph (B)), and" for "bonds or other evidences of indebtedness issued after September 28, 1965, and before April 1, 1972, amounts which under section 1232(a)(2)(B) are considered as ordinary income, and, in the case of corporate obligations issued after May 27, 1969, and before April 1, 1972, amounts which would be so considered but for the fact the obligations were issued after May 27, 1969,", substituting in subpar. (B), "the payment of interest on an original issue discount obligation, an amount equal to the original issue discount accrued on such obligation since the last payment of interest thereon (except that such original issue discount shall be taken into account under this subparagraph only to the extent that the tax thereon does not exceed the interest payment less the tax imposed by paragraph (1) thereon), and" for "bonds or other evidences of indebtedness issued after March 31, 1972, and payable more than 6 months from the date of original issue (without regard to the period held by the taxpayer), amounts which under section 1232(a)(2)(B) would be considered as ordinary income but for the fact such obligations were issued after May 27, 1969, and", and striking out subpar. (C) which required that in the case of the payment of interest on an obligation described in subpar. (B), an amount equal to the original issue discount, but not in excess of such interest less the tax imposed by par. (1) thereon, accrued on such obligation since the last payment of interest thereon, be included for purpose of the 30 percent tax.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–369, §130(a), amended subsec. (b) generally, substituting provision establishing an exception for certain Guam and Virgin Islands corporations for provision establishing an exception for Guam corporations.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–369, §127(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §1899A(68), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).
Pub. L. 98–369, §128(b)(2), amended subsec. (c) generally, substituting in heading "Cross reference" for "Doubling of tax" and inserting provision directing that for special rules for original issue discount, see section 871(g).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–369, §127(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §1899A(68), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d).
1976—Subsec. (a)(3)(A), (B). Pub. L. 94–455 substituted "ordinary income" for "gain from the sale or exchange of property which is not a capital asset".
1972—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 92–606 added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c).
1971—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 92–178, §313(a), inserted "(other than original issue discount as defined in section 1232(b))" after "interest".
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 92–178, §313(c), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted "and before April 1, 1972," after "September 28, 1965,", substituted "section 1232(a)(2)(B)" for "section 1232", and inserted ", in the case of corporate obligations issued after May 27, 1969, and before April 1, 1972, amounts which would be so considered but for the fact that the obligations were issued after May 27, 1969,", and added subpars. (B) and (C).
1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–809 substantially revised the income tax treatment of foreign corporations, substituted the concept of amounts received from sources within the United States by foreign corporations but not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States for the concept of amounts received from sources within the United States by foreign corporations not engaged in trade or business within the United States as the amount upon which the existing 30 percent levy should be imposed, and added contingent income received from the sale of patents and other intangibles and amounts of original issue discount which are treated as ordinary income received on retirement or sale or exchange of bonds or other evidences of indebtedness issued after Sept. 28, 1965, to the specified types of fixed or determinable income.
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–147 applicable to obligations issued after the date which is 2 years after Mar. 18, 2010, see section 502(f) of Pub. L. 111–147, set out as a note under section 149 of this title.
Amendment by section 411(a)(2) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to dividends with respect to taxable years of regulated investment companies beginning after Dec. 31, 2004, see section 411(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §420(d), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1514, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 1442 of this title] shall apply to dividends paid after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to interest received after Dec. 31, 1993, see section 13237(d) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 1211(b)(6) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1211(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 865 of this title.
Amendment by section 1214(c)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to payments made in taxable year of payor beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1214(d) of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
Amendment by section 1223(b)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1223(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 864 of this title.
Amendment by section 1273(b)(1), (2)(A) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1277 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 931 of this title.
Amendment by section 1810(d)(1)(B), (3)(C), (e)(2)(B) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Amendment by section 42(a)(10) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years ending after July 18, 1984, see section 44 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1271 of this title.
Amendment by section 127(b) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to interest received after July 18, 1984, with respect to obligations issued after such date, in taxable years after such date, see section 127(g)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Amendment by section 128(b) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to payments made on or after the 60th day after July 18, 1984, with respect to obligations issued after Mar. 31, 1972, see section 128(d)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §130(d), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 661, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 1442 and 7651 of this title] shall apply to payments made after March 1, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date."
Amendment by Pub. L. 94–455 effective for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Pub. L. 92–606, §2, Oct. 31, 1972, 86 Stat. 1497, provided in part that: "The amendments made by section 1(e)(1) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1971."
Amendment by Pub. L. 92–178 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 313(f) of Pub. L. 92–178, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 104(n) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
For nonapplication of amendments by sections 1211(b)(6) and 1214(c)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 to the extent application of such amendments would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(3), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
A foreign corporation engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year shall be taxable as provided in section 11 or 59A,1 on its taxable income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
In determining taxable income for purposes of paragraph (1), gross income includes only gross income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
For special tax treatment of gain or loss from the disposition by a foreign corporation of a United States real property interest, see section 897.
In the case of a foreign corporation, except where the context clearly indicates otherwise, gross income includes only—
(1) gross income which is derived from sources within the United States and which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and
(2) gross income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
In the case of a foreign corporation, the deductions shall be allowed only for purposes of subsection (a) and (except as provided by subparagraph (B)) only if and to the extent that they are connected with income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States; and the proper apportionment and allocation of the deductions for this purpose shall be determined as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
The deduction for charitable contributions and gifts provided by section 170 shall be allowed whether or not connected with income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
A foreign corporation shall receive the benefit of the deductions and credits allowed to it in this subtitle only by filing or causing to be filed with the Secretary a true and accurate return, in the manner prescribed in subtitle F, including therein all the information which the Secretary may deem necessary for the calculation of such deductions and credits. The preceding sentence shall not apply for purposes of the tax imposed by section 541 (relating to personal holding company tax), and shall not be construed to deny the credit provided by section 33 for tax withheld at source or the credit provided by section 34 for certain uses of gasoline.
Except as provided by section 906, foreign corporations shall not be allowed the credit against the tax for taxes of foreign countries and possessions of the United States allowed by section 901.
For rule that certain foreign taxes are not to be taken into account in determining deduction or credit, see section 906(b)(1).
A foreign corporation which during the taxable year derives any income—
(A) from real property located in the United States, or from any interest in such real property, including (i) gains from the sale or exchange of real property or an interest therein, (ii) rents or royalties from mines, wells, or other natural deposits, and (iii) gains described in section 631(b) or (c), and
(B) which, but for this subsection, would not be treated as income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States,
may elect for such taxable year to treat all such income as income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. In such case, such income shall be taxable as provided in subsection (a)(1) whether or not such corporation is engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year. An election under this paragraph for any taxable year shall remain in effect for all subsequent taxable years, except that it may be revoked with the consent of the Secretary with respect to any taxable year.
Paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 871(d) shall apply in respect of elections under this subsection in the same manner and to the same extent as they apply in respect of elections under section 871(d).
In the case of a corporation created or organized in, or under the law of, a possession of the United States which is carrying on the banking business in a possession of the United States, interest on obligations of the United States which is not portfolio interest (as defined in section 881(c)(2)) shall—
(1) for purposes of this subpart, be treated as income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and
(2) shall be taxable as provided in subsection (a)(1) whether or not such corporation is engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year.
If any foreign corporation has no office or place of business in the United States but has an agent in the United States, the return required under section 6012 shall be made by the agent.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 282; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §104(b)(1), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1555; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 95–600, title III, §301(b)(13), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2822; Pub. L. 96–499, title XI, §1122(c)(2), Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2687; Pub. L. 97–424, title V, §515(b)(6)(F), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2182; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, §474(r)(19), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 843; Pub. L. 99–514, title VII, §701(e)(4)(F), title XII, §1236(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2343, 2576; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(s)(2)(B), title II, §2001(c)(2), title VI, §6133(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3527, 3594, 3721; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(12)(F), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4038; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§12001(b)(14), 13001(b)(2)(L), 14401(d)(2), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2094, 2097, 2233.)
2017—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–97, §14401(d)(2), which directed insertion of "or 59A," after "section 11,", was executed by making the insertion after "section 11" to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the amendment by Pub. L. 115–97, §12001(b)(14). See below.
Pub. L. 115–97, §13001(b)(2)(L), struck out "or 1201(a)" before "on its taxable income".
Pub. L. 115–97, §12001(b)(14), struck out ", 55," after "section 11".
2014—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 113–295 struck out ", 59A" after "section 11, 55".
1988—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, §2001(c)(2), inserted reference to section 59A.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(s)(2)(B), inserted ", except where the context clearly indicates otherwise" after "foreign corporation".
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–647, §6133(a), substituted "interest on obligations of the United States which is not portfolio interest (as defined in section 881(c)(2))" for "interest on obligations of the United States", and struck out at end "The preceding sentence shall not apply to any Guam corporation which is treated as not being a foreign corporation by section 881(b)(1) for the taxable year."
1986—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 99–514, §701(e)(4)(F), inserted reference to section 55.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–514, §1236(a), inserted "The preceding sentence shall not apply to any Guam corporation which is treated as not being a foreign corporation by section 881(b)(1) for the taxable year."
1984—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 98–369 substituted reference to section "33" for "32" and "34" for "39".
1983—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 97–424 struck out "and lubricating oil" after "gasoline".
1980—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 96–499 added par. (3).
1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–600 substituted in subsec. (a) heading "Imposition of tax" for "Normal tax and surtax" and in par. (1) heading "In general" for "Imposition of tax".
1976—Subsecs. (c)(1)(A), (2), (d). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
1966—Pub. L. 89–809 substantially revised the income tax treatment of foreign corporations, introduced the concept of taxable income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States into provisions dealing with the imposition of tax, substituted a concept of gross income that included gross income derived from sources within the United States not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States and gross income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States for a concept of gross income that included only gross income from sources within the United States, and inserted provisions for an election to treat real property income as income connected with United States business, treatment of interest on United States obligations received by banks organized in possessions, and the returns of tax by agents, and inserted cross reference to section 906(b)(1).
Amendment by section 12001(b)(14) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 12001(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
Amendment by section 13001(b)(2)(L) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13001(c)(1) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
Amendment by section 14401(d)(2) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to base erosion payments (as defined in section 59A(d) of this title) paid or accrued in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 14401(e) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 113–295 effective Dec. 19, 2014, subject to a savings provision, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 701(e)(4)(F) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Superfund Revenue Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–499, title V, to which it relates, see section 2001(e) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6133(c), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3721, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [probably means 'this section', which amended sections 882 and 884 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1988."
Amendment by section 701(e)(4)(F) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 701(f) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 55 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1236(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2576, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after November 16, 1985."
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, and to carrybacks from such years, see section 475(a) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 21 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–424 applicable with respect to articles sold after Jan. 6, 1983, see section 515(c) of Pub. L. 97–424, set out as a note under section 34 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–499 applicable to disposition after June 18, 1980, see section 1125(a) of Pub. L. 96–499, set out as an Effective Date note under section 897 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1978, see section 301(c) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 104(n) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
For applicability of amendment by section 701(e)(4)(F) of Pub. L. 99–514 notwithstanding any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(2), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
1 So in original. The comma probably should not appear.
2 Par. (3) heading editorially supplied.
The following items shall not be included in gross income of a foreign corporation, and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle:
Gross income derived by a corporation organized in a foreign country from the international operation of a ship or ships if such foreign country grants an equivalent exemption to corporations organized in the United States.
Gross income derived by a corporation organized in a foreign country from the international operation of aircraft if such foreign country grants an equivalent exemption to corporations organized in the United States.
Earnings derived from payments by a common carrier for the use on a temporary basis (not expected to exceed a total of 90 days in any taxable year) of railroad rolling stock owned by a corporation of a foreign country which grants an equivalent exemption to corporations organized in the United States.
The rules of paragraphs (6), (7), and (8) of section 872(b) shall apply for purposes of this subsection.
For purposes of this subsection, there shall not be taken into account any failure of a foreign country to grant an exemption to a corporation organized in the United States if such corporation is subject to tax by such foreign country on a residence basis pursuant to provisions of foreign law which meets such standards (if any) as the Secretary may prescribe.
The earnings derived from the ownership or operation of a communications satellite system by a foreign entity designated by a foreign government to participate in such ownership or operation shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle, if the United States, through its designated entity, participates in such system pursuant to the Communications Satellite Act of 1962 (47 U.S.C. 701 and following).
Paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) (as the case may be) shall not apply to any foreign corporation if 50 percent or more of the value of the stock of such corporation is owned by individuals who are not residents of such foreign country or another foreign country meeting the requirements of such paragraph.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any foreign corporation which is a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957(a)).
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any corporation which is organized in a foreign country meeting the requirements of paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) (as the case may be) and the stock of which is primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market in such foreign country, another foreign country meeting the requirements of such paragraph, or the United States.
Any stock in another corporation which is owned (directly or indirectly) by a corporation meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A) shall be treated as owned by individuals who are residents of the foreign country in which the corporation meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A) is organized.
For purposes of paragraph (1), stock owned (directly or indirectly) by or for a corporation, partnership, trust, or estate shall be treated as being owned proportionately by its shareholders, partners, or beneficiaries. Stock considered to be owned by a person by reason of the application of the preceding sentence shall, for purposes of applying such sentence, be treated as actually owned by such person.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 283; Pub. L. 90–622, §1(a), Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1311; Pub. L. 94–164, §6(a), Dec. 23, 1975, 89 Stat. 975; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1212(c)(3)–(5), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2538; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(e)(1), (2)(A), (5), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3499, 3500; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(i)(8)(D), (10), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2411; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §419(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1513.)
The Communications Satellite Act of 1962, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 87–624, Aug. 31, 1962, 76 Stat. 419, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 6 (§701 et seq.) of Title 47, Telecommunications. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 701 of Title 47 and Tables.
2004—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 108–357 substituted "(6), (7), and (8)" for "(5), (6), and (7)".
1989—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(8)(D), substituted "(5), (6), and (7)" for "(5) and (6)".
Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(10), added par. (5).
1988—Subsec. (a)(1), (2). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(e)(2)(A), (5), struck out "to citizens of the United States and" after "exemption" and substituted "international operation" for "operation".
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(e)(1)(B), substituted "Paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) (as the case may be)" for "Paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a)" and "such paragraph" for "such paragraphs (1) and (2)".
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(e)(1)(A), substituted "Special rules" for "Exception" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any foreign corporation—
"(A) the stock of which is primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market in the foreign country in which such corporation is organized, or
"(B) which is wholly owned (either directly or indirectly) by another corporation meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A) and is organized in the same foreign country as such other corporation."
1986—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(c)(3), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1), ships under foreign flag, which read as follows: "Earnings derived from the operation of a ship or ships documented under the laws of a foreign country which grants an equivalent exemption to citizens of the United States and to corporations organized in the United States."
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(c)(3), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2), aircraft of foreign registry, which read as follows: "Earnings derived from the operation of aircraft registered under the laws of a foreign country which grants an equivalent exemption to citizens of the United States and to corporations organized in the United States."
Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(c)(4), added par. (4).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(c)(5), added subsec. (c).
1975—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 94–164 added par. (3).
1968—Pub. L. 90–622 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), added subsec. (a) heading, and added subsec. (b).
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to wagers made after Oct. 22, 2004, see section 419(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 872 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1212(f) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 863 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–164, §6(b), Dec. 23, 1975, 89 Stat. 976, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to payments made after November 18, 1974."
Pub. L. 90–622, §1(b), Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1311, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966."
For nonapplication of amendment by section 1212(c)(3)–(5) of Pub. L. 99–514 to the extent application of such amendment would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(3), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
In addition to the tax imposed by section 882 for any taxable year, there is hereby imposed on any foreign corporation a tax equal to 30 percent of the dividend equivalent amount for the taxable year.
For purposes of subsection (a), the term "dividend equivalent amount" means the foreign corporation's effectively connected earnings and profits for the taxable year adjusted as provided in this subsection:
If—
(A) the U.S. net equity of the foreign corporation as of the close of the taxable year, exceeds
(B) the U.S. net equity of the foreign corporation as of the close of the preceding taxable year,
the effectively connected earnings and profits for the taxable year shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of such excess.
If—
(i) the U.S. net equity of the foreign corporation as of the close of the preceding taxable year, exceeds
(ii) the U.S. net equity of the foreign corporation as of the close of the taxable year,
the effectively connected earnings and profits for the taxable year shall be increased by the amount of such excess.
The increase under subparagraph (A) for any taxable year shall not exceed the accumulated effectively connected earnings and profits as of the close of the preceding taxable year.
For purposes of clause (i), the term "accumulated effectively connected earnings and profits" means the excess of—
(I) the aggregate effectively connected earnings and profits for preceding taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986, over
(II) the aggregate dividend equivalent amounts determined for such preceding taxable years.
For purposes of this section—
The term "U.S. net equity" means—
(A) U.S. assets, reduced (including below zero) by
(B) U.S. liabilities.
For purposes of paragraph (1)—
The term "U.S. assets" means the money and aggregate adjusted bases of property of the foreign corporation treated as connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the adjusted basis of any property shall be its adjusted basis for purposes of computing earnings and profits.
The term "U.S. liabilities" means the liabilities of the foreign corporation treated as connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
The regulations prescribed under subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall be consistent with the allocation of deductions under section 882(c)(1).
For purposes of this section—
The term "effectively connected earnings and profits" means earnings and profits (without diminution by reason of any distributions made during the taxable year) which are attributable to income which is effectively connected (or treated as effectively connected) with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
The term "effectively connected earnings and profits" shall not include any earnings and profits attributable to—
(A) income not includible in gross income under paragraph (1) or (2) of section 883(a),
(B) income treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States under section 921(d) or 926(b) (as in effect before their repeal by the FSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act of 2000),
(C) gain on the disposition of a United States real property interest described in section 897(c)(1)(A)(ii),
(D) income treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States under section 953(c)(3)(C), or
(E) income treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States under section 882(e).
Property and liabilities of the foreign corporation treated as connected with such income under regulations prescribed by the Secretary shall not be taken into account in determining the U.S. assets or U.S. liabilities of the foreign corporation.
No treaty between the United States and a foreign country shall exempt any foreign corporation from the tax imposed by subsection (a) (or reduce the amount thereof) unless—
(A) such treaty is an income tax treaty, and
(B) such foreign corporation is a qualified resident of such foreign country.
If a foreign corporation is a qualified resident of a foreign country with which the United States has an income tax treaty—
(A) the rate of tax under subsection (a) shall be the rate of tax specified in such treaty—
(i) on branch profits if so specified, or
(ii) if not so specified, on dividends paid by a domestic corporation to a corporation resident in such country which wholly owns such domestic corporation, and
(B) any other limitations under such treaty on the tax imposed by subsection (a) shall apply.
If a foreign corporation is subject to the tax imposed by subsection (a) for any taxable year (determined after the application of any treaty), no tax shall be imposed by section 871(a), 881(a), 1441, or 1442 on any dividends paid by such corporation out of its earnings and profits for such taxable year.
If—
(i) any dividend described in section 861(a)(2)(B) is received by a foreign corporation, and
(ii) subparagraph (A) does not apply to such dividend,
rules similar to the rules of subparagraphs (A) and (B) of subsection (f)(3) shall apply to such dividend.
For purposes of this subsection—
Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, the term "qualified resident" means, with respect to any foreign country, any foreign corporation which is a resident of such foreign country unless—
(i) 50 percent or more (by value) of the stock of such foreign corporation is owned (within the meaning of section 883(c)(4)) by individuals who are not residents of such foreign country and who are not United States citizens or resident aliens, or
(ii) 50 percent or more of its income is used (directly or indirectly) to meet liabilities to persons who are not residents of such foreign country or citizens or residents of the United States.
A foreign corporation which is a resident of a foreign country shall be treated as a qualified resident of such foreign country if—
(i) the stock of such corporation is primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market in such foreign country, or
(ii) such corporation is wholly owned (either directly or indirectly) by another foreign corporation which is organized in such foreign country and the stock of which is so traded.
A foreign corporation which is a resident of a foreign country shall be treated as a qualified resident of such foreign country if—
(i) such corporation is wholly owned (directly or indirectly) by a domestic corporation, and
(ii) the stock of such domestic corporation is primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market in the United States.
The Secretary may, in his sole discretion, treat a foreign corporation as being a qualified resident of a foreign country if such corporation establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such corporation meets such requirements as the Secretary may establish to ensure that individuals who are not residents of such foreign country do not use the treaty between such foreign country and the United States in a manner inconsistent with the purposes of this subsection.
This section shall not apply to an international organization (as defined in section 7701(a)(18)).
In the case of a foreign corporation engaged in a trade or business in the United States (or having gross income treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States), for purposes of this subtitle—
(A) any interest paid by such trade or business in the United States shall be treated as if it were paid by a domestic corporation, and
(B) to the extent that the allocable interest exceeds the interest described in subparagraph (A), such foreign corporation shall be liable for tax under section 881(a) in the same manner as if such excess were interest paid to such foreign corporation by a wholly owned domestic corporation on the last day of such foreign corporation's taxable year.
To the extent provided in regulations, subparagraph (A) shall not apply to interest in excess of the amounts reasonably expected to be allocable interest.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "allocable interest" means any interest which is allocable to income which is effectively connected (or treated as effectively connected) with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States.
In the case of any interest described in paragraph (1) which is paid or accrued by a foreign corporation, no benefit under any treaty between the United States and the foreign country of which such corporation is a resident shall apply unless—
(i) such treaty is an income tax treaty, and
(ii) such foreign corporation is a qualified resident of such foreign country.
In the case of any interest described in paragraph (1) which is received or accrued by any corporation, no benefit under any treaty between the United States and the foreign country of which such corporation is a resident shall apply unless—
(i) such treaty is an income tax treaty, and
(ii) such foreign corporation is a qualified resident of such foreign country.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations providing for appropriate adjustments in the determination of the dividend equivalent amount in connection with the distribution to shareholders or transfer to a controlled corporation of the taxpayer's U.S. assets and other adjustments in such determination as are necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section.
(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1241(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2576; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(q)(1)(A), (2)–(6), (14), title VI, §6133(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3522–3525, 3721; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1704(f)(3)(A), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1879; Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(8), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2490.)
The FSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act of 2000, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(B), is Pub. L. 106–519, Nov. 15, 2000, 114 Stat. 2423. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2000 Amendments note set out under section 1 of this title and Tables.
A prior section 884 was renumbered section 885 of this title.
2007—Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 110–172 inserted "(as in effect before their repeal by the FSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act of 2000)" before comma at end.
1996—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 104–188, §1704(f)(3)(A)(ii), substituted "reasonably expected to be allocable interest" for "reasonably expected to be deductible under section 882 in computing the effectively connected taxable income of such foreign corporation" in closing provisions.
Subsec. (f)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104–188, §1704(f)(3)(A)(i), substituted "to the extent that the allocable interest exceeds the interest described in subparagraph (A)" for "to the extent the amount of interest allowable as a deduction under section 882 in computing the effectively connected taxable income of such foreign corporation exceeds the interest described in subparagraph (A)".
Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 104–188, §1704(f)(3)(A)(iii), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "
1988—Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(q)(1)(A), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "The increase under subparagraph (A) for any taxable year shall not exceed the aggregate reductions under paragraph (1) for prior taxable years to the extent not previously taken into account under subparagraph (A)."
Subsec. (d)(2)(E). Pub. L. 100–647, §6133(b), added subpar. (E).
Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(q)(2)(A), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "No income tax treaty between the United States and a foreign country shall exempt any foreign corporation from the tax imposed by subsection (a) (or reduce the amount thereof) unless—
"(A) such foreign corporation is a qualified resident of such foreign country, or
"(B) such foreign corporation is not a qualified resident of such foreign country but such income tax treaty permits a withholding tax on dividends described in section 861(a)(2)(B) which are paid by such foreign corporation."
Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(q)(2)(B), substituted "withholding tax" for "2nd tier withholding tax" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) which are paid by such foreign corporation and with respect to which such foreign corporation is otherwise required to deduct and withhold tax under section 1441 or 1442, or
"(ii) which are received by such foreign corporation and are described in section 861(a)(2)(B)."
Subsec. (e)(4)(A)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(q)(5), substituted "50 percent or more" for "more than 50 percent" in cl. (i) and "citizens or residents of the United States" for "the United States" in cl. (ii).
Subsec. (e)(4)(C), (D). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(q)(4), added subpar. (C) and redesignated former subpar. (C) as (D).
Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(q)(6), added par. (5).
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(f)(3)(A), (14), substituted "this subtitle" for "sections 871, 881, 1441, and 1442" and inserted "(or having gross income treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States)" after "United States".
Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(q)(2)(C)(i), (3)(B), inserted sentence at end and struck out former last sentence which read as follows: "Rules similar to the rules of subsection (e)(3)(B) shall apply to interest described in the preceding sentence."
Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(q)(2)(C)(ii), added par. (3).
Section 1704(f)(3)(B) of Pub. L. 104–188 provided that: "The amendments made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the amendments made by section 1241(a) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 [Pub. L. 99–514]."
Amendment by section 1012(q)(1)(A), (2)–(6), (14) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 6133(b) of Pub. L. 100–647 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1988, see section 6133(c) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 882 of this title.
Section 1241(e) of Pub. L. 99–514 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting section 884 of this title, renumbering former section 884 as section 885 of this title, and amending sections 861 and 906 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986."
Section 1012(q)(1)(B) of Pub. L. 100–647, as amended by Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(i)(5), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2410, provided that: "For purposes of applying section 884 of the 1986 Code, the earnings and profits of any corporation shall be determined without regard to any increase in earnings and profits under sections 1023(e)(3)(C) [section 1023(e)(3)(C) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 846 of this title] and 1021(c)(2)(C) of the Reform Act [Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date of 1986 Amendment note under section 832 of this title] or arising from section 832(b)(4)(C) of the 1986 Code."
For nonapplication of amendment by section 1241(a) of Pub. L. 99–514 (enacting this section) to the extent application of such amendment would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(3), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
(1) For special provisions relating to foreign corporations carrying on an insurance business within the United States, see section 842.
(2) For rules applicable in determining whether any foreign corporation is engaged in trade or business within the United States, see section 864(b).
(3) For adjustment of tax in case of corporations of certain foreign countries, see section 896.
(4) For allowance of credit against the tax in case of a foreign corporation having income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, see section 906.
(5) For withholding at source of tax on income of foreign corporations, see section 1442.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 283, §884; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §104(m)(1), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1563; Pub. L. 91–172, title I, §101(j)(21), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 528; renumbered §885, Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1241(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2576.)
1986—Pub. L. 99–514 renumbered section 884 of this title as this section.
1969—Pub. L. 91–172 redesignated pars. (2) to (6) as (1) to (5), respectively. Former par. (1), referring to section 512(a), was struck out.
1966—Par. (1). Pub. L. 89–809 redesignated par. (4) as (1). Former par. (1) redesignated (6).
Par. (2). Pub. L. 89–809 redesignated par. (3) as (2) and substituted "foreign corporations carrying on an insurance business within the United States, see section 842" for "foreign insurance companies, see subchapter L (sec. 801 and following)". Former par. (2) redesignated (3).
Par. (3). Pub. L. 89–809 redesignated former par. (2) as (3) and, in par. (3) as so redesignated, substituted "section 864(b)" for "section 871(c)". Former par. (3) redesignated (2).
Pars. (4), (5). Pub. L. 89–809 added pars. (4) and (5). Former par. (4) redesignated (1).
Par. (6). Pub. L. 89–809 redesignated former par. (1) as (6).
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–172 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1969, see section 101(k)(2)(B) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4940 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 104(n) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
In the case of any nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation, there is hereby imposed for each taxable year a tax equal to 4 percent of such individual's or corporation's United States source gross transportation income for such taxable year.
Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), the term "United States source gross transportation income" means any gross income which is transportation income (as defined in section 863(c)(3)) to the extent such income is treated as from sources in the United States under section 863(c)(2). To the extent provided in regulations, such term does not include any income of a kind to which an exemption under paragraph (1) or (2) of section 883(a) would not apply.
The term "United States source gross transportation income" shall not include any income taxable under section 871(b) or 882.
The term "United States source gross transportation income" does not include any income taxable in a possession of the United States under the provisions of this title as made applicable in such possession.
For purposes of this chapter, United States source gross transportation income of any taxpayer shall not be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States unless—
(A) the taxpayer has a fixed place of business in the United States involved in the earning of United States source gross transportation income, and
(B) substantially all of the United States source gross transportation income (determined without regard to paragraph (2)) of the taxpayer is attributable to regularly scheduled transportation (or, in the case of income from the leasing of a vessel or aircraft, is attributable to a fixed place of business in the United States).
Any income taxable under this section shall not be taxable under section 871, 881, or 882.
(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1212(b)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2537; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(e)(6), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3500; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(i)(8)(A), (B), (9), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2410, 2411.)
1989—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(8)(B), substituted "paragraphs (2) and (3)" for "paragraph (2)".
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(8)(A), added par. (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4).
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(8)(A), (9), redesignated former par. (3) as (4) and substituted "United States source gross transportation income" for "transportation income" in introductory provisions and in subpar. (A).
1988—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted "under section 863(c)(2)" for "under section 863(c)" and inserted at end "To the extent provided in regulations, such term does not include any income of a kind to which an exemption under paragraph (1) or (2) of section 883(a) would not apply."
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Section applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1212(f) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date of 1986 Amendment note under section 863 of this title.
For nonapplication of amendment by section 1212(b)(1) of Pub. L. 99–514 (enacting this section) to the extent application of such amendment would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(3), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
1989—Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7401(c), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2357, added item 898.
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1212(b)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2537, redesignated former subpart (C) as (D).
1980—Pub. L. 96–499, title XI, §1122(b), Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2687, added item 897.
1966—Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §§102(a)(4)(B), 105(c), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1543, 1565, substituted "affected by treaty" for "exempt under treaty" in item 894, inserted "or from bank deposits" in item 895, and added item 896.
1961—Pub. L. 87–29, §1(b), May 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 64, added item 895.
Whenever the President finds that, under the laws of any foreign country, citizens or corporations of the United States are being subjected to discriminatory or extraterritorial taxes, the President shall so proclaim and the rates of tax imposed by sections 1, 3, 11, 801, 831, 852, 871, and 881 shall, for the taxable year during which such proclamation is made and for each taxable year thereafter, be doubled in the case of each citizen and corporation of such foreign country; but the tax at such doubled rate shall be considered as imposed by such sections as the case may be. In no case shall this section operate to increase the taxes imposed by such sections (computed without regard to this section) to an amount in excess of 80 percent of the taxable income of the taxpayer (computed without regard to the deductions allowable under section 151 and under part VIII of subchapter B). Whenever the President finds that the laws of any foreign country with respect to which the President has made a proclamation under the preceding provisions of this section have been modified so that discriminatory and extraterritorial taxes applicable to citizens and corporations of the United States have been removed, he shall so proclaim, and the provisions of this section providing for doubled rates of tax shall not apply to any citizen or corporation of such foreign country with respect to any taxable year beginning after such proclamation is made.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 283; Mar. 13, 1956, ch. 83, §5(6), 70 Stat. 49; Pub. L. 86–69, §3(f)(1), June 25, 1959, 73 Stat. 140; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title II, §211(b)(12), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 755; Pub. L. 99–514, title X, §1024(c)(13), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2408.)
1986—Pub. L. 99–514 struck out reference to section 821.
1984—Pub. L. 98–369 substituted "801" for "802".
1959—Pub. L. 86–69 struck out reference to section 811.
1956—Act Mar. 13, 1956, inserted reference to section 811.
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1024(e) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 831 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 215 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 86–69 applicable only with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1957, see section 4 of Pub. L. 86–69, set out an Effective Date note under section 381 of this title.
Amendment by act Mar. 13, 1956, applicable only to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1954, see section 6 of act Mar. 13, 1956, set out as a note under section 316 of this title.
The income of foreign governments received from—
(A) investments in the United States in—
(i) stocks, bonds, or other domestic securities owned by such foreign governments, or
(ii) financial instruments held in the execution of governmental financial or monetary policy, or
(B) interest on deposits in banks in the United States of moneys belonging to such foreign governments,
shall not be included in gross income and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any income—
(i) derived from the conduct of any commercial activity (whether within or outside the United States),
(ii) received by a controlled commercial entity or received (directly or indirectly) from a controlled commercial entity, or
(iii) derived from the disposition of any interest in a controlled commercial entity.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "controlled commercial entity" means any entity engaged in commercial activities (whether within or outside the United States) if the government—
(i) holds (directly or indirectly) any interest in such entity which (by value or voting interest) is 50 percent or more of the total of such interests in such entity, or
(ii) holds (directly or indirectly) any other interest in such entity which provides the foreign government with effective control of such entity.
For purposes of the preceding sentence, a central bank of issue shall be treated as a controlled commercial entity only if engaged in commercial activities within the United States.
For purposes of this title, a foreign government shall be treated as a corporate resident of its country. A foreign government shall be so treated for purposes of any income tax treaty obligation of the United States if such government grants equivalent treatment to the Government of the United States.
The income of international organizations received from investments in the United States in stocks, bonds, or other domestic securities owned by such international organizations, or from interest on deposits in banks in the United States of moneys belonging to such international organizations, or from any other source within the United States, shall not be included in gross income and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 284; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1247(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2583; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(t)(1)–(3), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3527; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11704(a)(35), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–519.)
1990—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 101–508 made clarifying amendment to Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(t)(1). See 1988 Amendment note below.
1988—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(t)(1), (2), as amended by Pub. L. 101–508, amended cl. (ii) generally and added cl. (iii). Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as follows: "received from or by a controlled commercial entity."
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(t)(3), added par. (3).
1986—Pub. L. 99–514 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: "The income of foreign governments or international organizations received from investments in the United States in stocks, bonds, or other domestic securities, owned by such foreign governments or by international organizations, or from interest on deposits in banks in the United States of moneys belonging to such foreign governments or international organizations, or from any other source within the United States, shall not be included in gross income and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle."
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1247(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2584, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to amounts received on or after July 1, 1986, except that no amount shall be required to be deducted and withheld by reason of the amendment made by subsection (a) from any payment made before the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986]."
For nonapplication of amendment by section 1247(a) of Pub. L. 99–514 to the extent application of such amendment would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(3), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
Wages, fees, or salary of any employee of a foreign government or of an international organization (including a consular or other officer, or a nondiplomatic representative), received as compensation for official services to such government or international organization shall not be included in gross income and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle if—
(1) such employee is not a citizen of the United States, or is a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines (whether or not a citizen of the United States); and
(2) in the case of an employee of a foreign government, the services are of a character similar to those performed by employees of the Government of the United States in foreign countries; and
(3) in the case of an employee of a foreign government, the foreign government grants an equivalent exemption to employees of the Government of the United States performing similar services in such foreign country.
The Secretary of State shall certify to the Secretary of the Treasury the names of the foreign countries which grant an equivalent exemption to the employees of the Government of the United States performing services in such foreign countries, and the character of the services performed by employees of the Government of the United States in foreign countries.
Subsection (a) shall not apply to—
(1) any employee of a controlled commercial entity (as defined in section 892(a)(2)(B)), or
(2) any employee of a foreign government whose services are primarily in connection with a commercial activity (whether within or outside the United States) of the foreign government.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 284; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(t)(4), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3527.)
1988—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–647 added subsec. (c).
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
The provisions of this title shall be applied to any taxpayer with due regard to any treaty obligation of the United States which applies to such taxpayer.
For relationship between treaties and this title, see section 7852(d).
For purposes of applying any exemption from, or reduction of, any tax provided by any treaty to which the United States is a party with respect to income which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation shall be deemed not to have a permanent establishment in the United States at any time during the taxable year. This subsection shall not apply in respect of the tax computed under section 877(b).
A foreign person shall not be entitled under any income tax treaty of the United States with a foreign country to any reduced rate of any withholding tax imposed by this title on an item of income derived through an entity which is treated as a partnership (or is otherwise treated as fiscally transparent) for purposes of this title if—
(A) such item is not treated for purposes of the taxation laws of such foreign country as an item of income of such person,
(B) the treaty does not contain a provision addressing the applicability of the treaty in the case of an item of income derived through a partnership, and
(C) the foreign country does not impose tax on a distribution of such item of income from such entity to such person.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to determine the extent to which a taxpayer to which paragraph (1) does not apply shall not be entitled to benefits under any income tax treaty of the United States with respect to any payment received by, or income attributable to any activities of, an entity organized in any jurisdiction (including the United States) that is treated as a partnership or is otherwise treated as fiscally transparent for purposes of this title (including a common investment trust under section 584, a grantor trust, or an entity that is disregarded for purposes of this title) and is treated as fiscally nontransparent for purposes of the tax laws of the jurisdiction of residence of the taxpayer.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 284; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §105(a), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1563; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(aa)(6), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3533; Pub. L. 105–34, title X, §1054(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 943.)
1997—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–34 added subsec. (c).
1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted "Treaty provisions" for "Income affected by treaty" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Income of any kind, to the extent required by any treaty obligation of the United States, shall not be included in gross income and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle."
1966—Pub. L. 89–809 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), added subsec. (b), and substituted "affected by treaty" for "exempt under treaty" in section catchline.
Pub. L. 105–34, title X, §1054(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 944, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply upon the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §105(d), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1565, provided that: "The amendments made by this section (other than subsections (d) and (f)) [amending this section and enacting section 896 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966."
Income derived by a foreign central bank of issue from obligations of the United States or of any agency or instrumentality thereof (including beneficial interests, participations, and other instruments issued under section 302(c) of the Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act (12 U.S.C. 1717)) which are owned by such foreign central bank of issue, or derived from interest on deposits with persons carrying on the banking business, shall not be included in gross income and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle unless such obligations or deposits are held for, or used in connection with, the conduct of commercial banking functions or other commercial activities. For purposes of the preceding sentence the Bank for International Settlements shall be treated as a foreign central bank of issue.
(Added Pub. L. 87–29, §1(a), May 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 64; amended Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §102(a)(4)(A), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1543.)
1966—Pub. L. 89–809 exempted income derived from obligations of agencies or instrumentalities of the United States and income derived from interest on deposits with persons carrying on the banking business, inserted "(including beneficial interests, participations, and other instruments issued under section 302(c) of the Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act (12 U.S.C. 1717))," and inserted sentence requiring the Bank for International Settlements to be treated as a foreign central bank of issue.
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, except that in applying section 864(c)(4)(B)(iii) of this title with respect to a binding contract entered into on or before Feb. 24, 1966, activities in the United States on or before such date in negotiating or carrying out such contract shall not be taken into account, see section 102(e)(1) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
Pub. L. 87–29, §1(c), May 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 64, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [enacting this section and amending analysis preceding section 891 of this title] shall be effective with respect to income received in taxable years beginning after December 31, 1960."
Whenever the President finds that—
(1) under the laws of any foreign country, considering the tax system of such foreign country, citizens of the United States not residents of such foreign country or domestic corporations are being subjected to more burdensome taxes, on any item of income received by such citizens or corporations from sources within such foreign country, than taxes imposed by the provisions of this subtitle on similar income derived from sources within the United States by residents or corporations of such foreign country,
(2) such foreign country, when requested by the United States to do so, has not acted to revise or reduce such taxes so that they are no more burdensome than taxes imposed by the provisions of this subtitle on similar income derived from sources within the United States by residents or corporations of such foreign country, and
(3) it is in the public interest to apply pre-1967 tax provisions in accordance with the provisions of this subsection to residents or corporations of such foreign country,
the President shall proclaim that the tax on such similar income derived from sources within the United States by residents or corporations of such foreign country shall, for taxable years beginning after such proclamation, be determined under this subtitle without regard to amendments made to this subchapter and chapter 3 on or after the date of enactment of this section.
Whenever the President finds that—
(1) under the laws of any foreign country, citizens of the United States or domestic corporations (or any class of such citizens or corporations) are, with respect to any item of income, being subjected to a higher effective rate of tax than are nationals, residents, or corporations of such foreign country (or a similar class of such nationals, residents, or corporations) under similar circumstances;
(2) such foreign country, when requested by the United States to do so, has not acted to eliminate such higher effective rate of tax; and
(3) it is in the public interest to adjust, in accordance with the provisions of this subsection, the effective rate of tax imposed by this subtitle on similar income of nationals, residents, or corporations of such foreign country (or such similar class of such nationals, residents, or corporations),
the President shall proclaim that the tax on similar income of nationals, residents, or corporations of such foreign country (or such similar class of such nationals, residents, or corporations) shall, for taxable years beginning after such proclamation, be adjusted so as to cause the effective rate of tax imposed by this subtitle on such similar income to be substantially equal to the effective rate of tax imposed by such foreign country on such item of income of citizens of the United States or domestic corporations (or such class of citizens or corporations). In implementing a proclamation made under this subsection, the effective rate of tax imposed by this subtitle on an item of income may be adjusted by the disallowance, in whole or in part, of any deduction, credit, or exemption which would otherwise be allowed with respect to that item of income or by increasing the rate of tax otherwise applicable to that item of income.
Whenever the President finds that—
(1) the laws of any foreign country with respect to which the President has made a proclamation under subsection (a) have been modified so that citizens of the United States not residents of such foreign country or domestic corporations are no longer subject to more burdensome taxes on the item of income derived by such citizens or corporations from sources within such foreign country, or
(2) the laws of any foreign country with respect to which the President has made a proclamation under subsection (b) have been modified so that citizens of the United States or domestic corporations (or any class of such citizens or corporations) are no longer subject to a higher effective rate of tax on the item of income,
he shall proclaim that the tax imposed by this subtitle on the similar income of nationals, residents, or corporations of such foreign country shall, for any taxable year beginning after such proclamation, be determined under this subtitle without regard to such subsection.
No proclamation shall be issued by the President pursuant to this section unless, at least 30 days prior to such proclamation, he has notified the Senate and the House of Representatives of his intention to issue such proclamation.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as he deems necessary or appropriate to implement this section.
(Added Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §105(b), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1563; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)
The date of enactment of this section, referred to in the provisions following subsec. (a)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 89–809, which was approved Nov. 13, 1966.
1976—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Section applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 105(d) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as an Effective Date of 1966 Amendment note under section 894 of this title.
For purposes of this title, gain or loss of a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation from the disposition of a United States real property interest shall be taken into account—
(A) in the case of a nonresident alien individual, under section 871(b)(1), or
(B) in the case of a foreign corporation, under section 882(a)(1),
as if the taxpayer were engaged in a trade or business within the United States during the taxable year and as if such gain or loss were effectively connected with such trade or business.
In the case of any nonresident alien individual, the taxable excess for purposes of section 55(b)(1) shall not be less than the lesser of—
(i) the individual's alternative minimum taxable income (as defined in section 55(b)(2)) for the taxable year, or
(ii) the individual's net United States real property gain for the taxable year.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "net United States real property gain" means the excess of—
(i) the aggregate of the gains for the taxable year from dispositions of United States real property interests, over
(ii) the aggregate of the losses for the taxable year from dispositions of such interests.
In the case of an individual, a loss shall be taken into account under subsection (a) only to the extent such loss would be taken into account under section 165(c) (determined without regard to subsection (a) of this section).
For purposes of this section—
Except as provided in subparagraph (B) or subsection (k), the term "United States real property interest" means—
(i) an interest in real property (including an interest in a mine, well, or other natural deposit) located in the United States or the Virgin Islands, and
(ii) any interest (other than an interest solely as a creditor) in any domestic corporation unless the taxpayer establishes (at such time and in such manner as the Secretary by regulations prescribes) that such corporation was at no time a United States real property holding corporation during the shorter of—
(I) the period after June 18, 1980, during which the taxpayer held such interest, or
(II) the 5-year period ending on the date of the disposition of such interest.
The term "United States real property interest" does not include any interest in a corporation if—
(i) as of the date of the disposition of such interest, such corporation did not hold any United States real property interests,
(ii) all of the United States real property interests held by such corporation at any time during the shorter of the periods described in subparagraph (A)(ii)—
(I) were disposed of in transactions in which the full amount of the gain (if any) was recognized, or
(II) ceased to be United States real property interests by reason of the application of this subparagraph to 1 or more other corporations, and
(iii) neither such corporation nor any predecessor of such corporation was a regulated investment company or a real estate investment trust at any time during the shorter of the periods described in subparagraph (A)(ii).
The term "United States real property holding corporation" means any corporation if—
(A) the fair market value of its United States real property interests equals or exceeds 50 percent of
(B) the fair market value of—
(i) its United States real property interests,
(ii) its interests in real property located outside the United States, plus
(iii) any other of its assets which are used or held for use in a trade or business.
If any class of stock of a corporation is regularly traded on an established securities market, stock of such class shall be treated as a United States real property interest only in the case of a person who, at some time during the shorter of the periods described in paragraph (1)(A)(ii), held more than 5 percent of such class of stock.
For purposes of determining whether any corporation is a United States real property holding corporation—
Paragraph (1)(A)(ii) shall be applied by substituting "any corporation (whether foreign or domestic)" for "any domestic corporation".
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, assets held by a partnership, trust, or estate shall be treated as held proportionately by its partners or beneficiaries. Any asset treated as held by a partner or beneficiary by reason of this subparagraph which is used or held for use by the partnership, trust, or estate in a trade or business shall be treated as so used or held by the partner or beneficiary. Any asset treated as held by a partner or beneficiary by reason of this subparagraph shall be so treated for purposes of applying this subparagraph successively to partnerships, trusts, or estates which are above the first partnership, trust, or estate in a chain thereof.
Under regulations, for purposes of determining whether any corporation is a United States real property holding corporation, if any corporation (hereinafter in this paragraph referred to as the "first corporation") holds a controlling interest in a second corporation—
(i) the stock which the first corporation holds in the second corporation shall not be taken into account,
(ii) the first corporation shall be treated as holding a portion of each asset of the second corporation equal to the percentage of the fair market value of the stock of the second corporation represented by the stock held by the first corporation, and
(iii) any asset treated as held by the first corporation by reason of clause (ii) which is used or held for use by the second corporation in a trade or business shall be treated as so used or held by the first corporation.
Any asset treated as held by the first corporation by reason of the preceding sentence shall be so treated for purposes of applying the preceding sentence successively to corporations which are above the first corporation in a chain of corporations.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "controlling interest" means 50 percent or more of the fair market value of all classes of stock of a corporation.
The term "interest in real property" includes fee ownership and co-ownership of land or improvements thereon, leaseholds of land or improvements thereon, options to acquire land or improvements thereon, and options to acquire leaseholds of land or improvements thereon.
The term "real property" includes movable walls, furnishings, and other personal property associated with the use of the real property.
For purposes of determining under paragraph (3) whether any person holds more than 5 percent of any class of stock and of determining under paragraph (5) whether a person holds a controlling interest in any corporation, section 318(a) shall apply (except that paragraphs (2)(C) and (3)(C) of section 318(a) shall be applied by substituting "5 percent" for "50 percent").
Except to the extent otherwise provided in regulations, notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, gain shall be recognized by a foreign corporation on the distribution (including a distribution in liquidation or redemption) of a United States real property interest in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of such interest (as of the time of the distribution) over its adjusted basis.
Gain shall not be recognized under paragraph (1)—
(A) if—
(i) at the time of the receipt of the distributed property, the distributee would be subject to taxation under this chapter on a subsequent disposition of the distributed property, and
(ii) the basis of the distributed property in the hands of the distributee is no greater than the adjusted basis of such property before the distribution, increased by the amount of gain (if any) recognized by the distributing corporation, or
(B) if such nonrecognition is provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary under subsection (e)(2).
Except to the extent otherwise provided in subsection (d) and paragraph (2) of this subsection, any nonrecognition provision shall apply for purposes of this section to a transaction only in the case of an exchange of a United States real property interest for an interest the sale of which would be subject to taxation under this chapter.
The Secretary shall prescribe regulations (which are necessary or appropriate to prevent the avoidance of Federal income taxes) providing—
(A) the extent to which nonrecognition provisions shall, and shall not, apply for purposes of this section, and
(B) the extent to which—
(i) transfers of property in reorganization, and
(ii) changes in interests in, or distributions from, a partnership, trust, or estate,
shall be treated as sales of property at fair market value.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "nonrecognition provision" means any provision of this title for not recognizing gain or loss.
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the amount of any money, and the fair market value of any property, received by a nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation in exchange for all or part of its interest in a partnership, trust, or estate shall, to the extent attributable to United States real property interests, be considered as an amount received from the sale or exchange in the United States of such property.
For purposes of this section—
Any distribution by a qualified investment entity to a nonresident alien individual, a foreign corporation, or other qualified investment entity shall, to the extent attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by the qualified investment entity of United States real property interests, be treated as gain recognized by such nonresident alien individual, foreign corporation, or other qualified investment entity from the sale or exchange of a United States real property interest. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, any distribution by a qualified investment entity to a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation with respect to any class of stock which is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States shall not be treated as gain recognized from the sale or exchange of a United States real property interest if such individual or corporation did not own more than 5 percent of such class of stock at any time during the 1-year period ending on the date of such distribution.
The term "United States real property interest" does not include any interest in a domestically controlled qualified investment entity.
In the case of a domestically controlled qualified investment entity, rules similar to the rules of subsection (d) shall apply to the foreign ownership percentage of any gain.
The term "qualified investment entity" means—
(i) any real estate investment trust, and
(ii) any regulated investment company which is a United States real property holding corporation or which would be a United States real property holding corporation if the exceptions provided in subsections (c)(3) and (h)(2) did not apply to interests in any real estate investment trust or regulated investment company.
The term "domestically controlled qualified investment entity" means any qualified investment entity in which at all times during the testing period less than 50 percent in value of the stock was held directly or indirectly by foreign persons.
The term "foreign ownership percentage" means that percentage of the stock of the qualified investment entity which was held (directly or indirectly) by foreign persons at the time during the testing period during which the direct and indirect ownership of stock by foreign persons was greatest.
The term "testing period" means whichever of the following periods is the shortest:
(i) the period beginning on June 19, 1980, and ending on the date of the disposition or of the distribution, as the case may be,
(ii) the 5-year period ending on the date of the disposition or of the distribution, as the case may be, or
(iii) the period during which the qualified investment entity was in existence.
For purposes of determining the holder of stock under subparagraphs (B) and (C)—
(i) in the case of any class of stock of the qualified investment entity which is regularly traded on an established securities market in the United States, a person holding less than 5 percent of such class of stock at all times during the testing period shall be treated as a United States person unless the qualified investment entity has actual knowledge that such person is not a United States person,
(ii) any stock in the qualified investment entity held by another qualified investment entity—
(I) any class of stock of which is regularly traded on an established securities market, or
(II) which is a regulated investment company which issues redeemable securities (within the meaning of section 2 of the Investment Company Act of 1940),
shall be treated as held by a foreign person, except that if such other qualified investment entity is domestically controlled (determined after application of this subparagraph), such stock shall be treated as held by a United States person, and
(iii) any stock in the qualified investment entity held by any other qualified investment entity not described in subclause (I) or (II) of clause (ii) shall only be treated as held by a United States person in proportion to the stock of such other qualified investment entity which is (or is treated under clause (ii) or (iii) as) held by a United States person.
If an interest in a domestically controlled qualified investment entity is disposed of in an applicable wash sale transaction, the taxpayer shall, for purposes of this section, be treated as having gain from the sale or exchange of a United States real property interest in an amount equal to the portion of the distribution described in subparagraph (B) with respect to such interest which, but for the disposition, would have been treated by the taxpayer as gain from the sale or exchange of a United States real property interest under paragraph (1).
For purposes of this paragraph—
The term "applicable wash sales transaction" means any transaction (or series of transactions) under which a nonresident alien individual, foreign corporation, or qualified investment entity—
(I) disposes of an interest in a domestically controlled qualified investment entity during the 30-day period preceding the ex-dividend date of a distribution which is to be made with respect to the interest and any portion of which, but for the disposition, would have been treated by the taxpayer as gain from the sale or exchange of a United States real property interest under paragraph (1), and
(II) acquires, or enters into a contract or option to acquire, a substantially identical interest in such entity during the 61-day period beginning with the 1st day of the 30-day period described in subclause (I).
For purposes of subclause (II), a nonresident alien individual, foreign corporation, or qualified investment entity shall be treated as having acquired any interest acquired by a person related (within the meaning of section 267(b) or 707(b)(1)) to the individual, corporation, or entity, and any interest which such person has entered into any contract or option to acquire.
Subparagraph (A) shall apply to—
(I) any substitute dividend payment (within the meaning of section 861), or
(II) any other similar payment specified in regulations which the Secretary determines necessary to prevent avoidance of the purposes of this paragraph.
The portion of any such payment treated by the taxpayer as gain from the sale or exchange of a United States real property interest under subparagraph (A) by reason of this clause shall be equal to the portion of the distribution such payment is in lieu of which would have been so treated but for the transaction giving rise to such payment.
A transaction shall not be treated as an applicable wash sales transaction if the nonresident alien individual, foreign corporation, or qualified investment entity receives the distribution described in clause (i)(I) with respect to either the interest which was disposed of, or acquired, in the transaction.
A transaction shall not be treated as an applicable wash sales transaction if it involves the disposition of any class of stock in a qualified investment entity which is regularly traded on an established securities market within the United States but only if the nonresident alien individual, foreign corporation, or qualified investment entity did not own more than 5 percent of such class of stock at any time during the 1-year period ending on the date of the distribution described in clause (i)(I).
If—
(A) a foreign corporation holds a United States real property interest, and
(B) under any treaty obligation of the United States the foreign corporation is entitled to nondiscriminatory treatment with respect to that interest,
then such foreign corporation may make an election to be treated as a domestic corporation for purposes of this section, section 1445, and section 6039C.
Any election under paragraph (1), once made, may be revoked only with the consent of the Secretary.
An election under paragraph (1) may be made only—
(A) if all of the owners of all classes of interests (other than interests solely as a creditor) in the foreign corporation at the time of the election consent to the making of the election and agree that gain, if any, from the disposition of such interest after June 18, 1980, which would be taken into account under subsection (a) shall be taxable notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in a treaty to which the United States is a party, and
(B) subject to such other conditions as the Secretary may prescribe by regulations with respect to the corporation or its shareholders.
In the case of a class of interest (other than an interest solely as a creditor) which is regularly traded on an established securities market, the consent described in subparagraph (A) need only be made by any person if such person held more than 5 percent of such class of interest at some time during the shorter of the periods described in subsection (c)(1)(A)(ii). The constructive ownership rules of subsection (c)(6)(C) shall apply in determining whether a person held more than 5 percent of a class of interest.
The election provided by paragraph (1) shall be the exclusive remedy for any person claiming discriminatory treatment with respect to this section, section 1445, and section 6039C.
Except to the extent otherwise provided in regulations, gain shall be recognized by a nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation on the transfer of a United States real property interest to a foreign corporation if the transfer is made as paid in surplus or as a contribution to capital, in the amount of the excess of—
(1) the fair market value of such property transferred, over
(2) the sum of—
(A) the adjusted basis of such property in the hands of the transferor, plus
(B) the amount of gain, if any, recognized to the transferor under any other provision at the time of the transfer.
In the case of any disposition of stock in a real estate investment trust, paragraphs (3) and (6)(C) of subsection (c) shall each be applied by substituting "more than 10 percent" for "more than 5 percent".
In the case of any distribution from a real estate investment trust, subsection (h)(1) shall be applied by substituting "10 percent" for "5 percent".
Except as provided in subparagraph (B)—
(i) stock of a real estate investment trust which is held directly (or indirectly through 1 or more partnerships) by a qualified shareholder shall not be treated as a United States real property interest, and
(ii) notwithstanding subsection (h)(1), any distribution to a qualified shareholder shall not be treated as gain recognized from the sale or exchange of a United States real property interest to the extent the stock of the real estate investment trust held by such qualified shareholder is not treated as a United States real property interest under clause (i).
In the case of a qualified shareholder with one or more applicable investors—
(i) subparagraph (A)(i) shall not apply to the applicable percentage of the stock of the real estate investment trust held by the qualified shareholder, and
(ii) the applicable percentage of the amounts realized by the qualified shareholder with respect to any disposition of stock in the real estate investment trust or with respect to any distribution from the real estate investment trust attributable to gain from sales or exchanges of a United States real property interest shall be treated as amounts realized from the disposition of United States real property interests.
If a distribution by a real estate investment trust is treated as a sale or exchange of stock under section 301(c)(3), 302, or 331 with respect to a qualified shareholder—
(i) in the case of an applicable investor, subparagraph (B) shall apply with respect to such distribution, and
(ii) in the case of any other person, such distribution shall be treated under section 857(b)(3)(F) 1 as a dividend from a real estate investment trust notwithstanding any other provision of this title.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "applicable investor" means, with respect to any qualified shareholder holding stock in a real estate investment trust, a person (other than a qualified shareholder) which—
(i) holds an interest (other than an interest solely as a creditor) in such qualified shareholder, and
(ii) holds more than 10 percent of the stock of such real estate investment trust (whether or not by reason of the person's ownership interest in the qualified shareholder).
For purposes of subparagraphs (B)(i) and (D), the constructive ownership rules under subsection (c)(6)(C) shall apply.
For purposes of subparagraph (B), the term "applicable percentage" means the percentage of the value of the interests (other than interests held solely as a creditor) in the qualified shareholder held by applicable investors.
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "qualified shareholder" means a foreign person which—
(i)(I) is eligible for benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States which includes an exchange of information program and the principal class of interests of which is listed and regularly traded on 1 or more recognized stock exchanges (as defined in such comprehensive income tax treaty), or
(II) is a foreign partnership that is created or organized under foreign law as a limited partnership in a jurisdiction that has an agreement for the exchange of information with respect to taxes with the United States and has a class of limited partnership units which is regularly traded on the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq Stock Market and such class of limited partnership units value is greater than 50 percent of the value of all the partnership units,
(ii) is a qualified collective investment vehicle, and
(iii) maintains records on the identity of each person who, at any time during the foreign person's taxable year, holds directly 5 percent or more of the class of interest described in subclause (I) or (II) of clause (i), as the case may be.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "qualified collective investment vehicle" means a foreign person—
(i) which—
(I) is eligible for benefits under the comprehensive income tax treaty described in subparagraph (A)(i)(I), but only if the dividends article of such treaty imposes conditions on the benefits allowable in the case of dividends paid by a real estate investment trust, and
(II) is eligible under such treaty for a reduced rate of withholding with respect to ordinary dividends paid by a real estate investment trust even if such person holds more than 10 percent of the stock of such real estate investment trust,
(ii) which—
(I) is a publicly traded partnership (as defined in section 7704(b)) to which subsection (a) of section 7704 does not apply,
(II) is a withholding foreign partnership for purposes of chapters 3, 4, and 61, and
(III) if such foreign partnership were a domestic corporation, would be a United States real property holding corporation (determined without regard to paragraph (1)) at any time during the 5-year period ending on the date of disposition of, or distribution with respect to, such partnership's interests in a real estate investment trust, or
(iii) which is designated as a qualified collective investment vehicle by the Secretary and is either—
(I) fiscally transparent within the meaning of section 894, or
(II) required to include dividends in its gross income, but entitled to a deduction for distributions to persons holding interests (other than interests solely as a creditor) in such foreign person.
For the purposes of this subsection, in the case of an applicable investor who is a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation and is a partner in a partnership that is a qualified shareholder, if such partner's proportionate share of USRPI gain for the taxable year exceeds such partner's distributive share of USRPI gain for the taxable year, then
(i) such partner's distributive share of the amount of gain taken into account under subsection (a)(1) by the partner for the taxable year (determined without regard to this paragraph) shall be increased by the amount of such excess, and
(ii) such partner's distributive share of items of income or gain for the taxable year that are not treated as gain taken into account under subsection (a)(1) (determined without regard to this paragraph) shall be decreased (but not below zero) by the amount of such excess.
For the purposes of this paragraph, the term "USRPI gain" means the excess (if any) of—
(i) the sum of—
(I) any gain recognized from the disposition of a United States real property interest, and
(II) any distribution by a real estate investment trust that is treated as gain recognized from the sale or exchange of a United States real property interest, over
(ii) any loss recognized from the disposition of a United States real property interest.
For purposes of this paragraph, an applicable investor's proportionate share of USRPI gain shall be determined on the basis of such investor's share of partnership items of income or gain (excluding gain allocated under section 704(c)), whichever results in the largest proportionate share. If the investor's share of partnership items of income or gain (excluding gain allocated under section 704(c)) may vary during the period such investor is a partner in the partnership, such share shall be the highest share such investor may receive.
For purposes of this section, a qualified foreign pension fund shall not be treated as a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation. For purposes of the preceding sentence, an entity all the interests of which are held by a qualified foreign pension fund shall be treated as such a fund.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "qualified foreign pension fund" means any trust, corporation, or other organization or arrangement—
(A) which is created or organized under the law of a country other than the United States,
(B) which is established—
(i) by such country (or one or more political subdivisions thereof) to provide retirement or pension benefits to participants or beneficiaries that are current or former employees (including self-employed individuals) or persons designated by such employees, as a result of services rendered by such employees to their employers, or
(ii) by one or more employers to provide retirement or pension benefits to participants or beneficiaries that are current or former employees (including self-employed individuals) or persons designated by such employees in consideration for services rendered by such employees to such employers,
(C) which does not have a single participant or beneficiary with a right to more than five percent of its assets or income,
(D) which is subject to government regulation and with respect to which annual information about its beneficiaries is provided, or is otherwise available, to the relevant tax authorities in the country in which it is established or operates, and
(E) with respect to which, under the laws of the country in which it is established or operates—
(i) contributions to such trust, corporation, organization, or arrangement which would otherwise be subject to tax under such laws are deductible or excluded from the gross income of such entity or arrangement or taxed at a reduced rate, or
(ii) taxation of any investment income of such trust, corporation, organization or arrangement is deferred, or such income is excluded from the gross income of such entity or arrangement or is taxed at a reduced rate.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection.
(Added Pub. L. 96–499, title XI, §1122(a), Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2682; amended Pub. L. 97–34, title VIII, §831(a)(1), (b)–(d), (f), (g), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 352–354; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §201(d)(6), formerly §201(c)(6), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 419, renumbered §201(d)(6), Pub. L. 97–448, title III, §306(a)(1)(A)(i), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2400; Pub. L. 99–514, title VI, §631(e)(12), title VII, §701(e)(4)(G), title XVIII, §1810(f)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2275, 2343, 2826; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1006(e)(19), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3403; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11801(a)(30), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–521; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13203(c)(2), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 462; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1702(g)(2), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1873; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §§411(c), 418(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1504, 1512; Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §403(p)(1), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2626; Pub. L. 109–222, title V, §§504(a), 505(a), 506(a), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 355, 357; Pub. L. 110–343, div. C, title II, §208(a), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3865; Pub. L. 111–312, title VII, §749(a), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3320; Pub. L. 112–240, title III, §321(a), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2332; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title I, §133(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4018; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, §133(a), title III, §§322(a)(1), (2)(A), (b), 323(a), 325(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3055, 3098, 3101–3103; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §12001(b)(3)(D), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2093; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title I, §101(p)(1)–(6), (q), title IV, §401(a)(155), (156), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1166, 1167, 1191.)
Section 2 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, referred to in subsec. (h)(4)(E)(ii)(II), is classified to section 80a–2 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.
Section 857(b)(3)(F), referred to in subsec. (k)(2)(C)(ii), was redesignated section 857(b)(3)(E) and a new subsec. (b)(3)(F) added by Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §13001(b)(2)(K)(i), (iv), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2096, 2097.
2018—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(a)(155), substituted "section 871(b)(1)" for "section 871(B)(1)".
Subsec. (h)(4)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(p)(6), repealed Pub. L. 114–113, §322(b)(2), and provided that cl. (ii) shall be applied as if amendment had never been enacted. See 2015 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(a)(156), substituted "United States real property interest" for "USRPI" in heading.
Subsec. (k)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(p)(1)(A), substituted "one" for "1" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (k)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(p)(1)(A), added cl. (i) and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: "subparagraph (A)(i) shall not apply to so much of the stock of a real estate investment trust held by a qualified shareholder as bears the same ratio to the value of the interests (other than interests held solely as a creditor) held by such applicable investors in the qualified shareholder bears to value of all interests (other than interests held solely as a creditor) in the qualified shareholder, and".
Subsec. (k)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(p)(1)(A), substituted "the applicable percentage of the" for "a percentage equal to the ratio determined under clause (i) of the".
Subsec. (k)(2)(D). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(p)(2), substituted "subsection" for "paragraph" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (k)(2)(E). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(p)(3), substituted "and (D)" for "and (C) and paragraph (4)".
Subsec. (k)(2)(F). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(p)(1)(B), added subpar. (F).
Subsec. (k)(3)(B)(i). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(p)(4), substituted "which—" for "which, under the comprehensive income tax treaty described in subparagraph (A)(i), is eligible", added subcl. (I), and inserted "(II) is eligible under such treaty" before "for a reduced rate".
Subsec. (k)(3)(B)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(p)(5)(A), inserted "and" at end.
Subsec. (k)(3)(B)(ii)(III). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(p)(5)(B), substituted "domestic corporation" for "United States corporation".
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(q)(1), substituted "Exception for qualified foreign pension funds" for "Exception for interests held by foreign pension funds" in heading.
Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(q)(1), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "This section shall not apply to any United States real property interest held directly (or indirectly through 1 or more partnerships) by, or to any distribution received from a real estate investment trust by—
"(A) a qualified foreign pension fund, or
"(B) any entity all of the interests of which are held by a qualified foreign pension fund."
Subsec. (l)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(q)(2), amended subpar.(B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "which is established to provide retirement or pension benefits to participants or beneficiaries that are current or former employees (or persons designated by such employees) of one or more employers in consideration for services rendered,".
Subsec. (l)(2)(D). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(q)(3), substituted "with respect to which annual information about its beneficiaries is provided, or is otherwise available, to the relevant tax authorities" for "provides annual information reporting about its beneficiaries to the relevant tax authorities".
Subsec. (l)(2)(E)(i). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(q)(4)(A), substituted "such entity or arrangement" for "such entity".
Subsec. (l)(2)(E)(ii). Pub. L. 115–141, §101(q)(4)(B), substituted ", or such income is excluded from the gross income of such entity or arrangement or is taxed at a reduced rate" for "or such income is taxed at a reduced rate".
2017—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–97 substituted "section 55(b)(1)" for "section 55(b)(1)(A)" in introductory provisions.
2015—Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 114–113, §322(a)(2)(A), inserted "or subsection (k)" after "subparagraph (B)" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 114–113, §325(a), added cl. (iii).
Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 114–113, §322(b)(1)(B), inserted "and special rules" after "Definitions" in heading.
Subsec. (h)(4)(A). Pub. L. 114–113, §133(a), struck out cl. (i) designation and heading before "The term 'qualified investment entity' means—", redesignated subcls. (I) and (II) of former cl. (i) as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, and struck out former cl. (ii). Prior to amendment, text of cl. (ii) read as follows: "Clause (i)(II) shall not apply after December 31, 2014. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, an entity described in clause (i)(II) shall be treated as a qualified investment entity for purposes of applying paragraphs (1) and (5) and section 1445 with respect to any distribution by the entity to a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation which is attributable directly or indirectly to a distribution to the entity from a real estate investment trust."
Subsec. (h)(4)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 114–113, §322(b)(2), which directed insertion of "and for purposes of determining whether a real estate investment trust is a domestically controlled qualified investment entity under this subsection" after "real estate investment trust", was repealed by Pub. L. 115–141, §101(p)(6), with cl. (ii) to be applied as if amendment had never been enacted.
Subsec. (h)(4)(E). Pub. L. 114–113, §322(b)(1)(A), added subpar. (E).
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 114–113, §322(a)(1), added subsec. (k).
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 114–113, §323(a), added subsec. (l).
2014—Subsec. (h)(4)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 113–295 substituted "December 31, 2014" for "December 31, 2013".
2013—Subsec. (h)(4)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 112–240 substituted "December 31, 2013" for "December 31, 2011".
2010—Subsec. (h)(4)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 111–312 substituted "December 31, 2011" for "December 31, 2009".
2008—Subsec. (h)(4)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 110–343 substituted "December 31, 2009" for "December 31, 2007".
2006—Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 109–222, §505(a)(1), in first sentence, substituted "a nonresident alien individual, a foreign corporation, or other qualified investment entity" for "a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation" and "such nonresident alien individual, foreign corporation, or other qualified investment entity" for "such nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation" and inserted second sentence and struck out former second sentence which read as follows: "Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, any distribution by a real estate investment trust with respect to any class of stock which is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States shall not be treated as gain recognized from the sale or exchange of a United States real property interest if the shareholder did not own more than 5 percent of such class of stock at any time during the 1-year period ending on the date of the distribution."
Subsec. (h)(4)(A)(i)(II). Pub. L. 109–222, §504(a), inserted "which is a United States real property holding corporation or which would be a United States real property holding corporation if the exceptions provided in subsections (c)(3) and (h)(2) did not apply to interests in any real estate investment trust or regulated investment company" after "any regulated investment company".
Subsec. (h)(4)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 109–222, §505(a)(2), inserted at end "Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, an entity described in clause (i)(II) shall be treated as a qualified investment entity for purposes of applying paragraphs (1) and (5) and section 1445 with respect to any distribution by the entity to a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation which is attributable directly or indirectly to a distribution to the entity from a real estate investment trust."
Subsec. (h)(5). Pub. L. 109–222, §506(a), added par. (5).
2005—Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 109–135 substituted "any distribution by a real estate investment trust with respect to any class of stock" for "any distribution by a REIT with respect to any class of stock" and "the 1-year period ending on the date of the distribution" for "the taxable year".
2004—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 108–357, §411(c)(5), substituted "certain investment entities" for "REITS" in heading.
Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 108–357, §418(a), inserted at end "Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, any distribution by a REIT with respect to any class of stock which is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States shall not be treated as gain recognized from the sale or exchange of a United States real property interest if the shareholder did not own more than 5 percent of such class of stock at any time during the taxable year."
Pub. L. 108–357, §411(c)(1), substituted "qualified investment entity" for "REIT" in two places.
Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 108–357, §411(c)(2), amended heading and text of par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'United States real property interest' does not include any interest in a domestically-controlled REIT."
Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 108–357, §411(c)(2), amended heading and text of par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In the case of a domestically-controlled REIT, rules similar to the rules of subsection (d) shall apply to the foreign ownership percentage of any gain."
Subsec. (h)(4)(A). Pub. L. 108–357, §411(c)(3), amended heading and text of subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'REIT' means a real estate investment trust."
Subsec. (h)(4)(B). Pub. L. 108–357, §411(c)(3), amended heading and text of subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'domestically-controlled REIT' means a REIT in which at all times during the testing period less than 50 percent in value of the stock was held directly or indirectly by foreign persons."
Subsec. (h)(4)(C), (D)(iii). Pub. L. 108–357, §411(c)(4), substituted "qualified investment entity" for "REIT".
1996—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–188 struck out subsec. (f) which read as follows:
"(f)
"(1) the adjusted basis of such property before the distribution, increased by
"(2) the sum of—
"(A) any gain recognized by the distributing corporation on the distribution, and
"(B) any tax paid under this chapter by the distributee on such distribution."
1993—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–66 substituted "Minimum" for "21-percent minimum" in heading and "the taxable excess for purposes of section 55(b)(1)(A) shall not be less than" for "the amount determined under section 55(b)(1)(A) shall not be less than 21 percent of" in subpar. (A).
1990—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 101–508 struck out subsec. (k) which read as follows: "If—
"(1) a foreign corporation adopts, or has adopted, a plan of liquidation described in section 334(b)(2)(A), and
"(2) the 12-month period described in section 334(b)(2)(B) for the acquisition by purchase of the stock of the foreign corporation, began after December 31, 1979, and before November 26, 1980,
then such foreign corporation may make an election to be treated, for the period following June 18, 1980, as a domestic corporation pursuant to section 897(i)(1). Notwithstanding an election under the preceding sentence, any selling shareholder of such corporation shall be considered to have sold the stock of a foreign corporation."
1988—Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 100–647 struck out subsec. (l) which provided special rule for certain United States shareholders of liquidating foreign corporations.
1986—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §701(e)(4)(G), substituted "21-percent" for "20-percent" in heading and amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "In the case of any nonresident alien individual, the amount determined under section 55(a)(1) for the taxable year shall not be less than 20 percent of the lesser of—
"(i) the individual's alternative minimum taxable income (as defined in section 55(b)) for the taxable year, or
"(ii) the individual's net United States real property gain for the taxable year."
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–514, §631(e)(12), in heading, struck out ", etc.," after "distributions", and in text, struck out heading and designation for par. (1), redesignated subpar. (A) as par. (1), redesignated subpar. (B) as par. (2) and substituted "paragraph (1)" for "subparagraph (A)" in introductory provisions, redesignated cl. (i) and its subcls. (I) and (II) as subpar. (A) and cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, redesignated cl. (ii) as subpar. (B), and struck out former par. (2) which provided that section 337 not apply to any sale or exchange of a United States real property interest by a foreign corporation.
Subsec. (i)(1), (4). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(f)(1), inserted reference to section 1445.
1982—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 97–248 substituted "section 55(a)(1) for the taxable year shall not be less than 20 percent of the lesser of—" for "section 55(a)(1)(A) for the taxable year shall not be less than 20 percent of whichever of the following is the least:" in introductory provisions, in cl. (i) struck out "(1)" after "section 55(b)" and inserted "or" at the end, in cl. (ii) substituted a period for a comma and struck out "or" at the end, and struck out former cl. (iii), which had provided for the amount of $60,000 as a third alternative.
1981—Subsec. (c)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 97–34, §831(a)(1), defined "United States real property interest" to also mean an interest in real property located in the Virgin Islands.
Subsec. (c)(4)(B). Pub. L. 97–34, §831(b), substituted "Assets" for "Interests" in heading and in first sentence "Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, assets held by a partnership, trust or estate shall be treated as held" for "United States real property interests held by a partnership, trust, or estate shall be treated as owned" before "proportionately by its partners or beneficiaries", and inserted provisions respecting treatment of an asset as used or held for use in a trade or business by a partner or beneficiary when used or held by the partnership, trust, or estate in a trade or business and attributing chain treatment of such trade or business to partnership, trust, or estate which are above the first such entity.
Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 97–34, §831(c), substituted "Exceptions" for "Exception where there is a carryover basis" in heading, inserted introductory text "Gain shall not be recognized under subparagraph (A)", inserted cls. (i)(I) and (ii), and substituted cl. (i)(II) the basis of the distributed property in the hands of the distributee is no greater than the adjusted basis of such property before the distribution, increased by the amount of gain (if any) recognized by the distributing corporation" for subpar. (B) provision "Subparagraph (A) shall not apply if the basis of the distributed property in the hands of the distributee is the same as the adjusted basis of such property before the distribution increased by the amount of any gain recognized by the distributing corporation."
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 97–34, §831(d), in par. (1)(A) substituted "holds a United States real property interest" for "has a permanent establishment in the United States", in par. (1)(B) substituted "treaty obligation of the United States the foreign corporation is entitled to nondiscriminatory treatment with respect to that interest" for "treaty, such permanent establishment may not be treated less favorably than domestic corporations carrying on the same activities", in par. (3) inserted subpar. (A), designated existing provisions as subpar. (B), in subpar. (B) substituted "such other conditions as the Secretary may prescribe by regulations with respect to the corporation or its shareholders" for "such conditions as may be prescribed by the Secretary", and prescribed percentage interest required for making the requisite election and application of constructive ownership rules in determining existence of the required percentage of a class of interest.
Subsecs. (j) to (l). Pub. L. 97–34, §831(f), (g), added subsecs. (j) to (l).
Amendment by section 101(p)(1)–(6), (q) of Pub. L. 115–141 effective as if included in the provision of the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015, div. Q of Pub. L. 114–113, to which such amendment relates, see section 101(s) of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 24 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 12001(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, §133(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3055, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) which makes a distribution after December 31, 2014, and before the date of the enactment of this Act, and
"(B) which would (but for the second sentence of paragraph (1)) have been required to withhold with respect to such distribution under section 1445 of such Code,
such investment company shall not be liable to any person to whom such distribution was made for any amount so withheld and paid over to the Secretary of the Treasury."
Amendment by section 322(a)(1), (2)(A) of Pub. L. 114–113 effective Dec. 18, 2015, and applicable to any disposition on and after Dec. 18, 2015, and any distribution by a real estate investment trust on or after such date which is treated as a deduction for a taxable year of such trust ending after such date, see section 322(c)(1) of Pub. L. 114–113, set out as a note under section 857 of this title.
Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title III, §322(c)(2), (3), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3102; as amended by Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title I, §101(p)(6), (7), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1167, provided that:
"(2)
[(3) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title I, §101(p)(6), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1167.]
Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title III, §323(c), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3103, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 1445 of this title] shall apply to dispositions and distributions after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015]."
Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title III, §325(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3103, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to dispositions on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015]."
Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title I, §133(b), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4018, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) which makes a distribution after December 31, 2013, and before the date of the enactment of this Act, and
"(B) which would (but for the second sentence of paragraph (1)) have been required to withhold with respect to such distribution under section 1445 of such Code,
such investment company shall not be liable to any person to whom such distribution was made for any amount so withheld and paid over to the Secretary of the Treasury."
Pub. L. 112–240, title III, §321(b), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2332, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) which makes a distribution after December 31, 2011, and before the date of the enactment of this Act; and
"(B) which would (but for the second sentence of paragraph (1)) have been required to withhold with respect to such distribution under section 1445 of such Code,
such investment company shall not be liable to any person to whom such distribution was made for any amount so withheld and paid over to the Secretary of the Treasury."
Pub. L. 111–312, title VII, §749(b), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3320, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) which makes a distribution after December 31, 2009, and before the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2010]; and
"(B) which would (but for the second sentence of paragraph (1)) have been required to withhold with respect to such distribution under section 1445 of such Code,
such investment company shall not be liable to any person to whom such distribution was made for any amount so withheld and paid over to the Secretary of the Treasury."
Pub. L. 110–343, div. C, title II, §208(b), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3865, as amended by Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §211(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4032, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) which makes a distribution after December 31, 2007, and before October 4, 2008, and
"(B) which would (but for the second sentence of paragraph (1)) have been required to withhold with respect to such distribution under section 1445 of such Code,
such investment company shall not be liable to any person to whom such distribution was made for any amount so withheld and paid over to the Secretary of the Treasury."
Pub. L. 109–222, title V, §504(b), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 355, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the provisions of section 411 of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 [Pub. L. 108–357] to which it relates."
Amendment by section 505(a) of Pub. L. 109–222 applicable to taxable years of qualified investment entities beginning after Dec. 31, 2005, except that no amount shall be required to be withheld under section 1441, 1442, or 1445 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 with respect to any distribution before May 17, 2006 if such amount was not otherwise required to be withheld under any such section as in effect before such amendments, see section 505(d) of Pub. L. 109–222, set out as a note under section 852 of this title.
Pub. L. 109–222, title V, §506(c), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 358, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 1445 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2005, except that such amendments shall not apply to any distribution, or substitute dividend payment, occurring before the date that is 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [May 17, 2006]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 109–135 effective as if included in the provision of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which such amendment relates, see section 403(nn) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Amendment by section 411(c)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to dividends with respect to taxable years of regulated investment companies beginning after Dec. 31, 2004, and amendment by section 411(c)(2)–(5) of Pub. L. 108–357 effective after Dec. 31, 2004, see section 411(d)(1), (3) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Amendment by section 418(a) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to any distribution by a real estate investment trust which is either treated as a deduction for a taxable year of such trust beginning after Oct. 22, 2004, or made after Oct. 22, 2004, and treated as a deduction under section 860 of this title for a taxable year of such trust beginning on or before Oct. 22, 2004, see section 418(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, as amended, set out as a note under section 857 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 effective, except as otherwise expressly provided, as if included in the provision of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, to which such amendment relates, see section 1702(i) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 38 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1992, see section 13203(d) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 55 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 631(e)(12) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to any distribution in complete liquidation, and any sale or exchange, made by a corporation after July 31, 1986, unless such corporation is completely liquidated before Jan. 1, 1987, any transaction described in section 338 of this title for which the acquisition date occurs after Dec. 31, 1986, and any distribution, not in complete liquidation, made after Dec. 31, 1986, with exceptions and special and transitional rules, see section 633 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 336 of this title.
Amendment by section 701(e)(4)(G) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 701(f) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 55 of this title.
Amendment by section 1810(f)(1) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, see section 201(e)(1) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 5 of this title.
Pub. L. 97–34, title VIII, §831(i), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 355, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 862 and 6039C of this title and provisions set out as a note below] shall apply to dispositions after June 18, 1980, in taxable years ending after such date."
Pub. L. 96–499, title XI, §1125(a), (b), Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2690, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title I, §101(p)(6), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1167, provided that: "Section 322 of the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 [div. Q of Pub. L. 114–113] is amended by striking subsections (b)(2) [amending this section] and (c)(3) [formerly set out in a note under this section], and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall be applied as if such subsections, and amendments made thereby, had never been enacted."
For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Nov. 5, 1990, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 11821(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.
For applicability of amendment by section 701(e)(4)(G) of Pub. L. 99–514 notwithstanding any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(2), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1228, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2560, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(m), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3513, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) such United States real property holding company is a Delaware corporation incorporated on January 17, 1984,
"(2) the transfer, sale, exchange, or other disposition is to any member of a qualified ownership group,
"(3) the recipient of the share of stock elects, for purposes of such section 897, a carryover basis in the transferred shares,
"(4) the transfer, sale, exchange, or other disposition is part of a single integrated plan, whereby the stock of the corporation described in paragraph (1) becomes owned directly by the 2 corporations specifically referred to in subsection (b) or by such 2 corporations and by 1 or both of their jointly owned direct subsidiaries,
"(5) within 20 days after each transfer, sale, exchange, or other disposition, the person making such transfer, sale, exchange, or other disposition notifies the Internal Revenue Service of the transaction, the date of the transaction, the basis of the stock involved, the holding period for such stock, and such other information as the Internal Revenue Service may require, and
"(6) the integrated plan is completed before the date 4 years after the date of the enactment of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 [Nov. 10, 1988].
In the case of any underpayment attributable to a failure to meet any requirement of this subsection, the period during which such underpayment may be assessed shall in no event expire before the date 5 years after the date of the enactment of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988.
"(b)
"(c) [Repealed. Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(m)(2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3513.]
"(d)
Pub. L. 96–499, title XI, §1125(c), Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2690, as amended by Pub. L. 97–34, title VIII, §831(h), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 355; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) any treaty (hereinafter in this paragraph referred to as the 'old treaty') is renegotiated to resolve conflicts between such treaty and the provisions of section 897 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and
"(B) the new treaty is signed on or after January 1, 1981, and before January 1, 1985,
then paragraph (1) shall be applied with respect to obligations under the old treaty by substituting for 'December 31, 1984' the date (not later than 2 years after the new treaty was signed) specified in the new treaty (or accompanying exchange of notes)."
Pub. L. 96–499, title XI, §1125(d), Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2691, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) because the disposition occurred before June 19, 1980, or
"(B) because of any treaty obligation of the United States."
1 See References in Text note below.
For purposes of this title, the taxable year of any specified foreign corporation shall be the required year determined under subsection (c).
For purposes of this section—
The term "specified foreign corporation" means any foreign corporation—
(A) which is treated as a controlled foreign corporation for any purpose under subpart F of part III of this subchapter, and
(B) with respect to which the ownership requirements of paragraph (2) are met.
The ownership requirements of this paragraph are met with respect to any foreign corporation if a United States shareholder owns, on each testing day, more than 50 percent of—
(i) the total voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote, or
(ii) the total value of all classes of stock of such corporation.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the rules of subsections (a) and (b) of section 958 shall apply in determining ownership.
The term "United States shareholder" has the meaning given to such term by section 951(b), except that, in the case of a foreign corporation having related person insurance income (as defined in section 953(c)(2)), the Secretary may treat any person as a United States shareholder for purposes of this section if such person is treated as a United States shareholder under section 953(c)(1).
The required year is—
(A) the majority U.S. shareholder year, or
(B) if there is no majority U.S. shareholder year, the taxable year prescribed under regulations.
A specified foreign corporation may elect, in lieu of the taxable year under paragraph (1)(A), a taxable year beginning 1 month earlier than the majority U.S. shareholder year.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "majority U.S. shareholder year" means the taxable year (if any) which, on each testing day, constituted the taxable year of—
(i) each United States shareholder described in subsection (b)(2)(A), and
(ii) each United States shareholder not described in clause (i) whose stock was treated as owned under subsection (b)(2)(B) by any shareholder described in such clause.
The testing days shall be—
(i) the first day of the corporation's taxable year (determined without regard to this section), or
(ii) the days during such representative period as the Secretary may prescribe.
(Added Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7401(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2355; amended Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §413(c)(13), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1507.)
2004—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 108–357, §413(c)(13)(A), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar (A) read as follows:
"(A) which is—
"(i) treated as a controlled foreign corporation for any purpose under subpart F of part III of this subchapter, or
"(ii) a foreign personal holding company (as defined in section 552), and".
Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 108–357, §413(c)(13)(B), struck out "and sections 551(f) and 554, whichever are applicable," after "section 958".
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 108–357, §413(c)(13)(C), reenacted heading without change, struck out "(A) In general" before "The term", and struck out heading and text of subpar. (B). Text read as follows: "In the case of any foreign personal holding company (as defined in section 552) which is not a specified foreign corporation by reason of paragraph (1)(A)(i), the term 'United States shareholder' means any person who is treated as a United States shareholder under section 551."
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–357, §413(c)(13)(D), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (c) generally, substituting provisions stating general rule and relating to 1-month deferral and majority U.S. shareholder year, consisting of pars. (1) to (3), for provisions stating general rule and relating to 1-month deferral and majority U.S. shareholder year, consisting of par. (1), and provisions relating to required year in the case of a foreign personal holding company, consisting of par. (2).
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 413(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2004 Amendments note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7401(d), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2357, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) such change shall be treated as initiated by the taxpayer,
"(B) such change shall be treated as having been made with the consent of the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate, and
"(C) if, by reason of such change, any United States person is required to include in gross income for 1 taxable year amounts attributable to 2 taxable years of such foreign corporation, the amount which would otherwise be required to be included in gross income for such 1 taxable year by reason of the short taxable year of the foreign corporation resulting from such change shall be included in gross income ratably over the 4-taxable-year period beginning with such 1 taxable year."
2004—Pub. L. 108–357, title I, §101(b)(2), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1423, struck out item for subpart E "Qualifying foreign trade income".
2000—Pub. L. 106–519, §4(8), Nov. 15, 2000, 114 Stat. 2433, struck out item for subpart C "Taxation of foreign sales corporations".
Pub. L. 106–519, §4(7), Nov. 15, 2000, 114 Stat. 2433, added item for subpart E and directed that former item for subpart E be struck out, which could not be executed because the item for subpart E had previously been struck out by Pub. L. 94–455, §1053(d)(5). See 1976 Amendment note below.
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1261(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2591, added item for subpart J.
1984—Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §802(c)(4), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 999, added item for subpart C.
1982—Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §337(b), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 630, added item for subpart I.
1978—Pub. L. 95–615, §202(g)(4), formerly §202(f)(4), Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3100, renumbered Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §108(a)(1)(A), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 223, inserted in item for subpart B "or residents" after "citizens."
1976—Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1012(b)(3)(B), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1614, struck out item for subpart G "Export Trade Corporation" from analysis without a corresponding repeal of text in such subpart. The amendment probably should have struck out item for subpart H.
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §§1052(c)(7), 1053(d)(5), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1648, 1649, struck out item for subpart C, relating to Western Hemisphere trade corporations, effective for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1979, and item for subpart E, relating to China Trade Act corporations, effective for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1977.
1966—Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §105(e)(2), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1567, added item for subpart H.
1962—Pub. L. 87–834, §12(b)(3), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1031, added items for subparts F and G.
1 See 1976 Amendment note below.
2017—Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(c)(38), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2225, struck out item 902 "Deemed paid credit where domestic corporation owns 10 percent or more of voting stock of foreign corporation".
2010—Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §211(b), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2395, added item 909.
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1202(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2531, substituted "Deemed paid credit where domestic corporation owns 10 percent or more of voting stock of foreign corporation" for "Credit for corporate stockholder in foreign corporation" in item 902.
1976—Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1061(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1650, added item 908.
1975—Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §601(c), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 57, added item 907.
1966—Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §106(a)(2), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1569, added item 906.
If the taxpayer chooses to have the benefits of this subpart, the tax imposed by this chapter shall, subject to the limitation of section 904, be credited with the amounts provided in the applicable paragraph of subsection (b) plus, in the case of a corporation, the taxes deemed to have been paid under section 960. Such choice for any taxable year may be made or changed at any time before the expiration of the period prescribed for making a claim for credit or refund of the tax imposed by this chapter for such taxable year. The credit shall not be allowed against any tax treated as a tax not imposed by this chapter under section 26(b).
Subject to the limitation of section 904, the following amounts shall be allowed as the credit under subsection (a):
In the case of a citizen of the United States and of a domestic corporation, the amount of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued during the taxable year to any foreign country or to any possession of the United States; and
In the case of a resident of the United States and in the case of an individual who is a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year, the amount of any such taxes paid or accrued during the taxable year to any possession of the United States; and
In the case of an alien resident of the United States and in the case of an alien individual who is a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year, the amount of any such taxes paid or accrued during the taxable year to any foreign country; and
In the case of any nonresident alien individual not described in section 876 and in the case of any foreign corporation, the amount determined pursuant to section 906; and
In the case of any person described in paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4), who is a member of a partnership or a beneficiary of an estate or trust, the amount of his proportionate share of the taxes (described in such paragraph) of the partnership or the estate or trust paid or accrued during the taxable year to a foreign country or to any possession of the United States, as the case may be. Under rules or regulations prescribed by the Secretary, in the case of any foreign trust of which the settlor or another person would be treated as owner of any portion of the trust under subpart E but for section 672(f), the allocable amount of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes imposed by any foreign country or possession of the United States on the settlor or such other person in respect of trust income.
Whenever the President finds that—
(1) a foreign country, in imposing income, war profits, and excess profits taxes, does not allow to citizens of the United States residing in such foreign country a credit for any such taxes paid or accrued to the United States or any foreign country, as the case may be, similar to the credit allowed under subsection (b)(3),
(2) such foreign country, when requested by the United States to do so, has not acted to provide such a similar credit to citizens of the United States residing in such foreign country, and
(3) it is in the public interest to allow the credit under subsection (b)(3) to citizens or subjects of such foreign country only if it allows such a similar credit to citizens of the United States residing in such foreign country,
the President shall proclaim that, for taxable years beginning while the proclamation remains in effect, the credit under subsection (b)(3) shall be allowed to citizens or subjects of such foreign country only if such foreign country, in imposing income, war profits, and excess profits taxes, allows to citizens of the United States residing in such foreign country such a similar credit.
For purposes of this subpart, dividends from a DISC or former DISC (as defined in section 992(a)) shall be treated as dividends from a foreign corporation to the extent such dividends are treated under part I as income from sources without the United States.
Notwithstanding subsection (b), the amount of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued during the taxable year to any foreign country or possession of the United States with respect to foreign mineral income from sources within such country or possession which would (but for this paragraph) be allowed under such subsection shall be reduced by the amount (if any) by which—
(A) the amount of such taxes (or, if smaller, the amount of the tax which would be computed under this chapter with respect to such income determined without the deduction allowed under section 613), exceeds
(B) the amount of the tax computed under this chapter with respect to such income.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "foreign mineral income" means income derived from the extraction of minerals from mines, wells, or other natural deposits, the processing of such minerals into their primary products, and the transportation, distribution, or sale of such minerals or primary products. Such term includes, but is not limited to 1 that portion of the taxpayer's distributive share of the income of partnerships attributable to foreign mineral income.
Notwithstanding subsection (b) and section 960, the amount of any income, or profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued during the taxable year to any foreign country in connection with the purchase and sale of oil or gas extracted in such country is not to be considered as tax for purposes of section 275(a) and this section if—
(1) the taxpayer has no economic interest in the oil or gas to which section 611(a) applies, and
(2) either such purchase or sale is at a price which differs from the fair market value for such oil or gas at the time of such purchase or sale.
For purposes of this chapter, any tax of a foreign country or possession of the United States which is paid or accrued with respect to any distribution from a corporation—
(A) to the extent that such distribution is attributable to periods during which such corporation is a possessions corporation, and
(B)(i) if a dividends received deduction is allowable with respect to such distribution under part VIII of subchapter B, or
(ii) to the extent that such distribution is received in connection with a liquidation or other transaction with respect to which gain or loss is not recognized,
shall not be treated as income, war profits, or excess profits taxes paid or accrued to a foreign country or possession of the United States, and no deduction shall be allowed under this title with respect to any amount so paid or accrued.
For purposes of paragraph (1), a corporation shall be treated as a possessions corporation for any period during which an election under section 936 (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Tax Technical Corrections Act of 2018) applied to such corporation, during which section 931 (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1976) applied to such corporation, or during which section 957(c) (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986) applied to such corporation.
Any income, war profits, or excess profits tax shall not be treated as a tax for purposes of this title to the extent—
(1) the amount of such tax is used (directly or indirectly) by the country imposing such tax to provide a subsidy by any means to the taxpayer, a related person (within the meaning of section 482), or any party to the transaction or to a related transaction, and
(2) such subsidy is determined (directly or indirectly) by reference to the amount of such tax, or the base used to compute the amount of such tax.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this part—
(A) no credit shall be allowed under subsection (a) for any income, war profits, or excess profits taxes paid or accrued (or deemed paid under section 960) to any country if such taxes are with respect to income attributable to a period during which this subsection applies to such country, and
(B) subsections (a), (b), and (c) of section 904 and section 960 shall be applied separately with respect to income attributable to such a period from sources within such country.
This subsection shall apply to any foreign country—
(i) the government of which the United States does not recognize, unless such government is otherwise eligible to purchase defense articles or services under the Arms Export Control Act,
(ii) with respect to which the United States has severed diplomatic relations,
(iii) with respect to which the United States has not severed diplomatic relations but does not conduct such relations, or
(iv) which the Secretary of State has, pursuant to section 6(j) 2 of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended, designated as a foreign country which repeatedly provides support for acts of international terrorisms.
This subsection shall apply to any foreign country described in subparagraph (A) during the period—
(i) beginning on the later of—
(I) January 1, 1987, or
(II) 6 months after such country becomes a country described in subparagraph (A), and
(ii) ending on the date the Secretary of State certifies to the Secretary of the Treasury that such country is no longer described in subparagraph (A).
Sections 275 and 78 shall not apply to any tax which is not allowable as a credit under subsection (a) by reason of this subsection.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection, including regulations which treat income paid through 1 or more entities as derived from a foreign country to which this subsection applies if such income was, without regard to such entities, derived from such country.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to taxes paid or accrued to a country if the President—
(i) determines that a waiver of the application of such paragraph is in the national interest of the United States and will expand trade and investment opportunities for United States companies in such country; and
(ii) reports such waiver under subparagraph (B).
Not less than 30 days before the date on which a waiver is granted under this paragraph, the President shall report to Congress—
(i) the intention to grant such waiver; and
(ii) the reason for the determination under subparagraph (A)(i).
In no event shall a credit be allowed under subsection (a) for any withholding tax on a dividend with respect to stock in a corporation if—
(i) such stock is held by the recipient of the dividend for 15 days or less during the 31-day period beginning on the date which is 15 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend, or
(ii) to the extent that the recipient of the dividend is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "withholding tax" includes any tax determined on a gross basis; but does not include any tax which is in the nature of a prepayment of a tax imposed on a net basis.
In the case of income, war profits, or excess profits taxes deemed paid under section 853 or 960 through a chain of ownership of stock in 1 or more corporations, no credit shall be allowed under subsection (a) for such taxes if—
(A) any stock of any corporation in such chain (the ownership of which is required to obtain credit under subsection (a) for such taxes) is held for less than the period described in paragraph (1)(A)(i), or
(B) the corporation holding the stock is under an obligation referred to in paragraph (1)(A)(ii).
In the case of stock having preference in dividends and dividends with respect to such stock which are attributable to a period or periods aggregating in excess of 366 days, paragraph (1)(A)(i) shall be applied—
(A) by substituting "45 days" for "15 days" each place it appears, and
(B) by substituting "91-day period" for "31-day period".
Paragraphs (1) and (2) shall not apply to any qualified tax with respect to any security held in the active conduct in a foreign country of a business as a securities dealer of any person—
(i) who is registered as a securities broker or dealer under section 15(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
(ii) who is registered as a Government securities broker or dealer under section 15C(a) of such Act, or
(iii) who is licensed or authorized in such foreign country to conduct securities activities in such country and is subject to bona fide regulation by a securities regulating authority of such country.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "qualified tax" means a tax paid to a foreign country (other than the foreign country referred to in subparagraph (A)) if—
(i) the dividend to which such tax is attributable is subject to taxation on a net basis by the country referred to in subparagraph (A), and
(ii) such country allows a credit against its net basis tax for the full amount of the tax paid to such other foreign country.
The Secretary may prescribe such regulations as may be appropriate to carry out this paragraph, including regulations to prevent the abuse of the exception provided by this paragraph and to treat other taxes as qualified taxes.
For purposes of this subsection, the rules of paragraphs (3) and (4) of section 246(c) shall apply.
If a person's holding period is reduced by reason of the application of the rules of section 246(c)(4) to any contract for the bona fide sale of stock, the determination of whether such person's holding period meets the requirements of paragraph (2) with respect to taxes deemed paid under section 960 shall be made as of the date such contract is entered into.
Sections 275 and 78 shall not apply to any tax which is not allowable as a credit under subsection (a) by reason of this subsection.
In no event shall a credit be allowed under subsection (a) for any withholding tax (as defined in subsection (k)) on any item of income or gain with respect to any property if—
(A) such property is held by the recipient of the item for 15 days or less during the 31-day period beginning on the date which is 15 days before the date on which the right to receive payment of such item arises, or
(B) to the extent that the recipient of the item is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property.
This paragraph shall not apply to any dividend to which subsection (k) applies.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any qualified tax with respect to any property held in the active conduct in a foreign country of a business as a dealer in such property.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "qualified tax" means a tax paid to a foreign country (other than the foreign country referred to in subparagraph (A)) if—
(i) the item to which such tax is attributable is subject to taxation on a net basis by the country referred to in subparagraph (A), and
(ii) such country allows a credit against its net basis tax for the full amount of the tax paid to such other foreign country.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "dealer" means—
(i) with respect to a security, any person to whom paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (k) would not apply by reason of paragraph (4) thereof, and
(ii) with respect to any other property, any person with respect to whom such property is described in section 1221(a)(1).
The Secretary may prescribe such regulations as may be appropriate to carry out this paragraph, including regulations to prevent the abuse of the exception provided by this paragraph and to treat other taxes as qualified taxes.
The Secretary may by regulation provide that paragraph (1) shall not apply to property where the Secretary determines that the application of paragraph (1) to such property is not necessary to carry out the purposes of this subsection.
Rules similar to the rules of paragraphs (5), (6), and (7) of subsection (k) shall apply for purposes of this subsection.
Holding periods shall be determined for purposes of this subsection without regard to section 1235 or any similar rule.
In the case of a covered asset acquisition, the disqualified portion of any foreign income tax determined with respect to the income or gain attributable to the relevant foreign assets—
(A) shall not be taken into account in determining the credit allowed under subsection (a), and
(B) in the case of a foreign income tax paid by a foreign corporation, shall not be taken into account for purposes of section 960.
For purposes of this section, the term "covered asset acquisition" means—
(A) a qualified stock purchase (as defined in section 338(d)(3)) to which section 338(a) applies,
(B) any transaction which—
(i) is treated as an acquisition of assets for purposes of this chapter, and
(ii) is treated as the acquisition of stock of a corporation (or is disregarded) for purposes of the foreign income taxes of the relevant jurisdiction,
(C) any acquisition of an interest in a partnership which has an election in effect under section 754, and
(D) to the extent provided by the Secretary, any other similar transaction.
For purposes of this section—
The term "disqualified portion" means, with respect to any covered asset acquisition, for any taxable year, the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of—
(i) the aggregate basis differences (but not below zero) allocable to such taxable year under subparagraph (B) with respect to all relevant foreign assets, divided by
(ii) the income on which the foreign income tax referred to in paragraph (1) is determined (or, if the taxpayer fails to substantiate such income to the satisfaction of the Secretary, such income shall be determined by dividing the amount of such foreign income tax by the highest marginal tax rate applicable to such income in the relevant jurisdiction).
For purposes of subparagraph (A)(i)—
The basis difference with respect to any relevant foreign asset shall be allocated to taxable years using the applicable cost recovery method under this chapter.
Except as otherwise provided by the Secretary, in the case of the disposition of any relevant foreign asset—
(I) the basis difference allocated to the taxable year which includes the date of such disposition shall be the excess of the basis difference with respect to such asset over the aggregate basis difference with respect to such asset which has been allocated under clause (i) to all prior taxable years, and
(II) no basis difference with respect to such asset shall be allocated under clause (i) to any taxable year thereafter.
The term "basis difference" means, with respect to any relevant foreign asset, the excess of—
(I) the adjusted basis of such asset immediately after the covered asset acquisition, over
(II) the adjusted basis of such asset immediately before the covered asset acquisition.
In the case of a relevant foreign asset with respect to which the amount described in clause (i)(II) exceeds the amount described in clause (i)(I), such excess shall be taken into account under this subsection as a basis difference of a negative amount.
In the case of a covered asset acquisition described in paragraph (2)(A), the covered asset acquisition shall be treated for purposes of this subparagraph as occurring at the close of the acquisition date (as defined in section 338(h)(2)).
For purposes of this section, the term "relevant foreign asset" means, with respect to any covered asset acquisition, any asset (including any goodwill, going concern value, or other intangible) with respect to such acquisition if income, deduction, gain, or loss attributable to such asset is taken into account in determining the foreign income tax referred to in paragraph (1).
For purposes of this section, the term "foreign income tax" means any income, war profits, or excess profits tax paid or accrued to any foreign country or to any possession of the United States.
Sections 275 and 78 shall not apply to any tax which is not allowable as a credit under subsection (a) by reason of this subsection.
The Secretary may issue such regulations or other guidance as is necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection, including to exempt from the application of this subsection certain covered asset acquisitions, and relevant foreign assets with respect to which the basis difference is de minimis.
(1) For deductions of income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid to a foreign country or a possession of the United States, see sections 164 and 275.
(2) For right of each partner to make election under this section, see section 703(b).
(3) For right of estate or trust to the credit for taxes imposed by foreign countries and possessions of the United States under this section, see section 642(a).
(4) For reduction of credit for failure of a United States person to furnish certain information with respect to a foreign corporation or partnership controlled by him, see section 6038.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 285; Pub. L. 86–780, §3(a), (b), Sept. 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 1013; Pub. L. 87–834, §§9(d)(3), 12(b)(1), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1001, 1031; Pub. L. 88–272, title II, §207(b)(7), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 42; Pub. L. 89–384, §1(c)(2), Apr. 8, 1966, 80 Stat. 102; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §106(a)(4), (5), (b)(1), (2), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1569; Pub. L. 91–172, title III, §301(b)(9), title V, §506(a), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 585, 634; Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §502(b)(1), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 549; Pub. L. 93–406, title II, §§2001(g)(2)(C), 2002(g)(3), 2005(c)(5), Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 957, 968, 991; Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §601(b), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 57; Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §§1031(b)(1), 1051(d), title XIX, §1901(b)(1)(H)(iii), (37)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1622, 1645, 1791, 1803; Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(1)(A), (B), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2912; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §201(d)(8)(A), formerly §201(c)(8)(A), §265(b)(2)(A)(iv), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 420, 547, renumbered §201(d)(8)(A), Pub. L. 97–448, title III, §306(a)(1)(A)(i), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2400; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, §474(r)(20), title VI, §612(e)(1), title VII, §713(c)(1)(C), title VIII, §801(d)(1), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 843, 912, 957, 995; Pub. L. 99–509, title VIII, §8041(a), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1962; Pub. L. 99–514, title I, §112(b)(3), title XII, §1204(a), title XVIII, §1876(p)(2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2109, 2532, 2902; Pub. L. 100–203, title X, §10231(a), (b), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–418, 1330–419; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(j), title II, §2003(c)(1), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3512, 3598; Pub. L. 103–149, §4(b)(8)(A), Nov. 23, 1993, 107 Stat. 1505; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1904(b)(2), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1912; Pub. L. 105–34, title X, §1053(a), title XI, §1142(e)(4), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 941, 983; Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, §6010(k)(3), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 815; Pub. L. 106–200, title VI, §601(a), May 18, 2000, 114 Stat. 305; Pub. L. 108–311, title IV, §406(g), Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1190; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §405(b), title VIII, §832(a), (b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1498, 1587, 1588; Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §403(aa)(2), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2630; Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(9), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2490; Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §212(a), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2396; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(c)(7)–(14), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2222, 2223; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(d)(1)(D)(xii), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1208.)
Section 936, referred to in subsec. (g)(2), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(d)(1)(C), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1206.
The date of the enactment of the Tax Technical Corrections Act of 2018, referred to in subsec. (g)(2), is the date of enactment of div. U of Pub. L. 115–141, which was approved Mar. 23, 2018.
The date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1976, referred to in subsec. (g)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 94–455, which was approved Oct. 4, 1976.
The date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, referred to in subsec. (g)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 99–514, which was approved Oct. 22, 1986.
The Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsec. (j)(2)(A)(i), is Pub. L. 90–269, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 39 (§2751 et seq.) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of Title 22 and Tables.
Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, referred to in subsec. (j)(2)(A)(iv), was classified to section 4605(j) of Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232.
Sections 15(a) and 15C(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, referred to in subsec. (k)(4)(A)(i), (ii), are classified to sections 78o(a) and 78o–5(a), respectively, of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.
2018—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 115–141 inserted "(as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Tax Technical Corrections Act of 2018)" after "section 936".
2017—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(7), substituted "section 960" for "sections 902 and 960".
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(8), substituted "but is not limited to that portion" for "but is not limited to—
"(A) dividends received from a foreign corporation in respect of which taxes are deemed paid by the taxpayer under section 902, to the extent such dividends are attributable to foreign mineral income, and
"(B) that portion".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(9), substituted "section 960" for "sections 902 and 960" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (j)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(10), struck out "902 or" after "under section".
Subsec. (j)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(11), substituted "section 960" for "sections 902 and 960".
Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(12), struck out ", 902," after "under section 853" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (k)(6). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(13), struck out "902 or" after "under section".
Subsec. (m)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(14), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "in the case of a foreign income tax paid by a section 902 corporation (as defined in section 909(d)(5)), shall not be taken into account for purposes of section 902 or 960."
2010—Subsecs. (m), (n). Pub. L. 111–226 added subsec. (m) and redesignated former subsec. (m) as (n).
2007—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 110–172 struck out subsec. (h), which read as follows: "No credit shall be allowed under this section for any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued with respect to the foreign trade income (within the meaning of section 923(b)) of a FSC, other than section 923(a)(2) non-exempt income (within the meaning of section 927(d)(6))."
2005—Subsec. (l)(2)(C)(i). Pub. L. 109–135 struck out "if such security were stock" after "paragraph (4) thereof".
2004—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 108–357, §405(b), substituted "any person" for "any individual".
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 108–357, §832(b), inserted "on dividends" after "taxes" in heading.
Subsec. (k)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 108–311, §406(g)(1), substituted "31-day period" for "30-day period".
Subsec. (k)(3)(B). Pub. L. 108–311, §406(g)(2), substituted "91-day period" for "90-day period" and "31-day period" for "30-day period".
Subsecs. (l), (m). Pub. L. 108–357, §832(a), added subsec. (l) and redesignated former subsec. (l) as (m).
2000—Subsec. (j)(5). Pub. L. 106–200 added par. (5).
1998—Subsec. (k)(4)(A). Pub. L. 105–206 substituted "business as a securities dealer" for "securities business" in introductory provisions.
1997—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 105–34, §1053(a), added subsec. (k). Former subsec. (k) redesignated (l).
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 105–34, §1053(a), redesignated subsec. (k) as (l).
Subsec. (l)(4). Pub. L. 105–34, §1142(e)(4), which directed amendment of subsec. (k)(4) by substituting "foreign corporation or partnership" for "foreign corporation", was executed to subsec. (l)(4) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the redesignation of subsec. (k) as (l) by Pub. L. 105–34, §1053(a). See above.
1996—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 104–188 inserted at end "Under rules or regulations prescribed by the Secretary, in the case of any foreign trust of which the settlor or another person would be treated as owner of any portion of the trust under subpart E but for section 672(f), the allocable amount of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes imposed by any foreign country or possession of the United States on the settlor or such other person in respect of trust income."
1993—Subsec. (j)(2)(C). Pub. L. 103–149 struck out heading and text of subpar. (C). Text read as follows:
"(i)
"(I) beginning on January 1, 1988, and
"(II) ending on the date the Secretary of State certifies to the Secretary of the Treasury that South Africa meets the requirements of section 311(a) of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 (as in effect on the date of the enactment of this subparagraph).
"(ii)
1988—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(j), inserted "(as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986)" after "section 957(c)".
Subsec. (j)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §2003(c)(1), inserted ", etc." at end of heading and substituted "Sections 275 and 78" for "Section 275" in text.
1987—Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 100–203, §10231(b), substituted "during which" for "to which" in subpar. (A) and "such country" for "any country so identified" in subpar. (B).
Subsec. (j)(2)(C). Pub. L. 100–203, §10231(a), added subpar. (C).
1986—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 99–514, §1876(p)(2), inserted closing parenthesis after "section 927(d)(6)".
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 99–514, §1204(a), added subsec. (i). Former subsec. (i) redesignated (j).
Subsec. (i)(3). Pub. L. 99–514, §112(b)(3), substituted "section 642(a)" for "section 642(a)(1)".
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 99–509 added subsec. (j). Former subsec. (j) redesignated (k).
Pub. L. 99–514, §1204(a), redesignated former subsec. (i) as (j).
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 99–509 redesignated former subsec. (j) as (k).
1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–369, §612(e)(1), substituted "section 26(b)" for "section 25(b)".
Pub. L. 98–369, §474(r)(20), substituted "The credit shall not be allowed against any tax treated as a tax not imposed by this chapter under section 25(b)" for "The credit shall not be allowed against the tax imposed by section 56 (relating to corporate minimum tax), against the tax imposed for the taxable year under section 72(m)(5)(B) (relating to 10 percent tax on premature distributions to owner-employees) section 72(q)(1) (relating to 5-percent tax on premature distributions under annuity contracts),, against the tax imposed by section 402(e) (relating to tax on lump sum distributions), against the tax imposed for the taxable year by section 408(f) (relating to additional tax on income from certain retirement accounts), against the tax imposed by section 531 (relating to the tax on accumulated earnings), against the additional tax imposed for the taxable year under section 1351 (relating to recoveries of foreign expropriation losses), or against the personal holding company tax imposed by section 541".
Pub. L. 98–369, §713(c)(1)(C), substituted "premature distributions to key employees" for "premature distributions to owner-employees".
Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 98–369, §801(d)(1), added subsec. (h) and redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i).
1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–248 substituted "(relating to corporate minimum tax)" for "(relating to minimum tax for tax preferences)" after "section 56", and inserted "section 72(q)(1) (relating to 5-percent tax on premature distributions under annuity contracts)," after "owner employees)".
1978—Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 95–600, §701(u)(1)(A), inserted provisions prohibiting a deduction for any tax of a foreign country or possession of the United States which is paid or accrued with respect to any distribution from a corporation if a dividends received deduction is allowable with respect to that distribution from a corporation under part VIII of subchapter B.
Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 95–600, §701(u)(1)(B), inserted provision relating to application of section 957(c) of this title.
1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1031(b)(1), 1901(b)(37)(A), struck out "under section 1333 (relating to war loss recoveries) or" after "imposed for the taxable year" and "applicable" after "subject to the".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, §1031(b)(1), struck out "applicable" after "Subject to the".
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–455, §1051(d)(1), struck out provisions relating to corporations receiving a large percentage of their gross receipts from sources within a possession of the United States and a corporation organized under the China Trade Act, 1922 (15 U.S.C. chapter 4).
Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1051(d)(2), 1901(b)(1)(H)(iii), added subsec. (g), redesignated former subsec. (g) as (h), and, as redesignated, substituted "section 642(a)(1)" for "section 642(a)(2)" in par. (3).
1975—Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 94–12 added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g).
1974—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–460 inserted references to the tax imposed for the taxable year under section 72(m)(5)(B) (relating to 10 percent tax on premature distributions to owner-employees), the tax imposed for the taxable year by section 408(f) (relating to additional tax on income from certain retirement accounts), and the tax imposed by section 402(e) (relating to tax on lump sum distributions).
1971—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 92–178 inserted provision for treatment of dividends from a DISC or former DISC as dividends from a foreign corporation to the extent such dividends are treated under part I as income from sources without the United States.
1969—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–172, §301(b)(9), inserted "against the tax imposed by section 56 (relating to minimum tax for tax preferences)," after "not be allowed" in last sentence.
Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 91–172, §506(a), added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f).
1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–384 added the additional tax imposed under section 1351 (relating to recoveries of foreign expropriation losses) to the list of taxes against which the foreign tax credit may not be allowed.
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 89–809, §106(b)(1), struck out provisions which made the allowance of the credit dependent upon whether the foreign country of which the alien resident was a citizen or subject, in imposing such taxes, allowed a similar credit to citizens of the United States residing in such country.
Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 89–809, §106(a)(4), (5), added par. (4), redesignated former par. (4) as (5) and inserted reference to par. (4).
Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 89–809, §106(b)(2), added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) and (d) as (d) and (e), respectively.
1964—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 88–272 inserted reference to section 275.
1962—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 87–834, §12(b)(1), substituted "sections 902 and 960" for "section 902".
Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 87–834, §9(d)(3), added par. (4).
1960—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–780, §3(a), (b), inserted "applicable" before "limitation" and substituted "Such choice for any taxable year may be made or changed at any time before the expiration of the period prescribed for making a claim for credit or refund of the tax imposed by this chapter for such taxable year" for "Such choice may be made or changed at any time prior to the expiration of the period prescribed for making a claim for credit or refund of the tax against which the credit is allowable."
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 86–780, §3(b), inserted "applicable" before "limitation".
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.
Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §212(b), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2398, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) made pursuant to a written agreement which was binding on January 1, 2011, and at all times thereafter,
"(B) described in a ruling request submitted to the Internal Revenue Service on or before July 29, 2010, or
"(C) described on or before January 1, 2011, in a public announcement or in a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
"(3)
Amendment by Pub. L. 109–135 effective as if included in the provision of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which such amendment relates, see section 403(nn) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §405(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1498, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 902 of this title] shall apply to taxes of foreign corporations for taxable years of such corporations beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004]."
Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §832(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1588, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to amounts paid or accrued more than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–311 effective as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 406(h) of Pub. L. 108–311, set out as a note under section 55 of this title.
Pub. L. 106–200, title VI, §601(b), May 18, 2000, 114 Stat. 305, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply on or after February 1, 2001."
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–206 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 6024 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 1053(a) of Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to dividends paid or accrued more than 30 days after Aug. 5, 1997, see section 1053(c) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 853 of this title.
Amendment by section 1142(e)(4) of Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to annual accounting periods beginning after Aug. 5, 1997, see section 1142(f) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 318 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 effective Aug. 20, 1996, with exception for certain trusts, see section 1904(d) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 643 of this title.
Amendment by section 1012(j) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title II, §2003(c)(2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3598, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall take effect on January 1, 1987."
Pub. L. 100–203, title X, §10231(c), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–419, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1987."
Amendment by section 112(b)(3) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 151(a) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1204(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2532, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to foreign taxes paid or accrued in taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986."
Amendment by section 1876(p)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–509, title VIII, §8041(c), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1963, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 952 of this title] shall take effect on January 1, 1987."
Amendment by section 474(r)(20) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, and to carrybacks from such years, see section 475(a) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 21 of this title.
Amendment by section 612(e)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to interest paid or accrued after Dec. 31, 1984, on indebtedness incurred after Dec. 31, 1984, see section 612(g) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an Effective Date note under section 25 of this title.
Amendment by section 713(c)(1)(C) of Pub. L. 98–369 effective as if included in the provision of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, to which such amendment relates, see section 715 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 31 of this title.
Amendment by section 801(d)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 805(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Amendment by section 201(d)(8)(A) of Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, see section 201(e)(1) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 5 of this title.
Amendment by section 265(b)(2)(A)(iv) of Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to distributions after Dec. 31, 1982, see section 265(c)(2) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 72 of this title.
Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(1)(C), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2913, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall apply as if included in section 901(g) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] as added by section 1051(d)(2) of the Tax Reform Act of 1976 [section 1051(d)(2) of Pub. L. 94–455]. The amendments made by subparagraph (B) [amending this section] shall apply to distributions made after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 6, 1978] in taxable years ending after such date."
Amendment by section 1031(b)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, with certain exceptions, see section 1031(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Amendment by section 1051(d)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, with certain exceptions, and the provisions of subsec. (g) not to apply to any tax imposed by a possession of the United States with respect to the complete liquidation occurring before Jan. 1, 1979, of a corporation to the extent that such tax is attributable to earnings and profits accumulated by such corporation during periods ending before Jan. 1, 1976, see section 1051(i) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 27 of this title.
Amendment by section 1901(b)(1)(H)(iii), (37)(A) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 94–12 applicable to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1974, see section 601(d) of Pub. L. 94–12, set out as an Effective Date note under section 907 of this title.
Amendment by section 2001(g)(2)(C) of Pub. L. 93–406, which inserted reference to the tax imposed for the taxable year under section 72(m)(5)(B) (relating to 10 percent tax on premature distributions to owner-employees), applicable to distributions made in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 2001(i)(4) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as a note under section 72 of this title.
Amendment by section 2002(g)(3) of Pub. L. 93–406, which inserted reference to the tax imposed for the taxable year by section 408(f) (relating to additional tax on income from certain retirement accounts), effective on Jan. 1, 1975, see section 2002(i)(2) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4973 of this title.
Amendment by section 2005(c)(5) of Pub. L. 93–406, which inserted reference to the tax imposed for the taxable year under section 402(e) (relating to tax on lump sum distributions), applicable only with respect to distributions or payments made after Dec. 31, 1973, in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1973, see section 2005(d) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as a note under section 402 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 92–178 applicable with respect to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1971, except that a corporation may not be a DISC for any taxable year beginning before Jan. 1, 1972, see section 507 of Pub. L. 92–178, set out as an Effective Date note under section 991 of this title.
Amendment by section 301(b)(9) of Pub. L. 91–172 applicable to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1969, see section 301(c) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 5 of this title.
Pub. L. 91–172, title V, §506(c), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 635, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 904 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969."
Amendment by section 106(a)(4), (5) of Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 106(a)(6) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 874 of this title.
Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §106(b)(4), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1570, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection (other than paragraph (3)) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966. The amendment made by paragraph (3) [amending section 2014 of this title] shall apply with respect to estates of decedents dying after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 13, 1966]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–384 applicable with respect to amounts received after December 31, 1964, in respect of foreign expropriation losses (as defined in section 1351(b) of this title) sustained after December 31, 1958, see section 2 of Pub. L. 89–384, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1351 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 88–272 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1963, see section 207(c) of Pub. L. 88–272, set out as a note under section 164 of this title.
Amendment by section 9(d)(3) of Pub. L. 87–834 applicable in respect of any distribution received by a domestic corporation after Dec. 31, 1964, and in respect of any distribution received by a domestic corporation before Jan. 1, 1965, in a taxable year of such corporation beginning after Dec. 31, 1962, but only to the extent that such distribution is made out of the accumulated profits of a foreign corporation for a taxable year (of such foreign corporation) beginning after Dec. 31, 1962, see section 9(e) of Pub. L. 87–834, set out as an Effective Date note under section 78 of this title.
Amendment by section 12(b)(1) of Pub. L. 87–834 applicable with respect to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1962, and to taxable years of United States shareholders within which or with which such taxable years of such foreign corporations end, see section 12(c) of Pub. L. 87–834, set out as an Effective Date note under section 951 of this title.
Amendment by section 3(a) of Pub. L. 86–780 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1960, and amendment by section 3(b) of Pub. L. 86–780 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1953, and ending after Aug. 16, 1954, see section 4 of Pub. L. 86–780, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Amendment by section 4(b)(8)(A) of Pub. L. 103–149 not to be construed as affecting any of the transitional rules contained in Revenue Ruling 92–62 which apply by reason of the termination of the period for which subsec. (j) of this section was applicable to South Africa, see section 4(b)(8)(B) of Pub. L. 103–149 set out in a Repeal of Chapter; South African Democratic Transition Support note under section 5001 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 115–141 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Mar. 23, 2018, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Mar. 23, 2018, see section 401(e) of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.
2 See References in Text note below.
Section, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 286; Pub. L. 86–780, §6(b)(2), Sept. 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 1016; Pub. L. 87–834, §9(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 999; Pub. L. 91–684, §§1, 2, Jan. 12, 1971, 84 Stat. 2068, 2069; Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §602(c)(6), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 59; Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1033(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1626; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1202(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2528; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(b)(1), (2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3496; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §§1113(a), 1163(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 970, 987; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §405(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1498, related to deemed paid credit where domestic corporation owns 10 percent or more of voting stock of foreign corporation.
Repeal applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as an Effective Date of 2017 Amendment note under section 78 of this title.
For purposes of this part and of sections 164(a) and 275(a), the term "income, war profits, and excess profits taxes" shall include a tax paid in lieu of a tax on income, war profits, or excess profits otherwise generally imposed by any foreign country or by any possession of the United States.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 287; Pub. L. 88–272, title II, §207(b)(8), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 42; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(v)(9), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3530; Pub. L. 106–519, §4(4), Nov. 15, 2000, 114 Stat. 2433; Pub. L. 108–357, title I, §101(b)(7), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1423.)
2004—Pub. L. 108–357 substituted "164(a)" for "114, 164(a),".
2000—Pub. L. 106–519 substituted "114, 164(a)," for "164(a)".
1988—Pub. L. 100–647 substituted "this part" for "this subpart".
1964—Pub. L. 88–272 substituted "sections 164(a) and 275(a)" for "section 164(b)".
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 2004, see section 101(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 106–519 applicable to transactions after Sept. 30, 2000, with special rules relating to existing foreign sales corporations, see section 5 of Pub. L. 106–519, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 88–272 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1963, see section 207(c) of Pub. L. 88–272, set out as a note under section 164 of this title.
The total amount of the credit taken under section 901(a) shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken which the taxpayer's taxable income from sources without the United States (but not in excess of the taxpayer's entire taxable income) bears to his entire taxable income for the same taxable year.
For purposes of subsection (a), the taxable income in the case of an individual, estate, or trust shall be computed without any deduction for personal exemptions under section 151 or 642(b).
For purposes of this section—
Taxable income from sources outside the United States shall include gain from the sale or exchange of capital assets only to the extent of foreign source capital gain net income.
In the case of any taxable year for which there is a capital gain rate differential—
(i) in lieu of applying subparagraph (A), the taxable income from sources outside the United States shall include gain from the sale or exchange of capital assets only in an amount equal to foreign source capital gain net income reduced by the rate differential portion of foreign source net capital gain,
(ii) the entire taxable income shall include gain from the sale or exchange of capital assets only in an amount equal to capital gain net income reduced by the rate differential portion of net capital gain, and
(iii) for purposes of determining taxable income from sources outside the United States, any net capital loss (and any amount which is a short-term capital loss under section 1212(a)) from sources outside the United States to the extent taken into account in determining capital gain net income for the taxable year shall be reduced by an amount equal to the rate differential portion of the excess of net capital gain from sources within the United States over net capital gain.
The Secretary may by regulations modify the application of this paragraph and paragraph (3) to the extent necessary to properly reflect any capital gain rate differential under section 1(h) and the computation of net capital gain.
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "foreign source capital gain net income" means the lesser of—
(i) capital gain net income from sources without the United States, or
(ii) capital gain net income.
The term "foreign source net capital gain" means the lesser of—
(i) net capital gain from sources without the United States, or
(ii) net capital gain.
The term "gain from the sale or exchange of capital assets" includes any gain so treated under section 1231.
There is a capital gain rate differential for any year if subsection (h) of section 1 applies to such taxable year.
The rate differential portion of foreign source net capital gain, net capital gain, or the excess of net capital gain from sources within the United States over net capital gain, as the case may be, is the same proportion of such amount as—
(i) the excess of—
(I) the highest rate of tax set forth in subsection (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e) of section 1 (whichever applies), over
(II) the alternative rate of tax determined under section 1(h), bears to
(ii) that rate referred to in subclause (I).
For purposes of subsection (a), in the case of a domestic corporation which is a United States shareholder with respect to a specified 10-percent owned foreign corporation, such shareholder's taxable income from sources without the United States (and entire taxable income) shall be determined without regard to—
(A) the foreign-source portion of any dividend received from such foreign corporation, and
(B) any deductions properly allocable or apportioned to—
(i) income (other than amounts includible under section 951(a)(1) or 951A(a)) with respect to stock of such specified 10-percent owned foreign corporation, or
(ii) such stock to the extent income with respect to such stock is other than amounts includible under section 951(a)(1) or 951A(a).
Any term which is used in section 245A and in this paragraph shall have the same meaning for purposes of this paragraph as when used in such section.
Any amount by which all taxes paid or accrued to foreign countries or possessions of the United States for any taxable year for which the taxpayer chooses to have the benefits of this subpart exceed the limitation under subsection (a) shall be deemed taxes paid or accrued to foreign countries or possessions of the United States in the first preceding taxable year and in any of the first 10 succeeding taxable years, in that order and to the extent not deemed taxes paid or accrued in a prior taxable year, in the amount by which the limitation under subsection (a) for such preceding or succeeding taxable year exceeds the sum of the taxes paid or accrued to foreign countries or possessions of the United States for such preceding or succeeding taxable year and the amount of the taxes for any taxable year earlier than the current taxable year which shall be deemed to have been paid or accrued in such preceding or subsequent taxable year (whether or not the taxpayer chooses to have the benefits of this subpart with respect to such earlier taxable year). Such amount deemed paid or accrued in any year may be availed of only as a tax credit and not as a deduction and only if the taxpayer for such year chooses to have the benefits of this subpart as to taxes paid or accrued for that year to foreign countries or possessions of the United States. This subsection shall not apply to taxes paid or accrued with respect to amounts described in subsection (d)(1)(A).
The provisions of subsections (a), (b), and (c) and sections 902,1 907, and 960 shall be applied separately with respect to—
(A) any amount includible in gross income under section 951A (other than passive category income),
(B) foreign branch income,
(C) passive category income, and
(D) general category income.
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "passive category income" means passive income and specified passive category income.
The term "general category income" means income other than income described in paragraph (1)(A), foreign branch income, and passive category income.
Except as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, the term "passive income" means any income received or accrued by any person which is of a kind which would be foreign personal holding company income (as defined in section 954(c)).
Except as provided in clause (iii), subparagraph (E)(ii), or paragraph (3)(H), the term "passive income" includes any amount includible in gross income under section 1293 (relating to certain passive foreign investment companies).
The term "passive income" shall not include—
(I) any export financing interest, and
(II) any high-taxed income.
In determining whether any income is of a kind which would be foreign personal holding company income, the rules of section 864(d)(6) shall apply only in the case of income of a controlled foreign corporation.
The term "specified passive category income" means—
(I) dividends from a DISC or former DISC (as defined in section 992(a)) to the extent such dividends are treated as income from sources without the United States, and
(II) distributions from a former FSC (as defined in section 922) out of earnings and profits attributable to foreign trade income (within the meaning of section 923(b)) or interest or carrying charges (as defined in section 927(d)(1)) derived from a transaction which results in foreign trade income (as defined in section 923(b)).
Any reference in subclause (II) to section 922, 923, or 927 shall be treated as a reference to such section as in effect before its repeal by the FSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act of 2000.
Financial services income shall be treated as general category income in the case of—
(I) a member of a financial services group, and
(II) any other person if such person is predominantly engaged in the active conduct of a banking, insurance, financing, or similar business.
The term "financial services group" means any affiliated group (as defined in section 1504(a) without regard to paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 1504(b)) which is predominantly engaged in the active conduct of a banking, insurance, financing, or similar business. In determining whether such a group is so engaged, there shall be taken into account only the income of members of the group that are—
(I) United States corporations, or
(II) controlled foreign corporations in which such United States corporations own, directly or indirectly, at least 80 percent of the total voting power and value of the stock.
The Secretary shall by regulation specify for purposes of this subparagraph the treatment of financial services income received or accrued by partnerships and by other pass-thru entities which are not members of a financial services group.
Except as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, the term "financial services income" means any income which is received or accrued by any person predominantly engaged in the active conduct of a banking, insurance, financing, or similar business, and which is—
(I) described in clause (ii), or
(II) passive income (determined without regard to subparagraph (B)(iii)(II)).
Income is described in this clause if such income is—
(I) derived in the active conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business,
(II) derived from the investment by an insurance company of its unearned premiums or reserves ordinary and necessary for the proper conduct of its insurance business, or
(III) of a kind which would be insurance income as defined in section 953(a) determined without regard to those provisions of paragraph (1)(A) of such section which limit insurance income to income from countries other than the country in which the corporation was created or organized.
The term "noncontrolled 10-percent owned foreign corporation" means any foreign corporation which is—
(I) a specified 10-percent owned foreign corporation (as defined in section 245A(b)), or
(II) a passive foreign investment company (as defined in section 1297(a)) with respect to which the taxpayer meets the stock ownership requirements of section 902(a) (or, for purposes of applying paragraphs (3) and (4), the requirements of section 902(b)).
A controlled foreign corporation shall not be treated as a noncontrolled 10-percent owned foreign corporation with respect to any distribution out of its earnings and profits for periods during which it was a controlled foreign corporation. Any reference to section 902 in this clause shall be treated as a reference to such section as in effect before its repeal.
If any foreign corporation is a noncontrolled 10-percent owned foreign corporation with respect to the taxpayer, any inclusion under section 1293 with respect to such corporation shall be treated as a dividend from such corporation.
The term "high-taxed income" means any income which (but for this subparagraph) would be passive income if the sum of—
(i) the foreign income taxes paid or accrued by the taxpayer with respect to such income, and
(ii) the foreign income taxes deemed paid by the taxpayer with respect to such income under section 902 1 or 960,
exceeds the highest rate of tax specified in section 1 or 11 (whichever applies) multiplied by the amount of such income (determined with regard to section 78). For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term "foreign income taxes" means any income, war profits, or excess profits tax imposed by any foreign country or possession of the United States.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "export financing interest" means any interest derived from financing the sale (or other disposition) for use or consumption outside the United States of any property—
(i) which is manufactured, produced, grown, or extracted in the United States by the taxpayer or a related person, and
(ii) not more than 50 percent of the fair market value of which is attributable to products imported into the United States.
For purposes of clause (ii), the fair market value of any property imported into the United States shall be its appraised value, as determined by the Secretary under section 402 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1401a) in connection with its importation.
In the case of taxable years beginning after December 31, 2006, tax imposed under the law of a foreign country or possession of the United States on an amount which does not constitute income under United States tax principles shall be treated as imposed on income described in paragraph (1)(B).
In the case of taxes paid or accrued in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2004, and before January 1, 2007, a taxpayer may elect to treat tax imposed under the law of a foreign country or possession of the United States on an amount which does not constitute income under United States tax principles as tax imposed on income described in subparagraph (C) or (I) of paragraph (1).
Any such election shall apply to the taxable year for which made and all subsequent taxable years described in subclause (I) unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "related person" has the meaning given such term by section 954(d)(3), except that such section shall be applied by substituting "the person with respect to whom the determination is being made" for "controlled foreign corporation" each place it appears.
The term "foreign branch income" means the business profits of such United States person which are attributable to 1 or more qualified business units (as defined in section 989(a)) in 1 or more foreign countries. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the amount of business profits attributable to a qualified business unit shall be determined under rules established by the Secretary.
Such term shall not include any income which is passive category income.
For purposes of paragraph (1)—
(i) taxes carried from any taxable year beginning before January 1, 2007, to any taxable year beginning on or after such date, with respect to any item of income, shall be treated as described in the subparagraph of paragraph (1) in which such income would be described were such taxes paid or accrued in a taxable year beginning on or after such date, and
(ii) the Secretary may by regulations provide for the allocation of any carryback of taxes with respect to income from a taxable year beginning on or after January 1, 2007, to a taxable year beginning before such date for purposes of allocating such income among the separate categories in effect for the taxable year to which carried.
Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, dividends, interest, rents, and royalties received or accrued by the taxpayer from a controlled foreign corporation in which the taxpayer is a United States shareholder shall not be treated as passive category income.
Any amount included in gross income under section 951(a)(1)(A) shall be treated as passive category income to the extent the amount so included is attributable to passive category income.
Any interest, rent, or royalty which is received or accrued from a controlled foreign corporation in which the taxpayer is a United States shareholder shall be treated as passive category income to the extent it is properly allocable (under regulations prescribed by the Secretary) to passive category income of the controlled foreign corporation.
Any dividend paid out of the earnings and profits of any controlled foreign corporation in which the taxpayer is a United States shareholder shall be treated as passive category income in proportion to the ratio of—
(i) the portion of the earnings and profits attributable to passive category income, to
(ii) the total amount of earnings and profits.
If a controlled foreign corporation meets the requirements of section 954(b)(3)(A) (relating to de minimis rule) for any taxable year, for purposes of this paragraph, none of its foreign base company income (as defined in section 954(a) without regard to section 954(b)(5)) and none of its gross insurance income (as defined in section 954(b)(3)(C)) for such taxable year shall be treated as passive category income, except that this sentence shall not apply to any income which (without regard to this sentence) would be treated as financial services income. Solely for purposes of applying subparagraph (D), passive income of a controlled foreign corporation shall not be treated as passive category income if the requirements of section 954(b)(4) are met with respect to such income.
(i) In determining whether any income of a controlled foreign corporation is passive category income, subclause (II) of paragraph (2)(B)(iii) shall not apply.
(ii) Any income of the taxpayer which is treated as passive category income under this paragraph shall be so treated notwithstanding any provision of paragraph (2); except that the determination of whether any amount is high-taxed income shall be made after the application of this paragraph.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "dividend" includes any amount included in gross income in section 951(a)(1)(B). Any amount included in gross income under section 78 to the extent attributable to amounts included in gross income in section 951(a)(1)(A) shall not be treated as a dividend but shall be treated as included in gross income under section 951(a)(1)(A).
If—
(i) a passive foreign investment company is a controlled foreign corporation, and
(ii) the taxpayer is a United States shareholder in such controlled foreign corporation,
any amount included in gross income under section 1293 shall be treated as income in a separate category to the extent such amount is attributable to income in such category.
For purposes of this subsection, any dividend from a noncontrolled 10-percent owned foreign corporation with respect to the taxpayer shall be treated as income described in a subparagraph of paragraph (1) in proportion to the ratio of—
(i) the portion of earnings and profits attributable to income described in such subparagraph, to
(ii) the total amount of earnings and profits.
In the case of any distribution from a controlled foreign corporation to a United States shareholder, rules similar to the rules of subparagraph (A) shall apply in determining the extent to which earnings and profits of the controlled foreign corporation which are attributable to dividends received from a noncontrolled 10-percent owned foreign corporation may be treated as income in a separate category.
For purposes of this paragraph—
The rules of section 316 shall apply.
The Secretary may prescribe regulations regarding the treatment of distributions out of earnings and profits for periods before the taxpayer's acquisition of the stock to which the distributions relate.
If the Secretary determines that the proper subparagraph of paragraph (1) in which a dividend is described has not been substantiated, such dividend shall be treated as income described in paragraph (1)(A).
Rules similar to the rules of paragraph (3)(F) shall apply for purposes of this paragraph.
Rules similar to subparagraph (A) also shall apply to any carryforward under subsection (c) from a taxable year beginning before January 1, 2003, of tax allocable to a dividend from a noncontrolled 10-percent owned foreign corporation with respect to the taxpayer. The Secretary may by regulations provide for the allocation of any carryback of tax allocable to a dividend from a noncontrolled 10-percent owned foreign corporation from a taxable year beginning on or after January 1, 2003, to a taxable year beginning before such date for purposes of allocating such dividend among the separate categories in effect for the taxable year to which carried.
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "controlled foreign corporation" has the meaning given such term by section 957 (taking into account section 953(c)).
The term "United States shareholder" has the meaning given such term by section 951(b) (taking into account section 953(c)).
If—
(i) without regard to any treaty obligation of the United States, any item of income would be treated as derived from sources within the United States,
(ii) under a treaty obligation of the United States, such item would be treated as arising from sources outside the United States, and
(iii) the taxpayer chooses the benefits of such treaty obligation,
subsections (a), (b), and (c) of this section and sections 907 and 960 shall be applied separately with respect to each such item.
This paragraph shall not apply to any item of income to which subsection (h)(10) or section 865(h) applies.
The Secretary may issue such regulations or other guidance as is necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this paragraph, including regulations or other guidance which provides that related items of income may be aggregated for purposes of this paragraph.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate for the purposes of this subsection, including regulations—
(A) for the application of paragraph (3) and subsection (f)(5) in the case of income paid (or loans made) through 1 or more entities or between 2 or more chains of entities,
(B) preventing the manipulation of the character of income the effect of which is to avoid the purposes of this subsection, and
(C) providing that rules similar to the rules of paragraph (3)(C) shall apply to interest, rents, and royalties received or accrued from entities which would be controlled foreign corporations if they were foreign corporations.
For purposes of this subpart, in the case of any taxpayer who sustains an overall foreign loss for any taxable year, that portion of the taxpayer's taxable income from sources without the United States for each succeeding taxable year which is equal to the lesser of—
(A) the amount of such loss (to the extent not used under this paragraph in prior taxable years), or
(B) 50 percent (or such larger percent as the taxpayer may choose) of the taxpayer's taxable income from sources without the United States for such succeeding taxable year,
shall be treated as income from sources within the United States (and not as income from sources without the United States).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "overall foreign loss" means the amount by which the gross income for the taxable year from sources without the United States (whether or not the taxpayer chooses the benefits of this subpart for such taxable year) for such year is exceeded by the sum of the deductions properly apportioned or allocated thereto, except that there shall not be taken into account—
(A) any net operating loss deduction allowable for such year under section 172(a), and
(B) any—
(i) foreign expropriation loss for such year, as defined in section 172(h) (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990), or
(ii) loss for such year which arises from fire, storm, shipwreck, or other casualty, or from theft,
to the extent such loss is not compensated for by insurance or otherwise.
For purposes of this chapter, if property which has been used predominantly without the United States in a trade or business is disposed of during any taxable year—
(i) the taxpayer, notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter (other than paragraph (1)), shall be deemed to have received and recognized taxable income from sources without the United States in the taxable year of the disposition, by reason of such disposition, in an amount equal to the lesser of the excess of the fair market value of such property over the taxpayer's adjusted basis in such property or the remaining amount of the overall foreign losses which were not used under paragraph (1) for such taxable year or any prior taxable year, and
(ii) paragraph (1) shall be applied with respect to such income by substituting "100 percent" for "50 percent".
In determining for purposes of this subparagraph whether the predominant use of any property has been without the United States, there shall be taken into account use during the 3-year period ending on the date of the disposition (or, if shorter, the period during which the property has been used in the trade or business).
(i) For purposes of this subsection, the term "disposition" includes a sale, exchange, distribution, or gift of property whether or not gain or loss is recognized on the transfer.
(ii) Any taxable income recognized solely by reason of subparagraph (A) shall have the same characterization it would have had if the taxpayer had sold or exchanged the property.
(iii) The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as he may deem necessary to provide for adjustments to the basis of property to reflect taxable income recognized solely by reason of subparagraph (A).
Notwithstanding subparagraph (B), the term "disposition" does not include—
(i) a disposition of property which is not a material factor in the realization of income by the taxpayer, or
(ii) a disposition of property to a domestic corporation in a distribution or transfer described in section 381(a).
This paragraph shall apply to an applicable disposition in the same manner as if it were a disposition of property described in subparagraph (A), except that the exception contained in subparagraph (C)(i) shall not apply.
For purposes of clause (i), the term "applicable disposition" means any disposition of any share of stock in a controlled foreign corporation in a transaction or series of transactions if, immediately before such transaction or series of transactions, the taxpayer owned more than 50 percent (by vote or value) of the stock of the controlled foreign corporation. Such term shall not include a disposition described in clause (iii) or (iv), except that clause (i) shall apply to any gain recognized on any such disposition.
A disposition shall not be treated as an applicable disposition under clause (ii) if it is part of a transaction or series of transactions—
(I) to which section 351 or 721 applies, or under which the transferor receives stock in a foreign corporation in exchange for the stock in the controlled foreign corporation and the stock received is exchanged basis property (as defined in section 7701(a)(44)), and
(II) immediately after which, the transferor owns (by vote or value) at least the same percentage of stock in the controlled foreign corporation (or, if the controlled foreign corporation is not in existence after such transaction or series of transactions, in another foreign corporation stock in 2 which was received by the transferor in exchange for stock in the controlled foreign corporation) as the percentage of stock in the controlled foreign corporation which the taxpayer owned immediately before such transaction or series of transactions.
A disposition shall not be treated as an applicable disposition under clause (ii) if it is part of a transaction or series of transactions in which the taxpayer (or any member of an affiliated group of corporations filing a consolidated return under section 1501 which includes the taxpayer) acquires the assets of a controlled foreign corporation in exchange for the shares of the controlled foreign corporation in a liquidation described in section 332 or a reorganization described in section 368(a)(1).
For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "controlled foreign corporation" has the meaning given such term by section 957.
For purposes of this subparagraph, ownership of stock shall be determined under the rules of subsections (a) and (b) of section 958.
For purposes of this chapter, in the case of amounts of income from sources without the United States which are treated under section 666 (without regard to subsections (b) and (c) thereof if the taxpayer chose to take a deduction with respect to the amounts described in such subsections under section 667(d)(1)(B)) as having been distributed by a foreign trust in a preceding taxable year, that portion of such amounts equal to the amount of any overall foreign loss sustained by the beneficiary in a year prior to the taxable year of the beneficiary in which such distribution is received from the trust shall be treated as income from sources within the United States (and not income from sources without the United States) to the extent that such loss was not used under this subsection in prior taxable years, or in the current taxable year, against other income of the beneficiary.
The amount of the separate limitation losses for any taxable year shall reduce income from sources within the United States for such taxable year only to the extent the aggregate amount of such losses exceeds the aggregate amount of the separate limitation incomes for such taxable year.
The separate limitation losses for any taxable year (to the extent such losses do not exceed the separate limitation incomes for such year) shall be allocated among (and operate to reduce) such incomes on a proportionate basis.
If—
(i) a separate limitation loss from any income category (hereinafter in this subparagraph referred to as "the loss category") was allocated to income from any other category under subparagraph (B), and
(ii) the loss category has income for a subsequent taxable year,
such income (to the extent it does not exceed the aggregate separate limitation losses from the loss category not previously recharacterized under this subparagraph) shall be recharacterized as income from such other category in proportion to the prior reductions under subparagraph (B) in such other category not previously taken into account under this subparagraph. Nothing in the preceding sentence shall be construed as recharacterizing any tax.
Any loss from sources in the United States for any taxable year (to the extent such loss does not exceed the separate limitation incomes from such year) shall be allocated among (and operate to reduce) such incomes on a proportionate basis. This subparagraph shall be applied after subparagraph (B).
For purposes of this paragraph—
The term "income category" means each separate category of income described in subsection (d)(1).
The term "separate limitation income" means, with respect to any income category, the taxable income from sources outside the United States, separately computed for such category.
The term "separate limitation loss" means, with respect to any income category, the loss from such category determined under the principles of section 907(c)(4)(B).
If any separate limitation loss for any taxable year is allocated against any separate limitation income for such taxable year, except to the extent provided in regulations, rules similar to the rules of paragraph (3) shall apply to any disposition of property if gain from such disposition would be in the income category with respect to which there was such separate limitation loss.
For purposes of this subpart and section 936,1 in the case of any taxpayer who sustains an overall domestic loss for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2006, that portion of the taxpayer's taxable income from sources within the United States for each succeeding taxable year which is equal to the lesser of—
(A) the amount of such loss (to the extent not used under this paragraph in prior taxable years), or
(B) 50 percent of the taxpayer's taxable income from sources within the United States for such succeeding taxable year,
shall be treated as income from sources without the United States (and not as income from sources within the United States).
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "overall domestic loss" means—
(i) with respect to any qualified taxable year, the domestic loss for such taxable year to the extent such loss offsets taxable income from sources without the United States for the taxable year or for any preceding qualified taxable year by reason of a carryback, and
(ii) with respect to any other taxable year, the domestic loss for such taxable year to the extent such loss offsets taxable income from sources without the United States for any preceding qualified taxable year by reason of a carryback.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "domestic loss" means the amount by which the gross income for the taxable year from sources within the United States is exceeded by the sum of the deductions properly apportioned or allocated thereto (determined without regard to any carryback from a subsequent taxable year).
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "qualified taxable year" means any taxable year for which the taxpayer chose the benefits of this subpart.
Any income from sources within the United States that is treated as income from sources without the United States under paragraph (1) shall be allocated among and increase the income categories in proportion to the loss from sources within the United States previously allocated to those income categories.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "income category" has the meaning given such term by subsection (f)(5)(E)(i).
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to coordinate the provisions of this subsection with the provisions of subsection (f).
If any pre-2018 unused overall domestic loss is taken into account under paragraph (1) for any applicable taxable year, the taxpayer may elect to have such paragraph applied to such loss by substituting a percentage greater than 50 percent (but not greater than 100 percent) for 50 percent in subparagraph (B) thereof.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "pre-2018 unused overall domestic loss" means any overall domestic loss which—
(i) arises in a qualified taxable year beginning before January 1, 2018, and
(ii) has not been used under paragraph (1) for any taxable year beginning before such date.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "applicable taxable year" means any taxable year of the taxpayer beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2028.
The following amounts which are derived from a United States-owned foreign corporation and which would be treated as derived from sources outside the United States without regard to this subsection shall, for purposes of this section, be treated as derived from sources within the United States to the extent provided in this subsection:
(A) Any amount included in gross income under—
(i) section 951(a) (relating to amounts included in gross income of United States shareholders), or
(ii) section 1293 (relating to current taxation of income from qualified funds).
(B) Interest.
(C) Dividends.
Any amount described in subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) shall be treated as derived from sources within the United States to the extent such amount is attributable to income of the United States-owned foreign corporation from sources within the United States.
Any interest which—
(A) is paid or accrued by a United States-owned foreign corporation during any taxable year,
(B) is paid or accrued to a United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) or a related person (within the meaning of section 267(b)) to such a shareholder, and
(C) is properly allocable (under regulations prescribed by the Secretary) to income of such foreign corporation for the taxable year from sources within the United States,
shall be treated as derived from sources within the United States.
The United States source ratio of any dividend paid or accrued by a United States-owned foreign corporation shall be treated as derived from sources within the United States.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "United States source ratio" means, with respect to any dividend paid out of the earnings and profits for any taxable year, a fraction—
(i) the numerator of which is the portion of the earnings and profits for such taxable year from sources within the United States, and
(ii) the denominator of which is the total amount of earnings and profits for such taxable year.
Paragraph (3) shall not apply to interest paid or accrued during any taxable year (and paragraph (4) shall not apply to any dividends paid out of the earnings and profits for such taxable year) if—
(A) the United States-owned foreign corporation has earnings and profits for such taxable year, and
(B) less than 10 percent of such earnings and profits is attributable to sources within the United States.
For purposes of the preceding sentence, earnings and profits shall be determined without any reduction for interest described in paragraph (3) (determined without regard to subparagraph (C) thereof).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "United States-owned foreign corporation" means any foreign corporation if 50 percent or more of—
(A) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote, or
(B) the total value of the stock of such corporation,
is held directly (or indirectly through applying paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 958(a) and paragraph (4) of section 318(a)) by United States persons (as defined in section 7701(a)(30)).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "dividend" includes any gain treated as a dividend under section 1248.
This subsection shall be applied before subsection (f).
In the case of any dividend treated as not from sources within the United States under section 861(a)(2)(A), the corporation paying such dividend shall be treated for purposes of this subsection as a United States-owned foreign corporation.
If—
(i) any amount derived from a United States-owned foreign corporation would be treated as derived from sources within the United States under this subsection by reason of an item of income of such United States-owned foreign corporation,
(ii) under a treaty obligation of the United States (applied without regard to this subsection and by treating any amount included in gross income under section 951(a)(1) as a dividend), such amount would be treated as arising from sources outside the United States, and
(iii) the taxpayer chooses the benefits of this paragraph,
this subsection shall not apply to such amount to the extent attributable to such item of income (but subsections (a), (b), and (c) of this section and sections 907 and 960 shall be applied separately with respect to such amount to the extent so attributable).
Amounts included in gross income under section 951(a)(1) shall be treated as a dividend under subparagraph (A)(ii) only if dividends paid by each corporation (the stock in which is taken into account in determining whether the shareholder is a United States shareholder in the United States-owned foreign corporation), if paid to the United States shareholder, would be treated under a treaty obligation of the United States as arising from sources outside the United States (applied without regard to this subsection).
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate for purposes of this subsection, including—
(A) regulations for the application of this subsection in the case of interest or dividend payments through 1 or more entities, and
(B) regulations providing that this subsection shall apply to interest paid or accrued to any person (whether or not a United States shareholder).
If 2 or more domestic corporations would be members of the same affiliated group if—
(1) section 1504(b) were applied without regard to the exceptions contained therein, and
(2) the constructive ownership rules of section 1563(e) applied for purposes of section 1504(a),
the Secretary may by regulations provide for resourcing the income of any of such corporations or for modifications to the consolidated return regulations to the extent that such resourcing or modifications are necessary to prevent the avoidance of the provisions of this subpart.
In the case of an individual to whom this subsection applies for any taxable year—
(A) the limitation of subsection (a) shall not apply,
(B) no taxes paid or accrued by the individual during such taxable year may be deemed paid or accrued under subsection (c) in any other taxable year, and
(C) no taxes paid or accrued by the individual during any other taxable year may be deemed paid or accrued under subsection (c) in such taxable year.
This subsection shall apply to an individual for any taxable year if—
(A) the entire amount of such individual's gross income for the taxable year from sources without the United States consists of qualified passive income,
(B) the amount of the creditable foreign taxes paid or accrued by the individual during the taxable year does not exceed $300 ($600 in the case of a joint return), and
(C) such individual elects to have this subsection apply for the taxable year.
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "qualified passive income" means any item of gross income if—
(i) such item of income is passive income (as defined in subsection (d)(2)(B) without regard to clause (iii) thereof), and
(ii) such item of income is shown on a payee statement furnished to the individual.
The term "creditable foreign taxes" means any taxes for which a credit is allowable under section 901; except that such term shall not include any tax unless such tax is shown on a payee statement furnished to such individual.
The term "payee statement" has the meaning given to such term by section 6724(d)(2).
This subsection shall not apply to any estate or trust.
For increase of limitation under subsection (a) for taxes paid with respect to amounts received which were included in the gross income of the taxpayer for a prior taxable year as a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation, see section 960(c).
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 287; Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §42(a), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1639; Pub. L. 86–780, §1, Sept. 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 1010; Pub. L. 87–834, §§10(a), 12(b)(2), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1002, 1031; Pub. L. 88–272, title II, §234(b)(6), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 116; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §106(c)(1), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1570; Pub. L. 91–172, title V, §506(b), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 635; Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §502(b)(2)–(4), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 549; Pub. L. 94–455, title V, §503(b)(1), title X, §§1031(a), 1032(a), 1034(a), 1051(e), title XIX, §1901(b)(10)(B), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1562, 1620, 1624, 1629, 1646, 1795; Pub. L. 95–30, title I, §102(b)(11), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 138; Pub. L. 95–600, title IV, §§403(c)(4), 421(e)(6), title VII, §701(q)(2), (u)(2)(A)–(C), (3)(A), (4)(A), (B), (8)(C), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2868, 2876, 2910, 2913, 2916; Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §104(a)(3)(D), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 215; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §211(c)(2), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 449; Pub. L. 98–21, title I, §122(c)(1), Apr. 20, 1983, 97 Stat. 87; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §§121(a), 122(a), title IV, §474(r)(21), title VIII, §801(d)(2), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 638, 643, 843, 995; Pub. L. 99–514, title I, §104(b)(13), title VII, §701(e)(4)(H), title XII, §§1201(a), (b), (d)(1)–(3), 1203(a), 1211(b)(3), 1235(f)(4), title XVIII, §§1810(a)(1)(A), (b)(1)–(4)(A), 1876(d)(2), 1899A(24), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2105, 2343, 2520, 2525, 2531, 2536, 2575, 2821, 2823, 2899, 2959; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §§1003(b)(2), 1012(a)(1)(A), (2)–(4), (6)–(11), (c), (p)(11), (29), (q)(12), (bb)(4)(A), title II, §2004(l), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3383, 3493–3497, 3517, 3521, 3525, 3534, 3606; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §§7402(a), 7811(i)(1), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2357, 2409; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §§11101(d)(5), 11801(a)(31), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–405, 1388–521; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §§13227(d), 13235(a)(2), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 494, 504; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §§1501(b)(1), (12), 1703(i)(1), 1704(t)(36), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1825, 1826, 1876, 1889; Pub. L. 105–34, title III, §311(c)(3), title XI, §§1101(a), 1105(a), (b), 1111(b), 1163(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 835, 963, 967, 969, 987; Pub. L. 106–170, title V, §501(b)(2), Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1919; Pub. L. 107–16, title II, §§201(b)(2)(G), 202(f)(2)(C), title VI, §618(b)(2)(D), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 46, 49, 108; Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, §417(23)(B), title VI, §601(b)(1), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 57, 59; Pub. L. 108–311, title III, §312(b)(1), Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1181; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §§402(a), 403(a)–(b)(5), 404(a)–(f), 413(c)(14), (15), 417(a), title VIII, §895(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1491–1495, 1508, 1512, 1647; Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §§402(i)(3)(G), 403(k), (o), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2614, 2625, 2626; Pub. L. 110–172, §11(f)(3), (g)(10), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2489, 2490; Pub. L. 111–5, div. B, title I, §§1004(b)(5), 1142(b)(1)(E), 1144(b)(1)(E), Feb. 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 314, 330, 332; Pub. L. 111–148, title X, §10909(b)(2)(K), (c), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 1023; Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §§213(a), 217(c)(2), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2398, 2402; Pub. L. 111–312, title I, §101(b)(1), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3298; Pub. L. 112–240, title I, §104(c)(2)(K), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2322; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §§219(c), 221(a)(72), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4035, 4049; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§13001(b)(2)(M), 14101(d), 14201(b)(2), 14301(c)(15)–(19), 14302(a), (b), 14304(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2097, 2191, 2212, 2223, 2225; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(157), (d)(1)(D)(xiii), (xiv), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1191, 1208.)
Section 902, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), (2)(E)(i), (F)(ii), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(a), (d), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2221, 2225, applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end.
The FSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act of 2000, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(B)(v), is Pub. L. 106–519, Nov. 15, 2000, 114 Stat. 2423. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2000 Amendments note set out under section 1 of this title and Tables.
Section 172(h), referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(B)(i), was repealed by Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11811(b)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–532.
The date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(B)(i), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, which was approved Nov. 5, 1990.
Section 936, referred to in subsec. (g)(1), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(d)(1)(C), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1206.
2018—Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(d)(1)(D)(xiii), redesignated par. (5) as (4) and struck out former par. (4). Prior to amendment, text of par. (4) read as follows: "For purposes of subsection (a), in the case of a corporation, the taxable income shall not include any portion thereof taken into account for purposes of the credit (if any) allowed by section 936 (without regard to subsections (a)(4) and (i) thereof)."
Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(a)(157), inserted "subparagraph (E)(ii), or paragraph (3)(H)," after "Except as provided in clause (iii)," and struck out ", except as provided in subparagraph (E)(iii) or paragraph (3)(I)," after "includes".
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(d)(1)(D)(xiv), struck out "and section 936" after "subpart" in introductory provisions.
2017—Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 115–97, §13001(b)(2)(M)(i), struck out "or 1201(a)" after "under section 1(h)".
Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 115–97, §13001(b)(2)(M)(ii), added subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar. (D). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "There is a capital gain rate differential for any taxable year if—
"(i) in the case of a taxpayer other than a corporation, subsection (h) of section 1 applies to such taxable year, or
"(ii) in the case of a corporation, any rate of tax imposed by section 11, 511, or 831(a) or (b) (whichever applies) exceeds the alternative rate of tax under section 1201(a) (determined without regard to the last sentence of section 11(b)(1))."
Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 115–97, §13001(b)(2)(M)(iii), added subpar. (E) and struck out former subpar. (E) which related to rate differential portion for corporations and taxpayers other than corporations.
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 115–97, §14101(d), added par. (5).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–97, §14201(b)(2)(C), inserted at end "This subsection shall not apply to taxes paid or accrued with respect to amounts described in subsection (d)(1)(A)."
Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–97, §14201(b)(2)(A), added subpar. (A). Former subpar. (A) redesignated (B), then (C).
Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §14302(a), added subpar. (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (C), then (D).
Pub. L. 115–97, §14201(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (A) as (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (C).
Subsec. (d)(1)(C). Pub. L. 115–97, §14302(a), redesignated subpar. (B) as (C). Former subpar. (C) redesignated (D).
Pub. L. 115–97, §14201(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (B) as (C).
Subsec. (d)(1)(D). Pub. L. 115–97, §14302(a), redesignated subpar. (C) as (D).
Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 115–97, §14302(b)(2), substituted "income described in paragraph (1)(A), foreign branch income, and" for "income described in paragraph (1)(A) and".
Pub. L. 115–97, §14201(b)(2)(B), inserted "income described in paragraph (1)(A) and" before "passive category income".
Subsec. (d)(2)(E)(i). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(15)(A), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'noncontrolled section 902 corporation' means any foreign corporation with respect to which the taxpayer meets the stock ownership requirements of section 902(a) (or, for purposes of applying paragraph (3) or (4), the requirements of section 902(b)). A controlled foreign corporation shall not be treated as a noncontrolled section 902 corporation with respect to any distribution out of its earnings and profits for periods during which it was a controlled foreign corporation."
Subsec. (d)(2)(E)(ii). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(15)(B), substituted "noncontrolled 10-percent owned foreign corporation" for "non-controlled section 902 corporation".
Subsec. (d)(2)(J). Pub. L. 115–97, §14302(b)(1), added subpar. (J).
Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(16), substituted "noncontrolled 10-percent owned foreign corporations" for "noncontrolled section 902 corporations" in heading and "noncontrolled 10-percent owned foreign corporation" for "noncontrolled section 902 corporation" wherever appearing in text.
Subsec. (d)(6)(A). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(17), substituted "907" for "902, 907," in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 115–97, §14304(a), added par. (5).
Subsec. (h)(10)(A). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(18), substituted "sections 907 and 960" for "sections 902, 907, and 960" in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(19), amended subsec. (k) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:
"(1) For increase of limitation under subsection (a) for taxes paid with respect to amounts received which were included in the gross income of the taxpayer for a prior taxable year as a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation, see section 960(b).
"(2) For modification of limitation under subsection (a) for purposes of determining the amount of credit which can be taken against the alternative minimum tax, see section 59(a)."
2014—Subsec. (d)(2)(J). Pub. L. 113–295, §221(a)(72), struck out subpar. (J) which related to a transition rule for taxes paid or accrued in a taxable year beginning before Jan. 1, 1987.
Subsec. (h)(7). Pub. L. 113–295, §219(c), struck out "as ordinary income under section 1246 or" after "gain treated".
2013—Subsecs. (i) to (l). Pub. L. 112–240 redesignated subsecs. (j) to (l) as (i) to (k), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (i). Text read as follows: "In the case of any taxable year of an individual to which section 26(a)(2) does not apply, for purposes of subsection (a), the tax against which the credit is taken is such tax reduced by the sum of the credits allowable under subpart A of part IV of subchapter A of this chapter (other than sections 23, 24, 25A(i), 25B, 30 30B,, and 30D)."
2010—Subsec. (d)(6), (7). Pub. L. 111–226, §213(a), added par. (6) and redesignated former par. (6) as (7).
Subsec. (h)(9). Pub. L. 111–226, §217(c)(2), amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For purposes of this subsection—
"(A) in the case of interest treated as not from sources within the United States under section 861(a)(1)(A), the corporation paying such interest shall be treated as a United States-owned foreign corporation, and
"(B) in the case of any dividend treated as not from sources within the United States under section 861(a)(2)(A), the corporation paying such dividend shall be treated as a United States-owned foreign corporation."
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 111–148, §10909(b)(2)(K), (c), as amended by Pub. L. 111–312, temporarily struck out "23," after "than sections". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2010 Amendment note below.
2009—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 111–5, §1144(b)(1)(E), inserted "30B," after "30".
Pub. L. 111–5, §1142(b)(1)(E), substituted "25B, 30, and 30D" for "and 25B".
Pub. L. 111–5, §1004(b)(5), inserted "25A(i)," after "24,".
2007—Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(v). Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(10), inserted "and" at end of subcl. (I), redesignated subcl. (III) as (II), substituted "a former FSC (as defined in section 922)" for "a FSC (or a former FSC)" in subcl. (II), struck out former subcl. (II), which read as follows: "taxable income attributable to foreign trade income (within the meaning of section 923(b)), and", and added concluding provisions.
Subsec. (f)(3)(D)(iv). Pub. L. 110–172, §11(f)(3), substituted "an affiliated group" for "a controlled group".
2005—Subsec. (d)(2)(D). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(o), inserted "as in effect before its repeal" after "section 954(f)".
Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(k), amended heading and text of par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For purposes of this subsection—
"(A)
"(B)
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 109–135, §402(i)(3)(G), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In the case of an individual, for purposes of subsection (a), the tax against which the credit is taken is such tax reduced by the sum of the credits allowable under subpart A of part IV of subchapter A of this chapter (other than sections 23, 24, and 25B). This subsection shall not apply to taxable years beginning during 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, or 2005."
2004—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–357, §417(a), struck out "in the second preceding taxable year," before "in the first preceding taxable year" and substituted "and in any of the first 10" for ", and in the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth".
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(a), reenacted heading without change and amended text of par. (1) generally, substituting provisions relating to applicability of subsecs. (a), (b), and (c) and sections 902, 907, and 960 to passive category income and general category income, for provisions relating to applicability of subsecs. (a), (b), and (c) and sections 902, 907, and 960 to passive income, high withholding tax interest, financial services income, shipping income, certain dividends from a DISC or former DISC, taxable income attributable to foreign trade income, certain distributions from a FSC or a former FSC, and income other than income previously described.
Subsec. (d)(1)(E). Pub. L. 108–357, §403(b)(1), struck out subpar. (E) which read as follows: "in the case of a corporation, dividends from noncontrolled section 902 corporations out of earnings and profits accumulated in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2003,".
Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(b), added subpar. (A). Former subpar. (A) redesignated (B).
Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 108–357, §413(c)(14), reenacted heading without change and amended text of cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Except as provided in clause (iii), the term 'passive income' includes any amount includible in gross income under section 551 or, except as provided in subparagraph (E)(iii) or paragraph (3)(I), section 1293 (relating to certain passive foreign investment companies)."
Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(b), redesignated subpar. (A) as (B) and struck out former subpar. (B), which defined the term "high withholding tax interest".
Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(f)(1), redesignated subcls. (II) and (III) as (I) and (II), respectively, and struck out former subcl. (I) which read as follows: "any income described in a subparagraph of paragraph (1) other than subparagraph (A),".
Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(v). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(c), added cl. (v).
Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(d), added subpar. (C). Former subpar. (C) redesignated (D).
Subsec. (d)(2)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 108–357, §403(b)(2), inserted "and" at end of subcl. (I), redesignated subcl. (III) as (II), and struck out former subcl. (II) which read as follows: "any dividend from a noncontrolled section 902 corporation out of earnings and profits accumulated in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2003, and".
Subsec. (d)(2)(D). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(d), redesignated subpar. (C) as (D) and struck out heading and text of former subpar. (D). Text read as follows: "The term 'shipping income' means any income received or accrued by any person which is of a kind which would be foreign base company shipping income (as defined in section 954(f) as in effect before its repeal). Such term does not include any financial services income."
Pub. L. 108–357, §403(b)(3), substituted "Such term does not include any financial services income" for "Such term does not include any dividend from a noncontrolled section 902 corporation out of earnings and profits accumulated in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2003 and does not include any financial services income".
Subsec. (d)(2)(D)(i). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(f)(2), inserted "or" at end of subcl. (I), added subcl. (II), and struck out former subcls. (II) and (III) which read as follows:
"(II) passive income (determined without regard to subclauses (I) and (III) of subparagraph (A)(iii)), or
"(III) export financing interest which (but for subparagraph (B)(ii)) would be high withholding tax interest."
Subsec. (d)(2)(D)(iii). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(f)(3), which directed striking out of cl. (iii) "as so redesignated and amended by section 404(b)(3)", was executed by striking out heading and text of cl. (iii) as amended by section 403(b)(2) and redesignated by section 404(d), to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Text read as follows: "The term 'financial services income' does not include—
"(I) any high withholding tax interest, and
"(II) any export financing interest not described in clause (i)(III)."
Subsec. (d)(2)(E)(i). Pub. L. 108–357, §403(b)(4)(A), inserted "or (4)" after "paragraph (3)".
Subsec. (d)(2)(E)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 108–357, §403(b)(4)(B), redesignated cl. (iii) as (ii) and struck out heading and text of former cl. (ii). Text read as follows: "If a foreign corporation is a noncontrolled section 902 corporation with respect to the taxpayer, taxes on high withholding tax interest (to the extent imposed at a rate in excess of 5 percent) shall not be treated as foreign taxes for purposes of determining the amount of foreign taxes deemed paid by the taxpayer under section 902."
Subsec. (d)(2)(E)(iv). Pub. L. 108–357, §403(b)(4)(B), struck out heading and text of cl. (iv). Text read as follows: "All noncontrolled section 902 corporations which are not passive foreign investment companies (as defined in section 1297) shall be treated as one noncontrolled section 902 corporation for purposes of paragraph (1)."
Subsec. (d)(2)(H) to (J). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(e), added subpar. (H) and redesignated former subpars. (H) and (I) as (I) and (J), respectively.
Subsec. (d)(2)(K). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(f)(5), added subpar. (K).
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(f)(4), reenacted heading without change and amended text of par. (3) generally, substituting provisions consisting of subpars. (A) to (H) for former subpars. (A) to (I) which contained similar provisions.
Subsec. (d)(3)(F)(i). Pub. L. 108–357, §403(b)(5), substituted "or (D)" for "(D), or (E)".
Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 108–357, §403(a), reenacted heading without change and amended text of par. (4) generally, substituting provisions relating to dividends from noncontrolled section 902 corporations, earnings and profits of controlled foreign corporations, and setting forth special rules, for provisions relating to treatment of applicable dividends, defining the term "applicable dividend", and setting forth special rules.
Subsec. (f)(3)(D). Pub. L. 108–357, §895(a), added subpar. (D).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 108–357, §402(a), added subsec. (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h).
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 108–357, §402(a), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h). Former subsec. (h) redesignated (i).
Pub. L. 108–311 substituted "2003, 2004, or 2005" for "or 2003".
Subsec. (h)(1)(A). Pub. L. 108–357, §413(c)(15)(A), inserted "or" at end of cl. (i), redesignated cl. (iii) as (ii), and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: "section 551 (relating to foreign personal holding company income taxed to United States shareholders), or".
Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 108–357, §413(c)(15)(B), struck out "foreign personal holding or" before "passive foreign investment" in heading.
Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 108–357, §402(a), redesignated subsecs. (h) and (i) as (i) and (j), respectively. Former subsec. (j) redesignated (k).
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 108–357, §402(a), redesignated subsec. (j) as (k). Former subsec. (k) redesignated (l).
Subsec. (k)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 108–357, §404(f)(6), which directed amendment of subsec. (j)(3)(A)(i) by substituting "subsection (d)(2)(B)" for "subsection (d)(2)(A)", was executed to subsec. (k)(3)(A)(i) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the amendment by Pub. L. 108–357, §402(a). See above.
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 108–357, §402(a), redesignated subsec. (k) as (l).
2002—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 107–147, §601(b)(1), substituted "during 2000, 2001, 2002, or 2003" for "during 2000 or 2001".
Pub. L. 107–147, §417(23)(B), amended directory language of Pub. L. 107–16, §618(b)(2)(D). See 2001 Amendment note below.
2001—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 107–16, §618(b)(2)(D), as amended by Pub. L. 107–147, §417(23)(B), substituted ", 24, and 25B" for "and 24".
Pub. L. 107–16, §202(f)(2)(C), substituted "sections 23 and 24" for "section 24".
Pub. L. 107–16, §201(b)(2)(G), inserted "(other than section 24)" after "chapter".
1999—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 106–170 inserted at end "This subsection shall not apply to taxable years beginning during 2000 or 2001."
1997—Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–34, §311(c)(3), added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (d)(1)(E). Pub. L. 105–34, §1105(a)(1), amended subpar. (E) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (E) read as follows: "in the case of a corporation, dividends from each noncontrolled section 902 corporation,".
Subsec. (d)(2)(C)(i)(II). Pub. L. 105–34, §1163(b), substituted "subclauses (I) and (III)" for "subclause (I)".
Subsec. (d)(2)(C)(iii)(II), (D). Pub. L. 105–34, §1105(a)(3), inserted "out of earnings and profits accumulated in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2003" after "corporation".
Subsec. (d)(2)(E)(i). Pub. L. 105–34, §1111(b), struck out "and except as provided in regulations, the taxpayer was a United States shareholder in such corporation" after "was a controlled foreign corporation".
Subsec. (d)(2)(E)(iv). Pub. L. 105–34, §1105(a)(2), added cl. (iv).
Subsec. (d)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 105–34, §1105(b), added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) and (5) as (5) and (6), respectively.
Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 105–34, §1101(a), added subsec. (j) and redesignated former subsec. (j) as (k).
1996—Subsec. (d)(3)(G). Pub. L. 104–188, §1501(b)(1), (12), amended subpar. (G) identically, substituting "section 951(a)(1)(B)" for "subparagraph (B) or (C) of section 951(a)(1)".
Pub. L. 104–188, §1703(i)(1), substituted "subparagraph (B) or (C) of section 951(a)(1)" for "section 951(a)(1)(B)".
Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 104–188, §1704(t)(36), inserted "(as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990)" after "section 172(h)".
1993—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 103–66, §13227(d), inserted before period at end "(without regard to subsections (a)(4) and (i) thereof)".
Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(iii)(II) to (IV). Pub. L. 103–66, §13235(a)(2), inserted "and" at end of subcl. II, substituted "income." for "income, and" in subcl. III, and struck out subcl. (IV) which read as follows: "any foreign oil and gas extraction income (as defined in section 907(c))."
1990—Subsec. (b)(3)(D)(i). Pub. L. 101–508, §11101(d)(5)(A), substituted "subsection (h)" for "subsection (j)".
Subsec. (b)(3)(E)(iii)(I). Pub. L. 101–508, §11101(d)(5)(B), substituted "section 1(h)" for "section 1(j)".
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–508, §11801(a)(31), struck out subsec. (e) which related to transitional rules for carrybacks and carryovers for taxpayers on the per-country limitation.
1989—Subsec. (d)(1)(H). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(1), substituted "interest or carrying charges (as defined in section 927(d)(1)) derived from a transaction which results in foreign trade income (as defined in section 923(b))" for "qualified interest and carrying charges (as defined in section 245(c))".
Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 101–239, §7402(a), added subsec. (i) and redesignated former subsec. (i) as (j).
1988—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, §1003(b)(2)(A), amended par. (2) generally, substituting general provisions and provisions setting special rules where there is a capital gain rate differential for provisions for corporations and for other taxpayers.
Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 100–647, §1003(b)(2)(B), added subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar. (D), Rate differential portion, which read as follows: "The 'rate differential portion' of foreign source net capital gain, net capital gain, or the excess of net capital gain from sources within the United States over net capital gain, as the case may be, is the same proportion of such amount as the excess of the highest rate of tax specified in section 11(b) over the alternative rate of tax under section 1201(a) bears to the highest rate of tax specified in section 11(b)."
Subsec. (b)(3)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 100–647, §2004(l), substituted "section 11(b)(1)" for "section 11(b)".
Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 100–647, §1003(b)(2)(B), added subpar. (E).
Subsec. (d)(1)(E). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(11), inserted "in the case of a corporation," before "dividends".
Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(6)(A), (p)(29)(A), substituted "Except as provided in clause (iii), the term" for "The term" and "or, except as provided in subparagraph (E)(iii) or paragraph (3)(I), section 1293" for "or section 1293".
Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(6)(B), added cl. (iv).
Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(8), amended cl. (iii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (iii) read as follows: "The Secretary may by regulations provide that amounts (not otherwise high withholding tax interest) shall be treated as high withholding tax interest where necessary to prevent avoidance of the purposes of this subparagraph."
Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(1)(A), amended subpar. (C) generally, revising and restating as cls. (i) to (iii) provisions of former cls. (i) to (iv).
Subsec. (d)(2)(D). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(2), provided for exclusion from term "shipping income" any dividend from a noncontrolled section 902 corporation and any financial services income.
Subsec. (d)(2)(E)(i). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(10), inserted "and except as provided in regulations, the taxpayer was a United States shareholder in such corporation" before period at end.
Subsec. (d)(2)(E)(iii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(p)(29)(B), added cl. (iii).
Subsec. (d)(2)(I)(ii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(9), substituted "except that—" for "except to the extent that—", added subcls. (I) to (III), and struck out former subcls. (I) and (II) which read as follows:
"(I) the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such taxes were paid or accrued with respect to shipping income, or
"(II) in the case of an entity meeting the requirements of subparagraph (C)(ii), the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such taxes were paid or accrued with respect to financial services income, and".
Subsec. (d)(3)(E). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(4), inserted first sentence, struck out former first sentence which read "If a controlled foreign corporation meets the requirements of section 954(b)(3)(A) (relating to de minimis rule) for any taxable year, for purposes of this paragraph, none of its income for such taxable year shall be treated as income in a separate category.", and in second sentence substituted "passive income" for "income (other than high withholding tax interest and dividends from a noncontrolled section 902 corporation)".
Subsec. (d)(3)(F). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(7), amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (F) read as follows: "For purposes of this paragraph, the term 'separate category' means any category of income described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E) of paragraph (1)."
Subsec. (d)(3)(H). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(a)(3), added subpar. (H).
Subsec. (d)(3)(I). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(p)(11), added subpar. (I).
Subsec. (f)(5)(F). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(c), added subpar. (F).
Subsec. (g)(9)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(q)(12), substituted "861(a)(1)(A)" for "861(a)(1)(B)".
Subsec. (g)(10), (11). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(bb)(4)(A), added par. (10) and redesignated former par. (10) as (11).
1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–514, §104(b)(13), struck out last sentence "For purposes of the preceding sentence, in the case of an individual the entire taxable income shall be reduced by an amount equal to the zero bracket amount."
Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 99–514, §1211(b)(3), redesignated subpar. (E) as (C) and struck out former subpar. (C), exception for gain from the sale of certain personal property, which read as follows: "There shall be included as gain from sources within the United States any gain from sources without the United States from the sale or exchange of a capital asset which is personal property which—
"(i) in the case of an individual, is sold or exchanged outside of the country (or possession) of the individual's residence,
"(ii) in the case of a corporation, is stock in a second corporation sold or exchanged other than in a country (or possession) in which such second corporation derived more than 50 percent of its gross income for the 3-year period ending with the close of such second corporation's taxable year immediately preceding the year during which the sale or exchange occurred, or
"(iii) in the case of any taxpayer, is personal property (other than stock in a corporation) sold or exchanged other than in a country (or possession) in which such property is used in a trade or business of the taxpayer or in which such taxpayer derived more than 50 percent of its gross income for the 3-year period ending with the close of its taxable year immediately preceding the year during which the sale or exchange occurred,
unless such gain is subject to an income, war profits, or excess profits tax of a foreign country or possession of the United States, and the rate of tax applicable to such gain is 10 percent or more of the gain from the sale or exchange (computed under this chapter)."
Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 99–514, §1211(b)(3), redesignated subpar. (F) as (D) and struck out former subpar. (D), gain from liquidation of certain foreign corporations, which read as follows: "Subparagraph (C) shall not apply with respect to a distribution in liquidation of a foreign corporation to which part II of subchapter C applies if such corporation derived less than 50 percent of its gross income from sources within the United States for the 3-year period ending with the close of such corporation's taxable year immediately preceding the year during which the distribution occurred."
Subsec. (b)(3)(E), (F). Pub. L. 99–514, §1211(b)(3), redesignated former subpars. (E) and (F) as (C) and (D), respectively.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–514, §1201(d)(1), substituted "certain categories of income" for "certain interest income and income from DISC, former DISC, FSC, or former FSC" in heading.
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 99–514, §1201(a), (d)(2), (3), inserted "and sections 902, 907, and 960" in introductory provisions, added subpars. (A) to (E), struck out former subpar. (A) which read "the interest income described in paragraph (2)", redesignated former subpars. (B), (C), (D), and (E) as (F), (G), (H), and (I), respectively, and in subpar. (I), substituted "in any of the preceding subparagraphs" for "in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D)".
Pub. L. 99–514, §1899A(24), made technical correction clarifying heading. See 1984 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (d)(1)(D). Pub. L. 99–514, §1876(d)(2), amended subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (D) read as follows: "distributions from a FSC (or former FSC) out of earnings and profits attributable to foreign trade income (within the meaning of section 923(b)), and".
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §1201(b), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2), interest income to which applicable, which read as follows: "For purposes of this subsection, the interest income described in this paragraph is interest other than interest—
"(A) derived from any transaction which is directly related to the active conduct by the taxpayer of a trade or business in a foreign country or a possession of the United States,
"(B) derived in the conduct by the taxpayer of a banking, financing, or similar business,
"(C) received from a corporation in which the taxpayer (or one or more includible corporations in an affiliated group, as defined in section 1504, of which the taxpayer is a member) owns, directly or indirectly, at least 10 percent of the voting stock, or
"(D) received on obligations acquired as a result of the disposition of a trade or business actively conducted by the taxpayer in a foreign country or possession of the United States or as a result of the disposition of stock or obligations of a corporation in which the taxpayer owned at least 10 percent of the voting stock.
For purposes of subparagraph (C), stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for a foreign corporation, shall be considered as being proportionately owned by its shareholders. For purposes of this subsection, interest (after the operation of section 904(d)(3)) received from a designated payor corporation described in section 904(d)(3)(E)(iii) by a taxpayer which owns directly or indirectly less than 10 percent of the voting stock of such designated payor corporation shall be treated as interest described in subparagraph (A) to the extent such interest would have been so treated had such taxpayer received it from other than a designated payor corporation."
Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(b)(3), inserted at end "For purposes of this subsection, interest (after the operation of section 904(d)(3)) received from a designated payor corporation described in section 904(d)(3)(E)(iii) by a taxpayer which owns directly or indirectly less than 10 percent of the voting stock of such designated payor corporation shall be treated as interest described in subparagraph (A) to the extent such interest would have been so treated had such taxpayer received it from other than a designated payor corporation."
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 99–514, §1201(b), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) treating as interest certain amounts attributable to United States-owned foreign corporations, etc., subpars. thereof relating to following subject matter: (A) general provisions, (B) separate limitation interest, (C) exception where designated corporation has small amount of separate limitation interest, (D) treatment of certain interest, (E) designated payor corporation, (F) determination of year to which amount is attributable, (G) ordering rules, (H) dividend, (I) interest and dividends from members of same affiliated group, and (J) distributions through other entities.
Subsec. (d)(3)(C). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(b)(1), inserted at end "The preceding sentence shall not apply to any amount includible in gross income under section 551 or 951."
Subsec. (d)(3)(E). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(b)(4)(A), inserted at end:
"(iv) any other corporation formed or availed of for purposes of avoiding the provisions of this paragraph.
For purposes of this paragraph, the rules of paragraph (9) of subsection (g) shall apply."
Subsec. (d)(3)(I). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(b)(2), redesignated subpar. (I) as (J) and added a new subpar. (I), interest and dividends from members of same affiliated group, which read as follows: "For purposes of this paragraph, dividends and interest received or accrued by the designated payor corporation from another member of the same affiliated group (determined under section 1504 without regard to subsection (b)(3) thereof) shall be treated as separate limitation interest if (and only if) such amounts are attributable (directly or indirectly) to separate limitation interest of any other member of such group."
Subsec. (d)(3)(J). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(b)(2), redesignated subpar. (I) as (J) and struck out former subpar. (J), interest from members of same affiliated group, which read as follows: "For purposes of this paragraph, interest received or accrued by the designated payor corporation from another member of the same affiliated group (determined under section 1504 without regard to subsection (b)(3) thereof) shall not be treated as separate limitation interest, unless such interest is attributable directly or indirectly to separate limitation interest of such other member."
Subsec. (d)(4), (5). Pub. L. 99–514, §1201(b), added pars. (4) and (5).
Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 99–514, §1203(a), added par. (5).
Subsec. (g)(1)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 99–514, §1235(f)(4)(A), added cl. (iii).
Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §1235(f)(4)(B), substituted "holding or passive foreign investment company" for "holding company" in heading.
Subsec. (g)(9), (10). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(a)(1)(A), added par. (9) and redesignated former par. (9) as (10).
Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §701(e)(4)(H), struck out "by an individual" after "can be taken" and substituted "section 59(a)" for "section 55(c)".
1984—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–369, §801(d)(2)(C), which directed amendment of par. (1) heading by substituting "Separate application of section with respect to certain interest income and income from DISC, former DISC, FSC, or former FSC" for "Application of section in case of certain interest income and dividends from a DISC or former DISC" was executed to subsec. (d) heading to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsec. (d)(1)(B) to (E). Pub. L. 98–369, §801(d)(2)(A), (B), struck out "and" after "United States," at end of subpar. (B), substituted "taxable income attributable to foreign trade income (within the meaning of section 923(b))," for "income other than the interest income described in paragraph (2) and dividends described in subparagraph (B)," in subpar. (C), and added subpars. (D) and (E).
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 98–369, §122(a), added par. (3).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–369, §121(a), added subsec. (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h).
Pub. L. 98–369, §474(r)(21), amended subsec. (g) generally, substituting "Coordination with nonrefundable personal credits" for "Coordination with credit for the elderly" in heading and in text substituting "reduced by the sum of the credits allowable under subpart A of part IV of subchapter A of this chapter" for "reduced by the amount of the credit (if any) for the taxable year allowable under section 37 (relating to credit for the elderly and the permanently and totally disabled)".
Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 98–369, §121(a), redesignated former subsecs. (g) and (h) as (h) and (i), respectively.
1983—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–21 substituted "relating to credit for the elderly and the permanently and totally disabled" for "relating to credit for the elderly".
1982—Subsec. (f)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 97–248 struck out par. (4) which provided for the determination of foreign oil related loss where section 907 was applicable, redesignated par. (5) as (4), and purported to redesignate par. (6) as (5). However, subsec. (f) did not contain a par. (6).
1980—Subsec. (b)(3)(F). Pub. L. 96–222, §104(a)(3)(D)(i), redesignated subpar. (E) "Rate differential portion", added by Pub. L. 95–600, as (F).
1978—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 95–600, §§403(c)(4)(A), 701(u)(2)(A), (3)(A), in subpar. (A) substituted "this section" for "subsection (a)", "the rate differential portion" for "three eighths" wherever appearing, and "for purposes of determining taxable income from sources without the United States, any net capital loss (and any amount which is a short term capital loss under section 1212(a))" for "any net capital loss".
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 95–600, §§403(c)(4)(B), 701(u)(2)(B), (C), as amended by Pub. L. 96–222, §104(a)(3)(D)(ii), substituted "There" for "For purposes of this paragraph, there", added subpar. (D), redesignated former subpar. (D), relating to section 1231 gains, as subpar. (E), and added another subpar. (E), relating to rate differential portion. See 1980 Amendment note above.
Subsec. (f)(2)(A). Pub. L. 95–600, §701(u)(4)(A), struck out provision relating to capital loss carrybacks and carryovers.
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 95–600, §701(u)(4)(B), (8)(C), substituted in introductory provisions "In making the separate computation under this subsection with respect to foreign oil related income which is required by section 907(b)" for "In the case of a corporation to which section 907(b)(1) applies" and in subpar. (A) struck out provision relating to capital loss carrybacks and carryovers.
Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 95–600, §701(q)(2), added par. (5).
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 95–600, §421(e)(6), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).
1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–30 provided that, for purposes of determining the maximum total amount of the credit taken under section 901(a), in the case of an individual, the entire taxable income shall be reduced by an amount equal to the zero bracket amount.
1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §1031(a), struck out provisions allowing the per-country limitation, made the overall limitation applicable to all taxpayers to determine their foreign tax credit limitation, and inserted reference to section 901(a).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1031(a), 1034(a), 1051(e), redesignated subsec. (c) as (b)(1), inserted provisions that the net United States capital losses would offset net foreign capital gains and, in the case of corporations, that only 30/48 of the net foreign source gain would be included in the foreign tax credit limitation, and that the gain from the sale or exchange of personal property outside the United States would be considered United States source income unless one of three exceptions applied, and added par. (4).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, §1031(a), redesignated subsec. (d) as (c), and amended the redesignated subsec. (c) generally to conform to the elimination of the per-country limitation in subsec. (a). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (b)(1).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–455, §1031(a), redesignated subsec. (f)(1), (2), as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (c).
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–455, §1031(a), added subsec. (e). Former subsec. (e) was eliminated in view of the amendment of subsec. (a).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1031(a), 1032(a), 1901(b)(10)(B), added subsec. (f), and substituted "section 172(h)" for "section 172(k)(1)" in pars. (2)(B)(i) and (4)(B)(i). Former subsec. (f)(1), (2), was redesignated (d). Former subsecs. (f)(3), (4), (5) were omitted.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1032(a), 503(b)(1), added subsec. (g). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g), and further redesignated (h).
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 94–455, §503(b)(1), redesignated former subsec. (g) as (h).
1971—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 92–178, §502(b)(2), inserted "and dividends from a DISC or former DISC" after "interest income" in the heading.
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 92–178, §502(b)(2), inserted "each of the following items of income" in introductory text, added subpar. (B), and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C), inserting therein provisions respecting dividends described in subparagraph (B).
Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 92–178, §502(b)(3), provided that the limitation provided by subsec. (a)(2) shall not apply to dividends described in paragraph (1)(B) and substituted "limitation provided by subsection (a)(2) applies with respect to income described in paragraph (1)(B) and (C)" for "limitation provided by subsection (a)(2) applies with respect to income other than the interest income described in paragraph (2)".
Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 92–178, §502(b)(4), added par. (5).
1969—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 91–172, §506(b)(1), substituted "(A) with the consent of the Secretary or his delegate with respect to any taxable year or (B) for the taxpayer's first taxable year beginning after December 31, 1969" for "with the consent of the Secretary or his delegate with respect to any taxable year".
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 91–172, §506(b)(2), substituted "Except in a case to which paragraph (1)(B) applies, if the taxpayer" for "If a taxpayer".
1966—Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 89–809 inserted reference to includible corporations in an affiliated group, as defined in section 1504, of which the taxpayer is a member and inserted reference to both direct and indirect ownership in subpar. (C) and inserted provision that, for purposes of subpar. (C), stock owned directly or indirectly by or for a foreign corporation shall be considered as being proportionately owned by its shareholders.
1964—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 88–272 substituted "section 1503(b)" for "section 1503(d)".
1962—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 87–834, §10(a), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 87–834, §§10(a), 12(b)(2), redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g), designated existing provisions as par. (2), and added par. (1).
1960—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–780, §1(a), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted introductory clause "In the case of any taxpayer who elects the limitation provided by this paragraph" and inserted "foreign", "or possession of the United States" and "or possession" therein and added par. (2).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 86–780, §1(a), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 86–780, §1(b), redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c) and inserted "applicable" before "limitation" therein. Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 86–780, §1(c), redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d) and inserted "applicable" before "limitation" in two places.
Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 86–780, §1(d), added subsecs. (e) and (f).
1958—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 85–866 added subsec. (c).
Amendment by section 13001(b)(2)(M) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13001(c)(1) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
Amendment by section 14101(d) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to distributions made after Dec. 31, 2017, and applicable to deductions with respect to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 14101(f) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as an Effective Date note under section 245A of this title.
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14201(d), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2213, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting section 951A of this title and amending this section and section 960 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 14301(c)(15)–(19) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14302(c), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2225, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017."
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14304(b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2226, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017."
Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §219(d), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4035, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, section 199 of this title, and provisions set out as a note under section 114 of this title] shall take effect as if included in the provision of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 [Pub. L. 108–357] to which they relate."
Amendment by section 221(a)(72) of Pub. L. 113–295 effective Dec. 19, 2014, subject to a savings provision, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 112–240 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2011, see section 104(d) of Pub. L. 112–240, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §213(b), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2399, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 10, 2010]."
Amendment by section 217(c)(2) of Pub. L. 111–226 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2010, with certain exceptions, see section 217(d) of Pub. L. 111–226, set out as an Effective Date of 2010 Amendment note under section 861 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–148 terminated applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2011, and section is amended to read as if such amendment had never been enacted, see section 10909(c) of Pub. L. 111–148, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–148 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2009, see section 10909(d) of Pub. L. 111–148, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 1004(b)(5) of Pub. L. 111–5 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2008, see section 1004(d) of Pub. L. 111–5, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2009 Amendment note under section 24 of this title.
Amendment by section 1142(b)(1)(E) of Pub. L. 111–5 applicable to vehicles acquired after Feb. 17, 2009, see section 1142(c) of Pub. L. 111–5, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2009 Amendment note under section 24 of this title.
Amendment by section 1144(b)(1)(E) of Pub. L. 111–5 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2008, see section 1144(c) of Pub. L. 111–5, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2009 Amendment note under section 24 of this title.
Pub. L. 110–172, §11(f)(4), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2489, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section and sections 1298 and 9502 of this title] shall take effect as if included in the provisions of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 [Pub. L. 108–357] to which they relate."
Amendment by section 402(i)(3)(G) of Pub. L. 109–135 subject to title IX of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, Pub. L. 107–16, §901, in the same manner as the provisions of such Act to which such amendment relates, see section 402(i)(3)(H) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as a note under section 23 of this title. Title IX of Pub. L. 107–16 was repealed by Pub. L. 112–240, title I, §101(a)(1), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2315.
Amendment by section 402(i)(3)(G) of Pub. L. 109–135 effective as if included in the provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109–58, to which it relates and applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2005, see section 402(m) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
Amendments by section 403(k), (o) of Pub. L. 109–135 effective as if included in the provisions of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which they relate, see section 403(nn) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as an Effective Date of 2005 Amendment note under section 26 of this title.
Amendment by section 402(a) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to losses for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2006, see section 402(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 535 of this title.
Amendment by section 403(a), (b)(1)–(5) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2002, see section 403(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 864 of this title.
Amendment by section 403(a), (b)(1)–(5) of Pub. L. 108–357 not applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2002, and before Jan. 1, 2005, with a specific provision for application of subsec. (d)(4)(C)(iv) of this section, if taxpayer so elects, see section 403(d) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 864 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §404(g), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1497, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
Amendment by section 413(c)(14), (15) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 413(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2004 Amendments note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §417(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1512, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §895(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1648, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to dispositions after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–311 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2003, see section 312(c) of Pub. L. 108–311, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Amendment by section 601(b)(1) of Pub. L. 107–147 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2001, see section 601(c) of Pub. L. 107–147, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Amendment by sections 201(b), 202(f), and 618(b) of Pub. L. 107–16 inapplicable to taxable years beginning during 2004 or 2005, see section 312(b)(2) of Pub. L. 108–311, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
Amendment by sections 201(b), 202(f), and 618(b) of Pub. L. 107–16 inapplicable to taxable years beginning during 2002 and 2003, see section 601(b)(2) of Pub. L. 107–147, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
Amendment by section 201(b)(2)(G) of Pub. L. 107–16 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2001, see section 201(e)(2) of Pub. L. 107–16, set out as a note under section 24 of this title.
Amendment by section 202(f)(2)(C) of Pub. L. 107–16 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2001, see section 202(g)(1) of Pub. L. 107–16, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
Amendment by section 618(b)(2)(D) of Pub. L. 107–16 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2001, see section 618(d) of Pub. L. 107–16, set out as a note under section 24 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 106–170 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1998, see section 501(c) of Pub. L. 106–170, set out as a note under section 24 of this title.
Amendment by section 311(c)(3) of Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to taxable years ending after May 6, 1997, see section 311(d) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1101(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 963, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1997."
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1105(c), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 968, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002."
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1111(c)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 969, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply to distributions after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997]."
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1163(c), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 987, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 902 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997]."
Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1501(d), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1826, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 951, 956, 959, 989, and 1297 of this title and repealing section 956A of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 1996, and to taxable years of United States shareholders within which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 1703(i)(1) of Pub. L. 104–188 effective as if included in the provision of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993, Pub. L. 103–66, §§13001–13444, to which such amendment relates, see section 1703(o) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 39 of this title.
Amendment by section 13227(d) of Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1993, see section 13227(f) of Pub. L. 103–66 set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13235(c), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 505, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 907 and 954 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1992."
Amendment by section 11101(d)(5) of Pub. L. 101–508 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1990, see section 11101(e) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7402(b), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2358, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after July 10, 1989."
Amendment by section 7811(i)(1) of Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(bb)(4)(B), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3535, provided that: "The amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the amendment made by section 121 of the Tax Reform Act of 1984 [Pub. L. 98–369]."
Amendment by sections 1003(b)(2) and 1012(a)(1)(A), (2)–(4), (6)–(11), (c), (p)(11), (29), (q)(12) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 2004(l) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1987, Pub. L. 100–203, title X, to which such amendment relates, see section 2004(u) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
Amendment by section 104(b)(13) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 151(a) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 701(e)(4)(H) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 701(f) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 55 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1201(e), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2525, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(a)(5), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3495; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7404(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2361, provided that:
"(1)
"[(2) Repealed. Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7404(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2361.]
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
[Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7404(b), (c), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2361, provided that:
["(b)
["(c)
["(1)
["(2)
["(A)
["(B)
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1203(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2532, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to losses incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986."
Amendment by section 1211(b)(3) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1211(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 865 of this title.
Amendment by section 1235(f)(4) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1235(h) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1291 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1810(a)(1)(B), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2822, provided that: "The amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall take effect on March 28, 1985. In the case of any taxable year ending after such date of any corporation treated as a United States-owned foreign corporation by reason of the amendment made by subparagraph (A)—
"(i) only income received or accrued by such corporation after such date shall be taken into account under section 904(g) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986]; except that
"(ii) paragraph (5) of such section 904(g) shall be applied by taking into account all income received or accrued by such corporation during such taxable year."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1810(b)(4)(B), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2824, provided that:
"(i) The amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] insofar as it adds the last sentence to subparagraph (E) of section 905(d)(3) [904(d)(3)] shall take effect on March 28, 1985. In the case of any taxable year ending after such date of any corporation treated as a designated payor corporation by reason of the amendment made by subparagraph (A)—
"(I) only income received or accrued by such corporation after such date shall be taken into account under section 904(d)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986]; except that
"(II) subparagraph (C) of such section 904(d)(3) shall be applied by taking into account all income received or accrued by such corporation during such taxable year.
"(ii) The amendment made by subparagraph (A) insofar as it adds clause (iv) to subparagraph (E) of section 904(d)(3) shall take effect on December 31, 1985. For purposes of such amendment, the rule of the second sentence of clause (i) shall be applied by taking into account December 31, 1985, in lieu of March 28, 1985."
Amendment by sections 1810(b)(1)–(3) and 1876(d)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §121(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 640, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, title XVIII, §1810(a)(2), (3), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, 2822, provided that:
"(1)
"(A) only income received or accrued by such foreign corporation after such date of enactment shall be taken into account under section 904(g) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as added by subsection (a)); except that
"(B) paragraph (5) of such section 904(g) (relating to exception where small amount of United States source income) shall be applied by taking into account all income received or accrued by such foreign corporation during such taxable year.
"(2)
"(A)
"(i) such interest shall not be taken into account under section 904(g) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by subsection (a)), except that
"(ii) such interest shall be taken into account for purposes of applying paragraph (5) of such section 904(g) (relating to exception where small amount of United States source income).
"(B)
"(i) the aggregate amount of interest received or accrued during any taxable year by an applicable CFC on United States affiliate obligations held by such applicable CFC, multiplied by,
"(ii) a fraction (not in excess of 1)—
"(I) the numerator of which is the sum of the aggregate principal amount of United States affiliate obligations held by the applicable CFC on March 31, 1984, but not in excess of the applicable limit, and
"(II) the denominator of which is the average daily principal amount of United States affiliate obligations held by such applicable CFC during the taxable year.
Proper adjustments shall be made to the numerator described in clause (ii)(I) for original issue discount accruing after March 31, 1984, on CFC obligations and United States affiliate obligations.
"(C)
"(i) the excess of (I) the aggregate principal amount of CFC obligations which are outstanding on March 31, 1984, but only with respect to obligations issued before March 8, 1984, or issued after March 7, 1984, by the applicable CFC pursuant to a binding commitment in effect on March 7, 1984, over (II) the average daily outstanding principal amount during the taxable year of the CFC obligations described in subclause (I), and
"(ii) the portion of the equity of such applicable CFC allocable to the excess described in clause (i) (determined on the basis of the debt-equity ratio of such applicable CFC on March 31, 1984).
"(D)
"(i) which was in existence on March 31, 1984, and
"(ii) the principal purpose of which on such date consisted of the issuing of CFC obligations (or short-term borrowing from nonaffiliated persons) and lending the proceeds of such obligations (or such borrowing) to affiliates.
"(E)
"(i)
"(ii)
"(iii)
"(I) at least 50 percent of the gross income from all sources of such corporation for the 3-year period ending with the close of its last taxable year ending on or before March 31, 1984, was effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and
"(II) at least 50 percent of the gross income from all sources of such corporation for the 3-year period ending with the close of its taxable year preceding the payment of such interest was effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
"(F)
"(G)
"(i) the requirements of clause (i) of [former] section 163(f)(2)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 are met with respect to such obligation, and
"(ii) in the case of an obligation issued after December 31, 1982, the requirements of clause (ii) of such [former] section 163(f)(2)(B) are met with respect to such obligation.
"(H)
"(I)
"(i) the equity of the applicable CFC on March 31, 1984, and
"(ii) the aggregate principal amount of CFC obligations outstanding on March 31, 1984, which were issued by an applicable CFC—
"(I) before March 8, 1984, or
"(II) after March 7, 1984, pursuant to a binding commitment in effect on March 7, 1984.
"(3)
"(4)
"(5)
"(6)
"(A) which is a subsidiary of a domestic corporation which has been engaged in manufacturing for more than 50 years, and
"(B) which issued certificates with respect to obligations on—
"(i) September 24, 1979, denominated in French francs,
"(ii) September 10, 1981, denominated in Swiss francs,
"(iii) July 14, 1982, denominated in Swiss francs, and
"(iv) December 1, 1982, denominated in United States dollars,
with a total principal amount of less than 200,000,000 United States dollars.[,]
then paragraph (5) shall not apply to the proceeds from relending such obligations or related capital before January 1, 1986."
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §122(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 644, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
"(3)
Amendment by section 474(r)(21) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, and to carrybacks from such years, see section 475(a) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 21 of this title.
Amendment by section 801(d)(2) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 805(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–21 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, except that if an individual's annuity starting date was deferred under section 105(d)(6) of this title as in effect on the day before Apr. 20, 1983, such deferral shall end on the first day of such individual's first taxable year beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 122(d) of Pub. L. 98–21, set out as a note under section 22 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, except that former subsec. (f)(4), which had provided for the determination of foreign oil related loss where section 907 of this title was applicable, shall continue to apply in certain instances where the taxpayer has had a foreign loss from an activity not related to oil and gas, see section 211(e) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 907 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–222 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–600, to which such amendment relates, see section 201 of Pub. L. 96–222, set out as a note under section 32 of this title.
Amendment by section 403(c)(4) of Pub. L. 95–600 effective on Nov. 6, 1978, see section 403(d)(3) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 528 of this title.
Amendment by section 421(e)(6) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1978, see section 421(g) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as note under section 5 of this title.
Amendment by section 701(a)(8)(C) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable, in the case of individuals, to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1974, and, in the case of corporations, to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 701(u)(8)(D) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 907 of this title.
Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(q)(3)(B), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2910, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraph (2) [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in section 904(f) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], as such provision was added to such Code by section 1032(a) of the Tax Reform Act of 1976 [section 1032(a) of Pub. L. 94–455]."
Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(2)(D), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2913, provided that: "The amendments made by this paragraph [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1975."
Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(3)(B), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2913, provided that: "The amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1975."
Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(4)(C), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2914, provided that: "The amendments made by this paragraph [amending this section] shall apply—
"(i) to overall foreign losses sustained in taxable years beginning after December 31, 1975, and
"(ii) to foreign oil related losses sustained in taxable years ending after December 31, 1975."
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–30 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 106(a) of Pub. L. 95–30, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 503(b)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 508 of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 3 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1031(c), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1623, as amended by Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(6), (7)(B)(ii), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2914, 2916; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) been engaged in the active conduct of the trade or business of the extraction of minerals (of a character with respect to which a deduction for depletion is allowable under section 613 of such Code) outside the United States or its possessions for less than 5 years preceding the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976],
"(B) had deductions properly apportioned or allocated to its gross income from such trade or business in excess of such gross income in at least 2 taxable years,
"(C) 80 percent of its gross receipts are from the sale of such minerals, and
"(D) made commitments for substantial expansion of such mineral extraction activities,
the amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 243, 383, 901, 907, 960, 1351, 1503, 6038, and 6501 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1978. In the case of a loss sustained in a taxable year beginning before January 1, 1979, by any corporation to which this paragraph applies, if section 904(a)(1) of such Code (as in effect before the enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976]) applies with respect to such taxable year, the provisions of section 904(f) of such Code shall be applied with respect to such loss under the principles of such section 904(a)(1).
"(3)
"(4)
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1032(c), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1626, as amended by Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(5), (7)(A), (B)(i), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2914; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(5)
"(6)
"(A)
"(i) the taxpayer sustained a loss in a possession of the United States in a taxable year beginning after December 31, 1975, and before January 1, 1979,
"(ii) such loss is attributable to a trade or business engaged in by the taxpayer in such possession on January 1, 1976, and
"(iii) the taxpayer chooses to have the benefits of subpart A of part III of subchapter N apply for such taxable year and section 904(a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as in effect before the enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976]) applies with respect to such taxable year.
"(B)
"(C)
"(i) for purposes of determining the liability for tax of the taxpayer for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1978, section 904(f) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [subsec. (f) of this section] shall be applied with respect to the loss described in subparagraph (A)(i) under the principles of section 904(a)(1) of such Code (as in effect before the enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976]); but
"(ii) in the case of any taxpayer and any possession, the aggregate amount to which such section 904(f) applies by reason of clause (i) shall not exceed the sum of the net incomes of all affiliated corporations from such possession for taxable years of such affiliated corporations beginning after December 31, 1975, and before January 1, 1979.
"(D)
"(E)
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1034(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1630, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1975, except that the provisions of section 904(b)(3)(C) shall only apply to sales or exchanges made after November 12, 1975."
Amendment by section 1051(e) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, with certain exceptions, see section 1051(i) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 27 of this title.
Amendment by section 1901(b)(10) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years ending after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 92–178 applicable with respect to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1971, except that a corporation may not be a DISC for any taxable year beginning before Jan. 1, 1972, see section 507 of Pub. L. 92–178, set out as a note under section 991 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 91–172 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1969, see section 506(c) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 901 of this title.
Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §106(c)(2), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1571, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to interest received after December 31, 1965, in taxable years ending after such date."
Amendment by Pub. L. 88–272 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1963, see section 234(c) of Pub. L. 88–272, set out as a note under section 1503 of this title.
Pub. L. 87–834, §10(b), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1003, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 16, 1962], but only with respect to interest resulting from transactions consummated after April 2, 1962."
Pub. L. 86–780, §4, Sept. 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 1013, provided that: "The amendments made by the first section [amending this section], section 2 [amending section 1503 of this title], and subsection (a) of section 3 of this Act [amending section 901 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1960. The amendment made by subsection (b) of section 3 of this Act [amending section 901 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1953, and ending after August 16, 1954. The amendments made by subsection (c) of section 3 of this Act [enacting section 6501 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1957."
Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §42(c), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1640, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section and section 6611 of this title] shall apply only with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1957."
For provisions that nothing in amendment by section 401(d)(1)(D)(xiii), (xiv) of Pub. L. 115–141 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Mar. 23, 2018, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Mar. 23, 2018, see section 401(e) of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
For provisions that nothing in amendment by section 11801(a)(31) of Pub. L. 101–508 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Nov. 5, 1990, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 11821(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.
For applicability of amendments by sections 701(e)(4)(H) and 1201(a), (b), (d)(1)–(3) of Pub. L. 99–514 notwithstanding any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, and for nonapplication of amendment by section 1211(b)(3) of Pub. L. 99–514 to the extent application of such amendment would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(2)–(4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1205, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2532, provided that:
"(a)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) the repeal of the zero bracket amount, and
"(B) the changes in the treatment of capital gains.
"(b)
Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1810(a)(4), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2822, provided that: "Section 904(g) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 shall apply notwithstanding any treaty obligation of the United States to the contrary (whether entered into on, before, or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986]) unless (in the case of a treaty entered into after the date of the enactment of this Act) such treaty by specific reference to such section 904(g) clearly expresses the intent to override the provisions of such section."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1810(a)(5), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2823, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1018(g)(1), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3582, provided that: "For purposes of section 121(b)(5) of the Tax Reform Act of 1984 [Pub. L. 98–369, set out above] (relating to separate application of section 904 [of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986]] in case of income covered by transitional rules), any carryover under section 904(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986] allowed to a taxpayer which was incorporated on August 31, 1962, attributable to taxes paid or accrued in taxable years beginning in 1981, 1982, 1983, or 1984, with respect to amounts included in gross income under section 951 of such Code in respect of a controlled foreign corporation which was incorporated on May 27, 1977, shall be treated as taxes paid or accrued on income separately treated under such section 121(b)(5)."
1 See References in Text note below.
The credits provided in this subpart may, at the option of the taxpayer and irrespective of the method of accounting employed in keeping his books, be taken in the year in which the taxes of the foreign country or the possession of the United States accrued, subject, however, to the conditions prescribed in subsection (c). If the taxpayer elects to take such credits in the year in which the taxes of the foreign country or the possession of the United States accrued, the credits for all subsequent years shall be taken on the same basis, and no portion of any such taxes shall be allowed as a deduction in the same or any succeeding year.
The credits provided in this subpart shall be allowed only if the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary—
(1) the total amount of income derived from sources without the United States, determined as provided in part I,
(2) the amount of income derived from each country, the tax paid or accrued to which is claimed as a credit under this subpart, such amount to be determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, and
(3) all other information necessary for the verification and computation of such credits.
If—
(A) accrued taxes when paid differ from the amounts claimed as credits by the taxpayer,
(B) accrued taxes are not paid before the date 2 years after the close of the taxable year to which such taxes relate, or
(C) any tax paid is refunded in whole or in part,
the taxpayer shall notify the Secretary, who shall redetermine the amount of the tax for the year or years affected.
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), in making the redetermination under paragraph (1), no credit shall be allowed for accrued taxes not paid before the date referred to in subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1).
Any such taxes if subsequently paid—
(i) shall be taken into account for the taxable year to which such taxes relate, and
(ii) shall be translated as provided in section 986(a)(2)(A).
The amount of tax (if any) due on any redetermination under paragraph (1) shall be paid by the taxpayer on notice and demand by the Secretary, and the amount of tax overpaid (if any) shall be credited or refunded to the taxpayer in accordance with subchapter B of chapter 66 (section 6511 et seq.).
In the case of any tax accrued but not paid, the Secretary, as a condition precedent to the allowance of the credit provided in this subpart, may require the taxpayer to give a bond, with sureties satisfactory to and approved by the Secretary, in such sum as the Secretary may require, conditioned on the payment by the taxpayer of any amount of tax found due on any such redetermination. Any such bond shall contain such further conditions as the Secretary may require.
In any redetermination under paragraph (1) by the Secretary of the amount of tax due from the taxpayer for the year or years affected by a refund, the amount of the taxes refunded for which credit has been allowed under this section shall be reduced by the amount of any tax described in section 901 imposed by the foreign country or possession of the United States with respect to such refund; but no credit under this subpart, or deduction under section 164, shall be allowed for any taxable year with respect to any such tax imposed on the refund. No interest shall be assessed or collected on any amount of tax due on any redetermination by the Secretary, resulting from a refund to the taxpayer, for any period before the receipt of such refund, except to the extent interest was paid by the foreign country or possession of the United States on such refund for such period.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 288; Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §103(b), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1675; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §§1901(a)(114), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1784, 1834; Pub. L. 96–603, §2(c)(1), Dec. 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 3509; Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §343(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 635; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1102(a)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 964; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(c)(20), (21), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2223.)
2017—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(20), struck out "The Secretary may prescribe adjustments to the pools of post-1986 foreign income taxes and the pools of post-1986 undistributed earnings under sections 902 and 960 in lieu of the redetermination under the preceding sentence." at end of concluding provisions.
Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(21), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: "shall be taken into account—
"(I) in the case of taxes deemed paid under section 902 or section 960, for the taxable year in which paid (and no redetermination shall be made under this section by reason of such payment), and
"(II) in any other case, for the taxable year to which such taxes relate, and".
1997—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–34 amended heading and text of subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: "If accrued taxes when paid differ from the amounts claimed as credits by the taxpayer, or if any tax paid is refunded in whole or in part, the taxpayer shall notify the Secretary, who shall redetermine the amount of the tax for the year or years affected. The amount of tax due on such redetermination, if any, shall be paid by the taxpayer on notice and demand by the Secretary, or the amount of tax overpaid, if any, shall be credited or refunded to the taxpayer in accordance with subchapter B of chapter 66 (sec. 6511 and following). In the case of such a tax accrued but not paid, the Secretary, as a condition precedent to the allowance of this credit, may require the taxpayer to give a bond, with sureties satisfactory to and to be approved by the Secretary, in such sum as the Secretary may require, conditioned on the payment by the taxpayer of any amount of tax found due on any such redetermination; and the bond herein prescribed shall contain such further conditions as the Secretary may require. In such redetermination by the Secretary of the amount of tax due from the taxpayer for the year or years affected by a refund, the amount of the taxes refunded for which credit has been allowed under this section shall be reduced by the amount of any tax described in section 901 imposed by the foreign country or possession of the United States with respect to such refund; but no credit under this subpart, and no deduction under section 164 (relating to deduction for taxes) shall be allowed for any taxable year with respect to such tax imposed on the refund. No interest shall be assessed or collected on any amount of tax due on any redetermination by the Secretary, resulting from a refund to the taxpayer, for any period before the receipt of such refund, except to the extent interest was paid by the foreign country or possession of the United States on such refund for such period."
1982—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–248, §343(a), struck out provision that, although no interest can be assessed or collected on any amount of tax due on any redetermination by the Secretary, resulting from a refund to the taxpayer, for any period before the receipt of such refund, except to the extent interest has been paid by the foreign country or possession of the United States on such refund for such period, that prohibition does not apply (with respect to any period after the refund or adjustment in the foreign taxes) if the taxpayer fails to notify the Secretary (on or before the date prescribed by regulations for giving such notice) unless it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect.
1980—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–603 inserted provision that the preceding sentence not apply, with respect to any period after the refund or adjustment in the foreign taxes, if the taxpayer fails to notify the Secretary, on or before the date prescribed by regulations for giving such notice, unless it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect.
1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1901(a)(114), 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out provision allowing credits to be taken for tax on royalties paid, accrued and derived from sources within the United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland and struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary", in two places.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" in eight places.
1958—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 85–866 inserted sentence deeming recipient of a royalty or other amount for use of copyright, patent, and other like property derived from sources within United Kingdom, to have paid or accrued taxes paid or accrued to United Kingdom with respect to royalty if recipient elects to include in its gross income the amount of such United Kingdom tax.
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1102(c)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 966, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a)(2) [amending this section] shall apply to taxes which relate to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1997."
Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §343(b), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 635, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall have the same effect as if the last sentence of section 905(c) had never been enacted."
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–603 applicable with respect to employer contributions or accruals for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1979, election to apply amendments retroactively with respect to foreign subsidiaries, allowance or prior deductions in case of certain funded branch plans, and time and manner for making elections, see section 2(e) of Pub. L. 96–603, set out as an Effective Date note under section 404A of this title.
Amendment by section 1901(a)(114) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §103(c), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1675, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [amending section 131(e) of Internal Revenue Code of 1939] shall apply for all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1950, as to which section 131 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 is the applicable provision. The amendment made by subsection (b) of this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1953, and ending after August 16, 1954. No interest shall be allowed or paid on any overpayment resulting from the amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) of this section."
A nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year shall be allowed a credit under section 901 for the amount of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued during the taxable year to any foreign country or possession of the United States with respect to income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
(1) For purposes of subsection (a) and for purposes of determining the deductions allowable under sections 873(a) and 882(c), in determining the amount of any tax paid or accrued to any foreign country or possession there shall not be taken into account any amount of tax to the extent the tax so paid or accrued is imposed with respect to income from sources within the United States which would not be taxed by such foreign country or possession but for the fact that—
(A) in the case of a nonresident alien individual, such individual is a citizen or resident of such foreign country or possession, or
(B) in the case of a foreign corporation, such corporation was created or organized under the law of such foreign country or possession or is domiciled for tax purposes in such country or possession.
(2) For purposes of subsection (a), in applying section 904 the taxpayer's taxable income shall be treated as consisting only of the taxable income effectively connected with the taxpayer's conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
(3) The credit allowed pursuant to subsection (a) shall not be allowed against any tax imposed by section 871(a) (relating to income of nonresident alien individual not connected with United States business) or 881 (relating to income of foreign corporations not connected with United States business).
[(4), (5) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(c)(23), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2223.]
(6) No credit shall be allowed under this section against the tax imposed by section 884.
(Added Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §106(a)(1), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1568; amended Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §801(d)(3), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 996; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1241(c), title XVIII, §1876(d)(3), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2580, 2899; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(q)(10), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3524; Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(11), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2490; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(c)(22), (23), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2223.)
2017—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(22), struck out "(or deemed, under section 902, paid or accrued during the taxable year)" after "paid or accrued during the taxable year".
Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(23), struck out pars. (4) and (5) which read as follows:
"(4) For purposes of sections 902(a) and 78, a foreign corporation choosing the benefits of this subpart which receives dividends shall, with respect to such dividends, be treated as a domestic corporation.
"(5) For purposes of section 902, any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued (or deemed paid or accrued) to any foreign country or possession of the United States with respect to income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States shall not be taken into account, and any accumulated profits attributable to such income shall not be taken into account."
2007—Subsec. (b)(5) to (7). Pub. L. 110–172 redesignated pars. (6) and (7) as (5) and (6), respectively, and struck out former par. (5) which read as follows: "No credit shall be allowed under this section for any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued with respect to the foreign trade income (within the meaning of section 923(b)) of a FSC."
1988—Subsec. (b)(6), (7). Pub. L. 100–647 redesignated par. (6), relating to credit against tax imposed by section 884, as (7).
1986—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 99–514, §1876(d)(3), added par. (6) relating to credit for income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued to a foreign country or possession of the United States.
Pub. L. 99–514, §1241(c), added par. (6) relating to credit against tax imposed by section 884.
1984—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 98–369 added par. (5).
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 1241(c) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1241(e) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 884 of this title.
Amendment by section 1876(d)(3) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 805(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Section applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, and, in applying section 904 of this title with respect to this section, no amount to be carried from or to any taxable year beginning before Jan. 1, 1967, and no such year to be taken into account, see section 106(a)(6) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as an Effective Date of 1966 Amendment note under section 874 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
In applying section 901, the amount of any foreign oil and gas taxes paid or accrued (or deemed to have been paid) during the taxable year which would (but for this subsection) be taken into account for purposes of section 901 shall be reduced by the amount (if any) by which the amount of such taxes exceeds the product of—
(1) the amount of the combined foreign oil and gas income for the taxable year,
(2) multiplied by—
(A) in the case of a corporation, the percentage which is equal to the highest rate of tax specified under section 11(b), or
(B) in the case of an individual, a fraction the numerator of which is the tax against which the credit under section 901(a) is taken and the denominator of which is the taxpayer's entire taxable income.
For purposes of this section—
The term "combined foreign oil and gas income" means, with respect to any taxable year, the sum of—
(A) foreign oil and gas extraction income, and
(B) foreign oil related income.
The term "foreign oil and gas taxes" means, with respect to any taxable year, the sum of—
(A) oil and gas extraction taxes, and
(B) any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued (or deemed to have been paid or accrued under section 960) during the taxable year with respect to foreign oil related income (determined without regard to subsection (c)(4)) or loss which would be taken into account for purposes of section 901 without regard to this section.
For purposes of this section—
The term "foreign oil and gas extraction income" means the taxable income derived from sources without the United States and its possessions from—
(A) the extraction (by the taxpayer or any other person) of minerals from oil or gas wells, or
(B) the sale or exchange of assets used by the taxpayer in the trade or business described in subparagraph (A).
Such term does not include any dividend or interest income which is passive income (as defined in section 904(d)(2)(A)).
The term "foreign oil related income" means the taxable income derived from sources outside the United States and its possessions from—
(A) the processing of minerals extracted (by the taxpayer or by any other person) from oil or gas wells into their primary products,
(B) the transportation of such minerals or primary products,
(C) the distribution or sale of such minerals or primary products,
(D) the disposition of assets used by the taxpayer in the trade or business described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C), or
(E) the performance of any other related service.
Such term does not include any dividend or interest income which is passive income (as defined in section 904(d)(2)(A)).
The term "foreign oil and gas extraction income" and the term "foreign oil related income" include—
(A) interest, to the extent the category of income of such interest is determined under section 904(d)(3),
(B) amounts with respect to which taxes are deemed paid under section 960, and
(C) the taxpayer's distributive share of the income of partnerships,
to the extent such dividends, interest, amounts, or distributive share is attributable to foreign oil and gas extraction income, or to foreign oil related income, as the case may be; except that interest described in subparagraph (A) shall not be taken into account in computing foreign oil and gas extraction income but shall be taken into account in computing foreign oil-related income.
The combined foreign oil and gas income of a taxpayer for a taxable year (determined without regard to this paragraph) shall be reduced—
(i) first by the amount determined under subparagraph (B), and
(ii) then by the amount determined under subparagraph (C).
The aggregate amount of such reductions shall be treated as income (from sources without the United States) which is not combined foreign oil and gas income.
The reduction under this paragraph shall be equal to the lesser of—
(i) the foreign oil and gas extraction income of the taxpayer for the taxable year (determined without regard to this paragraph), or
(ii) the excess of—
(I) the aggregate amount of foreign oil extraction losses for preceding taxable years beginning after December 31, 1982, and before January 1, 2009, over
(II) so much of such aggregate amount as was recharacterized under this paragraph (as in effect before and after the date of the enactment of the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008) for preceding taxable years beginning after December 31, 1982.
The reduction under this paragraph shall be equal to the lesser of—
(i) the combined foreign oil and gas income of the taxpayer for the taxable year (determined without regard to this paragraph), reduced by an amount equal to the reduction under subparagraph (A) for the taxable year, or
(ii) the excess of—
(I) the aggregate amount of foreign oil and gas losses for preceding taxable years beginning after December 31, 2008, over
(II) so much of such aggregate amount as was recharacterized under this paragraph for preceding taxable years beginning after December 31, 2008.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "foreign oil and gas loss" means the amount by which—
(I) the gross income for the taxable year from sources without the United States and its possessions (whether or not the taxpayer chooses the benefits of this subpart for such taxable year) taken into account in determining the combined foreign oil and gas income for such year, is exceeded by
(II) the sum of the deductions properly apportioned or allocated thereto.
For purposes of clause (i), the net operating loss deduction allowable for the taxable year under section 172(a) shall not be taken into account.
For purposes of clause (i), there shall not be taken into account—
(I) any foreign expropriation loss (as defined in section 172(h) (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990)) for the taxable year, or
(II) any loss for the taxable year which arises from fire, storm, shipwreck, or other casualty, or from theft,
to the extent such loss is not compensated for by insurance or otherwise.
For purposes of subparagraph (B)(ii)(I), foreign oil extraction losses shall be determined under this paragraph as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008.
The term "oil and gas extraction taxes" means any income, war profits, and excess profits tax paid or accrued (or deemed to have been paid under section 960) during the taxable year with respect to foreign oil and gas extraction income (determined without regard to paragraph (4)) or loss which would be taken into account for purposes of section 901 without regard to this section.
For purposes of this chapter, in determining the amount of taxable income in the case of foreign oil and gas extraction income, if the oil or gas is disposed of, or is acquired other than from the government of a foreign country, at a posted price (or other pricing arrangement) which differs from the fair market value for such oil or gas, such fair market value shall be used in lieu of such posted price (or other pricing arrangement).
If the amount of the foreign oil and gas taxes paid or accrued during any taxable year exceeds the limitation provided by subsection (a) for such taxable year (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the "unused credit year"), such excess shall be deemed to be foreign oil and gas taxes paid or accrued in the first preceding taxable year and in any of the first 10 succeeding taxable years, in that order and to the extent not deemed tax paid or accrued in a prior taxable year by reason of the limitation imposed by paragraph (2). Such amount deemed paid or accrued in any taxable year may be availed of only as a tax credit and not as a deduction and only if the taxpayer for such year chooses to have the benefits of this subpart as to taxes paid or accrued for that year to foreign countries or possessions.
The amount of the unused foreign oil and gas taxes which under paragraph (1) may be deemed paid or accrued in any preceding or succeeding taxable year shall not exceed the lesser of—
(A) the amount by which the limitation provided by subsection (a) for such taxable year exceeds the sum of—
(i) the foreign oil and gas taxes paid or accrued during such taxable year, plus
(ii) the amounts of the foreign oil and gas taxes which by reason of this subsection are deemed paid or accrued in such taxable year and are attributable to taxable years preceding the unused credit year; or
(B) the amount by which the limitation provided by section 904 for such taxable year exceeds the sum of—
(i) the taxes paid or accrued (or deemed to have been paid under section 960) to all foreign countries and possessions of the United States during such taxable year,
(ii) the amount of such taxes which were deemed paid or accrued in such taxable year under section 904(c) and which are attributable to taxable years preceding the unused credit year, plus
(iii) the amount of the foreign oil and gas taxes which by reason of this subsection are deemed paid or accrued in such taxable year and are attributable to taxable years preceding the unused credit year.
(A) In the case of any taxable year which is an unused credit year under this subsection and which is an unused credit year under section 904(c), the provisions of this subsection shall be applied before section 904(c).
(B) For purposes of determining the amount of taxes paid or accrued in any taxable year which may be deemed paid or accrued in a preceding or succeeding taxable year under section 904(c), any tax deemed paid or accrued in such preceding or succeeding taxable year under this subsection shall be considered to be tax paid or accrued in such preceding or succeeding taxable year.
In the case of any unused credit year beginning before January 1, 2009, this subsection, as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, shall apply to unused oil and gas extraction taxes carried from such unused credit year to a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2008.
In the case of any unused credit year beginning in 2009, the amendments made to this subsection by the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 shall be treated as being in effect for any preceding year beginning before January 1, 2009, solely for purposes of determining how much of the unused foreign oil and gas taxes for such unused credit year may be deemed paid or accrued in such preceding year.
(Added Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §601(a), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 54; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §§1031(b)(6), 1032(b), 1035(a), (b), (d)(1), (2), 1052(c)(4), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1623, 1626, 1630–1632, 1648; Pub. L. 95–600, title III, §301(b)(14), title VII, §701(u)(8)(A), (B), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2822, 2916; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §211(a)–(c)(1), (d), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 448–450; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(g)(6), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3501; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11801(a)(32), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–521; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13235(a)(1), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 504; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1704(t)(36), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1889; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §417(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1512; Pub. L. 110–343, div. B, title IV, §402(a)–(c), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3852, 3854; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §210(e), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4031; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(c)(24)–(27), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2223, 2224; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(158), (159), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1191.)
The date of the enactment of the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (c)(4)(B)(ii)(II), (D)(iv) and (f)(4)(A), is the date of enactment of div. B of Pub. L. 110–343, which was approved Oct. 3, 2008.
Section 172(h), referred to in subsec. (c)(4)(D)(iii)(I), was repealed by Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11811(b)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–532.
The date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (c)(4)(D)(iii)(I), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, which was approved Nov. 5, 1990.
The Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (f)(4)(B), is div. B of Pub. L. 110–343, Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3807. For the amendments made to subsec. (f) of this section by the Act, see 2008 Amendment notes below.
2018—Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(a)(158), substituted comma for period at end.
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(a)(159), substituted "years," for "year,".
2017—Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(24), struck out "902 or" after "under section".
Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(25)(A), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "dividends and interest from a foreign corporation in respect of which taxes are deemed paid by the taxpayer under section 902,".
Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(25)(B), substituted "section 960" for "section 960(a)".
Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(26), struck out "902 or" after "under section".
Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(27), struck out "902 or" after "under section".
2014—Subsec. (f)(4)(A). Pub. L. 113–295 substituted "this subsection, as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, shall apply to unused oil and gas extraction taxes carried from such unused credit year to a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2008." for "this subsection shall be applied to any unused oil and gas extraction taxes carried from such unused credit year to a year beginning after December 31, 2008—
"(i) by substituting 'oil and gas extraction taxes' for 'foreign oil and gas taxes' each place it appears in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), and
"(ii) by computing, for purposes of paragraph (2)(A), the limitation under subparagraph (A) for the year to which such taxes are carried by substituting 'foreign oil and gas extraction income' for 'foreign oil and gas income' in subsection (a)."
2008—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 110–343, §402(a), amended subsecs. (a) and (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) related to reduction in amount of oil and gas extraction taxes paid or accrued for purposes of section 901 and subsec. (b) excepted certain amounts of foreign oil related income taxes paid or accrued to any foreign country from the definition of "income, war profits, and excess profits taxes".
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 110–343, §402(b), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) provided for recapture of foreign oil and gas extraction losses by recharacterizing later extraction income.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–343, §402(c)(1), substituted "foreign oil and gas taxes" for "oil and gas extraction taxes" wherever appearing.
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 110–343, §402(c)(2), added par. (4).
2004—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 108–357, §417(b)(3), struck out at end "For purposes of this subsection, the terms 'second preceding taxable year', and 'first preceding taxable year' do not include any taxable year ending before January 1, 1975."
Pub. L. 108–357, §417(b)(2), substituted "and in any of the first 10" for ", and in the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth".
Pub. L. 108–357, §417(b)(1), struck out "in the second preceding taxable year," before "in the first preceding taxable year".
1996—Subsec. (c)(4)(B)(iii)(I). Pub. L. 104–188 inserted "(as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990)" after "section 172(h)".
1993—Subsec. (c)(1), (2). Pub. L. 103–66 inserted concluding provisions.
1990—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–508, §11801(a)(32), struck out subsec. (e) which read as follows:
"(1)
"(2)
Subsec. (f)(3)(C). Pub. L. 101–508, §11801(a)(32), struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: "For purposes of determining the amount of the unused oil and gas extraction taxes which under paragraph (1) may be deemed paid or accrued in any taxable year ending before January 1, 1977, subparagraph (A) of paragraph (2) shall be applied as if the amendment made by section 1035(a) of the Tax Reform Act of 1976 applied to such taxable year."
1988—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(g)(6)(B), struck out "and dividends described in subparagraph (B)" after "described in subparagraph (A)" in closing provisions.
Subsec. (c)(3)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(g)(6)(A), redesignated subpars. (C) and (D) as (B) and (C), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "dividends from a domestic corporation which are treated under section 861(a)(2)(A) as income from sources without the United States,".
1982—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–248, §211(c)(1), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b), which had provided that section 904 be applied separately with respect to foreign oil related income and other taxable income, was struck out.
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 97–248, §211(b), in subpar. (A) substituted "the processing of minerals extracted (by the taxpayer or by any other person) from oil or gas wells into their primary products" for "the extraction (by the taxpayer or any other person) of minerals from oil or gas wells", deleted subpar. (B) which had provided that foreign oil related income meant the taxable income derived from sources outside the United States and its possessions from the processing of minerals from oil or gas wells into their primary products, redesignated subpar. (C) as (B), redesignated subpar. (D) as (C) and in subpar. (C) as so redesignated struck out "or" at the end, redesignated subpar. (E) as (D) and in subpar. (D) as so redesignated substituted "disposition" for "sale or exchange", and "or (C), or" for "(C), or (D)", struck out the period at the end, and added subpar. (E).
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 97–248, §211(a), substituted provisions regarding the recapture of foreign oil and gas extraction losses by recharacterization of later extraction income for provisions that if, for any foreign country for any taxable year, the taxpayer would have had a net operating loss if only items from sources within such country (including deductions properly apportioned or allocated thereto) which related to the extraction of minerals from oil or gas wells had been taken into account, such items would not be taken into account in computing foreign oil and gas extraction income for such year, but would be taken into account in computing foreign oil related income for such year.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–248, §211(d)(1), substituted rules regarding credits arising in taxable years beginning before Jan. 1, 1983, for rules regarding taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1974, in par. (1), and in par. (2) substituted rules regarding carryback of credits arising in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, for rules regarding taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1975.
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 97–248, §211(d)(2)(A), substituted "such excess" for "so much of such excess as does not exceed 2 percent of foreign oil and gas extraction income for such taxable year" in first sentence, and struck out former provision that had directed that the above substitution be made regarding taxes deemed paid or accrued in any taxable year which ended in 1975, 1976, or 1977.
Subsec. (f)(2)(B). Pub. L. 97–248, §211(d)(2)(B)(i), substituted "provided by section 904 for such taxable year" for "provided by section 904 on taxes paid or accrued with respect to foreign oil-related income for such taxable year" in the introductory provisions, and in cl. (i) substituted "the United States during such taxable year" for "the United States with respect to such income during such taxable year".
Subsec. (f)(3)(A). Pub. L. 97–248, §211(d)(2)(B)(ii), substituted "section 904(c)" for "section 904(c) with respect to oil-related income".
Subsec. (f)(3)(B). Pub. L. 97–248, §211(d)(2)(B)(iii), struck out "oil-related" after "determining the amount of".
1978—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 95–600, §§301(b)(14), 701(u)(8)(A), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted applicability to corporations and generally reworked applicable formula, and added subpar. (B).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–600, §701(u)(8)(B), substituted provisions relating to applicability of section 904 separately to foreign oil related income and other taxable income for provisions relating to applicability of section 904 to corporations and other taxpayers.
1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §1035(a), substituted "oil and gas extraction taxes" for "income, war profits, and excess profits taxes" after "the amount of any" and, in par. (2), substituted "the percentage which is the sum of the normal tax rate and the surtax rate for the taxable year specified in section 11" for provisions giving the percentage multiplier for years ending 1975, 1976, and after 1976.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1032(b)(1), 1035(b), inserted provisions making a distinction between corporations and other taxpayers and rules applicable to each and, as amended, struck out provision requiring the overall limitation, rather than the per-country limitation, be applied in the case of a corporation to foreign oil-related income and, a taxpayer other than a corporation, to foreign oil and gas extraction income.
Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 94–455, §1035(d)(2), added par. (5).
Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 94–455, §1031(b)(6)(A), substituted "(d) and (e) of section 904 (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1976)" for "(d) and (e) of section 904" after "In applying subsections".
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 94–455, §1031(b)(6), substituted "(d) and (e) of section 904 (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1976)" for "(d) and (e) of section 904" after "In applying subsections", "section 904(a)(1) (as so in effect)" for "section 904(a)(1)" after "provided by section" and, in subpar. (A), "section 904(e)(2) (as so in effect)" for "section 904(e)(2)" after "sentence of section".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1032(b)(2), 1035(d)(1), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f), relating to recapture of foreign oil related loss, was struck out.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1032(b)(2), 1035(d)(1), 1052(c)(4), struck out subsec. (g) relating to Western Hemisphere trade corporations which are members of an affiliated group.
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 113–295 effective as if included in the provisions of the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110–343, div. B, to which such amendment relates, see section 210(h) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 45 of this title.
Pub. L. 110–343, div. B, title IV, §402(e), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3854, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 6501 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2008."
Amendment by section 417(b)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to excess foreign taxes arising in taxable years beginning after Oct. 22, 2004, and amendment by section 417(b)(2) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to excess foreign taxes which may be carried to any taxable year ending after Oct. 22, 2004, see section 417(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1992, see section 13235(c) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §211(e), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 450, as amended by Pub. L. 97–448, title III, §306(a)(5), 96 Stat. 2401; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VII, §712(e), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 947, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) The term 'separate basket foreign loss' means any foreign loss attributable to activities taken into account (or not taken into account) in determining foreign oil related income (as defined in old section 907(c)(2)).
"(ii) An 'old' section is such section as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 3, 1982]."
Amendment by section 301(b)(14) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1978, see section 301(c) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(8)(D), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2916, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(i) The amendments made by this paragraph [amending this section and section 904 of this title] shall apply, in the case of individuals, to taxable years ending after December 31, 1974, and, in the case of corporations, to taxable years ending after December 31, 1976.
"(ii) In the case of any taxable year ending after December 31, 1975, with respect to foreign oil related income (within the meaning of section 907(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954]), the overall limitation provided by section 904(a)(2) of such Code shall apply and the per-country limitation provided by section 904(a)(1) of such Code shall not apply."
Amendment by section 1031(b)(6)(A) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, with exceptions for certain mining operations, income from possessions, and carryback and carryover in the case of mining operations and income from a possession, see section 1031(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Amendment by section 1032(b)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, and amendment by section 1032(b)(2) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to losses sustained in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 1032(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1035(e), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1633, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(1) The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years ending after December 31, 1976.
"(2) The amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years ending after December 31, 1974; except that the last sentence of section 907(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] shall only apply to taxable years ending after December 31, 1975.
"(3) The amendment made by subsection (c) [enacting provisions set out below] shall apply to taxable years beginning after June 29, 1976.
"(4) The amendments made by subsection (d) [amending this section] shall apply to taxes paid or accrued during taxable years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976]."
Amendment by section 1052(c)(4) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1979, see section 1052(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §601(d), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 58, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending section 901 of this title] shall apply to taxable years ending after December 31, 1974; except that—
"(1) the second sentence of section 907(b) shall apply to taxable years ending after December 31, 1975, and
"(2) the provisions of section 907(f) shall apply to losses sustained in taxable years ending after December 31, 1975."
For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Nov. 5, 1990, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 11821(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1035(c), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1631, as amended by Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §§701(u)(9), 703(h)(1), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2916, 2940; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(1) For purposes of section 901 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], there shall be treated as income, war profits, and excess profits taxes to be taken into account under section 907(a) of such Code amounts designated as income taxes of a foreign government by such government (which otherwise would not be treated as taxes for purposes of section 901 of such Code) with respect to production-sharing contracts for the extraction of foreign oil or gas.
"(2) The amounts specified in paragraph (1) shall not exceed the lessor of—
"(A) the product of the foreign oil and gas extraction income (as defined in section 907(c) of such Code) with respect to all such production-sharing contracts multiplied by the sum of the normal tax rate and the surtax rate for the taxable year specified in section 11 of such Code, or
"(B) the excess of the total amount of foreign oil and gas extraction income (as so defined) for the taxable year multiplied by the sum of the normal tax rate and the surtax rate for the taxable year specified in section 11 of such Code over the amount of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued (or deemed to have been paid) without regard to paragraph (1) during the taxable year with respect to foreign oil and gas extraction income.
"(3) The production-sharing contracts taken into account for purposes of paragraph (1) shall be those contracts which were entered into before April 8, 1976, for the sharing of foreign oil and gas production with a foreign government (or an entity owned by such government) with respect to which amounts claimed as taxes paid or accrued to such foreign government for taxable years beginning before June 30, 1976, will not be disallowed as taxes. A contract described in the preceding sentence shall be taken into account under paragraph (1) only with respect to amounts (A) paid or accrued to the foreign government before January 1, 1978, and (B) attributable to income earned before such date."
If a person, or a member of a controlled group (within the meaning of section 993(a)(3)) which includes such person, participates in or cooperates with an international boycott during the taxable year (within the meaning of section 999(b)), the amount of the credit allowable under section 901 to such person, or under section 960 to United States shareholders of such person, for foreign taxes paid during the taxable year shall be reduced by an amount equal to the product of—
(1) the amount of the credit which, but for this section, would be allowed under section 901 for the taxable year, multiplied by
(2) the international boycott factor (determined under section 999).
Section 275(a)(4) and section 78 shall not apply to any amount of taxes denied credit under subsection (a).
(Added Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1061(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1649; amended Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(c)(28), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2224.)
2017—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–97 struck out "902 or" after "or under section" in introductory provisions.
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1066(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1654, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
If there is a foreign tax credit splitting event with respect to a foreign income tax paid or accrued by the taxpayer, such tax shall not be taken into account for purposes of this title before the taxable year in which the related income is taken into account under this chapter by the taxpayer.
If there is a foreign tax credit splitting event with respect to a foreign income tax paid or accrued by a specified 10-percent owned foreign corporation (as defined in section 245A(b) without regard to paragraph (2) thereof), such tax shall not be taken into account—
(1) for purposes of section 960, or
(2) for purposes of determining earnings and profits under section 964(a),
before the taxable year in which the related income is taken into account under this chapter by such specified 10-percent owned foreign corporation or a domestic corporation which is a United States shareholder with respect to such specified 10-percent owned foreign corporation.
For purposes of this section—
In the case of a partnership, subsections (a) and (b) shall be applied at the partner level. Except as otherwise provided by the Secretary, a rule similar to the rule of the preceding sentence shall apply in the case of any S corporation or trust.
In the case of any foreign income tax not taken into account by reason of subsection (a) or (b), except as otherwise provided by the Secretary, such tax shall be so taken into account in the taxable year referred to in such subsection (other than for purposes of section 986(a)) as a foreign income tax paid or accrued in such taxable year.
For purposes of this section—
There is a foreign tax credit splitting event with respect to a foreign income tax if the related income is (or will be) taken into account under this chapter by a covered person.
The term "foreign income tax" means any income, war profits, or excess profits tax paid or accrued to any foreign country or to any possession of the United States.
The term "related income" means, with respect to any portion of any foreign income tax, the income (or, as appropriate, earnings and profits) to which such portion of foreign income tax relates.
The term "covered person" means, with respect to any person who pays or accrues a foreign income tax (hereafter in this paragraph referred to as the "payor")—
(A) any entity in which the payor holds, directly or indirectly, at least a 10 percent ownership interest (determined by vote or value),
(B) any person which holds, directly or indirectly, at least a 10 percent ownership interest (determined by vote or value) in the payor,
(C) any person which bears a relationship to the payor described in section 267(b) or 707(b), and
(D) any other person specified by the Secretary for purposes of this paragraph.
The Secretary may issue such regulations or other guidance as is necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations or other guidance which provides—
(1) appropriate exceptions from the provisions of this section, and
(2) for the proper application of this section with respect to hybrid instruments.
(Added Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §211(a), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2394; amended Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(c)(29), (30), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2224.)
2017—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(29)(A), (C), (D), substituted "specified 10-percent owned foreign corporations" for "section 902 corporations" in heading, "specified 10-percent owned foreign corporation (as defined in section 245A(b) without regard to paragraph (2) thereof)" for "section 902 corporation" in introductory provisions, and "by such specified 10-percent owned foreign corporation or a domestic corporation which is a United States shareholder with respect to such specified 10-percent owned foreign corporation." for "by such section 902 corporation or a domestic corporation which meets the ownership requirements of subsection (a) or (b) of section 902 with respect to such section 902 corporation." in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(29)(B), struck out "902 or" after "for purposes of section".
Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(30), struck out par. (5). Text read as follows: "The term 'section 902 corporation' means any foreign corporation with respect to which one or more domestic corporations meets the ownership requirements of subsection (a) or (b) of section 902."
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.
Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §211(c), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2395, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall apply to—
"(1) foreign income taxes (as defined in section 909(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as added by this section) paid or accrued in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2010; and
"(2) foreign income taxes (as so defined) paid or accrued by a [former] section 902 corporation (as so defined) in taxable years beginning on or before such date (and not deemed paid under section 902(a) or 960 of such Code on or before such date), but only for purposes of applying sections 902 and 960 with respect to periods after such date.
Section 909(b)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as added by this section, shall not apply to foreign income taxes described in paragraph (2)."
1981—Pub. L. 97–34, title I, §§111(b)(1), 112(b)(1), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 194, 195, substituted "Citizens or residents of the United States living abroad" for "Income earned by individuals in certain camps or from charitable services" in item 911 and struck out item 913 "Deduction for certain expenses of living abroad".
1980—Pub. L. 96–595, §4(c)(2), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3467, inserted "or from charitable services" after "camps" in item 911.
1978—Pub. L. 95–615, §§202(g)(2), (3), 203(c), formerly §§202(f)(2), (3), 203(c), Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3100, 3106, renumbered Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §108(a)(1)(A), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 223, inserted in subpart heading "or Residents" after "Citizens", substituted in item 911 "Income earned by individuals in certain camps" for "Earned income from sources without the United States", and added item 913.
At the election of a qualified individual (made separately with respect to paragraphs (1) and (2)), there shall be excluded from the gross income of such individual, and exempt from taxation under this subtitle, for any taxable year—
(1) the foreign earned income of such individual, and
(2) the housing cost amount of such individual.
For purposes of this section—
The term "foreign earned income" with respect to any individual means the amount received by such individual from sources within a foreign country or countries which constitute earned income attributable to services performed by such individual during the period described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (d)(1), whichever is applicable.
The foreign earned income for an individual shall not include amounts—
(i) received as a pension or annuity,
(ii) paid by the United States or an agency thereof to an employee of the United States or an agency thereof,
(iii) included in gross income by reason of section 402(b) (relating to taxability of beneficiary of nonexempt trust) or section 403(c) (relating to taxability of beneficiary under a nonqualified annuity), or
(iv) received after the close of the taxable year following the taxable year in which the services to which the amounts are attributable are performed.
The foreign earned income of an individual which may be excluded under subsection (a)(1) for any taxable year shall not exceed the amount of foreign earned income computed on a daily basis at an annual rate equal to the exclusion amount for the calendar year in which such taxable year begins.
For purposes of applying subparagraph (A), amounts received shall be considered received in the taxable year in which the services to which the amounts are attributable are performed.
In applying subparagraph (A) with respect to amounts received from services performed by a husband or wife which are community income under community property laws applicable to such income, the aggregate amount which may be excludable from the gross income of such husband and wife under subsection (a)(1) for any taxable year shall equal the amount which would be so excludable if such amounts did not constitute community income.
The exclusion amount for any calendar year is $80,000.
In the case of any taxable year beginning in a calendar year after 2005, the $80,000 amount in clause (i) shall be increased by an amount equal to the product of—
(I) such dollar amount, and
(II) the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year in which the taxable year begins, determined by substituting "2004" for "2016" in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.
If any increase determined under the preceding sentence is not a multiple of $100, such increase shall be rounded to the next lowest multiple of $100.
For purposes of this section—
The term "housing cost amount" means an amount equal to the excess of—
(A) the housing expenses of an individual for the taxable year to the extent such expenses do not exceed the amount determined under paragraph (2), over
(B) an amount equal to the product of—
(i) 16 percent of the amount (computed on a daily basis) in effect under subsection (b)(2)(D) for the calendar year in which such taxable year begins, multiplied by
(ii) the number of days of such taxable year within the applicable period described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (d)(1).
The amount determined under this paragraph is an amount equal to the product of—
(i) 30 percent (adjusted as may be provided under subparagraph (B)) of the amount (computed on a daily basis) in effect under subsection (b)(2)(D) for the calendar year in which the taxable year of the individual begins, multiplied by
(ii) the number of days of such taxable year within the applicable period described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (d)(1).
The Secretary may issue regulations or other guidance providing for the adjustment of the percentage under subparagraph (A)(i) on the basis of geographic differences in housing costs relative to housing costs in the United States.
The term "housing expenses" means the reasonable expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year by or on behalf of an individual for housing for the individual (and, if they reside with him, for his spouse and dependents) in a foreign country. The term—
(i) includes expenses attributable to the housing (such as utilities and insurance), but
(ii) does not include interest and taxes of the kind deductible under section 163 or 164 or any amount allowable as a deduction under section 216(a).
Housing expenses shall not be treated as reasonable to the extent such expenses are lavish or extravagant under the circumstances.
Except as provided in clause (ii), only housing expenses incurred with respect to that abode which bears the closest relationship to the tax home of the individual shall be taken into account under paragraph (1).
If an individual maintains a separate abode outside the United States for his spouse and dependents and they do not reside with him because of living conditions which are dangerous, unhealthful, or otherwise adverse, then—
(I) the words "if they reside with him" in subparagraph (A) shall be disregarded, and
(II) the housing expenses incurred with respect to such abode shall be taken into account under paragraph (1).
To the extent the housing cost amount of any individual for any taxable year is not attributable to employer provided amounts, such amount shall be treated as a deduction allowable in computing adjusted gross income to the extent of the limitation of subparagraph (B).
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the limitation of this subparagraph is the excess of—
(i) the foreign earned income of the individual for the taxable year, over
(ii) the amount of such income excluded from gross income under subsection (a) for the taxable year.
The amount not allowable as a deduction for any taxable year under subparagraph (A) by reason of the limitation of subparagraph (B) shall be treated as a deduction allowable in computing adjusted gross income for the succeeding taxable year (and only for the succeeding taxable year) to the extent of the limitation of clause (ii) for such succeeding taxable year.
For purposes of clause (i), the limitation of this clause for any taxable year is the excess of—
(I) the limitation of subparagraph (B) for such taxable year, over
(II) amounts treated as a deduction under subparagraph (A) for such taxable year.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "employer provided amounts" means any amount paid or incurred on behalf of the individual by the individual's employer which is foreign earned income included in the individual's gross income for the taxable year (without regard to this section).
For purposes of this paragraph, an individual's foreign earned income for any taxable year shall be determined without regard to the limitation of subparagraph (A) of subsection (b)(2).
For purposes of this section—
The term "qualified individual" means an individual whose tax home is in a foreign country and who is—
(A) a citizen of the United States and establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that he has been a bona fide resident of a foreign country or countries for an uninterrupted period which includes an entire taxable year, or
(B) a citizen or resident of the United States and who, during any period of 12 consecutive months, is present in a foreign country or countries during at least 330 full days in such period.
The term "earned income" means wages, salaries, or professional fees, and other amounts received as compensation for personal services actually rendered, but does not include that part of the compensation derived by the taxpayer for personal services rendered by him to a corporation which represents a distribution of earnings or profits rather than a reasonable allowance as compensation for the personal services actually rendered.
In the case of a taxpayer engaged in a trade or business in which both personal services and capital are material income-producing factors, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, a reasonable allowance as compensation for the personal services rendered by the taxpayer, not in excess of 30 percent of his share of the net profits of such trade or business, shall be considered as earned income.
The term "tax home" means, with respect to any individual, such individual's home for purposes of section 162(a)(2) (relating to traveling expenses while away from home). An individual shall not be treated as having a tax home in a foreign country for any period for which his abode is within the United States, unless such individual is serving in an area designated by the President of the United States by Executive order as a combat zone for purposes of section 112 in support of the Armed Forces of the United States.
Notwithstanding paragraph (1), an individual who—
(A) is a bona fide resident of, or is present in, a foreign country for any period,
(B) leaves such foreign country after August 31, 1978—
(i) during any period during which the Secretary determines, after consultation with the Secretary of State or his delegate, that individuals were required to leave such foreign country because of war, civil unrest, or similar adverse conditions in such foreign country which precluded the normal conduct of business by such individuals, and
(ii) before meeting the requirements of such paragraph (1), and
(C) establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such individual could reasonably have been expected to have met such requirements but for the conditions referred to in clause (i) of subparagraph (B),
shall be treated as a qualified individual with respect to the period described in subparagraph (A) during which he was a bona fide resident of, or was present in, the foreign country, and in applying subsections (b)(2)(A), (c)(1)(B)(ii), and (c)(2)(A)(ii) with respect to such individual, only the days within such period shall be taken into account.
If—
(A) an individual who has earned income from sources within a foreign country submits a statement to the authorities of that country that he is not a resident of that country, and
(B) such individual is held not subject as a resident of that country to the income tax of that country by its authorities with respect to such earnings,
then such individual shall not be considered a bona fide resident of that country for purposes of paragraph (1)(A).
No deduction or exclusion from gross income under this subtitle or credit against the tax imposed by this chapter (including any credit or deduction for the amount of taxes paid or accrued to a foreign country or possession of the United States) shall be allowed to the extent such deduction, exclusion, or credit is properly allocable to or chargeable against amounts excluded from gross income under subsection (a).
The sum of the amount excluded under subsection (a) and the amount deducted under subsection (c)(4)(A) for the taxable year shall not exceed the individual's foreign earned income for such year.
If travel (or any transaction in connection with such travel) with respect to any foreign country is subject to the regulations described in subparagraph (B) during any period—
(i) the term "foreign earned income" shall not include any income from sources within such country attributable to services performed during such period,
(ii) the term "housing expenses" shall not include any expenses allocable to such period for housing in such country or for housing of the spouse or dependents of the taxpayer in another country while the taxpayer is present in such country, and
(iii) an individual shall not be treated as a bona fide resident of, or as present in, a foreign country for any day during which such individual was present in such country during such period.
For purposes of this paragraph, regulations are described in this subparagraph if such regulations—
(i) have been adopted pursuant to the Trading With the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. 4301 et seq.) or the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), and
(ii) include provisions generally prohibiting citizens and residents of the United States from engaging in transactions related to travel to, from, or within a foreign country.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any individual during any period in which such individual's activities are not in violation of the regulations described in subparagraph (B).
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations providing rules—
(A) for cases where a husband and wife each have earned income from sources outside the United States, and
(B) for married individuals filing separate returns.
An election under subsection (a) shall apply to the taxable year for which made and to all subsequent taxable years unless revoked under paragraph (2).
A taxpayer may revoke an election made under paragraph (1) for any taxable year after the taxable year for which such election was made. Except with the consent of the Secretary, any taxpayer who makes such a revocation for any taxable year may not make another election under this section for any subsequent taxable year before the 6th taxable year after the taxable year for which such revocation was made.
If, for any taxable year, any amount is excluded from gross income of a taxpayer under subsection (a), then, notwithstanding sections 1 and 55—
(A) if such taxpayer has taxable income for such taxable year, the tax imposed by section 1 for such taxable year shall be equal to the excess (if any) of—
(i) the tax which would be imposed by section 1 for such taxable year if the taxpayer's taxable income were increased by the amount excluded under subsection (a) for such taxable year, over
(ii) the tax which would be imposed by section 1 for such taxable year if the taxpayer's taxable income were equal to the amount excluded under subsection (a) for such taxable year, and
(B) if such taxpayer has a taxable excess (as defined in section 55(b)(1)(B)) for such taxable year, the amount determined under the first sentence of section 55(b)(1)(A) for such taxable year shall be equal to the excess (if any) of—
(i) the amount which would be determined under such sentence for such taxable year (subject to the limitation of section 55(b)(3)) if the taxpayer's taxable excess (as so defined) were increased by the amount excluded under subsection (a) for such taxable year, over
(ii) the amount which would be determined under such sentence for such taxable year if the taxpayer's taxable excess (as so defined) were equal to the amount excluded under subsection (a) for such taxable year.
For purposes of this paragraph, the amount excluded under subsection (a) shall be reduced by the aggregate amount of any deductions or exclusions disallowed under subsection (d)(6) with respect to such excluded amount.
In applying section 1(h) for purposes of determining the tax under paragraph (1)(A)(i) for any taxable year in which, without regard to this subsection, the taxpayer's net capital gain exceeds taxable income (hereafter in this subparagraph referred to as the capital gain excess)—
(i) the taxpayer's net capital gain (determined without regard to section 1(h)(11)) shall be reduced (but not below zero) by such capital gain excess,
(ii) the taxpayer's qualified dividend income shall be reduced by so much of such capital gain excess as exceeds the taxpayer's net capital gain (determined without regard to section 1(h)(11) and the reduction under clause (i)), and
(iii) adjusted net capital gain, unrecaptured section 1250 gain, and 28-percent rate gain shall each be determined after increasing the amount described in section 1(h)(4)(B) by such capital gain excess.
In applying section 55(b)(3) for purposes of determining the tax under paragraph (1)(B)(i) for any taxable year in which, without regard to this subsection, the taxpayer's net capital gain exceeds the taxable excess (as defined in section 55(b)(1)(B))—
(i) the rules of subparagraph (A) shall apply, except that such subparagraph shall be applied by substituting "the taxable excess (as defined in section 55(b)(1)(B))" for "taxable income", and
(ii) the reference in section 55(b)(3)(B) to the excess described in section 1(h)(1)(B), and the reference in section 55(b)(3)(C)(ii) to the excess described in section 1(h)(1)(C)(ii), shall each be treated as a reference to each such excess as determined under the rules of subparagraph (A) for purposes of determining the tax under paragraph (1)(A)(i).
Terms used in this paragraph which are also used in section 1(h) shall have the respective meanings given such terms by section 1(h), except that in applying subparagraph (B) the adjustments under part VI of subchapter A shall be taken into account.
For administrative and penal provisions relating to the exclusions provided for in this section, see sections 6001, 6011, 6012(c), and the other provisions of subtitle F.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 289; Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §72(b), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1660; Pub. L. 87–834, §11(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1003; Pub. L. 88–272, title II, §237(a), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 128; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §105(e)(3), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1567; Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1011(a), (b), title XIX, §§1901(a)(115), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1610, 1784, 1834; Pub. L. 95–30, title I, §102(b)(12), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 138; Pub. L. 95–600, title IV, §401(b)(4), title VII, §§701(u)(10)(A), 703(e), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2867, 2917, 2939; Pub. L. 95–615, title II, §202(a)–(e), (g)(1), formerly §202(a)–(f)(1), Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3098–3100, renumbered §202(a)–(e), (g)(1), and amended Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §§107(a)(3)(B), 108(a)(1)(A), (C), (D), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 223, 224; Pub. L. 96–595, §4(a)–(c)(1), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3466, 3467; Pub. L. 97–34, title I, §111(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 190; Pub. L. 97–448, title I, §101(c), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2366; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §17, July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 505; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1233(a), (b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2564; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1172(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 988; Pub. L. 109–222, title V, §515(a)–(c), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 367; Pub. L. 110–172, §4(c), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2476; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §§202(b), 215(a), 221(a)(73), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4024, 4034, 4049; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§11002(d)(9), 12001(b)(3)(E), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2062, 2093; Pub. L. 115–123, div. D, title II, §41116(a), Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 161; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(160), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1191.)
For inflation adjustment of certain items in this section, see Revenue Procedures listed in a table under section 1 of this title.
The Trading with the Enemy Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(8)(B)(i), is act Oct. 6, 1917, ch. 106, 40 Stat. 411, which is classified principally to chapter 53 (§4301 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 4301 of Title 50 and Tables.
The International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(8)(B)(i), is Pub. L. 95–223, title II, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables.
2018–Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 115–123 inserted before period at end ", unless such individual is serving in an area designated by the President of the United States by Executive order as a combat zone for purposes of section 112 in support of the Armed Forces of the United States".
Subsec. (d)(8)(B)(i). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "(50 U.S.C. 4301 et seq.)" for "(50 U.S.C. App. 1 et seq.)".
2017—Subsec. (b)(2)(D)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 115–97, §11002(d)(9), substituted "for '2016' in subparagraph (A)(ii)" for "for '1992' in subparagraph (B)".
Subsec. (f)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §12001(b)(3)(E)(i), substituted "section 55(b)(1)(B)" for "section 55(b)(1)(A)(ii)" and "section 55(b)(1)(A)" for "section 55(b)(1)(A)(i)" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (f)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §12001(b)(3)(E)(ii), substituted "section 55(b)(1)(B)" for "section 55(b)(1)(A)(ii)" in introductory provisions and in cl. (i).
2014—Subsec. (b)(2)(D)(i). Pub. L. 113–295, §221(a)(73), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) listed exclusion amounts for calendar years beginning from 1998 to 2002 and thereafter.
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 113–295, §215(a), inserted concluding provisions.
Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 113–295, §202(b), substituted "described in section 1(h)(1)(B), and the reference in section 55(b)(3)(C)(ii) to the excess described in section 1(h)(1)(C)(ii), shall each be treated as a reference to each such excess as determined" for "described in section 1(h)(1)(B) shall be treated as a reference to such excess as determined".
2007—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–172 amended heading and text generally, substituting provisions relating to determination of tax liability, special rules for determining regular tax and alternative minimum tax, and definitions for former provisions relating to determination of tax liability and tentative minimum tax.
2006—Subsec. (b)(2)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 109–222, §515(a)(1), substituted "2005" for "2007" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (b)(2)(D)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 109–222, §515(a)(2), substituted "2004" for "2006".
Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 109–222, §515(b)(2)(A), inserted "to the extent such expenses do not exceed the amount determined under paragraph (2)" after "the taxable year".
Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 109–222, §515(b)(1), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: "16 percent of the salary (computed on a daily basis) of an employee of the United States who is compensated at a rate equal to the annual rate paid for step 1 of grade GS–14, multiplied by".
Subsec. (c)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 109–222, §515(b)(2)(B), added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively.
Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 109–222, §515(b)(2)(C)(i), substituted ", (c)(1)(B)(ii), and (c)(2)(A)(ii)" for "and (c)(1)(B)(ii)" in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (d)(7). Pub. L. 109–222, §515(b)(2)(C)(ii), which directed substitution of "subsection (c)(4)" for "subsection (c)(3)", was executed by substituting "subsection (c)(4)(A)" for "subsection (c)(3)(A)" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 109–222, §515(c), added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g).
1997—Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–34, §1172(a)(1), substituted "equal to the exclusion amount for the calendar year in which such taxable year begins" for "of $70,000".
Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 105–34, §1172(a)(2), added subpar. (D).
1986—Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, §1233(a), in amending subpar. (A) generally, substituted "an annual rate of $70,000" for "the annual rate set forth in the following table for each day of the taxable year within the applicable period described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (d)(1):
"In the case of taxable years beginning in: | The annual rate is: |
---|---|
1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, or 1987 | $80,000 |
1988 | 85,000 |
1989 | 90,000 |
1990 and thereafter | 95,000." |
Subsec. (d)(8), (9). Pub. L. 99–514, §1233(b), added par. (8) and redesignated former par. (8) as (9).
1984—Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 98–369 amended table by striking out item which set the annual rate at $75,000 for taxable years beginning in 1982, substituted item setting the annual rate at $80,000 for taxable years beginning in 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, or 1987 for items which had set annual rates of $80,000 for taxable years beginning in 1983, $85,000 for taxable years beginning in 1984, $90,000 for taxable years beginning in 1985, and $95,000 for taxable years beginning in 1986 and thereafter, and added items setting annual rates of $85,000 for taxable years beginning in 1988, $90,000 for taxable years beginning in 1989, and $95,000 for taxable years beginning in 1990 and thereafter.
1983—Subsec. (c)(3)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 97–448, §101(c)(2), substituted "subsection (a)" for "subsection (a)(1)".
Subsec. (d)(7), (8). Pub. L. 97–448, §101(c)(1), added par. (7) and redesignated former par. (7) as (8).
1981—Pub. L. 97–34 amended section generally, modifying the eligibility standards of existing law, replacing the existing system of deduction for excess living costs with an exclusion of a portion of foreign earned income, and providing for an individual's election to exclude a portion of his income or to deduct an amount for housing, based on his housing expenses.
1980—Pub. L. 96–595 §4(c)(1), inserted "or from charitable services" after "camps" in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–595, §4(a), inserted "or who performs qualified charitable services in a lesser developed country," after "hardship area".
Pub. L. 96–222, §108(a)(1)(C), (D), substituted "a foreign country or" for "qualified foreign" in par. (2) and, in provisions following par. (2), substituted "his gross income any deduction," for "his gross income" and "other than the deduction allowed by section 217" for "other than the deductions allowed by sections 217".
Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 96–595, §4(b)(1), substituted "Dollar limitations" for "In general" in heading, redesignated existing provisions as cl. (i), and in cl. (i) as so redesignated, inserted "Camp residents—In the case of an individual who resides in a camp located in a hardship area" before "the amount excluded", and added cls. (ii) and (iii).
Subsec. (c)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 96–595, §4(b)(2), added subpars. (D) and (E).
1978—Pub. L. 95–615, §202(g)(1), formerly §202(f)(1), substituted "Income earned by individuals in certain camps" for "Earned income from sources without the United States" in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–615, §202(a), in introductory provisions inserted reference to an individual described in section 913(a) who, because of his employment, resides in a camp located in a hardship area, in par. (1) substituted reference to amounts received from sources within a foreign country or countries for reference to amounts received from sources without the United States, in par. (2) substituted reference to amounts received from sources within qualified foreign countries for reference to amounts received from sources without the United States, and in provisions following par. (2) struck out "any deductions (other than those allowed by section 151, relating to personal exemptions)," after "deduction from his gross income" and inserted ", other than the deductions allowed by sections 217 (relating to moving expenses)" after "subsection".
Pub. L. 95–600, §701(u)(10)(A), inserted provisions setting forth formula for determining amount of reduction of taxes, and struck out provisions relating to the credit against taxes.
Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 95–615, §202(b), substituted "The amount excluded" for "Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), the amount excluded" and "an annual rate of $20,000 for days during which he resides in a camp" for "an annual rate of $15,000".
Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 95–615, §202(b), substituted provisions relating to conditions upon which an individual will be considered to reside in a camp because of his employment for provisions which related to the amount excluded from the gross income of an individual performing qualified charitable services.
Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 95–615, §202(b), substituted provisions relating to definition of "hardship area" for provisions which related to the amount excluded from the gross income of an individual performing both qualified charitable services and other services.
Subsec. (c)(1)(D). Pub. L. 95–615, §202(b), struck out subpar. (D) which defined "qualified charitable services".
Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 95–615, §202(c), added par. (7).
Pub. L. 95–600, §703(e), redesignated former par. (8) as (7). Such par. (8) was subsequently repealed by section 202(e) of Pub. L. 95–615 without taking into account the redesignation of par. (8) as (7) by Pub. L. 95–600. See 1978 Amendment note for subsec. (c)(8) below.
Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 95–615, §202(e), struck out par. (8) which related to the nonexclusion under subsec. (a) of any amount attributable to services performed in a foreign country or countries if such amount was received outside of the foreign country or countries where such services were performed and if one of the purposes was the avoidance of any tax imposed by such foreign country or countries on such amount.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–615, §202(d)(1), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d), inserted "for the taxable year" after "section apply", and struck out provision that an election was applicable to the taxable year for which made and to all subsequent taxable years. Former subsec. (d), which related to the computation of tax imposed by section 1 or section 1201 if an individual earned income which was excluded from gross income under subsec. (a) and which defined "net taxable income" and "net excluded earned income", was struck out.
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 95–600, §401(b)(4), struck out provisions respecting applicability of section 1201 of this title.
Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 95–615, §202(d)(1), (2), redesignated subsec. (f) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (d).
1977—Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 95–30 substituted "on the sum of (i) the amount of net excluded earned income, and (ii) the zero bracket amount" for "on the amount of net excluded earned income".
1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1011(b)(1), 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" in par. (1), and in provisions following par. (2), inserted "or as a credit against the tax imposed by this chapter any credit for the amount of taxes paid or accrued to a foreign country or possession of the United States, to the extent that such deductions or credit is" after "personal exemptions)".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 94–455, §1011(a), reduced the amount excludable from individual's gross income from $20,000 to $15,000 and $20,000 for employees of charitable organizations, added special rule to be applied to income from charitable sources and other sources combined, inserted definition of "qualified charitable services", and struck out provisions relating to $25,000 exclusion for individual who has been a bona fide resident in a foreign country for an uninterrupted period of 3 years.
Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(a)(115), struck out par. (7) relating to certain noncash remuneration from sources outside the United States.
Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 94–455, §1011(b)(2), added par. (8).
Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 94–455, §1011(b)(3), added subsecs. (d) and (e) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (f).
1966—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 89–809 designated existing text as par. (1) and added par. (2).
1964—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 88–272 substituted "$25,000" for "$35,000".
1962—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 87–834 substituted "which constitute earned income attributable to services performed during such uninterrupted period" for "if such amounts constitute earned income (as defined in subsection (b)) attributable to such period" in par. (1), and "which constitute earned income attributable to services performed during such 18-month period" for "if such amounts constitute earned income (as defined in subsection (b)) attributable to such period" in par. (2), inserted provisions in pars. (1) and (2) requiring the amount excluded under such paragraphs to be computed by applying the special rules contained in subsec. (c), and eliminated provisions from par. (2) which limited the amount excluded under such paragraph to not more than $20,000 if the 18-month period includes the entire taxable year, and to not more than an amount which bears the same ratio to $20,000 as the number of days in the part of the taxable year within the 18-month period bears to the total number of days in such year if the 18-month period does not include the entire taxable year.
Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 87–834 added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d).
1958—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 85–866 added subsec. (c).
Pub. L. 115–123, div. D, title II, §41116(b), Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 162, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017."
Amendment by section 11002(d)(9) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 11002(e) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 12001(b)(3)(E) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 12001(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
Amendment by section 202(b) of Pub. L. 113–295 effective as if included in the provision of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, Pub. L. 112–240, to which such amendment relates, see section 202(f) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 55 of this title.
Amendment by section 215(a) of Pub. L. 113–295 effective as if included in the provisions of the Tax Technical Corrections Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–172, to which such amendment relates, see section 215(c) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
Amendment by section 221(a)(73) of Pub. L. 113–295 effective Dec. 19, 2014, subject to a savings provision, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 110–172 effective as if included in the provisions of the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109–222, to which such amendment relates, with certain exceptions, see section 4(d) of Pub. L. 110–172, set out as a note under section 355 of this title.
Pub. L. 109–222, title V, §515(d), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 368, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2005."
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1172(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 988, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1997."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1233(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2565, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986."
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 18(a) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–448 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provision of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, Pub. L. 97–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 109 of Pub. L. 97–448, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 97–34, title I, §115, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 196, provided that: "The amendments made by this subtitle [subtitle B (§§111–115) of title I of Pub. L. 97–34, amending this section and sections 37, 43, 62, 63, 105, 119, 410, 879, 1034, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1402, 3401, 6012, and 6091 of this title and repealing section 913 of this title] (other than section 114 [amending section 208 of Pub. L. 95–615, set out below]) shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1981."
Pub. L. 96–595, §4(d), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3467, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1978."
Amendment by section 107(a)(3)(B) of Pub. L. 96–222 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–600, to which such amendment relates, see section 201 of Pub. L. 96–222, set out as a note under section 32 of this title.
Amendment by section 108(a)(1)(A), (C), (D) of Pub. L. 96–222 effective as if included in the Foreign Earned Income Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–615, see section 108(a)(2)(A) of Pub. L. 96–222, set out as a note under section 3 of this title.
Amendment by section 401(b)(4) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1978, see section 401(c) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 3 of this title.
Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(10)(B), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2917, as amended by Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §107(a)(1)(B), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 222, provided that: "The amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning in calendar year 1978 but only in the case of taxpayers who make an election under section 209(c) of the Foreign Earned Income Act of 1978 [section 209(c) of Pub. L. 95–615, set out below]."
Amendment by section 703(e) of Pub. L. 95–600 effective on Oct. 4, 1976, see section 703(r) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 46 of this title.
Pub. L. 95–615, title II, §209, Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3109, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
"(1) A taxpayer may elect not to have the amendments made by this title [see section 201(a) of Pub. L. 95–615, set out as a Short Title of 1978 Amendment note under section 1 of this title] apply with respect to any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1977, and before January 1, 1979.
"(2) An election under this subsection shall be filed with a taxpayer's timely filed return for the first taxable year beginning after December 31, 1977."
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–30 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 106(a) of Pub. L. 95–30, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1011(d), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1611, as amended by Pub. L. 95–30, title III, §302, May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 152; Pub. L. 95–615, §4(a), Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3097, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 36 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1977."
Amendment by section 1901(a)(115) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Pub. L. 88–272, title II, §237(b), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 128, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1964."
Pub. L. 87–834, §11(c)(1), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1005, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years ending after September 4, 1962, but only with respect to amounts—
"(A) received after March 12, 1962, which are attributable to services performed after December 31, 1962, or
"(B) received after December 31, 1962, which are attributable to services performed on or before December 31, 1962, unless on March 12, 1962, there existed a right (whether forfeitable or nonforfeitable) to receive such amounts."
Amendment by Pub. L. 85–866 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1957, see section 72(c) of Pub. L. 85–866 set out as a note under section 6012 of this title.
Section 703(e) of Pub. L. 95–600, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed by Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §107(a)(3)(B), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 223. See 1978 Amendment note for subsec. (c)(7) of this section set out above.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1232(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2563, provided that: "Nothing in the Panama Canal Treaty (or in any agreement implementing such Treaty) shall be construed as exempting (in whole or in part) any citizen or resident of the United States from any tax under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 or 1986. The preceding sentence shall apply to all taxable years whether beginning before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986] (or in the case of any tax not imposed with respect to a taxable year, to taxable events after the date of enactment of this Act.)"
Rules similar to the rules of section 913(j)(4) of this title to apply for the purposes of applying this section for taxable years beginning in 1977 or 1978 in the case of an individual who leaves a foreign country after Aug. 31, 1978, see section 1(b) of Pub. L. 96–608, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 913 of this title.
Pub. L. 95–615, §4(b), Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3097, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "If for any taxable year beginning in 1977—
"(1) an individual is entitled to the benefits of section 911 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], and
"(2) such individual chooses to take to any extent the benefits of section 901 of such Code,
then such individual shall be treated for such taxable year as an individual for whom an unused zero bracket amount computation is provided by section 63(e) of such Code."
Pub. L. 95–615, title II, §208, Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3108, as amended by Pub. L. 97–34, title I, §114, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 195; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11833, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–560, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
The following items shall not be included in gross income, and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle:
In the case of civilian officers and employees of the Government of the United States, amounts received as allowances or otherwise (but not amounts received as post differentials) under—
(A) chapter 9 of title I of the Foreign Service Act of 1980,
(B) section 4 of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, as amended (50 U.S.C. 3505),
(C) title II of the Overseas Differentials and Allowances Act, or
(D) subsection (e) or (f) of the first section of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946, as amended, or section 22 of such Act.
In the case of civilian officers or employees of the Government of the United States stationed outside the continental United States (other than Alaska), amounts (other than amounts received under title II of the Overseas Differentials and Allowances Act) received as cost-of-living allowances in accordance with regulations approved by the President (or in the case of judicial officers or employees of the United States, in accordance with rules similar to such regulations).
In the case of an individual who is a volunteer or volunteer leader within the meaning of the Peace Corps Act and members of his family, amounts received as allowances under section 5 or 6 of the Peace Corps Act other than amounts received as—
(A) termination payments under section 5(c) or section 6(1) of such Act,
(B) leave allowances,
(C) if such individual is a volunteer leader training in the United States, allowances to members of his family, and
(D) such portion of living allowances as the President may determine under the Peace Corps Act as constituting basic compensation.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 290; Pub. L. 86–707, title V, §523(a), Sept. 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 802; Pub. L. 87–293, title II, §201(a), Sept. 22, 1961, 75 Stat. 625; Pub. L. 96–465, title II, §2206(e)(3), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2163; Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6137(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3723; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(161), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1192.)
The Foreign Service Act of 1980, referred to in par. (1)(A), is Pub. L. 96–465, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2071, as amended. Chapter 9 of title I of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 is classified generally to subchapter IX (§4081 et seq.) of chapter 52 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3901 of Title 22 and Tables.
Title II of the Overseas Differentials and Allowances Act, referred to in pars. (1)(C) and (2), was title II of Pub. L. 86–707, Sept. 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 793, which was repealed and reenacted as sections 5922 to 5925 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.
Sections 1(e) and (f) and 22 of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946, referred to in par. (1)(D), were repealed and the provisions thereof reenacted as sections 5726(b), 5727(b) to (e), and 5913 of Title 5, by Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.
The Peace Corps Act, referred to in par. (3), is Pub. L. 87–293, Sept. 22, 1961, 75 Stat. 612, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 34 (§2501 et seq.) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. Sections 5 and 6 of that act are classified to sections 2504 and 2505 of Title 22. For complete classification of this act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2501 of Title 22 and Tables.
2018—Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "(50 U.S.C. 3505)" for "(50 U.S.C., sec. 403e)".
1988—Par. (2). Pub. L. 100–647 inserted "(or in the case of judicial officers or employees of the United States, in accordance with rules similar to such regulations)" after "President".
1980—Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 96–465 substituted reference to chapter 9 of title I of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 for reference to title IX of the Foreign Service Act of 1946.
1961—Par. (3). Pub. L. 87–293 added par. (3).
1960—Pub. L. 86–707 exempted foreign areas allowances received under section 4 of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, title II of the Overseas Differentials and Allowances Act, subsection (e) or (f) of the first section of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946, or section 22 of such Act, provided that amounts received as post differentials shall not be exempt and in provisions relating to cost-of-living allowances excluded Alaska from term "continental United States" and amounts received under title II of the Overseas Differentials and Allowances Act.
Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6137(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3723, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to allowances received after October 12, 1987, in taxable years ending after such date."
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–465 effective Feb. 15, 1981, except as otherwise provided, see section 2403 of Pub. L. 96–465, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3901 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Pub. L. 87–293, title II, §201(d), Sept. 22, 1961, 75 Stat. 625, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) of this section [amending this section and section 1303 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years ending after March 1, 1961. The amendment made by subsection (c) [amending section 3401 of this title] shall apply with respect to remuneration paid after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 22, 1961]."
[Section 201(d) of Pub. L. 87–293 was repealed by Pub. L. 89–572, §5(a), Sept. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 765. Such repeal not deemed to affect amendments contained in such provisions, see sections 5(b) of Pub. L. 89–572, set out as a note under former section 2515 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.]
Pub. L. 86–707, title V, §523(b), Sept. 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 802, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "Paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 912 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], as amended by subsection (a) of this section, shall apply only with respect to amounts received on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 6, 1960] in taxable years ending on or after such date."
Section 201(a) of Pub. L. 87–293, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed by Pub. L. 89–572, §5(a), Sept. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 765. Such repeal not deemed to affect amendments to this section contained in such provisions, and continuation in full force and effect until modified by appropriate authority of all determinations, authorization, regulations, orders, contracts, agreements, and other actions issued undertaken, or entered into under authority of the repealed provisions, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 89–572, set out as a note under former section 2515 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1232(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2564, provided that: "Employees of the Panama Canal Commission and civilian employees of the Defense Department of the United States stationed in Panama may exclude from gross income allowances which are comparable to the allowances excludable under section 912(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 by employees of the State Department of the United States stationed in Panama. The preceding sentence shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986."
Function of determining the portion of living allowances constituting basic compensation for Peace Corps volunteers or volunteer leaders under par. (3) of this section delegated by President to Director of Peace Corps to be performed in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, see section 1–104 of Ex. Ord. No. 12137, May 16, 1979, 44 F.R. 29023, set out as a note under section 2501 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Authority of President under par. (2) of this section delegated to Secretary of Defense with respect to military departments, and to Secretary of Transportation with respect to Coast Guard when it is not operating as a service in the Navy, concerning civilian employees of nonappropriated fund instrumentalities of the armed forces, see section 201 of Ex. Ord. No. 11137, Jan. 7, 1964, as amended, set out as a note under section 5921 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Section, added Pub. L. 95–615, title II, §203(a), Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3100; amended Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §108(a)(1)(B), (F), Apr. 1, 1980. 94 Stat. 223, 225; Pub. L. 96–608, §1(a), Dec. 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 3550, related to a deduction for certain expenses of living abroad.
Repeal applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1981, see section 115 of Pub. L. 97–34, set out as an Effective Date of 1981 Amendment note under section 911 of this title.
Section 921, added Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §801(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 985, provided for exclusion from gross income of exempt foreign trade income.
A prior section 921, acts Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 290; Oct. 4, 1976, Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1901(a)(116), 90 Stat. 1784, defined Western Hemisphere trade corporation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1052(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1648, effective with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1979.
Section 922, added Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §801(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 986, defined FSC's.
A prior section 922, acts Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 291; Dec. 10, 1971, Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §502(c), 85 Stat. 550; Oct. 4, 1976, Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1052(a), (c)(1), 90 Stat. 1647, 1648; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–600, title III, §301(b)(15), 92 Stat. 2822, related to a special deduction for a Western Hemisphere trade corporation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1052(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1648, effective with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1979.
Section 923, added Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §801(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 986; amended Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1876(b)(3), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2898, related to exempt foreign trade income.
Section 924, added Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §801(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 987; amended Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1876(e)(2), (l), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2899, 2901, related to foreign trading gross receipts.
Section 925, added Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §801(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 990, related to transfer pricing rules.
Section 926, added Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §801(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 991, related to distributions to shareholders.
Section 927, added Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §801(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 991; amended Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1876(a)(1), (e)(1), (f)(1), (p)(5), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2897, 2899, 2902; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(bb)(8)(A), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3536; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11704(a)(10), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–518; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13239(a), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 509; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1171(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 987, related to other definitions and special rules.
Repeal applicable to transactions after Sept. 30, 2000, with special rules relating to existing foreign sales corporations, see section 5 of Pub. L. 106–519, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 56 of this title.
2018—Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(d)(1)(C), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1206, which directed that the table of sections for subpart C of part III of subchapter N of this chapter be amended by striking out item 936, could not be executed because item 936 "Puerto Rico and possession tax credit" had been editorially supplied.
2004—Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §908(c)(6), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1657, added item 937.
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §§1272(d)(12), 1274(d), 1275(c)(8), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2595, 2598, 2599, substituted "Guam, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands" for "possessions of the United States" in item 931, added item 932, and struck out former item 932 "Citizens of possessions of the United States", item 934A "Income tax rate on Virgin Islands source income" and item 935 "Coordination of United States and Guam individual income taxes".
1983—Pub. L. 97–455, §1(d)(1), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2498, added item 934A.
1972—Pub. L. 92–606, §1(f)(5), Oct. 31, 1972, 86 Stat. 1497, added item 935.
1960—Pub. L. 86–779, §4(a)(2), Sept. 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 999, added item 934.
1 See 2018 Amendment note below.
In the case of an individual who is a bona fide resident of a specified possession during the entire taxable year, gross income shall not include—
(1) income derived from sources within any specified possession, and
(2) income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business by such individual within any specified possession.
An individual shall not be allowed—
(1) as a deduction from gross income any deductions (other than the deduction under section 151, relating to personal exemptions), or
(2) any credit,
properly allocable or chargeable against amounts excluded from gross income under this section.
For purposes of this section, the term "specified possession" means Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
Amounts paid for services performed as an employee of the United States (or any agency thereof) shall be treated as not described in paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a).
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 291; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §107(a), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1571; Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §502(d), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 550; Pub. L. 92–606, §1(f)(1), Oct. 31, 1972, 86 Stat. 1497; Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1051(c), title XIX, §§1901(a)(117), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1645, 1784, 1834; Pub. L. 95–30, title I, §101(d)(12), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 134; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VII, §711(c)(2)(A)(iv), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 945; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1272(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2593; Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §908(c)(1), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1656.)
2004—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–357 amended heading and text of subsec. (d) generally, substituting provisions relating to employees of the United States for provisions consisting of pars. (1) to (3) relating to special rules concerning employees of the United States, determination of source of income, and determination of residency.
1986—Pub. L. 99–514 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to income from sources within Guam, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands, for former provisions relating to income from sources within possessions of the United States, which had declared in: subsec. (a), general rule as to gross income, including requirements relating to 3-year period and trade or business; subsec. (b), rule as to amounts received in United States; subsec. (c), definition of "possession of the United States"; subsec. (d), general rule allowing deductions only to extent connected with income from sources within United States, and specific exceptions to limitations of general rule; subsec. (e), deduction for personal exemption; subsec. (f), allowance of deductions and credits; subsec. (g), foreign tax credit; subsec. (h), provisions relating to employees of United States.
1984—Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 98–369 substituted "for losses" for ", for losses of property not connected with the trade or business if arising from certain casualties or theft,".
1977—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 95–30 struck out par. (3) which made a cross reference to section 142(b)(2) for disallowance of the standard deduction.
1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §1051(c)(1), struck out all references to domestic corporations and made subsection applicable only to individual citizens.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, §1051(c)(2), substituted "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands of the United States, or Guam" for "Virgin Islands of the United States, and such term when used with respect to citizens of the United States does not include Puerto Rico or Guam" after "does not include the".
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1051(c)(3), 1906(b)(13)(A), substituted "a citizen of the United States" for "persons" after "in the case of" and struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1051(c)(3), 1906(b)(13)(A), substituted "A citizen of the United States" for "Persons" after "Allowance of deductions and credits" and struck out in two places "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(a)(117), redesignated subsec. (i) as (h). Former subsec. (h), relating to the status of a citizen of the United States who has been interned by the enemy, was struck out.
1972—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 92–606 substituted "Puerto Rico or Guam" for "Puerto Rico".
1971—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–178 provided for non-application of section in the case of a corporation for a taxable year for which it is a DISC or in which it owns at any time stock in a DISC or former DISC.
1966—Subsec (d). Pub. L. 89–809 made applicable to United States citizens and domestic corporations engaged in trade or business in possessions, who qualify for the special tax treatment of income qualifying for the exclusion relating to income from United States possessions, provisions which allow deductions to nonresident aliens or foreign corporations engaged in trade or business in the United States by allowing deductions only where they are allocable to income effectively connected with the trade or business in the United States and by spelling out the exceptions allowing deductions whether or not connected with income from sources within the United States in the case of losses not connected with the trade or business but incurred in transactions entered into for profit, casualty losses, and charitable contributions.
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years ending after Oct. 22, 2004, see section 908(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective Date note under section 937 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1277, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2600, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(z), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3530, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(i) any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1986, and
"(ii) any pre-1987 open year.
"(B)
"(i) the amendment made by section 1275(b) shall not apply to income from sources in the Virgin Islands or income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the Virgin Islands, and
"(ii) the taxpayer shall be allowed a credit—
"(I) against any additional tax imposed by subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986] (by reason of the amendment made by section 1275(b)) on income not described in clause (i),
"(II) for any tax paid to the Virgin Islands before the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986] and attributable to such income.
For purposes of clause (ii)(II), any tax paid before January 1, 1987, pursuant to a process in effect before August 16, 1986, shall be treated as paid before the date of the enactment of this Act.
"(C)
"(D)
"(i) during the fiscal year which ended May 31, 1986, such corporation was actively engaged directly or through a subsidiary in the conduct of a trade or business in the Virgin Islands and such trade or business consists of business related to marine activities, and
"(ii) such corporation was incorporated on March 31, 1983, in Delaware.
"(E)
"(i)
"(ii)
"(I) the redemptions of limited partnership interests for cash and property described in an agreement (as amended) dated March 12, 1981,
"(II) the subsequent disposition of the properties distributed in such redemptions, and
"(III) interest earned before January 1, 1987, on bank deposits of proceeds received from such redemptions to the extent such deposits are located in the United States Virgin Islands.
"(iii)
"(d)
"(1) the status of such negotiations, and
"(2) the reason why such agreement has not been executed.
"(e)
"(f)
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 711(c)(2)(A)(v) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 165 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–30 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 106(a) of Pub. L. 95–30, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 1051(c) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, with certain exceptions, see section 1051(i) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 27 of this title.
Amendment by section 1901(a)(117) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Pub. L. 92–606, §2, Oct. 31, 1972, 86 Stat. 1497, provided in part that: "The amendments made by section 1 [enacting sections 935 and 6688 of this title, amending this section, sections 932, 7654, and 7701 of this title, and section 1421i of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 881 and 1442 of this title] (other than section 1(e)) [amending sections 881 and 1442 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1972."
Amendment by Pub. L. 92–178 applicable with respect to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1971, except that a corporation may not be a DISC for any taxable year beginning before Jan. 1, 1972, see section 507 of Pub. L. 92–178, set out as an Effective Date note under section 991 of this title.
Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §107(b), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1571, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1271, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2591, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) from sources within, or effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within, any such possession, or
"(2) received or accrued by any resident of such possession.
"(b)
"(1) the elimination of double taxation involving taxation by such possession and taxation by the United States,
"(2) the establishment of rules under which the evasion or avoidance of United States income tax shall not be permitted or facilitated by such possession,
"(3) the exchange of information between such possession and the United States for purposes of tax administration, and
"(4) the resolution of other problems arising in connection with the administration of the tax laws of such possession or the United States.
Any such implementing agreement shall be executed on behalf of the United States by the Secretary of the Treasury after consultation with the Secretary of the Interior.
"(c)
"(d)
"(e)
"(1)
"(2)
"(f)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
This subsection shall apply to an individual for the taxable year if—
(A) such individual—
(i) is a citizen or resident of the United States (other than a bona fide resident of the Virgin Islands during the entire taxable year), and
(ii) has income derived from sources within the Virgin Islands, or effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within such possession, for the taxable year, or
(B) such individual files a joint return for the taxable year with an individual described in subparagraph (A).
Each individual to whom this subsection applies for the taxable year shall file his income tax return for the taxable year with both the United States and the Virgin Islands.
In the case of an individual to whom this subsection applies in a taxable year for purposes of so much of this title (other than this section and section 7654) as relates to the taxes imposed by this chapter, the United States shall be treated as including the Virgin Islands.
Each individual to whom subsection (a) applies for the taxable year shall pay the applicable percentage of the taxes imposed by this chapter for such taxable year (determined without regard to paragraph (3)) to the Virgin Islands.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "applicable percentage" means the percentage which Virgin Islands adjusted gross income bears to adjusted gross income.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "Virgin Islands adjusted gross income" means adjusted gross income determined by taking into account only income derived from sources within the Virgin Islands and deductions properly apportioned or allocable thereto.
There shall be allowed as a credit against the tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year an amount equal to the taxes required to be paid to the Virgin Islands under paragraph (1) which are so paid.
This subsection shall apply to an individual for the taxable year if—
(A) such individual is a bona fide resident of the Virgin Islands during the entire taxable year, or
(B) such individual files a joint return for the taxable year with an individual described in subparagraph (A).
Each individual to whom this subsection applies for the taxable year shall file an income tax return for the taxable year with the Virgin Islands.
In the case of an individual to whom this subsection applies in a taxable year for purposes of so much of this title (other than this section and section 7654) as relates to the taxes imposed by this chapter, the Virgin Islands shall be treated as including the United States.
In the case of an individual—
(A) who is a bona fide resident of the Virgin Islands during the entire taxable year,
(B) who, on his return of income tax to the Virgin Islands, reports income from all sources and identifies the source of each item shown on such return, and
(C) who fully pays his tax liability referred to in section 934(a) to the Virgin Islands with respect to such income,
for purposes of calculating income tax liability to the United States, gross income shall not include any amount included in gross income on such return, and allocable deductions and credits shall not be taken into account.
In the case of a joint return, this section shall be applied on the basis of the residence of the spouse who has the greater adjusted gross income (determined without regard to community property laws) for the taxable year.
In applying this section for purposes of determining income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands, the provisions of this section shall not be affected by the provisions of Federal law referred to in section 934(a).
(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1274(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2596; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(w)(1)–(3), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3530; Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §908(c)(2), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1656.)
A prior section 932, acts Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 292; Nov. 13, 1966, Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §103(m), 80 Stat. 1554; Oct. 31, 1972, Pub. L. 92–606, §1(f)(2), (3), 86 Stat. 1497; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, title XII, §12103(a), 100 Stat. 285, related to income taxation of citizens of possessions of the United States, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1272(d)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2594.
2004—Subsecs. (a)(1)(A)(i), (c)(1)(A), (4)(A). Pub. L. 108–357 substituted "during the entire taxable year" for "at the close of the taxable year".
1988—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(w)(3), substituted "an income tax return" for "his income tax return".
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(w)(2), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: "In the case of an individual who is a bona fide resident of the Virgin Islands at the close of the taxable year and who, on his return of income tax to the Virgin Islands, reports income from all sources and identifies the source of each item shown on such return, for purposes of calculating income tax liability to the United States gross income shall not include any amount included in gross income on such return."
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(w)(1), substituted current heading for "Section not to apply to tax imposed in Virgin Islands" and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "This section shall not apply for purposes of determining income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands."
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years ending after Oct. 22, 2004, see section 908(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective Date note under section 937 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Enactment of section 932 and repeal of prior section 932 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1277 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date of 1986 Amendment note under section 931 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1274(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2598, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(w)(4), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3530, provided that: "The Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate for applying the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [this title] for purposes of determining tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1274(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2597, provided that: "Nothing in any provision of Federal law shall prevent the Virgin Islands from imposing on any person nondiscriminatory local income taxes. Any taxes so imposed shall be treated in the same manner as State and local income taxes under section 164 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986] and shall not be treated as taxes to which section 901 of such Code applies."
The following items shall not be included in gross income and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle:
In the case of an individual who is a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year, income derived from sources within Puerto Rico (except amounts received for services performed as an employee of the United States or any agency thereof); but such individual shall not be allowed as a deduction from his gross income any deductions (other than the deduction under section 151, relating to personal exemptions), or any credit, properly allocable to or chargeable against amounts excluded from gross income under this paragraph.
In the case of an individual citizen of the United States who has been a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico for a period of at least 2 years before the date on which he changes his residence from Puerto Rico, income derived from sources therein (except amounts received for services performed as an employee of the United States or any agency thereof) which is attributable to that part of such period of Puerto Rican residence before such date; but such individual shall not be allowed as a deduction from his gross income any deductions (other than the deduction for personal exemptions under section 151), or any credit, properly allocable to or chargeable against amounts excluded from gross income under this paragraph.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 293; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1272(d)(3), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2594.)
1986—Pub. L. 99–514 inserted ", or any credit," in pars. (1) and (2).
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1277 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 931 of this title.
Tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands pursuant to this subtitle, as made applicable in the Virgin Islands by the Act entitled "An Act making appropriations for the naval service for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1922, and for other purposes", approved July 12, 1921 (48 U.S.C. 1397), or pursuant to section 28(a) of the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands, approved July 22, 1954 (48 U.S.C. 1642), shall not be reduced or remitted in any way, directly or indirectly, whether by grant, subsidy, or other similar payment, by any law enacted in the Virgin Islands, except to the extent provided in subsection (b).
Except as provided in paragraph (2), subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to so much of the tax liability referred to in subsection (a) as is attributable to income derived from sources within the Virgin Islands or income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the Virgin Islands.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any liability payable to the Virgin Islands under section 932(b).
In the case of a qualified foreign corporation, subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to so much of the tax liability referred to in subsection (a) as is attributable to income which is derived from sources outside the United States and which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "qualified foreign corporation" means any foreign corporation if less than 10 percent of—
(i) the total voting power of the stock of such corporation, and
(ii) the total value of the stock of such corporation, is owned or treated as owned (within the meaning of section 958) by 1 or more United States persons.
The determination as to whether income is derived from sources within the United States or is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States shall be made under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
(Added Pub. L. 86–779, §4(a)(1), Sept. 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 998; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §§1901(a)(118), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1784, 1834; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §213(b), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 463; Pub. L. 97–455, §1(c), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2498; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §801(d)(7), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 996; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1275(a)(2)(A), (c)(1), (2), title XVIII, §1876(f)(2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2598, 2900; Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §908(c)(3), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1656.)
2004—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 108–357 struck out "the Virgin Islands or" before "the United States" in two places.
1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–514, §1275(c)(2)(A), struck out "or (c) or in section 934A" after "subsection (b)".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–514, §1275(c)(1), (2)(B), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which excepted from subsec. (a) domestic or Virgin Islands corporations to the extent they derived income from sources without the United States under certain conditions.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514, §1275(c)(1), struck out subsec. (c) which provided an exception to subsec. (a) of this section for individual citizens of the United States residing in the Virgin Islands to the extent their income is derived from sources within the Virgin Islands.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–514, §1275(c)(1), struck out subsec. (d) which related to requirement to supply information.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–514, §1275(a)(2)(A), struck out subsec. (e) which provided for tax treatment of intangible property income of certain domestic corporations.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–514, §1275(a)(2)(A), struck out subsec. (f) which provided a transitional rule for applying subsec. (b)(2) of this section with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, and before Jan. 1, 1985.
Pub. L. 99–514, §1876(f)(2), struck out subsec. (f) which provided that subsec. (a) of this section not apply in the case of a Virgin Islands corporation which is a FSC.
1984—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–369 added subsec. (f) relating to FSC.
1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–455 inserted "or in section 934A" after "subsection (b) or (c)".
1982—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 97–248, §213(b)(1), substituted "65 percent" for "50 percent".
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–248, §213(b)(2), added subsec. (e).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97–248, §213(b)(2), added a temporary subsec. (f) which provided that in applying subsec. (b)(2) with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1982, and before January 1, 1985, "55 percent" shall be substituted for "65 percent" for taxable years beginning in calendar year 1983 and "60 percent" shall be substituted for "65 percent" for taxable years beginning in calendar year 1984.
1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(a)(118), struck out "For the purposes of this subsection, all amounts received by such corporation within the United States, whether derived from sources within or without the United States, shall be considered as being derived from sources within the United States".
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" in two places.
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years ending after Oct. 22, 2004, see section 908(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective Date note under section 937 of this title.
Amendment by section 1275(a)(2)(A), (c)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1277 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 931 of this title.
Amendment by section 1876(f)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 805(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Pub. L. 97–455, §1(e), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2498, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, except that so much of this section to which former section 936(h)(6) applied by reason of subsec. (e)(4) of this section was applicable to taxable years ending after July 1, 1982, see section 213(e)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 97–248 set out as a note under section 246 of this title.
Amendment by section 1901(a)(118) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Pub. L. 86–779, §4(e)(1), Sept. 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 1000, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [enacting this section] shall apply to tax liability incurred with respect to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1960."
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
Section, added Pub. L. 97–455, §1(a), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2497, related to income tax rate on Virgin Islands source income.
Repeal applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1277 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date of 1986 Amendment note under section 931 of this title.
Section, added Pub. L. 92–606, §1(a), Oct. 31, 1972, 86 Stat. 1494; amended Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §908(c)(4), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1656, related to coordination of United States and Guam individual income taxes.
Pub. L. 108–357, title IX, §908(c)(4), (d), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1656, 1657, applicable to taxable years ending after Oct. 22, 2004, amended section, as in effect before the effective date of its repeal, in introductory provisions of subsec. (a), by substituting "who, during the entire taxable year" for "for the taxable year who", in subsecs. (a)(1) and (b)(1)(B), by inserting "bona fide" before "resident", in subsec. (b)(1)(A), by inserting "(other a bona fide resident of Guam during the entire taxable year)" after "United States", and, in subsection (b)(2), by striking out "residence and" before "citizenship".
Repeal applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1277 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date of 1986 Amendment note under section 931 of this title.
Section, added Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1051(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1643; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1901(b)(37)(B), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1803; Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(11)(A), (B), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2917; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §201(d)(8)(B), formerly §201(c)(8)(B), §213(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 420, 452, renumbered §201(d)(8)(B), Pub. L. 97–448, title III, §306(a)(1)(A)(i), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2400; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, §474(r)(22), title VII, §712(g), title VIII, §801(d)(11), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 843, 947, 997; Pub. L. 99–499, title V, §516(b)(1)(B), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1770; Pub. L. 99–514, title II, §231(d)(3)(G), title VII, §701(e)(4)(I), title XII, §§1231(a)–(d), (f), 1275(a)(1), title XVIII, §1812(c)(4)(C), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2179, 2343, 2561–2563, 2598, 2835; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §§1002(h)(3), 1012(h)(2)(B), (j), (n)(4), (5), title VI, §6132(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3370, 3502, 3512, 3515, 3721; Pub. L. 101–382, title II, §227(a), Aug. 20, 1990, 104 Stat. 661; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11704(a)(11), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–518; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13227(a), (b), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 489, 490; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §§1601(a), 1704(t)(37), (80), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1827, 1889, 1891; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §402(b)(2), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1492; Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(12), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2490; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(12)(G), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4038; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14221(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2218, related to Puerto Rico and possession tax credit.
For provisions that nothing in repeal by Pub. L. 115–141 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Mar. 23, 2018, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Mar. 23, 2018, see section 401(e) of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
For purposes of this subpart, section 865(g)(3), section 876, section 881(b), paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 901(b), section 957(c), section 3401(a)(8)(C), and section 7654(a), except as provided in regulations, the term "bona fide resident" means a person—
(1) who is present for at least 183 days during the taxable year in Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands, as the case may be, and
(2) who does not have a tax home (determined under the principles of section 911(d)(3) without regard to the second sentence thereof) outside such specified possession during the taxable year and does not have a closer connection (determined under the principles of section 7701(b)(3)(B)(ii)) to the United States or a foreign country than to such specified possession.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the determination as to whether a person is present for any day shall be made under the principles of section 7701(b).
Except as provided in regulations, for purposes of this title—
(1) except as provided in paragraph (2), rules similar to the rules for determining whether income is income from sources within the United States or is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States shall apply for purposes of determining whether income is from sources within a possession specified in subsection (a)(1) or effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within any such possession, and
(2) any income treated as income from sources within the United States or as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States shall not be treated as income from sources within any such possession or as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within any such possession.
If, for any taxable year, an individual takes the position for United States income tax reporting purposes that the individual became, or ceases to be, a bona fide resident of a possession specified in subsection (a)(1), such individual shall file with the Secretary, at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe, notice of such position.
If, for any of an individual's 3 taxable years ending before the individual's first taxable year ending after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the individual took a position described in paragraph (1), the individual shall file with the Secretary, at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe, notice of such position.
(Added Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §908(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1655.)
The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–357, which was approved Oct. 22, 2004.
Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §908(d), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1657, provided that:
"(1)
"(2) 183-
"(3)
Section 941, added Pub. L. 106–519, §3(b), Nov. 15, 2000, 114 Stat. 2424, related to qualifying foreign trade income.
A prior section 941, acts Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 293; Oct. 4, 1976, Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1053(a), title XIX, §1906(b)(1)(A), 90 Stat. 1648, 1834, set forth provisions authorizing special deduction for China Trade Act corporations, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1053(c), (e), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1649, effective with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1977.
Section 942, added Pub. L. 106–519, §3(b), Nov. 15, 2000, 114 Stat. 2426, defined "foreign trading gross receipts" and set forth economic process requirements.
A prior section 942, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 294, disallowed foreign tax credit authorized by section 901 to any corporation organized under the China Trade Act, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1053(c), (e), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1649, effective with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1977.
Section 943, added Pub. L. 106–519, §3(b), Nov. 15, 2000, 114 Stat. 2428; amended Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, §417(14), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 56, set forth other definitions and special rules for purposes of this subpart.
A prior section 943, acts Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 294; Oct. 4, 1976, Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1053(b), 90 Stat. 1648, set forth provisions relating to exclusion from gross income of residents of Formosa or Hong Kong of amounts distributed as dividends by China Trade Act corporations, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1053(c), (e), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1649, effective with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1977.
Repeal applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 2004, see section 101(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective Date of 2004 Amendments note under section 56 of this title.
2017—Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§14103(b), 14201(c), 14212(b)(6), 14301(c)(39), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2208, 2213, 2217, 2225, added item 951A, substituted "Deemed paid credit for subpart F inclusions" for "Special rules for foreign tax credit" in item 960 and "Treatment of deferred foreign income upon transition to participation exemption system of taxation" for "Temporary dividends received deduction" in item 965, and struck out item 955 "Withdrawal of previously excluded subpart F income from qualified investment".
2004—Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §422(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1519, added item 965.
1996—Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1501(c), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1826, which directed that the analysis for subpart F be amended by striking item 956A, could not be executed, because item 956A "Earnings invested in excess passive assets" had been editorially supplied.
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1221(b)(3)(E), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2553, substituted "Insurance income" for "Income from insurance of United States risks" in item 953.
1975—Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §602(a)(3)(A), (c)(7), (d)(3)(B), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 58, 60, 64, struck out existing item 955 and replaced it with an identical item 955 and struck out item 963 "Receipt of minimum distributions by domestic corporations".
1962—Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1006, added heading of subpart F, and items 951–964.
If a foreign corporation is a controlled foreign corporation at any time during any taxable year, every person who is a United States shareholder (as defined in subsection (b)) of such corporation and who owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)) stock in such corporation on the last day, in such year, on which such corporation is a controlled foreign corporation shall include in his gross income, for his taxable year in which or with which such taxable year of the corporation ends—
(A) his pro rata share (determined under paragraph (2)) of the corporation's subpart F income for such year, and
(B) the amount determined under section 956 with respect to such shareholder for such year (but only to the extent not excluded from gross income under section 959(a)(2)).
The pro rata share referred to in paragraph (1)(A)(i) in the case of any United States shareholder is the amount—
(A) which would have been distributed with respect to the stock which such shareholder owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)) in such corporation if on the last day, in its taxable year, on which the corporation is a controlled foreign corporation it had distributed pro rata to its shareholders an amount (i) which bears the same ratio to its subpart F income for the taxable year, as (ii) the part of such year during which the corporation is a controlled foreign corporation bears to the entire year, reduced by
(B) the amount of distributions received by any other person during such year as a dividend with respect to such stock, but only to the extent of the dividend which would have been received if the distribution by the corporation had been the amount (i) which bears the same ratio to the subpart F income of such corporation for the taxable year, as (ii) the part of such year during which such shareholder did not own (within the meaning of section 958(a)) such stock bears to the entire year.
For purposes of subparagraph (B), any gain included in the gross income of any person as a dividend under section 1248 shall be treated as a distribution received by such person with respect to the stock involved.
For purposes of this title, the term "United States shareholder" means, with respect to any foreign corporation, a United States person (as defined in section 957(c)) who owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)), or is considered as owning by applying the rules of ownership of section 958(b), 10 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of such foreign corporation, or 10 percent or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of such foreign corporation.
If, but for this subsection, an amount would be included in the gross income of a United States shareholder for any taxable year both under subsection (a)(1)(A)(i) and under section 1293 (relating to current taxation of income from certain passive foreign investment companies), such amount shall be included in the gross income of such shareholder only under subsection (a)(1)(A).
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1006; amended Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §602(a)(3)(B), (c)(3), (4), (d)(2), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 58, 62; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1901(a)(119), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1784; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §132(c)(1), title VIII, §801(d)(4), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 666, 996; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1235(c), title XVIII, §1876(c)(2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2574, 2898; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(i)(15), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3510; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §§13231(a), 13232(c), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 495, 502; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1501(a)(1), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1825; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1112(a)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 969; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §413(c)(16), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1508; Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(13), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2490; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§14101(e)(1), 14212(b)(1)(A), (2), 14214(a), 14215(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2192, 2217, 2218.)
2017—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–97, §14215(a), substituted "at any time" for "for an uninterrupted period of 30 days or more" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–97, §14212(b)(1)(A), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "the sum of—
"(i) his pro rata share (determined under paragraph (2)) of the corporation's subpart F income for such year,
"(ii) his pro rata share (determined under section 955(a)(3) as in effect before the enactment of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975) of the corporation's previously excluded subpart F income withdrawn from investment in less developed countries for such year, and
"(iii) his pro rata share (determined under section 955(a)(3)) of the corporation's previously excluded subpart F income withdrawn from foreign base company shipping operations for such year; and".
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–97, §14212(b)(2), struck out par. (3). Text read as follows: "For purposes of paragraph (1)(A)(iii), the pro rata share of any United States shareholder of the previously excluded subpart F income of a controlled foreign corporation withdrawn from investment in foreign base company shipping operations shall not exceed an amount—
"(A) which bears the same ratio to his pro rata share of such income withdrawn (as determined under section 955(a)(3)) for the taxable year, as
"(B) the part of such year during which the corporation is a controlled foreign corporation bears to the entire year."
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–97, §14214(a), inserted ", or 10 percent or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of such foreign corporation" after "such foreign corporation".
Pub. L. 115–97, §14101(e)(1), substituted "title" for "subpart".
2007—Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 110–172 redesignated subsec. (d) as (c) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (c). Text read as follows:
"(1)
"(2)
2004—Subsecs. (c) to (f). Pub. L. 108–357 redesignated subsecs. (e) and (f) as (c) and (d), respectively, and struck out former subsecs. (c) and (d), which related to coordination of provisions with election of a foreign investment company to distribute income and coordination with foreign personal holding company provisions, respectively.
1997—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–34 inserted concluding provisions "For purposes of subparagraph (B), any gain included in the gross income of any person as a dividend under section 1248 shall be treated as a distribution received by such person with respect to the stock involved."
1996—Subsec. (a)(1)(A) to (C). Pub. L. 104–188 inserted "and" at end of subpar. (A), substituted period for "; and" at end of subpar. (B), and struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: "the amount determined under section 956A with respect to such shareholder for such year (but only to the extent not excluded from gross income under section 959(a)(3))."
1993—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–66, §13232(c)(1), substituted "the amount determined under section 956 with respect to such shareholder for such year (but only to the extent not excluded from gross income under section 959(a)(2)); and" for "his pro rata share (determined under section 956(a)(2)) of the corporation's increase in earnings invested in United States property for such year (but only to the extent not excluded from gross income under section 959(a)(2)); and".
Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 103–66, §13231(a), added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 103–66, §13232(c)(2), struck out heading and text of par. (4). Text read as follows: "For purposes of paragraph (1)(B), the pro rata share of any United States shareholder in the increase of the earnings of a controlled foreign corporation invested in United States property shall not exceed an amount (A) which bears the same ratio to his pro rata share of such increase (as determined under section 956(a)(2)) for the taxable year, as (B) the part of such year during which the corporation is a controlled foreign corporation bears to the entire year."
1988—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted "section 957(c)" for "section 957(d)".
1986—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 99–514, §1876(c)(2), struck out last sentence which read as follows: "For purposes of the preceding sentence, income described in paragraph (2) or (3) of section 921(d) shall be treated as derived from sources within the United States."
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–514, §1235(c), added subsec. (f).
1984—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–369, §132(c)(1), amended subsec. (d) generally, substituting provision that, if a United States shareholder is required to include in gross income an amount under both subsec. (a)(1)(A)(ii) of this section and section 551(b) of this title, such amount be included only under subsec. (a)(1)(A)(ii) of this section for provision that, if a United States shareholder is subject to tax under section 551(b) of this title, such shareholder not be required to include as gross income any amount under subsec. (a) of this section.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–369, §801(d)(4), added subsec. (e).
1976—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "beginning after December 31, 1962" after "during any taxable year".
1975—Subsec. (a)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(a)(3)(B), struck out "except as provided in section 963," before "his pro rata share".
Subsec. (a)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(c)(3), substituted "(determined under section 955(a)(3) as in effect before the enactment of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975)" for "(determined under section 955(a)(3))".
Subsec. (a)(1)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(d)(2)(A), added cl. (iii).
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(c)(4), (d)(2)(B), substituted "paragraph (i)(A)(iii)" for "paragraph (1)(A)(ii)" and "foreign base company shipping operations" for "less developed countries".
Amendment by section 14101(e)(1) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to distributions made after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 14101(f) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as an Effective Date note under section 245A of this title.
Amendment by section 14212(b)(1)(A), (2) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14212(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 851 of this title.
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14214(b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2218, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14215(b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2218, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 413(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2004 Amendments note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1112(a)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 969, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to dispositions after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1996, and to taxable years of United States shareholders within which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 1501(d) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13231(e), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 501, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting section 956A of this title and amending this section and sections 959, 989, 1293, 1296, and 1297 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after September 30, 1993, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13232(d), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 502, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 956 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of controlled foreign corporations beginning after September 30, 1993, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of controlled foreign corporations end."
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 1235(c) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1235(h) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1291 of this title.
Amendment by section 1876(c)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §132(d)(2)(A), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 667, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) of subsection (c) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of United States shareholders beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984]."
Amendment by section 801(d)(4) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 805(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 94–12 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, and to taxable years of United States shareholders (within the meaning of 951(b) of this title) within which or with which such taxable years of such foreign corporations end, see section 602(f) of Pub. L. 94–12, set out as a note under section 954 of this title.
Pub. L. 87–834, §12(c), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1031, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and sections 952 to 964 and 970 to 972 of this title and amending sections 901, 904, and 1016 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 1962, and to taxable year of United States shareholders within which or with which such taxable years of such foreign corporations end."
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
Each person who is a United States shareholder of any controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year of such United States shareholder shall include in gross income such shareholder's global intangible low-taxed income for such taxable year.
For purposes of this section—
The term "global intangible low-taxed income" means, with respect to any United States shareholder for any taxable year of such United States shareholder, the excess (if any) of—
(A) such shareholder's net CFC tested income for such taxable year, over
(B) such shareholder's net deemed tangible income return for such taxable year.
The term "net deemed tangible income return" means, with respect to any United States shareholder for any taxable year, the excess of—
(A) 10 percent of the aggregate of such shareholder's pro rata share of the qualified business asset investment of each controlled foreign corporation with respect to which such shareholder is a United States shareholder for such taxable year (determined for each taxable year of each such controlled foreign corporation which ends in or with such taxable year of such United States shareholder), over
(B) the amount of interest expense taken into account under subsection (c)(2)(A)(ii) in determining the shareholder's net CFC tested income for the taxable year to the extent the interest income attributable to such expense is not taken into account in determining such shareholder's net CFC tested income.
For purposes of this section—
The term "net CFC tested income" means, with respect to any United States shareholder for any taxable year of such United States shareholder, the excess (if any) of—
(A) the aggregate of such shareholder's pro rata share of the tested income of each controlled foreign corporation with respect to which such shareholder is a United States shareholder for such taxable year of such United States shareholder (determined for each taxable year of such controlled foreign corporation which ends in or with such taxable year of such United States shareholder), over
(B) the aggregate of such shareholder's pro rata share of the tested loss of each controlled foreign corporation with respect to which such shareholder is a United States shareholder for such taxable year of such United States shareholder (determined for each taxable year of such controlled foreign corporation which ends in or with such taxable year of such United States shareholder).
For purposes of this section—
The term "tested income" means, with respect to any controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year of such controlled foreign corporation, the excess (if any) of—
(i) the gross income of such corporation determined without regard to—
(I) any item of income described in section 952(b),
(II) any gross income taken into account in determining the subpart F income of such corporation,
(III) any gross income excluded from the foreign base company income (as defined in section 954) and the insurance income (as defined in section 953) of such corporation by reason of section 954(b)(4),
(IV) any dividend received from a related person (as defined in section 954(d)(3)), and
(V) any foreign oil and gas extraction income (as defined in section 907(c)(1)) of such corporation, over
(ii) the deductions (including taxes) properly allocable to such gross income under rules similar to the rules of section 954(b)(5) (or to which such deductions would be allocable if there were such gross income).
The term "tested loss" means, with respect to any controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year of such controlled foreign corporation, the excess (if any) of the amount described in subparagraph (A)(ii) over the amount described in subparagraph (A)(i).
Section 952(c)(1)(A) shall be applied by increasing the earnings and profits of the controlled foreign corporation by the tested loss of such corporation.
For purposes of this section—
The term "qualified business asset investment" means, with respect to any controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year, the average of such corporation's aggregate adjusted bases as of the close of each quarter of such taxable year in specified tangible property—
(A) used in a trade or business of the corporation, and
(B) of a type with respect to which a deduction is allowable under section 167.
The term "specified tangible property" means, except as provided in subparagraph (B), any tangible property used in the production of tested income.
In the case of property used both in the production of tested income and income which is not tested income, such property shall be treated as specified tangible property in the same proportion that the gross income described in subsection (c)(1)(A) produced with respect to such property bears to the total gross income produced with respect to such property.
For purposes of this subsection, notwithstanding any provision of this title (or any other provision of law) which is enacted after the date of the enactment of this section, the adjusted basis in any property shall be determined—
(A) by using the alternative depreciation system under section 168(g), and
(B) by allocating the depreciation deduction with respect to such property ratably to each day during the period in the taxable year to which such depreciation relates.
For purposes of this subsection, if a controlled foreign corporation holds an interest in a partnership at the close of such taxable year of the controlled foreign corporation, such controlled foreign corporation shall take into account under paragraph (1) the controlled foreign corporation's distributive share of the aggregate of the partnership's adjusted bases (determined as of such date in the hands of the partnership) in tangible property held by such partnership to the extent such property—
(A) is used in the trade or business of the partnership,
(B) is of a type with respect to which a deduction is allowable under section 167, and
(C) is used in the production of tested income (determined with respect to such controlled foreign corporation's distributive share of income with respect to such property).
For purposes of this paragraph, the controlled foreign corporation's distributive share of the adjusted basis of any property shall be the controlled foreign corporation's distributive share of income with respect to such property.
The Secretary shall issue such regulations or other guidance as the Secretary determines appropriate to prevent the avoidance of the purposes of this subsection, including regulations or other guidance which provide for the treatment of property if—
(A) such property is transferred, or held, temporarily, or
(B) the avoidance of the purposes of this paragraph is a factor in the transfer or holding of such property.
For purposes of this section—
The pro rata shares referred to in subsections (b), (c)(1)(A), and (c)(1)(B), respectively, shall be determined under the rules of section 951(a)(2) in the same manner as such section applies to subpart F income and shall be taken into account in the taxable year of the United States shareholder in which or with which the taxable year of the controlled foreign corporation ends.
A person shall be treated as a United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year of such person only if such person owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)) stock in such foreign corporation on the last day in the taxable year of such foreign corporation on which such foreign corporation is a controlled foreign corporation.
A foreign corporation shall be treated as a controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year if such foreign corporation is a controlled foreign corporation at any time during such taxable year.
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), any global intangible low-taxed income included in gross income under subsection (a) shall be treated in the same manner as an amount included under section 951(a)(1)(A) for purposes of applying sections 168(h)(2)(B), 535(b)(10), 851(b), 904(h)(1), 959, 961, 962, 993(a)(1)(E), 996(f)(1), 1248(b)(1), 1248(d)(1), 6501(e)(1)(C), 6654(d)(2)(D), and 6655(e)(4).
The Secretary shall provide rules for the application of subparagraph (A) to other provisions of this title in any case in which the determination of subpart F income is required to be made at the level of the controlled foreign corporation.
For purposes of the sections referred to in paragraph (1), with respect to any controlled foreign corporation any pro rata amount from which is taken into account in determining the global intangible low-taxed income included in gross income of a United States shareholder under subsection (a), the portion of such global intangible low-taxed income which is treated as being with respect to such controlled foreign corporation is—
(A) in the case of a controlled foreign corporation with no tested income, zero, and
(B) in the case of a controlled foreign corporation with tested income, the portion of such global intangible low-taxed income which bears the same ratio to such global intangible low-taxed income as—
(i) such United States shareholder's pro rata amount of the tested income of such controlled foreign corporation, bears to
(ii) the aggregate amount described in subsection (c)(1)(A) with respect to such United States shareholder.
(Added Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14201(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2208.)
The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), is the date of the enactment of Pub. L. 115–97, which was approved Dec. 22, 2017.
Section applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14201(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as an Effective Date of 2017 Amendment note under section 904 of this title.
1 So in original. There are two pars. designated (3).
For purposes of this subpart, the term "subpart F income" means, in the case of any controlled foreign corporation, the sum of—
(1) insurance income (as defined under section 953),
(2) the foreign base company income (as determined under section 954),
(3) an amount equal to the product of—
(A) the income of such corporation other than income which—
(i) is attributable to earnings and profits of the foreign corporation included in the gross income of a United States person under section 951 (other than by reason of this paragraph), or
(ii) is described in subsection (b),
multiplied by
(B) the international boycott factor (as determined under section 999),
(4) the sum of the amounts of any illegal bribes, kickbacks, or other payments (within the meaning of section 162(c)) paid by or on behalf of the corporation during the taxable year of the corporation directly or indirectly to an official, employee, or agent in fact of a government, and
(5) the income of such corporation derived from any foreign country during any period during which section 901(j) applies to such foreign country.
The payments referred to in paragraph (4) are payments which would be unlawful under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 if the payor were a United States person. For purposes of paragraph (5), the income described therein shall be reduced, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, so as to take into account deductions (including taxes) properly allocable to such income.
In the case of a controlled foreign corporation, subpart F income does not include any item of income from sources within the United States which is effectively connected with the conduct by such corporation of a trade or business within the United States unless such item is exempt from taxation (or is subject to a reduced rate of tax) pursuant to a treaty obligation of the United States. For purposes of this subsection, any exemption (or reduction) with respect to the tax imposed by section 884 shall not be taken into account.
For purposes of subsection (a), the subpart F income of any controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year shall not exceed the earnings and profits of such corporation for such taxable year.
The amount included in the gross income of any United States shareholder under section 951(a)(1)(A) for any taxable year and attributable to a qualified activity shall be reduced by the amount of such shareholder's pro rata share of any qualified deficit.
The term "qualified deficit" means any deficit in earnings and profits of the controlled foreign corporation for any prior taxable year which began after December 31, 1986, and for which the controlled foreign corporation was a controlled foreign corporation; but only to the extent such deficit—
(I) is attributable to the same qualified activity as the activity giving rise to the income being offset, and
(II) has not previously been taken into account under this subparagraph.
In determining the deficit attributable to qualified activities described in subclause (II) or (III) of clause (iii),1 deficits in earnings and profits (to the extent not previously taken into account under this section) for taxable years beginning after 1962 and before 1987 also shall be taken into account. In the case of the qualified activity described in clause (iii)(I),1 the rule of the preceding sentence shall apply, except that "1982" shall be substituted for "1962".
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "qualified activity" means any activity giving rise to—
(I) foreign base company sales income,
(II) foreign base company services income,
(III) in the case of a qualified insurance company, insurance income or foreign personal holding company income, or
(IV) in the case of a qualified financial institution, foreign personal holding company income.
For purposes of this paragraph, the shareholder's pro rata share of any deficit for any prior taxable year shall be determined under rules similar to rules under section 951(a)(2) for whichever of the following yields the smaller share:
(I) the close of the taxable year, or
(II) the close of the taxable year in which the deficit arose.
For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "qualified insurance company" means any controlled foreign corporation predominantly engaged in the active conduct of an insurance business in the taxable year and in the prior taxable years in which the deficit arose.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "qualified financial institution" means any controlled foreign corporation predominantly engaged in the active conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business in the taxable year and in the prior taxable year in which the deficit arose.
An election may be made under this clause to have section 953(a) applied for purposes of this title without regard to the same country exception under paragraph (1)(A) thereof. Such election, once made, may be revoked only with the consent of the Secretary.
In the case of an affiliated group of corporations (within the meaning of section 1504 but without regard to section 1504(b)(3) and by substituting "more than 50 percent" for "at least 80 percent" each place it appears), no election may be made under subclause (I) for any controlled foreign corporation unless such election is made for all other controlled foreign corporations who are members of such group and who were created or organized under the laws of the same country as such controlled foreign corporation. For purposes of clause (v), in determining whether any controlled corporation described in the preceding sentence is a qualified insurance company, all such corporations shall be treated as 1 corporation.
A controlled foreign corporation may elect to reduce the amount of its subpart F income for any taxable year which is attributable to any qualified activity by the amount of any deficit in earnings and profits of a qualified chain member for a taxable year ending with (or within) the taxable year of such controlled foreign corporation to the extent such deficit is attributable to such activity. To the extent any deficit reduces subpart F income under the preceding sentence, such deficit shall not be taken into account under subparagraph (B).
For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "qualified chain member" means, with respect to any controlled foreign corporation, any other corporation which is created or organized under the laws of the same foreign country as the controlled foreign corporation but only if—
(I) all the stock of such other corporation (other than directors' qualifying shares) is owned at all times during the taxable year in which the deficit arose (directly or through 1 or more corporations other than the common parent) by such controlled foreign corporation, or
(II) all the stock of such controlled foreign corporation (other than directors' qualifying shares) is owned at all times during the taxable year in which the deficit arose (directly or through 1 or more corporations other than the common parent) by such other corporation.
This subparagraph shall be applied after subparagraphs (A) and (B).
If the subpart F income of any controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year was reduced by reason of paragraph (1)(A), any excess of the earnings and profits of such corporation for any subsequent taxable year over the subpart F income of such foreign corporation for such taxable year shall be recharacterized as subpart F income under rules similar to the rules applicable under section 904(f)(5).
For purposes of this subsection, earnings and profits of any controlled foreign corporation shall be determined without regard to paragraphs (4), (5), and (6) of section 312(n). Under regulations, the preceding sentence shall not apply to the extent it would increase earnings and profits by an amount which was previously distributed by the controlled foreign corporation.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of subsection (a)(5), including regulations which treat income paid through 1 or more entities as derived from a foreign country to which section 901(j) applies if such income was, without regard to such entities, derived from such country.
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1008; amended Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §104(j), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1562; Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §§1062, 1065(a)(1), title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1650, 1653, 1834; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §288(b)(1), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 571; Pub. L. 99–509, title VIII, §8041(b), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1963; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1221(b)(3)(A), (f), title XVIII, §1876(c)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2552, 2554, 2898; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(i)(16), (22)–(25)(A), title VI, §6131(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3510–3512, 3720; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1112(c)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 969; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §415(c)(1), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1511; Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §412(kk), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2639; Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(14), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2490; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§14211(b)(1), 14212(b)(1)(C), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2217.)
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, referred to in subsec. (a), is title I of Pub. L. 95–213, Dec. 19, 1977, 91 Stat. 1494, as amended, which enacted sections 78dd–1 to 78dd–3 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and amended sections 78m and 78ff of Title 15. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1977 Amendment note set out under section 78a of Title 15 and Tables.
Clause (iii), referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(B)(ii), means cl. (iii) of subsec. (c)(1)(B), which was amended by Pub. L. 115–97, §14211(b)(1). As amended, subcl. (I) was struck out and subcls. (II) and (III) were redesignated (I) and (II), respectively. See 2017 Amendment note below.
2017—Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 115–97, §14212(b)(1)(C), substituted "section 951(a)(1)(A)" for "section 951(a)(1)(A)(i)".
Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 115–97, §14211(b)(1), redesignated subcls. (II) to (V) as (I) to (IV), respectively, and struck out former subcl. (I) which read as follows: "foreign base company oil related income,".
2007—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–172 struck out second sentence which read as follows: "For purposes of the preceding sentence, income described in paragraph (2) or (3) of section 921(d) shall be treated as derived from sources within the United States."
2005—Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 109–135 substituted "subclause (II) or (III) of clause (iii)" for "clause (iii)(III) or (IV)" and "clause (iii)(I)" for "clause (iii)(II)" in concluding provisions.
2004—Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 108–357 redesignated subcls. (II) to (VI) as (I) to (V), respectively, and struck out former subcl. (I) which read as follows: "foreign base company shipping income,".
1997—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–34 inserted at end "For purposes of this subsection, any exemption (or reduction) with respect to the tax imposed by section 884 shall not be taken into account."
1988—Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(24), inserted at end "In determining the deficit attributable to qualified activities described in clause (iii)(III) or (IV), deficits in earnings and profits (to the extent not previously taken into account under this section) for taxable years beginning after 1962 and before 1987 also shall be taken into account. In the case of the qualified activity described in clause (iii)(II), the rule of the preceding sentence shall apply, except that '1982' shall be substituted for '1962'."
Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(iii)(III) to (VI). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(22), (23), added subcls. (III) and (IV), redesignated former subcl. (III) as (V) and substituted "insurance income or foreign personal holding company income," for "insurance income", and redesignated former subcl. (IV) as (VI).
Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 100–647, §6131(a), added cl. (vii).
Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(25)(A), added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(16), added par. (3).
1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–509, §8041(b)(1), added par. (5) and last sentence.
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(b)(3)(A), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "the income derived from the insurance of United States risks (as determined under section 953), and".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–514, §1876(c)(1), inserted last sentence.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(f), added subsec. (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which read as follows: "For purposes of subsection (a), the subpart F income of any controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year shall not exceed the earnings and profits of such corporation for such year reduced by the amount (if any) by which—
"(1) an amount equal to—
"(A) the sum of the deficits in earnings and profits for prior taxable years beginning after December 31, 1962, plus
"(B) the sum of the deficits in earnings and profits for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1959, and before January 1, 1963 (reduced by the sum of the earnings and profits for such taxable years); exceeds
"(2) an amount equal to the sum of the earnings and profits for prior taxable years beginning after December 31, 1962, allocated to other earnings and profits under section 959(c)(3).
For purposes of the preceding sentence, any deficit in earnings and profits for any prior taxable year shall be taken into account under paragraph (1) for any taxable year only to the extent it has not been taken into account under such paragraph for any preceding taxable year to reduce earnings and profits of such preceding year."
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–509, §8041(b)(2), added subsec. (d).
Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(f), struck out subsec. (d), special rule in case of indirect ownership, which read as follows: "For purposes of subsection (c), if—
"(1) a United States shareholder owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)) stock of a foreign corporation, and by reason of such ownership owns (within the meaning of such section) stock of any other foreign corporation, and
"(2) any of such foreign corporations has a deficit in earnings and profits for the taxable year,
then the earnings and profits for the taxable year of each such foreign corporation which is a controlled foreign corporation shall, with respect to such United States shareholder, be properly reduced to take into account any deficit described in paragraph (2) in such manner as the Secretary shall prescribe by regulations."
1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–248 inserted provision that the payments referred to in par. (4) are payments which would be unlawful under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 if the payor were a United States person.
1976—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 94–455, §1062(a), added par. (3).
Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 94–455, §1065(a)(1), added par. (4).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
1966—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–809 substituted "In the case of a controlled foreign corporation, subpart F income does not include any item of income from sources within the United States which is effectively connected with the conduct by such corporation of a trade or business within the United States unless such item is exempt from taxation (or is subject to a reduced rate of tax) pursuant to a treaty obligation of the United States" for "Subpart F income does not include any item includible in gross income under this chapter (other than this subpart) as income derived from sources within the United States of a foreign corporation engaged in trade or business in the United States".
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14211(c), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2217, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 954 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 14212(b)(1)(C) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14212(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 851 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §415(d), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1511, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 954 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1112(c)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 970, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986."
Amendment by section 1012(i)(16), (22)–(25)(A) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6131(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3720, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the amendments made by section 1221(f) of the Reform Act [Pub. L. 99–514]."
Amendment by section 1221(b)(3)(A), (f) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1221(g) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 954 of this title.
Amendment by section 1876(c)(1) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–509 effective Jan. 1, 1987, see section 8041(c) of Pub. L. 99–509, set out as a note under section 901 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to payments made after Sept. 3, 1982, see section 288(c) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 162 of this title.
Amendment by section 1062 of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to participation in or cooperation with an international boycott more than 30 days after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1066(a) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 908 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1066(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1654, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendments made by section 1065 [amending this section and sections 995 and 964 of this title] apply to payments described in section 162(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] made more than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 4, 1976]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 104(n) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(i)(6), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3508, provided that: "For purposes of applying section 952(c)(1)(A) of the 1986 Code, the earnings and profits of any corporation shall be determined without regard to any increase in earnings and profits under section 1023(e)(3)(C) of the Reform Act [Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 846 of this title]."
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
1 See References in Text note below.
For purposes of section 952(a)(1), the term "insurance income" means any income which—
(A) is attributable to the issuing (or reinsuring) of an insurance or annuity contract, and
(B) would (subject to the modifications provided by subsection (b)) be taxed under subchapter L of this chapter if such income were the income of a domestic insurance company.
Such term shall not include any exempt insurance income (as defined in subsection (e)).
For purposes of subsection (a)—
(1) The following provisions of subchapter L shall not apply:
(A) So much of section 805(a)(8) as relates to the deduction allowed under section 172.
(B) Section 832(c)(5) (relating to certain capital losses).
(2) The items referred to in—
(A) section 803(a)(1) (relating to gross amount of premiums and other considerations),
(B) section 803(a)(2) (relating to net decrease in reserves),
(C) section 805(a)(2) (relating to net increase in reserves), and
(D) section 832(b)(4) (relating to premiums earned on insurance contracts),
shall be taken into account only to the extent they are in respect of any reinsurance or the issuing of any insurance or annuity contract described in subsection (a)(1).
(3) Reserves for any insurance or annuity contract shall be determined in the same manner as under section 954(i).
(4) All items of income, expenses, losses, and deductions shall be properly allocated or apportioned under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
For purposes only of taking into account related person insurance income—
(A) the term "United States shareholder" means, with respect to any foreign corporation, a United States person (as defined in section 957(c)) who owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)) any stock of the foreign corporation,
(B) the term "controlled foreign corporation" has the meaning given to such term by section 957(a) determined by substituting "25 percent or more" for "more than 50 percent", and
(C) the pro rata share referred to in section 951(a)(1)(A) shall be determined under paragraph (5) of this subsection.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "related person insurance income" means any insurance income (within the meaning of subsection (a)) attributable to a policy of insurance or reinsurance with respect to which the person (directly or indirectly) insured is a United States shareholder in the foreign corporation or a related person to such a shareholder.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any foreign corporation if at all times during the taxable year of such foreign corporation—
(i) less than 20 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote, and
(ii) less than 20 percent of the total value of such corporation,
is owned (directly or indirectly under the principles of section 883(c)(4)) by persons who are (directly or indirectly) insured under any policy of insurance or reinsurance issued by such corporation or who are related persons to any such person.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any foreign corporation for a taxable year of such corporation if the related person insurance income (determined on a gross basis) of such corporation for such taxable year is less than 20 percent of its insurance income (as so determined) for such taxable year determined without regard to those provisions of subsection (a)(1) which limit insurance income to income from countries other than the country in which the corporation was created or organized.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any foreign corporation for any taxable year if—
(i) such corporation elects (at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe)—
(I) to treat its related person insurance income for such taxable year as income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States, and
(II) to waive all benefits (other than with respect to section 884) with respect to related person insurance income granted by the United States under any treaty between the United States and any foreign country, and
(ii) such corporation meets such requirements as the Secretary shall prescribe to ensure that the tax imposed by this chapter on such income is paid.
An election under this subparagraph made for any taxable year shall not be effective if the corporation (or any predecessor thereof) was a disqualified corporation for the taxable year for which the election was made or for any prior taxable year beginning after 1986.
Except as provided in subclause (II), any election under subparagraph (C) shall apply to the taxable year for which made and all subsequent taxable years unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
If a foreign corporation which made an election under subparagraph (C) for any taxable year is a disqualified corporation for any subsequent taxable year, such election shall not apply to any taxable year beginning after such subsequent taxable year.
The tax imposed by section 4371 shall not apply with respect to any related person insurance income treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States under subparagraph (C).
For purposes of this paragraph the term "disqualified corporation" means, with respect to any taxable year, any foreign corporation which is a controlled foreign corporation for an uninterrupted period of 30 days or more during such taxable year (determined without regard to this subsection) but only if a United States shareholder (determined without regard to this subsection) owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)) stock in such corporation at some time during such taxable year.
In the case of a mutual insurance company—
(A) this subsection shall apply,
(B) policyholders of such company shall be treated as shareholders, and
(C) appropriate adjustments in the application of this subpart shall be made under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
The pro rata share determined under this paragraph for any United States shareholder is the lesser of—
(i) the amount which would be determined under paragraph (2) of section 951(a) if—
(I) only related person insurance income were taken into account,
(II) stock owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)) by United States shareholders on the last day of the taxable year were the only stock in the foreign corporation, and
(III) only distributions received by United States shareholders were taken into account under subparagraph (B) of such paragraph (2), or
(ii) the amount which would be determined under paragraph (2) of section 951(a) if the entire earnings and profits of the foreign corporation for the taxable year were subpart F income.
The Secretary shall prescribe regulations providing for such modifications to the provisions of this subpart as may be necessary or appropriate by reason of subparagraph (A).
For purposes of this subsection—
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term "related person" has the meaning given such term by section 954(d)(3).
In the case of any policy of insurance covering liability arising from services performed as a director, officer, or employee of a corporation or as a partner or employee of a partnership, the person performing such services and the entity for which such services are performed shall be treated as related persons.
For purposes of section 1248, if any person is (or would be but for paragraph (3)) treated under paragraph (1) as a United States shareholder with respect to any foreign corporation which would be taxed under subchapter L if it were a domestic corporation and which is (or would be but for paragraph (3)) treated under paragraph (1) as a controlled foreign corporation—
(A) such person shall be treated as meeting the stock ownership requirements of section 1248(a)(2) with respect to such foreign corporation, and
(B) such foreign corporation shall be treated as a controlled foreign corporation.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this subsection, including—
(A) regulations preventing the avoidance of this subsection through cross insurance arrangements or otherwise, and
(B) regulations which may provide that a person will not be treated as a United States shareholder under paragraph (1) with respect to any foreign corporation if neither such person (nor any related person to such person) is (directly or indirectly) insured under any policy of insurance or reinsurance issued by such foreign corporation.
If—
(A) a foreign corporation is a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957(a) by substituting "25 percent or more" for "more than 50 percent" and by using the definition of United States shareholder under 953(c)(1)(A)),
(B) such foreign corporation would qualify under part I or II of subchapter L for the taxable year if it were a domestic corporation,
(C) such foreign corporation meets such requirements as the Secretary shall prescribe to ensure that the taxes imposed by this chapter on such foreign corporation are paid, and
(D) such foreign corporation makes an election to have this paragraph apply and waives all benefits to such corporation granted by the United States under any treaty,
for purposes of this title, such corporation shall be treated as a domestic corporation.
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), an election under paragraph (1) shall apply to the taxable year for which made and all subsequent taxable years unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
If a corporation which made an election under paragraph (1) for any taxable year fails to meet the requirements of subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C), of paragraph (1) for any subsequent taxable year, such election shall not apply to any taxable year beginning after such subsequent taxable year.
If any corporation treated as a domestic corporation under this subsection is treated as a member of an affiliated group for purposes of chapter 6 (relating to consolidated returns), any loss of such corporation shall be treated as a dual consolidated loss for purposes of section 1503(d) without regard to paragraph (2)(B) thereof.
For purposes of section 367, any foreign corporation making an election under paragraph (1) shall be treated as transferring (as of the 1st day of the 1st taxable year to which such election applies) all of its assets to a domestic corporation in connection with an exchange to which section 354 applies.
Earnings and profits of the foreign corporation accumulated in taxable years beginning before January 1, 1988, shall not be included in the gross income of the persons holding stock in such corporation by reason of subparagraph (A).
For purposes of this title, any distribution made by a corporation to which an election under paragraph (1) applies out of earnings and profits accumulated in taxable years beginning before January 1, 1988, shall be treated as a distribution made by a foreign corporation.
The provisions specified in clause (iv) shall be applied without regard to paragraph (1), except that, in the case of a corporation to which an election under paragraph (1) applies, only earnings and profits accumulated in taxable years beginning before January 1, 1988, shall be taken into account.
The provisions specified in this clause are:
(I) Section 1248 (relating to gain from certain sales or exchanges of stock in certain foreign corporations).
(II) Subpart F of part III of subchapter N to the extent such subpart relates to earnings invested in United States property.
(III) Section 884 to the extent the foreign corporation reinvested 1987 earnings and profits in United States assets.
For purposes of section 367, if—
(A) an election is made by a corporation under paragraph (1) for any taxable year, and
(B) such election ceases to apply for any subsequent taxable year,
such corporation shall be treated as a domestic corporation transferring (as of the 1st day of such subsequent taxable year) all of its property to a foreign corporation in connection with an exchange to which section 354 applies.
If a corporation makes an election under paragraph (1), the amount of tax imposed by this chapter for the 1st taxable year to which such election applies shall be increased by the amount determined under subparagraph (B).
The amount of tax determined under this paragraph shall be equal to the lesser of—
(i) ¾ of 1 percent of the aggregate amount of capital and accumulated surplus of the corporation as of December 31, 1987, or
(ii) $1,500,000.
For purposes of this section—
The term "exempt insurance income" means income derived by a qualifying insurance company which—
(i) is attributable to the issuing (or reinsuring) of an exempt contract by such company or a qualifying insurance company branch of such company, and
(ii) is treated as earned by such company or branch in its home country for purposes of such country's tax laws.
Such term shall not include income attributable to the issuing (or reinsuring) of an exempt contract as the result of any arrangement whereby another corporation receives a substantially equal amount of premiums or other consideration in respect of issuing (or reinsuring) a contract which is not an exempt contract.
For purposes of this subsection and section 954(i), the exempt insurance income and exempt contracts of a qualifying insurance company or any qualifying insurance company branch of such company shall be determined separately for such company and each such branch by taking into account—
(i) in the case of the qualifying insurance company, only items of income, deduction, gain, or loss, and activities of such company not properly allocable or attributable to any qualifying insurance company branch of such company, and
(ii) in the case of a qualifying insurance company branch, only items of income, deduction, gain, or loss and activities properly allocable or attributable to such branch.
The term "exempt contract" means an insurance or annuity contract issued or reinsured by a qualifying insurance company or qualifying insurance company branch in connection with property in, liability arising out of activity in, or the lives or health of residents of, a country other than the United States.
No contract of a qualifying insurance company or of a qualifying insurance company branch shall be treated as an exempt contract unless such company or branch derives more than 30 percent of its net written premiums from exempt contracts (determined without regard to this subparagraph)—
(I) which cover applicable home country risks, and
(II) with respect to which no policyholder, insured, annuitant, or beneficiary is a related person (as defined in section 954(d)(3)).
The term "applicable home country risks" means risks in connection with property in, liability arising out of activity in, or the lives or health of residents of, the home country of the qualifying insurance company or qualifying insurance company branch, as the case may be, issuing or reinsuring the contract covering the risks.
A contract issued by a qualifying insurance company or qualifying insurance company branch which covers risks other than applicable home country risks (as defined in subparagraph (B)(ii)) shall not be treated as an exempt contract unless such company or branch, as the case may be—
(i) conducts substantial activity with respect to an insurance business in its home country, and
(ii) performs in its home country substantially all of the activities necessary to give rise to the income generated by such contract.
The term "qualifying insurance company" means any controlled foreign corporation which—
(A) is subject to regulation as an insurance (or reinsurance) company by its home country, and is licensed, authorized, or regulated by the applicable insurance regulatory body for its home country to sell insurance, reinsurance, or annuity contracts to persons other than related persons (within the meaning of section 954(d)(3)) in such home country,
(B) derives more than 50 percent of its aggregate net written premiums from the issuance or reinsurance by such controlled foreign corporation and each of its qualifying insurance company branches of contracts—
(i) covering applicable home country risks (as defined in paragraph (2)) of such corporation or branch, as the case may be, and
(ii) with respect to which no policyholder, insured, annuitant, or beneficiary is a related person (as defined in section 954(d)(3)),
except that in the case of a branch, such premiums shall only be taken into account to the extent such premiums are treated as earned by such branch in its home country for purposes of such country's tax laws, and
(C) is engaged in the insurance business and would be subject to tax under subchapter L if it were a domestic corporation.
The term "qualifying insurance company branch" means a qualified business unit (within the meaning of section 989(a)) of a controlled foreign corporation if—
(A) such unit is licensed, authorized, or regulated by the applicable insurance regulatory body for its home country to sell insurance, reinsurance, or annuity contracts to persons other than related persons (within the meaning of section 954(d)(3)) in such home country, and
(B) such controlled foreign corporation is a qualifying insurance company, determined under paragraph (3) as if such unit were a qualifying insurance company branch.
For purposes of this section and section 954, the determination of whether a contract issued by a controlled foreign corporation or a qualified business unit (within the meaning of section 989(a)) is a life insurance contract or an annuity contract shall be made without regard to sections 72(s), 101(f), 817(h), and 7702 if—
(A) such contract is regulated as a life insurance or annuity contract by the corporation's or unit's home country, and
(B) no policyholder, insured, annuitant, or beneficiary with respect to the contract is a United States person.
For purposes of this subsection, except as provided in regulations—
The term "home country" means, with respect to a controlled foreign corporation, the country in which such corporation is created or organized.
The term "home country" means, with respect to a qualified business unit (as defined in section 989(a)), the country in which the principal office of such unit is located and in which such unit is licensed, authorized, or regulated by the applicable insurance regulatory body to sell insurance, reinsurance, or annuity contracts to persons other than related persons (as defined in section 954(d)(3)) in such country.
For purposes of applying this subsection and section 954(i)—
(A) the rules of section 954(h)(7) (other than subparagraph (B) thereof) shall apply,
(B) there shall be disregarded any item of income, gain, loss, or deduction of, or derived from, an entity which is not engaged in regular and continuous transactions with persons which are not related persons,
(C) there shall be disregarded any change in the method of computing reserves a principal purpose of which is the acceleration or deferral of any item in order to claim the benefits of this subsection or section 954(i),
(D) a contract of insurance or reinsurance shall not be treated as an exempt contract (and premiums from such contract shall not be taken into account for purposes of paragraph (2)(B) or (3)) if—
(i) any policyholder, insured, annuitant, or beneficiary is a resident of the United States and such contract was marketed to such resident and was written to cover a risk outside the United States, or
(ii) the contract covers risks located within and without the United States and the qualifying insurance company or qualifying insurance company branch does not maintain such contemporaneous records, and file such reports, with respect to such contract as the Secretary may require,
(E) the Secretary may prescribe rules for the allocation of contracts (and income from contracts) among 2 or more qualifying insurance company branches of a qualifying insurance company in order to clearly reflect the income of such branches, and
(F) premiums from a contract shall not be taken into account for purposes of paragraph (2)(B) or (3) if such contract reinsures a contract issued or reinsured by a related person (as defined in section 954(d)(3)).
For purposes of subparagraph (D), the determination of where risks are located shall be made under the principles of section 953.
In determining insurance income for purposes of subsection (c), exempt insurance income shall not include income derived from exempt contracts which cover risks other than applicable home country risks.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection and section 954(i).
For income exempt from foreign personal holding company income, see section 954(i).
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1008; amended Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §104(m)(2), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1563; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title II, §211(b)(13), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 755; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1221(b)(1), (2), (3)(D), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2551, 2553; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(i)(1)–(3)(B), (4), (5), (7)–(9), (21), title VI, §6135(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3507–3509, 3511, 3721; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7816(p), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2423; Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title I, §1005(b)(1), (3), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–893, 2681–899; Pub. L. 106–170, title V, §503(a), (b), Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1921; Pub. L. 107–147, title VI, §614(a)(1), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 61; Pub. L. 109–222, title I, §103(a)(1), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 346; Pub. L. 110–343, div. C, title III, §303(a), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3866; Pub. L. 111–312, title VII, §750(a), (b), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3320; Pub. L. 112–240, title III, §322(a), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2332; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title I, §134(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4019; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, §128(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3054; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§13511(b)(7), 13512(b)(8), 14212(b)(1)(D), (3), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2142, 2143, 2217.)
2017—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–97, §13512(b)(8), redesignated subpar. (B) as (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "The small life insurance company deduction."
Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §13512(b)(8), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (A).
Pub. L. 115–97, §13511(b)(7), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "Section 805(a)(5) (relating to operations loss deduction)."
Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 115–97, §13512(b)(8), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B).
Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 115–97, §14212(b)(1)(D), substituted "section 951(a)(1)(A)" for "section 951(a)(1)(A)(i)".
Subsec. (d)(4)(B)(iv)(II). Pub. L. 115–97, §14212(b)(3), struck out before period at end "or amounts referred to in clause (ii) or (iii) of section 951(a)(1)(A)".
2015—Subsec. (e)(10), (11). Pub. L. 114–113 redesignated par. (11) as (10) and struck out former par. (10). Prior to amendment, text of par. (10) read as follows: "This subsection and section 954(i) shall apply only to taxable years of a foreign corporation beginning after December 31, 1998, and before January 1, 2015, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which any such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends. If this subsection does not apply to a taxable year of a foreign corporation beginning after December 31, 2014 (and taxable years of United States shareholders ending with or within such taxable year), then, notwithstanding the preceding sentence, subsection (a) shall be applied to such taxable years in the same manner as it would if the taxable year of the foreign corporation began in 1998."
2014—Subsec. (e)(10). Pub. L. 113–295 substituted "January 1, 2015" for "January 1, 2014" and "December 31, 2014" for "December 31, 2013".
2013—Subsec. (e)(10). Pub. L. 112–240 substituted "January 1, 2014" for "January 1, 2012" and "December 31, 2013" for "December 31, 2011".
2010—Subsec. (e)(10). Pub. L. 111–312 substituted "January 1, 2012" for "January 1, 2010" and "December 31, 2011" for "December 31, 2009".
2008—Subsec. (e)(10). Pub. L. 110–343 substituted "January 1, 2010" for "January 1, 2009" and "December 31, 2009" for "December 31, 2008".
2006—Subsec. (e)(10). Pub. L. 109–222 substituted "January 1, 2009" for "January 1, 2007" and "December 31, 2008" for "December 31, 2006".
2002—Subsec. (e)(10). Pub. L. 107–147 substituted "January 1, 2007" for "January 1, 2002" and "December 31, 2006" for "December 31, 2001".
1999—Subsec. (e)(10). Pub. L. 106–170 substituted "taxable years" for "the first taxable year", "January 1, 2002" for "January 1, 2000", and "within which any such" for "within which such", and inserted at end "If this subsection does not apply to a taxable year of a foreign corporation beginning after December 31, 2001 (and taxable years of United States shareholders ending with or within such taxable year), then, notwithstanding the preceding sentence, subsection (a) shall be applied to such taxable years in the same manner as it would if the taxable year of the foreign corporation began in 1998."
1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277, §1005(b)(1)(A), amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For purposes of section 952(a)(1), the term 'insurance income' means any income which—
"(1) is attributable to the issuing (or reinsuring) of any insurance or annuity contract—
"(A) in connection with property in, liability arising out of activity in, or in connection with the lives or health of residents of, a country other than the country under the laws of which the controlled foreign corporation is created or organized, or
"(B) in connection with risks not described in subparagraph (A) as the result of any arrangement whereby another corporation receives a substantially equal amount of premiums or other consideration in respect of issuing (or reinsuring) a contract described in subparagraph (A), and
"(2) would (subject to the modifications provided by paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (b)) be taxed under subchapter L of this chapter if such income were the income of a domestic insurance company."
Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 105–277, §1005(b)(3), added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4).
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–277, §1005(b)(1)(B), added subsec. (e).
1989—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 101–239 substituted "for purposes of section 1503(d) without regard to paragraph (2)(B) thereof" for "(as defined in section 1503(d))".
1988—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(7)(A), redesignated par. (2) as (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "A corporation which would, if it were a domestic insurance corporation, be taxable under part II of subchapter L shall apply subsection (a) as if it were taxable under part III of subchapter L."
Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(7)(B), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "The special life insurance company deduction and the small life insurance company deduction."
Subsec. (b)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(7)(A), (C), redesignated pars. (3) and (4) as (2) and (3), respectively, and struck out "(other than those taken into account under paragraph (3))" after "and deductions" in par. (3). Former par. (2) redesignated (1).
Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(2)(A), added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(3)(A), (4)(B), (5), substituted "insurance income (within the meaning of subsection (a)) attributable" for "insurance income attributable", "with respect to which the person (directly or indirectly) insured is" for "with respect to which the primary insured is", and "related person" for "related person (within the meaning of section 954(d)(3))".
Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(3)(B), (4)(B), substituted "persons who are (directly or indirectly) insured" for "persons who are the primary insured" and "to any such person" for "(within the meaning of section 954(d)(3)) to any such primary insured".
Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(8), substituted "related person insurance income (determined on a gross basis)" for "related person insurance income" and "its insurance income (as so determined)" for "its insurance income".
Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(1)(A), (9), substituted "all benefits (other than with respect to section 884)" for "all benefits" and "granted by the United States under any treaty" for "under any income tax treaty" in cl. (i)(II) and inserted at end "An election under this subparagraph made for any taxable year shall not be effective if the corporation (or any predecessor thereof) was a disqualified corporation for the taxable year for which the election was made or for any prior taxable year beginning after 1986."
Subsec. (c)(3)(D)(i). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(1)(B), substituted "Period during which election in effect" for "Election irrevocable" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Any election under subparagraph (C) shall apply to the taxable year for which made and all subsequent taxable years unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary."
Subsec. (c)(3)(E). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(1)(C), added subpar. (E).
Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(2)(B), added par. (5) and redesignated former par. (5) as (6).
Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(4)(A), added par. (6) and redesignated former par. (6) as (7).
Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(2)(B), redesignated former par. (5) as (6).
Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(21), added par. (7) and struck out former par. (7) "Regulations", which read as follows: "The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this subsection, including regulations preventing the avoidance of this subsection through cross insurance arrangements or otherwise."
Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(4)(A), redesignated former par. (6) as (7).
Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(21), added par. (8).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–647, §6135(a), added subsec. (d).
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(b)(3)(D), substituted "Insurance income" for "Income from insurance of United States risks" in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(b)(1), amended subsec. (a) generally, substituting provisions defining "insurance income" for former provisions defining "income derived from the insurance of United States risks".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(b)(2), added subsec. (c).
1984—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–369, §211(b)(13)(D), substituted "and (2)" for ", (2), and (3)".
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98–369, §211(b)(13)(A), redesignated par. (2) as (1). Former par. (1), which provided that the application of part I of subchapter L of this chapter, life insurance company taxable income was the gain from operations as defined in section 809(b), was struck out.
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98–369, §211(b)(13)(B), in amending par. (2) generally, substituted
"(A) The special life insurance company deduction and the small life insurance company deduction.
"(B) Section 805(a)(5) (relating to operations loss deduction).
"(C) Section 832(c)(5) (relating to certain capital losses)."
for
"(A) Section 809(d)(4) (operations loss deduction).
"(B) Section 809(d)(5) (certain nonparticipating contracts).
"(C) Section 809(d)(6) (group life, accident, and health insurance)."
and struck out
"(D) Section 809(d)(10) (small business deduction).
"(E) Section 817(b) (gain on property held on December 31, 1958, and certain substituted property acquired after 1958).
"(F) Section 832(c)(5) (certain capital losses)."
Pub. L. 98–369, §211(b)(13)(A), redesignated par. (3) as (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (1).
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 98–369, §211(b)(13)(A), redesignated par. (4) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (2).
Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 98–369, §211(b)(13)(C)(i), substituted "section 803(a)(1)" for "section 809(c)(1)".
Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 98–369, §211(b)(13)(C)(ii), substituted "section 803(a)(2)" for "section 809(c)(2)".
Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 98–369, §211(b)(13)(C)(iii), substituted "section 805(a)(2)" for "section 809(d)(2)".
Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 98–369, §211(b)(13)(A), (E), redesignated par. (5) as (4) and substituted "paragraph (3)" for "paragraph (4)". Former par. (4) redesignated (3).
1976—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
1966—Subsec. (b)(3)(F). Pub. L. 89–809 substituted "832(c)(5)" for "832(b)(5)".
Amendment by section 13511(b)(7) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to losses arising in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13511(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 381 of this title.
Amendment by section 13512(b)(8) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13512(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 453B of this title.
Amendment by section 14212(b)(1)(D), (3) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14212(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 851 of this title.
Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, §128(c), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3054, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 954 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2014, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which any such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends."
Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title I, §134(c), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4019, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 954 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2013, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which any such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends."
Pub. L. 112–240, title III, §322(c), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2332, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 954 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2011, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which any such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends."
Pub. L. 111–312, title VII, §750(c), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3320, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 954 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2009, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which any such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends."
Pub. L. 107–147, title VI, §614(c), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 62, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 954 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2001."
Pub. L. 106–170, title V, §503(c), Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1921, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 954 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1999."
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(i)(3)(C), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3508, provided that: "The amendments made by this paragraph [amending this section] to the extent such amendments add the phrase '(directly or indirectly)' shall apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1987."
Amendment by section 1012(i)(1), (2), (4), (5), (7)–(9), (21) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6135(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3723, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1987."
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1221(g) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 954 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 215 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 104(n) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
For purposes of section 952(a)(2), the term "foreign base company income" means for any taxable year the sum of—
(1) the foreign personal holding company income for the taxable year (determined under subsection (c) and reduced as provided in subsection (b)(5)),
(2) the foreign base company sales income for the taxable year (determined under subsection (d) and reduced as provided in subsection (b)(5)), and
(3) the foreign base company services income for the taxable year (determined under subsection (e) and reduced as provided in subsection (b)(5)).
For purposes of subsection (a) and section 953—
If the sum of foreign base company income (determined without regard to paragraph (5)) and the gross insurance income for the taxable year is less than the lesser of—
(i) 5 percent of gross income, or
(ii) $1,000,000,
no part of the gross income for the taxable year shall be treated as foreign base company income or insurance income.
If the sum of the foreign base company income (determined without regard to paragraph (5)) and the gross insurance income for the taxable year exceeds 70 percent of gross income, the entire gross income for the taxable year shall, subject to the provisions of paragraphs (4) and (5), be treated as foreign base company income or insurance income (whichever is appropriate).
For purposes of subparagraphs (A) and (B), the term "gross insurance income" means any item of gross income taken into account in determining insurance income under section 953.
For purposes of subsection (a) and section 953, foreign base company income and insurance income shall not include any item of income received by a controlled foreign corporation if the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such income was subject to an effective rate of income tax imposed by a foreign country greater than 90 percent of the maximum rate of tax specified in section 11.
For purposes of subsection (a), the foreign personal holding company income, the foreign base company sales income, and the foreign base company services income shall be reduced, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, so as to take into account deductions (including taxes) properly allocable to such income. Except to the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, any interest which is paid or accrued by the controlled foreign corporation to any United States shareholder in such corporation (or any controlled foreign corporation related to such a shareholder) shall be allocated first to foreign personal holding company income which is passive income (within the meaning of section 904(d)(2)) of such corporation to the extent thereof. The Secretary may, by regulations, provide that the preceding sentence shall apply also to interest paid or accrued to other persons.
For purposes of subsection (a)(1), the term "foreign personal holding company income" means the portion of the gross income which consists of:
Dividends, interest, royalties, rents, and annuities.
The excess of gains over losses from the sale or exchange of property—
(i) which gives rise to income described in subparagraph (A) (after application of paragraph (2)(A)) other than property which gives rise to income not treated as foreign personal holding company income by reason of subsection (h) or (i) for the taxable year,
(ii) which is an interest in a trust, partnership, or REMIC, or
(iii) which does not give rise to any income.
Gains and losses from the sale or exchange of any property which, in the hands of the controlled foreign corporation, is property described in section 1221(a)(1) shall not be taken into account under this subparagraph.
The excess of gains over losses from transactions (including futures, forward, and similar transactions) in any commodities. This subparagraph shall not apply to gains or losses which—
(i) arise out of commodity hedging transactions (as defined in paragraph (5)(A)),
(ii) are active business gains or losses from the sale of commodities, but only if substantially all of the controlled foreign corporation's commodities are property described in paragraph (1), (2), or (8) of section 1221(a), or
(iii) are foreign currency gains or losses (as defined in section 988(b)) attributable to any section 988 transactions.
The excess of foreign currency gains over foreign currency losses (as defined in section 988(b)) attributable to any section 988 transactions. This subparagraph shall not apply in the case of any transaction directly related to the business needs of the controlled foreign corporation.
Any income equivalent to interest, including income from commitment fees (or similar amounts) for loans actually made.
Net income from notional principal contracts.
Any item of income, gain, deduction, or loss from a notional principal contract entered into for purposes of hedging any item described in any preceding subparagraph shall not be taken into account for purposes of this subparagraph but shall be taken into account under such other subparagraph.
Payments in lieu of dividends which are made pursuant to an agreement to which section 1058 applies.
(i) Amounts received under a contract under which the corporation is to furnish personal services if—
(I) some person other than the corporation has the right to designate (by name or by description) the individual who is to perform the services, or
(II) the individual who is to perform the services is designated (by name or by description) in the contract, and
(ii) amounts received from the sale or other disposition of such a contract.
This subparagraph shall apply with respect to amounts received for services under a particular contract only if at some time during the taxable year 25 percent or more in value of the outstanding stock of the corporation is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for the individual who has performed, is to perform, or may be designated (by name or by description) as the one to perform, such services.
Foreign personal holding company income shall not include rents and royalties which are derived in the active conduct of a trade or business and which are received from a person other than a related person (within the meaning of subsection (d)(3)). For purposes of the preceding sentence, rents derived from leasing an aircraft or vessel in foreign commerce shall not fail to be treated as derived in the active conduct of a trade or business if, as determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the active leasing expenses are not less than 10 percent of the profit on the lease.
Foreign personal holding company income shall not include any interest which is derived in the conduct of a banking business and which is export financing interest (as defined in section 904(d)(2)(G)).
Except as provided by regulations, in the case of a regular dealer in property which is property described in paragraph (1)(B), forward contracts, option contracts, or similar financial instruments (including notional principal contracts and all instruments referenced to commodities), there shall not be taken into account in computing foreign personal holding company income—
(i) any item of income, gain, deduction, or loss (other than any item described in subparagraph (A), (E), or (G) of paragraph (1)) from any transaction (including hedging transactions and transactions involving physical settlement) entered into in the ordinary course of such dealer's trade or business as such a dealer, and
(ii) if such dealer is a dealer in securities (within the meaning of section 475), any interest or dividend or equivalent amount described in subparagraph (E) or (G) of paragraph (1) from any transaction (including any hedging transaction or transaction described in section 956(c)(2)(I)) entered into in the ordinary course of such dealer's trade or business as such a dealer in securities, but only if the income from the transaction is attributable to activities of the dealer in the country under the laws of which the dealer is created or organized (or in the case of a qualified business unit described in section 989(a), is attributable to activities of the unit in the country in which the unit both maintains its principal office and conducts substantial business activity).
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term "foreign personal holding company income" does not include—
(i) dividends and interest received from a related person which (I) is a corporation created or organized under the laws of the same foreign country under the laws of which the controlled foreign corporation is created or organized, and (II) has a substantial part of its assets used in its trade or business located in such same foreign country, and
(ii) rents and royalties received from a corporation which is a related person for the use of, or the privilege of using, property within the country under the laws of which the controlled foreign corporation is created or organized.
To the extent provided in regulations, payments made by a partnership with 1 or more corporate partners shall be treated as made by such corporate partners in proportion to their respective interests in the partnership.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply in the case of any interest, rent, or royalty to the extent such interest, rent, or royalty reduces the payor's subpart F income or creates (or increases) a deficit which under section 952(c) may reduce the subpart F income of the payor or another controlled foreign corporation.
Subparagraph (A)(i) shall not apply to any dividend with respect to any stock which is attributable to earnings and profits of the distributing corporation accumulated during any period during which the person receiving such dividend did not hold such stock either directly, or indirectly through a chain of one or more subsidiaries each of which meets the requirements of subparagraph (A)(i).
In the case of any sale by a controlled foreign corporation of an interest in a partnership with respect to which such corporation is a 25-percent owner, such corporation shall be treated for purposes of this subsection as selling the proportionate share of the assets of the partnership attributable to such interest. The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be appropriate to prevent abuse of the purposes of this paragraph, including regulations providing for coordination of this paragraph with the provisions of subchapter K.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "25-percent owner" means a controlled foreign corporation which owns directly 25 percent or more of the capital or profits interest in a partnership. For purposes of the preceding sentence, if a controlled foreign corporation is a shareholder or partner of a corporation or partnership, the controlled foreign corporation shall be treated as owning directly its proportionate share of any such capital or profits interest held directly or indirectly by such corporation or partnership. If a controlled foreign corporation is treated as owning a capital or profits interest in a partnership under constructive ownership rules similar to the rules of section 958(b), the controlled foreign corporation shall be treated as owning such interest directly for purposes of this subparagraph.
For purposes of paragraph (1)(C)(i), the term "commodity hedging transaction" means any transaction with respect to a commodity if such transaction—
(i) is a hedging transaction as defined in section 1221(b)(2), determined—
(I) without regard to subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof,
(II) by applying subparagraph (A)(i) thereof by substituting "ordinary property or property described in section 1231(b)" for "ordinary property", and
(III) by substituting "controlled foreign corporation" for "taxpayer" each place it appears, and
(ii) is clearly identified as such in accordance with section 1221(a)(7).
Commodities with respect to which gains and losses are not taken into account under paragraph (2)(C) in computing a controlled foreign corporation's foreign personal holding company income shall not be taken into account in applying the substantially all test under paragraph (1)(C)(ii) to such corporation.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as are appropriate to carry out the purposes of paragraph (1)(C) in the case of transactions involving related parties.
For purposes of this subsection, dividends, interest, rents, and royalties received or accrued from a controlled foreign corporation which is a related person shall not be treated as foreign personal holding company income to the extent attributable or properly allocable (determined under rules similar to the rules of subparagraphs (C) and (D) of section 904(d)(3)) to income of the related person which is neither subpart F income nor income treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States. For purposes of this subparagraph, interest shall include factoring income which is treated as income equivalent to interest for purposes of paragraph (1)(E). The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out this paragraph, including such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to prevent the abuse of the purposes of this paragraph.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply in the case of any interest, rent, or royalty to the extent such interest, rent, or royalty creates (or increases) a deficit which under section 952(c) may reduce the subpart F income of the payor or another controlled foreign corporation.
Subparagraph (A) shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2005, and before January 1, 2026, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end.
For purposes of subsection (a)(2), the term "foreign base company sales income" means income (whether in the form of profits, commissions, fees, or otherwise) derived in connection with the purchase of personal property from a related person and its sale to any person, the sale of personal property to any person on behalf of a related person, the purchase of personal property from any person and its sale to a related person, or the purchase of personal property from any person on behalf of a related person where—
(A) the property which is purchased (or in the case of property sold on behalf of a related person, the property which is sold) is manufactured, produced, grown, or extracted outside the country under the laws of which the controlled foreign corporation is created or organized, and
(B) the property is sold for use, consumption, or disposition outside such foreign country, or, in the case of property purchased on behalf of a related person, is purchased for use, consumption, or disposition outside such foreign country.
For purposes of this subsection, personal property does not include agricultural commodities which are not grown in the United States in commercially marketable quantities.
For purposes of determining foreign base company sales income in situations in which the carrying on of activities by a controlled foreign corporation through a branch or similar establishment outside the country of incorporation of the controlled foreign corporation has substantially the same effect as if such branch or similar establishment were a wholly owned subsidiary corporation deriving such income, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary the income attributable to the carrying on of such activities of such branch or similar establishment shall be treated as income derived by a wholly owned subsidiary of the controlled foreign corporation and shall constitute foreign base company sales income of the controlled foreign corporation.
For purposes of this section, a person is a related person with respect to a controlled foreign corporation, if—
(A) such person is an individual, corporation, partnership, trust, or estate which controls, or is controlled by, the controlled foreign corporation, or
(B) such person is a corporation, partnership, trust, or estate which is controlled by the same person or persons which control the controlled foreign corporation.
For purposes of the preceding sentence, control means, with respect to a corporation, the ownership, directly or indirectly, of stock possessing more than 50 percent of the total voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or of the total value of stock of such corporation. In the case of a partnership, trust, or estate, control means the ownership, directly or indirectly, of more than 50 percent (by value) of the beneficial interests in such partnership, trust, or estate. For purposes of this paragraph, rules similar to the rules of section 958 shall apply.
For purposes of subsection (a)(2), the term "foreign base company sales income" includes any income (whether in the form of profits, commissions, fees, or otherwise) derived in connection with—
(A) the sale of any unprocessed timber referred to in section 865(b), or
(B) the milling of any such timber outside the United States.
Subpart G shall not apply to any amount treated as subpart F income by reason of this paragraph.
For purposes of subsection (a)(3), the term "foreign base company services income" means income (whether in the form of compensation, commissions, fees, or otherwise) derived in connection with the performance of technical, managerial, engineering, architectural, scientific, skilled, industrial, commercial, or like services which—
(A) are performed for or on behalf of any related person (within the meaning of subsection (d)(3)), and
(B) are performed outside the country under the laws of which the controlled foreign corporation is created or organized.
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to income derived in connection with the performance of services which are directly related to—
(A) the sale or exchange by the controlled foreign corporation of property manufactured, produced, grown, or extracted by it and which are performed before the time of the sale or exchange, or
(B) an offer or effort to sell or exchange such property.
Paragraph (1) shall also not apply to income which is exempt insurance income (as defined in section 953(e)) or which is not treated as foreign personal holding income by reason of subsection (c)(2)(C)(ii), (h), or (i).
For purposes of subsection (c)(1), foreign personal holding company income shall not include qualified banking or financing income of an eligible controlled foreign corporation.
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "eligible controlled foreign corporation" means a controlled foreign corporation which—
(i) is predominantly engaged in the active conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business, and
(ii) conducts substantial activity with respect to such business.
A controlled foreign corporation shall be treated as predominantly engaged in the active conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business if—
(i) more than 70 percent of the gross income of the controlled foreign corporation is derived directly from the active and regular conduct of a lending or finance business from transactions with customers which are not related persons,
(ii) it is engaged in the active conduct of a banking business and is an institution licensed to do business as a bank in the United States (or is any other corporation not so licensed which is specified by the Secretary in regulations), or
(iii) it is engaged in the active conduct of a securities business and is registered as a securities broker or dealer under section 15(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or is registered as a Government securities broker or dealer under section 15C(a) of such Act (or is any other corporation not so registered which is specified by the Secretary in regulations).
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "qualified banking or financing income" means income of an eligible controlled foreign corporation which—
(i) is derived in the active conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business by—
(I) such eligible controlled foreign corporation, or
(II) a qualified business unit of such eligible controlled foreign corporation,
(ii) is derived from one or more transactions—
(I) with customers located in a country other than the United States, and
(II) substantially all of the activities in connection with which are conducted directly by the corporation or unit in its home country, and
(iii) is treated as earned by such corporation or unit in its home country for purposes of such country's tax laws.
No income of an eligible controlled foreign corporation not described in clause (ii) or (iii) of paragraph (2)(B) (or of a qualified business unit of such corporation) shall be treated as qualified banking or financing income unless more than 30 percent of such corporation's or unit's gross income is derived directly from the active and regular conduct of a lending or finance business from transactions with customers which are not related persons and which are located within such corporation's or unit's home country.
The term "qualified banking or financing income" shall not include income derived from 1 or more transactions with customers located in a country other than the home country of the eligible controlled foreign corporation or a qualified business unit of such corporation unless such corporation or unit conducts substantial activity with respect to a banking, financing, or similar business in its home country.
For purposes of this paragraph, the qualified banking or financing income of an eligible controlled foreign corporation and each qualified business unit of such corporation shall be determined separately for such corporation and each such unit by taking into account—
(i) in the case of the eligible controlled foreign corporation, only items of income, deduction, gain, or loss and activities of such corporation not properly allocable or attributable to any qualified business unit of such corporation, and
(ii) in the case of a qualified business unit, only items of income, deduction, gain, or loss and activities properly allocable or attributable to such unit.
For purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii)(II), an activity shall be treated as conducted directly by an eligible controlled foreign corporation or qualified business unit in its home country if the activity is performed by employees of a related person and—
(i) the related person is an eligible controlled foreign corporation the home country of which is the same as the home country of the corporation or unit to which subparagraph (A)(ii)(II) is being applied,
(ii) the activity is performed in the home country of the related person, and
(iii) the related person is compensated on an arm's-length basis for the performance of the activity by its employees and such compensation is treated as earned by such person in its home country for purposes of the home country's tax laws.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "lending or finance business" means the business of—
(A) making loans,
(B) purchasing or discounting accounts receivable, notes, or installment obligations,
(C) engaging in leasing (including entering into leases and purchasing, servicing, and disposing of leases and leased assets),
(D) issuing letters of credit or providing guarantees,
(E) providing charge and credit card services, or
(F) rendering services or making facilities available in connection with activities described in subparagraphs (A) through (E) carried on by—
(i) the corporation (or qualified business unit) rendering services or making facilities available, or
(ii) another corporation (or qualified business unit of a corporation) which is a member of the same affiliated group (as defined in section 1504, but determined without regard to section 1504(b)(3)).
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "customer" means, with respect to any controlled foreign corporation or qualified business unit, any person which has a customer relationship with such corporation or unit and which is acting in its capacity as such.
Except as provided in regulations—
The term "home country" means, with respect to any controlled foreign corporation, the country under the laws of which the corporation was created or organized.
The term "home country" means, with respect to any qualified business unit, the country in which such unit maintains its principal office.
The determination of where a customer is located shall be made under rules prescribed by the Secretary.
The term "qualified business unit" has the meaning given such term by section 989(a).
The term "related person" has the meaning given such term by subsection (d)(3).
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to income described in subsection (c)(2)(C)(ii) of a dealer in securities (within the meaning of section 475) which is an eligible controlled foreign corporation described in paragraph (2)(B)(iii).
For purposes of applying this subsection and subsection (c)(2)(C)(ii)—
(A) there shall be disregarded any item of income, gain, loss, or deduction with respect to any transaction or series of transactions one of the principal purposes of which is qualifying income or gain for the exclusion under this section, including any transaction or series of transactions a principal purpose of which is the acceleration or deferral of any item in order to claim the benefits of such exclusion through the application of this subsection,
(B) there shall be disregarded any item of income, gain, loss, or deduction of an entity which is not engaged in regular and continuous transactions with customers which are not related persons,
(C) there shall be disregarded any item of income, gain, loss, or deduction with respect to any transaction or series of transactions utilizing, or doing business with—
(i) one or more entities in order to satisfy any home country requirement under this subsection, or
(ii) a special purpose entity or arrangement, including a securitization, financing, or similar entity or arrangement,
if one of the principal purposes of such transaction or series of transactions is qualifying income or gain for the exclusion under this subsection, and
(D) a related person, an officer, a director, or an employee with respect to any controlled foreign corporation (or qualified business unit) which would otherwise be treated as a customer of such corporation or unit with respect to any transaction shall not be so treated if a principal purpose of such transaction is to satisfy any requirement of this subsection.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection, subsection (c)(1)(B)(i), subsection (c)(2)(C)(ii), and the last sentence of subsection (e)(2).
For purposes of subsection (c)(1), foreign personal holding company income shall not include qualified insurance income of a qualifying insurance company.
The term "qualified insurance income" means income of a qualifying insurance company which is—
(A) received from a person other than a related person (within the meaning of subsection (d)(3)) and derived from the investments made by a qualifying insurance company or a qualifying insurance company branch of its reserves allocable to exempt contracts or of 80 percent of its unearned premiums from exempt contracts (as both are determined in the manner prescribed under paragraph (4)), or
(B) received from a person other than a related person (within the meaning of subsection (d)(3)) and derived from investments made by a qualifying insurance company or a qualifying insurance company branch of an amount of its assets allocable to exempt contracts equal to—
(i) in the case of property, casualty, or health insurance contracts, one-third of its premiums earned on such insurance contracts during the taxable year (as defined in section 832(b)(4)), and
(ii) in the case of life insurance or annuity contracts, 10 percent of the reserves described in subparagraph (A) for such contracts.
Except as provided by the Secretary, for purposes of subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (2)—
(A) in the case of any contract which is a separate account-type contract (including any variable contract not meeting the requirements of section 817), income credited under such contract shall be allocable only to such contract, and
(B) income not allocable under subparagraph (A) shall be allocated ratably among contracts not described in subparagraph (A).
For purposes of paragraph (2)(A)—
The unearned premiums and reserves of a qualifying insurance company or a qualifying insurance company branch with respect to property, casualty, or health insurance contracts shall be determined using the same methods and interest rates which would be used if such company or branch were subject to tax under subchapter L, except that—
(i) the interest rate determined for the functional currency of the company or branch, and which, except as provided by the Secretary, is calculated in the same manner as the Federal mid-term rate under section 1274(d), shall be substituted for the applicable Federal interest rate, and
(ii) such company or branch shall use the appropriate foreign loss payment pattern.
Except as provided in clause (ii), the amount of the reserve of a qualifying insurance company or qualifying insurance company branch for any life insurance or annuity contract shall be equal to the greater of—
(I) the net surrender value of such contract (as defined in section 807(e)(1)(A)), or
(II) the reserve determined under paragraph (5).
The amount of the reserve under clause (i) shall be the foreign statement reserve for the contract (less any catastrophe, deficiency, equalization, or similar reserves), if, pursuant to a ruling request submitted by the taxpayer or as provided in published guidance, the Secretary determines that the factors taken into account in determining the foreign statement reserve provide an appropriate means of measuring income.
In no event shall the reserve determined under this paragraph for any contract as of any time exceed the amount which would be taken into account with respect to such contract as of such time in determining foreign statement reserves (less any catastrophe, deficiency, equalization, or similar reserves).
The amount of the reserve determined under this paragraph with respect to any contract shall be determined in the same manner as it would be determined if the qualifying insurance company or qualifying insurance company branch were subject to tax under subchapter L, except that in applying such subchapter—
(A) the interest rate determined for the functional currency of the company or branch, and which, except as provided by the Secretary, is calculated in the same manner as the Federal mid-term rate under section 1274(d), shall be substituted for the applicable Federal interest rate,
(B) the highest assumed interest rate permitted to be used in determining foreign statement reserves shall apply, and
(C) tables for mortality and morbidity which reasonably reflect the current mortality and morbidity risks in the company's or branch's home country shall be substituted for the mortality and morbidity tables otherwise used for such subchapter.
The Secretary may provide that the interest rate and mortality and morbidity tables of a qualifying insurance company may be used for 1 or more of its qualifying insurance company branches when appropriate.
For purposes of this subsection, any term used in this subsection which is also used in section 953(e) shall have the meaning given such term by section 953.
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1009; amended Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, §909(a), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 718; Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §602(b), (c)(1), (2), (d)(1), (e), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 58, 60, 64; Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §§1023(a), 1024(a), title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1620, 1834; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §212(a)–(e), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 451, 452; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §137(a), title VII, §712(f), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 672, 947; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §§1201(c), 1221(a)(1), (b)(3)(B), (c)(1)–(3)(A), (d), (e), 1223(a), title XVIII, §1810(k), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2525, 2549, 2553, 2557, 2830; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §§1012(i)(12), (14)(A), (18), (20), (25)(B), 1018(u)(38), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3509–3512, 3592; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(i)(3), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2409; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §§13233(a)(1), 13235(a)(3), (b), 13239(d), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 502, 504, 505, 509; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1704(t)(25), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1888; Pub. L. 105–34, title X, §1051(a), (b), title XI, §1175(a), (b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 940, 990, 993; Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title I, §1005(a), (b)(2), (c)–(e), title IV, §4003(j), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–890, 2681–897, 2681–899, 2681–900, 2681–910; Pub. L. 106–170, title V, §§503(a), 532(c)(2)(Q), Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1921, 1931; Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, §417(24)(B)(ii), title VI, §614(a)(2), (b)(1), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 57, 61; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §§412(a), 413(b)(2), 414(a)–(c), 415(a), (b), (c)(2), 416(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1505, 1506, 1510, 1511; Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §§403(m), 412(ll), (mm), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2626, 2639; Pub. L. 109–222, title I, §103(a)(2), (b)(1), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 346; Pub. L. 109–432, div. A, title IV, §426(a)(1), Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 2974; Pub. L. 110–172, §§4(a), 11(a)(19), (20), (g)(15)(B), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2475, 2486, 2491; Pub. L. 110–343, div. C, title III, §§303(b), 304(a), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3866, 3867; Pub. L. 111–312, title VII, §§750(a), 751(a), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3320, 3321; Pub. L. 112–240, title III, §§322(b), 323(a), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2332, 2333; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title I, §§134(b), 135(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4019; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, §§128(b), 144(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3054, 3065; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§13517(b)(5), 14211(a), (b)(2), (3), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2147, 2216, 2217; Pub. L. 116–94, div. Q, title I, §145(a), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3236; Pub. L. 116–260, div. EE, title I, §111(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3050.)
Sections 15(a) and 15C(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, referred to in subsec. (h)(2)(B)(iii), are classified to sections 78o(a) and 78o–5(a), respectively, of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.
2020—Subsec. (c)(6)(C). Pub. L. 116–260 substituted "January 1, 2026" for "January 1, 2021".
2019—Subsec. (c)(6)(C). Pub. L. 116–94 substituted "January 1, 2021" for "January 1, 2020".
2017—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 115–97, §14211(a), struck out par. (5) which read as follows: "the foreign base company oil related income for the taxable year (determined under subsection (g) and reduced as provided in subsection (b)(5))."
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 115–97, §14211(b)(2)(A), struck out at end "The preceding sentence shall not apply to foreign base company oil-related income described in subsection (a)(5)."
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 115–97, §14211(b)(2)(B), which directed substitution of "and the foreign base company services income" for "the foreign base company services income, and the foreign base company oil related income", was executed by making the substitution for "the foreign base company services income,, and the foreign base company oil related income" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 115–97, §14211(b)(2)(C), struck out par. (6). Text read as follows: "Income of a corporation which is foreign base company oil related income shall not be considered foreign base company income of such corporation under paragraph (2), or (3) of subsection (a)."
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–97, §14211(b)(3), struck out subsec. (g) which related to foreign base company oil related income.
Subsec. (i)(5)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §13517(b)(5), substituted "shall apply," for "shall be substituted for the prevailing State assumed interest rate,".
2015—Subsec. (c)(6)(C). Pub. L. 114–113, §144(a), substituted "January 1, 2020" for "January 1, 2015".
Subsec. (h)(9). Pub. L. 114–113, §128(b), struck out par. (9). Text read as follows: "This subsection, subsection (c)(2)(C)(ii), and the last sentence of subsection (e)(2) shall apply only to taxable years of a foreign corporation beginning after December 31, 1998, and before January 1, 2015, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which any such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends."
2014—Subsec. (c)(6)(C). Pub. L. 113–295, §135(a), substituted "January 1, 2015" for "January 1, 2014".
Subsec. (h)(9). Pub. L. 113–295, §134(b), substituted "January 1, 2015" for "January 1, 2014".
2013—Subsec. (c)(6)(C). Pub. L. 112–240, §323(a), substituted "January 1, 2014" for "January 1, 2012".
Subsec. (h)(9). Pub. L. 112–240, §322(b), substituted "January 1, 2014" for "January 1, 2012".
2010—Subsec. (c)(6)(C). Pub. L. 111–312, §751(a), substituted "January 1, 2012" for "January 1, 2010".
Subsec. (h)(9). Pub. L. 111–312, §750(a), substituted "January 1, 2012" for "January 1, 2010".
2008—Subsec. (c)(6)(C). Pub. L. 110–343, §304(a), substituted "January 1, 2010" for "January 1, 2009".
Subsec. (h)(9). Pub. L. 110–343, §303(b), substituted "January 1, 2010" for "January 1, 2009".
2007—Subsec. (c)(1)(F). Pub. L. 110–172, §11(a)(19), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Any item of income, gain, deduction, or loss from a notional principal contract entered into for purposes of hedging any item described in any preceding subparagraph shall not be taken into account for purposes of this subparagraph but shall be taken into account under such other subparagraph."
Subsec. (c)(1)(H), (I). Pub. L. 110–172, §11(a)(20), redesignated subpar. (I) as (H).
Subsec. (c)(2)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(15)(B), substituted "section 956(c)(2)(I)" for "section 956(c)(2)(J)".
Subsec. (c)(6)(B), (C). Pub. L. 110–172, §4(a), added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C).
2006—Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 109–222, §103(b)(1), added par.(6).
Subsec. (c)(6)(A). Pub. L. 109–432, in first sentence, substituted "which is neither subpart F income nor income treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States" for "which is not subpart F income" and, in last sentence, substituted "The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out this paragraph, including such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to prevent the abuse of the purposes of this paragraph" for "The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be appropriate to prevent the abuse of the purposes of this paragraph".
Subsec. (h)(9). Pub. L. 109–222, §103(a)(2), substituted "January 1, 2009" for "January 1, 2007".
2005—Subsec. (c)(1)(C)(i). Pub. L. 109–135, §412(ll), substituted "paragraph (5)(A)" for "paragraph (4)(A)".
Subsec. (c)(1)(F). Pub. L. 109–135, §412(mm), struck out "Net income from notional principal contracts." before "Any item of income".
Subsec. (c)(4)(B). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(m), inserted at end "If a controlled foreign corporation is treated as owning a capital or profits interest in a partnership under constructive ownership rules similar to the rules of section 958(b), the controlled foreign corporation shall be treated as owning such interest directly for purposes of this subparagraph."
2004—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 108–357, §415(a)(1), struck out par. (4) which read as follows: "the foreign base company shipping income for the taxable year (determined under subsection (f) and reduced as provided in subsection (b)(5)), and".
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 108–357, §415(c)(2)(A), struck out "the foreign base company shipping income," after "the foreign base company services income,,".
Subsec. (b)(6) to (8). Pub. L. 108–357, §415(c)(2)(B), (C), redesignated par. (8) as (6) and struck out former pars. (6) and (7) which set forth special rules and special exclusion for foreign base company shipping income.
Subsec. (c)(1)(C)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 108–357, §414(a), amended cls. (i) and (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cls. (i) and (ii) read as follows:
"(i) arise out of bona fide hedging transactions reasonably necessary to the conduct of any business by a producer, processor, merchant, or handler of a commodity in the manner in which such business is customarily and usually conducted by others,
"(ii) are active business gains or losses from the sale of commodities, but only if substantially all of the controlled foreign corporation's business is as an active producer, processor, merchant, or handler of commodities, or".
Subsec. (c)(1)(I). Pub. L. 108–357, §413(b)(2), added subpar. (I).
Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–357, §415(b), inserted at end "For purposes of the preceding sentence, rents derived from leasing an aircraft or vessel in foreign commerce shall not fail to be treated as derived in the active conduct of a trade or business if, as determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the active leasing expenses are not less than 10 percent of the profit on the lease."
Subsec. (c)(2)(C)(i). Pub. L. 108–357, §414(c), inserted "and transactions involving physical settlement" after "(including hedging transactions".
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 108–357, §412(a), added par. (4).
Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 108–357, §414(b), added par. (5).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–357, §415(a)(2), struck out subsec. (f) which defined "foreign base company shipping income" for purposes of subsec. (a)(4).
Subsec. (h)(3)(E). Pub. L. 108–357, §416(a), added subpar. (E).
2002—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 107–147, §417(24)(B)(ii), which directed the amendment of Pub. L. 106–170, §532(c)(2)(Q), was executed to that section as if the amendment were retroactive to the effective date of the amendment by Pub. L. 106–170 to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 1999 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (h)(9). Pub. L. 107–147, §614(a)(2), substituted "January 1, 2007" for "January 1, 2002".
Subsec. (i)(4)(B). Pub. L. 107–147, §614(b)(1), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The amount of the reserve of a qualifying insurance company or qualifying insurance company branch for any life insurance or annuity contract shall be equal to the greater of—
"(i) the net surrender value of such contract (as defined in section 807(e)(1)(A)), or
"(ii) the reserve determined under paragraph (5)."
1999—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 106–170, §532(c)(2)(Q), as amended by Pub. L. 107–147, §417(24)(B)(ii), substituted "section 1221(a)(1)" for "section 1221(1)" in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (h)(9). Pub. L. 106–170, §503(a), substituted "taxable years" for "the first taxable year", "January 1, 2002" for "January 1, 2000", and "within which any such" for "within which such".
1998—Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 105–277, §1005(e), inserted "other than property which gives rise to income not treated as foreign personal holding company income by reason of subsection (h) or (i) for the taxable year" before comma at end.
Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–277, §1005(c), amended heading and text of subpar. (C), generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Except as provided in subparagraph (A), (E), or (G) of paragraph (1) or by regulations, in the case of a regular dealer in property (within the meaning of paragraph (1)(B)), forward contracts, option contracts, or similar financial instruments (including notional principal contracts and all instruments referenced to commodities), there shall not be taken into account in computing foreign personal holding income any item of income, gain, deduction, or loss from any transaction (including hedging transactions) entered into in the ordinary course of such dealer's trade or business as such a dealer."
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 105–277, §1005(d), inserted "or" at end of subpar. (A), substituted a period for ", or" at end of subpar. (B), and inserted concluding provisions.
Subsec. (e)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–277, §4003(j), substituted "(h)(9)" for "(h)(8)".
Pub. L. 105–277, §1005(d), struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: "in the case of taxable years described in subsection (h)(9), the active conduct by a controlled foreign corporation of a banking, financing, insurance, or similar business, but only if the corporation is predominantly engaged in the active conduct of such business (within the meaning of subsection (h)(3)) or is a qualifying insurance company."
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–277, §1005(a), amended heading and text of subsec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of pars. (1) to (9) relating to special rule for income derived in active conduct of banking, financing, or similar businesses, principles for determining applicable income, meaning of "predominantly engaged" for purposes of the special rule, methods of determining unearned premiums and reserves, definitions of certain terms for purposes of subsec. (h), anti-abuse rules, coordination with section 953 of this title, and taxable year applicability of subsec. (h).
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 105–277, §1005(b)(2), added subsec. (i).
1997—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 105–34, §1051(a)(2), in concluding provisions, struck out "In the case of any regular dealer in property, gains and losses from the sale or exchange of any such property or arising out of bona fide hedging transactions reasonably necessary to the conduct of the business of being a dealer in such property shall not be taken into account under this subparagraph." before "Gains and losses" and "also" after "section 1221(1)".
Subsec. (c)(1)(F), (G). Pub. L. 105–34, §1051(a)(1), added subpars. (F) and (G).
Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–34, §1051(b), added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (e)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–34, §1175(b), added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–34, §1175(a), added subsec. (h).
1996—Subsec. (c)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 104–188 amended directory language of Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(3)(A). See 1989 Amendment note below.
1993—Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 103–66, §13235(a)(3)(B), struck out "(1)," after "such corporation under paragraph".
Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 103–66, §13233(a)(1), added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 103–66, §13239(d), added par. (4).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–66, §13235(b), inserted at end of concluding provisions "Except as provided in paragraph (1), such term shall not include any dividend or interest income which is foreign personal holding company income (as defined in subsection (c))."
Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 103–66, §13235(a)(3)(A), inserted at end "Such term shall not include any foreign personal holding company income (as defined in subsection (c))."
1989—Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(3)(C), inserted at end "To the extent provided in regulations, payments made by a partnership with 1 or more corporate partners shall be treated as made by such corporate partners in proportion to their respective interests in the partnership."
Subsec. (c)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(3)(A), as amended by Pub. L. 104–188, substituted "is a corporation created" for "is created" after "person which (I)".
Subsec. (c)(3)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(3)(B), substituted "from a corporation which is a related person" for "from a related person".
1988—Subsec. (b)(6), (7). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(12), struck out "(determined without regard to the exclusion under paragraph (2) of this subsection)" after "paragraph (4) of subsection (a)".
Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(18), (20), added cl. (ii), redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii), added closing provisions, and struck out former closing provisions which read as follows: "This subparagraph shall not apply to gain from the sale or exchange of any property which, in the hands of the taxpayer, is property described in section 1221(1) or to gain from the sale or exchange of any property by a regular dealer in such property."
Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(25)(B), inserted before period at end "or creates (or increases) a deficit which under section 952(c) may reduce the subpart F income of the payor or another controlled foreign corporation".
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(i)(14)(A), substituted "more than 50 percent" for "50 percent or more" in last two sentences.
Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1018(u)(38), related to execution of amendment by Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(b)(3)(B), see 1986 Amendment note below.
1986—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(c)(3)(A)(ii), substituted "determined under subsection (g)" for "determined under subsection (h)".
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(c)(1), struck out par. (2), exclusion for reinvested shipping income, which read as follows: "For purposes of subsection (a), foreign base company income does not include foreign base company shipping income to the extent that the amount of such income does not exceed the increase for the taxable year in qualified investments in foreign base company shipping operations of the controlled foreign corporation (as determined under subsection (g))."
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 99–514, §1223(a), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3), special rule where foreign base company income is less than 10 percent or more than 70 percent of gross income, read as follows: "For purposes of subsection (a)—
"(A) If the foreign base company income (determined without regard to paragraphs (2) and (5)) is less than 10 percent of gross income, no part of the gross income of the taxable year shall be treated as foreign base company income.
"(B) If the foreign base company income (determined without regard to paragraphs (2) and (5)) exceeds 70 percent of gross income, the entire gross income of the taxable year shall, subject to the provisions of paragraphs (2), (4), and (5), be treated as foreign base company income."
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(d), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4), exception for foreign corporations not availed of to reduce taxes, read as follows: "For purposes of subsection (a), foreign base company income does not include any item of income received by a controlled foreign corporation if it is established to the satisfaction of the Secretary that neither—
"(A) the creation or organization of such controlled foreign corporation under the laws of the foreign country in which it is incorporated (or, in the case of a controlled foreign corporation which is an acquired corporation, the acquisition of such corporation created or organized under the laws of the foreign country in which it is incorporated), nor
"(B) the effecting of the transaction giving rise to such income through the controlled foreign corporation,
has as one of its significant purposes a substantial reduction of income, war profits, or excess profits or similar taxes. The preceding sentence shall not apply to foreign base company oil related income described in subsection (a)(5)."
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 99–514, §1201(c), inserted at end "Except to the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, any interest which is paid or accrued by the controlled foreign corporation to any United States shareholder in such corporation (or any controlled foreign corporation related to such a shareholder) shall be allocated first to foreign personal holding company income which is passive income (within the meaning of section 904(d)(2)) of such corporation to the extent thereof. The Secretary may, by regulations, provide that the preceding sentence shall apply also to interest paid or accrued to other persons."
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(a)(1), amended subsec. (c) generally, substituting pars. (1) to (3) for former provisions which had provided: in par. (1), a reference to definition of "foreign personal holding company income" contained in section 553; in par. (2), that all rents would be included in "foreign personal holding company income" without regard to whether or not such rents constituted 50 percent or more of gross income; in par. (3), for exclusion of certain income derived in active conduct of a trade or business; and in par. (4), exclusion of certain income received from related persons from being included in "foreign personal holding company income". See subsec. (c)(3).
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(e), added subpars. (A) and (B) and concluding provisions and struck out former subpars. (A) to (C) and concluding provisions which read as follows:
"(A) such person is an individual, partnership, trust, or estate which controls the controlled foreign corporation;
"(B) such person is a corporation which controls, or is controlled by, the controlled foreign corporation; or
"(C) such person is a corporation which is controlled by the same person or persons which control the controlled foreign corporation.
For purposes of the preceding sentence, control means the ownership, directly or indirectly, of stock possessing more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote. For purposes of this paragraph, the rules for determining ownership of stock prescribed by section 958 shall apply."
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(k), in amending subsec. (e) generally, designated existing provisions as par. (1), added par. heading, and substituted subpar. (A) and (B) designations for prior par. (1) and (2) designations, struck out provisions relating to nonapplicability of preceding sentence to services performed in connection with manufactured or grown or extracted property, and provisions determining the place of performance of services for purposes of paragraph (2) with respect to any policy of insurance and reinsurance, and added pars. (2) and (3).
Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(b)(3)(B), and Pub. L. 100–647, §1018(u)(38), struck out par. (3) as enacted by section 1810(k) of Pub. L. 99–514, which read as follows: "For purposes of paragraph (1), in the case of any services performed with respect to any policy of insurance or reinsurance with respect to which the primary insured is a related person (within the meaning of section 864(d)(4))—
"(A) such primary insured shall be treated as a related person for purposes of paragraph (1)(A) (whether or not the requirements of subsection (d)(3) are met),
"(B) such services shall be treated as performed in the country within which the insured hazards, risks, losses, or liabilities occur, and
"(C) except as otherwise provided in regulations by the Secretary, rules similar to the rules of section 953(b) shall be applied in determining the income from such services."
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(c)(2), inserted last sentence.
Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(c)(3)(A)(i), redesignated subsec. (h) as (g) and struck out former subsec. (g), increase in qualified investments in foreign base company shipping operations, which read as follows: "For purposes of subsection (b)(2), the increase for any taxable year in qualified investments in foreign base company shipping operations of any controlled foreign corporation is the amount by which—
"(1) the qualified investments in foreign base company shipping operations (as defined in section 955(b)) of the controlled foreign corporation at the close of the taxable year, exceed
"(2) the qualified investments in foreign base company shipping operations (as so defined) of the controlled foreign corporation at the close of the preceding taxable year."
1984—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–369, §137(a), inserted provision that for purposes of par. (2) services performed with respect to any insurance or reinsurance policy be treated as performed in the country of risk.
Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 98–369, §712(f), substituted "paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 907(c)" for "section 907(c)(2)".
1982—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 97–248, §212(a), (e), added par. (5).
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 97–248, §212(d), inserted at end "The preceding sentence shall not apply to foreign base company oil related income described in subsection (a)(5)."
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 97–248, §212(b)(1), substituted ", the foreign base company shipping income, and the foreign base company oil related income" for "and the foreign base company shipping income".
Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 97–248, §212(b)(2), added par. (8).
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 97–248, §212(c), added subsec. (h).
1976—Subsecs. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 94–455, §1024(a), added par. (7).
Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 94–455, §1023(a), added subpar. (C).
1975—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(d)(1)(A), added par. (4).
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(c)(1), struck out subsec. (b)(1) which related to the exclusion of certain dividends, interest, and gains from qualified investments in less developed countries.
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(d)(1)(B), substituted "foreign base company shipping income to the extent that the amount of such income does not exceed the increase for the taxable year in qualified investments in foreign base company shipping operations of the controlled foreign corporation (as determined under subsection (g))" for "income derived from, or in connection with, the use (or hiring or leasing for use) of any aircraft or vessel in foreign commerce, or the performance of services directly related to the use of any such aircraft or vessel" in text and "Exclusion for reinvested shipping income" for "Exclusion of certain shipping income" in heading.
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(d)(1)(C), (D), (e), substituted "10 percent" for "30 percent" in heading, substituted "paragraphs (2) and (5)" for "paragraphs (1) and (5)" and "10 percent" for "30 percent" in subpar. (A), and substituted "paragraphs (2) and (5)" for "paragraphs (1) and (5)" and "paragraphs (2), (4), and (5)" for "paragraphs (1), (2), (4), and (5)" in subpar. (B).
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(d)(1)(E), substituted "the foreign base company services income, and the foreign base company shipping income" for "and the foreign base company services income".
Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(d)(1)(F), added par. (6).
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(b), provided that for purposes of subsec. (d) personal property does not include agricultural commodities which are not grown in the United States in commercially marketable quantities.
Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 94–12, §602(c)(2), (d)(1)(G), added subsecs. (f) and (g).
1969—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 91–172 inserted reference to a foreign corporation which is an acquired corporation, and made the effecting of a transaction giving rise to foreign base income through the controlled foreign corporation subject to the Secretary's power to disallow inclusion of any item of such income where such inclusion will have one of the effects prescribed by this section.
Pub. L. 116–260, div. EE, title I, §111(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3050, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2020, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Pub. L. 116–94, div. Q, title I, §145(b), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3236, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2019, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 13517(b)(5) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, with transition rule and transition relief, see section 13517(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 807 of this title.
Amendment by section 14211(a), (b)(2), (3) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14211(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 952 of this title.
Amendment by section 128(b) of Pub. L. 114–113 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2014, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which any such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends, see section 128(c) of Pub. L. 114–113, set out as a note under section 953 of this title.
Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, §144(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3065, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2014, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 134(b) of Pub. L. 113–295 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2013, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which any such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends, see section 134(c) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 953 of this title.
Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title I, §135(b), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4019, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2013, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 322(b) of Pub. L. 112–240 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2011, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which any such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends, see section 322(c) of Pub. L. 112–240, set out as a note under section 953 of this title.
Pub. L. 112–240, title III, §323(b), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2333, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2011, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 750(a) of Pub. L. 111–312 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2009, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which any such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends, see section 750(c) of Pub. L. 111–312, set out as a note under section 953 of this title.
Pub. L. 111–312, title VII, §751(b), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3321, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2009, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which any such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends."
Pub. L. 110–343, div. C, title III, §304(b), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3867, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2007, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–172 effective as if included in the provisions of the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109–222, to which such amendment relates, with certain exceptions, see section 4(d) of Pub. L. 110–172, set out as a note under section 355 of this title.
Pub. L. 109–432, div. A, title IV, §426(a)(2), Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 2974, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in section 103(b) of the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 [Pub. L. 109–222]."
Pub. L. 109–222, title I, §103(b)(2), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 347, provided that: "The amendment made by this subsection [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2005, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 403(m) of Pub. L. 109–135 effective as if included in the provision of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which such amendment relates, see section 403(nn) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §412(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1506, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 413(b)(2) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 413(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2004 Amendments note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §414(d), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1511, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to transactions entered into after December 31, 2004."
Amendment by section 415(a), (b), (c)(2) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 415(d) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 952 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §416(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1512, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of such foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of such foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 614(a)(2), (b)(1) of Pub. L. 107–147 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2001, see section 614(c) of Pub. L. 107–147, set out as a note under section 953 of this title.
Amendment by section 503(a) of Pub. L. 106–170 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1999, see section 503(c) of Pub. L. 106–170, set out as a note under section 953 of this title.
Amendment by section 532(c)(2)(Q) of Pub. L. 106–170 applicable to any instrument held, acquired, or entered into, any transaction entered into, and supplies held or acquired on or after Dec. 17, 1999, see section 532(d) of Pub. L. 106–170, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.
Amendment by section 4003(j) of Pub. L. 105–277 effective as if included in the provision of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 4003(l) of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as a note under section 86 of this title.
Pub. L. 105–34, title X, §1051(c), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 940, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997]."
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1175(c), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 993, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to the first full taxable year of a foreign corporation beginning after December 31, 1997, and before January 1, 1999, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable year of such foreign corporation ends."
Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13233(a)(2), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 502, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of controlled foreign corporations beginning after September 30, 1993, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of controlled foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 13235(a)(3) and (b) of Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1992, see section 13235(c) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Amendment by section 13239(d) of Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to sales, exchanges, or other dispositions after Aug. 10, 1993, see section 13239(e) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 865 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 1201(c) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1201(e) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1221(g), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2555, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(i)(13), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3509, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(i) the amendments made by subsection (c) [amending this section and section 955 of this title] shall apply to taxable years ending on or after January 1, 1992, and
"(ii) [former] sections 955(a)(1)(A) and 955(a)(2)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as amended by subsection (c)(3)) shall be applied by substituting 'ending before 1992' for 'beginning before 1987'.
"(B)
"(i) if the United States agent of such corporation is a domestic corporation incorporated on March 13, 1951, and
"(ii) if—
"(I) the certificate of incorporation of such corporation is dated November 23, 1963, and
"(II) such corporation has a wholly owned subsidiary and its certificate of incorporation is dated November 2, 1965.
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
"In the case of taxable | The phase-in |
years beginning in: | percentage is: |
1987 | 75 |
1988 | 50 |
1989 | 25. |
"(C)
"(i) any controlled foreign corporation which on August 16, 1986, was a member of an affiliated group (as defined in section 1504(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 without regard to subsection (b)(3) thereof) which had as its common parent a corporation incorporated in Delaware on June 9, 1967, with executive offices in New York, New York, or
"(ii) any controlled foreign corporation which on August 16, 1986, was a member of an affiliated group (as so defined) which had as its common parent a corporation incorporated in Delaware on November 3, 1981, with executive offices in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
"(D)
Amendment by section 1223(a) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1223(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 864 of this title.
Amendment by section 1810(k) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §137(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 672, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of controlled foreign corporations beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984]."
Amendment by section 712(f) of Pub. L. 98–369 effective as if included in the provision of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, to which such amendment relates, see section 715 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 31 of this title.
Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §212(f), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 452, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 1982, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which, or with which, such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1023(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1620, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 1975, and to taxable years of United States shareholders (within the meaning of section 951(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954]) within which or with which such taxable years of such foreign corporations end."
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1024(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1620, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 1975, and to taxable years of United States shareholders (within the meaning of section 951(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954]) within which or with which such taxable years of such foreign corporations end."
Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §602(f), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 64, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting section 955 of this title, amending this section and sections 851, 902, and 951 of this title, and repealing section 963 and former section 955 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 1975, and to taxable years of United States shareholders (within the meaning of 951(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954]) within which or with which such taxable years of such foreign corporations end."
Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, §909(b), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 718, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years ending after October 9, 1969."
For applicability of amendment by section 1201(c) of Pub. L. 99–514 notwithstanding any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(2), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1227, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2560, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1175, Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 990, amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note above, was subject to line item veto by the President, Cancellation No. 97–1, signed Aug. 11, 1997, 62 F.R. 43266, Aug. 12, 1997. For decision holding line item veto unconstitutional, see Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417, 118 S.Ct. 2091, 141 L.Ed.2d 393 (1998).
Section, added Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §602(d)(3)(A), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 62; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1221(c)(3)(B), (C), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2553; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(i)(11), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3509, related to withdrawal of previously excluded subpart F income from qualified investment.
A prior section 955, added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1013, related to investments in less developed countries and dealing with less developed country corporations, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §602(c)(5), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 59.
Repeal applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14212(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as an Effective Date of 2017 Amendment note under section 851 of this title.
In the case of any controlled foreign corporation, the amount determined under this section with respect to any United States shareholder for any taxable year is the lesser of—
(1) the excess (if any) of—
(A) such shareholder's pro rata share of the average of the amounts of United States property held (directly or indirectly) by the controlled foreign corporation as of the close of each quarter of such taxable year, over
(B) the amount of earnings and profits described in section 959(c)(1)(A) with respect to such shareholder, or
(2) such shareholder's pro rata share of the applicable earnings of such controlled foreign corporation.
The amount taken into account under paragraph (1) with respect to any property shall be its adjusted basis as determined for purposes of computing earnings and profits, reduced by any liability to which the property is subject.
For purposes of this section, the term "applicable earnings" means, with respect to any controlled foreign corporation, the sum of—
(A) the amount (not including a deficit) referred to in section 316(a)(1) to the extent such amount was accumulated in prior taxable years, and
(B) the amount referred to in section 316(a)(2),
but reduced by distributions made during the taxable year and by earnings and profits described in section 959(c)(1).
In applying subsection (a) to any taxable year, there shall be disregarded any item of United States property which was acquired by the controlled foreign corporation before the first day on which such corporation was treated as a controlled foreign corporation. The aggregate amount of property disregarded under the preceding sentence shall not exceed the portion of the applicable earnings of such controlled foreign corporation which were accumulated during periods before such first day.
If any foreign corporation ceases to be a controlled foreign corporation during any taxable year—
(A) the determination of any United States shareholder's pro rata share shall be made on the basis of stock owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)) by such shareholder on the last day during the taxable year on which the foreign corporation is a controlled foreign corporation,
(B) the average referred to in subsection (a)(1)(A) for such taxable year shall be determined by only taking into account quarters ending on or before such last day, and
(C) in determining applicable earnings, the amount taken into account by reason of being described in paragraph (2) of section 316(a) shall be the portion of the amount so described which is allocable (on a pro rata basis) to the part of such year during which the corporation is a controlled foreign corporation.
For purposes of subsection (a), the term "United States property" means any property acquired after December 31, 1962, which is—
(A) tangible property located in the United States;
(B) stock of a domestic corporation;
(C) an obligation of a United States person; or
(D) any right to the use in the United States of—
(i) a patent or copyright,
(ii) an invention, model, or design (whether or not patented),
(iii) a secret formula or process, or
(iv) any other similar right,
which is acquired or developed by the controlled foreign corporation for use in the United States.
For purposes of subsection (a), the term "United States property" does not include—
(A) obligations of the United States, money, or deposits with—
(i) any bank (as defined by section 2(c) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. 1841(c)), without regard to subparagraphs (C) and (G) of paragraph (2) of such section), or
(ii) any corporation not described in clause (i) with respect to which a bank holding company (as defined by section 2(a) of such Act) or financial holding company (as defined by section 2(p) of such Act) owns directly or indirectly more than 80 percent by vote or value of the stock of such corporation;
(B) property located in the United States which is purchased in the United States for export to, or use in, foreign countries;
(C) any obligation of a United States person arising in connection with the sale or processing of property if the amount of such obligation outstanding at no time during the taxable year exceeds the amount which would be ordinary and necessary to carry on the trade or business of both the other party to the sale or processing transaction and the United States person had the sale or processing transaction been made between unrelated persons;
(D) any aircraft, railroad rolling stock, vessel, motor vehicle, or container used in the transportation of persons or property in foreign commerce and used predominantly outside the United States;
(E) an amount of assets of an insurance company equivalent to the unearned premiums or reserves ordinary and necessary for the proper conduct of its insurance business attributable to contracts which are contracts described in section 953(e)(2);
(F) the stock or obligations of a domestic corporation which is neither a United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) of the controlled foreign corporation, nor a domestic corporation, 25 percent or more of the total combined voting power of which, immediately after the acquisition of any stock in such domestic corporation by the controlled foreign corporation, is owned, or is considered as being owned, by such United States shareholders in the aggregate;
(G) any movable property (other than a vessel or aircraft) which is used for the purpose of exploring for, developing, removing, or transporting resources from ocean waters or under such waters when used on the Continental Shelf of the United States;
(H) an amount of assets of the controlled foreign corporation equal to the earnings and profits accumulated after December 31, 1962, and excluded from subpart F income under section 952(b);
(I) deposits of cash or securities made or received on commercial terms in the ordinary course of a United States or foreign person's business as a dealer in securities or in commodities, but only to the extent such deposits are made or received as collateral or margin for (i) a securities loan, notional principal contract, options contract, forward contract, or futures contract, or (ii) any other financial transaction in which the Secretary determines that it is customary to post collateral or margin;
(J) an obligation of a United States person to the extent the principal amount of the obligation does not exceed the fair market value of readily marketable securities sold or purchased pursuant to a sale and repurchase agreement or otherwise posted or received as collateral for the obligation in the ordinary course of its business by a United States or foreign person which is a dealer in securities or commodities;
(K) securities acquired and held by a controlled foreign corporation in the ordinary course of its business as a dealer in securities if—
(i) the dealer accounts for the securities as securities held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, and
(ii) the dealer disposes of the securities (or such securities mature while held by the dealer) within a period consistent with the holding of securities for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business; and
(L) an obligation of a United States person which—
(i) is not a domestic corporation, and
(ii) is not—
(I) a United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) of the controlled foreign corporation, or
(II) a partnership, estate, or trust in which the controlled foreign corporation, or any related person (as defined in section 954(d)(3)), is a partner, beneficiary, or trustee immediately after the acquisition of any obligation of such partnership, estate, or trust by the controlled foreign corporation.
For purposes of subparagraphs (I), (J), and (K), the term "dealer in securities" has the meaning given such term by section 475(c)(1), and the term "dealer in commodities" has the meaning given such term by section 475(e), except that such term shall include a futures commission merchant.
Notwithstanding paragraph (2) (other than subparagraph (H) thereof), the term "United States property" includes any trade or service receivable if—
(i) such trade or service receivable is acquired (directly or indirectly) from a related person who is a United States person, and
(ii) the obligor under such receivable is a United States person.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "trade or service receivable" and "related person" have the respective meanings given to such terms by section 864(d).
For purposes of subsection (a), a controlled foreign corporation shall, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, be considered as holding an obligation of a United States person if such controlled foreign corporation is a pledgor or guarantor of such obligations.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations to prevent the avoidance of the provisions of this section through reorganizations or otherwise.
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1015; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1021(a), title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1618, 1834; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §123(b), title VIII, §801(d)(8), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 646, 996; Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1810(c)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2824; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13232(a), (b), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 501; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1501(b)(2), (3), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1825; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1173(a), title XVI, §1601(e), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 988, 1090; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §407(a), (b), title VIII, §837(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1498, 1499, 1596; Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(15)(A), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2490; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(162), (163), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1192.)
2018—Subsec. (c)(2)(E). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(a)(162), substituted "which are contracts described in section 953(e)(2)" for "which are not contracts described in section 953(a)(1)".
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(a)(163), substituted "provisions" for "provisons".
2007—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(15)(A)(ii), substituted "subparagraphs (I), (J), and (K)" for "subparagraphs (J), (K), and (L)" in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (c)(2)(I) to (M). Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(15)(A)(i), redesignated subpars. (J) to (M) as (I) to (L), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (I) which read as follows: "to the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, property which is otherwise United States property which is held by a FSC and which is related to the export activities of such FSC;".
2004—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 108–357, §407(b), substituted ", (K), and (L)" for "and (K)" in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–357, §837(a), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "obligations of the United States, money, or deposits with persons carrying on the banking business;".
Subsec. (c)(2)(L), (M). Pub. L. 108–357, §407(a), added subpars. (L) and (M).
1997—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 105–34, §1601(e), inserted "to the extent such amount was accumulated in prior taxable years" after "section 316(a)(1)".
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 105–34, §1173(a), added subpars. (J) and (K) and concluding provisions.
1996—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–188, §1501(b)(2), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For purposes of this section, the term 'applicable earnings' has the meaning given to such term by section 956A(b), except that the provisions of such section excluding earnings and profits accumulated in taxable years beginning before October 1, 1993, shall be disregarded."
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 104–188, §1501(b)(3), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Rules similar to the rules of section 956A(e) shall apply for purposes of this section."
1993—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–66, §13232(a)(2), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which consisted of introductory provisions and pars. (1) to (3) setting out general rules for calculating amount of earnings of a controlled foreign corporation invested in United States and pro rata share of the increase for any taxable year in earnings of such a corporation invested in United States property.
Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 103–66, §13232(a), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) and (c) as (c) and (d), respectively.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–66, §13232(b), added subsec. (e).
1986—Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 99–514 inserted "(other than subparagraph (H) thereof)".
1984—Subsec. (b)(2)(I). Pub. L. 98–369, §801(d)(8), added subpar. (I).
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 98–369, §123(b), added par. (3).
1976—Subsec. (b)(2)(F) to (H). Pub. L. 94–455, §1021(a), added subpars. (F) and (G) and redesignated former subpar. (F) as (H).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §407(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1499, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §837(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1596, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004]."
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1173(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 989, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 1997, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 1601(e) of Pub. L. 105–34 effective as if included in the provisions of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–188, to which it relates, see section 1601(j) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1996, and to taxable years of United States shareholders within which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 1501(d) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to taxable years of controlled foreign corporations beginning after Sept. 30, 1993, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of controlled foreign corporations end, see section 13232(d) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Amendment by section 123(b) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to accounts receivable and evidences of indebtedness transferred after Mar. 1, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, with an exception, see section 123(c) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 864 of this title.
Amendment by section 801(d)(8) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 805(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1021(c), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1619, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 958 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 1975, and to taxable years of United States shareholders (within the meaning of section 951(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954]) within which or with which such taxable years of such foreign corporations end. In determining for purposes of any taxable year referred to in the preceding sentence the amount referred to in section 956(a)(2)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 for the last taxable year of a corporation beginning before January 1, 1976, the amendments made by this section shall be deemed also to apply to such last taxable year."
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
Section, added Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13231(b), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 496; amended Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1703(i)(2), (3), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1876, related to earnings invested in excess passive assets.
Repeal by Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1996, and to taxable years of United States shareholders within which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 1501(d) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 904 of this title.
For purposes of this title, the term "controlled foreign corporation" means any foreign corporation if more than 50 percent of—
(1) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote, or
(2) the total value of the stock of such corporation,
is owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)), or is considered as owned by applying the rules of ownership of section 958(b), by United States shareholders on any day during the taxable year of such foreign corporation.
For purposes only of taking into account income described in section 953(a) (relating to insurance income), the term "controlled foreign corporation" includes not only a foreign corporation as defined by subsection (a) but also one of which more than 25 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock (or more than 25 percent of the total value of stock) is owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)), or is considered as owned by applying the rules of ownership of section 958(b), by United States shareholders on any day during the taxable year of such corporation, if the gross amount of premiums or other consideration in respect of the reinsurance or the issuing of insurance or annuity contracts not described in section 953(e)(2) exceeds 75 percent of the gross amount of all premiums or other consideration in respect of all risks.
For purposes of this subpart, the term "United States person" has the meaning assigned to it by section 7701(a)(30) except that—
(1) with respect to a corporation organized under the laws of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, such term does not include an individual who is a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico, if a dividend received by such individual during the taxable year from such corporation would, for purposes of section 933(1), be treated as income derived from sources within Puerto Rico, and
(2) with respect to a corporation organized under the laws of Guam, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands—
(A) 80 percent or more of the gross income of which for the 3-year period ending at the close of the taxable year (or for such part of such period as such corporation or any predecessor has been in existence) was derived from sources within such a possession or was effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in such a possession, and
(B) 50 percent or more of the gross income of which for such period (or part) was derived from the active conduct of a trade or business within such a possession,
such term does not include an individual who is a bona fide resident of Guam, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands.
For purposes of subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (2), the determination as to whether income was derived from the active conduct of a trade or business within a possession shall be made under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1017; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §§1221(b)(3)(C), 1222(a), 1224(a), 1273(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2553, 2556, 2558, 2595; Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §908(c)(5), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1656; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14101(e)(2), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2192; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(164), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1192.)
2018—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "contracts not described in section 953(e)(2)" for "contracts described in section 953(a)(1)".
2017—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–97 substituted "title" for "subpart" in introductory provisions.
2004—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–357, §908(c)(5)(B), struck out "derived from sources within a possession, was effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within a possession, or" after "whether income was" in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 108–357, §908(c)(5)(A), substituted "active conduct of a" for "conduct of an active".
1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–514, §1222(a)(1), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: "For purposes of this subpart, the term 'controlled foreign corporation' means any foreign corporation of which more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote is owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)), or is considered as owned by applying the rules of ownership of section 958(b), by United States shareholders on any day during the taxable year of such foreign corporation."
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–514, §1222(a)(2), inserted "(or more than 25 percent of the total value of stock)".
Pub. L. 99–514, §1221(b)(3)(C), substituted "insurance income" for "income derived from insurance of United States risks".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514, §1273(a), added par. (2) and concluding provisions and struck out former pars. (2) and (3) which read as follows:
"(2) with respect to a corporation organized under the laws of the Virgin Islands, such term does not include an individual who is a bona fide resident of the Virgin Islands and whose income tax obligation under this subtitle for the taxable year is satisfied pursuant to section 28(a) of the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands, approved July 22, 1954 (48 U.S.C. 1642), by paying tax on income derived from all sources both within and outside the Virgin Islands into the treasury of the Virgin Islands, and
"(3) with respect to a corporation organized under the laws of any other possession of the United States, such term does not include an individual who is a bona fide resident of any such other possession and whose income derived from sources within possessions of the United States is not, by reason of section 931(a), includible in gross income under this subtitle for the taxable year."
Pub. L. 99–514, §1224(a), redesignated subsec. (d) as (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which provided circumstances under which for purposes of this subpart, the term "controlled foreign corporation" would not include certain corporations created or organized in Puerto Rico or a possession of the United States or under the laws of Puerto Rico or a possession of the United States.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–514, §1224(a), redesignated subsec. (d) as (c).
1976—Subsec. (c) Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to distributions made after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 14101(f) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as an Effective Date note under section 245A of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years ending after Oct. 22, 2004, see section 908(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective Date note under section 937 of this title.
Amendment by section 1221(b)(3)(C) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1221(g) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 954 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1222(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2557, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(A) who is a beneficiary of a trust which was established on December 7, 1979, under the laws of a foreign jurisdiction, and
"(B) who was not a citizen or resident of the United States on the date the trust was established,
amounts which are included in the gross income of such beneficiary under section 951(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 with respect to stock held by the trust (and treated as distributed to the trust) shall be treated as the first amounts which are distributed by the trust to such beneficiary and as amounts to which section 959(a) of such Code applies."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1224(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2558, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
Amendment by section 1273(a) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1277 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 931 of this title.
For purposes of this subpart (other than section 960), stock owned means—
(A) stock owned directly, and
(B) stock owned with the application of paragraph (2).
For purposes of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1), stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for a foreign corporation, foreign partnership, or foreign trust or foreign estate (within the meaning of section 7701(a)(31)) shall be considered as being owned proportionately by its shareholders, partners, or beneficiaries. Stock considered to be owned by a person by reason of the application of the preceding sentence shall, for purposes of applying such sentence, be treated as actually owned by such person.
For purposes of applying paragraph (1) in the case of a foreign mutual insurance company, the term "stock" shall include any certificate entitling the holder to voting power in the corporation.
For purposes of sections 951(b), 954(d)(3), 956(c)(2), and 957, section 318(a) (relating to constructive ownership of stock) shall apply to the extent that the effect is to treat any United States person as a United States shareholder within the meaning of section 951(b), to treat a person as a related person within the meaning of section 954(d)(3), to treat the stock of a domestic corporation as owned by a United States shareholder of the controlled foreign corporation for purposes of section 956(c)(2), or to treat a foreign corporation as a controlled foreign corporation under section 957, except that—
(1) In applying paragraph (1)(A) of section 318(a), stock owned by a nonresident alien individual (other than a foreign trust or foreign estate) shall not be considered as owned by a citizen or by a resident alien individual.
(2) In applying subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of section 318(a)(2), if a partnership, estate, trust, or corporation owns, directly or indirectly, more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of a corporation, it shall be considered as owning all the stock entitled to vote.
(3) In applying subparagraph (C) of section 318(a)(2), the phrase "10 percent" shall be substituted for the phrase "50 percent" used in subparagraph (C).
Paragraph (1) shall not apply for purposes of section 956(c)(2) to treat stock of a domestic corporation as not owned by a United States shareholder.
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1018; amended Pub. L. 88–554, §4(b)(5), Aug. 31, 1964, 78 Stat. 763; Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1021(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1619; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §§1703(i)(4), 1704(t)(7), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1876, 1887; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§14213(a), 14301(c)(31), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2217, 2224.)
2017—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(31), substituted "960" for "960(a)(1)" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–97, §14213(a)(2), substituted "Paragraph (1)" for "Paragraphs (1) and (4)" in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 115–97, §14213(a)(1), struck out par. (4) which read as follows: "Subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of section 318(a)(3) shall not be applied so as to consider a United States person as owning stock which is owned by a person who is not a United States person."
1996—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–188, §1704(t)(7), substituted "section 960(a)(1)" for "sections 955(b)(1)(A) and (B), 955(c)(2)(A)(ii), and 960(a)(1)" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–188, §1703(i)(4), substituted "956(c)(2)" for "956(b)(2)" wherever appearing in introductory and closing provisions.
1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455 inserted "956(b)(2)" after "purposes of sections 951(b), 954(d)(3),", "to treat the stock of a domestic corporation as owned by a United States shareholder of the controlled foreign corporation for purposes of section 956(b)(2)" after "meaning of section 954(d)(3)" and "Paragraphs (1) and (4) shall not apply for purposes of section 956(b)(2) to treat stock of a domestic corporation as not owned by a United States shareholder" following subpar. (4).
1964—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 88–554 redesignated pars. (4) and (5) as (3) and (4), respectively, struck out former par. (3) which related to ownership of stock by a partnership, estate, trust, or corporation for purposes of applying first sentence of subpars. (A) and (B), and subpar. (C)(i) of section 318(a)(2) of this title, and made amendments throughout subsec. (b) to conform to changes made in section 318 of this title by Pub. L. 88–554.
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14213(b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2217, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to—
"(1) the last taxable year of foreign corporations beginning before January 1, 2018, and each subsequent taxable year of such foreign corporations, and
"(2) taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end."
Amendment by section 14301(c)(31) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.
Amendment by section 1703(i)(4) of Pub. L. 104–188 effective as if included in the provision of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993, Pub. L. 103–66, §§13001–13444, to which such amendment relates, see section 1703(o) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 39 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, and to taxable years of United States shareholders within which or with which such taxable years of such corporations end, see section 1021(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 956 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 88–554 effective Aug. 31, 1964, except that for purposes of sections 302 and 304 of this title, such amendments shall not apply to distributions in payment for stock acquisitions or redemptions, if such acquisitions or redemptions occurred before Aug. 31, 1964, see section 4(c) of Pub. L. 88–554, set out as a note under section 318 of this title.
For purposes of this chapter, the earnings and profits of a foreign corporation attributable to amounts which are, or have been, included in the gross income of a United States shareholder under section 951(a) shall not, when—
(1) such amounts are distributed to, or
(2) such amounts would, but for this subsection, be included under section 951(a)(1)(B) in the gross income of,
such shareholder (or any other United States person who acquires from any person any portion of the interest of such United States shareholder in such foreign corporation, but only to the extent of such portion, and subject to such proof of the identity of such interest as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe) directly or indirectly through a chain of ownership described under section 958(a), be again included in the gross income of such United States shareholder (or of such other United States person). The rules of subsection (c) shall apply for purposes of paragraph (1) of this subsection and the rules of subsection (f) shall apply for purposes of paragraph (2) of this subsection.
For purposes of section 951(a), the earnings and profits of a controlled foreign corporation attributable to amounts which are, or have been, included in the gross income of a United States shareholder under section 951(a), shall not, when distributed through a chain of ownership described under section 958(a), be also included in the gross income of another controlled foreign corporation in such chain for purposes of the application of section 951(a) to such other controlled foreign corporation with respect to such United States shareholder (or to any other United States shareholder who acquires from any person any portion of the interest of such United States shareholder in the controlled foreign corporation, but only to the extent of such portion, and subject to such proof of identity of such interest as the Secretary may prescribe by regulations).
For purposes of subsections (a) and (b), section 316(a) shall be applied by applying paragraph (2) thereof, and then paragraph (1) thereof—
(1) first to the aggregate of—
(A) earnings and profits attributable to amounts included in gross income under section 951(a)(1)(B) (or which would have been included except for subsection (a)(2) of this section), and
(B) earnings and profits attributable to amounts included in gross income under section 951(a)(1)(C) (or which would have been included except for subsection (a)(3) of this section),
with any distribution being allocated between earnings and profits described in subparagraph (A) and earnings and profits described in subparagraph (B) proportionately on the basis of the respective amounts of such earnings and profits,
(2) then to earnings and profits attributable to amounts included in gross income under section 951(a)(1)(A) (but reduced by amounts not included under subparagraph (B) or (C) of section 951(a)(1) because of the exclusions in paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (a) of this section), and
(3) then to other earnings and profits.
References in this subsection to section 951(a)(1)(C) and subsection (a)(3) shall be treated as references to such provisions as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996.
Any distribution excluded from gross income under subsection (a) shall be treated, for purposes of this chapter, as a distribution which is not a dividend; except that such distributions shall immediately reduce earnings and profits.
For purposes of this section and section 960(c), any amount included in the gross income of any person as a dividend by reason of subsection (a) or (f) of section 1248 shall be treated as an amount included in the gross income of such person (or, in any case to which section 1248(e) applies, of the domestic corporation referred to in section 1248(e)(2)) under section 951(a)(1)(A).
For purposes of this section, amounts that would be included under subparagraph (B) of section 951(a)(1) (determined without regard to this section) shall be treated as attributable first to earnings described in subsection (c)(2), and then to earnings described in subsection (c)(3).
In applying this section, actual distributions shall be taken into account before amounts that would be included under section 951(a)(1)(B) (determined without regard to this section).
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1019; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §133(b)(1), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 668; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1226(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2560; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(bb)(7)(A), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3536; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13231(c)(1), (2), (4)(A), (B), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 497, 498; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1501(b)(4)–(8), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1826; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(c)(32), (33), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2224.)
The date of the enactment of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 104–188, which was approved Aug. 20, 1996.
2017—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(32), substituted "Any" for "Except as provided in section 960(a)(3), any".
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(c)(33), substituted "section 960(c)" for "section 960(b)".
1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–188, §1501(b)(4), (5), substituted "paragraph (2)" for "paragraphs (2) and (3)" in closing provisions, inserted "or" at end of par. (1), struck out "or" at end of par. (2), and struck out par. (3) which read as follows: "such amounts would, but for this subsection, be included under section 951(a)(1)(C) in the gross income of,".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–188, §1501(b)(6), inserted at end "References in this subsection to section 951(a)(1)(C) and subsection (a)(3) shall be treated as references to such provisions as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996."
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 104–188, §1501(b)(7), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For purposes of this section—
"(A) amounts that would be included under subparagraph (B) of section 951(a)(1) (determined without regard to this section) shall be treated as attributable first to earnings described in subsection (c)(2), and then to earnings described in subsection (c)(3), and
"(B) amounts that would be included under subparagraph (C) of section 951(a)(1) (determined without regard to this section) shall be treated as attributable first to earnings described in subsection (c)(2) to the extent the earnings so described were accumulated in taxable years beginning after September 30, 1993, and then to earnings described in subsection (c)(3)."
Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 104–188, §1501(b)(8), substituted "section 951(a)(1)(B)" for "subparagraphs (B) and (C) of section 951(a)(1)".
1993—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–66, §13231(c)(2)(A), (4)(A), substituted in introductory provisions "earnings and profits" for "earnings and profits for taxable year" and inserted at end of closing provisions "The rules of subsection (c) shall apply for purposes of paragraph (1) of this subsection and the rules of subsection (f) shall apply for purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subsection."
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–66, §13231(c)(1), added par. (3).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–66, §13231(c)(4)(A), substituted "earnings and profits" for "earnings and profits for a taxable year".
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 103–66, §13231(c)(2)(C), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "first to earnings and profits attributable to amounts included in gross income under section 951(a)(1)(B) (or which would have been included except for subsection (a)(2) of this section),".
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 103–66, §13231(c)(4)(B), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "then to earnings and profits attributable to amounts included in gross income under section 951(a)(1)(A) (but reduced by amounts not included under section 951(a)(1)(B) because of the exclusion in subsection (a)(2) of this section), and".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–66, §13231(c)(2)(B), added subsec. (f).
1988—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted "such person (or, in any case to which section 1248(e) applies, of the domestic corporation referred to in section 1248(e)(2)) under" for "such person under".
1986—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–514 inserted "; except that such distributions shall immediately reduce earnings and profits".
1984—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–369 added subsec. (e).
1976—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1996, and to taxable years of United States shareholders within which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 1501(d) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Sept. 30, 1993, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 13231(e) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(bb)(7)(B), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3536, provided that: "The amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall apply in the case of transactions to which section 1248(e) of the 1986 Code applies and which occur after December 31, 1986."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1226(c)(2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2560, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply to distributions after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986]."
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §133(d)(2), (3), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 668, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, title XVIII, §1810(i)(2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, 2829; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1018(g)(2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3582, provided that:
"(2)
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) Subparagraph (A) shall apply with respect to transactions to which subsection (a) of section 1248 of such Code applies if the foreign corporation described in such subsection (or its successor in interest) so elects.
"(ii) Subparagraph (A) shall apply with respect to transactions to which subsection (f) of section 1248 of such Code applies if the domestic corporation described in section 1248(f)(1) of such Code (or its successor) so elects.
"(iii) Any election under clause (i) or (ii) shall be made not later than the date which is 1 year after the date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 [Oct. 22, 1986] and shall be made in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate shall prescribe."
For purposes of subpart A of this part, if there is included in the gross income of a domestic corporation any item of income under section 951(a)(1) with respect to any controlled foreign corporation with respect to which such domestic corporation is a United States shareholder, such domestic corporation shall be deemed to have paid so much of such foreign corporation's foreign income taxes as are properly attributable to such item of income.
For purposes of subpart A of this part—
If any portion of a distribution from a controlled foreign corporation to a domestic corporation which is a United States shareholder with respect to such controlled foreign corporation is excluded from gross income under section 959(a), such domestic corporation shall be deemed to have paid so much of such foreign corporation's foreign income taxes as—
(A) are properly attributable to such portion, and
(B) have not been deemed to have to 1 been paid by such domestic corporation under this section for the taxable year or any prior taxable year.
If section 959(b) applies to any portion of a distribution from a controlled foreign corporation to another controlled foreign corporation, such controlled foreign corporation shall be deemed to have paid so much of such other controlled foreign corporation's foreign income taxes as—
(A) are properly attributable to such portion, and
(B) have not been deemed to have been paid by a domestic corporation under this section for the taxable year or any prior taxable year.
In the case of any taxpayer who—
(A) either (i) chose to have the benefits of subpart A of this part for a taxable year beginning after September 30, 1993, in which he was required under section 951(a) to include any amount in his gross income, or (ii) did not pay or accrue for such taxable year any income, war profits, or excess profits taxes to any foreign country or to any possession of the United States,
(B) chooses to have the benefits of subpart A of this part for any taxable year in which he receives 1 or more distributions or amounts which are excludable from gross income under section 959(a) and which are attributable to amounts included in his gross income for taxable years referred to in subparagraph (A), and
(C) for the taxable year in which such distributions or amounts are received, pays, or is deemed to have paid, or accrues income, war profits, or excess profits taxes to a foreign country or to any possession of the United States with respect to such distributions or amounts,
the limitation under section 904 for the taxable year in which such distributions or amounts are received shall be increased by the lesser of the amount of such taxes paid, or deemed paid, or accrued with respect to such distributions or amounts or the amount in the excess limitation account as of the beginning of such taxable year.
Each taxpayer meeting the requirements of paragraph (1)(A) shall establish an excess limitation account. The opening balance of such account shall be zero.
For each taxable year beginning after September 30, 1993, the taxpayer shall increase the amount in the excess limitation account by the excess (if any) of—
(i) the amount by which the limitation under section 904(a) for such taxable year was increased by reason of the total amount of the inclusions in gross income under section 951(a) for such taxable year, over
(ii) the amount of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid, or deemed paid, or accrued to any foreign country or possession of the United States which were allowable as a credit under section 901 for such taxable year and which would not have been allowable but for the inclusions in gross income described in clause (i).
Proper reductions in the amount added to the account under the preceding sentence for any taxable year shall be made for any increase in the credit allowable under section 901 for such taxable year by reason of a carryback if such increase would not have been allowable but for the inclusions in gross income described in clause (i).
For each taxable year beginning after September 30, 1993, for which the limitation under section 904 was increased under paragraph (1), the taxpayer shall reduce the amount in the excess limitation account by the amount of such increase.
If the taxpayer receives a distribution or amount in a taxable year beginning after September 30, 1993, which is excluded from gross income under section 959(a) and is attributable to any amount included in gross income under section 951(a) for a taxable year beginning before October 1, 1993, the limitation under section 904 for the taxable year in which such amount or distribution is received shall be increased by the amount determined under this subsection as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconcilation 2 Act of 1993.
In the case of any taxpayer who—
(A) chose to have the benefits of subpart A of this part for a taxable year in which he was required under section 951(a) to include in his gross income an amount in respect of a controlled foreign corporation, and
(B) does not choose to have the benefits of subpart A of this part for the taxable year in which he receives a distribution or amount which is excluded from gross income under section 959(a) and which is attributable to earnings and profits of the controlled foreign corporation which was included in his gross income for the taxable year referred to in subparagraph (A),
no deduction shall be allowed under section 164 for the taxable year in which such distribution or amount is received for any income, war profits, or excess profits taxes paid or accrued to any foreign country or to any possession of the United States on or with respect to such distribution or amount.
If an increase in the limitation under this subsection exceeds the tax imposed by this chapter for such year, the amount of such excess shall be deemed an overpayment of tax for such year.
For purposes of subpart A of this part, if any amount is includible in the gross income of a domestic corporation under section 951A, such domestic corporation shall be deemed to have paid foreign income taxes equal to 80 percent of the product of—
(A) such domestic corporation's inclusion percentage, multiplied by
(B) the aggregate tested foreign income taxes paid or accrued by controlled foreign corporations.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "inclusion percentage" means, with respect to any domestic corporation, the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of—
(A) such corporation's global intangible low-taxed income (as defined in section 951A(b)), divided by
(B) the aggregate amount described in section 951A(c)(1)(A) with respect to such corporation.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "tested foreign income taxes" means, with respect to any domestic corporation which is a United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation, the foreign income taxes paid or accrued by such foreign corporation which are properly attributable to the tested income of such foreign corporation taken into account by such domestic corporation under section 951A.
The term "foreign income taxes" means any income, war profits, or excess profits taxes paid or accrued to any foreign country or possession of the United States.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations or other guidance as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this section.
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1020; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §§1031(b)(1), 1033(b)(2), 1037(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1622, 1628, 1633; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1202(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2530; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13233(b)(1), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 502; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1113(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 971; Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §214(a), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2399; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§14201(b)(1), 14301(b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2212, 2221.)
The date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993, referred to in subsec. (c)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 103–66, which was approved Aug. 10, 1993.
2017—Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(b)(1), substituted "Deemed paid credit for subpart F inclusions" for "Special rules for foreign tax credit" in section catchline.
Subsecs. (a) to (c). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(b)(1), added subsecs. (a) and (b), redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c), and struck out former subsecs. (a) and (c) which related to taxes paid by a foreign corporation and limitation with respect to section 956 inclusions, respectively.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–97, §14201(b)(1), added subsec. (d).
Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 115–97, §14301(b)(2), added subsecs. (e) and (f).
2010—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–226 added subsec. (c).
1997—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–34 amended heading and text of par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For purposes of subpart A of this part, if there is included, under section 951(a), in the gross income of a domestic corporation any amount attributable to earnings and profits—
"(A) of a foreign corporation (hereafter in this subsection referred to as the 'first foreign corporation') at least 10 percent of the voting stock of which is owned by such domestic corporation, or
"(B) of a second foreign corporation (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the 'second foreign corporation') at least 10 percent of the voting stock of which is owned by the first foreign corporation, or
"(C) of a third foreign corporation (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the 'third foreign corporation') at least 10 percent of the voting stock of which is owned by the second foreign corporation,
then, except to the extent provided in regulations, such domestic corporation shall be deemed to have paid a portion of such foreign corporation's post-1986 foreign income taxes determined under section 902 in the same manner as if the amount so included were a dividend paid by such foreign corporation (determined by applying section 902(c) in accordance with section 904(d)(3)(B)). This paragraph shall not apply with respect to any amount included in the gross income of such domestic corporation attributable to earnings and profits of the second foreign corporation or of the third foreign corporation unless, in the case of the second foreign corporation, the percentage-of-voting-stock requirement of section 902(b)(3)(A) is satisfied, and in the case of the third foreign corporation, the percentage-of-voting-stock requirement of section 902(b)(3)(B) is satisfied."
1993—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–66 added pars. (1) to (3), redesignated former pars. (3) and (4) as (4) and (5), respectively, and struck out former par. (1) relating to increase in section 904 limitation and former par. (2) relating to the amount of increase.
1986—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted "then, except to the extent provided in regulations, such domestic corporation shall be deemed to have paid a portion of such foreign corporation's post-1986 foreign income taxes determined under section 902 in the same manner as if the amount so included were a dividend paid by such foreign corporation (determined by applying section 902(c) in accordance with section 904(d)(3)(B))" for "then, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, such domestic corporation shall be deemed to have paid the same proportion of the total income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid (or deemed paid) by such foreign corporation to a foreign country or possession of the United States for the taxable year on or with respect to the earnings and profits of such foreign corporation which the amount of earnings and profits of such foreign corporation so included in gross income of the domestic corporation bears to the entire amount of the earnings and profits of such corporation for such taxable year".
1976—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1033(b)(2), 1037(a), substituted "bears to the entire amount of the earnings and profits of such foreign corporation for such taxable year" for "bears to–" after "gross income of the domestic corporation", struck out subpars. (C) and (D) relating to corporations which are and are not less developed country corporations, inserted in subpar. (A) "(hereafter in this subsection referred to as the 'first foreign corporation')" after "foreign corporation", substituted in subpar. (B) "of a second foreign corporation (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the 'second foreign corporation') at least 10 percent of the voting stock of which is owned by the first foreign corporation, or" for "of a foreign corporation at least 50 percent of the voting stock of which is owned by a foreign corporation at least 10 percent of the voting stock of which in turn owned by such domestic corporation" after "(B)", added subpar. (C), and inserted at end "This paragraph shall not apply with respect to any amount included in the gross income of such domestic corporation attributable to earning and profits of the second foreign corporation or of the third foreign corporation unless, in the case of the second foreign corporation, the percentage-of-voting-stock requirement of section 902(b)(3)(A) is satisfied, and in the case of the third foreign corporation, the percentage-of-voting-stock requirement of section 902(b)(3)(B) is satisfied."
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, §1031(b)(1), struck out "applicable" in par. (1) after "amount, the", in par. (2) after "increase of the", and in subpar. (A) of par. (2) after "by which the".
Amendment by section 14201(b)(1) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14201(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Amendment by section 14301(b) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.
Pub. L. 111–226, title II, §214(b), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2399, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to acquisitions of United States property (as defined in section 956(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) after December 31, 2010."
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1113(c), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 971, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13233(b)(2), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 504, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after September 30, 1993."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1202(e), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2531, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 902 and 6038 of this title] shall apply to distributions by foreign corporations out of, and to inclusions under section 951(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 attributable to, earnings and profits for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986."
Amendment by section 1031(b)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 1031(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1033(c), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1628, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 78, 535, 545, and 902 of this title] shall apply—
"(1) in respect of any distribution received by a domestic corporation after December 31, 1977, and
"(2) in respect of any distribution received by a domestic corporation before January 1, 1978, in a taxable year of such corporation beginning after December 31, 1975, but only to the extent that such distribution is made out of the accumulated profits of a foreign corporation for a taxable year (of such foreign corporation) beginning after December 31, 1975.
For purposes of paragraph (2), a distribution made by a foreign corporation out of its profits which are attributable to a distribution received from a foreign corporation to which [former] section 902(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] applies shall be treated as made out of the accumulated profits of a foreign corporation for a taxable year beginning before January 1, 1976, to the extent that such distribution was paid out of the accumulated profits of such foreign corporation for a taxable year beginning before January 1, 1976."
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1037(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1634, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to earnings and profits of a foreign corporation, included, under section 951(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], in the gross income of a domestic corporation in taxable years beginning after December 31, 1976."
Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(b)(3), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3496, provided that: "For purposes of sections [former] 902 and 960 of the 1986 Code, the increase in earnings and profits of any foreign corporation under section 1023(e)(3)(C) of the Reform Act [Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 846 of this title] shall be taken into account ratably over the 10-year period beginning with the corporation's first taxable year beginning after December 31, 1986."
2 So in original. Probably should be "Reconciliation".
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the basis of a United States shareholder's stock in a controlled foreign corporation, and the basis of property of a United States shareholder by reason of which he is considered under section 958(a)(2) as owning stock of a controlled foreign corporation, shall be increased by the amount required to be included in his gross income under section 951(a) with respect to such stock or with respect to such property, as the case may be, but only to the extent to which such amount was included in the gross income of such United States shareholder. In the case of a United States shareholder who has made an election under section 962 for the taxable year, the increase in basis provided by this subsection shall not exceed an amount equal to the amount of tax paid under this chapter with respect to the amounts required to be included in his gross income under section 951(a).
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the adjusted basis of stock or other property with respect to which a United States shareholder or a United States person receives an amount which is excluded from gross income under section 959(a) shall be reduced by the amount so excluded. In the case of a United States shareholder who has made an election under section 962 for any prior taxable year, the reduction in basis provided by this paragraph shall not exceed an amount equal to the amount received which is excluded from gross income under section 959(a) after the application of section 962(d).
To the extent that an amount excluded from gross income under section 959(a) exceeds the adjusted basis of the stock or other property with respect to which it is received, the amount shall be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of property.
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, if a United States shareholder is treated under section 958(a)(2) as owning stock in a controlled foreign corporation which is owned by another controlled foreign corporation, then adjustments similar to the adjustments provided by subsections (a) and (b) shall be made to—
(1) the basis of such stock, and
(2) the basis of stock in any other controlled foreign corporation by reason of which the United States shareholder is considered under section 958(a)(2) as owning the stock described in paragraph (1),
but only for the purposes of determining the amount included under section 951 in the gross income of such United States shareholder (or any other United States shareholder who acquires from any person any portion of the interest of such United States shareholder by reason of which such shareholder was treated as owning such stock, but only to the extent of such portion, and subject to such proof of identity of such interest as the Secretary may prescribe by regulations). The preceding sentence shall not apply with respect to any stock to which a basis adjustment applies under subsection (a) or (b).
If a domestic corporation received a dividend from a specified 10-percent owned foreign corporation (as defined in section 245A) in any taxable year, solely for purposes of determining loss on any disposition of stock of such foreign corporation in such taxable year or any subsequent taxable year, the basis of such domestic corporation in such stock shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of any deduction allowable to such domestic corporation under section 245A with respect to such stock except to the extent such basis was reduced under section 1059 by reason of a dividend for which such a deduction was allowable.
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1022; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1112(b)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 969; Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §409(b), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2635; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14102(b)(1), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2192.)
2017—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–97 added subsec. (d).
2005—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–135 amended heading and text of subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, if a United States shareholder is treated under section 958(a)(2) as owning any stock in a controlled foreign corporation which is actually owned by another controlled foreign corporation, adjustments similar to the adjustments provided by subsections (a) and (b) shall be made to the basis of such stock in the hands of such other controlled foreign corporation, but only for the purposes of determining the amount included under section 951 in the gross income of such United States shareholder (or any other United States shareholder who acquires from any person any portion of the interest of such United States shareholder by reason of which such shareholder was treated as owning such stock, but only to the extent of such portion, and subject to such proof of identity of such interest as the Secretary may prescribe by regulations)."
1997—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–34 added subsec. (c).
1976—Subsecs. (a), (b)(1). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14102(b)(2), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2192, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section] shall apply to distributions made after December 31, 2017."
Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §409(d), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2636, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 6038B, 6411, and 6601 of this title] shall take effect as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 [Pub. L. 105–34] to which they relate."
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1112(b)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 969, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply for purposes of determining inclusions for taxable years of United States shareholders beginning after December 31, 1997."
Basis adjustments of this section not applicable in certain circumstances involving dual resident companies, see section 6126 of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1502 of this title.
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, in the case of a United States shareholder who is an individual and who elects to have the provisions of this section apply for the taxable year—
(1) the tax imposed under this chapter on amounts which are included in his gross income under section 951(a) shall (in lieu of the tax determined under sections 1 and 55) be an amount equal to the tax which would be imposed under section 11 if such amounts were received by a domestic corporation, and
(2) for purposes of applying the provisions of section 960 1 (relating to foreign tax credit) such amounts shall be treated as if they were received by a domestic corporation.
An election to have the provisions of this section apply for any taxable year shall be made by a United States shareholder at such time and in such manner as the Secretary shall prescribe by regulations. An election made for any taxable year may not be revoked except with the consent of the Secretary.
For purposes of applying subsection (a)(1), the amount in each taxable income bracket in the tax table in section 11(b) shall not exceed an amount which bears the same ratio to such bracket amount as the amount included in the gross income of the United States shareholder under section 951(a) for the taxable year bears to such shareholder's pro rata share of the earnings and profits for the taxable year of all controlled foreign corporations with respect to which such shareholder includes any amount in gross income under section 951(a).
The earnings and profits of a foreign corporation attributable to amounts which were included in the gross income of a United States shareholder under section 951(a) and with respect to which an election under this section applied shall, when such earnings and profits are distributed, notwithstanding the provisions of section 959(a)(1), be included in gross income to the extent that such earnings and profits so distributed exceed the amount of tax paid under this chapter on the amounts to which such election applied.
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1023; amended Pub. L. 94–12, title III, §303(c)(3), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 45; Pub. L. 94–164, §4(d)(1), Dec. 23, 1975, 89 Stat. 975; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 95–600, title III, §301(b)(16), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2822; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1007(g)(11), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3435; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §12001(b)(15), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2094.)
Section 960, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), was amended extensively by Pub. L. 115–97, and, as so amended, relates to deemed paid credit for subpart F inclusions.
2017—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–97 substituted "section 11" for "sections 11 and 55".
1988—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted "sections 1 and 55" and "sections 11 and 55" for "section 1" and "section 11", respectively.
1978—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–600 substituted provisions relating to the pro ration of each section 11 bracket amount for provisions relating to the surtax exemption.
1976—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" wherever appearing.
1975—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–164 substituted "same ratio to the surtax exemption" for "same ratio to $25,000" in subsec. (c) as such subsec. (c) is in effect for taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1975.
Pub. L. 94–12 substituted "$50,000" for "$25,000".
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 12001(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1978, see section 301(c) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 94–164 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 4(e) of Pub. L. 94–164, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 94–12 applicable to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1974, but to cease to apply for taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 305(b)(1) of Pub. L. 94–12, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.
1 See References in Text note below.
Section, added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1023; amended Pub. L. 88–272, title I, §123(b), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 29; Pub. L. 90–364, title I, §102(b), June 28, 1968, 82 Stat. 255; Pub. L. 91–53, §5(b), Aug. 7, 1969, 83 Stat. 95; Pub. L. 91–172, title VII, §701(b), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 659, dealt with the receipt of minimum distributions by domestic corporations.
Repeal effective with respect to taxable years for foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, and to taxable years of United States shareholders (within the meaning of section 951(b) of this title) within which or with which such taxable years of such foreign corporations end, see section 602(f) of Pub. L. 94–12, set out as an Effective Date note under section 954 of this title.
Except as provided in section 312(k)(4), for purposes of this subpart, the earnings and profits of any foreign corporation, and the deficit in earnings and profits of any foreign corporation, for any taxable year shall be determined according to rules substantially similar to those applicable to domestic corporations, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. In determining such earnings and profits, or the deficit in such earnings and profits, the amount of any illegal bribe, kickback, or other payment (within the meaning of section 162(c)) shall not be taken into account to decrease such earnings and profits or to increase such deficit. The payments referred to in the preceding sentence are payments which would be unlawful under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 if the payor were a United States person.
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, no part of the earnings and profits of a controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year shall be included in earnings and profits for purposes of sections 952 and 956, if it is established to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such part could not have been distributed by the controlled foreign corporation to United States shareholders who own (within the meaning of section 958(a)) stock of such controlled foreign corporation because of currency or other restrictions or limitations imposed under the laws of any foreign country.
The Secretary may by regulations require each person who is, or has been, a United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation to maintain such records and accounts as may be prescribed by such regulations as necessary to carry out the provisions of this subpart and subpart G.
Where, but for this paragraph, two or more United States persons would be required to maintain or furnish the same records and accounts as may by regulations be required under paragraph (1) with respect to the same controlled foreign corporation for the same period, the Secretary may by regulations provide that the maintenance or furnishing of such records and accounts by only one such person shall satisfy the requirements of paragraph (1) for such other persons.
For purposes of this chapter, section 6038, section 6046, and such other provisions as may be specified in regulations—
(A) a qualified insurance branch of a controlled foreign corporation shall be treated as a separate foreign corporation created under the laws of the foreign country with respect to which such branch qualifies under paragraph (2), and
(B) except as provided in regulations, any amount directly or indirectly transferred or credited from such branch to one or more other accounts of such controlled foreign corporation shall be treated as a dividend paid to such controlled foreign corporation.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "qualified insurance branch" means any branch of a controlled foreign corporation which is licensed and predominantly engaged on a permanent basis in the active conduct of an insurance business in a foreign country if—
(A) separate books and accounts are maintained for such branch,
(B) the principal place of business of such branch is in such foreign country,
(C) such branch would be taxable under subchapter L if it were a separate domestic corporation, and
(D) an election under this paragraph applies to such branch.
An election under this paragraph shall apply to the taxable year for which made and all subsequent taxable years unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection.
If a controlled foreign corporation sells or exchanges stock in any other foreign corporation, gain recognized on such sale or exchange shall be included in the gross income of such controlled foreign corporation as a dividend to the same extent that it would have been so included under section 1248(a) if such controlled foreign corporation were a United States person. For purposes of determining the amount which would have been so includible, the determination of whether such other foreign corporation was a controlled foreign corporation shall be made without regard to the preceding sentence.
Clause (i) of section 954(c)(3)(A) shall not apply to any amount treated as a dividend by reason of paragraph (1).
For purposes of this subsection, a controlled foreign corporation shall be treated as having sold or exchanged any stock if, under any provision of this subtitle, such controlled foreign corporation is treated as having gain from the sale or exchange of such stock.
If, for any taxable year of a controlled foreign corporation beginning after December 31, 2017, any amount is treated as a dividend under paragraph (1) by reason of a sale or exchange by the controlled foreign corporation of stock in another foreign corporation held for 1 year or more, then, notwithstanding any other provision of this title—
(i) the foreign-source portion of such dividend shall be treated for purposes of section 951(a)(1)(A) as subpart F income of the selling controlled foreign corporation for such taxable year,
(ii) a United States shareholder with respect to the selling controlled foreign corporation shall include in gross income for the taxable year of the shareholder with or within which such taxable year of the controlled foreign corporation ends an amount equal to the shareholder's pro rata share (determined in the same manner as under section 951(a)(2)) of the amount treated as subpart F income under clause (i), and
(iii) the deduction under section 245A(a) shall be allowable to the United States shareholder with respect to the subpart F income included in gross income under clause (ii) in the same manner as if such subpart F income were a dividend received by the shareholder from the selling controlled foreign corporation.
For purposes of this title, in the case of a sale or exchange by a controlled foreign corporation of stock in another foreign corporation in a taxable year of the selling controlled foreign corporation beginning after December 31, 2017, rules similar to the rules of section 961(d) shall apply.
For purposes of this paragraph, the foreign-source portion of any amount treated as a dividend under paragraph (1) shall be determined in the same manner as under section 245A(c).
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1027; amended Pub. L. 91–172, title IV, §442(b)(1), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 628; Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1065(b), title XIX, §§1901(b)(32)(B)(iii), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1654, 1800, 1834; Pub. L. 97–34, title II, §206(c), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 225; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §288(b)(2), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 571; Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6129(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3716; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1111(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 968; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§14102(c)(1), 14212(b)(4), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2193, 2217.)
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, referred to in subsec. (a), is title I of Pub. L. 95–213, Dec. 19, 1977, 91 Stat. 1494, as amended, which enacted sections 78dd–1 to 78dd–3 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and amended sections 78m and 78ff of Title 15. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1977 Amendment note set out under section 78a of Title 15 and Tables.
2017—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–97, §14212(b)(4), struck out ", 955," after "sections 952".
Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 115–97, §14102(c)(1), added par. (4).
1997—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–34 added subsec. (e).
1988—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–647 added subsec. (d).
1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–248 inserted provision that payments referred to in sentence beginning "In determining such earnings and profits" are payments which would be unlawful under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 if the payor were a United States person.
1981—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–34 substituted "section 312(k)(4)" for "section 312(k)(3)".
1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1065(b), 1901(b)(32)(B)(ii), 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary", inserted second sentence, and substituted "312(k)(3)" for "312(m)(3)" after "provided in section".
Subsecs. (b), (c)(1), (2). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" whenever appearing.
1969—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–172 inserted reference to the exception provided for in section 312(m)(3).
Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14102(c)(2), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2193, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section] shall apply to sales or exchanges after December 31, 2017."
Amendment by section 14212(b)(4) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14212(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 851 of this title.
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1111(c)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 969, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to gain recognized on transactions occurring after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997]."
Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6129(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3716, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 1988."
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to payments made after Sept. 3, 1982, see section 288(c) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 162 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–34 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 1980, in taxable years ending after that date, see section 209(a) of Pub. L. 97–34, set out as an Effective Date note under section 168 of this title.
Amendment by section 1065(b) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to payments described in section 162(c) of this title made more than 30 days after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1066(b) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 952 of this title.
In the case of the last taxable year of a deferred foreign income corporation which begins before January 1, 2018, the subpart F income of such foreign corporation (as otherwise determined for such taxable year under section 952) shall be increased by the greater of—
(1) the accumulated post-1986 deferred foreign income of such corporation determined as of November 2, 2017, or
(2) the accumulated post-1986 deferred foreign income of such corporation determined as of December 31, 2017.
In the case of a taxpayer which is a United States shareholder with respect to at least one deferred foreign income corporation and at least one E&P deficit foreign corporation, the amount which would (but for this subsection) be taken into account under section 951(a)(1) by reason of subsection (a) as such United States shareholder's pro rata share of the subpart F income of each deferred foreign income corporation shall be reduced by the amount of such United States shareholder's aggregate foreign E&P deficit which is allocated under paragraph (2) to such deferred foreign income corporation.
The aggregate foreign E&P deficit of any United States shareholder shall be allocated among the deferred foreign income corporations of such United States shareholder in an amount which bears the same proportion to such aggregate as—
(A) such United States shareholder's pro rata share of the accumulated post-1986 deferred foreign income of each such deferred foreign income corporation, bears to
(B) the aggregate of such United States shareholder's pro rata share of the accumulated post-1986 deferred foreign income of all deferred foreign income corporations of such United States shareholder.
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "aggregate foreign E&P deficit" means, with respect to any United States shareholder, the lesser of—
(I) the aggregate of such shareholder's pro rata shares of the specified E&P deficits of the E&P deficit foreign corporations of such shareholder, or
(II) the amount determined under paragraph (2)(B).
If the amount described in clause (i)(II) is less than the amount described in clause (i)(I), then the shareholder shall designate, in such form and manner as the Secretary determines—
(I) the amount of the specified E&P deficit which is to be taken into account for each E&P deficit corporation with respect to the taxpayer, and
(II) in the case of an E&P deficit corporation which has a qualified deficit (as defined in section 952), the portion (if any) of the deficit taken into account under subclause (I) which is attributable to a qualified deficit, including the qualified activities to which such portion is attributable.
The term "E&P deficit foreign corporation" means, with respect to any taxpayer, any specified foreign corporation with respect to which such taxpayer is a United States shareholder, if, as of November 2, 2017—
(i) such specified foreign corporation has a deficit in post-1986 earnings and profits,
(ii) such corporation was a specified foreign corporation, and
(iii) such taxpayer was a United States shareholder of such corporation.
The term "specified E&P deficit" means, with respect to any E&P deficit foreign corporation, the amount of the deficit referred to in subparagraph (B).
For purposes of applying section 959 in any taxable year beginning with the taxable year described in subsection (a), with respect to any United States shareholder of a deferred foreign income corporation, an amount equal to such shareholder's reduction under paragraph (1) which is allocated to such deferred foreign income corporation under this subsection shall be treated as an amount which was included in the gross income of such United States shareholder under section 951(a).
For purposes of this title, with respect to any taxable year beginning with the taxable year described in subsection (a), a United States shareholder's pro rata share of the earnings and profits of any E&P deficit foreign corporation under this subsection shall be increased by the amount of the specified E&P deficit of such corporation taken into account by such shareholder under paragraph (1), and, for purposes of section 952, such increase shall be attributable to the same activity to which the deficit so taken into account was attributable.
In the case of any affiliated group which includes at least one E&P net surplus shareholder and one E&P net deficit shareholder, the amount which would (but for this paragraph) be taken into account under section 951(a)(1) by reason of subsection (a) by each such E&P net surplus shareholder shall be reduced (but not below zero) by such shareholder's applicable share of the affiliated group's aggregate unused E&P deficit.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "E&P net surplus shareholder" means any United States shareholder which would (determined without regard to this paragraph) take into account an amount greater than zero under section 951(a)(1) by reason of subsection (a).
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "E&P net deficit shareholder" means any United States shareholder if—
(i) the aggregate foreign E&P deficit with respect to such shareholder (as defined in paragraph (3)(A) without regard to clause (i)(II) thereof), exceeds
(ii) the amount which would (but for this subsection) be taken into account by such shareholder under section 951(a)(1) by reason of subsection (a).
For purposes of this paragraph—
The term "aggregate unused E&P deficit" means, with respect to any affiliated group, the lesser of—
(I) the sum of the excesses described in subparagraph (C), determined with respect to each E&P net deficit shareholder in such group, or
(II) the amount determined under subparagraph (E)(ii).
If the group ownership percentage of any E&P net deficit shareholder is less than 100 percent, the amount of the excess described in subparagraph (C) which is taken into account under clause (i)(I) with respect to such E&P net deficit shareholder shall be such group ownership percentage of such amount.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "applicable share" means, with respect to any E&P net surplus shareholder in any affiliated group, the amount which bears the same proportion to such group's aggregate unused E&P deficit as—
(i) the product of—
(I) such shareholder's group ownership percentage, multiplied by
(II) the amount which would (but for this paragraph) be taken into account under section 951(a)(1) by reason of subsection (a) by such shareholder, bears to
(ii) the aggregate amount determined under clause (i) with respect to all E&P net surplus shareholders in such group.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "group ownership percentage" means, with respect to any United States shareholder in any affiliated group, the percentage of the value of the stock of such United States shareholder which is held by other includible corporations in such affiliated group. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, the group ownership percentage of the common parent of the affiliated group is 100 percent. Any term used in this subparagraph which is also used in section 1504 shall have the same meaning as when used in such section.
In the case of a United States shareholder of a deferred foreign income corporation, there shall be allowed as a deduction for the taxable year in which an amount is included in the gross income of such United States shareholder under section 951(a)(1) by reason of this section an amount equal to the sum of—
(A) the United States shareholder's 8 percent rate equivalent percentage of the excess (if any) of—
(i) the amount so included as gross income, over
(ii) the amount of such United States shareholder's aggregate foreign cash position, plus
(B) the United States shareholder's 15.5 percent rate equivalent percentage of so much of the amount described in subparagraph (A)(ii) as does not exceed the amount described in subparagraph (A)(i).
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "8 percent rate equivalent percentage" means, with respect to any United States shareholder for any taxable year, the percentage which would result in the amount to which such percentage applies being subject to a 8 percent rate of tax determined by only taking into account a deduction equal to such percentage of such amount and the highest rate of tax specified in section 11 for such taxable year. In the case of any taxable year of a United States shareholder to which section 15 applies, the highest rate of tax under section 11 before the effective date of the change in rates and the highest rate of tax under section 11 after the effective date of such change shall each be taken into account under the preceding sentence in the same proportions as the portion of such taxable year which is before and after such effective date, respectively.
The term "15.5 percent rate equivalent percentage" means, with respect to any United States shareholder for any taxable year, the percentage determined under subparagraph (A) applied by substituting "15.5 percent rate of tax" for "8 percent rate of tax".
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "aggregate foreign cash position" means, with respect to any United States shareholder, the greater of—
(i) the aggregate of such United States shareholder's pro rata share of the cash position of each specified foreign corporation of such United States shareholder determined as of the close of the last taxable year of such specified foreign corporation which begins before January 1, 2018, or
(ii) one half of the sum of—
(I) the aggregate described in clause (i) determined as of the close of the last taxable year of each such specified foreign corporation which ends before November 2, 2017, plus
(II) the aggregate described in clause (i) determined as of the close of the taxable year of each such specified foreign corporation which precedes the taxable year referred to in subclause (I).
For purposes of this paragraph, the cash position of any specified foreign corporation is the sum of—
(i) cash held by such foreign corporation,
(ii) the net accounts receivable of such foreign corporation, plus
(iii) the fair market value of the following assets held by such corporation:
(I) Personal property which is of a type that is actively traded and for which there is an established financial market.
(II) Commercial paper, certificates of deposit, the securities of the Federal government and of any State or foreign government.
(III) Any foreign currency.
(IV) Any obligation with a term of less than one year.
(V) Any asset which the Secretary identifies as being economically equivalent to any asset described in this subparagraph.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "net accounts receivable" means, with respect to any specified foreign corporation, the excess (if any) of—
(i) such corporation's accounts receivable, over
(ii) such corporation's accounts payable (determined consistent with the rules of section 461).
Cash positions of a specified foreign corporation described in clause (ii), (iii)(I), or (iii)(IV) of subparagraph (B) shall not be taken into account by a United States shareholder under subparagraph (A) to the extent that such United States shareholder demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such amount is so taken into account by such United States shareholder with respect to another specified foreign corporation.
An entity (other than a corporation) shall be treated as a specified foreign corporation of a United States shareholder for purposes of determining such United States shareholder's aggregate foreign cash position if any interest in such entity is held by a specified foreign corporation of such United States shareholder (determined after application of this subparagraph) and such entity would be a specified foreign corporation of such United States shareholder if such entity were a foreign corporation.
If the Secretary determines that a principal purpose of any transaction was to reduce the aggregate foreign cash position taken into account under this subsection, such transaction shall be disregarded for purposes of this subsection.
For purposes of this section—
The term "deferred foreign income corporation" means, with respect to any United States shareholder, any specified foreign corporation of such United States shareholder which has accumulated post-1986 deferred foreign income (as of the date referred to in paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a)) greater than zero.
The term "accumulated post-1986 deferred foreign income" means the post-1986 earnings and profits except to the extent such earnings—
(A) are attributable to income of the specified foreign corporation which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States and subject to tax under this chapter, or
(B) in the case of a controlled foreign corporation, if distributed, would be excluded from the gross income of a United States shareholder under section 959.
To the extent provided in regulations or other guidance prescribed by the Secretary, in the case of any controlled foreign corporation which has shareholders which are not United States shareholders, accumulated post-1986 deferred foreign income shall be appropriately reduced by amounts which would be described in subparagraph (B) if such shareholders were United States shareholders.
The term "post-1986 earnings and profits" means the earnings and profits of the foreign corporation (computed in accordance with sections 964(a) and 986, and by only taking into account periods when the foreign corporation was a specified foreign corporation) accumulated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986, and determined—
(A) as of the date referred to in paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a), whichever is applicable with respect to such foreign corporation, and
(B) without diminution by reason of dividends distributed during the taxable year described in subsection (a) other than dividends distributed to another specified foreign corporation.
For purposes of this section, the term "specified foreign corporation" means—
(A) any controlled foreign corporation, and
(B) any foreign corporation with respect to which one or more domestic corporations is a United States shareholder.
For purposes of sections 951 and 961, a foreign corporation described in paragraph (1)(B) shall be treated as a controlled foreign corporation solely for purposes of taking into account the subpart F income of such corporation under subsection (a) (and for purposes of applying subsection (f)).
Such term shall not include any corporation which is a passive foreign investment company (as defined in section 1297) with respect to the shareholder and which is not a controlled foreign corporation.
For purposes of this section, the determination of any United States shareholder's pro rata share of any amount with respect to any specified foreign corporation shall be determined under rules similar to the rules of section 951(a)(2) by treating such amount in the same manner as subpart F income (and by treating such specified foreign corporation as a controlled foreign corporation).
The portion which is included in the income of a United States shareholder under section 951(a)(1) by reason of subsection (a) which is equal to the deduction allowed under subsection (c) by reason of such inclusion—
(A) shall be treated as income exempt from tax for purposes of sections 705(a)(1)(B) and 1367(a)(1)(A), and
(B) shall not be treated as income exempt from tax for purposes of determining whether an adjustment shall be made to an accumulated adjustment account under section 1368(e)(1)(A).
No credit shall be allowed under section 901 for the applicable percentage of any taxes paid or accrued (or treated as paid or accrued) with respect to any amount for which a deduction is allowed under this section.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "applicable percentage" means the amount (expressed as a percentage) equal to the sum of—
(A) 0.771 multiplied by the ratio of—
(i) the excess to which subsection (c)(1)(A) applies, divided by
(ii) the sum of such excess plus the amount to which subsection (c)(1)(B) applies, plus
(B) 0.557 multiplied by the ratio of—
(i) the amount to which subsection (c)(1)(B) applies, divided by
(ii) the sum described in subparagraph (A)(ii).
No deduction shall be allowed under this chapter for any tax for which credit is not allowable under section 901 by reason of paragraph (1) (determined by treating the taxpayer as having elected the benefits of subpart A of part III of subchapter N).
With respect to the taxes treated as paid or accrued by a domestic corporation with respect to amounts which are includible in gross income of such domestic corporation by reason of this section, section 78 shall apply only to so much of such taxes as bears the same proportion to the amount of such taxes as—
(A) the excess of—
(i) the amounts which are includible in gross income of such domestic corporation by reason of this section, over
(ii) the deduction allowable under subsection (c) with respect to such amounts, bears to
(B) such amounts.
In the case of a United States shareholder of a deferred foreign income corporation, such United States shareholder may elect to pay the net tax liability under this section in 8 installments of the following amounts:
(A) 8 percent of the net tax liability in the case of each of the first 5 of such installments,
(B) 15 percent of the net tax liability in the case of the 6th such installment,
(C) 20 percent of the net tax liability in the case of the 7th such installment, and
(D) 25 percent of the net tax liability in the case of the 8th such installment.
If an election is made under paragraph (1), the first installment shall be paid on the due date (determined without regard to any extension of time for filing the return) for the return of tax for the taxable year described in subsection (a) and each succeeding installment shall be paid on the due date (as so determined) for the return of tax for the taxable year following the taxable year with respect to which the preceding installment was made.
If there is an addition to tax for failure to timely pay any installment required under this subsection, a liquidation or sale of substantially all the assets of the taxpayer (including in a title 11 or similar case), a cessation of business by the taxpayer, or any similar circumstance, then the unpaid portion of all remaining installments shall be due on the date of such event (or in the case of a title 11 or similar case, the day before the petition is filed). The preceding sentence shall not apply to the sale of substantially all the assets of a taxpayer to a buyer if such buyer enters into an agreement with the Secretary under which such buyer is liable for the remaining installments due under this subsection in the same manner as if such buyer were the taxpayer.
If an election is made under paragraph (1) to pay the net tax liability under this section in installments and a deficiency has been assessed with respect to such net tax liability, the deficiency shall be prorated to the installments payable under paragraph (1). The part of the deficiency so prorated to any installment the date for payment of which has not arrived shall be collected at the same time as, and as a part of, such installment. The part of the deficiency so prorated to any installment the date for payment of which has arrived shall be paid upon notice and demand from the Secretary. This subsection shall not apply if the deficiency is due to negligence, to intentional disregard of rules and regulations, or to fraud with intent to evade tax.
Any election under paragraph (1) shall be made not later than the due date for the return of tax for the taxable year described in subsection (a) and shall be made in such manner as the Secretary shall provide.
For purposes of this subsection—
The net tax liability under this section with respect to any United States shareholder is the excess (if any) of—
(i) such taxpayer's net income tax for the taxable year in which an amount is included in the gross income of such United States shareholder under section 951(a)(1) by reason of this section, over
(ii) such taxpayer's net income tax for such taxable year determined—
(I) without regard to this section, and
(II) without regard to any income or deduction properly attributable to a dividend received by such United States shareholder from any deferred foreign income corporation.
The term "net income tax" means the regular tax liability reduced by the credits allowed under subparts A, B, and D of part IV of subchapter A.
In the case of any S corporation which is a United States shareholder of a deferred foreign income corporation, each shareholder of such S corporation may elect to defer payment of such shareholder's net tax liability under this section with respect to such S corporation until the shareholder's taxable year which includes the triggering event with respect to such liability. Any net tax liability payment of which is deferred under the preceding sentence shall be assessed on the return of tax as an addition to tax in the shareholder's taxable year which includes such triggering event.
In the case of any shareholder's net tax liability under this section with respect to any S corporation, the triggering event with respect to such liability is whichever of the following occurs first:
(i) Such corporation ceases to be an S corporation (determined as of the first day of the first taxable year that such corporation is not an S corporation).
(ii) A liquidation or sale of substantially all the assets of such S corporation (including in a title 11 or similar case), a cessation of business by such S corporation, such S corporation ceases to exist, or any similar circumstance.
(iii) A transfer of any share of stock in such S corporation by the taxpayer (including by reason of death, or otherwise).
In the case of a transfer of less than all of the taxpayer's shares of stock in the S corporation, such transfer shall only be a triggering event with respect to so much of the taxpayer's net tax liability under this section with respect to such S corporation as is properly allocable to such stock.
A transfer described in clause (iii) of subparagraph (A) shall not be treated as a triggering event if the transferee enters into an agreement with the Secretary under which such transferee is liable for net tax liability with respect to such stock in the same manner as if such transferee were the taxpayer.
A shareholder's net tax liability under this section with respect to any S corporation is the net tax liability under this section which would be determined under subsection (h)(6) if the only subpart F income taken into account by such shareholder by reason of this section were allocations from such S corporation.
In the case of a taxpayer which elects to defer payment under paragraph (1)—
(A) subsection (h) shall be applied separately with respect to the liability to which such election applies,
(B) an election under subsection (h) with respect to such liability shall be treated as timely made if made not later than the due date for the return of tax for the taxable year in which the triggering event with respect to such liability occurs,
(C) the first installment under subsection (h) with respect to such liability shall be paid not later than such due date (but determined without regard to any extension of time for filing the return), and
(D) if the triggering event with respect to any net tax liability is described in paragraph (2)(A)(ii), an election under subsection (h) with respect to such liability may be made only with the consent of the Secretary.
If any shareholder of an S corporation elects to defer payment under paragraph (1), such S corporation shall be jointly and severally liable for such payment and any penalty, addition to tax, or additional amount attributable thereto.
Any limitation on the time period for the collection of a liability deferred under this subsection shall not be treated as beginning before the date of the triggering event with respect to such liability.
Any shareholder of an S corporation which makes an election under paragraph (1) shall report the amount of such shareholder's deferred net tax liability on such shareholder's return of tax for the taxable year for which such election is made and on the return of tax for each taxable year thereafter until such amount has been fully assessed on such returns.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "deferred net tax liability" means, with respect to any taxable year, the amount of net tax liability payment of which has been deferred under paragraph (1) and which has not been assessed on a return of tax for any prior taxable year.
In the case of any failure to report any amount required to be reported under subparagraph (A) with respect to any taxable year before the due date for the return of tax for such taxable year, there shall be assessed on such return as an addition to tax 5 percent of such amount.
Any election under paragraph (1)—
(A) shall be made by the shareholder of the S corporation not later than the due date for such shareholder's return of tax for the taxable year which includes the close of the taxable year of such S corporation in which the amount described in subsection (a) is taken into account, and
(B) shall be made in such manner as the Secretary shall provide.
Each S corporation which is a United States shareholder of a specified foreign corporation shall report in its return of tax under section 6037(a) the amount includible in its gross income for such taxable year by reason of this section and the amount of the deduction allowable by subsection (c). Any copy provided to a shareholder under section 6037(b) shall include a statement of such shareholder's pro rata share of such amounts.
Notwithstanding section 6501, the limitation on the time period for the assessment of the net tax liability under this section (as defined in subsection (h)(6)) shall not expire before the date that is 6 years after the return for the taxable year described in such subsection was filed.
If a deduction is allowed under subsection (c) to a United States shareholder and such shareholder first becomes an expatriated entity at any time during the 10-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 1 (with respect to a surrogate foreign corporation which first becomes a surrogate foreign corporation during such period), then—
(A) the tax imposed by this chapter shall be increased for the first taxable year in which such taxpayer becomes an expatriated entity by an amount equal to 35 percent of the amount of the deduction allowed under subsection (c), and
(B) no credits shall be allowed against the increase in tax under subparagraph (A).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "expatriated entity" has the same meaning given such term under section 7874(a)(2), except that such term shall not include an entity if the surrogate foreign corporation with respect to the entity is treated as a domestic corporation under section 7874(b).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "surrogate foreign corporation" has the meaning given such term in section 7874(a)(2)(B).
If a real estate investment trust is a United States shareholder in 1 or more deferred foreign income corporations—
(A) any amount required to be taken into account under section 951(a)(1) by reason of this section shall not be taken into account as gross income of the real estate investment trust for purposes of applying paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 856(c) to any taxable year for which such amount is taken into account under section 951(a)(1), and
(B) if the real estate investment trust elects the application of this subparagraph, notwithstanding subsection (a), any amount required to be taken into account under section 951(a)(1) by reason of this section shall, in lieu of the taxable year in which it would otherwise be included in gross income (for purposes of the computation of real estate investment trust taxable income under section 857(b)), be included in gross income as follows:
(i) 8 percent of such amount in the case of each of the taxable years in the 5-taxable year period beginning with the taxable year in which such amount would otherwise be included.
(ii) 15 percent of such amount in the case of the 1st taxable year following such period.
(iii) 20 percent of such amount in the case of the 2nd taxable year following such period.
(iv) 25 percent of such amount in the case of the 3rd taxable year following such period.
Any election under paragraph (1)(B) shall be made not later than the due date for the first taxable year in the 5-taxable year period described in clause (i) of paragraph (1)(B) and shall be made in such manner as the Secretary shall provide.
If an election under paragraph (1)(B) is in effect with respect to any real estate investment trust, the following rules shall apply:
For purposes of subsection (c)(1)—
(I) the aggregate amount to which subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (c)(1) applies shall be determined without regard to the election,
(II) each such aggregate amount shall be allocated to each taxable year described in paragraph (1)(B) in the same proportion as the amount included in the gross income of such United States shareholder under section 951(a)(1) by reason of this section is allocated to each such taxable year.
(III)
If there is a liquidation or sale of substantially all the assets of the real estate investment trust (including in a title 11 or similar case), a cessation of business by such trust, or any similar circumstance, then any amount not yet included in gross income under paragraph (1)(B) shall be included in gross income as of the day before the date of the event and the unpaid portion of any tax liability with respect to such inclusion shall be due on the date of such event (or in the case of a title 11 or similar case, the day before the petition is filed).
If a United States shareholder of a deferred foreign income corporation elects the application of this subsection for the taxable year described in subsection (a), then the amount described in paragraph (2) shall not be taken into account—
(A) in determining the amount of the net operating loss deduction under section 172 of such shareholder for such taxable year, or
(B) in determining the amount of taxable income for such taxable year which may be reduced by net operating loss carryovers or carrybacks to such taxable year under section 172.
The amount described in this paragraph is the sum of—
(A) the amount required to be taken into account under section 951(a)(1) by reason of this section (determined after the application of subsection (c)), plus
(B) in the case of a domestic corporation which chooses to have the benefits of subpart A of part III of subchapter N for the taxable year, the taxes deemed to be paid by such corporation under subsections (a) and (b) of section 960 for such taxable year with respect to the amount described in subparagraph (A) which are treated as a dividends 2 under section 78.
Any election under this subsection shall be made not later than the due date (including extensions) for filing the return of tax for the taxable year and shall be made in such manner as the Secretary shall prescribe.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations or other guidance as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this section, including—
(1) regulations or other guidance to provide appropriate basis adjustments, and
(2) regulations or other guidance to prevent the avoidance of the purposes of this section, including through a reduction in earnings and profits, through changes in entity classification or accounting methods, or otherwise.
(Added Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §422(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1514; amended Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, §403(q), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2627; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14103(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2195.)
The date of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, referred to in subsec. (l)(1), probably means the date of the enactment of title I of Pub. L. 115–97, which was approved Dec. 22, 2017. Prior versions of the bill that was enacted into law as Pub. L. 115–97 included such Short Title, but it was not enacted as part of title I of Pub. L. 115–97.
2017—Pub. L. 115–97 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to temporary dividends received deduction.
2005—Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(q)(1), inserted "from another controlled foreign corporation in such chain of ownership" before ", but only to the extent".
Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(q)(2), inserted "cash" before "dividends".
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(q)(3), inserted at end "The Secretary may prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to prevent the avoidance of the purposes of this paragraph, including regulations which provide that cash dividends shall not be taken into account under subsection (a) to the extent such dividends are attributable to the direct or indirect transfer (including through the use of intervening entities or capital contributions) of cash or other property from a related person (as so defined) to a controlled foreign corporation."
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(q)(4), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'applicable financial statement' means, with respect to a United States shareholder, the most recently audited financial statement (including notes and other documents which accompany such statement) which includes such shareholder—
"(A) which is certified on or before June 30, 2003, as being prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and
"(B) which is used for the purposes of a statement or report—
"(i) to creditors,
"(ii) to shareholders, or
"(iii) for any other substantial nontax purpose.
In the case of a corporation required to file a financial statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, such term means the most recent such statement filed on or before June 30, 2003."
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(q)(5), substituted "directly allocable" for "properly allocated and apportioned".
Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(q)(6), added par. (4).
Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(q)(7), inserted "which are imposed by foreign countries and possessions of the United States and are" after "taxes" in concluding provisions.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–135, §403(q)(8), inserted "on or" before "before the due date" in concluding provisions.
Amendments by Pub. L. 109–135 effective as if included in the provisions of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which they relate, see section 403(nn) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
Section applicable to taxable years ending on or after Oct. 22, 2004, see section 422(d) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective Date of 2004 Amendments note under section 56 of this title.
1 See References in Text note below.
1976—Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1901(b)(27)(B), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1799, struck out item 972 "Consolidation of group of export trade corporations".
1962—Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1027, added heading of subpart G, and items 970 to 972.
In the case of a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957) which for the taxable year is an export trade corporation, the subpart F income (determined without regard to this subpart) of such corporation for such year shall be reduced by an amount equal to so much of the export trade income (as defined in section 971(b)) of such corporation for such year as constitutes foreign base company income (as defined in section 954), but only to the extent that such amount does not exceed whichever of the following amounts is the lesser:
(A) an amount equal to 1½ times so much of the export promotion expenses (as defined in section 971(d)) of such corporation for such year as is properly allocable to the export trade income which constitutes foreign base company income of such corporation for such year, or
(B) an amount equal to 10 percent of so much of the gross receipts for such year (or, in the case of gross receipts arising from commissions, fees, or other compensation for its services, so much of the gross amount upon the basis of which such commissions, fees, or other compensation is computed) accruing to such export trade corporation from the sale, installation, operation, maintenance, or use of property in respect of which such corporation derives export trade income as is properly allocable to the export trade income which constitutes foreign base company income of such corporation for such year.
The allocations with respect to export trade income which constitutes foreign base company income under subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall be made under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
The reduction under paragraph (1) for any taxable year shall not exceed an amount which bears the same ratio to the increase in the investments in export trade assets (as defined in section 971(c)) of such corporation for such year as the export trade income which constitutes foreign base company income of such corporation for such year bears to the entire export trade income of such corporation for such year.
For purposes of this section, the amount taken into account with respect to any export trade asset shall be its adjusted basis, reduced by any liability to which the asset is subject.
For purposes of subsection (a), the amount of increase in investments in export trade assets of any controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year is the amount by which—
(A) the amount of such investments at the close of the taxable year, exceeds
(B) the amount of such investments at the close of the preceding taxable year.
For purposes of subsection (b), the amount of decrease in investments in export trade assets of any controlled foreign corporation for any taxable year is the amount by which—
(A) the amount of such investments at the close of the preceding taxable year (reduced by an amount equal to the amount of net loss sustained during the taxable year with respect to export trade assets), exceeds
(B) the amount of such investments at the close of the taxable year.
A United States shareholder of an export trade corporation may, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, make the determinations under paragraphs (2) and (3) as of the close of the 75th day after the close of the years referred to in such paragraphs in lieu of on the last day of such years. A United States shareholder of an export trade corporation may, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, make the determinations under paragraphs (2) and (3) with respect to export trade assets described in section 971(c)(3) as of the close of the years following the years referred to in such paragraphs, or as of the close of such longer period of time as such regulations may permit, in lieu of on the last day of such years and in lieu of on the day prescribed in the preceding sentence. Any election under this paragraph made with respect to any taxable year shall apply to such year and to all succeeding taxable years unless the Secretary consents to the revocation of such election.
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1027; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §§1901(b)(27)(A), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1799, 1834; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14212(b)(5), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2217.)
2017—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–97 struck out subsec. (b). Text read as follows: "Each United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation which for any prior taxable year was an export trade corporation shall include in his gross income under section 951(a)(1)(A)(ii), as an amount to which section 955 (relating to withdrawal of previously excluded subpart F income from qualified investment) applies, his pro rata share of the amount of decrease in the investments in export trade assets of such corporation for such year, but only to the extent that his pro rata share of such amount does not exceed an amount equal to—
"(1) his pro rata share of the sum of (A) the amounts by which the subpart F income of such corporation was reduced for all prior taxable years under subsection (a), and (B) the amounts not included in subpart F income (determined without regard to this subpart) for all prior taxable years by reason of the treatment (under section 972 as in effect before the date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1976) of two or more controlled foreign corporations which are export trade corporations as a single controlled foreign corporation, reduced by
"(2) the sum of the amounts which were included in his gross income under section 951(a)(1)(A)(ii) under the provisions of this subsection for all prior taxable years."
1976—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(b)(27)(A), substituted "treatment (under section 972 as in effect before the date of enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1976) of two or more controlled foreign corporations which are export trade corporations as a single controlled corporation" for "application of section 972" after "reason of the".
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" in three places.
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14212(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 851 of this title.
Amendment by section 1901(b)(27)(A) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §505(a), (b), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 551, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(1)
"(A) notwithstanding section 367 or any other provision of chapter 1, no gain or loss to the export trade corporation, the parent, or the DISC shall be recognized by reason of such transfer;
"(B) the earnings and profits of the DISC shall be increased by the amount transferred to it by the export trade corporation and such amount shall be included in the accumulated DISC income, and for purposes of section 861(a)(2)(D) shall be considered to be qualified export receipts;
"(C) the adjusted basis of the assets transferred to the DISC shall be the same in the hands of the DISC as in the hands of the export trade corporation;
"(D) the earnings and profits of the export trade corporation shall be reduced by the amount transferred to the DISC, to the extent thereof, with the reduction being applied first to the untaxed subpart F income and then to the other earnings and profits in the order in which they were most recently accumulated;
"(E) the basis of the parent's stock in the export trade corporation shall be decreased by the amount obtained by multiplying its basis in such stock by a fraction the numerator of which is the amount transferred to the DISC and the denominator of which is the aggregate adjusted basis of all the assets of the export trade corporation immediately before such transfer;
"(F) the basis of the parent's stock in the DISC shall be increased by the amount of the reduction under subparagraph (E) of its basis in the stock of the export trade corporation;
"(G) the property transferred to the DISC shall not be considered to reduce the investments of the export trade corporation in export trade assets for purposes of applying [former] section 970(b); and
"(H) any foreign income taxes which would have been deemed under [former] section 902 to have been paid by the parent if the transfer had been made to the parent shall be treated as foreign income taxes paid by the DISC.
For purposes of this section, the amount transferred by the export trade corporation to the DISC shall be the aggregate of the adjusted basis of the properties transferred, with proper adjustment for any indebtedness secured by such property or assumed by the DISC in connection with the transfer. For purposes of this section, a foreign corporation which qualified as an export trade corporation for any 3 taxable years beginning before November 1, 1971, shall be treated as an export trade corporation.
"(2)
"(A) the sum of the amount by which the subpart F income of such corporation was reduced for the taxable year and all prior taxable years under section 970(a) and the amounts not included in subpart F income (determined without regard to subpart G of subchapter N of chapter 1) for all prior taxable years by reason of the application of section 972, exceeds
"(B) the sum of the amounts which were included in the gross income of the shareholders of such corporation under [former] section 951(a)(1)(A)(ii) and under the provision of [former] section 970(b) for all prior taxable years,
determined without regard to the transfer of property described in paragraph (1) of this subsection.
"(3)
"(4)
For purposes of this subpart, the term "export trade corporation" means—
A controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957) which satisfies the following conditions:
(A) 90 percent or more of the gross income of such corporation for the 3–year period immediately preceding the close of the taxable year (or such part of such period subsequent to the effective date of this subpart during which the corporation was in existence) was derived from sources without the United States, and
(B) 75 percent or more of the gross income of such corporation for such period constituted gross income in respect of which such corporation derived export trade income.
If 50 percent or more of the gross income of a controlled foreign corporation in the period specified in subsection (a)(1)(A) is gross income in respect of which such corporation derived export trade income in respect of agricultural products grown in the United States, it may qualify as an export trade corporation although it does not meet the requirements of subsection (a)(1)(B).
No controlled foreign corporation may qualify as an export trade corporation for any taxable year beginning after October 31, 1971, unless it qualified as an export trade corporation for any taxable year beginning before such date. If a corporation fails to qualify as an export trade corporation for a period of any 3 consecutive taxable years beginning after such date, it may not qualify as an export trade corporation for any taxable year beginning after such period.
For the purposes of this subpart, the term "export trade income" means net income from—
(1) the sale to an unrelated person for use, consumption, or disposition outside the United States of export property (as defined in subsection (e)), or from commissions, fees, compensation, or other income from the performance of commercial, industrial, financial, technical, scientific, managerial, engineering, architectural, skilled, or other services in respect to such sales or in respect of the installation or maintenance of such export property;
(2) commissions, fees, compensation, or other income from commercial, industrial, financial, technical, scientific, managerial, engineering, architectural, skilled, or other services performed in connection with the use by an unrelated person outside the United States of patents, copyrights, secret processes and formulas, goodwill, trademarks, trade brands, franchises, and other like property acquired or developed and owned by the manufacturer, producer, grower, or extractor of export property in respect of which the export trade corporation earns export trade income under paragraph (1);
(3) commissions, fees, rentals, or other compensation or income attributable to the use of export property by an unrelated person or attributable to the use of export property in the rendition of technical, scientific, or engineering services to an unrelated person; and
(4) interest from export trade assets described in subsection (c)(4).
For purposes of paragraph (3), if a controlled foreign corporation receives income from an unrelated person attributable to the use of export property in the rendition of services to such unrelated person together with income attributable to the rendition of other services to such unrelated person, including personal services, the amount of such aggregate income which shall be considered to be attributable to the use of the export property shall (if such amount cannot be established by reference to transactions between unrelated persons) be that part of such aggregate income which the cost of the export property consumed in the rendition of such services (including a reasonable allowance for depreciation) bears to the total costs and expenses attributable to such aggregate income.
For purposes of this subpart, the term "export trade assets" means—
(1) working capital reasonably necessary for the production of export trade income,
(2) inventory of export property held for use, consumption, or disposition outside the United States,
(3) facilities located outside the United States for the storage, handling, transportation, packaging, or servicing of export property, and
(4) evidences of indebtedness executed by persons, other than related persons, in connection with payment for purchases of export property for use, consumption, or disposition outside the United States, or in connection with the payment for services described in subsections (b)(2) and (3).
For purposes of this subpart, the term "export promotion expenses" means the following expenses paid or incurred in the receipt or production of export trade income—
(1) a reasonable allowance for salaries or other compensation for personal services actually rendered for such purpose,
(2) rentals or other payments for the use of property actually used for such purpose,
(3) a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear, or obsolescence of property actually used for such purpose, and
(4) any other ordinary and necessary expenses of the corporation to the extent reasonably allocable to the receipt or production of export trade income.
No expense incurred within the United States shall be treated as an export promotion expense within the meaning of the preceding sentence, unless at least 90 percent of each category of expenses described in such sentence is incurred outside the United States.
For purposes of this subpart, the term "export property" means any property or any interest in property manufactured, produced, grown, or extracted in the United States.
For purposes of this subpart, the term "unrelated person" means a person other than a related person as defined in section 954(d)(3).
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1029; amended Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §505(c), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 553.)
1971—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 92–178 added par. (3).
Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1876(m), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2901, provided that: "If—
"(1) a corporation which is not an export trading corporation for its most recent taxable year ending before the date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1984 [July 18, 1984] but was an export trading corporation for any prior taxable year, and
"(2)(A) such corporation may not qualify as an export trade corporation for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1984, by reason of section 971(a)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986], or (B) such corporation makes an election, before the date 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986], not to be treated as an export trade corporation with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1984,
rules similar to the rules of paragraphs (2) and (4) of section 805(b) of the Tax Reform Act of 1984 [set out as a note under section 991 of this title] shall apply to such corporation. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term 'export trade corporation' has the meaning given such term by section 971 of such Code."
Section, Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1031, related to the consolidation of a group of export trade corporations for treatment as a single controlled foreign corporation for tax purposes.
Section, Pub. L. 89–809, title I, §105(e)(1), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1565, related to income of certain nonresident United States citizens subject to foreign community property laws.
1982—Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §337(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 629, added subpart I and item 982.
If the taxpayer fails to substantially comply with any formal document request arising out of the examination of the tax treatment of any item (hereinafter in this section referred to as the "examined item") before the 90th day after the date of the mailing of such request on motion by the Secretary, any court having jurisdiction of a civil proceeding in which the tax treatment of the examined item is an issue shall prohibit the introduction by the taxpayer of any foreign-based documentation covered by such request.
Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to any documentation if the taxpayer establishes that the failure to provide the documentation as requested by the Secretary is due to reasonable cause.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the fact that a foreign jurisdiction would impose a civil or criminal penalty on the taxpayer (or any other person) for disclosing the requested documentation is not reasonable cause.
For purposes of this section—
The term "formal document request" means any request (made after the normal request procedures have failed to produce the requested documentation) for the production of foreign-based documentation which is mailed by registered or certified mail to the taxpayer at his last known address and which sets forth—
(A) the time and place for the production of the documentation,
(B) a statement of the reason the documentation previously produced (if any) is not sufficient,
(C) a description of the documentation being sought, and
(D) the consequences to the taxpayer of the failure to produce the documentation described in subparagraph (C).
Notwithstanding any other law or rule of law, any person to whom a formal document request is mailed shall have the right to begin a proceeding to quash such request not later than the 90th day after the day such request was mailed. In any such proceeding, the Secretary may seek to compel compliance with such request.
The United States district court for the district in which the person (to whom the formal document request is mailed) resides or is found shall have jurisdiction to hear any proceeding brought under subparagraph (A). An order denying the petition shall be deemed a final order which may be appealed.
The running of the 90-day period referred to in subsection (a) shall be suspended during any period during which a proceeding brought under subparagraph (A) is pending.
For purposes of this section—
The term "foreign-based documentation" means any documentation which is outside the United States and which may be relevant or material to the tax treatment of the examined item.
The term "documentation" includes books and records.
The Secretary, and any court having jurisdiction over a proceeding under subsection (c)(2), may extend the 90-day period referred to in subsection (a).
If any person takes any action as provided in subsection (c)(2), the running of any period of limitations under section 6501 (relating to the assessment and collection of tax) or under section 6531 (relating to criminal prosecutions) with respect to such person shall be suspended for the period during which the proceeding under such subsection, and appeals therein, are pending.
(Added Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §337(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 629; amended Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VII, §714(k), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 963.)
1984—Subsec. (d)(3), (4). Pub. L. 98–369 redesignated par. (4) as (3) and struck out former par. (3) which provided that an item was to be treated as foreign connected if directly or indirectly from a source outside the United States, or the item (in whole or in part) purported to arise outside the United States, or was otherwise dependent on transactions occurring outside the United States.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 effective as if included in the provision of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, to which such amendment relates, see section 715 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 31 of this title.
Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §337(c), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 630, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall apply with respect to formal document requests (as defined in section 982(c)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], as added by this section) mailed after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 3, 1982]."
1988—Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(v)(1)(C), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3529, added item 986 and struck out former item 986 "Determination of foreign corporation's earnings and profits and foreign taxes".
Unless otherwise provided in regulations, all determinations under this subtitle shall be made in the taxpayer's functional currency.
For purposes of this subtitle, the term "functional currency" means—
(A) except as provided in subparagraph (B), the dollar, or
(B) in the case of a qualified business unit, the currency of the economic environment in which a significant part of such unit's activities are conducted and which is used by such unit in keeping its books and records.
The functional currency of any qualified business unit shall be the dollar if activities of such unit are primarily conducted in dollars.
To the extent provided in regulations, the taxpayer may elect to use the dollar as the functional currency for any qualified business unit if—
(A) such unit keeps its books and records in dollars, or
(B) the taxpayer uses a method of accounting that approximates a separate transactions method.
Any such election shall apply to the taxable year for which made and all subsequent taxable years unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
Any change in the functional currency shall be treated as a change in the taxpayer's method of accounting for purposes of section 481 under procedures to be established by the Secretary.
(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1261(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2585.)
Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1261(e), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2591, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) earnings and profits of the foreign corporation for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986, and
"(B) foreign taxes paid or accrued by the foreign corporation with respect to such earnings and profits."
For purposes of determining the amount of the foreign tax credit, in the case of a taxpayer who takes foreign income taxes into account when accrued, the amount of any foreign income taxes (and any adjustment thereto) shall be translated into dollars by using the average exchange rate for the taxable year to which such taxes relate.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any foreign income taxes—
(i) paid after the date 2 years after the close of the taxable year to which such taxes relate, or
(ii) paid before the beginning of the taxable year to which such taxes relate.
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any foreign income taxes the liability for which is denominated in any inflationary currency (as determined under regulations).
At the election of the taxpayer, subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any foreign income taxes the liability for which is denominated in any currency other than in the taxpayer's functional currency.
An election under this subparagraph may apply to foreign income taxes attributable to a qualified business unit in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
Any such election shall apply to the taxable year for which made and all subsequent taxable years unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
In the case of a regulated investment company which takes into account income on an accrual basis, subparagraphs (A) through (D) shall not apply and foreign income taxes paid or accrued with respect to such income shall be translated into dollars using the exchange rate as of the date the income accrues.
For adjustments where tax is not paid within 2 years, see section 905(c).
For purposes of determining the amount of the foreign tax credit, in the case of any foreign income taxes to which subparagraph (A) or (E) of paragraph (1) does not apply—
(A) such taxes shall be translated into dollars using the exchange rates as of the time such taxes were paid to the foreign country or possession of the United States, and
(B) any adjustment to the amount of such taxes shall be translated into dollars using—
(i) except as provided in clause (ii), the exchange rate as of the time when such adjustment is paid to the foreign country or possession, or
(ii) in the case of any refund or credit of foreign income taxes, using the exchange rate as of the time of the original payment of such foreign income taxes.
To the extent prescribed in regulations, the average exchange rate for the period (specified in such regulations) during which the taxes or adjustment is paid may be used instead of the exchange rate as of the time of such payment.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "foreign income taxes" means any income, war profits, or excess profits taxes paid or accrued to any foreign country or to any possession of the United States.
For purposes of determining the tax under this subtitle—
(1) of any shareholder of any foreign corporation, the earnings and profits of such corporation shall be determined in the corporation's functional currency, and
(2) in the case of any United States person, the earnings and profits determined under paragraph (1) (when distributed, deemed distributed, or otherwise taken into account under this subtitle) shall (if necessary) be translated into dollars using the appropriate exchange rate.
Foreign currency gain or loss with respect to distributions of previously taxed earnings and profits (as described in section 959 or 1293(c)) attributable to movements in exchange rates between the times of deemed and actual distribution shall be recognized and treated as ordinary income or loss from the same source as the associated income inclusion.
The Secretary shall prescribe regulations with respect to the treatment of distributions of previously taxed earnings and profits through tiers of foreign corporations.
(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1261(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2586; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(v)(1)(A), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3528; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1102(a)(1), (b)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 963, 965; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §408(a), (b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1499.)
2004—Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 108–357, §408(a), added subpar. (D). Former subpar. (D) redesignated (E).
Subsec. (a)(1)(E). Pub. L. 108–357, §408(b)(1), added subpar. (E). Former subpar. (E) redesignated (F).
Pub. L. 108–357, §408(a), redesignated subpar. (D) as (E).
Subsec. (a)(1)(F). Pub. L. 108–357, §408(b)(1), redesignated subpar. (E) as (F).
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 108–357, §408(b)(2), inserted "or (E)" after "subparagraph (A)" in introductory provisions.
1997—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–34, §1102(a)(1), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows:
"(a)
"(1)
"(A) any foreign income taxes shall be translated into dollars using the exchange rates as of the time such taxes were paid to the foreign country or possession of the United States, and
"(B) any adjustment to the amount of foreign income taxes shall be translated into dollars using—
"(i) except as provided in clause (ii), the exchange rate as of the time when such adjustment is paid to the foreign country or possession, or
"(ii) in the case of any refund or credit of foreign income taxes, using the exchange rate as of the time of original payment of such foreign income taxes.
"(2)
Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 105–34, §1102(b)(1), added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4).
1988—Pub. L. 100–647 substituted "foreign taxes and foreign corporation's earnings and profits" for "foreign corporation's earnings and profits and foreign taxes" in heading, and revised and restructured the provisions of subsecs. (a) and (b).
Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §408(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1500, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2004."
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1102(c)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 966, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a)(1) and (b) [amending this section and section 989 of this title] shall apply to taxes paid or accrued in taxable years beginning after December 31, 1997."
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Section applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1261(e) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 985 of this title.
In the case of any taxpayer having 1 or more qualified business units with a functional currency other than the dollar, taxable income of such taxpayer shall be determined—
(1) by computing the taxable income or loss separately for each such unit in its functional currency,
(2) by translating the income or loss separately computed under paragraph (1) at the appropriate exchange rate, and
(3) by making proper adjustments (as prescribed by the Secretary) for transfers of property between qualified business units of the taxpayer having different functional currencies, including—
(A) treating post-1986 remittances from each such unit as made on a pro rata basis out of post-1986 accumulated earnings, and
(B) treating gain or loss determined under this paragraph as ordinary income or loss, respectively, and sourcing such gain or loss by reference to the source of the income giving rise to post-1986 accumulated earnings.
(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1261(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2586; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(v)(1)(B), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3528.)
1988—Par. (4). Pub. L. 100–647 struck out par. (4) which provided for translation of foreign income taxes paid by each qualified business unit of the taxpayer in the same manner as provided under section 986(b).
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Section applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1261(e) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 985 of this title.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter—
Except as otherwise provided in this section, any foreign currency gain or loss attributable to a section 988 transaction shall be computed separately and treated as ordinary income or loss (as the case may be).
Except as provided in regulations, a taxpayer may elect to treat any foreign currency gain or loss attributable to a forward contract, a futures contract, or option described in subsection (c)(1)(B)(iii) which is a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer and which is not a part of a straddle (within the meaning of section 1092(c), without regard to paragraph (4) thereof) as capital gain or loss (as the case may be) if the taxpayer makes such election and identifies such transaction before the close of the day on which such transaction is entered into (or such earlier time as the Secretary may prescribe).
To the extent provided in regulations, any amount treated as ordinary income or loss under paragraph (1) shall be treated as interest income or expense (as the case may be).
Except as otherwise provided in regulations, in the case of any amount treated as ordinary income or loss under paragraph (1) (without regard to paragraph (1)(B)), the source of such amount shall be determined by reference to the residence of the taxpayer or the qualified business unit of the taxpayer on whose books the asset, liability, or item of income or expense is properly reflected.
For purposes of this subpart—
The residence of any person shall be—
(I) in the case of an individual, the country in which such individual's tax home (as defined in section 911(d)(3)) is located,
(II) in the case of any corporation, partnership, trust, or estate which is a United States person (as defined in section 7701(a)(30)), the United States, and
(III) in the case of any corporation, partnership, trust, or estate which is not a United States person, a country other than the United States.
If an individual does not have a tax home (as so defined), the residence of such individual shall be the United States if such individual is a United States citizen or a resident alien and shall be a country other than the United States if such individual is not a United States citizen or a resident alien.
In the case of a qualified business unit of any taxpayer (including an individual), the residence of such unit shall be the country in which the principal place of business of such qualified business unit is located.
To the extent provided in regulations, in the case of a partnership, the determination of residence shall be made at the partner level.
Except to the extent provided in regulations, in the case of a loan by a United States person or a related person to a 10-percent owned foreign corporation which is denominated in a currency other than the dollar and bears interest at a rate at least 10 percentage points higher than the Federal mid-term rate (determined under section 1274(d)) at the time such loan is entered into, the following rules shall apply:
(i) For purposes of section 904 only, such loan shall be marked to market on an annual basis.
(ii) Any interest income earned with respect to such loan for the taxable year shall be treated as income from sources within the United States to the extent of any loss attributable to clause (i).
For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "related person" has the meaning given such term by section 954(d)(3), except that such section shall be applied by substituting "United States person" for "controlled foreign corporation" each place such term appears.
The term "10-percent owned foreign corporation" means any foreign corporation in which the United States person owns directly or indirectly at least 10 percent of the voting stock.
For purposes of this section—
The term "foreign currency gain" means any gain from a section 988 transaction to the extent such gain does not exceed gain realized by reason of changes in exchange rates on or after the booking date and before the payment date.
The term "foreign currency loss" means any loss from a section 988 transaction to the extent such loss does not exceed the loss realized by reason of changes in exchange rates on or after the booking date and before the payment date.
In the case of any section 988 transaction described in subsection (c)(1)(B)(iii), any gain or loss from such transaction shall be treated as foreign currency gain or loss (as the case may be).
For purposes of this section—
The term "section 988 transaction" means any transaction described in subparagraph (B) if the amount which the taxpayer is entitled to receive (or is required to pay) by reason of such transaction—
(i) is denominated in terms of a nonfunctional currency, or
(ii) is determined by reference to the value of 1 or more nonfunctional currencies.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the following transactions are described in this subparagraph:
(i) The acquisition of a debt instrument or becoming the obligor under a debt instrument.
(ii) Accruing (or otherwise taking into account) for purposes of this subtitle any item of expense or gross income or receipts which is to be paid or received after the date on which so accrued or taken into account.
(iii) Entering into or acquiring any forward contract, futures contract, option, or similar financial instrument.
The Secretary may prescribe regulations excluding from the application of clause (ii) any class of items the taking into account of which is not necessary to carry out the purposes of this section by reason of the small amounts or short periods involved, or otherwise.
In the case of any disposition of any nonfunctional currency—
(I) such disposition shall be treated as a section 988 transaction, and
(II) any gain or loss from such transaction shall be treated as foreign currency gain or loss (as the case may be).
For purposes of this section, the term "nonfunctional currency" includes coin or currency, and nonfunctional currency denominated demand or time deposits or similar instruments issued by a bank or other financial institution.
Clause (iii) of subparagraph (B) shall not apply to any regulated futures contract or nonequity option which would be marked to market under section 1256 if held on the last day of the taxable year.
The taxpayer may elect to have clause (i) not apply to such taxpayer. Such an election shall apply to contracts held at any time during the taxable year for which such election is made or any succeeding taxable year unless such election is revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
Except as provided in regulations, an election under subclause (I) for any taxable year shall be made on or before the 1st day of such taxable year (or, if later, on or before the 1st day during such year on which the taxpayer holds a contract described in clause (i)).
In the case of a partnership, an election under subclause (I) shall be made by each partner separately. A similar rule shall apply in the case of an S corporation.
This subparagraph shall not apply to any income or loss of a partnership for any taxable year if such partnership made an election under subparagraph (E)(iii)(V) for such year or any preceding year.
In the case of a qualified fund, clause (iii) of subparagraph (B) shall not apply to any instrument which would be marked to market under section 1256 if held on the last day of the taxable year (determined after the application of clause (iv)).
If any partnership made an election under clause (iii)(V) for any taxable year and such partnership has a net loss for such year or any succeeding year from instruments referred to in clause (i), the rules of clauses (i) and (iv) shall apply to any such loss year whether or not such partnership is a qualified fund for such year.
For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "qualified fund" means any partnership if—
(I) at all times during the taxable year (and during each preceding taxable year to which an election under subclause (V) applied), such partnership has at least 20 partners and no single partner owns more than 20 percent of the interests in the capital or profits of the partnership,
(II) the principal activity of such partnership for such taxable year (and each such preceding taxable year) consists of buying and selling options, futures, or forwards with respect to commodities,
(III) at least 90 percent of the gross income of the partnership for the taxable year (and for each such preceding taxable year) consisted of income or gains described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (G) of section 7704(d)(1) or gain from the sale or disposition of capital assets held for the production of interest or dividends,
(IV) no more than a de minimis amount of the gross income of the partnership for the taxable year (and each such preceding taxable year) was derived from buying and selling commodities, and
(V) an election under this subclause applies to the taxable year.
An election under subclause (V) for any taxable year shall be made on or before the 1st day of such taxable year (or, if later, on or before the 1st day during such year on which the partnership holds an instrument referred to in clause (i)). Any such election shall apply to the taxable year for which made and all succeeding taxable years unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
Except as provided in regulations, in the case of a qualified fund, any bank forward contract, any foreign currency futures contract traded on a foreign exchange, or to the extent provided in regulations any similar instrument, which is not otherwise a section 1256 contract shall be treated as a section 1256 contract for purposes of section 1256.
In the case of any instrument treated as a section 1256 contract under subclause (I), subparagraph (A) of section 1256(a)(3) shall be applied by substituting "100 percent" for "40 percent" (and subparagraph (B) of such section shall not apply).
The interest of a general partner in the partnership shall not be treated as failing to meet the 20-percent ownership requirements of clause (iii)(I) for any taxable year of the partnership if, for the taxable year of the partner in which such partnership taxable year ends, such partner (and each corporation filing a consolidated return with such partner) had no ordinary income or loss from a section 988 transaction which is foreign currency gain or loss (as the case may be).
For purposes of clause (iii)(I), any income allocable to a general partner as incentive compensation based on profits rather than capital shall not be taken into account in determining such partner's interest in the profits of the partnership.
Except as provided in regulations, the interest of a partner in the partnership shall not be treated as failing to meet the 20-percent ownership requirements of clause (iii)(I) if none of the income of such partner from such partnership is subject to tax under this chapter (whether directly or through 1 or more pass-thru entities).
In determining whether the requirements of clause (iii)(I) are met with respect to any partnership, except to the extent provided in regulations, any interest in such partnership held by another partnership shall be treated as held proportionately by the partners in such other partnership.
For purposes of this subparagraph—
Interests in the partnership held by persons related to each other (within the meaning of sections 267(b) and 707(b)) shall be treated as held by 1 person.
References to any partnership shall include a reference to any predecessor thereof.
Rules similar to the rules of section 7704(e) shall apply.
For purposes of clause (iii)(IV), any debt instrument which is a section 988 transaction shall be treated as a commodity.
The term "booking date" means—
(A) in the case of a transaction described in paragraph (1)(B)(i), the date of acquisition or on which the taxpayer becomes the obligor, or
(B) in the case of a transaction described in paragraph (1)(B)(ii), the date on which accrued or otherwise taken into account.
The term "payment date" means the date on which the payment is made or received.
The term "debt instrument" means a bond, debenture, note, or certificate or other evidence of indebtedness. To the extent provided in regulations, such term shall include preferred stock.
If the taxpayer takes or makes delivery in connection with any section 988 transaction described in paragraph (1)(B)(iii), any gain or loss (determined as if the taxpayer sold the contract, option, or instrument on the date on which he took or made delivery for its fair market value on such date) shall be recognized in the same manner as if such contract, option, or instrument were so sold.
To the extent provided in regulations, if any section 988 transaction is part of a 988 hedging transaction, all transactions which are part of such 988 hedging transaction shall be integrated and treated as a single transaction or otherwise treated consistently for purposes of this subtitle. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the determination of whether any transaction is a section 988 transaction shall be determined without regard to whether such transaction would otherwise be marked-to-market under section 475 or 1256 and such term shall not include any transaction with respect to which an election is made under subsection (a)(1)(B). Sections 475, 1092, and 1256 shall not apply to a transaction covered by this subsection.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "988 hedging transaction" means any transaction—
(A) entered into by the taxpayer primarily—
(i) to manage risk of currency fluctuations with respect to property which is held or to be held by the taxpayer, or
(ii) to manage risk of currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or obligations incurred or to be incurred, by the taxpayer, and
(B) identified by the Secretary or the taxpayer as being a 988 hedging transaction.
The preceding provisions of this section shall not apply to any section 988 transaction entered into by an individual which is a personal transaction.
If—
(A) nonfunctional currency is disposed of by an individual in any transaction, and
(B) such transaction is a personal transaction,
no gain shall be recognized for purposes of this subtitle by reason of changes in exchange rates after such currency was acquired by such individual and before such disposition. The preceding sentence shall not apply if the gain which would otherwise be recognized on the transaction exceeds $200.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "personal transaction" means any transaction entered into by an individual, except that such term shall not include any transaction to the extent that expenses properly allocable to such transaction meet the requirements of—
(A) section 162 (other than traveling expenses described in subsection (a)(2) thereof), or
(B) section 212 (other than that part of section 212 dealing with expenses incurred in connection with taxes).
(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1261(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2587; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(v)(2)(A), (3), (4), (6)–(8), title VI, §6130(a), (b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3529, 3530, 3717; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(i)(7), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2410; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13223(b)(1), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 484; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1104(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 967; Pub. L. 106–170, title V, §532(b)(3), Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1930.)
1999—Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 106–170 substituted "to manage" for "to reduce".
1997—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–34 amended heading and text of subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "This section shall apply to section 988 transactions entered into by an individual only to the extent expenses properly allocable to such transactions meet the requirements of section 162 or 212 (other than that part of section 212 dealing with expenses incurred in connection with taxes)."
1993—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 103–66 substituted "section 475 or 1256" for "section 1256" and "Sections 475, 1092, and 1256" for "Sections 1092 and 1256".
1989—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–239 inserted introductory provision "Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter—".
1988—Subsec. (a)(3)(B)(i). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(v)(8), inserted at end "If an individual does not have a tax home (as so defined), the residence of such individual shall be the United States if such individual is a United States citizen or a resident alien and shall be a country other than the United States if such individual is not a United States citizen or a resident alien."
Subsec. (a)(3)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(v)(7), added cl. (iii).
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(v)(3)(A), added par. (3).
Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 100–647, §6130(a), struck out "unless such instrument would be marked to market under section 1256 if held on the last day of the taxable year" after "similar financial instrument".
Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(v)(6), amended cl. (iii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (iii) read as follows: "Entering into or acquiring any forward contract, futures contract, option, or similar financial instrument if such instrument is not marked to market at the close of the taxable year under section 1256."
Subsec. (c)(1)(C)(i)(II). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(v)(3)(B), amended subcl. (II) generally. Prior to amendment, subcl. (II) read as follows: "for purposes of determining the foreign currency gain or loss from such transaction, paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (b) shall be applied by substituting 'acquisition date' for 'booking date' and 'disposition' for 'payment date'."
Subsec. (c)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 100–647, §6130(b), added subpars. (D) and (E).
Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(v)(3)(C), struck out subpar. (C) which defined "booking date" in the case of a transaction described in par. (1)(B)(iii) as the date on which the position is entered into or acquired.
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(v)(3)(D), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: "The term 'payment date' means—
"(A) in the case of a transaction described in paragraph (1)(B)(i) or (ii), the date on which payment is made or received, or
"(B) in the case of a transaction described in paragraph (1)(B)(iii), the date payment is made or received or the date the taxpayer's rights with respect to the position are terminated."
Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(v)(2)(A), added par. (5).
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(v)(4), substituted "this subtitle" for "this section".
Amendment by Pub. L. 106–170 applicable to any instrument held, acquired, or entered into, any transaction entered into, and supplies held or acquired on or after Dec. 17, 1999, see section 532(d) of Pub. L. 106–170, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1104(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 967, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1997."
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to all taxable years ending on or after Dec. 31, 1993, with special rules for taxpayers required to change accounting methods and for floor specialists and market makers, see section 13223(c) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as an Effective Date note under section 475 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(v)(2)(B), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3529, provided that: "The amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall not apply in any case in which the taxpayer takes or makes delivery before June 11, 1987."
Amendment by section 1012(v)(3), (4), (6)–(8) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6130(d), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3719, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(A) The requirements of subclause (IV) of section 988(c)(1)(E)(iii) of the 1986 Code (as added by subsection (b)) shall not apply to periods before the date of the enactment of this Act.
"(B) In the case of any partner in an existing partnership, the 20-percent ownership requirements of subclause (I) of such section 988(c)(1)(E)(iii) shall be treated as met during any period during which such partner does not own a percentage interest in the capital or profits of such partnership greater than 331/3 percent (or, if lower, the lowest such percentage interest of such partner during any prior period after October 21, 1988, during which such partnership is in existence). For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term 'existing partnership' means any partnership if—
"(i) such partnership was in existence on October 21, 1988, and principally engaged on such date in buying and selling options, futures, or forwards with respect to commodities, or
"(ii) a registration statement was filed with respect to such partnership with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or before such date and such registration statement indicated that the principal activity of such partnership will consist of buying and selling instruments referred to in clause (i)."
Section applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1261(e) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 985 of this title.
For purposes of this subpart, the term "qualified business unit" means any separate and clearly identified unit of a trade or business of a taxpayer which maintains separate books and records.
Except as provided in regulations, for purposes of this subpart, the term "appropriate exchange rate" means—
(1) in the case of an actual distribution of earnings and profits, the spot rate on the date such distribution is included in income,
(2) in the case of an actual or deemed sale or exchange of stock in a foreign corporation treated as a dividend under section 1248, the spot rate on the date the deemed dividend is included in income,
(3) in the case of any amounts included in income under section 951(a)(1)(A) or 1293(a), the average exchange rate for the taxable year of the foreign corporation, or
(4) in the case of any other qualified business unit of a taxpayer, the average exchange rate for the taxable year of such qualified business unit.
For purposes of the preceding sentence, any amount included in income under section 951(a)(1)(B) shall be treated as an actual distribution made on the last day of the taxable year for which such amount was so included.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subpart, including regulations—
(1) setting forth procedures to be followed by taxpayers with qualified business units using a net worth method of accounting before the enactment of this subpart,
(2) limiting the recognition of foreign currency loss on certain remittances from qualified business units,
(3) providing for the recharacterization of interest and principal payments with respect to obligations denominated in certain hyperinflationary currencies,
(4) providing for alternative adjustments to the application of section 905(c),
(5) providing for the appropriate treatment of related party transactions (including transactions between qualified business units of the same taxpayer), and
(6) setting forth procedures for determining the average exchange rate for any period.
(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1261(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2590; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(v)(5), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3529; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13231(c)(4)(C), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 499; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1501(b)(9), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1826; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1102(b)(2), (3), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 966; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §413(c)(17), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1508.)
The enactment of this subpart, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 99–514, which was approved Oct. 22, 1986.
2004—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 108–357 struck out ", 551(a)," after "section 951(a)(1)(A)".
1997—Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 105–34, §1102(b)(3), struck out "weighted" before "average exchange rate".
Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 105–34, §1102(b)(2), added par. (6).
1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–188 substituted "section 951(a)(1)(B)" for "subparagraph (B) or (C) of section 951(a)(1)" in closing provisions.
1993—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–66 substituted "subparagraph (B) or (C) of section 951(a)(1)" for "section 951(a)(1)(B)" in last sentence.
1988—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted in par. (3) "section 951(a)(1)(A)" for "section 951(a)" and inserted at end "For purposes of the preceding sentence, any amount included in income under section 951(a)(1)(B) shall be treated as an actual distribution made on the last day of the taxable year for which such amount was so included."
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 413(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2004 Amendments note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to taxes paid or accrued in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1997, see section 1102(c)(1) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 986 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1996, and to taxable years of United States shareholders within which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 1501(d) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 904 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Sept. 30, 1993, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 13231(e) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Section applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1261(e) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 985 of this title.
1971—Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §501, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 535, added part IV to subchapter N of chapter 1.
1 Section numbers editorially supplied.
For purposes of the taxes imposed by this subtitle upon a DISC (as defined in section 992(a)), a DISC shall not be subject to the taxes imposed by this subtitle.
(Added Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §501, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 535; amended Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, §6011(e)(1), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 818.)
1998—Pub. L. 105–206 struck out "except for the tax imposed by chapter 5" before period at end.
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–206 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates (section 1131(a) of Pub. L. 105–34), see section 6024 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §507, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 553, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "Except as provided in section 505 of this title [amending section 971 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 970 of this title], the amendments made by sections 501 through 504 of this title [enacting this section and sections 992 to 994, 995 to 997, and 6686 of this title and amending sections 246, 861, 901, 904, 922, 931, 1014, 1504, 6011, 6072, and 6501 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years ending after December 31, 1971, except that a corporation may not be a DISC (as defined in section 992(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], added by section 501 of this title) for any taxable year beginning before January 1, 1972."
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §805(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1001, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, title XVIII, §1876(h), (n), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, 2900, 2901, provided that:
"(1)
"(A)
"(B)
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
"(C)
"(i) such amount shall not be included in the gross income of any member of such organization when distributed in the form of a patronage dividend or otherwise, and
"(ii) no deduction shall be allowed to such organization by reason of any such distribution.
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) in 1984, and
"(ii) after the date in 1984 on which the taxable year of such shareholder begins.
"(C)
"(D)
"(4)
"(5)
"(6)
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §805(c), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1002, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(1)
"(A) makes an election under [former] section 927(f)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] to be treated as a FSC, or
"(B) elects not to be treated as an export trade corporation with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1984,
rules similar to the rules of paragraphs (2) and (4) of subsection (b) [section 805(b)(2) and (4) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note above] shall apply to such export trade corporation.
"(2)
"(A) makes an election described in paragraph (1), and
"(B) transfers before January 1, 1986, any portion of its property to a FSC in a transaction described in section 351 or 368(a)(1),
then, subject to such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate may prescribe based on principles similar to the principles of section 505(a) and (b) of the Revenue Act of 1971 [Pub. L. 92–178, set out as a note under section 970 of this title], no income, gain, or loss shall be recognized on such transfer or on the distribution of any stock of the FSC received (or treated as received) in connection with such transfer.
"(3)
Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §506, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 553, which directed, that commencing with calendar year 1972, the Secretary of the Treasury submit annual reports to Congress on the effect and operation of title V, §§501–507, of Pub. L. 92–178, was probably intended by Congress to be repealed by Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §804(b)(1), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1000, which directed that section 806 of Pub. L. 98–178 relating to submission of annual reports to Congress be repealed. Section 804(b)(2) of Pub. L. 98–369 provided that the repeal is applicable to reports for calendar years after 1984.
For purposes of this title, the term "DISC" means, with respect to any taxable year, a corporation which is incorporated under the laws of any State and satisfies the following conditions for the taxable year:
(A) 95 percent or more of the gross receipts (as defined in section 993(f)) of such corporation consist of qualified export receipts (as defined in section 993(a)),
(B) the adjusted basis of the qualified export assets (as defined in section 993(b)) of the corporation at the close of the taxable year equals or exceeds 95 percent of the sum of the adjusted basis of all assets of the corporation at the close of the taxable year,
(C) such corporation does not have more than one class of stock and the par or stated value of its outstanding stock is at least $2,500 on each day of the taxable year, and
(D) the corporation has made an election pursuant to subsection (b) to be treated as a DISC and such election is in effect for the taxable year.
The Secretary shall prescribe regulations setting forth the conditions under and the extent to which a corporation which has filed a return as a DISC for a taxable year shall be treated as a DISC for such taxable year for all purposes of this title, notwithstanding the fact that the corporation has failed to satisfy the conditions of paragraph (1).
For purposes of this title, the term "former DISC" means, with respect to any taxable year, a corporation which is not a DISC for such year but was a DISC in a preceding taxable year and at the beginning of the taxable year has undistributed previously taxed income or accumulated DISC income.
(A) An election by a corporation to be treated as a DISC shall be made by such corporation for a taxable year at any time during the 90–day period immediately preceding the beginning of the taxable year, except that the Secretary may give his consent to the making of an election at such other times as he may designate.
(B) Such election shall be made in such manner as the Secretary shall prescribe and shall be valid only if all persons who are shareholders in such corporation on the first day of the first taxable year for which such election is effective consent to such election.
If a corporation makes an election under paragraph (1), then the provisions of this part shall apply to such corporation for the taxable year of the corporation for which made and for all succeeding taxable years and shall apply to each person who at any time is a shareholder of such corporation for all periods on or after the first day of the first taxable year of the corporation for which the election is effective.
An election under this subsection made by any corporation may be terminated by revocation of such election for any taxable year of the corporation after the first taxable year of the corporation for which the election is effective. A termination under this paragraph shall be effective with respect to such election—
(i) for the taxable year in which made, if made at any time during the first 90 days of such taxable year, or
(ii) for the taxable year following the taxable year in which made, if made after the close of such 90 days,
and for all succeeding taxable years of the corporation. Such termination shall be made in such manner as the Secretary shall prescribe by regulations.
If a corporation is not a DISC for each of any 5 consecutive taxable years of the corporation for which an election under this subsection is effective, the election shall be terminated and not be in effect for any taxable year of the corporation after such 5th year.
Subject to the conditions provided by paragraph (2), a corporation which for a taxable year does not satisfy a condition specified in paragraph (1)(A) (relating to gross receipts) or (1)(B) (relating to assets) of subsection (a) shall nevertheless be deemed to satisfy such condition for such year if it makes a pro rata distribution of property after the close of the taxable year to its shareholders (designated at the time of such distribution as a distribution to meet qualification requirements) with respect to their stock in an amount which is equal to—
(A) if the condition of subsection (a)(1)(A) is not satisfied, the portion of such corporation's taxable income attributable to its gross receipts which are not qualified export receipts for such year,
(B) if the condition of subsection (a)(1)(B) is not satisfied, the fair market value of those assets which are not qualified export assets on the last day of such taxable year, or
(C) if neither of such conditions is satisfied, the sum of the amounts required by subparagraphs (A) and (B).
The conditions under paragraph (1) shall be deemed satisfied in the case of a distribution made under such paragraph—
(A) if the failure to meet the requirements of subsection (a)(1)(A) or (B), and the failure to make such distribution prior to the date on which made, are due to reasonable cause; and
(B) the corporation pays, within the 30–day period beginning with the day on which such distribution is made, to the Secretary, if such corporation makes such distribution after the 15th day of the 9th month after the close of the taxable year, an amount determined by multiplying (i) the amount equal to 4½ percent of such distribution, by (ii) the number of its taxable years which begin after the taxable year with respect to which such distribution is made and before such distribution is made. For purposes of this title, any payment made pursuant to this paragraph shall be treated as interest.
A distribution made on or before the 15th day of the 9th month after the close of the taxable year shall be deemed for reasonable cause for purposes of paragraph (2)(A) if—
(A) at least 70 percent of the gross receipts of such corporation for such taxable year consist of qualified export receipts, and
(B) the adjusted basis of the qualified export assets held by the corporation on the last day of each month of the taxable year equals or exceeds 70 percent of the sum of the adjusted basis of all assets held by the corporation on such day.
The following corporations shall not be eligible to be treated as a DISC—
(1) a corporation exempt from tax by reason of section 501,
(2) a personal holding company (as defined in section 542),
(3) a financial institution to which section 581 applies,
(4) an insurance company subject to the tax imposed by subchapter L,
(5) a regulated investment company (as defined in section 851(a)), or
(6) an S corporation.
If—
(1) a corporation (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as "subsidiary") was established to take advantage of the provisions of this part, and
(2) a second corporation (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as "parent") throughout the taxable year owns directly at least 80 percent of the stock of the subsidiary,
then, for purposes of applying subsection (d)(2) and section 541 (relating to personal holding company tax) to the subsidiary for the taxable year, there shall be taken into account under section 543(a)(5) (relating to produced film rents) any interest in a film acquired by the parent and transferred to the subsidiary as if such interest were acquired by the subsidiary at the time it was acquired by the parent.
(Added Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §501, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 535; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 97–354, §5(a)(32), Oct. 19, 1982, 96 Stat. 1695; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §802(c)(1), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 999; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1616(b)(11), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1857; Pub. L. 110–172, §11(g)(16), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2491; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(b)(30), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1203.)
2018—Subsec. (d)(6), (7). Pub. L. 115–141 redesignated par. (7) as (6) and struck out former par. (6) which read as follows: "a China Trade Act corporation receiving the special deduction provided in section 941(a),".
2007—Subsec. (a)(1)(C) to (E). Pub. L. 110–172 inserted "and" at end of subpar. (C), substituted period for ", and" at end of subpar. (D), and struck out subpar. (E) which read as follows: "such corporation is not a member of any controlled group of which a FSC is a member."
1996—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 104–188 struck out "or 593" after "section 581".
1984—Subsec. (a)(1)(E). Pub. L. 98–369 added subpar. (E).
1982—Subsec. (d)(7). Pub. L. 97–354 substituted "an S corporation" for "an electing small business corporation (as defined in section 1371(b))".
1976—Subsecs. (a)(2), (b)(1), (3), (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" wherever appearing.
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1995, see section 1616(c) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 593 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 805(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–354 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 97–354, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1361 of this title.
For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 115–141 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Mar. 23, 2018, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Mar. 23, 2018, see section 401(e) of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
For purposes of this part, except as provided by regulations under paragraph (2), the qualified export receipts of a corporation are—
(A) gross receipts from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of export property,
(B) gross receipts from the lease or rental of export property, which is used by the lessee of such property outside the United States,
(C) gross receipts for services which are related and subsidiary to any qualified sale, exchange, lease, rental, or other disposition of export property by such corporation,
(D) gross receipts from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of qualified export assets (other than export property),
(E) dividends (or amounts includible in gross income under section 951) with respect to stock of a related foreign export corporation (as defined in subsection (e)),
(F) interest on any obligation which is a qualified export asset,
(G) gross receipts for engineering or architectural services for construction projects located (or proposed for location) outside the United States, and
(H) gross receipts for the performance of managerial services in furtherance of the production of other qualified export receipts of a DISC.
The Secretary may under regulations designate receipts from the sale, exchange, lease, rental, or other disposition of export property, and from services, as not being receipts described in paragraph (1) if he determines that such sale, exchange, lease, rental, or other disposition, or furnishing of services—
(A) is for ultimate use in the United States;
(B) is accomplished by a subsidy granted by the United States or any instrumentality thereof;
(C) is for use by the United States or any instrumentality thereof where the use of such export property or services is required by law or regulation.
For purposes of this part, the term "qualified export receipts" does not include receipts from a corporation which is a DISC for its taxable year in which the receipts arise and which is a member of a controlled group (as defined in paragraph (3)) which includes the recipient corporation.
For purposes of this part, the term "controlled group" has the meaning assigned to the term "controlled group of corporations" by section 1563(a), except that the phrase "more than 50 percent" shall be substituted for the phrase "at least 80 percent" each place it appears therein, and section 1563(b) shall not apply.
For purposes of this part, the qualified export assets of a corporation are—
(1) export property (as defined in subsection (c));
(2) assets used primarily in connection with the sale, lease, rental, storage, handling, transportation, packaging, assembly, or servicing of export property, or the performance of engineering or architectural services described in subparagraph (G) of subsection (a)(1) or managerial services in furtherance of the production of qualified export receipts described in subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (G) of subsection (a)(1);
(3) accounts receivable and evidences of indebtedness which arise by reason of transactions of such corporation or of another corporation which is a DISC and which is a member of a controlled group which includes such corporation described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), (G), or (H), of subsection (a)(1);
(4) money, bank deposits, and other similar temporary investments, which are reasonably necessary to meet the working capital requirements of such corporation;
(5) obligations arising in connection with a producer's loan (as defined in subsection (d));
(6) stock or securities of a related foreign export corporation (as defined in subsection (e));
(7) obligations issued, guaranteed, or insured, in whole or in part, by the Export-Import Bank of the United States or the Foreign Credit Insurance Association in those cases where such obligations are acquired from such Bank or Association or from the seller or purchaser of the goods or services with respect to which such obligations arose;
(8) obligations issued by a domestic corporation organized solely for the purpose of financing sales of export property pursuant to an agreement with the Export-Import Bank of the United States under which such corporation makes export loans guaranteed by such bank; and
(9) amounts (other than reasonable working capital) on deposit in the United States that are utilized during the period provided for in, and otherwise in accordance with, regulations prescribed by the Secretary to acquire other qualified export assets.
For purposes of this part, the term "export property" means property—
(A) manufactured, produced, grown, or extracted in the United States by a person other than a DISC,
(B) held primarily for sale, lease, or rental, in the ordinary course of trade or business, by, or to, a DISC, for direct use, consumption, or disposition outside the United States, and
(C) not more than 50 percent of the fair market value of which is attributable to articles imported into the United States.
In applying subparagraph (C), the fair market value of any article imported into the United States shall be its appraised value, as determined by the Secretary under section 402 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1401a) in connection with its importation.
For purposes of this part, the term "export property" does not include—
(A) property leased or rented by a DISC for use by any member of a controlled group (as defined in subsection (a)(3)) which includes the DISC,
(B) patents, inventions, models, designs, formulas, or processes, whether or not patented, copyrights (other than films, tapes, records, or similar reproductions, for commercial or home use), goodwill, trademarks, trade brands, franchises, or other like property,
(C) products of a character with respect to which a deduction for depletion is allowable (including oil, gas, coal, or uranium products) under section 613 or 613A,
(D) products the export of which is prohibited or curtailed under section 7(a) 1 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 to effectuate the policy set forth in paragraph (2)(C) of section 3 1 of such Act (relating to the protection of the domestic economy), or
(E) any unprocessed timber which is a softwood.
Subparagraph (C) shall not apply to any commodity or product at least 50 percent of the fair market value of which is attributable to manufacturing or processing, except that subparagraph (C) shall apply to any primary product from oil, gas, coal, or uranium. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term "processing" does not include extracting or handling, packing, packaging, grading, storing, or transporting. For purposes of subparagraph (E), the term "unprocessed timber" means any log, cant, or similar form of timber.
If the President determines that the supply of any property described in paragraph (1) is insufficient to meet the requirements of the domestic economy, he may by Executive order designate the property as in short supply. Any property so designated shall be treated as property not described in paragraph (1) during the period beginning with the date specified in the Executive order and ending with the date specified in an Executive order setting forth the President's determination that the property is no longer in short supply.
An obligation, subject to the rules provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), shall be treated as arising out of a producer's loan if—
(A) the loan, when added to the unpaid balance of all other producer's loans made by the DISC, does not exceed the accumulated DISC income at the beginning of the month in which the loan is made;
(B) the obligation is evidenced by a note (or other evidence of indebtedness) with a stated maturity date not more than 5 years from the date of the loan;
(C) the loan is made to a person engaged in the United States in the manufacturing, production, growing, or extraction of export property determined without regard to subparagraph (C) or (D) of subsection (c)(2), (referred to hereinafter as the "borrower"); and
(D) at the time of such loan it is designated as a producer's loan.
An obligation shall be treated as arising out of a producer's loan only to the extent that such loan, when added to the unpaid balance of all other producer's loans to the borrower outstanding at the time such loan is made, does not exceed an amount determined by multiplying the sum of—
(A) the amount of the borrower's adjusted basis determined at the beginning of the borrower's taxable year in which the loan is made, in plant, machinery, and equipment, and supporting production facilities in the United States;
(B) the amount of the borrower's property held primarily for sale, lease, or rental, to customers in the ordinary course of trade or business, at the beginning of such taxable year; and
(C) the aggregate amount of the borrower's research and experimental expenditures (within the meaning of section 174) in the United States during all preceding taxable years beginning after December 31, 1971,
by the percentage which the borrower's receipts, during the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year (but not including any taxable year commencing prior to 1972) in which the loan is made, from the sale, lease, or rental outside the United States of property which would be export property (determined without regard to subparagraph (C) or (D) of subsection (c)(2)) if held by a DISC is of the gross receipts during such 3 taxable years from the sale, lease, or rental of property held by such borrower primarily for sale, lease, or rental to customers in the ordinary course of the trade or business of such borrower.
An obligation shall be treated as arising out of a producer's loan in a taxable year only to the extent that such loan, when added to the unpaid balance of all other producer's loans to the borrower made during such taxable year, does not exceed an amount equal to—
(A) the amount by which the sum of the adjusted basis of assets described in paragraph (2)(A) and (B) on the last day of the taxable year in which the loan is made exceeds the sum of the adjusted basis of such assets on the first day of such taxable year; plus
(B) the aggregate amount of the borrower's research and experimental expenditures (within the meaning of section 174) in the United States during such taxable year.
In the case of a borrower who is a domestic film maker and who incurs an obligation to a DISC for the making of a film, and such DISC is engaged in the trade or business of selling, leasing, or renting films which are export property, the limitation described in paragraph (2) may be determined (to the extent provided under regulations prescribed by the Secretary) on the basis of—
(i) the sum of the amounts described in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) thereof plus reasonable estimates of all such amounts to be incurred at any time by the borrower with respect to films which are commenced within the taxable year in which the loan is made, and
(ii) the percentage which, based on the experience of producers of similar films, the annual receipts of such producers from the sale, lease, or rental of such films outside the United States is of the annual gross receipts of such producers from the sale, lease, or rental of such films.
For purposes of this paragraph, a borrower is a domestic film maker with respect to a film if—
(i) such borrower is a United States person within the meaning of section 7701(a)(30), except that with respect to a partnership, all of the partners must be United States persons, and with respect to a corporation, all of its officers and at least a majority of its directors must be United States persons;
(ii) such borrower is engaged in the trade or business of making the film with respect to which the loan is made;
(iii) the studio, if any, used or to be used for the taking of photographs and the recording of sound incorporated into such film is located in the United States;
(iv) the aggregate playing time of portions of such film photographed outside the United States does not or will not exceed 20 percent of the playing time of such film; and
(v) not less than 80 percent of the total amount paid or to be paid for services performed in the making of such film is paid or to be paid to persons who are United States persons at the time such services are performed or consists of amounts which are fully taxable by the United States.
For purposes of clause (v) of subparagraph (B)—
(i) there shall not be taken into account any amount which is contingent upon receipts or profits of the film and which is fully taxable by the United States (within the meaning of clause (ii)); and
(ii) any amount paid or to be paid to a United States person, to a non-resident alien individual, or to a corporation which furnishes the services of an officer or employee to the borrower with respect to the making of a film, shall be treated as fully taxable by the United States only if the total amount received by such person, individual, officer, or employee for services performed in the making of such film is fully included in gross income for purposes of this chapter.
In determining whether a corporation (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as "the domestic corporation") is a DISC—
A foreign corporation is a related foreign export corporation if—
(A) stock possessing more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote is owned directly by the domestic corporation,
(B) 95 percent or more of such foreign corporation's gross receipts for its taxable year ending with or within the taxable year of the domestic corporation consists of qualified export receipts described in subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) of subsection (a)(1) and interest on any obligation described in paragraphs (3) and (4) of subsection (b), and
(C) the adjusted basis of the qualified export assets (described in paragraphs (1), (2), (3), and (4) of subsection (b)) held by such foreign corporation at the close of such taxable year equals or exceeds 95 percent of the sum of the adjusted basis of all assets held by it at the close of such taxable year.
A foreign corporation is a related foreign export corporation if—
(A) stock possessing more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote is owned directly by the domestic corporation, and
(B) its exclusive function is to hold real property for the exclusive use (under a lease or otherwise) of the domestic corporation.
A foreign corporation is a related foreign export corporation if—
(A) less than 10 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of such foreign corporation is owned (within the meaning of section 1563 (d) and (e)) by the domestic corporation or by a controlled group of corporations (within the meaning of section 1563) of which the domestic corporation is a member, and
(B) the ownership of stock or securities in such foreign corporation by the domestic corporation is determined (under regulations prescribed by the Secretary) to be reasonably in furtherance of a transaction or transactions giving rise to qualified export receipts of the domestic corporation.
For purposes of this part, the term "gross receipts" means the total receipts from the sale, lease, or rental of property held primarily for sale, lease, or rental in the ordinary course of trade or business, and gross income from all other sources. In the case of commissions on the sale, lease, or rental of property, the amount taken into account for purposes of this part as gross receipts shall be the gross receipts on the sale, lease, or rental of the property on which such commissions arose.
For purposes of this part, the term "United States" includes the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the possessions of the United States.
(Added Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §501, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 538; amended Pub. L. 93–482, §3(a), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1456; Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §603(a), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 64; Pub. L. 94–455, title XI, §1101(b), (c), title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1658, 1834; Pub. L. 96–39, title II, §202(c)(2), July 26, 1979, 93 Stat. 202; Pub. L. 96–72, §22(c), Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 535; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §802(c)(2), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 999; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13239(b), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 509; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(165), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1192.)
Sections 3(2)(C) and 7(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(D), were classified, respectively, to sections 4602(2)(C) and 4606(a) of Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232.
2018—Pub. L. 115–141, inserted "and special rules" after "Definitions" in section catchline.
1993—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 103–66, §13239(b)(2), inserted at end "For purposes of subparagraph (E), the term 'unprocessed timber' means any log, cant, or similar form of timber."
Subsec. (c)(2)(E). Pub. L. 103–66, §13239(b)(1), added subpar. (E).
1984—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98–369 substituted "the term 'controlled group of corporations' by" for "such term by".
1979—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 96–39 substituted "of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1401a)" for "402a of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C., sec. 1401a or 1402)".
Subsec. (c)(2)(D). Pub. L. 96–72 substituted "7(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979" for "4(b) of the Export Administration Act of 1969 (50 U.S.C. App. 2403(b))" and "paragraph (2)(C)" for "paragraph (2)(A)".
1976—Subsecs. (a)(2), (b)(9). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1101(b), 1906(b)(13)(A), in par. (1) in provisions following subpar. (C), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary", in par. (2)(B) "or" after "like property", and in par. (2)(C), substituted "under section 613 or 613A" for "under section 611" after "uranium products)".
Subsec. (d)(1)(C). Pub. L. 94–455, §1101(c)(1), inserted "determined without regard to subparagraph (C) or (D) of subsection (c)(2)" after "export property".
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 94–455, §1101(c)(2), inserted "(determined without regard to subparagraph (C) or (D) of subsection (c)(2))" after "would be export property".
Subsecs. (d)(4)(A), (e)(3)(B). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
1975—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 94–12 added subpars. (C) and (D) and provisions following subpar. (D).
1974—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 93–482 inserted "or of another corporation which is a DISC and which is a member of a controlled group which includes such corporation" after "such corporation".
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to sales, exchanges, or other dispositions after Aug. 10, 1993, see section 13239(e) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 865 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 805(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–72 effective upon the expiration of the Export Administration Act of 1969, which terminated on Sept. 30, 1979, or upon any prior date which the Congress by concurrent resolution or the President by proclamation designated, see Pub. L. 96–72, §19(a), Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 535, which was classified to section 4621 of Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232.
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–39 effective Jan. 1, 1981, with provision for an earlier effective date under certain circumstances, see section 204 of Pub. L. 96–39, set out as a note under section 1401a of Title 19, Customs Duties.
Pub. L. 94–455, title XI, §1101(g)(2), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1659, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply to sales, exchanges, and other dispositions made after March 18, 1975, in taxable years ending after such date."
Pub. L. 94–455, title XI, §1101(g)(3), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1659, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (c) and (f) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years ending after March 18, 1975."
Pub. L. 94–12, title VI, §603(b), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 65, as amended by Pub. L. 94–455, title XI, §1101(f), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1659; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
Pub. L. 93–482, §3(b), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1456, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] applies to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1973. The amendment shall, at the election of the taxpayer made within 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 26, 1974], also apply to any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1971, and before January 1, 1974."
1 See References in Text note below.
In the case of a sale of export property to a DISC by a person described in section 482, the taxable income of such DISC and such person shall be based upon a transfer price which would allow such DISC to derive taxable income attributable to such sale (regardless of the sales price actually charged) in an amount which does not exceed the greatest of—
(1) 4 percent of the qualified export receipts on the sale of such property by the DISC plus 10 percent of the export promotion expenses of such DISC attributable to such receipts,
(2) 50 percent of the combined taxable income of such DISC and such person which is attributable to the qualified export receipts on such property derived as the result of a sale by the DISC plus 10 percent of the export promotion expenses of such DISC attributable to such receipts, or
(3) taxable income based upon the sale price actually charged (but subject to the rules provided in section 482).
The Secretary shall prescribe regulations setting forth—
(1) rules which are consistent with the rules set forth in subsection (a) for the application of this section in the case of commissions, rentals, and other income, and
(2) rules for the allocation of expenditures in computing combined taxable income under subsection (a)(2) in those cases where a DISC is seeking to establish or maintain a market for export property.
For purposes of this section, the term "export promotion expenses" means those expenses incurred to advance the distribution or sale of export property for use, consumption, or distribution outside of the United States, but does not include income taxes. Such expenses shall also include freight expenses to the extent of 50 percent of the cost of shipping export property aboard airplanes owned and operated by United States persons or ships documented under the laws of the United States in those cases where law or regulations does not require that such property be shipped aboard such airplanes or ships.
(Added Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §501, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 543; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)
1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
A shareholder of a DISC or former DISC shall be subject to taxation on the earnings and profits of a DISC as provided in this chapter, but subject to the modifications of this subpart.
A shareholder of a DISC shall be treated as having received a distribution taxable as a dividend with respect to his stock in an amount which is equal to his pro rata share of the sum (or, if smaller, the earnings and profits for the taxable year) of—
(A) the gross interest derived during the taxable year from producer's loans,
(B) the gain recognized by the DISC during the taxable year on the sale or exchange of property, other than property which in the hands of the DISC is a qualified export asset, previously transferred to it in a transaction in which gain was not recognized in whole or in part, but only to the extent that the transferor's gain on the previous transfer was not recognized,
(C) the gain (other than the gain described in subparagraph (B)) recognized by the DISC during the taxable year on the sale or exchange of property (other than property which in the hands of the DISC is stock in trade or other property described in section 1221(a)(1)) previously transferred to it in a transaction in which gain was not recognized in whole or in part, but only to the extent that the transferor's gain on the previous transfer was not recognized and would have been treated as ordinary income if the property had been sold or exchanged rather than transferred to the DISC,
(D) 50 percent of the taxable income of the DISC for the taxable year attributable to military property,
(E) the taxable income of the DISC attributable to qualified export receipts of the DISC for the taxable year which exceed $10,000,000,
(F) the sum of—
(i) in the case of a shareholder which is a C corporation, one-seventeenth of the excess of the taxable income of the DISC for the taxable year, before reduction for any distributions during the year, over the sum of the amounts deemed distributed for the taxable year under subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E),
(ii) an amount equal to 16/17 of the excess referred to in clause (i), multiplied by the international boycott factor determined under section 999, and
(iii) any illegal bribe, kickback, or other payment (within the meaning of section 162(c)) paid by or on behalf of the DISC directly or indirectly to an official, employee, or agent in fact of a government, and
(G) the amount of foreign investment attributable to producer's loans (as defined in subsection (d)) of a DISC for the taxable year.
Distributions described in this paragraph shall be deemed to be received on the last day of the taxable year of the DISC in which the income was derived. In the case of a distribution described in subparagraph (G), earnings and profits for the taxable year shall include accumulated earnings and profits.
(A) A shareholder of a corporation which revoked its election to be treated as a DISC or failed to satisfy the conditions of section 992(a)(1) for a taxable year shall be deemed to have received (at the time specified in subparagraph (B)) a distribution taxable as a dividend equal to his pro rata share of the DISC income of such corporation accumulated during the immediately preceding consecutive taxable years for which the corporation was a DISC.
(B) Distributions described in subparagraph (A) shall be deemed to be received in equal installments on the last day of each of the 10 taxable years of the corporation following the year of the termination or disqualification described in subparagraph (A) (but in no case over more than twice the number of immediately preceding consecutive taxable years during which the corporation was a DISC).
For purposes of paragraph (1)(D), taxable income of a DISC for the taxable year attributable to military property shall be determined by only taking into account—
(i) the gross income of the DISC for the taxable year which is attributable to military property, and
(ii) the deductions which are properly apportioned or allocated to such income.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "military property" means any property which is an arm, ammunition, or implement of war designated in the munitions list published pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778).
For purposes of applying paragraph (1)(E), all DISC's which are members of the same controlled group shall be treated as a single corporation.
The dollar amount under paragraph (1)(E) shall be allocated among the DISC's which are members of the same controlled group in a manner provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
If—
(A) a shareholder disposes of stock in a DISC or former DISC any gain recognized on such disposition shall be included in gross income as a dividend to the extent provided in paragraph (2), or
(B) stock of a DISC or former DISC is disposed of in a transaction in which the separate corporate existence of the DISC or former DISC is terminated other than by a mere change in place of organization, however effected, any gain realized on the disposition of such stock in the transaction shall be recognized notwithstanding any other provision of this title to the extent provided in paragraph (2) and to the extent so recognized shall be included in gross income as a dividend.
The amounts described in paragraph (1) shall be included in gross income as a dividend to the extent of the accumulated DISC income of the DISC or former DISC which is attributable to the stock disposed of and which was accumulated in taxable years of such corporation during the period or periods the stock disposed of was held by the shareholder which disposed of such stock.
For the purposes of this part—
The amount of foreign investment attributable to producer's loans of a DISC for a taxable year shall be the smallest of—
(A) the net increase in foreign assets by members of the controlled group (as defined in section 993(a)(3)) which includes the DISC,
(B) the actual foreign investment by domestic members of such group, or
(C) the amount of outstanding producer's loans by such DISC to members of such controlled group.
The term "net increase in foreign assets" of a controlled group means the excess of—
(A) the amount incurred by such group to acquire assets (described in section 1231(b)) located outside the United States over,
(B) the sum of—
(i) the depreciation with respect to assets of such group located outside the United States;
(ii) the outstanding amount of stock or debt obligations of such group issued after December 31, 1971, to persons other than the United States persons or any member of such group;
(iii) one-half the earnings and profits of foreign members of such group and foreign branches of domestic members of such group;
(iv) one-half the royalties and fees paid by foreign members of such group to domestic members of such group; and
(v) the uncommitted transitional funds of the group as determined under paragraph (4).
For purposes of this paragraph, assets which are qualified export assets of a DISC (or would be qualified export assets if owned by a DISC) shall not be taken into account. Amounts described in this paragraph (other than in subparagraphs (B)(ii) and (v)) shall be taken into account only to the extent they are attributable to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1971.
The term "actual foreign investment" by domestic members of a controlled group means the sum of—
(A) contributions to capital of foreign members of the group by domestic members of the group after December 31, 1971,
(B) the outstanding amount of stock or debt obligations of foreign members of such group (other than normal trade indebtedness) issued after December 31, 1971, to domestic members of such group,
(C) amounts transferred by domestic members of the group after December 31, 1971, to foreign branches of such members, and
(D) one-half the earnings and profits of foreign members of such group and foreign branches of domestic members of such group for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1971.
As used in this subsection, the term "domestic member" means a domestic corporation which is a member of a controlled group (as defined in section 993(a)(3)), and the term "foreign member" means a foreign corporation which is a member of such a controlled group.
The uncommitted transitional funds of the group shall be an amount equal to the sum of—
(A) the excess of—
(i) the amount of stock or debt obligations of domestic members of such group outstanding on December 31, 1971, and issued on or after January 1, 1968, to persons other than United States persons or any members of such group, but only to the extent the taxpayer establishes that such amount constitutes a long-term borrowing for purposes of the foreign direct investment program, over
(ii) the net amount of actual foreign investment by domestic members of such group during the period that such stock or debt obligations have been outstanding; and
(B) the amount of liquid assets to the extent not included in subparagraph (A) held by foreign members of such group and foreign branches of domestic members of such group on October 31, 1971, in excess of their reasonable working capital needs on such date.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "liquid assets" means money, bank deposits (not including time deposits), and indebtedness of 2 years or less to maturity on the date of acquisition; and the actual foreign investment shall be determined under paragraph (3) without regard to the date in subparagraph (A) of such paragraph and without regard to subparagraph (D) of such paragraph.
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary the determinations under this subsection shall be made on a cumulative basis with proper adjustments for amounts previously taken into account.
If—
(1) a corporation owns, directly or indirectly, all of the stock of a subsidiary and a DISC,
(2) the subsidiary has been engaged in the active conduct of a trade or business (within the meaning of section 355(b)) throughout the 5–year period ending on the date of the transfer and continues to be so engaged thereafter, and
(3) during the taxable year of the subsidiary in which its stock is transferred and its preceding taxable year, such trade or business gives rise to qualified export receipts of the subsidiary and the DISC,
then, under such terms and conditions as the Secretary by regulations shall prescribe, transfers of assets, stock, or both, will be deemed to be a reorganization within the meaning of section 368, a transaction to which section 355 applies, an exchange of stock to which section 351 applies, or a combination thereof. The preceding sentence shall apply only to the extent that the transfer or transfers involved are for the purpose of preventing the separation of the ownership of the stock in the DISC from the ownership of the trade or business which (during the base period) produced the export gross receipts of the DISC.
A shareholder of a DISC shall pay for each taxable year interest in an amount equal to the product of—
(A) the shareholder's DISC-related deferred tax liability for such year, and
(B) the base period T-bill rate.
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "shareholder's DISC-related deferred tax liability" means, with respect to any taxable year of a shareholder of a DISC, the excess of—
(i) the amount which would be the tax liability of the shareholder for the taxable year if the deferred DISC income of such shareholder for such taxable year were included in gross income as ordinary income, over
(ii) the actual amount of the tax liability of such shareholder for such taxable year.
Determinations under the preceding sentence shall be made without regard to carrybacks to such taxable year.
The Secretary shall prescribe regulations which provide such adjustments—
(i) to the accounts of the DISC, and
(ii) to the amount of any carryover or carryback of the shareholder,
as may be necessary or appropriate in the case of net operating losses, credits, and carryovers, and carrybacks of losses and credits.
The term "tax liability" means the amount of the tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year reduced by credits allowable against such tax (other than credits allowable under sections 31, 32, and 34).
For purposes of this subsection—
The term "deferred DISC income" means, with respect to any taxable year of a shareholder, the excess of—
(i) the shareholder's pro rata share of accumulated DISC income (for periods after 1984) of the DISC as of the close of the computation year, over
(ii) the amount of the distributions-in-excess-of-income for the taxable year of the DISC following the computation year.
For purposes of applying subparagraph (A) with respect to any taxable year of a shareholder, the computation year is the taxable year of the DISC which ends with (or within) the taxable year of the shareholder which precedes the taxable year of the shareholder for which the amount of deferred DISC income is being determined.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "distributions-in-excess-of-income" means, with respect to any taxable year of a DISC, the excess (if any) of—
(i) the amount of actual distributions to the shareholder out of accumulated DISC income, over
(ii) the shareholder's pro rata share of the DISC income for such taxable year.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "base period T-bill rate" means the annual rate of interest determined by the Secretary to be equivalent to the average of the 1-year constant maturity Treasury yields, as published by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, for the 1-year period ending on September 30 of the calendar year ending with (or of the most recent calendar year ending before) the close of the taxable year of the shareholder.
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary for the application of this subsection to short years of the DISC, the shareholder, or both.
The interest accrued during any taxable year which a shareholder is required to pay under paragraph (1) shall be treated, for purposes of this title, as interest payable under section 6601 and shall be paid by the shareholder at the time the tax imposed by this chapter for such taxable year is required to be paid.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "DISC" includes a former DISC.
If any organization described in subsection (a)(2) or (b)(2) of section 511 (or any other person otherwise subject to tax under section 511) is a shareholder in a DISC—
(1) any amount deemed distributed to such shareholder under subsection (b),
(2) any actual distribution to such shareholder which under section 996 is treated as out of accumulated DISC income, and
(3) any gain which is treated as a dividend under subsection (c),
shall be treated as derived from the conduct of an unrelated trade or business (and the modifications of section 512(b) shall not apply). The rules of the preceding sentence shall apply also for purposes of determining any such shareholder's DISC-related deferred tax liability under subsection (f).
(Added Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §501, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 544; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §§1063, 1065(a)(2), title XI, §1101(a), (d)(1), title XIX, §§1901(b)(3)(K), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1650, 1654, 1655, 1658, 1793, 1834; Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §§701(u)(12)(B), 703(i)(1), (2), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2918, 2940; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §68(d), title VIII, §802(a), (b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 588, 997, 999; Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1876(b)(2), (g), (p)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2898, 2900, 2902; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §§1006(e)(15), 1012(bb)(6)(A), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3402, 3535; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(i)(12), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2411; Pub. L. 106–170, title V, §532(c)(2)(R), Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1931; Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(7) [title III, §§307(c), 319(12)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–636, 2763A–646; Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, §417(15), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 56.)
2002—Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 107–147 substituted "Arms Export Control Act" for "International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976".
2000—Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(7) [title III, §319(12)], substituted "section 38 of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (22 U.S.C. 2778)" for "the Military Security Act of 1954 (22 U.S.C. 1934)".
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(7) [title III, §307(c)], substituted "the average of the 1-year constant maturity Treasury yields, as published by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, for the 1-year period" for "the average investment yield of United States Treasury bills with maturities of 52 weeks which were auctioned during the 1-year period".
1999—Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 106–170 substituted "1221(a)(1)" for "1221(1)".
1989—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 101–239 substituted "section 511 (or any other person otherwise subject to tax under section 511)" for "section 511" in introductory provisions.
1988—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, §1006(e)(15), struck out subpar. (C) and last sentence which read as follows:
"(C) a shareholder distributes, sells, or exchanges stock in a DISC or former DISC in a transaction to which section 311, 336, or 337 applies, then an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of such stock over its adjusted basis in the hands of the shareholder shall, notwithstanding any provision of this title, be included in gross income of the shareholder as a dividend to the extent provided in paragraph (2).
Subparagraph (C) shall not apply if the person receiving the stock in the disposition has a holding period for the stock which includes the period for which the stock was held by the shareholder disposing of such stock."
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(bb)(6)(A), added subsec. (g).
1986—Subsec. (b)(1)(F)(i). Pub. L. 99–514, §1876(b)(2)(A), inserted "in the case of a shareholder which is a C corporation,".
Subsec. (b)(1)(F)(ii). Pub. L. 99–514, §1876(b)(2)(B), substituted "16/17 of the excess referred to in clause (i)," for "the amount determined under clause (i)".
Subsec. (f)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 99–514, §1876(p)(1), redesignated as pars. (4), (5), and (6), respectively, former par. (3) relating to base period T-bill rate, (4) relating to short years, and (5) relating to payment and assessment and collection of interest.
Subsec. (f)(7). Pub. L. 99–514, §1876(g), added par. (7).
1984—Subsec. (b)(1)(E). Pub. L. 98–369, §802(b)(1), substituted "of the DISC attributable to qualified export receipts of the DISC for the taxable year which exceed $10,000,000" for "for the taxable year attributable to base period export gross receipts (as defined in subsection (e))".
Subsec. (b)(1)(F)(i). Pub. L. 98–369, §68(d), substituted "one-seventeenth" for "one/half".
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 98–369, §802(b)(2), added par. (4).
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–369, §802(a)(1), (2), redesignated subsec. (g) as (e). Former subsec. (e), which related to definitions and special rules relating to computation of taxable income attributable to base period export gross receipts, was struck out.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–369, §802(a)(1), (3), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f), which related to small DISCs, was struck out.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–369, §802(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (g) as (e).
1978—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 95–600, §703(i)(1), (2), substituted in subpar. (G) "subsection (d)" for "subsection (D)", and in provisions following subpar. (G) "income" for "gross income (taxable income in the case of subparagraph (D))" and "subparagraph (G)" for "subparagraph (E)".
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 95–600, §701(u)(12)(B), inserted provision relating to application of subpar. (C).
1976—Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(b)(3)(K), substituted "ordinary income" for "gain from the sale or exchange of property which is neither a capital asset nor property described in section 1231" after "treated as".
Subsec. (b)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 94–455, §1101(a)(1), added subpars. (D) and (E) and redesignated former subpars. (D) and (E) as (F) and (G), respectively.
Subsec. (b)(1)(F). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1063(a), 1065(a)(2), 1101(a)(1), redesignated former subpar. (D) as (F), made existing provision cl. (i), added cls. (ii) and (iii), and substituted "(C), (D), and (E)" for "(C)" after "(B), and".
Subsec. (b)(1)(G). Pub. L. 94–455, §1101(a)(1), redesignated former subpar. (E) as (G).
Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 94–455, §1101(a)(2), substituted "more than twice the number" for "more than the number" after "no case over".
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 94–455, §1101(a)(3), added par. (3).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, §1101(d)(1), redesignated existing provisions as pars. (1) and (2) and, as redesignated, added subpar. (1)(C).
Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".
Subsecs. (e) to (g). Pub. L. 94–455, §1101(a)(4), added subsecs. (e) to (g).
Amendment by Pub. L. 106–170 applicable to any instrument held, acquired, or entered into, any transaction entered into, and supplies held or acquired on or after Dec. 17, 1999, see section 532(d) of Pub. L. 106–170, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–647, title X, §1012(bb)(6)(B), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3536, provided that: "The amendment made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1987."
Amendment by section 1006(e)(15) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Amendment by section 68(d) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1984, see section 68(e)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 291 of this title.
Amendment by section 802(a), (b) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 805(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(12)(C), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2918, provided that: "The amendment made by subparagraph (B) [amending this section] shall apply to dispositions made after December 31, 1976, in taxable years ending after such date."
Amendment by section 703(i)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 95–600 effective on Oct. 4, 1976, see section 703(r) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 46 of this title.
Amendment by section 1063(a) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to participation in or cooperation with an international boycott more than 30 days after Oct. 4, 1976, with special provisions for existing contracts, see section 1066(a) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 908 of this title.
Amendment by section 1065(a)(2) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to payments described in section 162(c) of this title made more than 30 days after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1066(b) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 952 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title XI, §1101(g)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1659, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a) and (e) [amending this section and section 996 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1975."
Pub. L. 94–455, title XI, §1101(g)(4), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1659, as amended by Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §701(u)(12)(A), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2918, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (d) [amending this section and section 751 of this title] shall apply to sales, exchanges, or other dispositions after December 31, 1976, in taxable years ending after such date."
Amendment by section 1901(b)(3)(K) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title XI, §1101(g)(5), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1659, as amended by Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §703(i)(4), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2940; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "For purposes of determining adjusted base period export gross receipts (under section 995(e)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], as amended by this section), if any DISC has export gross receipts from export property by reason of paragraph (2) of section 603(b) of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975, [set out as an Effective Date of 1975 Amendment note under section 993 of this title], then the export gross receipts of such DISC for the taxable years of the base period shall be increased by an amount equal to the amount of gross receipts which were excluded from export gross receipts during each taxable year of the base period by reason of the last sentence of section 995(e)(3) of such Code multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the amount of the gross receipts in the taxable year which are export gross receipts by reason of paragraph (2) of section 603(b) of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975 and the denominator of which is the amount of total gross receipts which are excluded from export gross receipts in the taxable year by reason of subparagraph (C) or (D) of paragraph (2) of section 993(c) (determined without regard to paragraph (2) of section 603(b) of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975)."
Any actual distribution (other than a distribution described in paragraph (2) or to which section 995(c) applies) to a shareholder by a DISC (or former DISC) which is made out of earnings and profits shall be treated as made—
(A) first, out of previously taxed income, to the extent thereof,
(B) second, out of accumulated DISC income, to the extent thereof, and
(C) finally, out of other earnings and profits.
Any actual distribution made pursuant to section 992(c) (relating to distributions to meet qualification requirements), and any deemed distribution pursuant to section 995(b)(1)(G) (relating to foreign investment attributable to producer's loans), shall be treated as made—
(A) first, out of accumulated DISC income, to the extent thereof,
(B) second, out of the earnings and profits described in paragraph (1)(C), to the extent thereof, and
(C) finally, out of previously taxed income.
In the case of any amount of any actual distribution to a C corporation made pursuant to section 992(c) which is required to satisfy the condition of section 992(a)(1)(A), the preceding sentence shall apply to 16/17ths of such amount and paragraph (1) shall apply to the remaining 1/17th of such amount.
Amounts distributed out of previously taxed income shall be excluded by the distributee from gross income except for gains described in subsection (e)(2), and shall reduce the amount of the previously taxed income.
If for any taxable year a DISC, or a former DISC, incurs a deficit in earnings and profits, such deficit shall be chargeable—
(1) first, to earnings and profits described in subsection (a)(1)(C), to the extent thereof,
(2) second, to accumulated DISC income, to the extent thereof, and
(3) finally, to previously taxed income, except that a deficit in earnings and profits shall not be applied against accumulated DISC income which has been determined is to be deemed distributed to the shareholders (pursuant to section 995(b)(2)(A)) as a result of a revocation of election or other disqualification.
Any actual distribution made during a taxable year shall be treated as being made subsequent to any deemed distribution made during such year. Any actual distribution made pursuant to section 992(c) (relating to distributions to meet qualification requirements) shall be treated as being made before any other actual distributions during the taxable year.
If—
(A) gain with respect to a share of stock of a DISC or former DISC is treated under section 995(c) as a dividend or as ordinary income, and
(B) any person subsequently receives an actual distribution made out of accumulated DISC income, or a deemed distribution made pursuant to section 995(b)(2), with respect to such share,
such person shall treat such distribution in the same manner as a distribution from previously taxed income to the extent that (i) the gain referred to in subparagraph (A), exceeds (ii) any other amounts with respect to such share which were treated under this paragraph as made from previously taxed income. In applying this paragraph with respect to a share of stock in a DISC or former DISC, gain on the acquisition of such share by the DISC or former DISC or gain on a transaction prior to such acquisition shall not be considered gain referred to in subparagraph (A).
If section 995(c) applies to a redemption of stock in a DISC or former DISC, the accumulated DISC income shall be reduced by an amount equal to the gain described in section 995(c) with respect to such stock which is (or has been) treated as ordinary income, except to the extent distributions with respect to such stock have been treated under paragraph (1).
Amounts representing deemed distributions as provided in section 995(b) shall increase the basis of the stock with respect to which the distribution is made.
The portion of an actual distribution made out of previously taxed income shall reduce the basis of the stock with respect to which it is made, and to the extent that it exceeds the adjusted basis of such stock, shall be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of property. In the case of stock includible in the gross estate of a decedent for which an election is made under section 2032 (relating to alternate valuation), this paragraph shall not apply to any distribution made after the date of the decedent's death and before the alternate valuation date provided by section 2032.
For purposes of this part:
The earnings and profits derived by a corporation during a taxable year in which such corporation is a DISC, before reduction for any distributions during the year, but reduced by amounts deemed distributed under section 995(b)(1), shall constitute the DISC income for such year. The earnings and profits of a DISC for a taxable year include any amounts includible in such DISC's gross income pursuant to section 951(a) for such year. Accumulated DISC income shall be reduced by deemed distributions under section 995(b)(2).
Earnings and profits deemed distributed under section 995(b) for a taxable year shall constitute previously taxed income for such year.
The earnings and profits for a taxable year which are described in neither paragraph (1) nor (2) shall constitute the other earnings and profits for such year.
In the case of a shareholder who is a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation, trust, or estate, gains referred to in section 995(c) and all distributions out of accumulated DISC income including deemed distributions shall be treated as gains and distributions which are effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business conducted through a permanent establishment of such shareholder within the United States and which are derived from sources within the United States.
(Added Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §501 Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 547; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XI, §1101(e), title XIX, §§1901(b)(3)(I), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1659, 1793; Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §703(i)(3), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2940; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §801(d)(10), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 997; Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1876(k), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2900.)
1986—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 99–514 inserted last sentence and struck out former last sentence which read as follows: "In the case of any amount of any actual distribution made pursuant to section 992(c) which is required to satisfy the condition of section 992(a)(1)(A), the preceding sentence shall apply to one-half of such amount, and paragraph (1) shall apply to the remaining one-half of such amount."
1984—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–369 inserted "and which are derived from sources within the United States".
1978—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 95–600 substituted "section (b)(1)(G)" for "section (b)(1)(E)".
1976—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 94–455, §1101(e), inserted at end "In the case of any amount of any actual distribution made pursuant to section 992(c) which is required to satisfy the condition of section 992(a)(1)(A), the preceding sentence shall apply to one-half of such amount, and paragraph (1) shall apply to the remaining one-half of such amount."
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(b)(3)(I), substituted "ordinary income" for "gain from the sale or exchange of property which is not a capital asset" in par. (1)(A) after "dividend or as" and, in par. (2), after "treated as".
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to distributions on or after June 22, 1984, see section 805(a)(3) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–600 effective on Oct. 4, 1976, see section 703(r) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 46 of this title.
Amendment by section 1101(e) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 1101(g)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 905 of this title.
Amendment by section 1901(b)(3)(I) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
For purposes of applying the provisions of subchapter C of chapter 1, any distribution in property to a corporation by a DISC or former DISC which is made out of previously taxed income or accumulated DISC income shall—
(1) be treated as a distribution in the same amount as if such distribution of property were made to an individual, and
(2) have a basis, in the hands of the recipient corporation, equal to the amount determined under paragraph (1).
(Added Pub. L. 92–178, title V, §501, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 549.)
1976—Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1064(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1650, added part heading and analysis of sections.
If any person, or a member of a controlled group (within the meaning of section 993(a)(3)) which includes that person, has operations in, or related to—
(A) a country (or with the government, a company, or a national of a country) which is on the list maintained by the Secretary under paragraph (3), or
(B) any other country (or with the government, a company, or a national of that country) in which such person or such member had operations during the taxable year if such person (or, if such person is a foreign corporation, any United States shareholder of that corporation) knows or has reason to know that participation in or co-operation with an international boycott is required as a condition of doing business within such country or with such government, company, or national,
that person or shareholder (within the meaning of section 951(b)) shall report such operations to the Secretary at such time and in such manner as the Secretary prescribes, except that in the case of a foreign corporation such report shall be required only of a United States shareholder (within the meaning of such section) of such corporation.
A taxpayer shall report whether he, a foreign corporation of which he is a United States shareholder, or any member of a controlled group which includes the taxpayer or such foreign corporation has participated in or cooperated with an international boycott at any time during the taxable year, or has been requested to participate in or cooperate with such a boycott, and, if so, the nature of any operation in connection with which there was participation in or cooperation with such boycott (or there was a request to participate or cooperate).
The Secretary shall maintain and publish not less frequently than quarterly a current list of countries which require or may require participation in or cooperation with an international boycott (within the meaning of subsection (b)(3)).
If the person or a member of a controlled group (within the meaning of section 993(a)(3)) which includes the person participates in or cooperates with an international boycott in the taxable year, all operations of the taxpayer or such group in that country and in any other country which requires participation in or cooperation with the boycott as a condition of doing business within that country, or with the government, a company, or a national of that country, shall be treated as operations in connection with which such participation or cooperation occurred, except to the extent that the person can clearly demonstrate that a particular operation is a clearly separate and identifiable operation in connection with which there was no participation in or cooperation with an international boycott.
A clearly separate and identifiable operation of a person, or of a member of the controlled group (within the meaning of section 993(a)(3)) which includes that person, in or related to any country within the group of countries referred to in paragraph (1) shall not be treated as an operation in or related to a group of countries associated in carrying out an international boycott if the person can clearly demonstrate that he, or that such member, did not participate in or cooperate with the international boycott in connection with that operation.
A taxpayer may show that different operations within the same country, or operations in different countries, are clearly separate and identifiable operations.
For purposes of this section, a person participates in or cooperates with an international boycott if he agrees—
(A) as a condition of doing business directly or indirectly within a country or with the government, a company, or a national of a country—
(i) to refrain from doing business with or in a country which is the object of the boycott or with the government, companies, or nationals of that country;
(ii) to refrain from doing business with any United States person engaged in trade in a country which is the object of the boycott or with the government, companies, or nationals of that country;
(iii) to refrain from doing business with any company whose ownership or management is made up, all or in part, of individuals of a particular nationality, race, or religion, or to remove (or refrain from selecting) corporate directors who are individuals of a particular nationality, race, or religion; or
(iv) to refrain from employing individuals of a particular nationality, race, or religion; or
(B) as a condition of the sale of a product to the government, a company, or a national of a country, to refrain from shipping or insuring that product on a carrier owned, leased, or operated by a person who does not participate in or cooperate with an international boycott (within the meaning of subparagraph (A)).
This section shall not apply to any agreement by a person (or such member)—
(A) to meet requirements imposed by a foreign country with respect to an international boycott if United States law or regulations, or an Executive Order, sanctions participation in, or cooperation with, that international boycott,
(B) to comply with a prohibition on the importation of goods produced in whole or in part in any country which is the object of an international boycott, or
(C) to comply with a prohibition imposed by a country on the exportation of products obtained in such country to any country which is the object of an international boycott.
For purposes of sections 908(a), 952(a)(3), and 995(b)(1)(F)(ii), the international boycott factor is a fraction, determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the numerator of which reflects the world-wide operations of a person (or, in the case of a controlled group (within the meaning of section 993(a)(3)) which includes that person, of the group) which are operations in or related to a group of countries associated in carrying out an international boycott in or with which that person or a member of that controlled group has participated or cooperated in the taxable year, and the denominator of which reflects the world-wide operations of that person or group.
If the taxpayer clearly demonstrates that the foreign taxes paid and income earned for the taxable year are attributable to specific operations, then, in lieu of applying the international boycott factor for such taxable year, the amount of the credit disallowed under section 908(a), the addition to subpart F income under section 952(a)(3), and the amount of deemed distribution under section 995(b)(1)(F)(ii) for the taxable year, if any, shall be the amount specifically attributable to the operations in which there was participation in or cooperation with an international boycott under section 999(b)(1).
For purposes of this subsection, the term "world-wide operations" means operations in or related to countries other than the United States.
Upon a request made by the taxpayer, the Secretary shall issue a determination with respect to whether a particular operation of a person, or of a member of a controlled group which includes that person, constitutes participation in or cooperation with an international boycott. The Secretary may issue such a determination in advance of such operation in cases which are of such a nature that an advance determination is possible and appropriate under the circumstances. If the request is made before the operation is commenced, or before the end of a taxable year in which the operation is carried out, the Secretary may decline to issue such a determination before close of the taxable year.
If a person controls (within the meaning of section 304(c)) a corporation—
(1) participation in or cooperation with an international boycott by such corporation shall be presumed to be such participation or cooperation by such person, and
(2) participation in or cooperation with such a boycott by such person shall be presumed to be such participation or cooperation by such corporation.
Any person (within the meaning of section 6671(b)) required to report under this section who willfully fails to make such report shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be fined not more than $25,000, imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.
(Added Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1064(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1650; amended Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §703(h)(2), (3), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2940; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VIII, §802(c)(3), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 999; Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1876(p)(3), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2902; Pub. L. 106–519, §4(5), Nov. 15, 2000, 114 Stat. 2433; Pub. L. 108–357, title I, §101(b)(8), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1423.)
2004—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 108–357 struck out "941(a)(5)," after "sections 908(a),".
2000—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 106–519 inserted "941(a)(5)," after "908(a),".
1986—Subsec. (c)(1), (2). Pub. L. 99–514 repealed section 802(c)(3) of Pub. L. 98–369 thereby restoring former text. See 1984 Amendment note below.
1984—Subsec. (c)(1), (2). Pub. L. 98–369 which substituted "995(b)(1)(F)(i)" for "995(b)(1)(F)(ii)" wherever appearing was repealed. See 1986 Amendment note above.
1978—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 95–600, §703(h)(2), substituted "995(b)(1)(F)(ii)" for "995(b)(3)".
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 95–600, §703(h)(3), substituted "995(b)(1)(F)(ii)" for "995(b)(1)(D)(ii)".
Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 2004, see section 101(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 106–519 applicable to transactions after Sept. 30, 2000, with special rules relating to existing foreign sales corporations, see section 5 of Pub. L. 106–519, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to transactions after Dec. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 805(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as a note under section 245 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–600 effective on Oct. 4, 1976, see section 703(r) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 46 of this title.
Section applicable to participation in or cooperation with an international boycott more than 30 days after Oct. 4, 1976, with special provisions for existing contracts, see section 1066(a) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date of 1976 Amendment note under section 908 of this title.
For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1067, Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1654, as amended by Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, §441(c), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 815, which required the Secretary to transmit a report every four years to the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Finance of the Senate relating to reports filed under section 999(a) of this title and describing the administration of provisions relating to international boycott activity, terminated, effective May 15, 2000, pursuant to section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance. See, also, page 141 of House Document No. 103–7.